)(I

3
.

1. )(
2.

1. x
2. -
3.
4. IR
5.

 .1-2

.
.
.

B A

D C

aA + bB cC + dD

B A D C

aA + bB = cC+dD

Keq = acC adD
aaA abB
Keq .

a
a = fc

= [C]c [D]d

) (


.
:

 .2-2 0.10M
Ka = 1.8 x 10-5 .
HC2H3O2 = H+ + C2H3O2

Ka = [H+][C2H3O2-] = 1.8 x 10-5

] [HC2H3O2

][H+] = [C2H3O2-
[C2H3O2-]2
]0.10 - [C2H3O2-

= 1.8 x 10-5

2-2
...

] [-C2H3O2 1/0

x 10-5 = [C2H3O2-]2 1.8
0.10
[C2H3O2-] = 1.3x10-3M
1.3x10-3 x100 = 1.3% < 5%
0.1
.

.

.
:

.

15ml 0.1ml

5.6ml
5.7ml .
0.02ml .

5.64ml

.
.
013453/0 :
4444/1

36/252
795/14


.2

.
01/20

02/25

.
1245/0

02222/0
0004530/0


.3 .
5

752/4
7523/4 :
5
.
446/12
4458/12 :


5


12/1
1156/1 :
5

.
52/4
5250/4 :
78/2
7750/2

H2O = H+ + OH

H2O + H2O = H3O+ + OH
Kd = [H+][OH-] = 1.82x10-16
[
] [H2O
] -Kw = Kd [H2O] = [H+][OH

]H2O

 .1-2

)Kw(x10-14

)(C

0.185
0.451
0.681
1.000
1.008
1.469
2.089
4.018
7.296

5
15
20
24
25
30
35
45
55


.3-2 C25
1.52x10-5

Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.01 x 10-14

[H+] (1.52x10-5)= 1.01 x 10-14
[H+] = 6.64x10-1M

 .4-2 +Fe3 -SCN C25

0.0100M
.
FeSCN2+ 0.0044M
.
Fe3+ + SCN- = FeSCN2+

]+Kf = [FeSCN2
Fe3+][SCN

[
[ Fe3+] = [SCN-] = 0.010.0044 = 0.0056 M
= Kf
0.0044
= 1.4x102
-

(0.0056) 0.0056

)H2CO3 (aq) = CO2 (g) + H2O (l

)]Keq = [CO2 (g)][H2O (l
[

) ]H2CO3 (aq

 .5-2 100/0
000/1 25
. Ka 129/0
(
.
(
100/0
) (-CCl3COO
.
+
CCl3COOH = CCl3COO- + H

Ka = [CCl3COO-][H+] = 0.129
[

]CCl3COOH

( 5-2
CCl3COOH] = 0.100 x mole[

lit

1.000
CCl3COO-] = [H+] = x mole[

lit 1.000

x/1.000) (x/1.000) = 0.129 (

x) / 1.000 0.100
(
x2
= 0.129
x 0.100
x2 + 0.129x 0.0129 = 0
x = 0.0660

( 5-2
H+] = x mole[
1.000
CCl3COO-] = 0.100 + x[

1.000
CCl3COOH] = 0.100 x[

1.000
X = 0.0465 mole


)(1

.

 . H
+H
.

H2CO3 + H2O = HCO3- + H3O

HCO3- + H2O = CO32- + H3O
H2O + H2O = H3O+ + OH

K2 = [CO32-] [H3O
[

]]+K1 = [HCO3-][H3O+

[HCO3
]-K = [H O+] [OH

]] -H2CO3


)(2


.

.


. BaCl2.

BaCl2 = 2Cl- + Ba2

x No.mol Ba2+ = No.mol Cl 2

]-x [Ba2+] = [Cl 2
BaCl2
+H -OH
:
]-Ba2+] + [H+] = [Cl-] + [OH[2
-


. Mg(ClO4)2 KCl NaNO3
.
Mg2+]+[K+]+[Na+]+[H+]=[ClO4-]+[Cl-] +[2
]-[NO3]+[OH


)(3


.
0.1F.
0.1M
CH3COOH + CH3COO- = 0.1M :


.
HgOH+, HgCl42-, HgCl3, HgCl2,
+HgCl+, Hg2 Hg(OH)2
.
+CHg2.
]-CHg2+ = [Hg2+]+[HgCl+]+[HgCl2]+[HgCl3
[+

]-HgCl42+]+[HgOH+]+[Hg(OH)42

-Cl :

]-CCl- =[Cl-]+[HgCl-]+2[HgCl2]+3[HgCl3
]-HgCl 2[4+

)(4

.

.
.

)(5
.

.

)(6
.

)(7
)( 5 .
)(


.

 AgCl .
. 0.01F
k1= 2.3x103 , k2= 6x103
ksp= 1.8x10-10 , kb= 1.76x10-5
]-AgCl(s) = Ag+ + Cl]+)Ag+ + NH3 = Ag(NH3)+

kSP = [Ag+] [Cl

k1 = [Ag(NH3

]Ag+][NH3[
]+Ag(NH3)+ + NH3 = Ag(NH3)2+ k2=
]+Ag(NH3)+][NH4
]-NH3 + H2O = NH4+ + OH-

[Ag(NH3)2
[

kb = [NH4+] [OH

...
.2
[Ag+]+ [NH4+]+[Ag(NH3)+]+[Ag(NH3)2+]=[Cl-] +
]-[OH
.3 .
-Cl :
]+s = [Cl-]=[Ag+]+[Ag(NH3)+]+[Ag(NH3)2
]+NH3]+[Ag(NH3)+]+2[Ag(NH3)2+]+[NH4= [0.01
.4 .

]NH3][Ag(NH3)+][Ag(NH3)2+][NH4+]
[-[OH-] [Ag+] [Cl . )(

...
.5 k1 k2
2=k1k2=1.4x107
+Ag(NH3)2.
Ag(NH3)2+ ~ S
]-Ag(NH3)2+ ~ [Cl
.
[]-NH4+] = [OH

[]+)NH4+]<<[NH3]+2[Ag(NH3)2+]+[Ag(NH3
2 kSP
[Ag(NH3)2+] = 2

...
]-2 x kSP= [Ag(NH3)2+] x [Ag+][Cl

Ag+] [NH3]2

2 kSP = [Ag(NH3)2+][Cl-] = 2.5x10-3

NH3]2

[
Ag(NH3)2+]2 = 2.5x10-3 [NH3]2[
]Ag(NH3)2+]<<[NH3[2
]NH3 = [0.01
6
]+1.4x107= [Ag(NH3)2
]+Ag[2)0.01

...
[]+Ag(NH3)2+] = 1400 [Ag

]+Cl-] = 1400 [Ag

[
] -kSP = [Cl-] [Cl

1400
1400x1.8x10-10 = [Cl-]2
[ Cl-] = 5.0x10-4M
.7 :
01/0 kb -OH
+NH4 .
[NH4+]= 4.2x10-4

[NH4+]2 = 1.76x10-5

...
[] +NH3] >> [Ag(NH3)2

5x10-4 x100 = 5%
0.01
.
]Ag+] = [Cl-
[[Ag+] = 5x10-4 = 3.6x10-7
1400
1400
] [+Ag ][+Ag(NH3)2
5x10-4

= 6x103
] +)0.01x[Ag(NH3

[Ag(NH3)+] = 8.3x10-6

...

8.3x10-6 x100 = %1.7

5x10-4
(AgCl(s
0.0F 5x10-4M .

.6-2 ) (III 138.

15ml 0.1M ) (III 10ml
0.11M
.

Fe+ + SCN- = FeSCN2

kf= [FeSCN2+] = 138
+

][Fe+][SCN-
0.1mmole/ml x 15ml = 1.50 mmole Fe3+
0.11mmole/ml x 10ml = 1.1 mmole SCN= [Fe3+] = 1.5 1.1 + x
0.4 + x

... 6-2

= ][SCN-

x
25.0
[FeSCN2+] = 1.1 x
25
(1.1 x)/25
=138
)[(0.4+x)/25](x/25
x =0.23

6-2 ...

Fe+] = 0.4+x = 0.4+0.23 = 2.5x10-2M[

25
25
[SCN-] =

x
= 0.23 = 9.2x10-3M
25.0
25

[FeSCN2+] = 1.1 x = 1.1 0.23 = 3.5x10-2

25

25

.7-2 0.15 ) (H2NNH2

25 .
Kb=3x10-6 .
H2NNH2 + H2O = H2NNH3+ + OH

Kb= [H2NNH3+][OH-] =3x10-6

[] H2NNH2
x.
[ H2NNH2] = 0.15-xmole = 0.15 - x
1.000liter
[H2NNH3+] = x mole = x

... 7-2
OH-] = xmole
[= x
1.000liter
x(x) = 3.0x10-6
x-0.15
.
x = 0.67x10-3
x = 0.67x10-3 = 6.7x10-4
[OH-] = x = 6.7x10-4
[H+] = 0.15x10-10 = 1.5x10-11M

.8-2 25g )
(212.28
ml 800 .
.

1.2x10-7M . PO43- H2PO4
H3PO4 .
H3PO4 = H2PO4- + H

H2PO4- = HPO42- + H
HPO42- = PO43- + H

.8-2 ...
K1= [H+][H2PO4-] =7.15x10-3
H3PO4[

K2 = [H+][HPO42-] = 6.23x10-8
]

H2PO4[

K3 = [H+][PO43-] = 4.8x10-13
]

HPO42[

... .8-2
:
]-0.118mole =[H3PO4]+[H2PO4-]+[HPO42-]+[PO43
1.000liter

[H2PO4-] = 5.96x104
[H3PO4

[HPO42-] = 0.519
[H2PO4

[ PO43-] = 4x10-6
2


]-H3PO4] =

[H2PO4-]

.8-2 ...
= 1.68x10-5 [H2PO4[
5.96x104

]-PO43-] = 4.00x10-6[HPO42[
]-1.68x10-5 [H2PO4-]+[H2PO4-]+[HPO42=0.118
]-4.00x10-6[HPO42+
]-H2PO4-]+[HPO42 = [0.118

.8-2 ...
] -HPO42-] = 0.519 [H2PO4[

] -H2PO4-]+0.519[H2PO4-]=1.519 [H2PO4= [0.118

H2PO4-] = 7.77X10-2M[
HPO42-] = 0.519
PO43-]

= 4.00x10-6

[HPO42-] = 4.03x10-2M [
7.77x10-2
[PO43-]= 1.61x10-7M[
4.03x10-2

H3PO4] = 1.30x10-6M[


.9-2 1.83
) (C6H5COOK,3H2O
100ml 25 .
.
214.26 ka
) (C6H5COOH 6.46x10-5.
C6H5COO- + H2O = C6H5COOH +OH
]-K = [C6H5COOH][OH
[

]-C6H5COO

C6H5COOH = C6H5COO- + H


.9-2 ...
]+Ka = [C6H5COO-][H
] C6H5COOH

Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1.01x10-14

K = kw
ka
1.01x10-14 = 1.56x10-10
6.46x10-5


.9-2 ...
1.83gC6H5COOK.3H2O x 1moleC6H5COOK.3H2O
214.26gC6H5COOK.3H2O =
8.54x10-3 mole C6H5COO
C6H5COOH] = [OH-] =

x mole[

0.1000liter
C6H5COO-] = 8.54x10-3 x[

0.100
OH-] = 3.65x10 M[
H+] = 2.77x10-9M[

. HB 0.1M
. 1.4x10-6.
HB + H2O = H3O+ + B
]-Ka = [H3O+][B
]HB
[
1.4x10-6 = [H3O+]2
]+H3O- [0.1
] H3O+]<<0.1 :

[H3O+]2=1.4x10-7 , [H3O+]=(1.4x10-7)1/2=3.7x10-4

%5

.
0.1M ). (kb=1.76x10-5
NH3 + H2O = NH4+ + OH

]-Kb = [NH4+][OH
[

]NH3

[]-NH4+] = [OH
1.764x10-5 = [OH-]2
]-OH- [0.1
0.1x1.76x10-5 = [OH-]2
+
-12
-3
H
]
=
7.5x10
[M
[OH ] = 1.33x10 M

. NH4Cl 0.1M
). (ka = 5.68x10-10
NH4+ + H2O = NH3 + H3O
[H3O+]2

= 5.68x10-10
]+H3O- [0.1

[H3O+] = 5.68x10-11
[H3O+] = 7.5x10-6M

. .
ka = 1.76x10-5
CH3COO- + H2O = CH3COOH + OH
]-Kb = [CH3COOH][OH
[

]-CH3COO
K = kw
ka

Kb = 1x10-14 = 5.68x10-10


.
C6H5ONa 0.12M ka = 1.00x10-10 .
C6H5O- + H2O = C6H5OH + OH
]-Kb = [C6H5OH][OH
[

]-C6H5O
K = kw
ka

Kb = 1x10-14 = 1.00x10-5

...

[OH-]2

= 1.00x10-5
] -OH-[0.12

[OH-]= (0.12x1.00x10-5)1/2 = 1.05x10-3M

.


.

.

.

Q-S
S


CH 3 CONH 2 +

CH 3 CSNH 2 + H 2 O
H 2S

MS (s) + 2H +

M 2+ + H 2 S

] [CO(NH 2 ) 2
.

.
CO(NH 2 ) 2 + H 2 O
2NH 3 + CO 2
NH 3 + H 2 O = NH 4 + + OH)M(OH) (S

M n+ + nOH -

A x B Y (s) = xA n+ + yB mK d = (a x A n+ ) (a y B m- )
a AxBy

(+K sp = (a x A n+ ) (a y B m
K sp = [A n+ ] x [B m- ] y

.3-3
25
AgCl(s) = Ag+ + ClKsp = [Ag+] [Cl-] = 1.8 x 10-10
[Ag+] = [Cl-] = s
s x s = 1.8 x 10-10
S2 = 1.8 x 10-10

= S = 1.3 x 10-5 M

.4-3 ) (g/liter ) (II

25
pbI2(s) = pb2+ + 2lKsp = [pb2+] [l-]2 = 1x 10-9
+S = [pb2 ]
][I-] = 2 [pb2+
1 x 10-9 = [pb2+] (2 [pb2+])2 = 4 [pb2+]3 = 4s3
s= 6 x 10-4 M
=

.5-3
M 0.100 25

= CNaCl + CAgCl[]-cl
~ CNaCl = 0.1M[]-cl
)Ksp = 1.56 x 10-10 = [Ag+] [Cl-] = [Ag+]x(0.100
AgCl 0.1M
[Ag+] = 1.56 x 10-9M = NaCl


.6-3 ) (II

( pH 6 ( pH 9
Zn(OH)2(s) = Zn2+ + 2OH

Ksp = 2 x 10-17 = [Zn2+] [OH-]2

( pH = 6= -log[H+] log[H+]=-6 [H+] =10-6
Kw = [OH-] [H+] = 1.0 x 10-14
[OH-] = 10-8
s=0.2M 2
( [H+] = 10-9
[OH-] = 10-5

x 10-17 = [Zn2+] [OH-]2 = s (10-8)2

pH = 9= -log[H+] log[H+]=-9

s = 2 x 10-7M

2 x 10-17 = s (10-5)2

. CaF2 pH 4

x 10-11 4
HF x 10-4 6 .
CaF2 = Ca2+ + 2FKsp = [Ca2+][F-]2 1
Kb = [HF][OH

] [F-

]- F- + H2O = HF + OH-

(2 pH pH

. .
]
S = [Ca2+]=1/2(F-)+[HF) 3
(4 Ca2+ F HF


(5 -OH
.
)Kb = kw = 1x10-14
6
ka 6x10-4
kb = 1.7x10-11
= 1.7x10-11
[F

[HF]x1x10-10

= kb

[]-HF] = 0.17[F
[])-Ca2+] = ([F-]+0.17[F
]-Ca2+] = 1.17[F [2


...
ksp =[Ca2+] [F-]2
4x10-11 =[Ca2+](1.71[Ca2+])2
[Ca2+] = 2.4x10-4M

. CaF2 .
Ksp = [Ca2+][F-]2
Kb = [HF][OH

] [F-

kw =[H+][OH

CaF2(s) = Ca2+ + 2F-

]- F- + H2O = HF + OHH2O = H+ + OH-

H+] + 2[Ca2+] =[F-]+[OH[) 2

]
S = [Ca2+]=1/2(F-)+[HF) 3
(4 ] [-Ca2+] ,[H+] ,[OH-] [F ][HF
.
(5 ] [F-] >> [HF
[-Ca2+]=[F]2
:
-

 ...
ksp =[Ca2+] [F-]2 )6

4x10-11 =[Ca2+]( 2[Ca2+])2

[Ca2+] = 2.51x10-4M
[ F-]= 4.3x10-4 [] +F-]= 2[Ca2
[HF]x100 ~ 0.02%

] [F-

) (s 2.15x10-4
.

. 8-3

0.01M .
Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl-] = 1/8x10-10
K1 = [AgNH3+] = 2x103
][Ag+] [NH3
[Ag(NH3)2+] = 8x103

= K2

][AgNH3+] [NH3

K1 K2
][AgNH3+]= 20 [NH3


... 8-3
S = [Cl-] = [Ag+] + [AgNH3+] + [Ag(NH3)2+]
S = [Cl-] = [Ag+] + 20
[Ag+] + 1600 [Ag+] = 1621 [Ag+]
[Ag+] = s
1621
S = 5.4x10-4 M



Ksp
) 1000 (

.9-3
0.10M 0.10M 0.10M .
AgI AgBr AgCl
Ag
.
Ksp = [Ag+] [l-] = 1.5x10-16

AgI

[Ag+](0.10) = 1.5x10-16
[Ag+] = 1.5x10-10
Ksp = [Ag+] [Br-] = 1.1x10-12
[Ag+](0.1) = 1.1x10-12
[Ag+] = 1.1x10-11

AgBr


AgCl

... 9-3
Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl-] = 1.6x10-10
[Ag+] (0.1) = 1.6x10-10
[Ag+] = 1.5x10-9

 .10-3
AgBr -I
AgCl
-Br .
Ksp = [Ag+] [l-] = 1.5x10-16

AgI

( 1/1x10-11) [l-] = 1.5x10-16

[ l-] = 1.4x10-5
(I- (99.986% AgBr
.
Ksp = [Ag+] [Br-] = 1.1x10-12
(1.6x10-9) [Br-] = 1.1x10-12

AgBr

) (Mn+

)M(s

Mn+ +ne

.11-3 25ml)(II
.
10.137g .
10.3682g
. ) (II
.
Cu

=g 0.2306 = 10.1376 10.3682

0.2306g Cu x 1moleCu x 1moleCu2+ x 103ml
25ml
63.54g Cu 1moleCu
lit solution

.
BaSO4



CaC2O4

.

 C^25 0/00014g
Ksp. .
178/8 .
AgBr(s) = Ag+ + Br
AgBr


0.00014gAgBr

=x
1molAgBr
= 7.57x10-7M
178.8gAgBr
]-Ksp = [Ag+][Br
Ksp = (7.57x10-7)2 = 5.7x10-13


.
.
)Ba(IO3)2 (s
Ba(IO3)2 (s) = Ba2+ + IO3Ksp = [Ba2+][IO3-]2
)Mg(OH)2 (s
Mg(OH)2 (s) = Mg2+ + 2OHKsp = [Mg2+][OH-]2

...
Bi2S3 (s)
Bi2S3 (s) = 2 Bi3+ + 3 S2Ksp = [Bi3+]2[S2-]3
Hg2Cl2(S)
Hg2Cl2(S) = Hg22+ + 2ClKsp = [Hg22+] [Cl-]2


. Hg Br (s) .
2

Ksp = 5.8x10-23
Hg2Br2(s) = Hg22+ + 2BrKsp = [Hg22+][Br-]2
Ksp = S[Br-]2
[Br-] = 2S
Ksp = S(2S)2
Ksp = 4S3
5.8x10-23 = 4S3
S = 2.4x10-8M


HgCl .

0.01M
. Cl- Hg2+
2

K1 = 5.5x106
K2 = 3.0x106
Hg2+ + Cl- = HgCl+
HgCl+ + Cl- = HgCl2
Hg2+ + 2Cl- = HgCl2
2= K1K2= 5.5x106x3x106
2= 1.65x1013
]2[Hg2+] = [Cl-
2+

...
[HgCl2] = 0.01 - [Hg2+] ~ 0.01M
= 1.65x1013

][HgCl2

=2

[Hg2+][Cl-]2
0/01
[Hg2+](2 [Hg2+])2

= 1/65x1013

[Hg2+] = 5.3x10-6M
[Cl-] = 2x5.3x10-6 = 1.1x10-6M

%05/0

. +5mmole Ce4
100ml . +Ce4
Ke = 7/6x1012
.
Fe2+ + Ce4+ = Fe3+ + Ce3+
]Ke = [Fe3+][Ce3+
][Fe2+][Ce4+
)]Ke = (0/05-[Fe2+]0/05-[Ce4+
][Fe2+][Ce4+
)7.6x1012 = (0.05)(0.05
[Ce4+] = 1.8x10-8
[Ce4+]2

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.

.
) Fe Zn (...
.

)( .
) (CaCO3
.
.

1.
2.

3.
4.

5.

.

.
.

)( .
.





.
HCl
NaOH
H2O + Na+ + Cl -

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH

.
+
+H HCl NH4
NH3





.
BaCl3 + :NH3 = Cl3 B:NH3
BaCl3

:NH3

:NH3
BaCl3



H+

Ka



Ka

Ka= 1.8x10-5

 pOH .3-4 25

Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 1.008x10-14
[OH-]2 = 1.008 x 10-14
[OH-] =1.004 x 10-7
pOH = 6.9983

 pOH .4-4
6g
250ml .
H2C2H3O2 = H+ + C2H3O2

K = [H+][C2H3O2-] = 1.76x10-5
[]H2C2H3O2
]HC2H3O2]= 6g x 1mole = 0.4M
L 60.05g 0.2
[C2H3O2-] = 0.4 - x
[H+] [C H O -] = x

....4-4 .

1.76x10-5 = x(x)
0.4 - x
1.76x10-5 = x2
0.4
x2 = 7.0x10-6
x = 2.6x10-3 =[H+]
pH = 2.59
pH + pOH = pKw = 14.00
pOH = 11.41

0.0100M pH .5-4
0.0100M H2C2H3O2 C2H3O2
H2C2H3O2 = H+ + C2H3O2
Ka = [H+][C2H3O2-] = 1.76x10-5
]H2C2H3O2[
HC2H3O2] = 0.0100 - x[
C2H3O2-] = 0.0100 + x[
H+] = x[
)

1.76x10 =
-5

x(0.0100 + x

..... 5-4

]= [H+

)x(0.0100

= 1.76x10-5

0.0100

x = 1.76 x 10-5
pH = 4.754

 .6-4 0.100M NaOH

pH 50.0ml )( )(
5.754 .( pH 754/4
5-4 ( HCl .pH 754/4
Ka = [H+][C2H3O2-] = 1.76x10-5
[]H2C2H3O2
NaOH pH 754/5
[H+] = 1.76x10-6
]-1.76x10-5 = 1.76x10-6 [C2H3O2

. ...6-4
[C2H3O2-] = 10
[]H2C2H3O2
] -0.0200M = [H2C2H3O2] + [C2H3O2
[] -H2C2H3O2] = 0.02 - [C2H3O2
[= 10.0

]C2H3O2-
]-C2H3O2 - [0.02
[C2H3O2-] = 1.82x10-2 M

0.0082M = 0.0100 0.0182

0.100M
NaOH

...6-4 .
0.41mmoleOH- x
1ml
= 4.1ml NaOH
]-mmole [OH 0.1
(
H+] = 1.76x10-5M= HCl[
pH = -log [H+] = 5.754
H+] = 1.76x10-6M[
+
1.76x10-5 mmole x 50ml = 8.8x10-4mmoleH
NaOH +H
+
8.8x10-4 8.8x10-5 = 7.92x10-4 mmoleH
7.92x10-4mmole OH- x
1ml
=7.92x10-3

 pH

]pH = pKa log [HA

][A-

 .1-4

Ka

pKa

C6H45COOHCOO

1.3x10-3

2.89

C6H4(COOH)2

C2H3O2

HC2H3O2

C6H4COOHCOO-K

PO4

-H
2

C6H4(COO)22

1.76x10-5

HPO42

3.9x10-6

6.23x10-8

4.75
5.41

7.21

pH
1.9-3.9

3.7-5.8
4.4-6.4

6.2-8.2

 .1-4 ...
) (

(HCOCH2)3C
NH3+Cl

8.08

7.1-9.1

(HOCH2)3CNH2

8.32x10-9

HCO3

CO32

5.61x10-11

10.25

9.2-11.2

HPO42

PO42

4.80x10-13

12.32

11.3-13.3


)

(
.
)(pH

 .7-4
0.100M 0.100M.
]pH = pKa log [HC2H3O2
[

]-C2H3O2

pH = 4.75 log 0.100 = 4.75

0.100
NaOH pH
5.75
]log [HC2H3O2-4.75=5.75
-

]-log [C2H3O2 = 1.00

]HC2H3O2

...7-4 .

C2H3O2-] = 10 [
]HC2H3O2[
C2H3O2-]+[HC2H3O2]=0.1+0.1=0.200M[
C2H3O2-] + [C2H3O2-] = 0.200[
10
C2H3O2-] = 0.200 [C2H3O2-] =0.18M [1.1
0.08M=0.10-0.18 [ -C2H3O2]

...7-4 .
mole C2H3O2-x
)

1moleOH- =0.08mole

0.08

1mole C2H3O2- NaOH/(liter.pH

.( 0.08mole/(liter.pH

 .8-4
1liter 0.35M pH
11.50 .
H3PO4=H+ + H2PO4

]-K1 = 7.1x10-3= [H+][H2PO4

[

]H3PO4
H2PO4- = H+ + HPO4

--

]--K2=6.2x10-8= [H+] [HPO4

[

]-H2PO4

]-HPO4-- = H+ + PO43- K3=4.8x10-13= [H+][PO43

. ...8-4
pH = 11.50
[H+] = 3.2x10-12
K1K2 K3 :
[]--PO43-] = 0.15 [HPO4

]-H3PO4] + [H2PO4-] + [HPO4--]+ [PO43 = [0.35

H3PO4 + OH- = H2O + H2PO4

H2PO4- 2 NaOH PO43

.

...8-4 .
NaOH 1.6x10-5+0.60+0.14 =0.74mole =
NaOH 0.74moleNaOH x 40.0gNaOH = 30 =
mole NaOH

 pH .9-4
. 500.0ml 10.0g NH4NO3
( NH3 +NH4)
10gNH4NO3 x 1moleNH4NO3 = 0.25moleNH4NO3
0.5000lit

80.04gNH4NO3

liter

NH4+ + H2O = NH3 + H3O

]+K = [NH3][H3O
] +NH4

Ka = Kw = 5.59x10-10
Kb

...9-4 .
5.59x10-10 =

x2
0.25-x
X= 1.18x10-5M = [H3O+]
pH = 4.928

 pH .10-4
25g NaHCO3 1
.
H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3

K1 = [H+][HCO3-] =4.4x10-7
[H2CO3

HCO3- = H+ + CO32

K2 = [H+][CO32-] =4.7x10-11
[HCO3

= = 0.3M

1mole

25g NaHCO3 x

. ...10-4
H2CO3]+[HCO3-]+[CO32=[0.30

[]-Na+] + [H+] = [HCO3-]+2[CO32-]+[OH
[ ]-Na+] + [H+] - [OH-] = [HCO3-]+2[CO32
[-OH] ] [+H 0.30
:

]-HCO3-] + 2[CO32 = [0.30

[]-HCO3-] = 0.30 - 2[CO32
]-H2CO3] + (0.30-2[CO32-]) + [CO32= [0.30

...10-4 .
K1K2 = [H+]2[CO32-]
[H2CO3]
H+] = (K1K2)1/2 = 4.6x10-9M]
pH = -log(4.6x10-9) = 8.34

:

.
-H2O + H2O = H3O+ + OH
NH3 + NH3 = NH4+ +NH2

.2 :


C6H6 . . CCl4


.

.


.

HClO4+CH3COOH = CH3COOH2++ClO4

HClO4 + NH3 = NH4+ + ClO4

HClO4 + C2H5OH = C2H5OH2+ + ClO4

HClO4 + H2NCH2CH2NH2 = H2NCH2CH2NH3++ClO4

 .2-4
.

78.5

24.3

12.5

20.7

37.5

12.3

37.7

 . HA )(-A
100ml pH 6.20
pKa=7.53 ] [A-]/[HA
.
]-pH = pKa log [HA]/[A
]6.20 = 7.53 log [HA]/[A-
[A-] = 0.047
]
[HA

 . a)1000ml
pH=7 b)1000ml 10mmol HA
10mmol ) (-A pH=7
1mmol
pH .
[OH-]= 1mmolOH- = 0.001M
1000ml
[H+] = 1x10-11M
pH = 11
pH = pHf pHi

... .
]-pH=pKa - log [HA]/[A
)-pKa log( 10mmolHA / 10mmolA = 7
1000ml

1000ml
pKa = 7
Ka = 1x10-7

HA+NaOH

NaA+H2O

CA- = (10+1)mmol
1000ml
CHA= (10-1)mmol

... .
pH = 7-log 9mmole/1000ml
11mmol/1000ml
pH=7.09
pH = pHf pHi
pH = 7.09-7=0.09

 . HX 0.1M
-X 0.1M . pH
1000 .
1x10-8 .
]-pH=pKa - log [HX]/[X
)pH = -log(1x10-8) - log(0.1/0.1
pH=8
1000
CHX= 0.1 = 1x10-4M
1000
CX- = 0.1 = 1x10-4M

... .

pH = -log(1x10-8) log1x10-4 = 8
1x10-4
pH = pHf pHi = 0

 . NaHM 0.1F.
pH (K1=1x10-7,K2=1x10-11) .
[H+] = (1x10-7x1x10-11)1/2=1x10-9

pH = -log(1x10-9)=9.0

.

.
.
.

.1-5

.
.
.



.


25ml .3-5 ) (II
15.32ml 0.09158M .
.
5Fe2+ + MnO4 + 8H+ = 5Fe3+ +Mn2+ + 4H2O
m moles of Fe2+ = 0.09158 m mole MnO4

ml MnO4

x 15.32 ml MnO4-x 5 mmoles Fe2+ = 7.015

mmole MnO4 1

[FeCl2]=7.015mmoles of Fe2+ x 1mmole FeCl2/mmolFe2

ml 25.00

...... 3-5

FeCl2 m moles FeCl2 x 7.015 =

x 126.75 mg FeCl2 = 889.2 mg
g FeCl2 0.8892

.
.
:
1.

2.
.
3.

.


)Ag++ Cl)Ag+ + Br)Ag+ + I2Ag+ + CrO4-

Agcl (s
AgBr (s
AgI (s
Ag2CrO4

] -Ksp = 1.1x10-12 = [Ag+]2[CrO4

)1.1x10-12 =[Ag+]2 (5x10-3

1.


] -Ksp = 1.8 x 10-10

= [Ag+] [Cl

]-x 10-10 = (1x10-5) [Cl 1.8

Cl-] = 2 x 10-5[
x 10-5M 2 =


.2

)Ag+ + SCNAg SCN (s

Fe3+ + SCN- = Fe SCN

 50ml .4-5 10ml

0/1M
0/0832M .
5/34ml
.

)Ag+ + BrAg Br (s
)Ag+ + SCNAg SCN (s
m mole SCN- x 5.34 ml SCN 0.0832
ml SCN
+
x 1 m mole Ag+ = 0.444 m mole Ag
1m mole SCN


4-5 .....
: +Ag
+
mmole Ag+ x 10.0ml=1.00 mmolAg 0.100
ml
+
m mole Ag 0.56 = 0.444 1.00
Br-] = 0.56mmolAg+ x 1mmol Br-= 0.011M[
+
ml Br- 1mmoleAg 50.0


.3 )(


pH .5-5 50.0ml
0.100M 40 20 10
100 80 60 55 51 50 49 48 45
0.100M

H2O

H+ + OH-

[H+] = 0.100
pH = -log [H+] = -log 0.100 = 1.000
10.0ml NaOH
= m moles 4)=0.1(5-10
+H


..... 5-5
pH
.


H2O = H+ + OH
Kw = [H+] [OH-] = [H+]2 = 1.00x10-14
[H+] = 1.00x10-7
pH = -log (1.00x10-7) = 7.000


..... 5-5

55/0ml

[OH-] = (55-50) (0.1) = 4.76x10-3

50+55
pOH = -log (4.76x10-3) = 2.322
pH = 14.00 2.32 = 11.68


pH .6-5 20.0ml
0.11M 22 20 15 11 5
35 30 25 40
0.100M .
+
NH3 + H+ = NH4

pH
NH3 + H2O = NH4+ + OH
Kb= 1.76x10-5 = [NH4+][OH-] = [OH-]2
0.11 [OH

[
[

OH-] = 1.4x10-3 M

]]-NH3

6-5 .....
pOH = -log (1.4x10-3 ) = 3 0.15 = 2.85
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 11.15
NH3

M moles NH3= 0.11 m mole/ml x 20ml=2.2

2.2mmolesNH3 x 1mmole H+ x
1ml H

m mole NH3 0.10 m mole H

ml H 22=

6-5 .....
)5ml [NH3]= 2/2 m moles - (5ml)(0/1mmole/ml

ml + 5 ml 20
M 0/068=
NH4+] = (5ml)(0/1 m mole/ml) = 0/020 M[
ml + 5/00 ml 20/0

]-1/79x10-5 = 0/020 [OH

0/068
OH-] = 6/1x10-5 M[
pOH = 4/21
pH = 14 4/21 = 9/79

 ..... 6-5


+
NH4+ + H2O = NH3 + H3O

K = Kw = 1/00x10-14 = 5/59x10-10
1/79x10-5

Kb

[]+NH4+]=(22ml)(0/1mmole/ml) - [H+]=0/052-[H
20ml + 22ml
[H+]2

=5/59x10-10

]+H - [0/052
pH = -log(5/4x10-6) = 5/27

6-5 .....

) 25ml [H+] = (25ml-22ml)(0/1mmole/ml
22ml + 25ml
pH = -log(6/4x10-3) = 2/19

30/0ml
35/0ml
40/0ml

pH= 1/82
pH= 1/64
pH= 1/56

pH .7-5 10.0ml
0.10M
25,22,21,20,19,18,15,12,11,10,9,8,5,2
30ml 0.100M
.

CO32-+H2O = HCO3- + OH

K = Kw = 1.00x10-14

4.7x10-11

K2

][-OH-] = [HCO3
[OH-]2

= 2.1x10-4
] -OH - [0.10

 ..... 7-5

[OH-] = 4.6x10-3M
pH = 14 2.34 = 11.66
10ml .

:
CO32-+ H+ = HCO3
K2 = [H+][CO32-] = 4.7x10-11
[

]- HCO

7-5 .....

ml 11

)HCO3- ] = 1mmole - (11ml-10ml)(0.1mmole/ml[

10ml + 11ml
M 0.04=
)H2CO3 ] = (11ml 10ml) (0.1 mmole/ml[

10ml + 11ml
x 10-3 4.8=
x 10-7 = [H+] (0.04)
pH = 7/3 4.4
x 10-3 4.8

 ..... 7-5

H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3
[] - H+] = [HCO3

[H+]2

= K1 = 4.8 x 10-7
]+H2CO3] - [H

[
=[

H+]2
] +mmole/(20+10ml) - [H 1

pH = -log(1.2x10-4) = 3.92

 ..... 7-5

pH

.
21ml

[) H+] = (21ml 20ml) (0.1 mmole/ml

10ml + 21ml
=3.2x 10-3
pH = -log(3.2x 10-3) = 2.49

 .2-5

pH

1/0

2/4-7/3

04/0

4/4-1/3

1/0

2/6-4/4

1/0

8/9-2/8

1/0

5/10-3/9


.9-5
C^110
. 0.8110 KHP
250ml 30ml
. 25.46ml
.
.
[NaOH] = 0.8110g KHP x 1000mg KHP
25.46ml NaOH
1g KHP
x 1mmole KHP x 1mmole NaOH= 0.1560M
204.23mg KHP
1mmole KHP


.10-5 25ml
250ml .
21.24ml
.

H2O
[

OH- + H+

HCl] = 21.24ml NaOH x 0.560mmole NaOH

25ml HCl
ml NaOH
x 1mmole HCl = 0.1325 M
1mmole NaOH




:
-1
.
-2 .
-3

: .
: .

:
1 H .O
2 O ) (H2O
O .
3 .
+
H H
H .

H2O
H

.4 ) (-e
) ( .
.5
.

.3-5

)(V
-2

76/0 86/0

76/0 86/0

-4-

83/0 91/0

36/0

0.2514g .11-5
30ml .
26.32ml
0.1010M .
.
2Cu2+ + 5I- = 2CuI + I3
I3- + 2 S2O32- + 3I

mmoleS2O32- x 26.32 mlS2O32 0.1010

ml S2O32
x 2 mmoles Cu2+ x 1mmole Cu
2

1mmol Cu2+

1 mmole I3-

x 1 mmol I3
mmole S2O32-

 ..... 11-5

= %g Cu x100 = 67.18 0.1689Cu

g 0.2514

.

)(II

) (III )(II


EDTA
]- H4Y = H+ + H3Y

K1 = [H+][H3Y

]H4Y[
]-- H3Y - = H+ + H2Y2-

K2 = [H+][H2Y

]- H3Y
]-H2Y2- = H+ + HY3-

[
K3 = [H+][HY3

]-H2Y2
]-HY3- = H+ + Y4] -HY3

[
K3 = [H+][Y4
[


EDTA
M+ + H2Y2- = MY2- + 2 H

: EDTA
]-CT = [H4Y] + [H3Y -] + [H2Y2-] + [Y4
-Y4 EDTA a4
:
= ] -a4
][Y4-
= [Y4


H4Y
CT :
K1K2K3K4
[

= a4

H+]4+K1[H+]3+K1K2[H+]2+K1K2K3 [H+]+ K1K2K3K4

pH =2.0 ( pH = 10.0 ( a4 .

H+] =]
1x10-10 M
a4 =

(
K1K2K3K4

H+]4+K1[H+]3+K1K2[H+]2+K1K2K3 [H+]+ K1K2K3K4

a4 =

1.02x10-2 x 2.14x10-3 x 6.92x10-7 x 5.5x10-11

1x10-10)4+1.02x10-2(1x10-10)3+ 1.02x10-2 x 2.14x10-3(

)1x10-10)2+1.02x10-2x 2.14x10-3x6.92x10-7 (1x10-10(


....

(
a4= 3.7x10-14

 . a4 EDTA pH .

a4

pH
-log a 4

6.45

3.5x10-7

5.0

2.27

5.6x10-3

8.0

1.28

5.2x10-2

9.0

0.46

0.35

10.0

0.07

0.85

11.0

~0

0.98

12.0


EDTA
1
2
3
M2+ + HIn2- = MIn- + H

MIn- + HY3- = HIn2- + MY2

[M2+] CT

]Kf = Kf a4 = [MY2-


. -MY2 1.3x1025 .
+M2 MY2- 0.1M
( pH= 8.0 ( pH= 2.0 .
M2+ + Y4- = MY2

(
a4= 5.6x10-3

Kf = Kf a4
Kf = 7.3x1023
Kf = [MY2
[

]Kf = [MY2-

[M2+]2

]
M2+] CT

 . 0.01M +M2 pH= 5

EDTA 0.01M pM .
%100 %50 %200 .
Kf = 1.4x1012

50%
[M2+] = 0.01x1.2 M = 0.005M
[M2+] = 0.005x2.3 = 3.3x10-3M

100%
] -Kf = 1.4x1012 = [MY2
M2+] CT

[
= 1.2x0.01M = 0.005M

MY2-

...
[M2+] = CT
1.4x1012 = 0.005-[M2
[
[M2+] = 3.6x10-15 = 6x10-8
pM = 7.2
+

M2+]2

200% ]M2+] = CT
1
[
[pM = 12.1

= 1.4x1012
] +M2
M2+] = 7.1x10-13

. 50ml 0.01M +Ca2

pH= 10 60ml EDTA 0.01M
[+Ca2] . Kf = 5x1010 .
Kf = a4Kf = 5x1010 x 0.35
Kf = 1.8x1010
Veq = 50mlx0.01M = 50ml
0.01M
CCaY2- = 50mlx0/01M = 9.1x10-4
110ml
] -Kf = [CaY2
[

Ca2+]C

...

[]+CaY2-] = 4.5x10-3M - [Ca2

]+CT = 9.1x10-4M + [Ca2
S = a22
+
]
= 1/8x1010
4.5x10-3M - [Ca2
])+Ca2+](9.1x10-4M + [Ca2
[
S = a22

[ Ca2+]= 2.7x10-10 M

2.7x10-10 x 100 = %3.0x10-5 <<%5

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1s
tQ
2n t r
d
Q
3r tr
d
Q
4t t r
h
Q
tr

.3-6

(i=1

)) = (Xi -

(i=1

)s = (Xi - a)2

N-1

) (V
.
V = 2

 .2-6
.

.

1
2
3
4
5
6

M
0.1097
0.1095
0.1099
0.1089
0.1091
0.1096

0.1095

0.1097+0.1095+0.1099+0.1089+0.1091

7
0.1095 = 0.1096+0.1095+
= 0.1095
= w = 0.1099-0.1089 = 0.0010 M
(i=1

)s = (Xi - a)2
N-1

... 2-6

= s2 = 0.000352 = 1.2x10-7
= 0.0032 = 0.00035
0.1095
= 0.00035x10 =%0.32
= 0.0032x1000 = 3.2 ppt



= a 1.96
= a tsN

 .1-6t

N .

%50

%90

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1.00
0.82
0.77
0.74
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.70

6.31
2.92
2.35
2.13
2.02
1.94
1.90
1.86

%99
%95

12.71
4.30
3.18
2.78
2.57
2.45
2.36
2.31

63.66
9.93
5.84
4.60
4.03
3.71
3.50
3.36

... 1-6

%50

%90

9
10
11
12
13
14
15

0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.69

1.83
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75

%99
%95
2.26
2.23
2.20
2.18
1.16
2.15
2.13

3.25
3.17
3.11
3.06
3.01
2.98
2.95


.3-6 2-6
95
.
tsN=
= 0.00032 =7 (0.00035)2.45



)s(a1-a2) = (sa12 + sa22

) t = a1 a2 ( n1n2
n1+n2

s(a1 + a2)

) s(a1+a2) = ( (x1-a1)2 + (x2-a2)2

n1+n2-2

 .4-6
.
95
95

2
1

1
2
3
4

0.2876
0.2871
0.2878
0.2880

0.2843
0.2848
0.2839

 4-6
.

a1 = 0.2876
a2 = 0.2843
s = 3.9x10-4
t = 0.2876 0.2843 ( 5x3 )1/2 = 12
3.9x10-4
5+3
t t
95



Q
5/2 d : 2/5


.
d d : 2.5 4
4 )
5/2 .(
= Q

 .5-6
Q d d 4 . 2.5
. 5

g/ml
2.83
1
2.54
2
2.91
3
2.75
4
3.09
5
2.72
6

 5-6
.

= 2.75
= 0.096
2.5d = 0.24
4d =0.38
34/0
. d . d 4 2.5
= 0.55
Q = 0.33
Q
.

) =n = 1 f (
) )f2 (f=n1/(n1+n2


.

n =f(1 f) ( d1d2 )2 ( p1-p2 )2

p

d2
p1
)d2(p - p2
= f p2
f
)d1 (p1 p
1 d1
d2
= d
fd1 + (1 - f) d2
d
p

.7-6
12 50 .
39 .
12 5/4 50 1/5 .
Kg g 1 100
.
. 5

)= d2(p - p2
)d1 (p1 p

f
1f

f = 0.69

f = 2.2
1f

...7-6

d = fd1 + (1 - f) d2
d = 4.9
n =f(1 f) ( d1d2 )2 ( p1-p2 )2
d2

p
n = 74 Kg