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jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
jrefrmEdik if .
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a&'D,kd tifwmAsL;rsm;
2
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
3
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
rmwdum
aus;Zl;wifv$m/ O'gef;usL;jcif;
tzGifhpum;vufaqmif
jynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;ðyaumfrwD0ifrsm;ESifh
jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;. oabmxm;xkwfjyefcsuf
ed'gef;
jrefrmEdkifiH. zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkqdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
tcef;(1) etz. rke@f óud;vdrf avmuygv oH;k yg; 'Dru kd a&pD
tcef;(2) wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: uvdrfaphjirf;qifr_
tcef;(3) anmifEpS yf iftm; "mwfccJG ef;Y ppfaq;jcif;
ed*Hk;
wkid ;f jynfuzdk suf ¶k'rf uf (7) csuf
a'gif;p}uFm. jrefrmEdkifiHuH=urRmESihfywfoufonfh aA'ifa[mpmwrf;
4
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
aus;Zl;wifvm$
Tpmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;twGuf ¶kid ;f yif;ulnaD y;cJ=h uaom xdik ;f Edik if aH wmifyikd ;f zefitajcpdu k f
(Grassroots HRE) rS 'g¶u kd w
f m ukxd ;l csp/f csi;f rdik t
f ajcpdu k f a&$*ufpv f y_ &f mS ;r_ 'g¶u
kd w f m
ukad usmcf ikd /f acwfòydi§f AGt D akd towif;axmuf ukad usmx f if (csi;f rdik )f vkt d yfaom toHzikd t f csK@d tm;
ul;,l ulnDay;aom xdkif;EdkifiHtajcpdkuf a&$rD'D,mowif;axmuf ukdZifvwf/ udkóudifoef;/
(bmomjyefay;aom udkatmifEdkifpdk;ESifh udkoD;oD;)/ udktcsdKif (ykvJESifh ausmufrsuf&wema&mif;
0,fa&;)/ pmrl=urf;tm; ulnD pmpDpm¶kdufay;cJh=uaom bm;rm;ydkpfhowif;pmt,f'Dwm ukdouf
vGiOf ;D ESifh tzG@J om;rsm; pmtxm;tokd tvStyjyifqifay;aom ud! k 0kd if;/ 'DZikd ;f --- udrk sKd ;/ txl;
ojzifh Tpmtkyyf g Oya'a&;&m ta=umif;t&mrsm;tm; uk;d um;Edik af p&ef pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;tm;
wul;wu ulnaD y;yd@k cahJ om jrefrmEdik if H a&S@aersm;aumifpD taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; OD;atmifx;l ESihf
pmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;twGuf 0dik ;f 0ef;t}uH^m%f ay;=uaom nDi,frsm;/ rdwaf qGrsm;ESihf pmtkyðf ypkol
. pdww f ikd ;f us rsuEf mS zH;k o&kyaf zmfytkH m; tyifyef;cH a&;qGaJ y;&Hrk u tjcm; umwGe;f yHrk sm;udyk g toH;k ðy
cGiahf y;aom umwGe;f q&m ud[ k efav; wd@k ukd txl;aus;Zl;wif&ydS ga=umif; rSww f rf;wiftyfygonf?
pkpnf;wifjyol ausmaf omif;
O'gef;usL;jcif;
teE W ig;yg;OD;xdyx f m;v#uf rdbESpyf g;ESihf oifq&m/ jrifq&m/ =um;q&m taygi;f wd@k tm;
Tpmtkyjf zifh ysy0f yf&u kd sKd ; &Scd ;kd ylaZmftyfygonf? usaemf - - - rnfonfyh nm&Sirf S r[kwyf g/
Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;/ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm; ESihf Edik if aH &;avhvmoH;k oyfowl @kd . &ifwiG ;f upum;rsm;
udk &wemuJo h @kd wefz;kd xm;I ‚if;wd@k . ^m%fynm tajrmftjrif a&uef}uD;rS jrefrmjynforl sm;
aomufoHk;Edkif&ef a&cyfay;olom jzpfygonf? Tpmtkyfonf jrefrmjynf ppfu|efb0rS vGwf
ajrmufa&;twGuf jrLr_w H pfrrH_ # toH;k 0ifcyhJ gv#if u|Eyfk .f óud;yrf;tm;xkwrf r_ sm;twGuf twdik ;f
rod 0rf;omyDwd jzpf&ygrnf?
pkpnf;wifjyol ausmaf omif;
5
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
OD;atmifxl;
tzGihf pum;vufaqmif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;
jrefrmEdkifiHa&S@aersm;aumifpD
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm; pmtkyfESifh ywfoufI
yxrqH;k todtrSwf jyKvdak om tcsurf mS pkaqmif;jyKpkol OD;ausmaf omif;. }udK;yrf;r_jzpfonf? OD;ausmf
aomif;onf wdik ;f odjynfod Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D r[kwyf g? Edik if aH &;udk pdw0f ifpm;I 'Dru kd a&pDa&;
vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif olwwfEikd o f nhaf e&mrS v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G af eaom omrefjynfow l pfO;D om jzpfyg
onf? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdik &f m ta=umif;&yfwpfcw k nf;tay:wGio f m a&'D,t kd oHvi$ chf surf sm;udk
pl;pduk ef m;axmif+yD; avhvmrSwo f m;&aomtvkyrf mS vG,u f al om tvkyrf [kwyf g? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
qdik &f mrsm;udk awmf&w kH ef&kH 0goem&S&d jkH zifh apwemh0efxrf; tcsed af y;+yD; vkyEf ikd rf nft h vkyrf sKd ; r[kwyf g?
Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif tawmfrsm;rsm;yifvsS if zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ESihf oufqikd af om ta=umif;
&yfrsm;udk em;vnfEikd &f ef pdw0f ifwpm; tywfwukwf }udK;yrf;tm;xkwrf _ r&Sb d /J 'Dru kd a&pD&&if ay:vm
r,fv h w$ af wmfuae }uD;=uyfa&;qGo J mG ;&if &wmbJ/ tckavhvmvkyaf qmifaebd@k rvd[ k I l cyfv, G v
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ab;z,f xm;=uavh&o dS nf? 'g Oya'orm;awG/ a&S@aeawG tvkyb f J [lIvnf; v$cJ sovdv k /kd ta&;rygvS
ovdv k kd tajymrsKd ; ajymwwfwmvnf; =um;cJ&h bl;onf? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rSm Edik if aH &;w0uf Oya'w
0uf a&mpGux f m;aom pmwrf;[lI a,sb, k s todtrSwjf yKxm;=uonf? wdik ;f jynfukd t"du vnfywf
rnfh 0if&;kd taeESiv hf nf; vufcx H m;=uonf? Edik if . H tjrifqh ;kH tcsKyftjcmtm%m Oya'}uD;tjzpfvnf;
oufqikd &f m wdik ;f jynfwikd ;f u wefz;kd xm;=uonf? To@jkd zpfv#if Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif ae&mwGif &Sad e=uol
rsm;u zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'qdkif&mrsm;udk pdwf0ifwpm;avhvmr_ rjyK=uygu tem*wfwdkif;jynf.
uH=urRmrSm &ifav;zG,fyifjzpfonf?
jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm;onfvnf; zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ESihf pyfvsO;f I pdr;f ae=u
onf? jynfwiG ;f vlx. k ae@pOfvufawG@ b0rSm rw&m;aom Oya'rsm;. trsKd rsKd ;aom zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf r_ sm;
cHpm;ae&ojzifh Oya'qdo k nfukd vlx. k tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf vH+k cHKr_twGuf tumtuG,f ay;xm;onfh
taejzifh tjyKoabmbufu &_jrifr_rsdL; enf;yg;vGef;vSonf? Oya'rSefor#udk rkef;wD;pufqkyf=uol
OD;a&rSmvnf; renf;vS? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'udv k nf; tqdyk g Oya'rsm;eSihf wwef;wnf;xm;I vufcH
=uonfu rsm;onft h jyif etz. 5/96 Oya't& axmif'%ftESpEf pS q f ,f csc&H rnfukd pd;k &draf om
a=umifh jynfwiG ;f wGif zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdik &f mrsm;udk us,u f s,f jyef@jyef@avhvm aqG;aEG;r_rsm; rvkyf
Edkif=uyg?
1988 ckEpS f wGijf zpfymG ;cJo h nfh wjynfv;kH vlxyk g0if qifEcJ$ o hJ nhf &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH uD;
wGio f mru ,ck 2007 ckEpS f =o*kwv f ESihf pufwifbmvrsm;twGi;f jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh oHCmawmfrsm;
OD;aqmifonfh vlxk v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;wGiyf g jynforl sm;onf ppftm%m&Sipf epf tkycf sKyfru _ kd rESpòf rd@a=umif;
‚if;wdk@.qüudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; xkwfaz: jyocJhonf? ,if;odk@jzpfygv#uf tmqD,Hacgif;aqmifrsm;.
oH;k oyfxw k af z:csurf sm;rSm pdwyf supf &mtwd jzpfonf? 2007 ckEpS f atmufwb kd m (14) &ufae@wiG f
tmqD,HOuUX puFmylEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; toD;oD;udk
axmufjy+yD; rif;rJ0h g' (Anarchism) ray:ayguaf &;twGuf etzppfwyf}uD;wnf&rdS . _ ta&;ygyu kH kd
6
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
az:n$e;f oGm;cJo h nf? atmufwb kd mv (16) &ufaf e@wiG f xyfr+H yD; etzudk jzKwfcsv#if Edik if aH &;tm%m
vpf[mcsuf jzpfoGm;Edkifa=umif; (Power Vacuum) jzifhoHk;oyfcsufrsdK;awG ay:xGufvmjyefonf?
qdkvdkonfrSm etz ppfwyf}uD;r&Sdv#if wdkif;jynf rif;rJh0g'rjzpfatmif/ wnfjidrfr_&Sdatmif vufawG@
rnfolawGu rnfodk@rnfyHk tkyfcsKyfoGm;rnfvJ [lI pdefac:onfh ar;cGef;rsm; xkwfvmjcif;jzpfonf?
pifppftm;jzifhrl Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ tajccHudk qef@usif+yD; rif;rJh0g'udk vufawG@usifhoHk;aeolrSm etzom
jzpfonf? etz Adv k cf sKyf}uD;rsm;u wif;usyaf om A[kcd sKyfuikd rf u _ kd usio hf ;kH +yD; ‚if;wd@k tm%m&&Sad &;udk
t"duxm;um zdEydS t f yk cf sKyfaeaoma=umifo h m Edik if aH &;t& wdik ;f jynfrwnfr+idrf jzpfaejcif;jzpfonf?
Edik if aH &;t& rwnf+idr/f Oya' pd;k rd;k a&; c|w+f cHKusaeaoma}umifv h nf; vlxrk mS qif;&JwiG ;f euf&+yD; r
auseyf=uojzifh qüawG xkwaf z: jyoae=ujcif; jzpfonf? tmqD,. H vGaJ csmaf eaom oH;k oyfcsuu f kd
wH@k jyefEikd &f efrmS enf;vrf;wpfcw k nf;om &So d nf? TonfrmS wdik ;f jynf&ifqikd af e&aom t&if;cHjyoem
rsm;udkajz&Sif;&mY taxmuftyHhjzpfaprnfh jyXmef;csufrsdK;yg0ifaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yfudk
arG;xkw+f yD; TzG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ESit hf nD vlxt k yk cf sKyfa&; ,Eœ&m;wpf&yfukd 0dik ;f 0ef;az:aqmif=u&ef
om jzpfonf? etz ppfwyf}uD; r&Sad omfvnf; rif;rJ0h g'udk umuG,Ef ikd o f nf[al om tcsuu f kd oufao
jyEdik &f ef oifw h ifah v#mufywfaom zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'wpf&yfukd toH;k jyKI Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; tajccHukd
vufawG@ vdu k ef musio hf ;kH =u&Ho k m&So d nf? zGJ ph nf;yHt k ajccHOya'ESit hf nD vlxrk sm;tzd@k Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
vlra_ &; vGwv f yfciG rhf sm; cHpm;&&Sad pjcif;jzifh ppfreS af omwdik ;f jynfwnf+idrrf u _ kd vufawG@wnfaqmufjy=u
&efom&Sdonf?
Tod@k jzpfap&efrmS jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd jrefrmEdik if o H m; tm;vH;k taejzifh rnfo@kd aom zG@J pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'onf Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; tajccHukd wnfaqmufEikd o f nf/ vlxrk sm;twGuEf ikd if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
vlra_ &;tcGit hf a&;rsm; cHpm;&&Sad pEkid rf nf/ wdik ;f jynfwnf+idrrf t _ wGuf taxmuftyHjh zpfEikd rf nf/ rnfo@kd
aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSmrl zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'[k qdkxm;aomfvnf; Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; tajccHudk
&kyo f rd ;f v#u&f o dS nf/ vlxrk sm;twGuf Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr&_ ; tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tmrcHcsurf ay;Edik /f
wdik ;f jynf z&dzk &J jzpfvmapEdik rf nf ponfrsm;udk avhvmaqG;aEG;=ubdk t h csed af &muf+yD[k wifjyvdo k nf?
Tod@k aom tcsed w f iG f Tpmtkyx f u G f ay:vmjcif;jzpfygonf? OD;ausmaf omif;jyKpkxm;aom zG@J pnf;yHt k ajc
cHOya'qdik &f m a&'D,t kd ifwmAsL;rsm; pmtkyrf mS ygww D ygw/D tzG@J tpnf; wpf&yf/ vltyk pf w k pfp/k yk*Kd~ vf
wpfOD;. tjrifrsm;udk wifjyxm;jcif; r[kwfyg? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya' ta=umif;&yfrsm;udk A[dkjyKI
‚if;vuf vSr;f rSo D r#aom ygw/D tzG@J tpnf;acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ynm&Sirf sm;/ Oya'orm;rsm;/ v_y&f mS ;wuf
ºuGorl sm;. tjrifoabmxm;rsm;udk bufpakH 'giphf rkH S pHpk v kH ifvif pkaqmif;wifjyxm;onf[k u|eaf wmfem;
vnfygonf? yef;aygi;f pHu k kd zl;yGichf iG ahf y;xm;onfh yef;pHak wmwpfct k aejzifv h nf; rSw, f El ikd yf gonf? pmzwf
olrsm;taejzifv h nf; wpfpw kH pf&m tusKd ;&Sv d rd rhf nf[k ar#mv f ifyh gonf? Tpmtkyu f kd zwf&a_ vhvm+yD;
aemuf zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'qdik &f mudp&P yfrsm;udk jynfov l x l rk sm;twGi;f Y wpfpw kH pf&m us,u f s,jf yef@
jyef@avhvmvdpk w d rf sm; ude;f atmif;vm+yD;aemuf OD;ausmaf omif; }udK;yrf;ouJo h @kd zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
qdkif&m tajccH vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kef jrifhrm;vmrnfqdkygu Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; tajccHay:wGif
wdik ;f jynf wnf+idrrf t _ wGuv f nf;aumif;/ jynforl sm;. vGwv f yfr/_ w&m;r#wr_ +idr;f csr;f r_twGuf ‚if;t
axmuftuljyKEdik rf nf[k ,H=k unfa=umif;jzifh tzGiv hf ufaqmifpum; yg;tyfygonf?
7
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
vlxu
k ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; ryg0ifbJ wbufowfa&;qGaJ eaom zG@J pnf;yHu
k dk
jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfu, dk pf m;ðyaumfrwDu vH;k 0qef@usif
jynfo@l v$waf wmfu,
dk pf m;jyKaumfrwD0ifrsm;ESihf jynfo@l v$waf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;.
oabmxm;xkwjf yefcsuf
jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;jyKaumfrwD0ifrsm;ESihf jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
8
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
ed'gef;
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdw k m vlxu k kd b,fvykd pkH rH sK;d eJ@ tkycf sKyfay;ygq+kd yD; a&G;cs,x f m;wJh uk, d pf m;
vS,af wGukd ay;tyfwhJ oabmwlpmcsKyfv@kd ac:&if jzpfEikd o f vdk wdik ;f jynfwpfcrk mS b,fvykd pkH eH @J tkycf sKyfrvJ
qdw k hJ vlxyk g0ifa&;qGx J m;wJh yÉd^mOfoabmwlncD suv f @kd ajym&ygr,f? wenf;tm;jzifh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH
Oya'qdw k m Edik if w
H ck&hJ tjrifq h ;kH Oya' jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh zG@J pnf;tajccHOya'[m 'kuu Q vkd nf; t}uD;
tus,f cHpm;&Edik o f vdk wdik ;f jynf&v hJ wG v f yfa&;eJ@ om,m0ajyma&;twGuv f nf; tajccHtw k jf rpf jzpfyg
w,f? vlwpfp/k ygww D pfc&k hJ 'Dtwdik ;f ae 'Dtwdik ;f vkyv f @kd csrw S x f m;wJh ykpH cH u G x f rJ mS arG;zGm;}uD;jyif;vm&
wJh jrefrmEdik if o H m;awG[m zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk tkycf sKyfov l w l pk (od@k ) Oya'ynm&Sirf sm; tvkyv f @dk
xifrw S x f m;cJw h mawGukd vH;k 0azsmufy,f+yD; zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'[m igw@kd e@J oufqikd af eygvm;vd@k qdk
wm odjrif=uzd@k vydk g+yD? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdik &f m udp&P yfawGukd xJx0J if0if od&adS tmif vlxt k m;vH;k
pdw0f ifwpm;avhvm&ef tylwjyif; vdt k yfaeyg+yD? acwfrzD @HG òzd;wd;k wufwhJ wdik ;f jynfawGrmS zG@J pnf;yHk tajc
cHOya'udk r¾dKifðy+yD; Oya'pd;k rd;k r_ukd av;pm;vdu k ef m usio hf ;kH =u&w,f? Oya'txufrmS b,forl S r
&Sdbl;? jynfol@qENrygbJ b,folwpfOD;wpfa,mufurS csKd;azmuf y,fzsufvdk@r&bl;” vdk@ AkdvfcsKyfu
ajymcJhygw,f?
tckvuf&Sd etz a&;qGJaewJh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkwm[m wu,fyJOya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk
wnfaqmufEikd yf grh vm;qdw k m usaemfw@kd qef;ppfz@kd vt kd yfvmygawmhw,f? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' ay:vm
¶Hek @J vGwv f yf+yD; w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;&Sv d mr,fv@kd ,lqrd&if ig;yg;arSmufuek yf gvrd rhf ,f? jrefrmEdik if o H rdik ;f
a=umif;rSm 1947 ckEpS u f w}udr/f 1974 ckEpS u f wpf}udrf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk a&;qGjJ yXmef;
cJhwmudk awG@&ygw,f? 1947 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rSm tm;enf;csufawG&Sdovdk tm;aumif;wJh
tcsufawGvnf; renf;vSyg/ tm;aumif;wJhtcsufu vGwfvyfwJh w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf &SdcJhwmygyJ?
tJ'w D ek ;f u 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Eku, kd w f ikd f twdu k t f cHEikd if aH &;tiftm;pkawGudk zdEydS zf rf;qD;wJt h cg w&m;pD&if
a&;u vGwv f yftm;aumif;pGm wnf&adS ewJt h wGuf xifovdk jc,fv, S vf @kd r&&Sad tmif Oya'u tum
tuG,f ay;Edik cf yhJ gw,f? tkycf sKyforl sm; nnf;nLcJ&h w,fv@kd avhvmrSwo f m;cJzh ;l ygw,f?
1974 ckESpf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'u trnfcHjynfaxmifpkomjzpf+yD; jynfe,fvlrsKd;pk&Jh udk,fydkif
jyXmef;cGifh vHk;0 csKyf+idrf;oGm;ygw,f? vlom;wpfa,muf&Jh tajccHtusqHk;jzpfwJh ukd,fhuH=urRmudk
zefwD;cGifh vHk;0qHk;¶_H;cJh&wma=umifh trGJqHk;wkdif;jynfpm&if;udk 0ifoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 1988 vlxktHkºuGr_
ta&;tcif; }uD;eJ@ wygwt D m%m&Sif Akv d af e0if;&Jh tm%m&Sipf epf bke;f bke;f vJomG ;cJ&h w,f? wdik ;f jynf
wpfjynf at;csr;f om,mpGm [efcsun f n D D acwfrzD @HG òzd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf vlwpfO;D / ygww D pfz@G /J vlwpfpk
u wnfaxmifI rjzpfEikd yf g? vltrsm; jynfot l m;vH;k yg0ifywfoufaewma=umifh 'Dval wG rdrb d 0 rd
rdywf0ef;usif rdrv d rl sK;d rdrwd ikd ;f jynftwGuf b,favmufxd ^m%fprG ;f &So d avmuf uHprG ;f (um,) &So d
avmuf zdEydS cf sKyf cs,rf u _ if;uif;ESihf vGwv f w G v f yfvyf wnfxiG }f uHq vkyu f ikd cf iG hf &&S=d urSm jzpfygw,f?
,QK etza&;qJGaewJh zG@Jpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk[m wkdif;jynfESifhjrefrmjynftwGif; rDSwif;aexkdif=uaom
vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf aumif;usKd;csrf;omudk jzpfapEkdifrnfvm;?´ 'grSr[kwf tcGifhxl;cH vlwef;pm;
w&yf (ppfAv kd )f &moufyefwnf+rJa&; twGuv f m;qdw k m oJou J uJG JG od&=dS uygrS aemifom;pOfajr;quf
u|eo f abmufb0rS vGwEf ikd =f uygr,f? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdik &f m qd;k usK;d oHo&mrsm; xyfrH ray:ayguf
9
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
pkpnf;wifjyol
ausmfaomif;
t,f'Dwm
&cdkifhwHcGef*sme,f
befaumuf/ xdik ;f Edik if H
10
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
“ppfwyfxm0pOf }uD;pd;k a&; tajccHral wG[m wdik ;f jynf&hJ wu,ft h oGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udk taxmuftul
jzpfEdkif/ rjzpfEdkif? 'Drdkua&pDqdk'g ajra&G;w,f? ayguf&ef cufcJw,f? &Sifoefzdk@ cufw,f/ tyif}uD;
vmzdk@ cufw,f? aozdk@vG,fw,f? jynfolawGuvnf; 'Drdkua&pDudk vdkvm;zdk@vdkw,f? 'Drdkua&pD
&Sio
f ef}uD;xGm; vmatmif tifrwefóud;pm;zd@k vdt k yfw,f? wpfoufpm/ wpfb0pmudb k /J ppfAv kd af wG
=unfw h ,f? wouf vH;k Armjynfaumif;pm;a&;udk r=unf=h ubl;? jrefrmjynfol taygi;f wd@k cifAsm?
vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;wm tESpf (60) &Sv d m+yD;jzpfwhJ wdik ;f jynfwpfjynf&hJ rvSywJh twdwo f rdik ;f ud/k wydeyf ed f
wvdev f ed f =unf+h yD; tH}udw/f awmufacguaf eayrJ/h wu,fh ppfreS w f hJ vGwv f yfa&; jyefvnf&&Sv d mrSm
r[kwyf gb;l ? 'Dawmh &cJv h w
S hJ vl@b0rSm vlyo D pGmaexdik Ef ikd af &;twGuf Adv k cf sKyf&hJ “&&if& æ r&&ifcs”
qdkwJh vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ&Jh ordkif;0ifaqmifyk'fudk jyefvnfaz:xkwf&if; tem*wfrsKd;qufopfawGudk
u,fwif=uygpdk@vdk@ wdkufwGef;vdkygw,f?”
11
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
OD;^m%f0if;
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf
12
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
OD;^m%f0if;? ?'Dru kd a&pDusiphf Ofukd xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufwhJ jynfo@l wyfrawmf jzpf&r,f? 'gukd usaemf
wd@k wpdu k rf wfrwf wifjycJw h ,f? aemuf+yD;awmh wyfrawmf[m/ Edik if aH wmfrmS xnf0gcef@nm;pGm &yfwnf
aewJh 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if w H nfwchH ikd +f rJz@kd / zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufz@kd / 'Dvkd wm0efawGe@J
ywfouf+yD;awmhv/J usaemfw@kd tzG@J csKyf (NLD) &Jh oabmxm;udk wifjycJ+h yD;jzpfygw,f?
OD;ausmZf o H m? ?tck owif;pmxJrmS awG@&wmuawmh wyfrawmf[m zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk umuG,f
zd@k t"du wm0ef&w dS ,fqw kd m awG@&ygw,f?
OD;^m%f0if;? ?'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH&Jh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkwm jynfolvlxku a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufwJh
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;eJ@ zG@J pnf;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf&hJ zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk qdv k jkd cif; jzpfyg
w,f? tJ't D wdik ;f yJ tzG@J csKyf&hJ oabmxm;uawmh [kwv f m;/ usaemfw@kd wdik ;f jynf&[ hJ w
k v f m;/ 'Dru kd a&pD
r¾dKifukd wnfwef@cikd +f rJapcsi&f if tcsKyftjcmtm%m vlxyk ikd w f ,f? Edik if aH wmftm%m vlxu k qif;
ouf&r,fqdkwJhrlawGtay:rSmyJ usaemfwdk@u &yfwnfxm;ygw,f?
a'guw f matmifcif? ? 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifawGukd ppftpd;k &u a=umufaewmawmhoyd f
xif&mS ;w,f? a=umufvv kd t J ckvkd zrf;qD;+yD; tckvx kd ed ;f odr;f vdu k w f mayg?h t&yfom;taeeJ@u ppftpd;k &
eJ@aqG;aEG;r,fq&kd ifvJ ajAmifaqG;aEG;r,f? rif;udEk ikd w f @kd / udu k }kd uD;wd@k ajymxm;wmyJ? 'gayr,fh tpd;k &t
usiu hf tJ'grsKd ;&Srd S r&Syd ?J ol@tusiu hf wdww f w d yf ek ;f vkyw f wfwhJ tusiahf ygah v? w¶kwjf ynfu uGejf rLepf
ayr,fh t&yfom;eJ@ qufqHwmrSm yGifhyGifhvif;vif;&Sdw,f? ppfwyf}uD;eJ@ vkyfaeawmh t&yfom;udk
ppfom;awGvkd EGm;awGv/kd armif;vd@k cdik ;f vd@k r&bl;? t&yfom;uvnf; ol@tjrife@J ol &Sw d myJ? t&yfom;
EdkifiHa&;udk ppfom;vdk trdef@emcHzdk@csnf;yJ vkyfaevdk@r&bl;? ppftpdk;& t+rJwrf;ajymaeus “'dk@wm0ef
ta&;oHk;yg;” yg? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;/ ppfwyfu wdkif;&if;om;awG ol@vufatmufudk
tm;vH;k a&mufvma&;/ 'gbJ &nf&, G w f m? ppfwyfu wdik ;f &if;om;awGe@J wef;wl&nfwl aqG;aEG;w,fqw kd hJ
t,ltq olw@kd rmS r&Sb d ;l ? olw@kd jzpfEikd w f hJ 'Dru dk a&pDpepfqw kd mu w¶kw'f rD u kd a&pDpepfyJ jzpfEikd v f rd rhf ,f
xifw,f? w¶kwjf ynfu ol@u, kd ohf l wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfv@kd rowfrw S b
f ;l Asm? wu,fh wu,f w¶kwf
uGejf rLepfygwu D }uD;pd;k ayr,fh 'Dygwt D jyif wjcm;ygwD (8) ygw&D w dS ,fq+kd yD; axmufjyw,f? 'DygwaD wGu
tpd;k &udk axmufjyydik cf iG hf r&Sb d ;l ? ppftpd;k & vdck siw f muvnf; ppftpd;k &udk axmufcw H hJ wdik ;f &if;om;
tkyfpkawGjzpfw,f zuf'&,fpepfvkyf&if olwdk@udk,folwdk@b,favmuf umuG,fEdkifovJqdkwmrSm rl
wnfw,f? “0” a'ou jynfe,fr[kwaf yr,fh ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf jynfe,fvkd jzpfaew,f? tpd;k &ppf
wyfawmif 0ifciG ahf wmif;+yD;rS 0if&wmyJ? “0” qDu olw@kd vufeuf awmif;=unfyh gvm;? olw@kd e,fjcm;
udpPrSmtukefvHk; 'kuQa&mufukefr,f?
Zefe0g&v D trsK;d om;nDvmcHpwifpOf tajccHrl (104) csuf vrf;n$erf l (6) csut f jzpf raz:xkwcf if
1992 ckEpS f uwnf;u vrf;jyajryHk Road Map ukd csrw S pf pD Ofxm;+yD; jzpfonf?
1990 rSm NLD tjywftowf tEdik &f r_a=umifh ppftyk pf &k hJ tm%m&,la&;pDrcH suf ysujf ym;cJ&h
onf? a&G;aumufyt GJ Edik &f ygwu D kd tm%mv$rJ ay;&ap&ef upm;uGuw f pfctk jzpf tajccHOya'opfwpfck
az:xkwEf ikd af &;twGuf 1993 ckEpS w f iG f trsK;d om;nDvmcH trnfwyfI pwif toufoiG ;f cJo h nf? 1§90
ppftpd;k &. a=unmcsut f & a&G;aumufcu H ,dk pf m;vS,rf sm;. wm0efrmS tajccHOya'opfwpf&yf a&;qGJ
&ef[k qdck o hJ nf? od@k aomf etz onf uwdopPmr&So d rl sm;yDyD trsK;d om;nDvmcH uk, d pf m;vS,af ygi;f
(702) OD;teuf a&G;aumufcu H , dk pf m;vS,f (99) OD;om wufa&mufciG &fh &So d nf? 1995 wGif NLD rS
nDvmcHudk oydwaf rSmufco hJ nf? a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;uom wdik ;f jynfukd
tkyfcsKyf&rnf[laom 'Dfrdkua&pD0g'ukd vHk;0qef@usifaeygonf?
etz. tajccHrrl sm;wGif Edik if aH wmfonf orRwEdik if H jzpfonf[k qdx k m;onf? orRw [laom
pum;vH;k udk twdtus t"dyg` ,f zGiq fh rdk xm;aomfvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh ajym&v#if t&G,af &muf+yD;
olwikd ;f rJay;cGi&hf +dS yD; jynfov l x l u k a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufaom tpd;k &&So d nhf Edik if u
H kd qdv
k okd nf? Ttajc
taet&uif;rJah ev#if orRwEdik if [ H k rqdEk ikd af cs?
,QK etz . orRwrSm ppfa&;tawG@tóuH tenf;qH;k 10 ESp&f +dS yD;oljzpf&rnf[k qdx k m;ygonf?
ok@d jzpfI tem*wfjrefrmEdik if w H iG f ppfAv dk rf sm; &moufyeftyk cf sKyfrnfawmhrnfrmS aocsmaeygonf?
ppfwyfonf jrefrmEdkifiHudk ESpfaygif; ig;q,feD;yg;tkyfcsKyfcJhaomfvnf; etzwdk@ em;vnfoabm
aygufxm;onhf EdkifiHawmfvHkòcHa&;ukd r&Edkifjcif;udk ppfAkdvfrsm;taejzifh txl;pOf;pm;oifhaom udpP
jzpfonf?
14
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
trsK;d om;nDvmcHu
tajzvm;qdak wmh usaemfw@kd
wdik ;f jynftwGuf tajzawmh
r[kwb f ;l ? 'DtrsK;d om;nDvmcHu
xGuv f mr,fh
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'xJrmS
aumif;wJt h csuw f csK@d
ygaeayr,fv h nf; a&S@quf+yD;
oGm;&r,f qdv k @kd &&dS if
'Dz@JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk vufawG@
taumiftxnfaz:wJt h cgrmS
jy\emawG jzpfEikd w f ,f?
'Djy\emawGukd
a&Smif&mS ;Edik b f @kd twGuf ppftpd;k &u
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'&Jh
ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;qdik &f m
tcsuaf wGrmS ajymif;vG,f
jyifv, G jf zpfatmif vG,v f ,
G u
f u
l el @J
vkyx f m;r,fq&kd ifawmh
xGuaf yguw f ckck jzpfEikd w f ,f?
'gayr,fh ppftpd;k &u
wdik ;f jynftay:rSm vdt k yfwhJ
tcsuaf wGukd aoaocsmcsm
ajymxm;wm r&Sad vawmh
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'[m
xGuaf yguw f ck jzpfygrh vm;
qdw k mawmh cktcsed rf mS oHo,&Spd &m
trsm;}uD;ygyJ cifAsm?
OD;atmifEdkifOD;
jrefrmhta&; avhvmoH;k oyfol
15
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
zG@J pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'opfe@J ywfouf+yD;/ tm;enf;csuf vktd yfcsuaf wGudk ajymif;vJz@kd aeaeomom
a0zef&ifawmif 5§96 trde@f e@J axmif'%f 5 ESpu f ae tESpf 20 xd csrw S Ef ikd w
f hJ nDvmcHqikd &f m Oya'
1975 ckEpS f yk'rf 10§5§n Edik if aH wmftm; aESmuf,u
S zf suq
f ;D olrsm;tE &W m,frS umuG,o f nfh Oya'
16
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
“Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;rsm;u jrefrmEdik if u
H kd w&kwEf ikd if t
H m; pm;cdik ;f aeyH”k
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
17
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
ppfwyftaeeJ@
(25) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f xuf ydq k ;kd aewmu
tajccH (104) csurf mS qd&k if
orRw[m
ppfa&;u|r;f usio f l jzpf&r,f?
ppfO;D pD;csKyfay;yd@k wJo h ol m
jynfaxmifpu k muG,af &;0ef}uD;jzpf&r,f?
jynfaxmifpk e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD;jzpf&r,f?
aemuf+yD; jynfe,f§wdik ;f
ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyf a'orsm;rSmvnf;
ppfO;D pD;csKyfay;wJh ud, k pf m;vS,o f m
e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}uD; jzpf&r,fv@kd yg&w dS ,f?
'gukd jyef=unfrh ,fq&kd if
wdik ;f jynf&hJ tm%mtm;vH;k udk
ppfwyfu csKyfuikd w f ,fqw kd hJ tcsu[ f m
cke (25)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f xuf ydq k ;kd ygw,f?
cGef;rm;udkbef;
rdkif;ysOf;òr@e,fjynfol@v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f
18
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
tifwmAsL; (3)
BBC OD;ode;f jrwfEiS hf OD;ausmZf o
H m
udo k ed ;f jrwf? ?OD;ausmaf jymwJt h xJrmS wyfrawmf&hJ OD;aqmifre_ @J jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[m az:aqmif &rnf
qdw k thJ csuf ygygw,f? tJ'aD wmh t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f ppfx0J if&r,fqwkd hJ oabmvm;?
OD;ausmfZHom? ?wcsKd@EdkifiHawGrSmvdk t&G,fa&muf+yD;olwdkif; ppfr_rxrf;rae&qdkwmvdk@awmh rxifbl;
udkodef;jrwf? jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[mudk ppfwyfu OD;aqmif+yD;a&;qGJr,fqdkwm[m ppfqifa&;awGrSm
jynfoal wGukd vdt k yfovdak c:,l wm0efay;r,fv@kd yJ xifygw,f? Edik if o H m;wdik ;f . wm0eftydik ;f rSmvnf;
'dk@wm0efta&;oHk;yg;udk apmifhxdrf;&r,f? Oya'jyXmef;csufESifhtnD ppfynmoif=um;&efeJ@ EdkifiHawmf
umuG,af &;twGuf ppfrx _ rf;aqmif&ef wm0ef&o dS nfv@kd qdx k m;ygw,f? 'grsK;d uawmhh zG@J pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'wdik ;f rSmvdk az: jyp+rJ jzpfygw,f? od@k aomfvnf; ppfrr_ xrf;rae& Oya' oD;jcm;jyXmef;vm&ifawmh
tajctaewpfrsKd; jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f?
udo k ed ;f jrwf? ?ppfwyfu, kd pf m;vS,tf rsm;pke@J zG@J pnf;r,fh trsK;d om;umuG,af &;eJ@ vHòk cHa&;aumifp[ D m
tpdk;&tzGJ@eJ@ v$wfawmfxufudkydk+yD; tm%m&Sdaewmu t"dujy\em}uD;jzpfa=umif;/ nDvmcHwuf
a&mufb;l ol ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u ajymygw,f?
atmif vkyx f m;ovdk jzpfaewma=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppf yd+k yD;qd;k 0g;vmEdik yf gw,f?
jrefrmEdik if [H m wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pH/k ,Ofaus;r_/ bmomaygi;f pH&k w dS hJ vl@tzG@J tpnf; jzpfwm
a=umifh tem*wf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tajccHOya'a&G;cs,f&mrSm 1947 tajccHOya' tm;enf;csuf
tm;omcsuef @J wdik ;f jynfóuHawG@c&hJ wJh jy\emt&if;cHrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;zd@k vdyk gw,f?
1947 ck tajccH Oya'[m vlwOD;csi;f pD&hJ tcGit hf a&;udk }uD;}uD;rm;rm; umuG,f apmifah &Smufay;cJh
aomfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;twGuf wef;wltcGit hf a&;ukd tmrcHcsuf tvGeef nf;yg; cJyh gw,f?
'ga=umifh Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u wdik ;f (7) wdik ;f / jynfe,f (7) ck zefw;D +yD; wygwD A[kd wif;usyrf a_ tmufrmS
wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pkrsm;&Jh wef;wlnrD #ru _ kd vH;k 0jiif;y,f cHc=hJ u&w,f? ,QK etzvnf; tvm;wl wdik ;f
(7) wdik ;f jynfe,f (7) ck qufvuf az:xkwv f #uf &Syd gw,f?
jrefrmhorkid ;f wGif vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf 0JG ifcohJ rl sm;tjzpf todtrSwðf ycHc&hJ aom &Jabmfo;kH usyd o f nf
yifv#if 1947 ck tajccHOya' a&;qG&J mYvnf;aumif;/ xdOk ya'ukd a&;qGcJ o Jh nfh wdik ;f ðyjynfðy v$waf wmf
wGiv f nf;aumif;/ txl;u¾&zd@k rawmif;qdck =hJ uacs? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; uk, d w f ikd f ppfwyft}uD;tuJ
jzpfaecJph Ofu yxrqH;k tajccHOya't& zG@J pnf;onhf ygvrD efvw $ af wmfwiG f ppfwyftwGuf ae&mcGw J rf;
ay;zd@k rawmif;qdck ahJ cs?
1958 ckEpS w f iG f 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ek. tm%m&ygwD a'giv f u kd f uGt
J ufomG ;onft h cg ‚if;u Akvd cf sKyf}uD;
ae0if;tm; tdraf pmift h pd;k & zG@J &ef yef=um;cJoh nf? Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;u ppfwyfrS r[kwaf om ygwaD emufcH
r&Sod nfh xl;c|ex f if&mS ;aom t&yfom;rsm;jzifh tpd;k & zJ@G co hJ nf? ppfwyftaejzifh Edik if aH &;OD;aqmifru _ dk
,ljcif;onf jrefrmEdik if . H taumif;qH;k tpOftvmrsm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;/ jrefrmhorkid ;f ESihf vnf;aumif;
qef@usifonf? EdkifiHwumwGifusifhoHk;aeaom 'Drdkua&pDpepfESifhvnf; ukdufnDjcif;r&Sdyg?
“jrefrmEdik if u
H kd t+rJwrf;vS;D jzwf pm;aomufae=uaom Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;rsm;”
21
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
“jrefrmjynf&hJ
vufawG@ordik ;f a=umif;udk
jyef=unfrh ,fq&kd if wyfrawmf[m
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk
zsuo f rd ;f cJw h myJ &Sw d ,f?
umuG,af pmifah &Smufcw hJ m r&Sb d ;l ?
twdtus ajym&r,fq&kd if (1958)
ckEpS rf mS usi;f ycJw h hJ
wyfrawmfnv D mcHuae bm
csrw S v f u kd o f vJqakd wmh (1947)
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk
toufay;+yD;umuG,af pmifah &Smufyg
r,fv@kd twdtvif;uae@xd
pmeJ@rw S w f rf;wifxm;cJw h m &Syd gw,f?
tJavmuftxd
rSww f rf;wifxm;cJw h mawmifrS
(1947) zG@J pnf;yHu k kd
(1962) ckEpS f a&mufwt hJ cg
pULpkww f pfpw k v f kd qG+J zJypfvu kd wf ,f?
aemufwpfcg
(1974) zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'}uD;udk
zsuo f rd ;f cJw h mvnf;
wyfrawmfbJ jzpfw,f?”
OD;atmifxl;
jrefrmEdkifiHa&S@aersm;aumifpD
22
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
tifwmAsL; (4)
a&'D,dkz&D;at;&Sm; (RFA) owif;XmeESifh jrefrmEdkifiHa&S@aersm;aumifpD OD;atmifxl;
qufo, G f ar;jref;csu?f
OD;rif;Zif? ?ppfwyftajccH}uD;pd;k a&; tajccHral wG[m wdik ;f jynf&hJ toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udk taxmuftul
ðyEdkif&Jhvm;?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?tem*wfz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rSm wyfrawmftcef;u¾twGuf tajccH&r,ft h csuaf wG
qdk+yD;awmh (14) csufcsw,f? 'DtxJrSm t"duuswJh tcsufvdk@ajym&rSmvm;? 'grSr[kwf tjiif;yGm;
p&m tcsuaf wGv@kd ajym&rSmvm; rodb;l ? tcsuf wcsK@d ygw,f? yxr (1) csuu f wyfrawmf[m Edik if H
awmfzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufzdk@ t"duwm0ef&Sdw,fvdk@ ajymxm;w,f?
udak tmifx;l taeeJ@ b,fvjkd rifovJ cifAs?
OD;atmifx;l ? ?wurBmvH;k rSm&Sw d hJ wyfrawmfawG tm;vH;k udak &m 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS &Sw d hJ wyfrawmfawG
udak &m wygweD @J uGejf rLepfEikd if rH sm;rSmyifv#if wyfrawmf&hJ t"du wm0efu bmvJq&kd if (2) csuf yg&dS
ygw,f? (1) csuu f wdik ;f jynfukd jynfytE &W m,fu umuG,af &; jzpfw,f// (2) tcsuu f jynfwiG ;f rSm
obm0tE &W m,fawG usa&mufvmvd@k &&dS if oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u wm0efay;tyfv@kd &&dS if 0ifa&mufun l D
aqmif&u G af y;&jcif; jzpfw,f? 'gukd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh wyfrawmf&w hJ m0ef[m zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk
umuG,af pmifah &SmufwmeJ@ bmrSrqdik b f ;l qdw
k m &Si;f aew,f// jrefrmjynf&hJ vufawG@ordik ;f a=umif;udk
jyef=unfhr,fqdk&if wyfrawmf[m zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk zsufodrf;cJhwmyJ &Sdw,f? umuG,fapmifh
a&Smufcw hJ m r&Sb d ;l ? twdtus ajym&r,fq&kd if (1958) ckEpS rf mS usi;f ycJw h hJ wyfrawmfnv D mcHuae
bm csrSwfvdkufovJqdkawmh (1947) zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk toufay;+yD;umuG,fapmifha&Smufyg
r,fv@kd twdtvif;uae@xd pmeJ@rw S w
f rf;wifxm;cJw h m &Syd gw,f? tJavmuftxd rSww f rf;wifxm;
cJw
h mawmifrS (1947) zG@J pnf;yHu k kd (1962) ckEpS f a&mufwt hJ cg puULpkwf wpfpw k vf kd qG+J zJypfvu kd w
f ,f?
aemufwpfcg (1974) zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'}uD;udk zsuo f rd ;f cJw
h mvnf; wyfrawmfbJ jzpfw,f? 'gjzpf&if
bma=umifh 'Drludk xnfhzdk;óud;pm;vnf;qdkawmh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk w&m;0if zsufcGifh&atmif
umuG,fapmifha&Smufr,fqdkwJh emrnfoHk;+yD;awmhrS rlcsrSwfzdk@ óud;pm;wmyJvdk@ oHk;oyfvdk@&ygw,f?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?'DrmS wpfcsuu f bmoGm;awG@vnf;qdak wmh Edik if aH wmftwGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;
tm;vHk;[m wyfrawmf&Jh uGyfuJr_atmufrSm &Sd&r,f? +yD;awmh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf[m
vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;awG&hJ t}uD;tuJ jzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuyf gw,f? 'Dtcsurf mS b,fvrkd sm; tusK;d
oufa&mufr_ &Syd govJ?
OD;atmifx;l ? ?tifrwefrS tE &W m,f}uD;wJh tcsujf zpfw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS wyfrawmfe@J tjcm;
vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;awGukd cGx J m;wm jzpfygw,f? &Jwyfz@JG awG&&dS r,f? vHòk cHrx _ ed ;f odr;f a&; wyfz@JG awG
&Sd&r,f? tjcm;vufeufudkif wyfzGJ@awGudk wyfrawmfeJ@ cGJxm;wm jzpfygw,f? bma=umifhcGJxm;&vJ
qdak wmh yHrk eS t f +rJwrf;&Sad ewJh (Regular Army) ac:wJh vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG e@J tjyeftvSef =uyfrwf
xdef;ausmif;xm;wm &Sdw,f? 'DtrsKd;om;axmufvSrf;a&;awG[m wyfrawmfudk wm0efrcHawmhbl;?
wufvmwJhtpdk;&tzGJ@udk wm0efcH&w,f? wufvmwJh t&yfom;tpdk;&udk opPm&Sd&r,f? tpD&ifcHpm
wifjy&rSmu tpdk;&tzGJ@ jzpfw,f? wyfrawmft}uD;tuJ r[kwfbl;? jynfol@&JwyfzGJ@udkvnf;bJ
23
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
wyfrawmfe@J aum tjcm;wyfz@JG 0ifrsm;eJ@yg cGx J m;&rSm jzpfygw,f? &Jwyfz@JG [m ormorwfuspmG tv,f
acgirf mS &yfwnfae&r,f? Edik if t H wGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ b,forl qd0k ef}uD; jzpf&if jzpfr,f? orRwjzpf&if jzpfr,f?
Adv
k cf sKyfwpfa,mufjzpf&ifvnf; jzpfr,f? b,foyl J usL;vGef usL;vGef &Jwyfz@JG [m usL;vGew f yhJ *k Kd~ vfukd
zrf;qD;&J&r,f? w&m;pG&J &J r,f? w&m;¶H;k wify@kd &J&r,f? tJvjkd zpfEikd b f @kd q&kd if &Jwyfz@JG e@J axmufvrS ;f a&;
wyfz@JG [m wyfrawmfatmufrmS oGm;&Sv d @kd r&bl;? wyfrawmfatmufrmS &Sad ejcif;tm;jzifh ppfacgi;f aqmif
awG jypfru _ sL;vGew f m rSeo
f r#ukd vH;k 0ta&;,lciG hf r&Sad wmhbeJ @J jynfz;kH um;cs/ vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGihf wpf
oufv;kH ay;&awmhr,fv@kd ajymaewmeJ@ twlwyl v J @kd ajymcsiw f ,f? tifrwefta&;}uD;wJh tcsujf zpfyg
w,f?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?aemufwpfcsuu f wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf&hJ tqift h wef;aygah v? umuG,af &;OD;
pD;csKyf&Jh tqifh[m EdkifiHawmf 'k-orRw&Jhtqifhtjzpf owfrSwfwmayghaemf? 'DtcsufawGay:rSmaum
udak tmifx;l wd@k b,fvjkd rifovJ?
OD;atmifx;l ? ?'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS umuG,af &;0ef}uD; t&yfom;&Jh OD;aqmifra_ tmufrmS wyfrawmf
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu &S&d r,f? 'gu wurBmvH;k rSm usio hf ;kH aewJrh l jzpfw,f? tm%m&Siq f efqef oGm;wJh
uGejf rLepfygwaD wGrmS onfyifv#if umuG,af &;0ef}uD;awG[m t&yfom;awG jzpfw,f? tck umuG,af &;
0ef}uD;csKyfukd 'korRweJ@ wwef;wnf;xm;vdu k wf t
hJ wGuf bmjzpfomG ;vJqakd wmh umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;&JhtxufrSm a&mufoGm;w,f? ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;w,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;[m
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfukd trde@f ay;vd@k r&awmhb;l qdw k hJ oabmudk zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'eJ@tnD tmrcHcsuf
ay;vdu k w f mbJ jzpfw,f?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?aemufwpfcsuu f wyfrawmf[m wyfyikd ;f qdik &f m udpt P m;vH;k udak ygah v vGwv f yfpmG pDrcH ef@cJG
“udk,fusdK;&Smaeaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;”
24
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
25
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
“Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;wd@k . w&m;pD&ifa&;”
26
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
udkudk}uD;
88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
27
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
'Dru
kd &ufwpfjrefrmhtoH (DVB) ESifh 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif uku
d }dk uD;
qufo, G af r;jref;csu?f
DVB? ?jrefrmEdik if &H t hJ ajctaeud=k unf&h if etzppftyk pf [ k m tzufzufu edru hf saewJh wdik ;f jynf udk
jyefvnf OD;armhvmbdk@xuf udk,fhtm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf twdkuftcHawGudkbJ &efvkyfaewm
awG@&ygw,f? b,fo@l t}uHay;csuu f rkd v
S nf; em;raxmif/ b,fEikd if rH v
S nf; em;csv@kd r&bJ e²t²zu
igjh rif;igpikd ;f aewm[m aemufq;kH rSmawmh b,fo@l twGurf S aumif;zd@k vrf;rjrifygb;l ?
udu k }kd uD;? ?usaemfw@kd 'DrmS txl;ojzifah ygAh sm? 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;}uD;awGe@J t}uHðycsuq f w
kd m/ 0g&ifq h kd
wmu awmf¶w kH ef¶o kH ;kH xm;wm r[kwyf gb;l ? awmfawmfut kd awG@tóuHawGtay:rSm oifcef;pmxkwEf w k f
xm;+yD;rS wifjyxm;wJhtcsufawGjzpfw,f? usaemfwdk@ q&mawmfOD;OwWru nGef=um;cJhovdkayghAsm?
twdwu f t kd a=umif;cH? ypPKy`eu f rkd suaf rSmufðy? tem*wfukd a&S@¶=_ ubd@k qdok vdk usaemfw@kd tem*wfrmS
ppftm%m&Sif csKyf+idrf;+yD;awmhrS wu,fhvlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; vufcHEdkifwJh 'Drdkua&pD
jynfaxmifpkpepfudk &nfrSef;+yD;awmh twdwfu ta=umif;awGudk tajcðy+yD;awmhrS ypPKy`efrSm
awG@qakH qG;aEG; tajz&Smzd@k twGuf awmif;qdak e=u&wm jzpfw,f?
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d ?f ?toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv jyXmef;csurf sm;qdw k t hJ ydik ;f jzpfygw,f OD;wifatmifcikd ?f etz
&Jh zG@J pnf;yHu
k t kd wnfðy+yD;vd@k yxrt}udrf v$waf wmfac:¶Hek @J vuf&dS etz tpd;k &u Edik if aH wmf tm%mv$J
ay;zd@k tqifoifh rjzpfEikd af o;bl;wJAh sm? yxrt}udrv f w
$ af wmfuae orRwcef@tyfr,f? tpd;k &zG@J &r,f?
w&m;ol}uD;csKyfcef@&r,f? pwJu h pd aP wG +yD;pD;wJt
h xd vuf&pdS pftpd;k &u Edik if aH wmftm%mudk qkyu f ikd o
f ifh
w,fv@kd t}uHðyxm;ygowhJ OD;wifatmifcikd ?f
OD;wifatmifcikd f? ?[kw+f yDAsm/ tJ'zD @JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'awGukd vlxq k ENc, H yl eJG @J twnfðyr,ft h csed v
f nf;
rod&bl;? aemufwpfcg twnfðy+yD;awmh yxrt}udrf v$waf wmf b,fEpS v f twGi;f ac:r,fqw kd mvnf;
raocsm/ orRwcef@wmtpd;k &zG@J wm b,favmuf=umr,fqv kd nf; ra&&mqdak wmh/ aemufxyf vuf&dS
tpd;k & b,fEpS Ef pS af vmuf &Sad er,fqw kd m cef@reS ;f &cufaeygvm; OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d ?f
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ?'ga=umifv h nf; tmqD,u H nDvmcH+yD;r,fh tcsed Zf ,m;udk zdtm;ay; awmif;cHaewm
ayg?h 'gayr,fh twdu k t
f cHbufuawmh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rl=urf; twnfðyzd@k tcsed u f s&ifawmh uef@
uGuzf @kd jrefrmjynfoal wGukd pnf;¶H;k oGm;r,fv@kd z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpk zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;
tzG@J 0if Adv k rf ;ª }uD;cGeOf uUmu tckvkd ajymygw,f?
cGeOf Um? ?enf;vrf; (3) oG,&f w dS ,fAsm/ eHygw(f 1) enf;vrf;uawmh 'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm yg0ifwufa&muf
+yD;awmh aemufq;kH tqH;k tjzwfumvudk a&mufomG ;r,fh typftcwf&yfwt hJ zG@J awG/ tzG@J uacgi;f aqmif
awG/ wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifawG&hJ oabmxm;eJ@ olw@kd &&hJ yfwnfcsuu f kd usaemfw@kd u “Check And
Balance” vkyfaew,f? t"durSm yHkpHtwdkif; wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawG acgif;aqmifEdkifyghrvm;
qdw k m Balance wpfck &Sw d ,fcifAs? 2? 'kw, d Balance uawmh twGi;f rSm 1§94§No yJay;&r,fqkd
28
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
31
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
tajymav;/ avoHawG=um;&wJh
tcgrmS enf;enf;awmh
xl;qef;wmaygAh sm? usaemfuawmh
wpfcb k J ajymcsiyf gw,f?
Edik if aH &;orm;awGe@J
Edik if aH &;ygww D pf&yfbjJ zpfap/
tiftm;pkwpfpw k ck
b,ftiftm;pkurkd qdk
olw@kd ajymwmawGe@J
tuJrjzwfyge@J ?
olw@kd wu,fvufawG@/
wdik ;f jynf&b hJ 0 jynfoal wG&@J
b0eJ@tuJjzwfz@kd vdw k ,fv@kd
usaemfajymyg&ap?
t,f'w
D mcsKyf t+idr;f pm; OD;xdev
f if;
Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm
32
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
tifwmAsL; (6)
a&'D,zkd &D;at;&Sm;owif;Xme (RFA) ESihf yckULòr@rS jrefrmhEikd if aH &;avhvmol
OD;rif;aqG qufo, G af r;jref;csu?f
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d ?f ?pnf;urf;&Sw d hJ 'Drukd a&pDukd oGm;&r,fv@kd jyifqif ajymjyygw,f? q,fEpS af usmv f mwJt h cg
Complete Demnocracy vd@k aemufwpfrsK;d ajymjyefygw,f// 'gayr,fh rav;&Sm;0ef}uD;csKyf rde@f ceG ;f ac|
t+yD; 'kw, d Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cifne$ @f ajymwJh 'Dru kd a&pDtrsK;d tpm;uawmh trsm;vufcx H m;wJh vGwv f yfjcif;/
w&m;r#wjcif;/ wef;wlnrD #jcif;qdw k hJ avmuygvw&m; (3) yg; tajccHwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDomG ;r,fv@kd jyifqif
ajymvdkufjyefwJhtwGuf jynfolawG acgif;cg&cufcuf jzpfoGm;jyefygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifnGef@eJ@
rwdr;f r,dr;f ygbJ avmuygvw&m; (3) yg; tajccHwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDukd (NLD) uvnf;oGm;r,fv@kd tpPa&;
Edik if x H w k of wif;pmwapmifukd a':atmifqef;pk=unfuyg ajymvdu k w f t hJ wGuf (2) a,mufom; twdik f
tazguf vkyv f u kd o
f vm;vd@k awmif xifrw S &f ygw,f? yd+k yD;awmh tH=h ozd@k aumif;wmu ppftpd;k & tquf
quf ESpaf ygi;f (40) ausmt f wGi;f avmuygvw&m;qdw k hJ toH;k tE_e;f poH;k wm 'gyxrqH;k t}udrf jzpfyg
w,f? bmbJjzpfaeae ppftpd;k &eJ@ (NLD) oGm;r,fh 'Dru kd a&pDpepf[m avmuygv (3) yg; tajccHwhJ
'Dru kd a&pDqw kd t hJ wGuf pum;vH;k tm;jzifh wlae/ &nf&, G cf sujf cif; wlaewm[m om"kac:csipf &m aumif;
wJh tcsujf zpfygw,f?
OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ?yckuLU òrd@u Edik if aH &;avhvmol OD;rif;aqG cifAsm;/ tJ'v D &kd nf&, G cf sucf si;f wlaewJh tzG@J
tpnf; (2) &yf tckxd rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f raqG;aEG;Edik u f bma=umifv h @kd xifygovJcifAsm?
OD;rif;aqG? ?'Dar;cGe;f u b,forl S ajzvd@k r&bl;// e²0²w Adv k cf sKyf}uD;awGbJ ajz&r,f? awmwGi;f vufeuf
udkiftzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ pum;ajymEdkifw,f? EdkifiHjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ pum;ajymEdkifw,f? +Adwdo#
ukeo f nf}uD;awGe@J pum;ajymEdik w f ,f bma=umifjh ynfwiG ;f u (NLD) OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifawGe@J raqG;aEG;
Edik w f mvJ? 'Dar;cGe;f u olw@kd bJ ajz&rSmbJ? b,forl S ajzvd@k r&bl;?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ? &efuek òf rd@rS Adv k wf axmifowif;pm t+idr;f pm; t,f'w D mcsKyfO;D xdev f if; taeeJ@ua&m
'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifnGef@ ajymwmudk b,fvdk,lqygvJcifAsm?
OD;xdev f if;? ?tajymav;/ avoHawG=um;&wJh tcgrmS enf;enf;awmh xl;qef;wmaygAh sm? usaemfuawmh
wckbJ ajymcsiyf gw,f? Edik if aH &;orm;awGe@J Edik if aH &;ygww D pf&yf bJjzpfap/ tiftm;pkwpfpw k pfck b,ftif
tm;pkurkd qdk olw@kd ajymwmawGe@J tuJrjzwfyge@J ? olw@kd wu,fvufawG@/ wdik ;f jynf&b hJ 0 jynfoal wG&@J
b0eJ@tuJjzwfz@kd vdw k ,fv@kd usaemfajymyg&ap?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?avmuygvw&m; (3) yg; tajccHwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDomG ;r,fqw kd hJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
&Jh ygwu D tm%mr&ao;wJt h wGuf wu,fwrf; taumiftxnfaz:Edik f raz:Edik q f w kd m rJay;xm;wJh
rJqEN&iS f jynfoal wGtuJjzwfz@kd apmaeygao;w,f// 'gayr,fh vuf&dS tm%mqkyu f ikd x f m;wJh e²t²z
ppftpd;k &taeeJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDukd taumiftxnfaz:r,fq&kd if az:Edik w f hJ tcGit hf a&;&&Sx d m;wm jzpfygw,f?
e²t²z ppftpdk;&bufu avmuygvw&m; (3) yg;eJ@ nDwJhajymif;vJr_ taxmuftxm;awGrsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm &Sdae+yDvm;qdkwm yckuULòrd@uOD;rif;aqG axmufjyEdkifygvm;cifAsm?
OD;rif;aqG? ?t"duc|wf,Gif;aewJh tcsufaygh? usaemfwdk@ EdkifiHrSm vGwfvyfjcif;r&Sdbl;? w&m;r#wjcif;
r&Sb d ;l ? nDr#jcif; r&Sb d ;l ? 3 ckv;kH u c|w, f iG ;f aew,f? wu,fw h u,f xdxcd u kd cf u kd u f kd c|w, f iG ;f aewm
33
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
wu,fv@kd 'Dvrf;a=umif;udk poGm;ygrh ,fq&kd if wpfqif+h yD;wpfqifh wpfc+k yD;wpfc?k wjznf;jznf;csi;f usaemf
wdk@awmh jrifcsifw,f? olwdk@u rSefr,f jrifaumif;jrifr,f? bmtaxmuftxm;rS rawG@&ao;bl;?
tJ't D axmuftxm;udk p+yD; =unf&h rSmbJ? b,fupd aP wGukd zGiahf y;vmrvJ? w&m;r#wr_awG olw@kd vnf;
vlxpk nf;a0; usi;f yr,f? (NLD) vnf; usi;f yvd@k &&r,f? cif!eG @f w@kd bufu zGiahf y;rvm;? usaemfw@kd
Edik if aH wmfocD si;f rSm “w&m;r#w vGwv f yfjcif;eJ@ raoG/ 'd@k jynf/ 'd@k ajr” tJ'gawG c|w, f iG ;f aeoI usaemf
wd@k ajr r[kwb f ;l ? usaemfw@kd vGwv f yfwhJ Edik if rH [kwb f ;l /
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ? Adv
k w f axmifowif;pm t+idr;f pm; t,f'w D mcsKyf OD;xdev f if; taeeJ@aum avmuygv
w&m;oH;k yg;eJ@nw D hJ ajymif;vJra_ wG etzbufu vkyaf ew,fv@kd xifygovm;cifAsm?
OD;xdev f if;? ?bmrS rawG@&bl;/ oabmu 'DvAkd s? tck 14 ESp&f +dS yD? tJ'aD wmh rlv uwd cH0efcsux f m;cJw
h m
awG bmawG taumiftxnfaz:vJ pDumywfum ajymcsifw,f? bmrS taumiftxnf odyfray:
bl;? t"du EdkifiHa&;udk ray:bl;As? a&G;aumufyGJawG vkyfay;cJhw,f? 'gayr,fh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fu
bmrS taumiftxnf ray:bl;? usaemfajymcsiw f mu olw@kd e@J tuJcwfv@kd &&dS if vufawG@uswt hJ ay:
tuJ jzwfEikd /f rSwaf usmufwif=unf&h r,fv@kd usaemfxifw,f?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ ?f ? OD;rif;aqG cifAsm? OD;rif;aqG ajymovdk avmuygvw&m; tajymif;tvJ rawG@&ao;bl;
qd&k if 'kw, d Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cif!e$ @f ajymwJh 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd m bmudq k vkd w
kd ,fv@kd xifygovJcifAsm?
OD;rif;aqG? ?ajymwm rrSeb f ;l qd&k if rkom;vd@k bJ t"dyg` ,f zGiq hf &kd rSmayg?h ajymwmudk taumiftxnf
az:rS trSeu f akd jymwmvd@k vufcv H @kd &rSmayg?h wvGu J kd taumiftxnfaz:vm&ifawmh rkom;ajymwm
bJv@kd t"dyg` ,af z:=urSmayg?h
“qGwfcl;&ef tqifoifhjzpfygv#uf
rqGwfcl;wwf&Smaom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;”
34
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?'Dru kd a&pDukd jrefjrefomG ;&if tE &W m,f &SEd ikd w f ,fv@kd 'kw, d Advk cf sKyf}uD;cif!e$ @f ajymwm
udk apwemaumif;eJ@ajymwmvd@k r,lqEdik o f al wGxrJ mS OD;rif;aqGrsm; ygaeovm;cifAsm?
OD;rif;aqG? ?ESpf=umatmiftcsdefqGJjcif;tm;jzifh wpfpHkwpf&m tusKd;xl;vdrfhr,fqdkwm r[kwfbl;As?
pepfwus jzpfatmif ajz;ajz; rSerf eS jf zpfatmif vkyaf ew,fv@kd ajymwm bmt"dyg` ,rf S r&Sb d ;l // tJovdyk J
t*FvdyfawG vGwfvyfa&;ay;r,fvkyfwkef;u =umEdkifor# =um=um wdkif;jynfxlaxmifEdkifatmif
EdkifiHom;awG tusKd; &Sdatmif vkyfr,fajymcJhwmbJ? tJ'gtrSefw&m;udk rsufuG,fðyzdk@ jiif;qefwmeJ@
bmrSrxl;bl;bJ? jrefjref ajymif;vJro S mv#if wdik ;f jynftwGuf tbufbufu yd+k yD;aumif;rSm?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?OD;xdev f if;taeeJ@a&m 'kw, d Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cifneG @f ajymwJh avmuygv w&m; (3) yg;eJ@
'Dru kd a&pD ajz;ajz;ajymif;&r,fqw kd mudk apwemaumif;eJ@ ajymw,fv@kd ,lqygovm;?
OD;xdev f if;? ?'gawGu tajymuawmh aumif;w,fAsm? tESpf (40) wke;f uvnf; (26) ESpw f ek ;f uvnf;
qd&k , S v f pfpepfqw kd m olw@kd ajymw,f? usaemfw@kd vnf; a&;om;cJ&h wmyJ// 'Dru kd a&pDr[kww f hJ Edik if aH wGrmS
olw@kd u bmvkyo f vJq&kd if [dw k ek ;f u [pfwvmwd@k bmwd@k *syefw@kd 'DbufacwfrmS vJ tm%m&SiEf ikd if aH wG
[mb,fawmh bmjzpfawmhr,fq+kd yD; ar#mv f ifch suo f m ay;wm 'Dvb kd J aeoGm;rSm?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?qd&k , S vf pfqw kd phJ um;udk ppftpd;k &u jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efe@J (26) ESpu f siohf ;kH wJh tcsed f
rSm qd&k , S v f pfqw kd phJ um; jynfoal wGr=um;csiaf vmufatmif jzpfcyhJ gw,f? aemufwpfcg aps;uGupf ;D yGm;
a&;qdw k u hJ pd u
P kd jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efe@J ppftpd;k &u (14) ESp=f um usio hf ;kH +yD;wJah emuf aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;
qdw k hJ avoHukd jynfoal wGr=um;csiaf vmufatmif em;vnfcjhJ yefw,f? tckwcg 'Dru kd a&pDukd jrefrmhenf;
jrefrmh[efeJ@usifhoHk;r,fvdk@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cifnGef@u ajymvdkufwJh tcsdefrSmvJ - jynfolawGcrsm
ausmcsrf;ukef=uygw,f?
pnf;urf;jynf0h aom 'Dru kd a&pD[k trnfwyf+yD; ppf,el aD zgi;f rsm;tpm; 'Dru kd a&pD0wfprkH sm;udk etz
u òcH&awmhrnf? Tonfyifv#if 'Drdkua&pDonf òydifbufuif;atmif tm;}uD;a=umif;ESifh ppftkyfpk
onf tºuGi;f rJw h efc;kd }uD;onf r[kwaf =umif; todtrSwðf y&jcif;yif jzpfonf?
'Drukd a&pDudk enf;trsK;d rsK;d ESihf pDpOfaqmif&u
G f Edik yf gonf? t"dua&G;cs,pf &m 2 ckrmS ygvrD eftpd;k &ESihf
orRwyHpk rH sm; jzpfonf? rnfonhyf pkH u H omvGeaf =umif; tcsed =f umjrifph mG jiif;cHck =hJ uonf? ppftyk pf .
k
tajccHrlrsm;xJwGif xdktjiif;yGm;r_ukd jyef+yD;rD;ar$;xm;onf?
twdwu f mv tawG@tóuHrsm;t& ygvrD ef (od@k ) orRw (yHpk H ppfppfrsm;) om 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd
usifhoHk;atmifjrifEdkifa=umif; rsufvHk;udk wdrfov†mzHk;aeaom ppftkyfpkrsm;rjrifEdkif=uao;ay?
w&m;pD&ifa&;
rnfonfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGirf qkd w&m;a&;pepf atmifjrifpmG vnfywfEikd af &;twGuf tkycf sKyfa&;
tzG@J &hJ 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufrr_ S uif;vGwrf _ &S&d ygr,f? TonfrmS 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H trsm;pk umv=umjrifph mG
uwnf;u usio hf ;kH vmcJ=h uonf? trsm;u vufcx H m;+yD; pHwpfcvk nf; jzpfonf? jrefrmEkid if .
H 1947
35
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
ck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'uvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J . vGwv f yfru _ dk taumiftxnf az:cJo h nf?
1985 ckwiG f ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcHu w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J . vGwv f yfrq_ ikd &f m tajccHrrl sm;
udk csrw S cf o
hJ nf? ,if;rlrsm;t&qdv k #if w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J . vGwv f yfrt _ mrcHcsuuf kd tajccHOya'wGif
xnfhoGif; jyXmef;xm;&rnf jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J=um; tm%m
cJGjcm;xm;&ayrnf?
od@k &mwGif etz tajccHrrl sm;wGif w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J . vGwv f yfrr_ sm; ta=umif;udk wpfceG ;f wpfyg'
r# az: jyxm;jcif;r&Sad y?
&Jwyfz@JG onf umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfudk tpD&ifc&H / trde@f emcH&ae&mrSm &Sad eavawmh jypfru _ sL;vGewf hJ
tm%mydik af wGukd b,fou l zrf;qD;+yD; w&m;¶k;H ukd yd@k Eikd af wmhrmS vJ? tm%mydik af wG vkycf si&f momvkyf
zrf;qD;rnfhol r&Sdawmhyg?
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
36
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
ckaemufyikd ;f
tus,w f 0ifh
usaemfvnf; rodao;bl;As?
usaemfw@kd xifwmu
jynfe,fukd v$t J yfxm;wJh
tm%mydik ;f aygAh sm?
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_utp
tjcm;udpaP wG trsm;}uD;ygw,f?
tck[mu
jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfuv kd nf;
orRwu a&G;r,f?
jynfe,f0ef}uD;awGuvnf;
orRwudw k m0efc&H r,fqakd wmh
usaemfw@kd tydik ;f rSm
bmrS tm%mr&Sb d ;l jzpfomG ;r,fAs?
Edkif[Hom
rGefjynfopfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;
37
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
tajccHrrl sm;tjzpfe@J vufcx H m;wm jzpfw,f? 'DtajccHay:rSm wm0ef&w dS hJ ðypkrw _ cku useaf ew,f?
r=umcifrmS zG@J pnf;yHrk =l urf;a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwD ay:vmr,fv@kd usaemfxifw,f? tJ'D aumfrwDu tajccHrl
(104) csut f ay:rSm zG@J pnf;yHw k pfapmifjzpfatmif wifoiG ;f vdu k w f hJ oabm&Sw d ,f? wpfcsed wf nf; rSmbJ
zG@J pnf;yHrk =l urf;ay:vm+yD;qdv k @kd &&dS if vlxqk ENc,H zl @kd vwkd ,f// vlxq k ENc,H zl @kd twGuf jyifqifz@kd olw@kd apmifh
aew,fe@J wlygw,f?
ar;? ?tpdk;&u zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yf tjrefqHk;ay:aygufa&;qdk+yD; wcsdefvHk;ajymaewmbJav?
tckvrkd sK;d &yfem;vdu k w f ,fqakd wmh aemufw}udrjf yefpzd@k aum r=umcifjyefpzd@k ,lqvm;cifAs?
cGeOf Um? ?2007 yxr (6) vxJrmS bJ rl=urf;a&;qGw J ma&m vlxq k ENc, H w
l ma&m t+yD;owfvyk rf ,fv@kd
,lqw,fcifAs?
ar;? ?2007 xJrmS +yD;r,fv@kd OD;cGeOf uUmwd@k ,lqygovm;?
cGeOf Um? ?2007 (6) vxJrmS jzpfr,f? jynfo@l qENc, H wl hJ tcsed rf mS qd&k ifvnf;bJ wyfrawmfw&yfxJ
&S&d r,f qdw k rhJ el @J vufeufuikd f typf&yftzG@J awGukd tusyu f ikd +f yD;awmh vufeuford ;f wmwd@k toGiaf jymif;
wmwd@k awG vkyv f m+yD;awmh wòydiw f nf;rSmbJ typfcwf&yftzG@J awGuv kd nf; rv_y&f mS ;Edik af tmif wcsuf
ckwf ESpcf sujf ywf vkyv f mEdik wf ,fv@kd wGux f m;vd@k &w,f?
ar;? ?etz ajymaewmu tcsuf (7) csux f rJ mS RoadMap (7) csux f rJ mS yxrqH;k 'Dtcsuf +yD;
oGm;vd@k &&dS if jrefrmEdik if 'H rD u kd a&pDpepfqD toGiu f ;l ajymif;r,fqakd wmh tJ'v D yk if ef;pOfaum aemufwqifh
b,fvykd pkH rH sK;d eJ@ wufEikd w f ,fv@kd ,q l ovJ cifAs?
“twkta,miftrsdK;om;nDvmcH +yD;+yD”
39
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
aemufwpfcg Adv k cf sKyfcifne$ @f 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk pf Of tJ'aD =ujimcsu&f hJ tyk'd f (20) rSm jynforl sm;u
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvu kd af om uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;onf tem*wf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmf zG@pJ nf;tkycf sKyfykH
tajccHOya'udk a&;qG&J ef wm0ef&adS om yk*Kd~ vfrsm;jzpfonfq+kd yD; vufrw S xf ;dk +yD; Oya'uJo h @dk wnfaom
trde@f jzpfap&rnf ‘ykH §cifne$ @f ’ qd+k yD; vkycf w hJ myJ?
r*Fvmaqmif &Siðf yyJv G yk w
f mutp tokb oò*õ[w f mtqH;k cGiahf wmif+yD; vky&f wJw h ikd ;f jynfrmS
“w&m;r#w vGwv f yfjcif;eJ@raoG 'd@k jynf” qdw k m rjzpfEikd yf g?
wdik ;f oljynfom;awGudk vkycf sio f vdvk yk /f owfcsio f vdok wf/ cdik ;f csio f vdck ikd ;f / odr;f csiof vdo k rd ;f /
v,f/ ,m/ ajr/ tdraf wG odr;f aewmukd avmuygvw&m;qkw d hJ pum;ukd acG;yg;pyfu ewfpum; xGuo f
vdk jzpfraebl;vm;?
trJq G ;kH wkid ;f jynfrS tcsr;f omqH;k tkypf u k Akv d cf sKyfawGb=J unhf - oE mW a&$ r*Fvmaqmif/ ol@ajr;
arG;ae@/ Ak'*< g,mtvª 'gvo l &d iS =f um;udp?P
wdik ;f rª;/ omoema&;0ef}uD; etz tm%modr;f tzG@J 0if Adv k cf sKyfrsK;d n$euf kd 0ifzrf;wke;f u wa,mufpD
a&$wefcsed f (64) wefqv kd m;? 'gawmifrS Edik if w H umESihf urBmb h %fawGrmS tyfEx HS m;wJah iG rygao;bl;?
0ef}uD;csKyfcifne$ @f rmS aum wefcsed f b,favmuf&adS evJ? wwefrmS yd\csed f (625) yd\m&Sw d ,f? usyo f m;
eJ@ rwGuef @J ? yd\meJ@om wGu=f uayawmh? Akv d cf sKyfcsr;f oma&;vm;? wdik ;f jynfaumif;pm;a&; vky=f ur
vm;? Akv d af e0if;wd@k csr;f omcJw h m pm&if;ray:ao;yg?
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
41
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
tifwmAsL; (8)
bDbpD D (BBC) owif;XmeESihf oifb
h 0r~Zif;t,f'w
D m OD;wifarmifoef;
qufo, G af r;jref;csu?f
OD;udkudkatmif? ?tem*wfrSm NLD udkygwDwpf&yftjzpf qufvuf &yfwnfcGifhay;r,f? ray;bl;
qdwk mawmif ar;cGe;f xkwpf &m jzpfaeyg+yD? 'DypkH t H wdik ;f qd&k if ppfwyfubJ tajccHOya'udk qGrJ ,f? qENc, H l
yGu
J v kd nf; }uHch ikd af &;tzG@J &hJ tultnDe@J tEdik &f atmifvyk rf ,f? 'Dvekd @J bJ ppfwyfubJ tem*wfEikd if aH &;udk
xdef;csKyfoGm;Edkifr,fvdk@ ygarmuQpwdkifrwfu oHk;oyfygw,f?
OD;wifarmifoef;? ?2006 ckESpfuawmh tcGifhtvrf;awG vufvGwfoGm;&w,fvdk@ ajym&rSmayghaemf?
bma=umifv h q J akd wmh rdrv d ckd siw
f mudk ndv
‡ @kd &wJh taetxm;rSm wyfrawmfu &aew,f? trsK;d om;
'Drukd a&pDtzG@J u urf;vSr;f csuaf wGuvnf; wyfrawmfbufu vkyo f m udik o f m&Sw
d hJ vrf;pOfawG jzpf
w,fav? ck[m wyfrawmfu ol@oabmeJ@ qufomG ;wJt h cgusawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J trsK;d om;
'Drukd a&pDtzG@J csKyf bufuvnf; 'Dtwdik ;f bJ ae=u&wJh tcgusawmh ckeajymwJh Edik -f ¶_;H qdw k hJ bufu
=unf&h if ud, k b hf ufukd v#K0d ifvmwm r&Sw d thJ wGuf Edik w f ,fv@kd ajymzd@k qwkd m tcufbaJ v? Armjynf&hJ
tajctaeu Edkif§¶H_;eJ@udk ajymvdk@r&bl;? ol@atmuf udk,fhatmuf 'l;axmuf=uwm r[kwfawmh
wyfrawmfvnf; Edkifw,fqdkwmudk r&Edkifbl;? ayga=umifa=umif enf;vrf;a[mif;udkbJ av#muf&rSm
jzpfaew,fav// Armjynfqw kd mu “olvnf;vkyo f m; ud, k v
f nf;vkyof m;” qdw k mbJ?
ar;? ?usaemf em;r&Si;f vd@k yg? +idr;f csr;f a&;vkyu f wnf;u vufeuftyf&r,f? rtyf&bl;qdw k mrsK;d / wcsed rf mS
vufeuftyf&r,fqdkwmrsKd; oabmwlnDcsuf&Sdygovm;?
ajz? ?'gawG rygb;l ? vufeuftyf&r,fqw kd m rygb;l av? 'gayr,fh w&m;aoawmh usaemfw@kd r[kwb f ;l ?
Edik if aH &;jy\emudk tm;vH;k ajz&Si;f +yD;vd@k &&dS if usaemfw@kd vv kd m;wJh Edik if aH &;yHpk rH sK;d jzpfvm&if aemifrmS awmh
tyf&rSmayg?h 'Dae@tcsed rf mS bmrS rudik w f , G f rajz&Si;f &ao;bJe@J / usaemfw@kd vdck siw f hJ yHpk tH aetxm;udk
ra&mufao;bJe@J vufeufukd tyfvu kd &f r,fq&kd if usaemfw@kd twGuf aemufyikd ;f bmrSvyk v f @kd uikd v f @kd
r&wJh taetxm;rsK;d jzpfomG ;r,f? 'gukd usaemfw@kd &nf&, G wf myg?
ar;? ?q&mwk@d rGefjynfopfu vdkcsifw,fqdkwm ppftpdk;&u b,fvdk[mawGudk vdkufavsmay;&r,f
EdkifiHa&;t&udk qdkvdkwmygvJ?
ajz? ?usaemfw@kd u ppfreS w f hJ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk oabmrsK;d jzpfcsiw f ,f? aemuf+yD;awmh rGejf ynfe,frmS
qd&k if rGejf ynfoal wGu ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&hf wdS hJ v$waf wmfrsK;d / ud, k [
hf meJ@u, kd f txku d t f avsmufaygAh sm?
jynfaxmifpu k vkd t J$ yfxm;wJh tm%muvG&J if ud, k jhf ynfe,fukd ud, k q f ;kH jzwfEikd w f ,f? ud, k jhf ynfe,fu
a&G;cs,+f yD;awmh óuduw f o hJ ul kd tkycf sKyfciG hf ay;&r,f? wu,fppfreS w f hJ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk yHpk rH sK;d udk
usaemfw@kd vdv k m;wmyg?
ar;? ?tck q&mwd@k tzG@J u w&m;0ifr[kwaf yr,fh Observer wufaewmqdak wmh nDvmcHu usaemfw@kd
owif;xJrmS zwf&oavmufq&kd if awmfawmf+yD;ae+yDayg?h tajctaeu b,fv&kd v dS cJ ifAs?
ajz? ?usaemfw@kd tuJcwf&oavmufq&kd if nDvmcHukd jrefjref+yD;atmif cyfou G o f u G f cyfjrefjref vkyaf ewJh
yHpk rH sK;d awmh ay:w,f?
ar;? ?*efbm&D wd@k vmwke;f u +yD;oavmufjzpfae+yDv@kd etz bufu ajymw,f? q&mwd@k u nDvmcHrmS
&Sad ew,fqakd wmh q&mwd@k vufcw H o
hJ abm&Sv d m;?
ajz? ?usaemfw@kd nDvmcHwufw,fqw kd mu nDvmcHukd avhvmolbaJ v? Obserever qdak wmh ajym
ydik cf iG v hf nf; r&Sb d ;l ? tqdðk yydik cf iG hf wifjyydik cf iG hf r&Sb d ;l ? =unf¶h kH tuJcwf¶ykH aJ yg?h
ar;? ?qdv k w kd mu 'Dnv D mcH+yD;oGm;vd@k zG@J pnf;yHak wG bmawG xGuv f m&if tJ'gawGukd q&mwd@k tzG@J u
vufrcHbl;aygh?
ajz? ?[kww f ,f? usaemfw@kd aqG;aEG;xm;wJh tydik ;f r&Sad wmh wm0efr,lEikd b f ;l aygah v? tJ'D oabmyJav?
ar;? ?b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf nDvmcHrmS =um;ae&wmu wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J awGe@J etz=um;rSm a'o}uD;awG/
jynfe,fawG/ tkycf sKyfa&; tm%mcGaJ 0&mrSm oabmwlnrD _ r&bl;vd@k =um;&w,fcifAs? t"du q&mwd@k
od&oavmuf bmawGjy\emjzpfae=uwmvJcifAs?
ajz? ?ckaemufyikd ;f tus,w f 0ifh usaemfvnf; rodao;bl;As? usaemfw@kd xifwmu jynfe,fukd v$t J yf
xm;wJh tm%mydkif;ayghAsm? pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_utp tjcm;udpPawG trsm;}uD;ygw,f? tck[mu
jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfuv kd nf; orRwu a&G;r,f? jynfe,f0ef}uD;awGuvnf; orRwudw k m0efc&H r,fqkd
awmh usaemfw@kd tydik ;f rSm bmrStm%mr&Sb d ;l jzpfomG ;r,fAs?
ar;? ?aemufwck ar;csifwmu nDvmcHumvrSm vHkòcHa&;aumifpDu udkifwG,fr,fqdkwJh ae&mrSm
rGejf ynfopftaeeJ@ owif;pmrSmawG@&wmu +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awGu tar&duefu OD;aqmif+yD; vkyw f [ hJ m
udk uef@uu G w f o hJ al wG&w dS ,f? Reject awGxw k wf ,f? rGejf ynfopfu rxkwb f ;l ? ckawmh ajyvnfomG ;
+yDvm;? b,fv&kd v dS cJ ifAs?
43
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
ajz? ?'Dv&kd ydS gw,f? usaemfw@kd oabmxm;tppftrSeu f kd xkwjf y+yD;om;? olw@kd ajymovdak wmh usaemfw@kd
rvkyb f ;l ? usaemfw@kd oabmxm;tjrifub kd J usaemfw@kd xkwjf yef a=unmw,f?
ar;? ?tpd;k &u tJ'v D akd jymwmudk uef@uu G b f @kd &v
dS m;?
ajz? ?wjcm;tzG@J tpnf;awGuawmh 'Dvkd 'Dvv kd yk af e=uw,f? usaemfw@kd oabmxm;udv k nf; ajymay;
ygt;kH vd@k ajymygw,f? rD', D mu ar;vm&if usaemfw@kd tzG@J &hJ tjrifoabmudyk J xkwjf yefvu kd w f ,fav?
ar;? ?rGejf ynfopfu ukvvHòk cHa&;aumifprD mS udik w f , G rf ,f[
h mudk axmufcw H ,fayg?h
ajz? ?usaemfw@kd óudqykd gw,f? usaemfw@kd wifjywJt h xJrmS yxrtcsuu f jynfwiG ;f a&;udk jynfwiG ;f rSm
ajz&Si;f wmu taumif;qH;k jzpfw,f? 'kw, d tcsuu f taumif;qk;H jzpfayr,fh 'Davmuf=umvmwJh um
vrSmaygAh sm? ppfreS w f /hJ w&m;r#wwJ/h wef;wlwhJ awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGq J w kd m wpfcgrS jzpfrvmao;bl;? tJ'D
tay:rSm usaemfw@kd Edik if &H phJ ;D yGm;a&;tajctae/ vlra_ &;tajctaeawGe@J wjcm;aygAh sm/ usyw f nf;aewJh
umvrsK;d rSm vHòk cHa&;aumifpt D aeeJ@ tJovd0k ifa&muf+yD;awmh udik w f , G v f mwJt h ay:rSm usaemfw@kd óudqkd
w,f qdw k t hJ a=umif; usaemfw@kd ajymygw,f? usaemfw@kd wifjywm aemufwpfck &Sad o;w,f? ppfa&;
enf;eJ@r[kwfbJ jrifomwJhaemufwenf; EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ@ajz&Sif;wmudk usaemfwdk@óudqdkw,f? tJ'D 3
csuu f bkd J usaemfw@kd wifygw,f?
ar;? ?rGejf ynfopfygwD wckwnf;aygah v? qdv k w kd mu +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J (17) zG@J &w dS ,fayg?h yl;wG+J yD; pmwrf;
wifwmu (13) zG@J ? tJ't D xJrmS rGejf ynfopfygwD wckb/J &J&aJ jym+yD; &J&v J yk wf hJ oabm&Sw d ,f? usew f hJ
tzG@J awGe@J aum vd&k if vdw k ohJ abm aqG;aEG;wm&Sv d m;?
ajz? ?óuH&ifóuHovdk usaemfw@kd vnf; aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f =uygw,f? 'gayr,fh ol@u, kd yf ikd f ol@q;kH jzwfcsuef @J
olbJayghAsm? tJ'guawmh olwdk@&yfwnfcsuftay:rSm olwdk@&yf=uwmygbJ? usaemfwdk@vnf; ajymvdk@
r&bl;av? “UN udk etzu b,fawmhrS *&kpu kd v f rd rhf nfr[kw”f
44
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
ar;? ?'Dvkd &Si;f jywma&m/ nDvmcH rwufwma&m aemufyikd ;f rSm ppftpd;k &eJ@ rGejf ynfopfe@J qufqaH &;
pum;/ qdv k w kd mu ppfwyfawGukd wd;k cswmrsK;d / wdik ;f &if;om;awGukd uef@owfwmrsK;d &Sv d m; cifAs?
ajz? ?ckxd xl;jcm;wmu atmufwb kd mv (14) &ufae@wek ;f uav/ usaemfw@kd XmecsKyfuv kd m+yD;awmh
ajryHkwdkif;wmwJhudpPawmh enf;enf;xl;qef;w,f? ajrwdkif;tzGJ@wzGJ@udk v$wfvmw,fav? usaemfwdk@
XmecsKyftxdudk a&mufvmw,f? xdkif;rSmoHk;aewJh ajryHkrsKd; oHk;vdk@&atmif vmwdkif;wmyg? +yD;awmh
xdkif;eJ@jrefrme,fpyfawGudk =unfhvdk@&r,fvdk@ olwdk@ajym=uw,fayghav? 'ga=umifhvmwmyg?
ar;? ?q&mwd@k zdw=f um;csuef @J vmwmvm;? olw@kd [molw@kd vmwmvm;?
ajz? ?'Dvykd g? usaemfw@kd u rvmapcsib f ;l ? olw@kd uvmw,f? tJ'D taetxm;rsK;d jzpfomG ;w,fav?
tm;vH;k ajyajyvnfvnfe@J awmh r[kwyf gb;l ? ra=urvnfwu hJ pd aP wmh &Swd maygAh sm?
ar;? ?t"du wjcm;&nf&, G cf suv
f nf;&Srd mS ayg?h ta=umif;jywmuawmh ajrwdik ;f udpaP yg?h e,fpyfbufukd
vm=unfhwmaygh?
ajz? ?[kww f ,f? tJ'v D b
kd J jzpfEikd w
f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd tuJcwfxm;w,fav?
ar;? ?[kwf+yDcifAs? q&mwdk@vnf; vHkòcHa&;aumifpDudk apmifh=unfhw,fqdkawmh nDvmcHrSmvnf;
apmif=h unfah wmh wckcak ygAh sm? tajzwckck nDvmcHe@J bJ &yfomG ;rvm;? oH;k yGiq hf ikd f aqG;aEG;a&;bJ jzpfvm
rvm;? ckcsed rf mS bmrsm;ar#mv f ifx
h m;vJ cifAs?
ajz? ?vHòk cHa&;aumifp&D hJ aqmif&u G rf t _ ay:rSm rlwnfw,f? b,ftxdtaumiftxnf az:rvJ/ csrw S f
rvJqw kd thJ ay:rSm tajctaeajymif;vJomG ;r,fv@kd usaemfw@kd tuJcwf=unfw h ,f? wu,fv@kd vHòk cHa&;
aumifpu D aES;auG;aer,f// twGi;f bufuvnf;yHrk eS t f wdik ;f v_y&f mS ;r,fq&kd if olw@kd yrkH eS t
f wdik ;f =umvdrfh
r,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@xifw,f/
ar;? ?yHrk eS t f wdik ;f qdw
k m nDvmcH}uD;u qufomG ;aerSmayg?h
ajz? ?nDvmcH qufomG ;rSmayg?h
ar;? ?vHòk cHa&;aumifpu D qH;k jzwfr,fq&kd if oH;k yGiq hf ikd b
f ufukd vrf;a=umif;ajymif;oGm;r,fh oabm&Sw d ,f
vd@k ,lqvd@k &ygovm;?
ajz? ?[kww f ,f? vHòk cHa&;aumifp&D hJ yxrcsrw S rf ,fh tajccHoabmxm;udk usaemfw@kd apmif=h unfh aeyg
w,f? tJ'gukd csrw S rf ,fq&kd if wpHw k &mawmh tuJcwfv@kd &Edik w f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd wGux f m;ygw,f?
ar;? ?ckaqG;aEG;oGm;wmuawmh vl@tcGifhta&; bmrStmrcHcsufray;EdkifwJh anmifESpfyifnDvmcH&Jh zGJ@
pnf;yHt k opftay: rGejf ynfopfygw&D hJ a0zefry_ g?
etz[m wpn tEdik &f vdrrfh ,fv@dk txif}uD;+yD; 1990 rSm a&G;aumufyJG vkycf w hJ ,f? wyfe,fajr
awG tygt0if r*Fvm'Hrk mS awmif NLD u tEdik f &vdu k w f ,f? Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;apmarmifu uwdtwdik ;f
tm%mv$/J v$waf wmf ac:ay;&r,f ajymvmawmh Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$ u Akv d cf sKyfcifne$ @f udk t¶l;aq;
xd;k cdik ;f +yD; ae&muae z,f&mS ;ypfvu kd w
f ,f?
tJ'DrSm tm%m&Sif rmpwmb&def;&SdwJh OD;ae0if;u tEdkif& NLD trwfawGtygt0if tjcm;
trwfawGudk enf;rsK;d pHek @J 'kuaQ y;cdik ;f ygawmhw,f? trwfwpfa,muf&hJ rdom;pk vkyif ef;udik if ef; tao;
45
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
“awG@qHak qG;aEG;a&;udt
k vdrk &Sad om etz”
46
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf NLD
ajymcGi&fh yk~Kdvf OD;ode;f n$e@f
47
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
tifwmAsL; (9)
'Dru
kd &ufwpfjrefrmhtoHa&'D,kd (DVB) ESihf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf NLD
ajymcGi&fh yk~Kdvf OD;ode;f n$e@f / &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif p0fZefa,mifa[G/ rGejf ynfopf
ygwt D axGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª;Edik [ f oH m/ jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, dk pf m;ðyaumfrwD CRPP
twGi;f a&;rª; OD;at;omatmifw@kd qufo, G af r;jref;csu?f
wyfrawmfu w&m;0iftpd;k & jzpfomG ;rSmbJ? wdik ;f jynfe@J vrl sK;d twGuf bmrSjzpfvmrSm r[kwb f ;l ?
'DAb DG ?D ?rGet f zG@J taeeJ@a&m b,fvjkd rifv?J
Edik [
f o H m? ?2004 ckEpS rf mS usaemfw@kd wif+yD;+yD? tJ'gawGukd vufrcHb;l ? 'ga=umifh wufv@kd vnf; rxl;bl;
qd+k yD;awmhayg?h aemuf+yD; olw@kd owfrw S xf m;wJh rluv kd nf;usaemfw@kd vufcEH ikd w f hJ taetxm;r&Sb d ;l ?
usaemfw@kd axmufjywm wcsKd @&ydS gw,f? tJ't D rsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS olw@kd csrw S w f muawmh Edik if w H ckrmS
wyfrawmfu wckwnf; aemufvufeufudkiftzGJ@0iftm;vHk;[m ppfOD;pD;csKyf&Jh xdef;uGyfr_atmufrSm
&S&d r,fqw kd [hJ mawGu wu,fv@kd rsm; usaemfw@kd wufv@kd twnfðyvdu k &f if usaemfw@kd ukd vufeufpeG @f b@kd
wyftyfb@kd awmif;qdv k mzd@k &w
dS ,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd rwwfb;l ? cktaetxm;rSm bmrSrudik w f , G /f
rajz&Si;f &ao;bJe@J usaemfw@kd vv kd m;wJh yHpk t
H aetxm;udk wpfpw kH pf&m ra&mufao;bJe@J vufeufukd
tyfvu kd &f r,fq&kd if aemufyikd ;f rSm usaemfw@kd taeeJ@ bmrSvyk v f @kd uikd vf @kd r&wJh taetxm; jzpfomG ;r,f?
'gudk usaemfwdk@&nf&G,fwmyg?
'DAb DG D? ?OD;at;omatmifw@kd CRPP taeeJ@ b,fvv kd yk rf ,fppD Ofxm;ygovJ?
OD;at;omatmif? ?tzGJ@tpnf;wcku csKyfudkif+yD;awmh a&;qGJaevdk@ zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wck
r&Edik yf gb;l ? Edik if o H m;awGtm;vH;k udk ud, k pf m;ðywJh ud, k pf m;vS,af wGtaeeJ@om 'Dz@JG pnf;yHu k kd a&;qG&J rSm
jzpfygw,f? aemufaemifvnf;bJ CRPP taeeJ@bJ jzpfjzpf/ &cdik 'f rD u kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf taeeJ@jzpfjzpf/ jynfol
awGudka&m vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfaewJh tpdk;&tm%mydkifawGudka&m óuH&ifóuHovdk ajymoGm;zdk@ tpDtpOf
&Sdygw,f?
'DAb DG D? ?bmawGrsm; xyfajymcsiyf gao;vJcifAs?
49
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
Edik [
f o
H m? ?+idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awG wufaew,fav? olw@kd &nf&, G cf suaf wG bmrSajymvd@k r&bl;? acsmifx;kd
xm;wm usaemfxifw,f? olw@kd taeeJ@awmh wufaevJta=umif;rxl;bl;? xGuv f mwm taumif;qH;k
vd@k ajymwm? rGejf ynfopfwckb?J olw@kd ajymwJh vdik ;f twdik ;f bJav? olw@kd wifjyw,f? tpd;k &u vufrcH
bl;? aemufawmh rGejf ynfopfu wufawmhwufw,f? tzG@J 0iftjzpfe@J rwufb;l ? avhvmoltjzpfe@J bJ
wufawmhw,f? 1 zG@J wnf;eJ@ 2 zG@J 3 zG@J e@J wrsK;d awmhumG rSmaygAh sm? rsm;vmvd@k &&dS if tpd;k &u pOf;pm;&if
vnf; pOf;pm;vmrSmayg?h tE &W m,f&&dS dS r&S&d dS ajymoifwh mudak wmh &J&&J if&h ifh ajym&rSmbJ?
jynfo@l vw $ af wmfEiS hf vlrsK;d pkvw$ af wmf jynfe,fwidk ;f a'o}uD;v$waf wmfrsm; tm;vH;k wGif ppfwyfEiS fh
ppfwyfaxmufco H rl sm; v$r;f rd;k &ef aocsmaeojzifh jynfe,f§wdik ;f a'o}uD; tpd;k &rsm;Y Oya'ðyr_ (od@k )
tkycf sKyfa&;tm%m &Sad wmhrnfh r[kwyf g?
jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tpd;k &ESihf a&&Snpf pfyGJ qifEaJ$ e=uqJ wdik ;f &if;om; tzG@J rsm; &Sad eqJ jzpfonf? ppfajy;
'kuo Q nfrsm; xdik ;f e,fpyfwiG f aomif;*%ef; &Sad eonf?
etz . tajccHrt l & Edik if aH wmforRwonf jynfe,fvw $ af wmf trwfrsm;xJrS jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyf
ukd a&G;cs,f cef@tyf&rnfjzpf+yD; jynfe,fvw $ af wmf. twnfðycsuu f dk ,l&rnf jzpfayonf? Edik if aH wmf
orRwonf trnfopfwpfcu k kd wifoiG ;f cGihf &So
d nf? tu,fI jynfe,fvw $ af wmfu xyfrI H twnf
rðyv#if bmjzpfrnfurkd l jyXmef; rxm;yg?
jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfonf e,fpyfa'o vHòk cHa&;twGuf ppfbufrS yk*K~ v d rf sm;udk 0ef}uD; cef@tyf&rnf?
0ef}uD;csKyfu jynfe,fv$wfawmfudkwifjy+yD; twnfðycsuf,l&rnf jzpfonf? jynfe,fv$wfawmfu
jiif;y,fciG rhf &S?d twnfrðyv#if bmjzpfrnfukd ajymrxm;yg? jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;tm; cef@tyfr_ tqH;k t
jzwfu orRway: rlwnfaeonf? jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfEiS hf jynfe,f0ef}uD;rsm;onf orRwudk wm0efcH
&onf? jynfe,fOya' t&m&Srd sm; cef@tyfru _ kd jynfe,fvw $ af wmfEiS hf jynfe,f0ef}uD;csKyfw@kd u twnf
ðy+yD;onfw h ikd af tmif orRw. twnfðycsuf ,l&OD;rnf jzpfonf? A[kt d pd;k &ESihf jynfe,f Oya'ðyvkyif ef;
udk rnfo@kd qufpyf xde;f n‡rd nfukd tajccHrrl sm;u &Si;f vif;rxm;yg?
etz.rlt& w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm orRw/ 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD;rsm;. pdwóf uduf a&G;cs,af om jynfe,f
Oya't&m&Sdrsm;udk cef@tyf&rnf qdkxm;aoma=umifh ‚if;wdk@u b,folukd axmifcsvdkuf b,foludk
v$waf y;vdu k [ f k ,QKetz. w&m;pD&ifa&;jzpfaerSm aocsmaeygonf?
wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pktajccHrl trSwf (12) u atmufygtwdik ;f ajymonf?
1)EdkifiHawmfonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ukd rdrdwdk@. bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_ zGH@òzd;wdk;wuf
a&;twGuf tultnDay;&rnf?
2) Edik if aH wmfonf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkw@kd t=um; aoG;pnf;nDnw $ rf _ csp=f unf &if;ES;D r_EiS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Gurf _ zH@G òzd;wd;k wuf&ef tultnDay;&rnf?
3) Edik if aH wmfonf ynma&;/ use;f rma&;/ pD;yGg;a&;ESihf qufo, G af &;tygt0if vlrp_ ;D yGg;a&; wd;k wufrE_ iS hf
pyfvsOf;I zGH@òzd;r_edrfhusaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkukd tultnDay;&rnf?
etz .tajccHrl trSwf (12) rSm bmompum;tcGit hf a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_tcGit hf a&; ynma&; tcGifh
50
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
ta&;ESin hf n
D w
$ af &;ta=umif; az: jyxm;aomfvnf; uk, d yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi/fh uk, d yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; jynfe,f
. tm%mydik rf E_ iS fh jynfe,ftajccHOya'rsm;ta=umif; jyXmef;rxm;onfukd txl; *¶kðy=u&rnf?
etz. tajccHrrl sm;onf wdik ;f jynfudk zdp;D ESyd pf ufaeaom tcsut f csm udp&P yfrsm;udk rajz&Si;f jcif;
jzpfonf? wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;tm; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk abmiftwGi;f rdrw d @kd u,dk yf ikd f tpd;k &jzifh
tkycf sKyfa&;udk az:xkwyf okH iG ;f Edik &f ef uk,
d yf ikd f ray;oa&G@ tajccHrrl sm;xJwiG f uwdðyxm;aom txufyg
udpP (3) ckrmS jzpfajrmuf jynf0h Ekid rf nf r[kwaf y?
Federal ESifhywfoufI 15/ 7/ 89 ae@ 14;00 em&DwGif UNLD tzGJ@csKyf¶kH;a&S@ &efukefòrd@
Adv
k af tmifausmv f rf;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu atmufygtwdik ;f ajymcJo h nf?
“Federal qdkwm cGJa&;r[kwfygbl;? Central Government jynfaxmifpktpdk;&eJ@ Local
Government jynfe,ftpd;k &=um; b,fvt kd m%mcG&J r,fqw kd hJ t"du jy\emyg? jynfaxmifpu k
b,favmuf tm%m,l+yD; jynfe,ftpdk;&u b,favmuftm%m,l+yD; b,fvdk tm%mawG
toH;k ðyrvJ 'gukd cJ&G r,f? Federal vd@k yJ ac:ac:/ jynfaxmifpv k @dk yJ ac:ac:/ ta&;}uD;wmu usrwd@k
=um;xJrmS tm;vH;k oabmwlnED ikd rf ,fyh pkH &H w dS hJ Edik if w
H pfcu
k kd az:xkwzf @kd ygy?J Demonstration by Unity
of Diversity 'D[mudk OD;wnf&r,f?
uGJjym;aewJh,Ofaus;r_/ ,Hk=unfr_ xHk;pHawG[m usrwdk@ jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf
tm;opf tm;rmefay;wJh a&pD;a=umif; trsK;d rsK;d jzpf&r,f? jynfaxmifp}k uD;jzpfwhJ jrpf}uD;udk tm;ay;wJh
jrpfi,facsmif;i,frsm; jzpf&r,f?
usr Federal qdkwJh pum;vHk;ukd roHk;csifovdk Unitary vnf; roHk;csifygbl;? jynfaxmifpk
qdw k hJ Armpum;oufoufy/J ‘&$w&f w $ f 'Gw'f uf’awG rygwmukd oH;k csiw f ,f? b,fvykd pkH eH @J jynfaxmifpk
wckudk wnfaqmuf=urvJ? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;'Drdkua&pD vdkvm;wJhtzJG@tpnf;rsm; 0dkif;0ef;+yD;
yHhydk;ay;=uyg?”
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
51
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
'Dae@Armjynfvx l u k aemf
'Dae@wyfrawmftpd;k &
vkyaf ewJv h yk if ef;
a&S@qufomG ;r,fqw kd hJ
vkyif ef;tay:rSm b,favmufxd
vufcx H m;ovJ?´
vufcx H m;wJt h wdik ;f twmudk
NLD u odz@kd aumif;wmaygA h sm?
odv@kd &&dS if odwt hJ wdik ;f twmeJ@
vduk af v#mnDaxG
ðyjyifajymif;vJoifw h mudk
ðyjyif ajymif;vJ?
rawmif;qdo k ifw h mudk
ZGwt f wif;rawmif;qdek @J
'Drukd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;u
ta&;}uD;w,fAsm?
tJ'cD gusawmh
cifAsm;vkycf sif vkyv f @kd &w,f?
tck[mu 'Dru kd a&pD
toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udk rajymbJe@J
awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;bJ ajymaeawmh
'Drukd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;u
b,fa&mufaerSe;f rodb;l ?
wpn OD;cifarmif+idr;f
52
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
tifwmAsL; (10)
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv
f id_ Ef iS hf wpn OD;cifarmif+idr;f / trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfrS ajymcGi&hf
yk~Kd vf OD;jrifo
h ed ;f qufo,
G af r;jref;cef;?
uvnf; 'gurkd av#m?h [db k ufuvnf; 'gurkd av#m?h 'gukd rjzpfEikd b f ;l ajymaew,f? 'guq kd uf+yD; qkyu
f ikd f
xm;awmh b,ftvkyjf zpfrmS vJ? w&m;ao}uD; qkyu f ikd xf m;wm bmrS tvkyrf jzpfb;l ? tvkyrf jzpfayr,fh
wbufu +yD;atmifvyk ?f vkyo f mG ;aewm nDvmcH+yD;vd@k (Referendum) csjyonftxd quf+yD;awmh
awG@qkH aqG;aEG;a&;udb k J ajymaetk;H rSmvm;? awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;qdw k m 'Dwpfenf;bJ&o dS vm;? wjcm;enf;
vrf;awG r&Sad wmhb;l vm;?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ f? ?taumif;qH;k enf;vrf;taeeJ@ NLD udk b,fvkd t}uH^m%fay;csiyf govJ cifAsm?
OD;cifarmif+idr;f ? ?aysmah ysmah ysmif;aysmif; tvkyv f yk zf @kd ajymcsiw f ,fAsm?
OD;pdefausmfv_dif? ?Oyrmtm;jzifh aysmhaysmhaysmif;aysmif;qdkwJh t"dy`g,fudk ydk+yD;awmh jynfolawGem;&Sif;
oGm;atmifayghcifAsm?
OD;cifarmif+idrf;? ?'Dae@Armjynfvlxkuaemf 'Dae@wyfrawmftpdk;& vkyfaewJhvkyfief; a&S@qufoGm;r,f
qdwk v hJ yk if ef;tay:rSm b,favmufxd vufcx H m;ovJ?´ vufcx H m;wJt h wdik ;f twmudk NLD u odz@kd
aumif;wmaygAh sm? odv@kd &&dS ifow d hJ twdik ;f twmeJ@ vdu k af v#mnDaxG ðyjyifajymif;vJoifw h mudk ðyjyif
ajymif;vJ? rawmif;qdo k ifw h mudk ZGwt f wif;rawmif;qdek @J 'Dru kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;u ta&;}uD;
w,fAsm? tJ'cD gusawmh cifAsm;vkycf sif vkyv f @kd &w,f? tck[mu 'Dru kd a&pD toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udk r
ajymbJe@J awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;bJ ajymaeawmh 'Dru kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;u b,fa&mufaerSe;f rod
bl;?
OD;pdefausmfv_dif? ?tJ'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; qdkwJhae&mrSm bmyJajymajym/ ppftpdk;&u
tkycf sKyfaewJt h csed f jzpfwt hJ wGuf ppftpd;k &ajymwJv h rf;a=umif;bJ trSeq f ;kH vd@k wpnu ,lqw,fqw kd hJ
t"dy`g,fygvm;cifAsm?
'Drdkua&pD
EdkifiHawmfodk@
etz
fh&
u d k , &;vkyfcGi
S,f
fpm;v
f&yf
;a
typ
pD;yGm
54
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;. nDnw $ af &;ESiyhf wfoufI aemufq;Hk rde@f cGe;f æ æ æ æ æ
pm;zg;awG nDnw $ w f m usaemfrvdck siyf gb;l ?
wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; nDn$wfa&;/
wdkif;oljynfom; vlxknDn$wfa&;/
tJ'D nDnw $ af &;ESpcf k r&Sod r# umvywfv;kH /
'Dwdkif;jynf[m vGwfvyfyif vGwfvyfjim;aomfvnf;/
b,fygwD wufwuf/ b,ftpd;k &vkyv f yk /f
zgonfwdkif;jynf jzpfaerSmbJvdk@/
usaemfajymcsifw,f?
tJ'aD wmh 'DEpS cf uk kd cifAsm;wd@k rysujf ym;ygapeJ@?
b,fou l bmvkyv f yk f rysujf ym;ygapeJ@?
tJ'g tifrwef ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
(13/ 07/ 47 ckEpS f òrd@awmfcef;ra&S@wiG f rde@f =um;onhf Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;. rde@f ceG ;f aumufEw
k cf su?f )
55
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
aumif;pm;a&;/ wkid ;f jynfw;kd wufa&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw $ af &;qd+k yD; [pfaºuG;aeawG[m vl=um;
aumif;atmif ajymae=uwmyg? jrefrmEdik if u H dk tkycf sKyfcw hJ hJ ppfAv dk cf sKyfawG tqufquf b,fol wd;k wuf
atmif vkycf yhJ govJ? olw@kd rdom;pk aumif;pm; oGm;ovm;? wdik ;f jynfe@J vrl sK;d aumif;pm;oGm; ovm;?
rGjJ ymusomG ;ovm;? rsujf rif 'dXyg?
etztajccHrrl sm;wGif Edik if aH wmforRwonf tkycf sKyfa&;wGif t"dywd jzpfaeI w&m;pD&ifa&;vnf;
vGwv f yfr_ r&Sb d J orRwudk ¶k;d usK;d trde@f emcH&rnf? ygwpD pHk epf[k etz [pfaºuG;aeaomfvnf; 1974
ckEpS f tajccHOya'ESifh xl;rjcm;em;a=umif; odomygonf?
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; }uHzh @HG / pGr;f tm;&Si/f pGr;f aqmif&iS Ef iS hf tjcm;tzG@J tpnf;rsm; &Sad omfvnf; vefqef;
om,m0ajymaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfck rjzpfEikd af y? acwfopfv@l tzG@J tpnf;wGif w&m;Oya'/ w&m;pD
&ifa&;onf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm (rnfol. =oZmukdrS rcHbJ) &Sdae&+yD; tajccHOya'abmiftwGif;Y
Edik if vH ;kH qdik &f m vl@tcGit fh a&;aumfr&Si/f jynfo@l 0efxrf;aumfr&Si/f pme,fZif;aumifp/D trsK;d orD;/ trsK;d
om;/ ausmif;om;/ b¾ma&; ponfh taqmufttkrH sm;onf tm%mukd xde;f n‡ad y;onfph epf jzpfonf?
etzwdk@,QKðyrlae=uonfrSm wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;twGuf rarhoifhaom q&mawmfOD;OwWrwdk@vdk
Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k . *k%af us;Zl;ukd rxkwaf z:? yifet D usu ô dk 0wfv#iyf if olyek v f @kd owfrw S af e¶krH u
¶ky&f iS rf if;om;ukad usmo f l wd@k vkd wdik ;f jynftusK;d ðy/ vlra_ &;vkyif ef;ukyd ifra&Smif EdyS u f yG zf @kd 0efrav;=ubl;?
zG@pJ nf;yHk tajccHOya'[m vlxb k 0eJ@wu kd ¶f u dk yf wfoufaew,fqw kd m vlwikd ;f oabmayguf =u&ygr,f?
wdkif;jynf&Jh tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m vlxkqDu qif;oufvmwmjzpf+yD; vlwpfOD;csif;pD&Jh vGwfvyfr_/
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH; nDr#r_/ w&m;r#wr_awGay:rSmtajccH+yD; tpdk;&&Jh tm%mukd uef@owfjyXmef;
xm;wJh zG@pJ nf;yHk tajccHOya'wpf&yf ay:ayguv f mrSom vlxb k 0+idr;f csr;f r_e@J zG@H òzd;wd;k wufr_ &Edik rf ,fqkd
wm vlwikd ;f odatmif avhvm=u&ygr,f? igw@kd upd jP zpfw,fq+kd yD; tav;*¶kðy=u&ygr,f?
tdref ;D jcif; tdE, dN / w¶kww f @kd [m armf=unf&h avmufatmif zG@H òzd;wd;k wufvmae=uw,f? tdE, dN [m
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if /H w¶kwu f uGejf rLepfEikd if jH zpfwma=umifh pepfEpS cf o k m uGmaewmyg? zG@H pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'udk
r¾dKifðy+yD; Oya'pd;k rd;k r_udk av;pm;vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &mrSm twlwyl g?
trsKd;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&; qdkwmudk rSm;,Gif;pGm t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk+yD; Oya'ðyv$wfawmfawGrSm
ppfAv dk af wGudk w&m;0if Oya'ðycGiahf y;vdu k v f #if rw&m;wJh Oya'awG[m b,fawmhrS ¶kyo f rd ;f cH&awmhrmS
r[kwaf wmhbJ &moufyef qufvufwnf&adS eawmhrmS jzpfovdk aemifuv kd nf; rw&m;wJh Oya'awG
qufvufay:aygufvmzdk@ vlxku w&m;0iftm%m tyfESif;vdkufovdk jzpfoGm;ygr,f? vwfwavm
tcGifhta&;ukd=unhf+yD; ,pfrl;roGm;zdk@ ta&;}uD;ygw,f?
OD;ae0if;&Jh 1974 ck zG@J pnf;yHek @J wygwt D m%m&Sipf epfukd òzdzsu&f mrSm ausmif;om;jynfol &[ef;&Siv f l
rsm;pGm aoG;acsmif;pD;cJh/ b0awG ysufcJh=u&wmawG axmifxJrSm aooGm;=uwJh olawG/ axmifxJrSm
usae=uwJholawG/ axmifxJrSma&mufae=uwJholawG/ ynmu wydkif;wpeJ@ csKd;zsufcHvdkuf=u&wJh
ausmif;om;§ausmif;olawG aouGJ &Siu f /JG trsK;d rsK;d eJ@ ,QKxufwikd f cHpm;ae=u&wJh olawG =uufiu S u
f kd
ypfowfovdk owfcJh=uwJhaoG;awG rcrf;ajcmufao;ygbl;?
jynfwGif;u jynfolawGrSmvnf; tvkyftudkif&Sm;yg; 0rf;a&;urzlvHk/ ynmroifEdkif/ om;ao
vifaysmuf b0qHk;awG&Jh tjzpfawG[m rarhoifh rarhtyfygbl;? wdkif;jynf&Jhtem*wfumvudk wnf
aqmuf=ur,fh ynmoif&r,fh t&G,u f av;i,fawG pmoifcef;rSm r&Sb d J vrf;ab;rSm tr_u d af umuf
57
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
“twif;ajym udk,fusdK;&Smolrsm;”
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
58
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
cGefjrifhxGef;
oxHòk r@e,f NLD jynfo@l v$waf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,f
59
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
tifwmAsL; (11)
bDbpD D owif;XmeESihf jynfo@l vw $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,cf eG jf rifxh eG ;f / Adv
k rf ;ª }u;D
vGe;f awmif;/ rGejf ynfopfygwrD S Edik af tmifrai;wd@k qufo, G af r;jref;csu?f
18/ 7/ 2007 BBC jrefrmhta&;urBmt h a&; (aemufq;kH nDvmcH tpae@)
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?nDvmcHuae csrSwfr,fh twnfðycsufawG[m jynfolwpf&yfvHk;twGuf b,f
avmufxd yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ay;EdkifrvJ/ Adkvfrª;}uD;vGef;awmif; &Sif;jyay;ygcifAs?
Adv
k rf ;ª }uD;vGe;f awmif;? ?usaemfw@kd awmfveS af &;vkyv f mcJw h m jynfov l x l ak umif;pm;a&;/ &ydik cf iG hf &&Sad &;
twGuf wdkufvm=uwm? 'gayr,fh =umav vufawG@rusavbJ? 'ga=umifhwenf;tm;jzifh b,fvdk
vkyEf ikd rf vJ=unfv h u kd af wmh aumif;+yD? 'DtawG@tcdu k u f kd &xm;+yD;awmhrS Edik if aH &;qufvyk &f ef tcsed u f s+yD
qdk+yD;awmhrS ta&;t}uD;qHk;u usaemfwdk@ trsKd;om;nDvmcHrSm tajccHOya'w&yfudk a&;qGJEdkifjcif;
tm;jzifh Edik if aH &;&Jh tqH;k tjzwf jzpfvrd rhf ,f? tJ'rD mS taumif;qH;k jzpfEikd af tmifq&kd if bmawGvo kd vJ?
yg0ifaqmif&u G w
f hJ ud, k pf m;vS,af wG tm;vH;k uaomfvnf;aumif;/ +yD;awmh jynfov l xl &k hJ tjrifaomf
vnf;aumif;/ tm;vH;k u taumif;jrif0g'eJ@ 0dik ;f +yD;awmh vkyjf cif;tm;jzifh 'Dwikd ;f jynftwGuf trsK;d om;
nDvmcH[m tusK;d jynf0h wJh tajccHOya'w&yf xGuaf y:vmEdik w f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd ,H=k unfw,f? 'gay
r,fv@kd tm;vH;k wef;wl trsm;qH;k xm;Edik af &; jzpfvmr,f?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?jynfyudak &mufvmwJh cGejf rifx h eG ;f uawmh Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vGe;f awmif; ajymovdk tm;vH;k
pkaygi;f +yD;awmh tajz&Smvd@k &&dS if taumif;qH;k &r,fv@kd ajymw,f/ tJ'g vufcyH govm;cifAs?
cGejf rifxh eG ;f ? ?vufrcHygb;l cifAsm;? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh NLD taeeJ@ 3 ESpf 3 rd;k vH;k vH;k usaemfw@kd u
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf +hJ yD;yg+yD? wwfEikd o
f r# trsK;d rsK;d enf;rsK;d pHek @J yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf hJ +yD;yg+yD? yl;aygi;f aqmif
&Guv f @kd r&vd@k nDvmcHu xGuv f mcJwh myg? 'Dnv D mcHrmS vkyaf ewmu qd&k , S vf pftrnfcH ppftyk cf sKyfa&;
udk 1974 zG@J pnf;yHek @J xnfaxmifco hJ vdrk sK;d ? ckvnf;yJ 'Dru kd a&pDtrnfceH @J ppftyk cf sKyfa&;udk twif;tusyf
xlaxmifaewmjzpfwt hJ wGuf usaemfw@kd xGucf &hJ wmyg? 'Dawmh 'Dnv D mcHrmS wdik ;f &if;om;awGtm;vH;k
ygw,f? v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG ygw,fqdkwmrsKd;udk toHk;cs¶HkrSwyg; tjcm;bmrS r&SdwJhtwGuf
xGucf &hJ wmyg? wu,fv@kd 'Dz@JG pnf;yHu k kd usaemfw@kd u toH;k csc+H yD;vkycf =hJ ur,fq&kd if wcsed rf mS 74 zG@J pnf;yHk
udk vlx&k t hJ oufawG/ aoG;awGe@J jyifqifajymif;vJc&hJ ovdrk sK;d 'Dnv D mcHrmS a&;aewJh zG@J pnf;yH[ k mvnf;
aemif &[ef;/ &Siv f /l ausmif;om;/ jynfoal wG&t hJ oufawG/ aoG;awGe@J &if;+yD;awmhrS jyif&r,f vJ&r,f
qdw k m usaemfw@kd ckuwnf;u óudwifoad ewJt h wGuf 'Dnv D mcHxu J usaemfw@kd xu G cf w hJ ,f? nDvmcH
wufaewJh tzG@J tpnf;awG v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,q f o kd al wG[m “awmfveS af &;a&$cu G u f ”kd “yJavSm”f
eJ@ vJpm;cJw h ,fv@kd ordik ;f wif=urSm jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemf vufrcHEikd yf gb;l ?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?apmapmu ajymoGm;wJt h xJrmS 74 wke;f u a&;qGx J m;cJw h hJ tajccHOya'udyk J tm%m
&Sipf epfukd jyef+yD;xlaxmifz@kd vkyaf ew,fq&kd if NLD uvnf; nDvmcHu rxGucf iftxd yg0ifaqG;aEG;wJh
twGuf 'Dtcsuaf wGukd ud, k b
hf ufu vlxu k ,kd pf m;ajymEdik af tmifv@kd b,favmufyg0ifaqG;aEG;cJv h cJ ifAs?
cGejf rifxh eG ;f ? ?b,favmufyg0if aqG;aEG;cJv h q J akd wmh nDvmcHrmS qd&k if usaemfw@kd v$waf wmfu OD;aqmif
tkycf sKyfwphJ epfukd NLD u wifygw,f? wpnuvnf; v$waf wmfO;D aqmifr_ pepfygb?J xdek nf;wlyJ
60
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
tpd;k &a&G;cs,zf w d =f um;xm;wJyh *k Kd~ vf? tJ'w D ek ;f u a'guw f mrsK;d oef@wif wd@k uvnf; v$waf wmftyk cf sKyfwhJ
pepfuykd J wif=uw,f? aemuf nDvmcHwywfziG w hf thJ cgrmS usi;f ya&;aumfrwDOuUXOD;atmifw;kd u orRw
OD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfudk Mandate ay;+yD;awmh axmufcHcdkif;ygw,f? tJ'Dvdk vkyfwJhtcgusawmh
NLD taeeJ@u v$wfawmfu OD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfwdk@ orRwuOD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfwdk@ qdkwJh
enf;vrf;udk xdkufoifhoavmuf usaemfwdk@ vdkufavsmhygw,f? odk@aomfvnf;yJ tESpfom&tm;jzifh
uawmh 'Dru kd a&pD&hJ r¾dKifuef@owfcsuef @J awmh udu k nf &D r,f? 'Du xGuv f mwJh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'
[m usaemfw@kd udik x f m;wJh t"du tcsuu f trsK;d om;jyefvnf oifjh rwfa&;twGuf jzpf&r,f? aemuf
trsm;jynfol vufcEH ikd &f r,f? 'Dru kd a&pDay:xGe;f &r,f? 'Dtcsuf oH;k csuyf gy?J 'Dtcsuo f ;kH csuu f kd tajccH
+yD;awmhrS zG@J pnf;yH&k hJ yHo k ¾mefawGay:rSm wwfEikd o f avmuf usaemfw@kd vdu k af vsmay;cJw h ,f? aemufwcg
vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rSm jyXmef;xm;wm r&Sb d eJ @J obmywdtzG@J u òcHio kH ;kH oyfwt hJ cgusawmh 'gvyk yf ikd cf iG hf
r&Sb d ;l qdw
k mudk vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf; (38) t& uef@uu G pf m wifygw,f? NLD uwifwt hJ cgusawmh tJ'D
ae&m tzG@J csKyfOuUX OD;atmifa&$e@J OD;vGiu f kd tpd;k &{nfah *[mudk ac:oGm;+yD;awmhrS NLD rygvnf;yJ 'D
Constitution udka&;vdk@&ygw,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrsKd;!$ef@wdk@ AdkvfcsKyfarmifoifhwdk@ usif;ya&;aumfr&Sifu
ac:+yD; ajymygw,f? 'gayr,fv h @kd usaemfw@kd u yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;rlt& 'Dru kd a&pDay:xGe;f zd@k twGuf
OD;wnfcsuef @J usaemfw@kd rmS &Sw d hJ rmefrmeawGukd wwfEikd o f r# xde;f odr;f +yD;awmh aemufxyf (2) ESpw f m
usaemfw@kd yg0if yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f? tJ'v D kd t+rJwrf;yg0ify;l aygi;f aqmif&u G af yr,fv h @kd wpfzufu
b,fvrkd S jyifqifajymif;vJrr_ &Sw d t hJ cgrmS usaemfw@kd xGucf &hJ wmyg?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?avhvmoltjzpfwwfwhJ rGejf ynfopfygwu D Edik af tmifrai;wd@k uawmh tck aqG;aEG;
csut f ay: b,fvkd oabm&Syd govJ cifAsm?
Edkifatmifrai;? ?trsKd;om;nDvmcHu xGuf&Sdvmr,fh&v'f[m usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;awGtwGuf
wu,fjynfph w kH hJ wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit fh a&;awG &r,fv@kd rar#mv f ifyh gb;l ? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh wdik ;f &if;om;
tcGit hf a&;eJ@ywfoufv@kd usaemfw@kd wifxm;wm? usaemfw@kd (13)zG@J t}uHðycsuaf wG +yD;awmh “0” ud;k
uef@awG typf&yftzG@J awG jzpfoifw h hJ tajccH&ydik cf iG ahf wGygb?J 'DtajccH &ydik cf iG ahf wGuakd wmifrS cGiðhf y vdu k f
avsmr_r&Sb d ;l qd&k if a&S@quf+yD;awmh wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit hf a&;udk jynfjh ynfph pkH &kH r,fv@kd usaemfw@kd rar#mf
vifyh gb;l ? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd uvnf; trsK;d om;nDvmcH&hJ t}uHðycsuaf wGukd wifjyxm;+yD;+yDr@kd b,fvrkd S
vdkufavsmr_r&Sdbl;qdk&if usaemfwdk@wpfqifhavsmh+yD; avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufcJh&ygw,fcifAs?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?'gayr,fh nDvmcHusi;f ya&;tzG@J u tckajymaewmu nDvmcHrmS aemufq;kH tqifh
taeeJ@ jyefvnfo;kH oyfwmawG jznfph u G w f mawG pOf;pm;r,fv@kd ajymw,fav? tJ't D cgusawmhaum
avhvmoltjzpfqdkvdk@&Sd&if udk,fhrSm yg0ifaqG;aEG;cGifhr&SdwJhtwGuf qHk;¶_H;raebl;vm;cifAs?
Edik af tmifrai;? ?usaemfw@kd u b,ftqifu h kd jyifqifr,f? b,ftcef;u¾udk jyifqifr,fqw kd m wdwd
usus rodb;l cifAs? ta&;ygt&ma&mufwhJ tcef;udk jyifqifr,f? aocsmwJt h cef;udk jyifqifr,fq&kd if
awmh usaemfw@kd u wufa&mufz@kd tqifo h ifyh gb?J 'gayr,fh usaemfw@kd jyifqifvw kd thJ cef; t"du tcef;
r[kwyf J omrntcef;bJ jzpfaer,fq&kd if 'D NC tay:rSm bmrS aqG;aEG;zd@k r&Syd gb;l ? wufz@kd vnf;
tpDtpOf r&Syd gb;l ?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?t"dutm;jzifh bmudjk yifqifz@kd - rGet f ygt0if wdik ;f &if;om;awGu vdv k m;ygovJ
cifAs?
61
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
Edik af tmifrai;? ?t"du jyifqifz@kd awmif;qdx k m;wmu 'Dnv D mcHxrJ mS aygah emf/ ud, k pf m;vS,af wG pHpk kH
nDneD @J wufa&mufz@kd &,f usi;f yyHk usi;f yenf; vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;ayg?h OD;wnfcsuf eHygwf (6) wyfrawmf&hJ
OD;aqmifr_ tcef;u¾eJ@ tajccHrl (104) csuu f kd jyifqifaqG;aEG;zd@k &,f/ tzG@J tpnf;awG yGiv hf if;pGmjzifh
rSwfwrf;wifEdkifcGifh 'gawGudk usaemfwdk@ awmif;qdkygw,f? 'Dvdk jyifqifcGifhudkvnf; SPDC nDvmcH
usif;ya&;aumfr&Sifu jyifqifcGifhray;ygbl;?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?tJ'aD wmh Adv k rf ;ª }uD; vGe;f awmif; cifAs/ olw@kd jyifqifciG hf awmif;qdx k m;w,f? 'gayr,fh
vd@k bmrSjyifqiforH =um;&bl;? tJ'aD wmh 'Dnv D mcHuaum wu,fwrf;usawmh ucsijf ynfoal wG tyg
t0if wdik ;f &if;om;awGtwGuf b,favmuftusK;d &SEd ikd rf vJ/ ucsiv f x l xk rJ mS vnf; oabmxm; uGaJ e=u
wmbJ r[kwv f m;?
Adv
k rf ;ª }uD;vGe;f awmif;? ?ucsiv f xl t k aeeJ@aomfvnf;aumif;/ wdik ;f jynfwjynfv;kH twdik ;f twmeJ@ aomf
vnf;aumif;/ ud, k pf u
D ,kd if u
S ud, k &hf chJ ,H cl sut f ay:rSm rlwnf+yD;awmh ud, k u
f ajyma&;qdck iG &hf wdS ,f?
usaemfwdk@ KIO u wjcm;r[mrdwfawG awmfvSefa&;vkyfolawGeJ@ usaemfwdk@vkyfcJhw,f? tJ'Dawmh
ud, k óf uduwf hJ yef;wdik uf akd &mufz@kd ud, k w f ikd ,
f zl @kd y&J w
dS ,f? =umav =umav b,forl S rEdik b f ;l ? jynfol
vlxkuaomfvnf;aumif;/ typf&yfaomfvnf;aumif; tm;vHk;¶H_;w,f? tcsif;csif;owfjzwfwJh enf;
xuf yd+k yD;awmhaumif;wm bm&Sv d q J &kd if tckval wG ajymae=uwJh &if=um;apha&;/ Edik if aH &;udk Edik if aH &;
enf;t& ajz&Si;f Edik af &;/ 'gawGu tifrwefrS aumif;w,f? 'D etz qdw k mu 'Dru kd a&pDroH;k bl;? olw@kd rmS
tajccHOya'jyXmef;csurf S r&Sad o;bJ? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd KIO u tckxufyakd umif;wm bm&So d vJ
qd+k yD; aqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfar;csiyf gw,f? b,fojl zpfjzpf 'Dxufyakd umif;wJh enf;em
vufeufudkifpOf
vufeufudkifpOf;pm;
tcGifhta&;,l
62
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
bm&Sad o;ovJ? tJ'g usaemfw@kd vckd siw f ,f? usaemfw@kd tjrif vGwv f yfwm r[kwb f ;l ? w&m;r#wwm
r[kwb f ;l ? 'gayr,fh tJ'aD y:rSm oifah wmfwv hJ yk if ef;udk usaemfw@kd vkyaf eygw,f?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?'Dxufaumif;wJh enf;vrf;udak um rpOf;pm;bl;vm; cGejf rifx h eG ;f wd@k ajymygt;kH cifAsm?
cGejf rifxh eG ;f ? ?ajymoGm;wJt h xJrmS ESpb f ufpvH;k ¶H;_ aew,f? ESpb f ufpvH;k Edik af tmif/ olEikd u f , kd Ef ikd jf zpfb@kd
&mrSm ESpb f ufpvH;k u tjrifreS &f b dS @kd vdyk gw,f? ESpb f ufpvH;k u wu,fu h kd apwemrSeb f @kd vdyk gw,f?
tJ'aD wmh ud, k b hf ufu apwemrSeaf evd@k r&bl;? ol@bufu apwemrSev f matmif oHo,uif;vm
atmif vkyb f @kd vykd gw,f? 'Dae&mrSm axmifwiG ;f tawG@tóuHe@J usaemfajymjyygr,f? axmifxrJ mS a&muf
vmwJEh ikd if aH &;tusO;f om;awG tukev f ;kH udk tpma&pmjzwf+yD;awmhrS avSmifyw d xf m;vdu k w f ,f? tcGihf
ta&;awG tukev f ;kH udk ydwx f m;vdu k w f ,f? tJ'v D kd ydwxf m;vdu k +f yD;awmhrS wpfa,mufcsi;f / wpfa,muf
csi;f udk cG+J yD;awmhrS pnf;¶H;k w,f? [dt k cGit hf a&; enf;enf;ay; 'DtcGit hf a&; enf;enf;ay;/ tJ'rD mS wif
usaemfw@kd awG pnf;¶H;k r_awG òyduv JG mw,f? usaemfw@kd u awmifrh cHEikd af wmhb;l ? atmifrh cHEikd af wmhb;l ?
tJ'rD mS ol@bufu tompD;vkycf w hJ m? tJ'aD wmh axmifxrJ mS vkyyf v kH yk ef nf;awGe@J tjyifrmS wdik ;f jynf
tkycf sKyfaewmawG[m twlwyl ?J tJ'aD wmh ppftpd;k &bufu tjrifreS v f matmif usaemfw@kd u Edik o f
avmuf awmifx h m;zd@k / atmifx h m;zd@k awmh vdyk gw,f? tJvkd rawmifEh ikd af wmhb;l ? ratmifEh ikd af wmh bl;qkd
&if/ ckeuvdk &oavmuftcGit hf a&;avmufe@J yJ +yD;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ?rGejf ynfopf taeeJ@a&m/ ol@bufu, kd b
hf uf tjrifreS &f vmatmif b,fvv kd yk af e
ygovJ cifAsm?
Edik af tmifrai;? ?oH;k OD;oH;k zvS,f awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;twGuf usaemfw@kd ajymwm=umvSyg+yD? 'DaqG;aEG;a&;
[m wbufowfvrf; r[kwyf gb;l ? trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifh jrwfa&;twGuyf g? SPDC tpd;k &udv k nf;
usaemfw@kd u cGijhf yKxm;wJh tydik ;f awG trsm;}uD; &Syd gw,f? 'gukd pOf;pm;ay;zd@k yg? usaemfw@kd u 'Dru kd a&pDe@J
wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit hf a&; r&&Sb d J acwfrzD @HG +zdK; wd;k wufwhJ wdik ;f jynfwckjzpfvmbd@k r,H=k unfygb;l cifAsm?
usaemfwdk@udk 'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;udk apwemrSefrSefeJ@ qEN&Sd&Sday;r,fqdk&ifawmh
'gtenf;qH;k oH;k OD; oH;k zvS,f aqG;aEG;yG&J v'fukd wufapcsiyf gw,f? wbufu wZGwx f ;kd r=unfb h eJ @J
r#r#ww =unfrh ,fq&kd if aumif;rGew f v hJ rf;a=umif;wpfck jzpfvmvdrrhf ,fv@kd ar#mv f ifyh gw,f?
OD;armifarmifoef;? ? ckusaemfw@kd aqG;aEG;wJt h cgrmS tajccH&r,frh al wG[m wdik ;f jynftwGuf b,favmuf
taumif;qH;k jzpfrvJ? qdw k uhJ pd u P kd tajctwif ajym=uw,f? ckjynfyudk a&mufaewJh cGejf rifx h eG ;f wd@k
tzG@J uawmh jynfyudak &mufae+yDqakd wmh wu,fwrf; nDvmcHwufwhJ yk*Kd~ vfawGukd taumif;qH;k t}uH
bmay;rvJ cifAsm?
cGejf rifx
h eG ;f ? ?usaemf t}uHay;bd@k tcsed u f enf;enf;vGeaf e+yD? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh 2004 nDvmcHwek ;f u
+idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awGu pmyd@k ay;+yD;awmh vdv k m;csuaf wGukd awmif;qdw k ,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'v D v kd m;csuaf wG
udk olw@kd u r&bJe@J nDvmcHxu J kd 0ifomG ;wJh tcgrmS cknv D mcHxrJ mS jy\emawG yd+k yD;awmh xyfjzpfw,f?
olw@kd ar#mv f ifo h vdk nDvmcHxu J srS aqG;aEG;ygqw kd m ratmifjrifc=hJ ubl;? tJ'aD wmh ck[mnDvmcH r0ifcif
wnf;ud, k u f b,fvkd vdv k m;csuaf wG&rS nDvmcHukd wufr,fqw kd hJ oabmwlnrD u _ kd t&if r&bJe@J
nDvmcHxu J kd t&if0ifomG ;+yDqw kd hJ tcgusawmh/ olvyk o f vdk cH&r,ft h aetxm;rSm usaemfu b,fvkd
t}uHay;&rvJ? t"du 'D (Constitution) udk usaemfw@kd vufrcHEikd af wmhb;l ? qdw k mu ppfwyfu
t&m&m v$rf;rdk;xm;&r,f? qdkwJh[mudk t"duajymcsifw,f tJ'DtcsufeJ@ ywfoufwJh[mudk rdrdvdk
63
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
64
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
uk,d pf m;vS,pf k tzG@J . aqG;aEG;csupf mwrf;yg tcsut f csK@d udk zwf=um; wifjy&ef use&f v
dS #ivf nf;aumif;/
aqG;aEG;csuf twdik ;f om rSww f rf;wifxm;&rnfq+kd yD; uef@owfxm;avawmh 'Dvkd nDvmcHrsK;d urBmrSm
b,fae&mrSm =um;zl;=uygovJ? +yD;awmh etzpdwóf uduaf &;xm;wJh pmwrf;ukd zwf&wJh twkta,mif
nDvmcHqw kd m ar;p&mvdak o;vd@k vm;? rdwaf qGrsm; cifAsm;? wpneJ@+idr;f tzJ@G awG[m &SOv hf aJ vsmufom
ysm;vnf;pGJom uyf;zm;,yfzm;vkyf+yD; tcGifhxl;cHae&mudk &,lcsifwmvm;? 'grSr[kwf tom;pm;wJh
usm;u Oykoaf pmifw h ,fqw kd mudk rsupf rd w
dS +f yD; ,Hak ewmvm;? 'grrS [kwf wajz;ajz;eJ@ aemufqw k o
f mG ;
r,fv@kd xifaewmvm; rodb;l ? usaemftwdtus ajymEkid w f m wpfcak wmh &Sw
d ,f? etz[m tm%m
ukw d nf+rJatmif r& &wJeh nf;eJ@ jrefjref jzpfjzpf aES;aES;jzpfjzpf &atmifvyk af erSmbJ?
2) wyfrawmfonf ppfbufqidk &f m udpt P m;vH;k ukd vGwv f yfpmG pDraH qmif&u G cf iG &fh odS nf?
3) wyfrawmf umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfonf vufeufuikd w f yfz@JG tm;vH;k . OD;pD;acgi;f aqmif jzpfonf?
4) wyfrawmfonf Edik if aH wmf vHòk cHa&;ESifh umuG,af &;udprP sm;twGuf trsm;jynfow l &yfv;kH ESifh qufpyf
aqmif&u G cf iG fh &So
d nf?
5) jynfaxmifpk ròyduaJG &;/ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDnw $ rf _ ròyduaJG &;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mwnfwhH ckid +f rJa&;
twGuf wyfrawmfwiG f wm0ef&o dS nf?
6) tajccHOya'udk umuG,&f eftwGuf wyfrawmfwiG f t"duwm0ef&o dS nf?
Ñ Ttcsurf sm;ESifh ywfoufI OD;ausmZf o H m BBC/ OD;0ifEikd Of ;D RFA ESihf OD;atmifx;l (jrefrmEdik if H
a&S@aersm;aumifp)D wd@k u a&S@tcef;rsm;wGif &Si;f vif;+yD; jzpfygonf? Ñ
OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yfwiG f OD;wnfcsuf (5) onf w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwv f yfjcif;ESihf wef;wlnrD #jcif;
paom avmuygvw&m;rsm; xGe;f um;a&;udk az: jyxm;onht f wGuf tay:,Htm;jzifh w&m;oabm
jzihf eD;pyfonf[k xif&onf? od@k &mwGif OD;wnfcsuf (6) u vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f Y ppfwyfudk tcGix hf ;l cH
vlwef;pm;tjzpf zefw;D vdu k jf cif;tm;jzifh vlra_ &; o[Zmw jzpfr/_ Edik if aH &; o[Zmw jzpfrw _ @kd ysupf ;D
apaoma=umihf OD;wnfcsuf (5) rSm vufawG@taumiftxnf ray:vmEdik af wmhay?
OD;wnfcsuf (1) rS (4) rSmvnf; wefz;kd pHrsm;r[kwbf J tm%m&Sif tpd;k &. aºuG;a=umforH sm;om
jzpfygonf?
“etz. trSew
f &m;&SmyHak wmf”
66
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
2? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDn$wfr_ròyuGJa&;
urBmay:&Sd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;trsm;pku a,bk,s wefzdk;xm;vdkvm;=uaom EdkifiHa&;a0g[m&wck
jzpfonf? od@k aomf ,if;pum;vH;k ukd tajccHOya'oabmt& toH;k csrr_ sm;rSm [muGurf sm;pGm &Sw d wf
=uonf?
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGihfukd EdkifiHom;rsm;. wpfOD;csif;tcGihfta&;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifh tjcm;
vl@tv$mrsm;.pkaygif;tcGifhta&;wdk@ukd usifhoHk;EdkifiHa&;twGuf tajccHOya'u yEMuf¶kdufay;rSom
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDn$wfa&; xajrmuf atmifjrifEdkifygrnf? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDn$wfa&;ukd
csO;f uyf&nfne$ ;f aeygu A[kcd sKyfuikd w f if;usyaf &;udk tajccHOya'jzifh usio
hf ;kH cGiðfh yovdk jzpfEikd yf gonf?
wdk@rSm vuf&SdcHae=u&onf?
(5) Edik if aH wmftwGi;f w&m;r#wr_/ vGwv f yfr_ wef;wlnrD #rp_ aom avmuygv w&m;rsm; xGe;f um;a&;
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@. wefzdk;pHrsm; jzpf=uonf? Tonfwdk@udk xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef tajccHOya'u
Edik if o
H m;wdik ;f . wpfO;D csi;f pD tcGit fh a&;/ vlrsK;d / vl@tv$mwd@k . tcGit hf a&; wk@d udk umuG,jf yXmef;rSmom
jzpfEdkifayvdrfhrnf? Oya'ðya&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; [laom EdkifiHawmf tm%moHk;&yft=um;
tjyeftvSef xde;f csKyfonhpf epfudk xlaxmifjcif;/ Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; tajccHay:wGif vGwv f yfonhf tpd;k &ESihf
qufpyfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;vlxktoif;tzGJ@rsm; zef;wD; wnf&Sdaejcif;wdk@rSwqifh o[Zmw jzpfr_
ay:vmygrnf? t&G,af &mufow l ikd ;f rJay;cGiu
hf dk tajccH+yD; jynfov l x l u
k a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufaom
tpd;k &udk xlaxmifz@JG pnf;&ygrnf jzpfonf? od@k &mwGif etz tajccHrrl sm;onf t"duusaom jynfaxmif
pkEiS fh jynfe,ft=um; rnfo@kd rnfykH tm%mcGaJ 0 tkycf sKyfrnfudk tao;pdwf raz: jyxm;I tem*wf
jrefrmhv@l abmifwiG f vGwv f yfr/_ w&m;r#wr_/ wef;wlnrD #rw _ @kd udk vufawG@az:aqmif&ef jzpfEikd f vdrrhf nf
r[kwfyg?
tajzodvdku pmtkyfukdapmif;=unfhvkdufyg?
68
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
69
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
cGefjrifhxGef;
oxHòk r@e,f NLD jynfo@l v$waf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,f
70
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
udk aumufEw k w f ifjycJw h m jzpfygw,f? (13) ESpcf aJG usm=f umcJw h hJ 'Dz@JG pnf;yH[
k m jynfoal wG vufcEH ikd w f hJ
zG@J pnf;yHk jzpfvmEdik yf grh vm;? yckuLU òrd@u Edik if aH &;avhvmqef;ppfol OD;rif;aqG&hJ tjrifukd =unf&h atmifAsm?
OD;rif;aqG? ?Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHk wckq=JG ur,fqw kd m/ urBmay:rSm&Sw d hJ b,fEikd if rH mS rS vl (1000) eJ@ ESpaf ygi;f
(10) ESpf (15) ESpf a&;qGJcJh=uwm r[kwfygbl;? oifhawmfr#watmif tajr‡mftjrif&Sd&Sd trsm;jynfol
vufcEH ikd rf ,f[ h mrsK;d Oya'ynm&Siaf wG awG;ac:pOf;pm;+yD; a&;wmyg? vGwv f yfpmG ajymqd=k u/ a0zef=u/
vGwfvyfpGm qENrJay;=uenf;eJ@ oGm;=u&wmyg?
OD;pdeaf usmv f id_ ?f ?+yD;cJw h hJ (2006) atmufwb kd m nDvmcHrmS (NLD) u xkwyf ,fcx H m;&wJh trwfwcsK@d
uae+yD; wifjyxm;wm&Sw d ,f? tqdðk yxm;wm&Sw d ,f? bmvJqakd wmh jrefrmppf tpd;k &[m a&G;aumufyJG
awG/ vlxq k ENc, H yl aJG wG +yD;vd@k yxrt}udrf v$waf wmfac:wJt h xd/ vuf&t dS m%mudk v$rJ ay;oifah o;
ygb;l wJ?h bma=umifv h q J akd wmh/ tpd;k & zG@J &tH;k r,f/ orRw cef@&tH;k r,f? qdak wmh tJ'D tajctae+yD;atmif
ae+yD;awmhrS tm%mqkyu f ikd xf m;oifw h ,fv@kd olw@kd tóuHðyxm;w,f? yxrt}udrf v$waf wmfvnf;
b,fawmh ac:r,freS ;f rodb;l ? tpd;k &b,fawmh zG@J r,fqw kd mvnf; rodb;l ? orRwb,fawmh cef@r,f
qdw k mvnf; rodb;l ? (5) ESp=f umrvm;? (10) ESpf =umrvm;? b,fEpS f b,fumv qdw k mrodwhJ tcgus
awmh/ ppftpd;k &udk tuef@towfr&Sd tkycf sKyfz@kd tqdjk yKxm;ovdk jzpfaew,fv@kd wdik ;f &if;om;awG bufu
jrifw,f? OD;rif;aqG b,fv, kd q l ygovJcifAsm?´
OD;rif;aqG? ?'guawmh ud, k uf sK;d pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG ppftm%m&Siaf wG auseyftm;&atmif/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;
awG tm;&atmif ajym=uwmyg? Edik if aH wG ajymif;vJ=uwm[m ¶kwcf sn;f ajymif;vJ=uwmyg? wdik ;f jynf
zsucf siw f o hJ al wGu/ tm%mudk t=um}uD; ,lxm;+yD;rS jynfoal &G;wJv h al wGukd ajz;ajz;csi;f ajz;ajz;csi;f
enf;enf;csi;f / enf;enf;csi;f qdw k m[m/ urBmrSm r&Sw d hJ pdwu f ;l ,Ofenf;awGyg? wu,fh wu,fawmh/
“trSefuefqHk; qHk;jzwf&eftcsdef”
73
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
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76
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
OD;usicf six hf ef? ?=um;aumif;atmif ajymwmyJ jzpfw,f? bmrS ajymif;vJr_ r&Sb d ;l ? nDvmcHOya't&
zdw=f um;r,fq&kd if &ufaygi;f (30) avmuf cGm+yD;awmh zdwx f m;&rSm? ck[mu ESp&f ufyv J akd wmhw,f
qdak wmh/ usaemfw@kd vnf; rygb;l ? NLD udv k nf; rzdwb f ;l aygAh sm? tvum;ajymaewm usaemfw@kd u
tpuwnf;u vufrcHwm? olw@kd ral jymif;+yD; ajymwmvm;? =um;aumif;atmif ajymwm/ bmrSrjrif
bl;? t,Ht k =unfvnf; r&Sb d ;l ?
udx k ufatmifausmf? ?aumfrwDOuUX Adv k cf sKyfoed ;f pdeuf kd t,Ht k =unfr&Sad wmhwhJ OD;usichf six hf ef jzpfyg
w,f? tvm;wl aumfr&SiOf uUXuom w&m;0ifvyk rf ,fq&kd if w&m;0ifu, kd pf m;vS,f apv$wb f @kd t
qifoifh jzpfygw,fv@kd a=unmxm;wJh rGejf ynfopfygwu D kd usaemfquf+yD; ar;=unfch yhJ gw,f?
Edik af tmifrai;? ?'Duae@txd Adv k cf sKyfoed ;f pdef a=ujimxm;wJh y,fzsurf ,f/ jyifqifr,f qdak wmh/ 'Dupd rP mS
bmrS jyef=um;csuf r&Sb d ;l ? qdak wmh avhvmoltjzpfe@J wufwmyg? trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS jzpfay:wd;k wufr_
apmif=h unfw h hJ oabmaygah emf? pHn k pD nf;a0;yGrJ mS bmawG wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;=uw,f qdw k m csucf si;f jrifv@kd
&w,fayg?h trsK;d om; jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; vrf;a=umif;rSm &Sw d ,fqw kd m jywJo h abmaygah emf? jyifqif
r,f? jznfph u G rf ,fq&kd if ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpfe@J wufa&mufz@kd tqifoifyh gbJ cifAsm?
udx k ufatmifausmf? ?rGejf ynfopfygw[ D m 'Dnv D mcHrmS typf&yftzG@J tjzpf wpfz@JG wnf;aom tzG@J jzpf
ygw,f? +yD;oGm;wJh tywfurS awmjyefco kd mG ;wJh (&vvz) tzG@J u ud, k pf m;vS,t f qifh apv$wcf w hJ ,f
vd@k od&ygw,f? tEdik &f ygwD (NLD) rygbJ ðyvkyw f hJ nDvmcHb,fvkd yHpk rH sK;d jzpfvmEdik rf vJ OD;ode;f nGe@f
udak r;=unfah wmh æ æ æ
OD;odef;nGef@? ?cke ajym+yD;+yD? wdkif;jynfu a&G;aumufxm;wJh jynfol@v$wfawmf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
rygb;l qd&k if/ Oya'a=umif;t& ar;cGe;f xkwpf &mawG trsm;}uD; ay:ayguaf wmhrmS bJ? usaemfw@kd bufu
ar (27) &ufae@u wdik ;f od§jynfod xkwjf yefxm;wm &Syd gw,f? Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@òH zd;a&;
aumifp[ D m ryg&ifrjzpfovd/k v$waf wmfuvnf; ryg&ifrjzpfb;l ? tzG@J csKyfu a&G;aumufyJG tEdik &f xm;+yD;
awmh/ jynfolvlxkuae ayghAsm/ tyfESif;xm;wJh tzGJ@tpnf; jzpfygw,f? tJ'DtzGJ@tpnf; rygbJeJ@
aqmif&u G rf _ rSeo f r#[m/ ay:ayguv f mr,ft h ajccHOya'eJ@ ywfouf&if/ wdik ;f &if;om;awG/ jy\em jynfol
awG&hJ ,H=k unfr/_ jy\em tajctae trsK;d rsK;d udk óudwifwu G q f =uzd@k vnf; vdyk gw,f?
77
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
Edik if aH &; yuwd vdt k yfcsu/f wdik ;f oljynfom;awG&hJ jyif;jyif;jyjyvdv k m; awmif;wcsuaf wGukd vuf&dS
tcGix hf ;l cHae&r_ vufnK‡d ;nGef apcdik ;f aer_awGukd Adv k cf sKyf}uD;rsm; aoaocsmcsm acgi;f at;at;xm;+yD;
pOf;pm;& ygawmhr,f? vufeufrygwhJ vlxak wG&hJ cHpm;r_awG/ cHjyif;r_awGay: xGuv f mwJt h cg (88) wke;f
uxuf ydrk jkd yif;xefvmEdik o f vd/k tJ'w D ek ;f ueJ@ rwlwhJ twdu k t f cH tiftm;pkawG jynfyurBmrSm a&muf&dS
aer_awG/ enf;ynmtopftqef;awG wwfajrmufxm;r_awG[m vHk;0ar#mfrSef;vdk@r&wJh taetxm;
wckukd ay:ayguo f mG ;Edik wf mudk Advk cf sKyf}uD;awG xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;oifw h ,f? ay;qyf&r_awG zdEydS &f ufpufr_
awGudk onf;rcHEdkifwJhwae@rSm ppfAdkvfawG usnfqHwukefypfwmudk tavmif;xyfatmif taocH+yD;
ajymif;0udk ¶du k cf sK;d &JwohJ wWv d x
l rk mS &Sv d mcJ&h if wdik ;f jynfub kd ,fvx kd ed ;f rSmvJ?´ 88wke;f u vlxak cgi;f
aqmifqw kd m tqifoifrh &Scd ?hJ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif qdw k mvnf;r&Scd ?hJ twdu k tf cHygwq
D wkd mvnf;
r&Scd ?hJ tckvx l vk ufcaH om acgi;f aqmifawG/ tzG@J tpnf;awG &SEd iS +hf yD;om;qdw k m odxm;apvdyk gw,f?
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
78
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
rif;udkEdkif
88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
79
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
=unf&h r,f? tpd;k &ud, k Yf ud, k u f 'Dru kd a&pDukd jrwfE;kd vd@k / ,H=k unfv@kd / 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if u
H kd oGm;r,fh tpd;k &
rsK;d qd&k if Edik if o
H m;awG tm;vH;k yl;aygi;f yg0ifEikd w f hJ tajctaewpf&yfukd zefw;D ay;&r,f? tJ'v D rkd [kwb f eJ @J
tpdk;&[m trdef@ay;pepfeJ@bJ vkyfr,fqdk&if zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'qdkwmudk trdef@ay;pepfeJ@
olw@kd pw d óf uduf a&;qGw J mbJ jzpfvrd rhf ,f? Edik if o H m;awGukd vGwv f yfpmG a0zefciG /hf awG;awm}uHqcGiq hf w kd m
ay;rSm r[kwb f ;l ? tJ't D cGit hf a&;awG r&Sb d eJ @J om;pOfajr;quf csKyfq&kd r,fh pmcsKyf/ yÉd^mOfpmcsKyfukd
tm%m&So d al wGuom pdwóf uduaf &;qG+J yD; jyXmef;vdu k rf ,fq&kd if Edik if o H m;awGbufu bmrS a0zefciG hf
vnf;r&S?d ajymqdck iG v hf nf;r&S?d aqG;aEG;cGiv hf nf;r&Sb d eJ @J acgi;f ndwv f u kd &f r,fq&kd if tJ'g 'Dru kd a&pD zG@J pnf;yHk
rjzpfbeJ @J tm%m&Sizf @JG pnf;yHk jzpfrmS ygb?J teSpo f m&udb k J usaemfw@kd ajymaewm? jynfoal wGtaeeJ@
(1) vGwv f yfpmG awG;awm}uHq/ a0zef ajymqdck iG ahf wG &S&d r,f? vGwv f w G v f yfvyf yg0ifajymqdck iG &hf &dS r,f?
vd&k if;ajym&ifawmhAsm/ b,fae&mrqkd zG@J pnf;yHek @J ywfoufv@kd tem*wfpmcsKyfe@J ywfoufv@kd vGwv f w G f
vyfvyf aqG;aEG;cGiahf y;xm;&r,f? tck[mu bmawG b,favmufqw kd hJ trde@f awGe@J +cdr;f ajcmufxm;wJh
tcgusawmh jynfojl ynfom;awGu ajymzd@k qdzk @kd tifrwef cufaew,fAs? tJ'ga=umifh tajccHtcGihf
ta&;awG ay;oifyh gw,f? aemufwpfcu k jynfoal wG a&G;cs,x f m;wJh ud, k pf m;vS,af wG&w dS ,f? ud, k pf m;
vS,fawG[m jynfol@udk,fpm;jzpfwJhtwGufa=umifh olwdk@&J@ oabmxm; qENawGudk tav;teuf
ðy&r,f? rdred @J wdu k qf ikd o f nfjzpfap/ rwdu k q f ikd o f nfjzpfap olw@kd &hJ oabmqENawGukd oabmwl n‡Ed id_ ;f
oifyh gw,f? tJ'g t"du tcsuyf g?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?rSeu f efwhJ zG@J pnf;yHw k pf&yf 'Dru kd a&pDukd tajccHwhJ zG@J pnf;yHw k pf&yf ay:rvmbl; qdv k @kd &&dS if
qd;k usK;d oHo&m vnfvmr,fh oabma&;xm;w,f? udrk if;udEk ikd f ajymovdk vlxrk mS vGwv f w G v f yfvyf
xkwaf zmfciG hf r&Sb d ;l ? +cdr;f ajcmufra_ wGuvnf; &Sad ew,f? &Sad ewJt h csed rf mS Edik if oH m;wdik ;f &Jwh m0ef qdw k mu
b,ftcsuu f kd qkv d w kd mvJ cifAs?
rif;udEk ikd f? ?tJ'ge@J ywfouf&if wpftcsuf vpfvsL¶_raezd@k / rEdik af wmhygb;l uGm? olw@kd jc,fv, S w f hJ twdik ;f
bJ/ acgi;f ndwv f u kd yf gawmhqw kd hJ pdwx f m;rsK;d rxm;rdz@kd ta&;}uD;ygw,f? usaemfw@kd t+rJajymavh &Sw d ,f
As? tajccHtcGit hf a&;qdw k m[m ud, k u hf u kd , kd f zefw;D ,l&r,fqw kd mudk vrf;rSmawG@&if vrf;rSm/ bwfpf
um;*dwfrSmawG@&if bwfpfum;*dwfrSm/ vBuf&nfqdkifrSm/ "rRm¶HkrSm/ wdkif;oljynfom;awG&Jh tem*wf/
aemufrsK;d qufawG&hJ tem*wf/ bmawGtwGuu f kd &J&w J if;wif; ajymqdak qG;aEG;=uzd@k vdw k ,f? wòydief uf
xJrmS vdt k yfvmvd@k &&dS if ppftpd;k & a&;qGJ jyXmef;wJh pmcsKyfukd vufrcHb;l qdw k m jiif;&JwhJ owW/d tm;vH;k
wòydiw f nf; &J&&J if&h ifh tm;vH;k arG;zd@k pdw"f mwfav? tao;pdwf tcsut f vufe@J ywfoufv@kd jynfo@l
ud, k pf m;vS,af wG &Sw d ,f? jynfo@l u, kd pf m;vS,af wGuvnf; olw@kd oabmxm;awG azmfxw k =f ur,f?
EdkifiHom;wdkif;qdkwJhae&rSm jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,fawGvnf; tygt0if jzpfw,fAs? jynfola&G;xm;wJh
ud, k pf m;vS,af wGrmS wm0ef&w dS ,f? olw@kd awG tm;vH;k [mvnf; jynfoal wG taeeJ@ tJ'zD @JG pnf;yHt k ajccH
Oya' b,favmufta&;}uD;w,fqw kd m em;vnfo&d adS tmifv@kd tife@J tm;eJ@ jynfoal wG&hJ =um;xJrmS
zGichf sjyzd@k tm;xkw=f u&r,f? tJ't D ajctaersK;d udk a&mufae+yDcifAs?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?udak X;ºuG,af jymygt;kH cifAs?
udak X;ºu,f? ?usaemfw@kd jrefrmEdik if o H m;awG[m 1990 ckEpS rf mS Edik if &H hJ tajymif;tvJwpfcu k kd tm;vH;k
0dik ;f 0ef;+yD;awmh qH;k jzwfvu kd =f uw,f? tJ'v D kd qH;k jzwfvu kd w
f ahJ e&mrSm aròrd@/ Axl;/ arSmb f /D udu k ;kd u|e;f
wdk@pwJh wyfrawmfom;awGaewJh òrd@e,fawGrSm wyfrawmfom;awG&Jh vGwfvyfwJhqENawG usaemfwdk@
81
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
nDvmcH tjyifyrSm oabmxm;awG xkwjf yefay;aewJh wdik ;f &if;om;ygwaD wG &Sw d ,f? ,ae@tcsed x f u
d kd
jrefrmEdik if &H hJ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;eJ@ vGwv f yfa&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;twGuf vufeufuikd +f yD;awmh/ e,fpyfrmS
wyfpaJG e&wJh wdik ;f &if;om;awG &Sad ew,f? tav;teuf pOf;pm;&r,f? tem*wfrmS jzpfvmr,fh zG@J pnf;yHk
tajccHOya'[m/ wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit hf a&;udv k nf; tmrcHcsuf tjynft h 0ay;wJ/h zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rsK;d
jzpf&ygvrd rhf ,f? usaemfw@kd awG[m wu,fajz&Si;f r_ub kd J vdck siyf gw,f? jrefrmEdik if &H hJ tem*wftwGuf
aumif;wJh tvm;tvm&SdwJh/ ajz&Sif;r_rsKd; vdkcsifw,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if/ raumif;wJh tvm;tvmr&SdwJh
yHo
k ¾mefukd jiif;& r,fqw kd m jynfoal wGtcef;u¾vd@k usaemfw@kd jrifygw,f?
OD;0if;Edik Of ;D ? ?74 zG@J pnf;yHk vlxq k ENc, H yl vJG yk af wmh tEkynm&Siaf wG 0ifygvmw,f? vlxu k tEkynm
&Siaf wGqv kd @kd &&dS if oabmus+yD;/ av;pm;+yD;jzpfawmh/ olw@kd qaJG qmifr_ aemufukd ygomG ;wmaygah v? 88
umvrSmvnf; tEkynmorm;awG 0ifygvmawmh tm;ydak umif;vmwm &Sw d ,f? ckqaJG ewJh tajccHOya'
udk axmufczH @kd qd+k yD;awmh tEkynmorm;awG 0ifygvmwm&Sw d ,f? tJ't D Ekynm&Siaf wG&@J taetxm;eJ@
ywfouf+yD;awmhaum/ zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ay:aygufa&;/ 'grSr[kwf qef@usifa&; udpPawGrSm b,f
avmufxt d a&;ygwm &Srd vJ? udrk if;udEk ikd f ajymygt;kH cifAsm?
rif;udkEdkif? ?usaemfwdk@aumif;aumif; rSwfrdygw,f? 1974 zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk twnfðyjyXmef;zdk@
óud;pm;wJt h cgrmS usaemfajymr,f? 1970 rSm &efuek w f uUov kd f a&$&wkobif usaemfi,fi,fb0wke;f u
rSwrf w d ,f? o¶kyyf suf *Dwvd@k 0ikd ;f +yD; zdEydS cf x H m;&w,f? aemufawmh pwD&, D v kd @kd ac:wJh tEkynmorm;awG
ausmif;0if;xJudk 0ifcGifhr&bl;? ¶dk;&m*DweJ@ o¶kyfysuf*Dw jzpfaew,f? o¶kyfysuf *Dworm;awGufdk
jynfo h @l qENc, H yl rJG mS yGx J w
k yf pfvu kd w f mAsm? yGx J w k +f yD;awmh vlawGtm;vH;k axmufcrH &J atmif/ pnf;¶H;k
vdkufw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm rvdk&ifwpfrsKd; vdk&ifwpfrsKd;/ vdk&ifwpfrsdK;oHk;wmudk usaemfajymaewm?
ta=umif; a=umif;a=umifh tEkynmorm;awGukd olw@kd o;kH vdu k Ef ikd af yr,f/h aemufq;kH (1988) ta&;awmf
yH}k uD; jzpfvmwJt h cgusawmhr/S 'DtEkynmorm;awGbJ (99) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f u tajccHOya'&Jh qd;k usK;d a=umifh
jzpfay:vmwJh vlxt k ºkH uGrr_ mS vnf; a&S@wef;u jyefygwmyJawG@&w,f? bmvJqakd wmh tEkynm&Siaf wG
[m tm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS eD;&m"g;udk a=umuf&r,fqw kd m? trSeyf AJ sm? bma=umifv h J tm%m&Sif
pepfatmufrSm tEkynmorm;awG[m olwdk@&Jh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;twGufqdk&if tm%m&SifawG/
pdwrf awG@v@kd vdu k yf w
d rf ,fq&kd if tifrwef toufarG;&cufygw,f? tJ't D wdik ;f bJ vmr,fzh @JG pnf;yHrk mS
xyfoHk;+yD;awmhvlawGudk 'DtEkynm&SifawGtm;udk;eJ@ pnf;¶Hkodrf;oGif;vmr,f? tJ'Dtcg usaemfwdk@
jynfoal wGbufuom tcGit hf vrf;r&S/d 'DtEkynmorm;awGbufuvnf; 'Dz@JG pnf;yH&k t hJ ajccH tm;enf;
csuaf wG/ aumif;usK;d qd;k jypfawGukd a0zefaxmufjyp&mr&Sw d hJ tajctaersK;d / 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGukd
zrf;qD;uef@owf+yD;awmhcg/ vkyrf ,fq h ENc, H yl rJG sK;d qd&k ifawmh/ rw&m;vkyw f mudk rw&m;wJeh nf;eJ@ twnf
ðywJyh pkH bH J jzpfrmS yg? usaemfw@kd tifrwef owdxm;&r,ft h csuf jzpfaew,fAsm?
OD;0if;EdkifOD;? ?aemufqHk;usif;yaewJh nDvmcHtzGifhrSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdefu t&ifwkef;u
twnfðyxm;wJhrlawGudkvnf;/ tcknDvmcHrSm jyifqifjznfhpGufEdkifw,fvdk@ ajymw,f? wcsKd@uvnf;
'Dtay:rSm ar#mv f ifch suf wcsK@d xm;vmwm &Sw d ,f? 'gayr,fh aemufyikd ;f bmawG ajymvmovJqakd wmh/
taumif;bufukd r[kwaf wmhbeJ @J yd+k yD;wif;usyw f hJ ppfwyf&hJ tmrcHcsuf yd+k yD;awmh &Sad pr,fh tcsuaf wG
udo k m jznfph u G v f mw,fv@kd ajymw,f? udu k }kd uD; tJ't D csuaf y:rSm b,fvo kd abm &vJcifAsm?
83
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OD;=unf0if;? ? tJ'g - - - 'D - - - nDvmcHpn kH rD mS olw@kd wifxm;wJh pmwrf;awGrmS ryg - - ygb;l ? wdik ;f
&if;om;awGe@J tjcm;zdw=f um;oifw h t hJ zG@J pmwrf;awG/ usaemfw@kd em;axmifae&wmbJ/ tJ'rD mS olw@kd
wifwmr[kwb f ;l ? olw@kd wifwOhJ pPmu usaemfxifygw,f? oufqikd &f m+idr;f csr;f a&; wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J
tpnf;awGu ae+yD;awmh tpd;k &qDwifwhJ udpb P J jzpfvrd rhf ,f? nDvmcHxrJ mS w&m;0ifawmh rwifygb;l ?
bDbpD D ODarmifarmifoef;? ? cGejf rifx h eG ;f cifAs? wdik ;f &if;om;awG[m ucsiq f &kd if (19)csuw f ifw,fav?
OD;=unf0if;u tpd;k &qDwifwmvd@k ,q l w,f? tJ'g [kwyf govm;?
cGejf rifx
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ygrh ,f? ud, k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfciG &hf a'oudpP aqG;aEG;wJt h csed rf mS u,m;jynfe,f/ 'Darmqdk rJqENe,fu jynfo@l
v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f OD;cifarmifcsKd u pHn k pD nf;a0;rSm olw@kd qifqmvkyx f m;wJh tyd'k u f kd rjzwfbeJ @J
zwfvdk@qdk+yD;awmhrS OD;cifarmifcsdKudk nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfu xkwfy,fcJhygw,f? tJ'DudpPudk udk
=unf0if;vnf;odygw,f? tJ'aD wmh udck ifarmifcsKd u ol@&@J pmwrf;rSm rygwmudk xnfah jymvd@k q+kd yD;awmh
nDvmcHu xkwyf ,fypfcw hJ ,f? +yD;awmhrS atmufrmS xdik af ewJh tJ'w D ek ;f u ppfOya'csKyf Adv k rf ;ª csKyf oef;OD;
uae+yD;awmh obmywdukd &yfvu kd /f &yfcikd ;f vdu k /f &yfcikd ;f vdu
k f qd+k yD;awmh trde@f ay;w,f? tJ'gvnf;
ud=k unf0if;odygw,f? aemufwpfcg “0” tzG@J u ae+yD;awmhrS – OD;cifarmifcsKd vdb k J qifqmjzwfxm;wm
xnf+h yD;awmh “0” uzwfw,f? olw@kd uawmqifqmudk vufrcHb;l ? “0”tzG@J usawmh nDvmcHuae
xkwyf ,fjcif;rcH&ygb;l ? 'Dnv D mcHrmS &Sw d hJ vkyyf v kH yk ef nf;awG[m usaemft h jrifuakd jym&if tiftm;ay:rSm
tajccHw,f? vufeufuikd t f iftm; rsm;wJt h cgusawmh “0”tzG@J u ud, k pf m;vS,f xkwyf ,fjcif;rcH&bl;?
wdkif;&if;om; +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@awGuawmh pHknDtpnf;ta0;udkawmifrS wifjycGifhr&bl;qdk&if/ olwdk@&J@
oabmxm; wifjycsuaf wGukd vkyif ef;aumfrwDw@kd / aumfr&Siw f @kd u wifjycGirhf ðybJ &yfqikd ;f xm;w,f
qdw k mu/ tJ'D typftcwf&yfpaJ &;tzG@J awG[m etztwGuf ajymyavmufatmif tiftm;r&Sv d @kd z,f
xm;wmbJvdk@ usaemfxifygw,fcifAs?
bDbpD D ODarmifarmifoef;? ? OD;=unf0if; tJ'v D q kd &kd if nDvmcHrmS tiftm;}uD;wJt h zG@J awGukd wrsKd ;qufqH
w,f? tiftm;r&Sw d v
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l akd wmh xkwyf ,fw,fqw kd hJ ajym=um;csuu f awmh OD;=unf0if;wd@k tawG@t}uHKt
& [kwv f m;?
OD;=unf0if;? ?usaemfuawmh r[kwb f ;l vd@k jiif;ygw,f? bmjzpfv@kd jiif;vJqakd wmh usaemfajymjyr,f?
pmwrf;wpfcka&;w,fqdkwm pHknDtrsm;a&S@rSm zwfw,fqdkwm tvGwfajymwmeJ@pm&if wwfEdkifor#
trSm;enf;atmifv@kd pmwrf;udk a&;xm;wm/ pmwrf;udk rdrpd w d óf uduf vGwv f yfovdk óuduo f vdak &;/
'gayr,fh ckeuvdk OD;wnfcsu(f 6)&yfe@J 'd@k ta&;oH;k yg;awmh rxdapeJ@ayg?h Oyrm Edik if aH wmf tcef;vd@k a&;
+yD;awmh ta&;ay:udpP 'DrmS vmxnfv h @kd r&bl;? Edik if aH wmftcef;eJ@ywfoufv@kd rdród uduo f vdk t}uHay;cGihf
98
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
vdck siw f m &atmifq+kd yD; (q,fEpS )f vdu k af vsm+yD;vd@k &&dS if jynfov l xl u k vnf; 'Dru kd a&pDta=umif; em;
vnfvmr,f? Edik if aH &;orm;awGe@J tpd;k &vnf; toift h wihf em;vnfr&_ vmr,f? wpfa,mufe@J wpf
a,muf ,Hk=unfr_awG&vmr,f?
tJ't D csed rf mS qdv k @kd &&dS if usaemfw@kd u oH;k yHEk pS yf ekH @J ajymif;vJv@kd &atmif qd+k yD;awmh usaemfw@kd u
pmwrf;wifygw,f? jynfolvlxktwGufjrifvdk@ tJ'Dvdkxifwmyg// 'gayr,fh r&wJhtcgrSm bmjyefawG;
vnf;qdkawmh wyfrawmfuvnf; atmfaewmyJ/ trsdK;om;a&;udk b,fawmhrS opPmrazmufbl;vdk@
tJ'aD wmh wu,fw h u,f Edik if aH wmfrmS trsKd ;om;a&;udpeP @J ywfoufvmvd@k &&dS if trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &;eJ@
ywfoufwJh udpPawGrSmqdkvdk@&Sd&if EdkifiHa&;orm;uvnf; trsdK;om;a&;udk opPmazmufvdk@ rjzpfbl;?
xdek nf;vnf;aumif;bJ wyfrawmfuvnf; trsKd ;om;a&;udk opPmazmufv@kd rjzpfb;l ? tJ't D csed rf mS us
aemfwdk@ jyifoifhjyifxdkufwJh[mawGudk nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ@ usaemfwdk@ wpfa,mufta=umif;vnf; wpf
a,muf od+yD? tJ't D csed rf mS usaemfw@kd jyifv@kd &r,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f? usaemfw@kd 'Dru kd a&pD &mE_e;f jynfh
awmh r&ao;ygb;l ? tJ'gawG[m wajz;ajz; ðyjyifajymif;vJ+yD;awmh aemufbw d q f ;kH usaemfw@kd Edik if aH &;o
rm;awGudk wyfrawmfu txif}uD;vmwJh wpfae@rSm olwdk@bmomolwdk@ bm;wdkufudkjyefygvdrfhr,f?
usaemfh,Hk=unfcsufyg?
bDbpD D OD;armifarmifoef;? ? [kwu f chJ eG jf rifx
h eG ;f cifAsm? ckem;u OD;=unf0if;ajymwJt h xJrmS wyfrawmfu
vnf; trsKd ;om;a&;udk opPmrazmufovdk Edik if aH &;orm;awGuvnf; trsKd ;om;a&;udk opPmazmufz@kd
r[kwb f ;l ? wpfae@rmS wyfrawmf tjrifreS &f vmvdrrhf ,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd v@kd vufwaJG qmif&u G af ew,fv@kd
olw@kd ajymw,f/ cGejf rifx h eG ;f wd@k u bmjzpfv@kd vufrwGEJ ikd w f hJ vrf;prsKd ;udk aqG;aEG;wmvnf; cifAsm?
cGefjrifhxGef;? ? usaemfwdk@u/ vufrwGJEdkifwmudk ajymwmr[kwfbl;cifAsm? wyfrawmfuae+yD;awmh/
tm%modr;f +yD;wJt h cg ay;cJw h hJ uwdu0wfawG&w dS ,f? aemuf xkwjf yefcw hJ hJ 1/90vdk Oya'uJo h @kd tm%m
wnfaom trde@f awGukd uwdu0wfawGukd csKd ;azmufaewm[m/ wyfrawmfu trsKd ;om;a&;udk opPm
azmufaewm jzpfygw,f? tJ'aD wmh usaemfw@kd wyfrawmf[m usi0hf wfou d mQ t& ud, k uf tJ'v D rkd sKd ;
wdik ;f jynfukd opPmazmufwhJ trsKd ;awGukd usaemfw@kd tem*wfrmS rjzpfapcsiyf gb;l ? etzudx k w k jf yefwhJ
trde@f tm%mudk ud, k zhf momud, k f csKd ;azmufcsiw f ikd ;f csKd ;azmufv@kd &w,fqw kd hJ [mrsKd ;eJ@ qufomG ;r,f
qd&k if 'Dru kd a&pD[m b,fvekd nf;eJ@rS xGe;f um;Edik rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ? usaemfw@kd jzpfapcsiw f mu ppfwyf[m
*k%o f u d mQ &Sw d hJ wyfrawmfwpf&yftaeeJ@ wdik ;f jynfuakd y;xm;wJh uwdtwdik ;f vkyaf qmifz@kd vykd gw,f?
a&G;aumufyv JG yk +f yD;&if ppfwef;vsm;udk jyefr,fv@kd Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;apmarmifu tJ'w D ek ;f u uwdu0wfay;
cJyh gw,f? Edik if aH &;orm;udk txif}uD;vmrS ppfwef;vsm;udk jyefr,fv@kd uwdu0wfay;cJw h m r[kwyf gb;l ?
bDbpD D ODarmifarmifoef;? ? cGejf rifx h eG ;f ajymwJt h xJrmS wyfrawmfuay;xm;wJh uwdrwnfb;l ? 'ga=umifh
rd@k v@kd odumQ &Sw d hJ wyfrawmfjzpfz@kd vw kd ,f? aemuf+yD; Edik if aH &;orm;awGukd txif+uD;vmrS wef;vsm;udk
jyefr,fv@kd wpfcgru S wdray;cJzh ;l bl;? tJ'gukd OD;=unf0if;bufuaum - -
OD;=unf0if;? ? usaemfem;vnfwmuawmhAsm/ t&ifwek ;f u OD;apmarmifupd b P aJ emf/ OD;apmarmif ajymoGm;
wJh udpu P kd OD;apmarmiftay:rSm ta&;,lomG ;wJu h pd aP wG 'gwyfrawmfu olw@kd vyk o f mG ;wmyJ aemufyikd ;f
rSm olw@kd wm0ef,x l m;wm urBmoda=unmxm;wm &k'rf uf(7) csuf vkyo f mG ;r,fv@kd olw@kd ajymxm;
wmbJ/ 'DOpPmudb k J usaemfuawmh ,H=k unfygw,f?
100
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
bDbpD D ODarmifarmifoef;? ? tJ'aD wmh OD;=unf0if;udk usaemfxyf+yD;awmh ar;csiyf gw,f? &d;k ruf(7)csurf mS
'kw, d tqifrh mS vdt k yfwmudk jyKjyifaqmif&u G &f r,fh tajctaeudk zefw;D &r,fv@kd olw@kd ajymw,f?
tJ'gu t"dubmqdw k m wdwu d sus rajymEdik w f t hJ wGuf 'g[m bmudq k v kd w kd mvJqw kd mawmh nDvm
cHrmS aqG;aEG;ygao;vm;cifAsm? eHygw(f 2)tcsuu f kd - -
OD;=unf0if;? ? nDvmcHrmS awmh raqG;aEG;ygb;l ? usaemfxifwmuawmh/ a&&Snaf qmif&u G &f r,fqwkd m
aumfrwDz@JG r,f zG@J pnf;yHrk =l urf;a&;r,f? jynfov l x l u k ckd sjyr,f? tJ'g tJ't D qifah wG vdt k yfwm aqmif
&Guw f hJ tcef;awG tJ'g+yD;&if twnfðycsu, f rl ,fayg?h
bDbDpD ODarmifarmifoef;? ? tJ'gudkaum w&m;0ifraqG;aEG;&ifawmifrS ar;jref;cGifhr&Sdbl;vm;cifAsm?
bmjzpfv@kd vnf;qdak wmh ckajymae=uwmu tcsed Zf ,m;rygb;l ? aemuf+yD;awmh vdt k yfonfrsm; aqmif
&Gurf nfqw kd hJ tqifu h b,favmuf=umr,freS ;f rodwt hJ wGuf tJ'g wduswt hJ "dyg` ,f raqmifb;l vd@k
ajymae=uw,f? tJ'ge@J ywfoufv@kd aum udak tmifEikd Of ;D wd@k aum b,fv=kd um;vJcifAsm?
udkatmifEdkifOD;? ? vrf;jyajryHk(7)csufa&;xm;wmvnf; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ygbJcifAsm? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;
qdak wmh 'D(7)csuu f =kd unfv h @kd &&dS if t"duawmh (3)csuf (4)csuaf vmufbyJ gw,f? tJ'guawmh trsKd ;om;
nDvmcH usi;f yr,f? zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk tJ't D rsKd ;om;nDvmcHu xGuv f mwJv h rf;nGecf suaf wGe@J
a&;r,f/ +yD;awmhrS qENc, H yl v JG yk rf ,f? +yD;&ifa&G;aumufyv JG yk rf ,faygAh sm? 'g+yD;&if tpd;k &ayg?h tJ'aD wmh
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vd@k &atmif vkyx f m;wmbJAs?
bDbpD D OD;armifarmifoef;? ? tajccHOya'udk a&;qG&J mrSm tao;pdwf tajccH&r,frh al wGtwdik ;f oGm;vd@k &&dS if
jrefrmEdik if rH mS olw@kd ajymovdk tem*wfawmufyvmr,f? 'Dru kd a&pDay:xGe;f vmr,fqw kd m b,favmuf
tmrcHcsu&f o dS vJ/ tJ'g cGejf rifx h eG ;f taeeJ@ vd&k if;ed*;kH csKyftaeeJ@ ajymjyay;ygvm;?
cGejf rifx h eG ;f ? ? tem*wf[m tmrcHcsuv f nf; &Srd mS r[kwo f vdk 'Dz@JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'[mvnf; w&m;
0ifr_ twnfjyKr_ jzpfrmS r[kwyf gb;l ? usaemfw@kd etzu uwdu0wfay;cJw h t hJ wdik ;f 1/90rSm uwday;
xm;wJt h wdik ;f a&G;aumufyrJG mS tEdik &f cJw h hJ jynfo@l vw G af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGe@J a&;qGw J mr[kwb f ;l ?
jynfo@l vw G af wmfukd ac:,l+yD;awmh twnfjyKwmrsKd ;r[kwb f ;l qd&k if 'Dz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'[m w&m;0if
txd jzpfrmS r[kwo f vdk wdik ;f jynftwGuv f nf;bJ tmrcHcsuaf y;Edik rf mS r[kwyf gb;l cifAsm?
bDbpD D OD;armifarmifoef;? ? 'Dru kd a&pD vl@abmiftwGuf b,favmuftmrcHcsuf &Syd govJ OD;=unf0if;?
OD;=unf0if;? ? tukev f ;kH rSm usaemfw@kd t&ifwek ;f u r&zl;wm&aewJt h wGuf 'Dru kd a&pDukd usawmfw@kd azmf
aqmifoifo h avmuf az:aqmifEikd rf ,f &mE_e;f jynfrh [kwaf yr,fh (75)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f azmfaqmifomG ;Edik rf ,fv@kd
,Hk=unfygw,f?
bDbpD D OD;armifarmifoef;? ? 'ge@J ywfoufv@kd OD;atmifEikd Of ;D uaum?
OD;atmifEikd Of ;D ? ? 'Dru kd a&pDqw kd muawmh&rdS ,f? bmjzpfv@kd vnf;qdak wmh zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'xJrmS bmyg
vnf;qdak wmh v$waf wmf(2)&yfxm;r,f? Oya'jyKcGiu hf kd tuef@towfe@J cGijhf yKxm;w,f? aemufwpfcg
ygwpD 'kH rD u kd a&pDpepf &Srd ,f? 'D[mawGu=kd unfjh cif;tm;jzifh ArmjynfrmS 'Dru kd a&pD&v dS mr,fqw kd muawmh
trSeb f ?J 'gayr,fh ckeuppfwyfuajymovdk pnf;urf;&Sad om 'Dru kd a&pD ppfwyfut"du csKyfuikd x f m;wJh
'Drdkua&pDuawmh jzpfvmr,f? awmufy+yD; ppfrSefaom 'Drdkua&pDjzpfzdk@qdkwmawmh avmavmq,f
usaemft h aeeJ@ b,fvrkd S rjrifao;ygb;l cifAsm?
101
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
bDbpD D OD;armifarmifoef;? ? aoow&Sirf sm;cifAsm/ zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk jynfv;kH u|wf qENc, H yl rJG sm;
rJay;ydik cf iG &hf o
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l m;vH;k &J@ xuf0ufausmf axmufcrH jJ zifh twnfjyK jyXmef;+yD;wJah e@up+yD;awmh tm%m
wnfr,fv@kd tajccHrrl mS a&;xm;wm awG@&&dS ygw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd v@kd vlxq k ENc, H yl JG b,fawmhvyk rf ,f
qdwk m tcsed t f xdtusrod&ao;wJt h wGuf jynfoal wGbufuvnf; yxrtqifrh mS wif (14)ESpf =um
oGm;wJt h wGuf aemuftqifah wGrmS b,favmufxd =umr,fqw kd mudk apmif+h yD;awmh em;pGi+hf yD;rJay;zd@k
tqifoifh jyifqifxm;zd@k vdt k yfa=umif; jrefrmhta&;urBm@ta&; tpDtpOfu pDpOfwifqufvu kd yf gw,f?
tm;vHk;yg0if=uwJholawGudk txl;aus;Zl;wifygw,f cifAsm?
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
jrefrmEdik if q
H ikd &f m ukvor*~ txl;ud, k pf m;vS,f rpPwmtDA&m[if *efbm&D
owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGw J iG f rpPwm*efbm&Du vwfwavm jrefrmEdik if rH mS jzpfay:ae
wJh tajctaeudk jypfwifa0zefvu kd yf gw,f? (6/ 9/ 2007 tm&ftufzaf t)
RFA OD;cifarmifp;kd ? ? [kwu f chJ ifAsm? ukvor*~&;kH csKyfrmS rae@u(5² 9²2007) usi;f ycJw h hJ owif;pm
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twGi;f rSm vwfwavm avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f jrifrh m;r_a=umifh qufE, G +f yD;/ +idr;f +idr;f csr;f csr;f qENjyolawGukd
qENjyoltygt0if zrf;qD;xm;wJEh ikd if aH &; tusO;f om;rsm;tm;vH;k udk v$waf y;zd@k awmif;qdv k ukd yf gw,f?
jrefrmEdik if rH mS vwfwavmjzpfay:aewJh tajctaeawG[m 'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f a&;eJ@/ trsKd ;om;
jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;twGuf jrefrmtm%mydik af wGtaeeJ@ b,favmufxd uwdwnfovJqw kd thJ ay:
ar;cGe;f xkwpf &mjzpfae+yDv@kd olua0zefcyhJ gw,f? jrefrmEdik if [ H m Edik if aH &;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;/ vlom;csi;f pm
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vmwJh &v'fawGtay: olutjypfwifcyhJ gw,f? 'D trsKd ;om;nDvmcH +yD;qH;k oGm;+yDqw kd m rSeaf yr,fv h nf;
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csuaf wGe@J udu k nf rD r_ &Sad =umif;/ tJ't D wGuf rdru d pd;k &draf =umif;/ tajccHOya'qdw k m Edik if wH pfct k wGuf
ESpaf ygi;f &mcs+D yD; a&S@aqmifvrf;jyay;oifw h hJ jyXmef;csuaf wGjzpfwt hJ wGuf 'Dvjkd yXmef;csuaf wG a&;om;jyKpk
wJah e&mrSm jynfoal wGtaeeJ@ rdrw d @kd qENawGukd az:xkwzf @kd &zd@k oifah =umif; ponfjzifh jrefrmEdik if q H ikd &f m
ukvtwGi;f a&;rª;csKyf&@J txl;ud, k pf m;vS,f rpPwmtDA&m[if *efbm&Du owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGrJ mS ajymqdk
oGm;ygw,fcifAsm?
102
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
“etzwd@k trSew
f &m;udk t+rJwrf;zk;H uG,af vh&o
dS nf”
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
103
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
4² 9² 2007 tm&ftufzaf t
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? OD;=unf0if;wd@k [m awmufav#muf nDvmcHwufcrhJ ,fqakd wmh/ tck (13)ESpcf JG
ausmf=umcJhwJh trsdK;om;nDvmcHudktESpfcsKyf+yD; ajym&r,fqdkvdk@&Sd&if bmrsm;ajymcsifvJcifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? tESpfcsKyf+yD;awmhajymr,fqdk&if (47)eJ@vnf;rwlbl;? (74)eJ@vnf;rwlbl; txl;ojzifh
wdkif;&if;om;awGtwGufudk tcGifhta&;ydkay;xm;wJh zGJ@pnf;yHk}uD;wpfckjzpfw,fvdk@ usaemfjrifygw,f?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? wdik ;f &if;awGtwGuf tcGit hf a&;ydak y;xm;w,fv@kd OD;=unf0if;uajymayr,fv h @kd
wdkif;&if;om;awGbufudk ar;=unfhwJhtcgusawmh typf&yftzGJ@ (13)zGJ@ awmif;xm;wmvnf;r&bl;/
rpOf;pm;bl;vd@k =um;&ygw,f? tJ'g b,fvu kd mG [csuf jzpfaeygvJ cifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? ¹cGi;f cset f m%mqdw k muawmh q&m&,f ody+f yD;awmhta&;}uD;wJh tm%mr[kwyf gb;l ?
¹cGi;f csew
f t
hJ m%mudk jynfaxmifpv k w
$ af wmfu,lxm;wm? ajym&r,fqv kd @kd &&dS if Oya'jyKa&;tm%mawG
xJrmS jynfov l x l t k wGuf usecf rhJ ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if vkyaf y;vd@k vG,af tmifv@kd tJ'o D abmrsKd ;yg? olw@kd uakd y;
vdu k w f ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if tqihq f ifqh w kd m wufvmtH;k r,f? jynfaxmifpu k wufvm&r,fh tydik ;f xd&rdS mS ud;k ?
104
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? ppfwyftydik ;f u¾awG jyef=unfw h t hJ cgrmS Edik if aH wmfrmS ta&;}uHKvm&if um
uG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfu tm%modr;f cGi&hf w dS ,f? aemufwpfcg umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfukd ay;xm;wJv h yk yf ikd cf iG hf
awGu tawmfurkd sm;jym;aewJt h wGuf tem*wfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf[m tpd;k &xuf=oZm&Sad ew,fv@kd
wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifwcsKd @u usaemfw@kd uakd jymygw,f? q&mOD;=unf0if;wd@k tawG@t}uHKudk &Si;f jyay;
apvdkygw,fcifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? usaemftjrifu t"duawmh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf r[kwfbl;q&m&J@/ orRwyg orRw
awmifrS olvyk cf siw f ikd ;f vkyv f @kd r&bl;? vH+k cHKa&;eJ@ tkycf sKyfra_ umfrwDqw kd m &Syd gao;w,f? (11)a,mufe@J
zGJ@xm;wm 'DaumfrwD&J@ oabmwlnDcsufeJ@ vkyf&rSmyg? vkyf+yD;&ifawmifrS vkyf&wJhta=umif;&if;udk
oufqikd &f mv$waf wmfukd teD;pyfq;kH v$waf wmfusi;f yaew,fqv kd @kd &&dS if wifr,f? wu,fv@kd usi;f yae
wmr[kwv f @kd &&dS if (21)&uftwGi;f ac:+yD;awmhrS ta=umif;jyef+yD;awmh wifjy&ygvrd rf ,f?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? trsKd ;om;vH+k cHKa&;eJ@ umuG,af &;aumfrwDukd jyef=unfv h @kd &&dS if (11)OD;ygw,f?
(6)OD;u ppfwyfe@J ywfoufaer,fqakd wmh tJ'(D 11)OD;&J@ qH;k jzwfcsu[ f m tem*wfjrefrmEdik if &H @J ta&;ay:
tajctaeawGrmS bufvu kd rf &_ EdS ikd w
f ,fv@kd wcsKd @u,lqygw,f? q&mOD;=unf0if; b,fv, kd q l ygovJ
cifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? 'gtrsdK;om;a&;udpPbJcifAsm? usaemfwdk@ bmbJjzpfjzpf (11)OD;u nd‡Ed_if;+yD;vkyf&rSmaygh?
txl;ojzifh odyt f onf;toefjzpfrS olw@kd rcJ +JG yD; qH;k jzwfrmS yg? wyfe@J ywfoufou l (6)a,muf t&yf
om;eJ@ywfoufolu (5)a,mufayghaemf?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? zG@J pnf;yHek @J ywfoufv@kd tcsut f csKd @ukd jyifcsiw f ,fq&kd if (10)ESp=f umrS jyifoifyh g
w,fv@kd q&mOD;=unf0if;wd@k t}uHjyKxm;w,fv@kd xifygw,f?
OD;=unf0if;? ? [kwyf gw,fcifAsm?
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f? ? b,fvekd nf;eJ@ jyKjyif&r,fvcJ ifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ? usaemfw@kd t}uHKjyKxm;wJh twdik ;f rusygb;l ? yxrydik ;f uawmh usaemfw@kd pOf;pm;vdu k w f m
aygah emf? jynfov l x l yk ikd ;f uxnf+h yD; usaemfw@kd pOf;pm;vdu k w f mayg?h b,fvpkd Of;pm;rdovJqv kd @kd &&dS if (75)
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ausmq f v kd @kd &&dS if aemufxyf(25)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f u (25)ygqifq h &kd if 0rf;jzpfomG ;wmayg?h wyfu oabm
wlrS jyifv@kd &w,fqakd wmh usaemfw@kd u 'gukd olw@kd vu kd af vsm+yD;vd@k &&dS if jynfob l ufu jyef,v l @kd &rvm;
qd+k yD; wif=unfv h u kd w f ,f? 'gayr,fh r&bl;cifAsm? r&awmhwpfcg wbufvn S phf Of;pm;ygw,f? trsKd ;om;
a&;udpeP @J usaemfw@kd jyefpOf;pm;w,f? power balance ndw ‡ ,f? [kw+f yD olw@kd jzpfcsiw f OhJ pPmudk olw@kd /
wyfrawmfuoabmwlrS jynfolvlxkjzpfcsifwJhOpPmudk jzpfvdk@&r,fhoabm?
olw@kd jzpfapcsiw f OhJ pPmudk usaemfw@kd oabmrwl&if&rvm;qdw k thJ ydik ;f udk usaemfw@kd jyefpOf;pm;
ygw,f? 'g Edik if t H wGuu f kd usaemfw@kd u trsKd ;om;a&;twGuf vkyv f m+yDqv kd @kd &&dS if 'gukd a&Smifvv J$ @kd r
&ygb;l ? uef@uu G v f @kd r&ygb;l ? trsKd ;om;a&;udprP mS trsKd ;om;a&;bufu &yfwnfr,fv@kd ,H=k unfygw,f?
bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh trsdK;om;a&;udk wyfrawmfonf b,fawmhrS opPmrazmufvdk@ajymxm;wmudk
rlvtwdik ;f (75)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f ausmrf o S mv#if zG@J pnf;yHjk yifv@kd &r,f? yxrqH;k wifwOhJ pPmu jynfov l x l t k
wGuu f =kd unf+h yD; (10)ESpf (5)ESpo f ufwrf; (2)ckaygah emf? olw@kd uakd y;vdu k rf ,fqv kd @kd &&dS if usaemfw@kd qrD mS
vnf; 'Dru kd a&pDtavhtusiahf wG &oGm;+yD? wyfuvnf;wyfukd jyefr,fq&kd if jzpfae+yD tJ't D ajctae
105
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
RFA OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d ?f ? Edik if aH &;ydik ;f u¾udk jyef=unfw h thJ cgusawmh ta&;}uD;wJ(h 25)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f udk ppfwyf
u,lxm;w,f? usew f (hJ 75)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f u jynfojl zpfw,f? od@k aomfvnf;bJ (75)&mcdik Ef e_ ;f u vkyyf ikd cf iG u hf kd
jyef=unfw h t hJ cgusawmh wjznf;jznf;eJ@ ajymif;csiw f hJ zG@J pnf;yHpk epfukd avmavmq,frmS awmh q,fEpS f
=umawmifrS bmrSajymif;Edik zf @kd 'Dtcsuaf wGujkd yifEikd zf @kd tcGit hf a&;r&Sb d ;l vd@k em;vnfxm;wJt h cgusawhm
aemufxyf ESpaf ygi;f b,favmuf=umrS 'Dru kd a&pDa&;udk yDyjD yifjyif jzpfvmvdrrhf ,fv@kd OD;=unf0if; ,lqyg
ovJcifAsm?
OD;=unf0if;? ?wpfO;D eJ@wpfO;D usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH mS &Sw d ,fcifAsm? Edik if aH &;orm;awGe@J wyfe@J oo H ,awG&w dS ,f?
'Doo H ,awG[m wGv J yk rf &S r,f? v$waf wmfawGrmS wyfe@J jynfow l @kd aygi;f vkyv f mvd@k &&dS if jynfo@l vw G f
awmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wG&@J oabmxm;awG olw@kd ov d mr,f? olw@kd awG&@J oabmxm;udv k nf; jynfo@l
udk,fpm;vS,fu odvmr,f/ odvm+yD;vdk@&Sd&if EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk olwdk@ txif}uD;av;pm;vmwJh
wpfae@rmS 'Dae&mrSm olw@kd qufaerSm r[kwaf wmhygb;l ? cifAsmwd@k usaemfw@kd av;pm;+yD;om; bm;wdu k u f kd
jyefr,fv@kd olw@kd bmom olw@kd jzpfvmrSmyg?
RFA 0g&iS w f ef'pD &D ;kH ? ? tJ'guawmh nDvmcHu jyefvmwJh OD;=unf0if;udk OD;pdeaf usmv f i_d f qufo, G af r;jref;
cJhwmyg?
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
“tpuóuodc&hJ if”
107
jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&m a&'D,dktifwmAsL;rsm;
ed*;kH
1947 ckEpS f zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk a&;qGcJ w hJ hJ tcsed wf ek ;f u jrefrmEdik if rH mS zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ukd
wu,fem;vnf wwfu|r;f wJo h l b,fo&l o dS vJv@dk uG,v f eG of mG ;+yD;jzpfwhJ orRw}uD;pyfa&$ou kd &f o
hJ m;
&Sr;f trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif a'guw f m( Eugine saotzang) p0fZef@a,mifa0h (c) ,lusi;f u a&'D,kd
tifwmAsL;wpfckuae ajymoGm;wm =um;vdkufrdvdk@yg?
Tonfudkaxmuf¶_aomf 1947 ckzGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ukd em;vnfr_wpfpHkwpf&m vHkvHkavmuf
avmuf r&SdbJeJ@ a&;qGJcJhwma=umifh jy\emjzpfcJh&wm jzpfw,fvdk@ EdkifiHa&;ody`Hynm&Sif a'gufwm
(Eugine saotzang) p0fZef@a,mifa0h (c) ,lusi;f u axmufjycJb h ;l ygw,f?
,QKvuf&dS usi;f yaewJh trsK;d om;nDvmcHrmS yxrqH;k vrf;vGaJ ewJh tcsuw f pfcu k awmh “tESpo f m
&t& b,fvkd wdik ;f jynfrsK;d wnfaqmufoifo h vJ qdw k mudk raqG;aEG;bJ wkid ;f jynfukd b,fvykd o Hk ¿mefrsK;d
eJ@ wnfaqmufoifw h ,fqw dk mukb d J aqG;aEG;ae=uw,f?”
zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'ukd em;rvnfbJ wufciG &hf wJh olawGudk em;vnfatmif vkycf iG &fh v dS #if jzpfEikd af jc
&Sad o;aomfvnf; etzu nDvmcHrwufcif em;vnfatmif vGwv f yfpmG avhvmcGirhf ðy/ vlxek @J vnf;
n‡Ed id_ ;f wkid yf if oabmxm;,lciG hf r&&Scd yhJ g? nDvmcHwufaewJh tawmtwGi;f rSmvnf; jynfwiG ;f jynfyu
ynm&SifawGqDu vGwfvyfpGm t}uH^m%f&,lcGifhawG b,fvdkrSr&&SdcJhwma=umihf tJ'DzGJ@pnf;yHktajccH
Oya'[m wdik ;f jynftwGuf vH;k 0tusK;d &SEd ikd rf ,f r[kwyf g?
urBmhynm&SifawGu vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif;ESpf&mausmfavmufup+yD; EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pD&Jh tajccH
tcGit hf a&;awGe@J (Individual Right) vlrsK;d pkvm$ tcGit hf a&;awG (Collective Right) ukd umuG,f
apmifah &SmufwhJ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk taumif;qH;k vd@k vufcx H m;=uw,f?
w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mtzJG@. vGwfvyfr_qdkif&m ukvor*~a=ujimcsufukd tajccHOya'ESifhtnD
tmrcH&rnf? TtzG@J . vGwv f yfrt _ "dyg` ,rf mS tvGew f &mus,jf yef@+yD; ygwED ikd if aH &; uef@owfxm;r_ukd
rawG@&yg? w&m;pD&ifru _ sio hf ;kH &mwGif tqift h oD;oD;rS w&m;¶k;H rsm;onf bufrvdu k b f J tm%mydik rf sm;
. =oZmuif;vGw&f mjzifh pD&ifq;kH jzwfEikd &f ef vdt k yfonf?
Tod@k jzpfEikd &f ef w&m;pD&ifa&;tzG@J udk oufwrf;wpfck owfrw S +f yD; w&m;ol}uD; cef@tyfjcif;/ ta&;
,l ðzwfcsjcif;ukd ukvor*~. w&m;pD&ifa&; tzG@J qikd &f mrlrsm;ESit hf nD tajccHOya'wGif jyXmef;xm;oihf
onf? w&m;ol}uD;wd@k .vkyif ef;/ ynmydik ;f avhusirhf u _ dk tm;ay;jr‡iw hf if&efEiS hf w&m;pD&ifa&; vGwv f yfru _ dk
umuG,f&ef w&m;ol}uD;toif;tzGJ@rsm; vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;cGifhudk ukvor*~rlrsm;u todtrSwf
ðyxm;ygonf? od@k aomfetz tajccHrrl sm;wGif ,if;ESiyhf wfoufI rnfo@kd r# az: jyxm;jcif; r&Syd g?
Edik if w
H ikd ;f onf rdrEd ikd if oH m;rsm;twGuf w&m;r#w+yD; vGwv f yfonhf w&m;¶k;H pepfudk tmrcHEikd &f
ygrnf? w&m;¶k;H rsm;onf jyifytzG@J tpnf;wpfcck k txl;ojzifh tpd;k &. pGuzf ufro _ @kd r[kwf =oZmouf
a&mufr_ r&Sb d /J w&m;Oya'ESit fh nDr#waom pD&ifcsut f m; vGwv f yfpmG csrw S Ef ikd &f ygrnf? w&m;ol}uD;
rsm;onf aumif;pGmavhusio hf if=um;xm;olrsm; jzpf&ef vdt k yfygonf? Ttcsuu f dk etz wd@k tajccH
Oya'wGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;xm;&rnf?
108
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
ðzwfz@kd tqdðk ycGihf &Sad ejyefw,f? Edik if aH wmf. aus;Zl;opPmudk azmufzsuw f ,fqw kd m[m b,fvu kd pd rP sK;d udk
qdkvdkwmjzpfw,fvdk@ twdtvif;owfrSwfrxm;avawmh orRwu pdwfwdkif;rus¶HkeJ@ tcsdefra&G;
ðzwfcsc&H Edik w f hJ taetxm;atmufrmS w&m;ol}uD;awG w&m;pD&ifa&;wm0efukd xrf;aqmif=u&awmhrmS
jzpfygw,f? TjyXmef;csurf sK;d urBmb h ,fz@JG pnf;yHrk mS rS r&Syd g?
'Dtcsuaf wGukd òcHio kH ;kH oyfvu kd &f if w&m;pD&ifa&;[m tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mydik af wG&hJ vufatmufrmS
a&muf&adS ewma=umifh vGwv f yfr_ uif;rJo h mG ;+yDqw kd m xif&mS ;aeygw,f?
qdvk o kd nfrmS tcsKyftjcmtm%monf jynfov l x l x
k rH S qif;ouf+yD;/ vlxak &G;cs,f wifajr‡muf
cH&olrsm;u tkyfcsKyfjcif;om w&m;0ifonf[laom tcsufrSm 'Drdkua&pD. “pH”xm;csuf jzpfonf?
tpd;k &. vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mrsm;udk uef@owf&ef vdt k yfonf? w&m;Oya' a&S@arSmufwiG f vlwikd ;f wef;wlr_
&Sad &;wd@k ukd vrf;!$erf rl sm;wGif azmfjyyg&&dS rnf? tajccHOya'onf wEdik if v H ;kH wGif tjrifq
h ;kH jzpf&rnf?
od@k &mwGif etz tajccHrw l iG f ppfwyftm%modr;f a&;twGuf tajccHOya'udk zefw;D xm;onf?
ppfwyfonf zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk twnfðyusio hf ;kH +yD;aemuf rsm;r=umrDtwGi;f ygvrD ef rsuEf mS zH;k udk
cGmcsv#uf ppfwyftyk pf ;kd r_ukd Oya'topf trsK;d rsK;d xkwjf yefI csrw S yf gvrd rhf nf?
“tpd;k & xl;c|eaf umif;rGerf u _ kd wdik ;f wm&mY w&m;pD&ifa&;pepf xda&mufatmifjrifrx _ uf omvGef
onfh aq;r&S”d [k e,fpm;}uD; b&du k pf u f ajymcJo h nf?
vuf&u dS mvY tajccHOya' ay:ayguaf &; óud;yrf;&mwGif jynfov l xl .k twdwt f awG@tóuHrsm;udk
xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ygrnf? od@k rS tem*wf jrefrmhv@l abmifopfwiG f jynforl sm; xyfr'H u k cQ pH m;&rnf r
[kwaf wmhyg? Oyrm - ppftpd;k & tqufquf jrefrmjynfw0ef;Y tjypfryhJ *k Kd~ vfrsm;udk xifovdk zrf;qD;csKyf
aESmif axmifcsweG ;f yd@k vkyaf ecJo h nf? w&m;a&;r¾dKif wdr;f apmifaev#if wdik ;f jynftwGuv f nf;raumif;/
vlxt k wGuv f nf; tE &W m,f&ydS gonf? w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k r_r&Sad om jrefrmjynfwiG f rnfo@kd aom b0tmr
cHcsuEf iS hf vHòk cHrw_ @kd r&Sod jzifh vljzpf&jcif;twGuyf if t"dyg` ,rf &Sad wmhyg? od@k jzpfI w&m;vufvw G f ðyrlru _ kd
tumtuG,&f &S&d ef jynforl sm; ,H=k unf tm;ud;k avmufonfh taqmufttHk wnfaxmifxm;&ygrnf?
,if;wd@k teuf ta&;t}uD;qH;k rSm w&m; pD&ifa&;tzG@J jzpfygonf? w&m;enf;vrf;wusrvkyyf J w&m;
vufvGwf nDvmcHrS w&m;enf;vrf;us aom tajccHOya' anmifESpfyifrS xGufay:vmzG,f&m r&Sd
a=umif; wifjytyfygonf?
pkpnf;wifjyol
ausmfaomif;
t,f'Dwm
&cdkifhwHcGef*sme,f
befaumuf/ xdik ;f Edik if H
110
pkpnf;wifjyol æ æ ausmfaomif;
ESpaf ygi;f (50)=um zdEydS t f yk cf sKyf &cJah yr,fh pepfzif+rJz@kd qdw k m vG,v f , G ef @J rjzpfEikd af wmhwm trSeyf gy?J
jynfolawGem;yGifh/ rsufpdyGifh jzpfae=u+yD; wu,fhvGwfvyfaom ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
'Dru kd a&pDpepfEiS hf acwfrzD @HG òzd;r_ukd vdv k m;=uwmyg? cifAsm;wd@k &hJ pnf;urf;jynf0h wJh 'Dru kd a&pD (Edik if aH wmf
tm%mppfwyf vuf0,f&adS &;) udk vH;k 0 (vH;k 0) tvdrk &Syd g?
armifapwem cifAsm;§ NLD a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd &p&mr&Sad tmif ajymw,f? trsK;d om;0g'D
awGu NLD ygw0D ifawG/ tD;ygwmutp cifAsm;wd@k rsuaf jcrjywf apmif=h unfah ewm teH@cH aumif;vd@k
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om,ma&;rSm ppfwyfu EdkifiHa&;0ifvkyfaeor# pkwfjywfowfaerSm taotcsmyg? 2003 ckESpfrSm
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116
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117