Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.

tmabmf

twGif;rSm
bmvky=f urvJ
xkwjf yefcsurf sm;
urBmhtcif;tusif;opfvGefyGJESifh Armjynf
(etz) trdef@'Du&D
ppfr_a&;&m
wwd,urBmppf jzpfcgeD;+yDavm
{&m0wD/ oHvGifeJ@ rJacgifjrpfwdk@.tp
yDuif;rS rEWav;odk@ pmtkyftay:rSwfcsuf
okreausmrSm '%f&mawGeJ@
oDaygbk&if - wdvyfESifh rEWav;
tojymppfyJG
udef;*%ef;u ajymwJhZmwfvrf;rsm;
21 &mpkESpfOD; EdkifiHa&;oifykef;}uD;
tD&wfppfyGJeJ@ uAsm
tpdk;&tzGJ@u bma=umifhEkwfxGuf
ppfyGJ (odk@r[kwf) aoG;qdkwm
b,fol[m *sL; yJ
ukvor*~}uD; rsufvHk;eDvm+yD
tajrmftjrifeJ@ jyifqifxm;ygrS
owif;ESifhrSwfcsuf
jynfwGif;owif; oHk;oyfcsuf

1
3 - 31
32
34
35
39
41
43
46
49
51
54
56
59
62
65
68
70
74
76
84

trSwf ( 24)
Zlvdkif/ 2003 ckESpf?

_ynfohl
tm%m
bmvkyjf urvJ
ta&;ay:tpD&ifcpH mmudk arv 23/ 2003 &ufpjGJ zifh ygww
D iG ;f xkwjf yefc+hJ yD; jzpfygonf? Adv
k o
f ef;a&$u NLD udk tjywfErdS af wmhrnfqw
dk m
cef@rSef;rdI xkwfjyefcJhjcif; jzpfonf? ordkif;rsOf;yifqJGajym&v#if oDaygbk&iftm%m+rJzdk@ rif;nDrif;om;rsm;udk azsmufzsufovdk
vkyaf wmhrnf[k odaeojzifh ta&;ay: owday;cJjh cif; jzpfygonf? tcsed rf rDvu
kd yf g? aemufusomG ;ygonf? Auy u ajratmufygwD
jzpfaeojzifh tm;vkH;odk@tcsdefrD owif;pum; ryg;EdkifchJyg?
bmvky=f urvJ Tudpu
P awmh tcsed ,
f pl Of;pm;Edik yf gonf? ,ckupd u
P dk aygah ygw
h u
G v
f @kd r&yg? 1948 u zqyv - uGejf rLepf nDnw
G af &;
aqG;aEG;yJGwHcg;ydwfoGm;um jynfwGif;ppfjzpfa&;wHcg; yGifhoGm;ovdk tajctaersKd; jzpfygonf? bmvkyf=urvJ qdkonfudk 'Drdkua&pD
tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;vdyk gonf? pkaygi;f t}uHxw
k jf cif;/ pkaygi;f vkyaf qmifjcif;jzifh u|eaf wmfw@kd atmifjrifEidk yf gonf? wa,mufwrsK;d
vkyf=uv#ifum; atmifyGJESifh a0;aeOD;rnf jzpfygonf?
etz.tm;enf;csuf Adkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm;onf OD;Ek/ OD;ausmf+idrf;ESifh taygif;ygrsm;vdk EkdifiHa&;t&if;tESD; r&Sdyg?
EkdifiHa&;*k%foduQmuewd jzpfygonf?
zqyv tpdk;&u 'Drdkua&pDenf;us wufvmjcif; jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;t&,lchI
J vlxktajccH &Sdonf? ukvor*~wGif;
*k%foduQm&Sd&Sd 0ifchJonf? EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&; aumif;onf?
etz tpdk;&uawmh tm%modrf;tpdk;& jzpfonf? ,m,Dyg[kajym+yD; 15 ESpf wG,fuyfae&onf? ukvor*~.
qk;H jzwfcsujf zifh csnaf ESmifcx
H m;&onf? Ekid if jH cm;qufqaH &;uvnf; ol@trd rf ;D avmifv#if ud,
k t
hf rd rf ;D ul;rSmpd;k aom tdref ;D csi;f rsm;ESio
hf m
qufqH&onf?
zqyv tpdk;&u aqG;aEG;a&;wHcg;ydwfum Auyudk aomif;usef;ol wHqdyfuyfay;+yD; awmxJarmif;ydk@I acsr_ef;a&;
vkyf0Hhonf? zrf;rdolukd axmifcs0Hhonf?
etz uawmh aqG;aEG;a&;wHcg; rydw0f ?hH awmxJarmif;ryd@k 0?hH zrf;xm;olukd ,m,Do@l vHk cHa&;twGuf tumtuG,af y;wmyg
[kajym+yD; zrf;&onf? ol@t"dutm;enf;csufrSm vlxktajccH r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf?
'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;. enf;y&d,m,fESifhajcvSrf;rSefv#if Adkvfoef;a&$ESifhtaygif;ygrsm; tjrefusqkH;vdrfhrnf?
Adv
k o
f ef;a&$EiS t
hf aygi;f ygrsm; ta&;ay:tpD&ifcpH mwGif Adv
k o
f ef;a&$wiG f twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f r&Sad o;/ rD;zdak csmifuufbed ufom &Sad o;onf?
rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuftygt0if Adkvfwoif;ESifh bk&m;pkHvSnfhzl;um t}uHxkwfaeonf[k okH;oyfchJonf? ,ckawmh twGif;pnf;0dkif;
&SdoGm;+yD[k okH;oyfygonf? xdk@a=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$ESifhtaygif;ygrsm; rnfolawGjzpfoenf;? TudpPudk pl;prf;avhvm&ygrnf?
txufxyfodk@ uefwifvdkufaom t}uHay;tzJG@0ifrsm; rygwmaocsmonf? olwdk@wacwf ukefoGm;+yD? vuf&Sd etz
tzJG@0ifwdkif;vnf; rygEdkifyg? wdkif;cef;vSnfh&mwGifygonfh Adkvfa&$reff;/ Adkvfpdk;0if; wGif; (2) wdk@vdk etz tzJG@0ifrsm;om ygvdrfhrnf?
tpdk;&tzJG@0if 0ef}uD;wdkif; rygEdkifyg? tcsKd@omygvdrfhrnf? t"durSm vli,fajcwuf wdkif;rSL;wcsKd@ ygvdrfhrnf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 'kw,
d tnmc&D;wGif t"dutaESmift
h ,Suaf y;olrsm;rSm wdik ;f rSL;rsm; jzpfonf? Twdik ;f rSL;rsm;rSm
etz tzJG@xJ ryg=u&yg? (,cifuqdkv#if wdkif;rSL;wdkif; etz tzJG@0if jzpf=uonf? olwdk@tvSnfhusrS A[dkwGif ryg&jcif; jzpfonf?)
Adv
k o
f ef;a&$u bk&m;pkv
H n
S zhf ;l &if; xdw
k ikd ;f rSL;rsm;.oabmxm;udk rD;zdak csmifuufbed uf tultnDjzifh wD;acgu=f unfah ejcif;
jzpfonf? rdrdtay: opPm&Sdr&SdESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: oHa,mZOfjywfrjywf wD;acgufjcif; jzpfonf?
Adv
k af e0if;onf Adv
k o
f ef;a&$vkd rnfonft
h cgur# rD;zdak csmif uufbed uf udk oGm;av&m ac:roGm;cJyh g? Adv
k o
f ef;a&$uawmh
ac:oGm;&onf? odk@rSom uawmfcsif; wD;acgufEkdifrnf?
wD;acgufwm jynfhpkHoGm;aomtcg a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tnm 'kwd,c&D;pOfwGif t"duk%f;zefwD;awmhonf? &cddkif
tawG@tuHt& r@wGif;wGif &ifqdkifIr&? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk rD;owfum;ay:wuf+yD; zsefajzcGifhay;ovkd jzpfoGm;um oduQm
1

_ynfolhtm%m
wufaponf? 'grsKd; rjzpfap&? rauG;wdkif;c&D;pOfwGifvnf; 0ef}uD;awG/ AdkvfawGudk,fwdkifxGuf+yD; v_H@aqmf&ovdk jzpfoGm;onf? 'grsK;d
rjzpfap&? r@jyifwGif vl@uavuacsrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifap+yD; t"duk%f;zefwD;onfhenf; vkyfvmonf?
pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeuvnf; wwfa,mifum; wd@k a=umifh uke;f aumufp&mr&Sad tmif jzpfaeojzifh vlxu
k a':atmifqef;
pk=unfudk tm;udk;ae=ucsdefESifh wdkufqdkifoGm;onf?
wwfa,mifum;wd@k a=umifh rd;k ukwu
f ausmufwiG ;f vkyif ef; ysuaf e+yD? rk&H mG uvnf; pD;yGm;a&;udk bufaygi;f pkH taoowfwm
cHae&onf? wHwm;udk xdk;oifhonfhae&m rxdk;/ rxdk;oifhonfhae&m xdk;onftxd taoowfcHae&onf? xdk@a=umifh pHcsdefcsKd;onfh
vlxkuqdkyGJ jzpfonf? oHCmawmfrsm;u t"duk%f;rjzpfapzdk@ yJG=uyfwm jzpfvmaomtcg Akdvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm; =urf;vm
&rf;vmjcif; jzpf.?
,ckxad wmh NLD udk tjywfESdrf - ukvor*~ ab;csdwf zdk@rSm tjywfESdrfwmudk r0Hhr&Jvkyfaeonf? ukvor*~ ab;csdwf
wmawmh vkyf0Hhrvkyf0Hh apmifh=unfh&vdrfhrnf?
etz 'kOuUXESihf wGi;f (1) wd@k u Adv
k o
f ef;a&$EiS hf taygi;f ygw@kd =urf;ae&rf;aejcif;udk tajrmftjrif&o
dS nfv
h yk &f yf[k xif=u[ef
r&Syd g?
Adkvfcif!Gef@. xdkif;EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;odk@ NLD ESifh aqG;aEG;awmhrSmyg [laompum;udk jyifay;olrSm ol@atmuf 3 qifh
edrfhaomolu jyifay;jcif; jzpfonf? Adkvfoef;a&$udk,fpm; jyifay;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf? Adkvfcif!Gef@ tcH&cuf&Smvdrfhrnf? jynfyc&D;
w&m;0if"mwfykHwGifvnf; rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf udk ae&may;&ojzifh tpGefwGifa&mufaeonfudk awG@vdkuf&onf?
Adkvfarmifat;uawmh jynfol=um;rSm wyfazsmuf+yD; wdkufrnf [k ajymoH =um;vdkuf&onf? rnfol@udk wdkuf&rvJ
rajymyg? Adkvfoef;a&$. e,fcs@J udkvdkeDvufopf qef@usifa&;udk wkH@jyefvdkufykH&onf? quf'rf[lpdef.wyfu 21 &uf cHwdkufEdkifv#if
rdrdwdk@u 21 rdepf cHrwdkufEdkifwm odykH&onf? xdk@a=umifh wyfazsmuf+yD; wdkufa&; aoe*FAsL[mudk wifaejcif; jzpfvdrfhrnf?
rSeo
f nf? xdak oe*FAsL[myJ vufawG@usonf? od@k aomf wdu
k zf @kd rvdak omvrf; &Sad eygvsuf bmha=umifw
h u
kd zf @kd ajym aeovJ?
ukvor*~qkH;jzwfcsufudk taumiftxnfazmfvdkufv#if +yD;aeonfhudpP bma=umifhwdkufzdk@vdkao;oenf;? Adkvfoef;a&$ESifh xdyfwdkuf
rawG@vdkI ajymjcif;om jzpfrnf[k xifonf?
tar&duefu ukvor*~q;Hk jzwfcsuu
f ikd +f yD; zdtm;ay;aejcif;udk uef@uu
G pf &m r&Syd g? ukvor*~ jyifbufxu
G +f yD; tkycf sKyfol
ajymif;ypfrnf [k ajymraeyg? xdkodk@ajymrnfh tajctaevnf; rawG@&yg?
tu,fI ajymvm+yD qdkygpdk@/ ppfa&;t& usL;ausmf+yD qdkygpdk@/ uGefjrLepfrsm;u trsKd;om;ppfyGJjzifh wkH@jyefrnf? jynfcspfppfyGJ
jzifh ckcHrnf? jynfcspfppfyGJ wdkuf&v#if jynfo@l=um; wyfazsmuf rSmudk uqdkonf?
Adv
k af rmifat;u zufqpfawmfveS af &; tawG@tuHukd ,l+yD;ajymjcif; jzpfonf? axmufcEH ikd yf gonf? od@k aomf cg;jywfaeonf?
jynfol=um; wyfazsmufEdkifzdk@qdkv#if trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk}uD; &Sd&rnf? wyfrawmf udk uqdkrnfh aus;&Gm/ a'o &Sd&rnf?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;wGif wyfazsmufor#a'owdik ;f udk Auy u uwifjyifqifxm;jcif; jzpfonf? pm;0wfaea&;ryl&atmif jyifxm;jcif;
jzpfonf? trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;onf tajccHjzpfonf? nD!Gwfa&;r&SdbJ wyfazsmufvdk@ r&/ wyfysufwmyJ jzpfrnf? tD&wfwGif
wyfysufjcif; jzpfonf? yd&rpfudk aZmufxdk;wnfaqmufI r&yg?
Adv
k o
f ef;a&$EiS hf taygi;f ygrsm; vkyaf eonfrmS trsK;d om;nD!w
G af &;udk zsuq
f ;D jcif; jzpfonf? wdik ;f jynfukd acsmufxJ qJcG saejcif;
jzpfonf? 'gudk t&ifqkH;wm;qD;zdk@ vdktyffygonf?
Adkvfoeff;a&$ESifhtaygif;ygrsm; aemufqkwfcsifv#if aemufqkwfzdk@tcsdef &Sdao;onf? =umv#if aemufqkwfIr&onfhtjzpf
qdu
k v
f rdf rhf nf? tkycf sKyfol tajymif;tvJ vkyrf nfo
h rl sm;rSm jynforl sm; jzpfonf? rsK;d qufopfvil ,frsm; wyfO;D tjzpfygonfh jynforl sm;
jzpfonf?

Armjynfvw
G af jrmufa&;twGuf jynfyu b,forl S vkyaf y;rSm r[kwb
f ;l ?
ud,
k b
hf mom vky&f r,f?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;rlopftay: oabmxm;
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[dpk nf;k;H a&;aumfrwD.xkwjf yefcsuf
( 22003 )
1? rlopf udk twdtusa=unmjcif; r[kwo
f jzifh a,bk,soabmxm;om ay;Ekid yf gao;onf?
wGif; 2 ESifh 0ef}uD; 4 yg; tygt0if toif; (3) oif;rS 6 OD;/ aygif; 11 OD;jzifh zG@J xm;aom OD;aqmif
tzG@J . qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk apmifh=unfh&OD;rnf? odk@aomf ,if;tzJG@. qkH;jzwfcsufudk ar#mfvifhcsuf
awmh odyrf xm;yg? 1962 ckEpS w
f 0du
k q
f u
D v,form;ES;D aESmyJrG sm;vdyk if jzpfrnf[k cef@reS ;f ygonf?
xdkpOfu qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; vkyfawmhrvdkvdk avoHypfaecsdefjzpfI ajr&Sifpepf
zsuo
f rd ;f +yD; v,fvyk o
f v
l ,fyikd af &;yJ vkyaf wmhrvdv
k kd rdi_ ;f wdu
k &f onf? uGejf rLepfa[mif;rsm; rsupf d
vnfum awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtwGuf 0g'jzef@ay;ovdk jzpf cJhonf? v,form;rsm;udk vdrfvnff
vSnfhjzm;Ekdifjcif;a=umifh ae0if;ppftkyfpk toufSLacsmifoGm;onf?
,ckvnf; 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfjzifh v,form;udk ac|;odyzf @kd u t"dujzpfonf[k ,lqygonf?
pyg;ukefonfrsm;/ qefpuf ydkifrsm; rsufpdvnfwmu ta=umif;r[kwfyg?
2? v,form;udk ac|;odyfzdk@vdkae+yDjzpfa=umif; oef;a&$ppftkyfpk odygonf? wm0efauspyg;
0,fonfph epfukd v,form;awG rvdv
k m;wm/ xkwv
f yk cf sipf w
d u
f ek cf ef;wmudk 10 ESpf 10 rd;k ausmrf S
odvmwmvnf; v,form;rsm;u ppftkyfpkudk v_yfE_d;vdkufvdk@ jzpfygonf?
v,form;rsm;ESihf r@aeqif;&Jom;rsm;onf 1990 u 'DcsKyfukd rJawGpk yHay;vdu
k jf cif;rSm
tajymif;tvJvckd siaf om a=umifh jzpf.? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd rE aW v;rS r@aeqif;&Jom;rsm;u
uqdk=uonfrSmvnf; tajymif;tvJvdkcsif aoma=umifhyif jzpf.? r@jyb0ESifh aus;vufcHpm;r_
&Sdolrsm; jzpfonf?
jynfe,fc&D;wGif uolrsm;uvnf; v,form;ESihf r@aeqif;&Jom;rsm; trsm;pkjzpfonf?
xdkokd@uqdkolrsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwdkif rvGwfvyfa=umif;/ tcsKyftjc,f
cHae&a=umif;/ ajymcsif&majymr&a=umif; awG@vdkuf&onf? TwGif OpPm&ifvdk OpPm&ifc&J rnf[k
od v d k u f = uonf ? wck c k v k y f r S jzpf a wmh r nf [k &J & J w if ; wif ; ajymvm=uonf ? etz
a&$em;awmfayguf=um;um acwfpepfa[mif;. aemufqkH;usefaomtarG wm0efauspepfudk
z,f&Sm; (zsufodrf;[k rokH;wm owdyyg ) ay;ygrnf[k ppftkyfpku ajymvmjcif; jzpf.?
trSefrSm wm0effauspyg; om vufuseftarGr[kwf/ ppftkyfpk/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf/
ppftpd;k &onfvnf; vufuset
f arG jzpf.? t}u;D qk;H tarGvnf; jzpfonf? ppf 3 ppf udk rzsuv
f #if
wm0efauspyg;pepfzsufvnf; bmrSxl;rnf r[kwfyg?
ppftpdk;&u ajrawGtm;vkH; olydkifvkyfxm;onf? wcsKd@udk ppfwyfydkifay;onf? jynfyrS
aiG&Sifrsm;udkyif ajrawGiSm;ay;zdk@ tpDtpOf&Sdaeonf? ukr`%Drsm;udk ESpf&SnfvkyfcGifhay;onf?
v,form;udkawmh wESpfwcgvkyfcGifhay;onf? Tpepfrzsuf v#if wm0efauspyg; zsufkHjzifh
tusK;d xl;rnfr[kwyf g?
3? etz. xkwjf yefcf suw
f iG f a0hvnfvnfvyk x
f m;wm tuGuq
f ifxm;wm awG@&onf? owfrw
S f
tiftm;pktwGuf qefpyg; [laomtokH;tE_ef;onf 0efxrf;qeff udk ajymjcif;avm/ okd@wnf;
r[kwf tjcm;rnfonfhoabmygao;oenf; r&Sif;yg?
3

_ynfolhtm%m
0,f&if;aps;twdkif; MAPD odk@a&mif;ay;&rnf[kqdkojzifh ukefonfrsm;u p&dwfpdkuf0,fay;&rnf[k ajymovdk jzpf.?
ukefonfrsm;twGuf rpkd;&drfyg? olwdk@r_H;atmif vkyfwwfygonf? ppftpdk;&uvnf; ypfxm;rnf r[kwfyg? ta&mif;oGuf
ypPnf;rsm;csay;+yD; aoG;pkyfcGifhay;ygvdrfhrnf? aemufqkH;owWKcsvdkufv#if v,form;yJ qif;&Jom;rsm;yJ cH&ygvdrfhrnf?
4? pyg;0,f,al &;rlopff csrw
S jf cif;onf b%ft
f usyt
f wnf; udyk g wygwnf;ajz&Si;f jcif; jzpfonf[k ,lqEdik o
f nf? ukeo
f nfrsm;vdrk nfh
aiGa=u;t&if;tESD;udk b%frsm;uyHhydk;rnf[k qdkxm;onf?
b%ftusyftwnf; udpPESifhywfouf+yD; NLD OD;vGifu ol@tawG@tuHt& xifjrifcsufay;&mwGif pyg;0,f,la&;umv
wGif aiGtvkH;t&if; cdkif/ r@e,f t0,f'dkifrsm;odk@ jzef@cGJcsay;&onf[k qdkonf?
,ckpepft&qdv
k #if e,fo@kd aiGrsm; jzef@ccGJ say;p&m rvdak wmh? ukeo
f nf}uD;rsm;udk csay;vdu
k f jHk zifh +yD;rnf? t*Fvyd x
f iG cf o
hJ nfh
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf yJGpm;}uD;pepfodk@ jyeffoGm;jcif;yif?
5? ra&r&mxkwjf yefcf suu
f kd oabmxm;ay;&ojzifh a,bk,srw
S cf suo
f m ay;Ekid yf gonf? twdtusay;Ekid o
f nfh rSwcf surf mS ppftyk pf w
k iG f
Ekid if aH &;tajymif;tvJvyk &f eff tpDtpOfr&Sad o;? qefpyg;udpw
P iG f tajymif;tvJvyk +f yD; tm%mudx
k ed ;f odr;f &efom tmkx
H m;aeqJ[I
l
jzpfonf?
wGi;f (2) Adv
k pf ;kd 0if;udk wHwm;zGiyhf aGJ vmufom wufcidk ;f ae&mrS wdik ;f jynf.toufaoG;a=um qefpyg;vkyif ef;wGif tm%mukef
ay;vdkufwmudkvnf; owdyrdonf?
EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJ aqG;aEG;yJGESifhywfouffI wGif; (1) Adkvfcif!Gef@ bmxGufajymrvJ apmifh=unfhaeonf? Adkvfpkd;0if;u
pyg;0,f,al &;rlopfuakd jymv#if Adv
k cf if!eG @f u awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;rlopfukd ajym&rnf? vlxu
k pdwrf &Sno
f nfrmS wm0efauspyg;udpo
P m
ruyg? tcsed q
f aGJ eonfh aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJu
G pd v
P nf; ygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ajymaev#if wk@H jyef&rnfo
h rl mS Akv
d o
f ef;xGe;f r[kw/f
Akdvfcif!Gef@jzpfonf?
1365 ck/ uqkefvqef; 2 &uf?
2003 ck/ arv 1 &uf?

A[dkpnf;kH;a&;aumfrwD
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD

TwGif OpPm&ifvkd OpPm&ifc&J rnf[k odvu

kd =f uonf?
wckcv
k yk rf S jzpfawmhrnf [k
&J&w
J if;wif; ajymvm=uonf?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

vlxu
k kd 12 bd;k usnaf wGo;kH +yD; ypfcwfz@kd etz jyifqifaewmESiyhf wfoufI
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[dpk nf;H;k a&;aumfrwD
ajyma&;qdck iG hf o
dS .
l xkwjf yefcsuf 12003
(9 - 1 - 2003)
(1) etz u vlxkudk ajcmufvSef@&muae ypfcwfzdk@txdwufzdk@ jyifae+yD? ykvdyfawGudkifwJh
b&if;*ef;awGudk 12 bdk; (twelve - bore) usnf xnfhypfEdkifatmif jyifaeonf? 12 - bdk;
usnfu 2 vHk;jyL; - wvHk;cg;csdK;aoewfrSm oHk;wJhusnfawG jzpfonf? =uuftkyfiSuftkyfudk
ypfonfhusnf jzpfonf? cJvHk;rsm;rsm; xnfhypfEdkifonf? p&dwfESifhypfv#if twHk;tHk; '%f&m
&Edik o
f nf? vlxu
k kd ajcaxmufypf+yD; twH;k tH;k '%f&m&atmif a'0'wf^m%fjzif}h uHjcif; jzpfonf?
(2) ppfwyfuypfv#if rSefatmifypfw,f qdkwmudkawmif &ifqdkif0HhwJhvlxkudk 'Dvdkajcmufvdk@
&dk;vm;? &cdkifbufrSm rjzpfnpfus,f &efp&muae wqifhwuf+yD; 12 bdk; usnfe@J ypfrd&if
tJ'g[m aemufqw
k v
f @kd r&wJph nf;udk ausmrf w
d m jzpfvrd rhf nf? 'Dru
kd a&pDo@kd +ird ;f csr;f pGmul;ajymif;a&;
ar#mfvifhcsufudk t+yD;tydkif ydwfvdkufwm jzpfvdrfhrnf? bmyJjzpfjzpf vlxk. 'Drdkua&pDodk@
ul;ajymif;a&; oEMXd mefuawmh ysuo
f mG ;rnfr[kw?f yd+k y;D cdik rf mvmvdrrhf nf? vlxu
k tjcm;a&G;vrf;
udk a&G;=uvdrfhrnf? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;vrf;udk pcef;ukefvrf;ukef oGm;vdk@r&rS tJ'Dvrf;udk a&G;=urSm
jzpfonf?
(3) 1988 - 89 u EdkifiHwumhtajctaeESifh ,ck 21 &mpk tajctae rwlawmhonfudk etz
ppftyk pf k odoifo
h nf? ajcvSr;f wvSr;f vSr;f awmhrnfqv
kd #if t}udr}f udrpf Of;pm;+yD;rS vkyo
f ifo
h nf?
tv#if;oifhojzifh 1945 - 46 u t*Fvdyfwdk@. pOf;pm;r_udk azmfjyvdkonf? olwdk@vnf; t=urf;
udkifzdk@ yxru pOf;pm;cJhonf? ukvm;ppfwyfudk oHk;cGifhr&? tvdkawmf&dppfwyfudkvnf; pdwfrcs
ojzifhom t=urf;rudkif0HhbJ bk&ifcHtopfcef@um aphpyfa&;pm;yGJodk@ a&mufcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
aphpyfa&;pm;yGaJ &mufv#ifum; vGwfvyfa&;odk@ +idrf;csrf;pGm ul;ajymif;a&;wHcg; yGifhawmhonf?
'Drdkua&pDodk@ ul;ajymif;&mwGifvnf; aphpyfa&;pm;yGJrSwqifhom vlxku oGm;vdk
=uonf?
12 - bdk; - b&if;*ef; udk oHk;cJhv#ifum; tidkvG,fI t_dufcuf jyifr&onfhtrSm;
jzpfvdrfhrnf[k tcsdefrD owday;vdkuf&yga=umif;?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

b%ffrsm;tusyftwnf;awG@aejcif;ESifhywfoufI
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwDajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf
22003
(23 - 2 - 2003)
1? EdkifiHa&;vdktyfcsufudk OD;pm;ay;um/ tjrifwdkaom pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGrJ _rsm;a=umifh aiGa=u;azmif;yG
aewm =um+yD? ,ckawmh rxde;f odr;f Edik af vmufatmif azmif;yGrnft
h E &W m,f uHaeonf? rqv vkycf hJ
ovdk w&m;r0ifvnf; ra=unm&J? tawm rowf aiGawGu
kd x
f w
k v
f #iv
f nf; azmif;yGr_ wqifw
h ;kd vmrSm
pdk;ae&onf? tjrifwdkpGm vkyfxm;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; udkvnf; &yfrypf0Hh? vufwdk tdk;rsuf
ae+yD? awmifa0S;vJonfudk zdk;olawmf rxlEdkifa=umif; awG@vkduf=u&+yD? zdk;olawmf udkf,fwdkif rvJ[k
rnfolr# rajymEdkif?
2? tjrifwdkaom pD;yGm;a&;cef@cGrJ _qdkonfrSm (u) AuyatmufrS cGx
J Gufvm=uolrsm;udk rl;,pfaq;0g;
vkycf iG hf ay;cJ&h jcif;/ (c) NLD udk axmufcaH om oHCmawmfrsm;tm; odr;f oGi;f &ef aoewfcg;=um;xd;k +yD;
bk&m;wnfausmif;aqmuf tawmrowf vkyaf e&jcif;/ (*) Edik if aH &;tpOftvmESihf =oZmr&So
d rl sm;jzpfI
wyfudk+idrfatmif acsmhae&jcif;/ e,fpm;y,fpm;ay;um xdef;ae&jcif;/ (C) ppfa&;tjrifoufoufjzihf
rvdktyfaom vrf;wHwm;rsm; wnfaqmufaejcif;wdk@onf t"dutcsufrsm; jzpfonf?
3? ukpm;&efaq;enf;&Sda=umif; olwdk@vnf; odonf? jynfolvnf; odonf? urBmuvnf; odonf?
xdak q;enf;rSm NLD ESihf tjrefaphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef jzpf.? ,ckawmh xdo
k @kd rvkyb
f J NLD ausmf tar&duef
ac:+yD; aphpyfaqG;aEG;csifonf[k ajymaeonf?
4? rsufarSmuftusyftwnf;onf tar&duefESifh&efjzpfI ay:aeaomtusyftwnf; r[kwf/
jynfolESifhjzpfaeonfh tusyftwnf;jzpfojzifh jynfolESifh/ NLD ESifh tcsdefrqGb
J J tjrefqHk;aphpyfyg[k
wdkufwGef;vdkufonf?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[dpk nf;H;k a&;aumfrwD
ajyma&;qdck iG hf o
dS .
l xkwjf yefcsuf trSwf 32003
2003ckEpS /f azazmf0g&D 24 &uf?
1? tusyt
f wnf;rsKd ;pHEk iS hf uaH wG@ae&aom etztpd;k &taejzifh bmudrk qdk vkyv
f mEdik af =umif; Armjynf
ta&; pdwf0ifpm;olwdkif;u wGufqxm;=uonf? odk@aomf tar&dueftpdk;&tm; ajAmifvuf,yf
ac:vdkufonfh tjzpfudk awG@&aomtcg tm;vHk;vdkvdk tHhtm;oifhoGm;=uonf? etzppftkyfpkonf
ryfvkqJqJ oabFmay:u rmvdefr;vdk tufpftdktufpf (S.O.S.) ac: u,fawmfrlyg a=u;eef;ydk@aejcif;
jzpfa=umif; vlwdkif;owdxm;rd=uonf?
,cktxdawmh etzu [efu,
kd zhf @kd vyk u
f m 0giS w
f efo@kd wdu
k f u
kd af jymonfyh rkH sKd ; rvkyaf o;bJ
aeonf? tdrfjzLawmfuvnf; at;ae0if;wdk@tay: ppftpdk;&uvkyfovdk rdrdwdk@udk bmr#wdkufdkuf
rajymao;ygqdk+yD; 'l;axmufawmif;yefcdkif;aeonf? etz.tajctae rnfr#qdk;a=umif; bkSfwdk@u
aumif;aumif;odonf? avmfbyD pJG m;rsm;iSm;um olw@kd xcH pm;zd@k ud;pm;aeonfrmS =um+yDr[kwaf vm?
2? etzonf 9 -11 ta&;tcif;rSm tdrfjzLawmfbufrSm uarsmaomyg; &yfjycJhonf? ol@&J@
rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;udk todtrSwfyygrnfhta=umif; rsuf&nfcHxdk;cJhonf? rav;Sm;wGif
usif;yrnfh bufrvdkufnDvmcHudk Adkvfoef;a$/ Adkvfcif!Gef@tyg/ etz xdyfoD;acgif;aqmifawG
wufa&muf+yD; vlawmwdk;a=umif;jyzdk@ pDpOfxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf xdktpnf;ta0;udk wufvdkufygu
tar&duef. tD&wftay:oabmxm;tyg ay:vpDtrsKd ;rsKd ;udk a0zefaeonfh rav;Sm;0ef}uD;csKyf r[m
oD,mESihf awG@q&kH vdrrhf nf? xd@k jyif xdt
k pnf;t0;u tD&wftay:ppfyr_ukd qef@usiaf =umif; qH;k jzwfcsuf
rsdK;csrnfh taetxm;vnf;Sdaeojzifh etzxdyfoD; Adkvfoef;a$u usef;rma&;ta=umif;jyum
roGm;awmh[ka=unmvdkufonf? EdkifiHa&; ESmap;wmrSef; vlwdkif;odonf? odvnf; rwwfEdkif/
&mZmvDtm; Armjynfo@kd zw
d af c: jcif;udyk g tcsed af wGa$@qikd ;f cJo
h nf? Tvky&f yftm;vH;k rSm 0giS w
f eftm;
ajAmifwzufowf yd;k yef;aerSe;f tifrwefoo
d monf? od@k aomf tar&duefurl pD;yGm;a&;t&ydwq
f @kd rnf
qdo
k nft
h ajymrsKd ;jzifo
h m etzppfAv
kd af wGukd 0uftw
l if;cJo
h nf? olw@kd ukd }uHzwfvkd t&nfuek af tmif
apmifhaejcif;jzpf[efwlonf? odk@aomf etz.tajctaeu tcsdefqGJaevdk@ r&awmh?
TwGif ar;p&mSdvmonfrSm etztpdk;&onf rdrdjy\emudk ukvor*~vdkae&mrsdK;udk
rwifjybJ bma=umifh tar&duefudkrS wifjy&oenf;? Ttpdk;&onf udk,fhEdkifiHjynfwGif;a&;udk
ud,
k b
hf mom ajzSi;f Edik af omt&nftcsi;f rS+d yaD vm? od@k qykd gu Tppftyk pf o
k nf tpd;k &vkyx
f u
kd o
f rl sm;
r[kwfacs?
3? etztaejzifh wdkif;jynf.tusyftwnf;rsm;udk wu,fajzSif;vdkygu aqG;aEG;yGJpmyGJ0dkif;wGif
ajzSif;&rnfjzpfa=umif; tm;vHk;uvnf;axmufjy/ olwdk@udk,fwdkifvnf;odonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onf
aqG;aEG;aomtvkyfrSty bmudkrqdk vkyfrnfqdkaomyHk azmfjyaeonf?
Armjynf jynfolrsm;url etztpdk;&udk pmyGJ0dkif;qD ydk@ay;jcif;udkom vdkvm;=uayonf?
udk,fhjynfwGif;a&;udk udk,fhEdkifiHwGif;0,f ajzSif;Edkifonf [laom*k%fudkom wefzdk;xm;=uayonf?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[dpk nf;k;H a&;aumfrwD

ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS .
l xkwjf yefcsuf trSwf 42003
(2003 ckEpS /f rwfv 7 &uf )
1? etz. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD usqkH;aewm=um+yD? ,ck bma&;bufodk@ul;pufvmjcif;jzpf.?
2? etz u wyfrawmf udk wif;wif;usyfusyfudkifxm;Edkifv#if vlxkudk umvydkif;wck +idrf0yf
ydjym;atmiff vkyfEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;/ bma&;udkrl +idrf0yfydjym;atmif rvkyfEkdifyg?
qlygazmif;yGr_ rS [dkfufygazmif;yGr_ odk@ ul;awmhrnfh tajctaeqdkufaeyg+yD?
3? olwdk@ESifhtwl wdkif;jynfudkqJGESpfoGm;&ef etzudk cGifhryoifhyg? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;wGif
wdkif;jynfudku,fwifzdk@ wm0ef&Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh NLD, CRPP wdk@wGif wm0ef&Sdygonf?
tyoabmjzifh 0ifIa&S@aqmifoifh+yD[k xifjrifygonf?
bufaygi;f pkH tajymif;tvJprD u
H ed ;f wck tcsed rf cD srw
S v
f yk af qmifyg&ef tav;teuf
wdkufwGef;tyfygonf?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
wm0efauspyg;udpP Adv
k pf ;kd 0if;xkwjf yefcsuef iS yhf wfoufI
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw/D A[dpk nf;H;k a&;aumfrwD
ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS .
l xkwjf yefcsuf
trSwf 5 2003
(26 - 4 - 2003)
1? jynfyudk tcsujf yaoG;wd;k prf;+yD;/ wGi;f (2) udk yGx
J w
k u
f m/ wm0efauspyg;udpu
P kd a=unmcJo
h nf?
a=unmcsufu a,bk,susvGef;ojzifh vSnfhuGufwck zefwD;jcif;[k oHo,&Sdygonf?
Tenf;udk 1962 ckESpfu awmfvSefa&;aumifpD vnf; vkyfzl;onf? ajr&Sifpepf
zsuo
f rd ;f awmhra,mif/ v,fvyk o
f l v,fyikd af &; vkyaf wmhra,mif vkyjf y+y;D tpd;k &vuf0g;}u;D tkyf
ajr&Sif}uD;pepf udk usifhoHk;cJhonf?
tpdk;&vuf0g;}uD;tkyf ajr&Sif}uD;pepf qdkonfrSm ajr,mtm;vHk; tpdk;&uydkif+yD;
ajr,mcsxm;jcif;udk tpd;k &uvkyu
f m ajr,mxGuo
f ;D ESrH sm;udk vuf0g;}u;D tky0f ,f,jl cif; jzpfonf?
wm0efauspyg;0,fonfph epfrmS tpd;k &vuf0g;}uD;tkyaf jr&Sipf epftwGi;f rS tpdwt
f ydik ;f
uav;wckom jzpfonf?
rnfol ydkifoenf;/ rnfol toHk;yoenf;/ txGufypPnf;udk rnfodk@cGJa0oenf;
qdkonfudk oHk;oyfavhvmzdk@u ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpf.?
2? ES p f aygif ; 40 twG i f ; wG i f ajr,myd k i f q d k i f r _ o nf tpd k ; &vuf w G i f ;rS ppf w yf y d k i f t jzpf
ajymif;oGm;aomajr,mrsm; {uaygif;rsm;pGm &SdcJhonf? ppfwyfydkifajr,maygif; rnfr#&Sdoenf;?
Tpm&if;udk (etz) xkwfjyefapvdkonf?
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vufa0cHukr`%D}uD;rsm;odk@ vkyfydkifcGifhay;xm;aom ajr,mpm&if;
udkvnf; xkwfjyef&rnf?
,cktcg a&eufuGif;v,f/ a&oGif;a&wifv,f,mrsm;tjyif zm;uef@vdkae&mrSmyif
ausmufwGif;av#mufxm;olrsm;udk v,fajrb,favmufazmf&rnfqdkum wm0efay;vkyfcdkif;
onfrsm; &Sdygonf? olwdk@ydkifv,fajrawG tajrmuftjrm;jzpfvmaeonf? Tt&mrsm;onf
rsufjcnfjywfcHI r&aomudpPrsm; jzpfonf?
od@k ro
S m awmifov
l ,form;rsm;vufwiG &f adS om vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf ajr,m{uudk odEikd rf nf
jzpfonf?
3? vlOD;a&u wdk;onfxufwdk;+yD; awmifolv,form;rsm;. vkyfydkifcGifh&ajr,mrsm; =umav
avsmeh nf;av jzpfaev#if - v,form;b0 =umavusyw
f nf;av jzpfrnft
h a=umif;udk awmifol
v,form;rsm; owd&Sd=uzdk@ Ed_;aqmfygonf?
4? Adkvfpdk;0if;udk pwifyGx
J kwfvdkufjcif;udkvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk@owdyrdonf? NLD udk t=urf;udkifzdk@
ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsurf sm;udzk suzf @kd ppftyk pf w
k iG f t}uq
H ;kd &Sad e+yaD vm[k u|Eyfk w
f @kd p;kd &draf =umif;udyk g
xkwjf yefvu
kd yf gonf?
9

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
&mZmvD. 10 }udraf jrmufc&D;ESihf ywfoufI
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS .
l
xkwjf yefcsuf (62003)
( 16/ 5/ 2003 )

10

1? tcsdefqGJaewm =um+yD? ,ckvnf; tcsdefqOJG D;rnf[k ,lq&onf? ,ckwavm etz u 2

rsufESm ay:vpD vkyfaeI Todk@,lqjcif; jzpfonf?
- a':atmifqef;pk=unf. c&D;pOfrsm;udk wzufu cGihf y+yD;/ wzufu }uH@zG@H udk tm%m&
ygwDwckvdk v_yf&Sm;aponf? wzufu tykyfcs+yD;/ wzufu tjynfht0 ,Hk=unfonf[k
ajymaeonf?
- wzufu ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsut
f wdik ;f aqG;aEG;aeyg+yD[ak jym+yD;/ wzufu b,fawmhrS
raphpyfbl;/ tm%mrtyfbl;[k ajymaeonf?
- tar&duefudk r&Jw&J udkvdkeDe,fcsJ@vufopf[kajym+yD;/ wzufu aqG;aeG;yg&ap[k
c,awmif;yefaeonf?
2? wdkuf&mygypPnf; vufrv$wfcsifwmu tcsdefqGJjcif;. t"duta=umif; jzpfonf? 1990
a&G;aumufy&GJ v'fudk ta=umuftuefjiif;qefjcif;onf 1990 w0dkufuqdkv#if rqv ppftkyfpk
wdkuf,lxm;aom wdkuf&mygypPnf;rsm; vufrvGwfapzdk@ tumtuG,fay;ae&jcif; jzpf.? ,ck
2000 jynfhESpfw0dkufwGifum; olwdk@udk,fwdkif. wdkuf&mygypPnf; udkyg umuG,f&jcif; jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh ydk+yD;ta=umuftuef jzpfvdrfhrnf?
ukvor*~ut
kd mcHv#if jzpfvmrnft
h usKd ;qufukd olw@kd wu
G w
f wfygonf? xdo
k @kd vyk v
f #if
wdkuf&mygypPnf; tm;vHk; qHk;H_;oGm;rnfudk odygonf? xdk@a=umifh ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk
,wdjywfy,fcsrnf r[kwfyg? olwdk@vdkcsifaom abmifxaJ &mufatmifom vkyfygvdrfhrnf?
olwdk@vdkcsifwmu EsL&if;bwfcHkHk; rwifygbl;[laom tmrcHcsufr[kwf? wdkuf&myg
ypPnf; udk qufvufcHpm;ap[laom tmrcHcsuf jzpfygonf?
trsdK;om;nDvmcH wGif olwdk@vdkcsifwmtm;vHk;udk tjzLtrJa&;xm;+yD; jzpfonf? &Sif;&Sif;
3? trs
vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om;vnf; a&;xm;onf? tESpf 40 twGi;f ppftyk pf t
k qufquf pkaqmif;rd
xm;aompnf;pdrfOpPmrsm;udk qdk&S,fvpf t&if;tESD; qdk+yD;pkvdkuf/ rm&S,favm jzifhpkvdkuf
pkxm;aompnf;pdrOf pPm wdu
k w
f m+cHajrrsm; vufrvGwaf pzd@k tmrcHcsu&f atmif a&;xm;jcif; jzpf.?
tm%mjzifh pkxm;aom pnf;pdrfOpPmudk tm%mjzifhyif xdef;&rnfqdkwm olwdk@odonf?
Adv
k af e0if;u OD;ae0if;od@k tm%mv$eJ nf;rsKd ; v$cJ siI
f trsKd ;om;nDvmcH ac:cJo
h nf? qH;k jzwfcsuu
f kd
r&&atmifvyk zf @kd }upH nfpOfrmS yGyJ suo
f mG ;cJo
h nf? cJavor#oaJ &us jzpf&ojzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf
tay: pdwfemaeonf?
rnfodk@yif pdwfemygap NLD udk ypfy,fI r&a=umif; olwdk@odonf? NLD - CRPP
rygv#if trsdK;om;nDvmcH Zmwfudk qufuI r&yg? trsdK;om;nDvmcH qufu+yD; olwdk@
a&;xm;aom tajccHOya' udk vdkwdk;ydkav#mh aphpyfvdk[ef &Sdonf? oabmuawmh trsdK;om;
nDvmcHpm;yGaJ y:wGif aphpyfa&; jzpfonf?

_ynfolhtm%m
ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsuw
f iG f trsKd ;om;nDvmcH udpP rygyg? ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsu.
f twGi;f oabmudk NLD ajyma&;qdck iG hf
&Sdol OD;vGifuajym+yD; jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@vnf; xdktwdkif;yif oabm&ygonf?
1990 a&G;aumufyw
GJ Gif NLD rEdkifv#if ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufyif ay:vmrnf r[kwfyg?
1990 atmifyG&J zdk@ jynfolrsm; tepfemcHchJ&vS+yD? jynfol@om;aumif;rsm; tepfemcHae&qJ jzpfonf? tcsdK@ usqHk;cJh=u+yD?
tcsdK@vnf; uG,fvGef=u+yD? olwdk@tay: u|efawmfwdk@ opPm&Sd=u&ygrnf? trsdK;om;nDvmcH vSnfhuGufxJ trdrcHoifhyga=umif;
tEl;t!Gwfwifjyygonf/
4? &mZmvDo@kd owday;csu?f ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsuaf bmifxufausm+f yD; rvkyrf zd @kd owdyoifo
h nf? etz. tcsed q
f JG enf;y&d,m,fukd
ausmfv$m;&ef[k ta=umif;jy+yD; trsdK;om;nDvmcHopf qdkwmudk a&mif;cszdk@ ru;pm;apcsifyg?
ukvor*~ (wGif;csKyf) . txl;udk,fpm;vS,fonf rav;&Sm;tpdk;&. udk,fpm;vS,ftvkyfudkygwGJ+yD; rvkyfoifhyg? (9)
}udrfajrmufc&D;wGif trsdK;om;nDvmcHopf [laomtoHudk ay;oGm;wm =um;vdkuf&I tm;ememjzifh owday;jcif; jzpfygonf?
ukvor*~uay;aom wm0efudkom aZmufcsvkyfoifhygonf?
topftqef;xd;k xGi;f }uHq&rnfh wm0efrmS NLD - CRPP wd@k wiG o
f m &Syd gonf? olw@kd xd;k xGi;f }uHq or#ukd ykm;wdik f
vkyf+yD; SPDC odk@ wqifhajymjyjcif;/ SPDC .tmabmfudk NLD - CRPP odk@ wqifhajymjyjcif;udkom vkyfoifhygonf? xdkxuf
ydkrvkyfoifhyg? vkyfrdv#if etz ppftkyfpkbuf vdkufovdk jzpfygvdrfhrnf?
ArmjynfrS ppftkyfpkrsm;ta=umif;udk ArmjynfjynfolawGavmuf rnfolr# rodyg? 'gudkawmh udk,fpm;vS,fawmf}uD;
todtrSwfyapcsifygonf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd ta&S@wikd ;f om;rsm;. {nfo
h nfukd rsuEf mS rysuaf p& qdak om usi0hf wf}uD;udak usm+f yD; ajym&ojzifh tm;emygonf?
uwifawmif;yefygonf?

rvky&f &J if rajymeJ@ vkyEf ikd rf aS jym/

pum;aemuf w&m;ygovdk w&m;aemufrmS - tm;yg&w,f?

11

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
'Dy,
J if; - a&OD; t=urf;zufrE_ iS fh ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
A[dpk nf;k;H a&;aumfrwD
ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS .
l xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf 72003
(2/ 6/ 2003 )
1? ppftyk pf t
k ajymif;tvJ? ajcvSr;f p+yD[k xifonf? NLD udk tm%mrv$b
J ;l qdak om tajccHrS
vmjcif; jzpfonf? ppftkyfpkwdkif;onf olwdk@ukd,fudk txif}uD;avh&Sdonf? vlxktay:
=unfjh rif&mrSm - wufuv_y&f mS ;aeolu tenf;pk - toHww
d af eolu trsm;pk[k xif=uonf?
Adv
k af e0if;u qENc,
H yl GJ vky=f unf&h atmif [k ajymcJo
h vdk a'guw
f marmifarmifu toHww
d f
trsm;pk (silent majority) [k ajymcJhonf? Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; xdkodk@yif xifaeonf?
xdk@a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk c&D;xGufcGifh y=unfhonf? toHwdwftrsm;pku
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk OyuQmyvdrfhrnf[k wGufonf? Adkvfoef;a&$wGufudef; vGJygonf?
vlxu
k =umavwufuav/ uqdak xmufcaH v jzpfaeonf? yxrtnmc&D;xuf 'kw,
d tnm
c&D;u ydkatmifjrifaeonf? b,ftajctaea&mufv#if bmvkyfrnf pDpOfxm;+yD;jzpfI
t"duk%f;zefwD;+yD; zcGv
J dkufjcif; jzpfonf?
2? ppftkyfpktopf - zGJ@csifaeonfh ta=umif;wcsuf Adkvfoef;a&$wGif &Sdonf? Adkvfae0if;
zG@J ay;xm;cJhaom e0w/ etz u ol@=oZmeSifh odyfrudkuf rD;rao? wzufwGif Adkvfae0if;xuf
olu yd+k y;D atmifjrifaeonf[k rmewufaeonf? 'ga=umifv
h J Adv
k af e0if;yif rvky0f ahH omtvkyrf sKd ;
vkycf o
hJ nf? rD;zdak csmifuufbed uf (kitchen cabinet) udk t&Sut
f a=umufrphJ mG yGx
J w
k af eonf?
jynfwGif;c&D;omru jynfyc&D;rSmyg yGJxkwfcJhonf? oHtrwfcef@tyfv$m vufcHonfhae&m
wckrSmyJ a&Smifonf?
ppftkyfpkrsdK;qufopfu tm%mt&om awG@aeonf? wdkif;r;topfrsm;wGif ol@vl
ud,
k v
hf u
l zJG @kd vdo
k nf? Adv
k o
f ef;a&$. aemufq;kH jynfwiG ;f c&D;pOfrsm;wGif ol@r;D zdak csmifuufbed uf
ac:oGm;jcif;jzifh olodcsifaomtcsufrsm; odEdkifonf? rsm;rsm;r[kwf (1) wdkif;r;topfrsm;
ol@opPmcH,lrcH,l? (2) a':atmifqef;pk=unf tay:oabmxm; - 'gyo
J dcsifonf? tajzudk
oloo
d mG ;cJyh &kH onf? Adv
k af rmifat;/ Adv
k cf if!eG @f ab;a&mufaeovdk jzpfomG ;onf? Adv
k af rmifat;
uawmh Adkvfoifwef;trSwfpOf (106) ausmif;qif;yGw
J kef;u zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umvrSm
rsdK;cspfwyfrawmf[m jynfol=um;rSm wyfazsmuf+yD; jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[mudk usifhoHk;cJhw,f
vdk@yJ rdef@cGef;ay;EdkifcJhw,f? b,fol@udk wdkuf&r,fqdkwmawmh xnfhajymroGm;yg? E_wfpGmwJh
Adv
k cf if!eG @f wa,mufvJ ud,
k af jymwmudk ud,
k v
hf ufatmufi,fom;u acszsuw
f mawmif bmrS
rwkH@jyefbJ tmap;txnhfcHae&ygonf?
3? wdik ;f r;topfrsm;;udk A[dt
k m%mqD qGw
J ifz@kd Adv
k o
f ef;a&$q;kH jzwfyHk &So
d nf? wdik ;f r;rsm;uvnf;
}uH@zGH@ udk vufudkify+yD; =urf;jy&rf;jycJhonf? 'Dy,
J if; - a&OD; ta&;tcif;onf Tenf;jzifh
ay:vmjcif;yg? pmrsufESmopfu tckrS zGifhyHk&onf?
4? NLD acgif;aqmifr_tajymif;tvJ - udk ppftkyfpku vdkvm;onf? tajymif;tvJjzpfatmif
vkycf w
hJ mvnf; &So
d nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf - OD;wifO;D acgi;f aqmifr_ jyef&oGm;wmudk aerxd
xdkifrom jzpfcho
J nf?
12

_ynfolhtm%m
ppftyk cf sKyfa&;vkyx
f m;onfh Edik if w
H ckrmS Edik if aH &;wGif wufuv_y&f mS ;aeolawGukd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifz@kd ta=umif;jyp&mawGu
rsm;rSrsm;yg? =um=umxm;rvm; vdktyfoavmufyJ xm;rvm; - &onf?
tck olwdk@ESpfa,mufudk csKyfxm;vdkufyg+yD? etz bmqufvkyfrvJ
(u) &mZmvDvm&if NLD udk udk,fpm;y+yD; b,folxGufawG@rvJ
(c) trsdK;om;nDvmcH jyefprvm;
nDvmcHtopf vkyfrvm;
(*) a&G;aumufyGt
J opf vkyfrvm; apmihf=unfh&ygrnf?
AuytaeESifh tawG@tuHwck &SdchJonf? 48 ckESpf/ rwfv 28 &ufwGif OD;Ek - OD;ausmf+idrf; trdef@ESifh ygwDXmecsKyfudk0dkif;/
wjynfvHk;ygwD0ifawGudk zrf;cJhzl;onf? odk@aomf ygwDqdkif;bkwfudk rzwf/ OD;odef;azjrifhudktyfzdk@ vkyfonf? uH&onfuawmh
wjynfv;kH vuQ%maqmifwhJ ygw}D uD;w&yfrmS OD;ode;f azjrifph pk nf;rdwmu 3 a,mufom &So
d nf? ol&,f/ ol@ZeD;&,f/ udak usmjf rqdw
k hJ
ol&,f - 'gy?J olwdk@tydkifwGufxm;wJh (ol@ZeD;Zmwd) zsmyHkwa'ovHk;uyif wa,mufxGufrvm? NLD wGif OD;odef;azjrifhvdkvl
ay:rnfrxifyg? ay:zdk@vnf; rvG,fyg? 1948 tajctaeESifh ,ae@tajctaeuvnf; rwlyg?
(5) Adkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm;odk@ owday;csuf - tcsdefraESmif;rD aemufqkwfyg? a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;wdk@ tjrefv$wfjyD;
&mZmvDESifh aqG;aEG;yg?
rHk&GmESifh teD;w0dkufr@rsm;wGif jzpfysufcJhonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;eSifhywfoufI ormorwfusaom oHCmawmfrsm;/
vlyk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifonfh pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif tjrefzG@J yg?
tpD&ifcHpm tjrefxkwfyg? wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk ta&;,lyg?
oifwdk@aemufrqkwfv#if ae0if;cH&onfxufqdk;onfh jynfol@'%fcwfr_ cH&vdrfhrnf?

awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkwikd ;f [m a&G;vrf;rSeof r# zGixhf m;oifwh ,f? 'grS

vufiif;av#mufaewJv
h rf; ydwo
f mG ;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csw
D ufEikd rf ,f?

yef;wdik af &mufz@kd u t"duyJ?

13

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[dpk nf;k;H a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o

dS .
l
xkwjf yefcsuf 82003
(4 - 6 - 2003)
1? rpPwm&mZmvD vmrnfqdkonfudk uqdkygonf? atmufygtwdkif; t}uHay;tyfygonf?
2? Adkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm;taeESifh &mZmvDudk vmcGifhay;rSmyJ jzpfonf? 'gdkufwmrSm
Zmwf!e ;f &S+d yD;om; jzpfonf? &mZmvDukd rnfoEl iS ahf wG@ - rnfoEl iS rhf awG@e@J [k !e=f um;vd=k uonf?
3? awG@qkH=u&mwGif NLD bufu udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh CEC wpkv
H ;Hk
jzpf&rnf? olwdk@ESifhom ajym&rnf? vlpm;xdk;vdk@ r&yg?
etz bufrSvnf; awG@aeus Adkvfcif!Gef@e@J Akdvfoef;a&$yJ jzpf&rnf?
4? &mZmvDtaeESifh av#mhaps;ay;vdkufwm rjzpfoifh? a&epfol0g;ulESpfovdkrvkyfzdk@ tEl;t!Gwf
awmif;yefygonf?

14

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[dpk nf;k;H a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS .
l
xkwjf yefcsuf 92003
(17 - 6 - 2003)
tidkvG,fI td_ufcufaeonfh ppftkyfpk
1? NLD udk tm%mrv$cJ sifwmyJod+yD; aemufjzpfvmrnfh tusdK;qufudk xnfhrwGufrdI ppftkyfpk 'kuQvSvS
awG@ae+yD? rHk&Gm - 'DyJ,if; t=urf;zufr_}uD; zefwD;vdkufrdI Adkvfoef;a&$wa,muf tau;ykef;&onfhb0
a&mufoGm;+yD?
csu&f mS aeonfh tar&dueftwGuv
f nf; tuGuaf umif;qdu
k o
f mG ;onf? Edik if aH wmfacgi;f aqmif}uD;
*du
k zf rf;aeol xdyo
f ;D rsm;udk vlq;kd vlru
kd f (thug) [k tac:cHvu
kd &f +yD? xdyo
f ;D r[kw&f mS onfh Edik if jH cm;a&;
0ef}uD; uawmh qdkzG,f&m r&Sd+yD? zEGrf;yifwGif vlvHk;rvS jzpfae&&Sm+yD?
ae0if;ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;+yD;uwnf;u Armjynftpdk;&. EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; qdkolrsm;rSm
rnfumrwW jzpfonf?
Adkvfatmif}uD;tmacsmif+yD; EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;udpP 0ifajymrdI tzwfcH&+yD;uwnf;u eHygwf0rf;uyJ
EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;udk wdkufdkufvkyfchJonf? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; emrnfcH&olu ae0if;. qufom; ae0if;.
aiGxkwfaiGoGif; vkyfay;&ol yJ jzpfcho
J nf?
etz acwfa&mufawmh Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD; qdo
k u
l xyf+yD; tqifah v#m&Smonf? ppftyk pf t
k wGi;f vl
r[kwfI twGif;pnf;0dkif;xJ bmjzpfaeonf rodbJ vlyHkv,f yGJxGufae&&Smonf? ,ck zEGrf;yifwGifum;
t&Suu
f aJG wmhonf? tar&duef Edik if jH cm;a&;Xme. ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS u
l &,forG ;f aoG;onf? ud,
k v
f o
kd v
l kd zdvpfyikd /f
xdkif;ponfwdk@u 0if+yD;orjyonf? EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD; crsm ppftkyfpktwGif;vl r[kwfI bmr#rod? odk@aomf
EdkifiHjcm;xGuf+yD; txdk;cHzGJtdwf b0 a&mufae&&Smonf? tjrD;tarmuf rwnfhaom pum;rsm;ajymum
zmax;&&Smonf?
2? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;'kuQxuf qdk;wmu wGif; (1) jzpfonf? olu odonf? odor# eHygwf0rf;xuf ydkodonf?
odk@aomf olvnf; ppftkyfpk 0HomEk0g' &SdoljzpfI atmifhoufoufjzifh au;ykef;oludk,fpm; &mZmvDudk
xGufawG@&onf? rD;zdkacsmif uufbdeuf udk olrausmfEdkifa=umif; avmEkdifiHc&D;pOfwGif oluod+yD; jzpfonf?
odk@aomf olu EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; vdk l;a=umifrl;a=umif vkyfIrjzpf? xdk@a=umifh rdef@cGef; 2 ck
cgawmfrD xGufajymvdkufonf? &mZmvDudk aemufrSawG@onf?
rdef@cGef; 2 ckpvHk;u 'Dy,
J if;udpP rSm;onf[k oG,f0dkuf0efcHonf? NLD u prSm;I rSm;&wmyg[k
qifa0S@&efa&Smif ajymenf; ajymonf?
xdkodk@vkyfHkjzifh r+yD;? 'kOuUXudkyg "m;ckwf&m vufv#dKcdkif;onf? 2 a,mufpvHk;uvnf; Adkvfoef;a&$udk
tc|efjzifh r vdkuf=uonf? Adkvfoef;a&$ wrifa&Smifaewmudk urBmodatmif vkyfvdkuf=uonf?
3? ppftkyfpk r}uHwwf rpnfwwf jzpfaewm=um+yD? NLD udk EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&m ay;vdkuf&+yD;uwnf;u
jzpfonf? NLD uvnf; 1990 a&G;aumufyEJG dkifxm;ol/ EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&mavmuf &Hkjzifhwif;wdrfI rjzpfyg?
EdkifiHa&;tm%mtwGufyg pum;ajymzdk@ jynfolu wm0efay;cHxm;&ol jzpf.? ukvor*~uyg 0ifajymay;wm
cHxm;&ol jzpf.? acgif;a&SmifI rjzpfyg?
15

_ynfolhtm%m
&mZmvD. 9 }udraf jrmuf c&D;wGif 15 rdepf tawG@c+H yD; pOf;pm;ygrnf [k ajymxm;&onf? Adv
k o
f ef;a&$u ajymvdu
k yf rkH &?
wGif; (1) ajymvdkufyHk ay:onf? 10 }udrfajrmufc&D; jzpfvmv#if tajzrkcsay;&awmhrnf? tajzray;&atmif Adkvfoef;a&$u
&mZmvDc&D;pOf ysuaf pvdI
k cJwvH;k eSihf ,kef 2 aumif ypfvu
kd jf cif; jzpfonf? od@k aomf c&D;pOfrysub
f J au;yke;f &onfb
h 0 a&mufomG ;jcif;
jzpfonf?
4? NLD udk tjywfacsre_ ;f a&; Adv
k o
f ef;a&$.wGuu
f ed ;f vGcJ +hJ yD? r=umrD a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&Adv
k w
f ifO;D wd@k ukd v$waf y;&awmhrnf?
v$wfay;&v#if rHk&Gm - 'DyJ,if; tmZmenfrsm;. tdk;wGefvdrfhrnf?
'Dy,
J if;udpPa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk wqifhwuf&awmhrnfrSm aocsmoavmuf jzpfaeyg+yD?

tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;
,wd_ywf tydwcf &H wJah eh[m
tjurf;zufawmfvSefa&;vrf; zGifhwJhaehyJ?

16

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygww
D iG ;f &Sd BIA. BDA. PBF wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.
wyfrawmf od@k yef=um;csuf
(5 - 6 - 2003)
1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ol&AdkvfwifOD;wdk@. owif;qdk;rsm;udk u|Ekfyfwdk@
=um;od&I rsm;pGm,luH;r& jzpf&onf?
aoG; ac|; rsu&f nf ajrmufjrm;pGmus+y;D rS&xm;aom wdik ;f jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf wdik ;f jynf
waygi;f wpnf; wnf;&Srd u
_ kd +cdr;f ajcmufcaH e&onfh ,ae@vkd tajctaersK;d wGif jzpf&ojzifh wdik ;f jynftwGuf
&ifav;rdonf?
Adv
k af rmifat;u jynfo=l um;wyfazsmuf+yD;wdu
k rf nf [k ajymoH=um;vdu
k &f onf? u|Eykf w
f @kd
pdwv
f y_ v
f y_ &f mS ;&Sm; jzpf&ygonf? wqufwnf;wGif - trsK;d om;nD!w
G af &;r&Sb
d J jynfo@l =um;wyfazsmufI
&ygrnfavm[k pOf;pm;rdygonf? 1945 ckESpfu u|Ekfyfwdk@ wyfazsmufcJhygonf? trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;
wyfaygif;pk &Sdaecsdefjzpf+yD; uGefjrLepfrsm;u tppt&m&m jyifqifxm;ojzifh wyfpcef;ajymif;ovdkyJ
vkyfchJ&ygonf? pm;0wfaea&;/ vkHcHa&;udk jynfolu wm0ef,l=uygonf?
,ck tajctaerSmum; trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; r&Sdyg? &if=um;apha&; uae &if=um;
"m;axmufa&; odk@ ul;aeonf? jynfol@=um; wyfazsmufzdk@ pOf;pm;jcif;rSm pdwful;,Ofjcif;om jzpfyg
vdrfhrnf?
quf'rf[lpdefvnf; xdkodk@pdwful;,OfchJygonf? olu 21 &uf cHygonf? Adkvfoeff;a&$u 21
rdepf rcHEdkifyg?
2? Edik if w
H umh axmufcrH _ &Srd S trsK;d om;ckcaH &;ppfyGJ wdu
k Ef ikd yf gonf? 1945 ckEpS u
f u|Eyfk w
f @kd wyfazsmufwm
wc%r#om jzpfygonf? r[mrdwftultnDjzifh jyefwdkufygonf? wyfrawmf emrnfajymif;+yD;
wdkufchyJ gonf?
,cktajctaewGif oifwdk@Y r[mrdwf&Sdzdk@ rvG,fyg? ukvor*~udk tmcHae&+yD? r=umrD
tmqD,Hudk tmcH&rnfh tajctaevnf; ay:aeonf? wyfrawmfwGif;Y wm0efxrf;aqmifqJ wyfrSL;
t=uyf wyfom;rsm; tav;teuf pOf;pm;apvdk ygonf?
3? trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ppfwdkufzdk@jyif jynfwGif;ppfwdkuf&rnfhtcsdef r[kwfyg? jynfwGif;ppf
jyif;jyif;xeffxefwdkufae&csdef/ uGefjrLepfudk OD;wnfwdkufae&csdefu rqv rS e0wodk@ tm%mvJ$chJykHrsKd;
,ckvnf; tm%mvJa$ jymif;,lI&rnf[k Adv
k o
f ef;a&$/ Akv
d af &$ref;/ Adv
k pf ;dk 0if;wd@k tpk pdwu
f ;l r,Ofryd gapESi?hf
,ck oifwdk@OD;wnfwdkufae&olrSm NLD jzpfonf? NLD uvnf; t=urf;rzufa&; udk
ay:vpDcsvkyfaejcif; jzpfonf?
trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ppf wdkuf&rnfhtajctae jzpfaecsdefwGif NLD qef@usifa&;/
tjrpfjzwfa&;udk vkycf v
hJ #if tajrmftjrifr&hJ musonf? wdik ;f jynf acsmufwiG ;f ok@d 'DwcgrS trSeu
f svrd rhf nf?
17

_ynfolhtm%m
ol&bJ@G ukd Adv
k w
f ifO;D &onfrmS jynfwiG ;f ppftwdu
k af umif;Ir[kw?f trsK;d om;umuG,af &;wdu
k yf GJ wdu
k &f if;&cJjh cif; jzpfonf?
ol@tajctaeudk u|Eyfk w
f @kd trsK;d rsK;d =um;ae&onf? trsK;d om;ol&aJ umif;wOD;udk tpazsmufypfv#if oifw@kd tay: rnfou
l rS cGiv
hf w
$ rf nf
r[kwf?
4? ordkif;trJpuf zsufr&atmifvkyfaejcif;udk Adkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm; rvkyfapcsifyg? tjreffqkH;yjyifoifhonf? rsufarSmuff
EdkifiHwumhtajctaerSm jynfwGif;ppf wdkuf&rnfhtcsdef r[kwf? trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ppf twGuf jyif&rnfhtcsdef jzpfonf?
tcsdefraESmif;rD tjrifrSef&apcsifonf? tm%mavmbudk av#mh=uapcsifonf?
tyfESifhxGif&rnfhudpP ykqdefjzifh raygufyg&apESifh? om;a&$tdk;xrf;vmwm jrif&onfhvrf;jzpfonfh ukvor*~ESifh yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufonfhvrf;udk vdkuf=uyg[k wdkufwGef;vdkufygonf?

- ordik ;f trJpuf zsurf &atmif vkyaf ejcif;udk

Adv
k o
f ef;a&$EiS hf taygi;f ygrsm; rvkyaf pcsiyf g
- tyfEiS x
hf iG &f rnfu
h pd P ykqed jf zifh rayguyf g&apeSihf

18

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygww
D iG ;f &Sd BIA, BDA, PBF wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.
'kw,
d t}udrf wyfrawmfo@kd yef=um;csuf
(26- 6- 2003)
1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;wm 56 ESpf&Sdawmhrnf? ol@orD; axmifxaJ &mufaewmvnf; wvjynfh
awmhrnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;wmu e,fcsJ@vufyg;apvufcsufeJ@ usqkH;&wm jzpfonf?
*k%fa&mifajymifonf? igwdk@ajzomonf?
ol@orD;ukdaxmifxJydk@+yD; owfaewmu ppftkyfpk? AdkvfcsKyfwnfaxmifcJhwJhwyfrawmfudk
tydik pf ;D xm;+yD; tm%m odr;f xm;wJph pftyk pf ?k wdik ;f jynfukd acsmufxrJ ususatmif wGe;f csaewJph pftyk pf ?k
tJ'Dvdkjzpfaevdk@ igwdk@tvGef&ifemonf?
2? yxryef=um;csufwkef;u r=umrD tmqD,Hudk tmcH&awmhrnf[k u|Ekfyfwdk@ edrdwfzwfchJonf? ,ck
vufawG@jzpfomG ;+yD? tmqD,H tpnf;ta0;wuf&aom Ekifd if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;ESit
hf zJ@G rmS y,fy,fe,fe,f
tESdrfcHvdkuf&onf? wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;aeaom olwdk@. owif;"mwfykHrsm;udk awG@vdkuf&onf?
u|Efkyfwdk@0rf;romyg? *k%f,lp&m[k rxifyg? wdkif;jynfudk,fpm; &Sufygonf?
3? yxr yef=um;csuw
f iG f om;a&$t;kd xrf;vrf;pOf vkyzf @kd wdu
k w
f eG ;f cJo
h nf? ,ck tcsed rf aESmif;ao;yg?
Tvrf;onfomv#if wdkif;jynftwGuf taumif;qkH;vrf;jzpfI wdkufwGef;aejcif;jzpfa=umif;
wyfrawmfom;rsm; em;vnfapcsifygonf?
ukvor*~ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufygvsuf tar&duefu tD&wfwGifvkyfovdk vkyfvmv#if
u|Eykf w
f @kd vufyu
kd =f unfh aernfr[kwyf g? jynfcspw
f yfrawmfz@GJ +yD; jyefwu
kd yf grnf? 'kw,
d AD,uferfppfrsK;d
u|Eykf w
f @kd wdu
k Ef idk yf gonf? wdu
k 0f yhH gonf? od@k aomf wkwjf ynf/ tdE,
dN jynfEiS hf tmqD,t
H zJ@G . A[kcd suw
f iG f
&Sdaom Armjynfukd tD&wfrSmvkyfovdk tar&duefvkyf0Hhrnf r[kwf[k u|Efkyfwdk@wGufxm;ygonf?
xdk@a=umifh om;a&$tdk;xrf;vrf;pOf atmifjrifEdkifygonf?
wyfrawmf taeESifh *k%fa&mifajymifonfhvrf;udk a&G;Edkif=uygap[k qENyygonf?

19

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
etz t}uHay;tzG@J odk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwDrS wdkufdkufay;pm
32003
(1)
'Dy,
J if; ar 30 ta&;tcif;udk &nf!e ;f +yD; Tpmudk a&;om;jcif; jzpfonf? b,fvkd jzpfco
hJ nf/
etz bmawGqufvkyfaeonfqdkwm oifwdk@ydkodygvdrfhrnf? EdkifiHwumzdtm;udkawmh wurBmvHk;
odae=u+yD?
oef;a&$ t}uH}uD;vdk@ olwdk@aiGawG tcJcH&awmhrnf? ynmoifaewJh om;orD;awG aep&mr&Sd
jzpf=uawmhrnf? oef;a&$&@J vlru
kd *f %
kd ;f vky&f yfa=umifh erc/ rycvJ vlxw
k aH wG;cGux
f J yufvufarsm&+yD?
(2)
&Spaf v;vH;k umv Adv
k x
f eG ;f =unf aysmah ysmah ysmif;aysmif;vkyo
f mG ;wm owdxm;rdonf? 'ga=umifh
rE Wav;rSm taotaysmuf enf;cJhwmyg? &yc u AdkvfxGef;a&$/ &wc u Adkvf^m%fvif;wdk@uawmh
jynfoludk pmempdwfa=umifh ywfolywf (aemufydkif;) aoolao jzpfcJh&onf r[kwfvm;? &efukefyJ
taotaysmuf rsm;cJhonf? Adkvfae0if;&J@ tvdkqENudk pdefvGif&J@trdef@t& ppfOD;pD;csKyfapmarmif/
'kppfO;D pD;csKyfoef;a&$/ axmufvrS ;f a&;cif!eG @f w@kd &@J teD;uyf !e=f um;csuef @J &efuek w
f ikd ;f wdik ;f r;rsKd ;!Ge@f u
taumiftxnf azmfay;cJh&onf? wyfxu
J b,folawG aysmhaysmif;+yD;/ b,folawG wufwufuu
vkyf=uonfqdkwm jynfolawGu rarhygbl;?
Adv
k af pmarmifu cdik ;f or#vyk &f wJh useaf ewJph pfom; usepf pfom; vd@k rcsrd qef@ au;a=umf&if;
aooGm;&onf? Adkvfoef;a&$ b,ftcef;u ygovJ - aemifw&&J@vm; - cifAsm;wdk@ todqHk; jzpfrSmyg?
ajymcsifwmu wyfrawmfxJrSmvJ jynfoludk pmempdwf&Sdol/ rowf&ufol/ wdkif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf&Sdol
tenf;eJ@trsm; &SdqJyg?
rqv acwfrSm taz}uD;=oZmeJ@ rif;aygif;pHkpHknDnDe@J uef@uGufolr&Sd &efukefrSm 8 - 4 vHk;
vlowfy}JG uD;udk rifrifqdkifqdkif vkyfch=J uonf?
ckawmh ruufolvJ &SdyHkay:onf? 'gha=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$qENudk vufr&GH@pdk;0if;u acsmifuswhJ
ae&mrSm cdk;a=umifcdk;0Suf vkyfchjJ cif; jzpfonf?
(3)
ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;wm 3 }udrf &SdcJh+yD? odrf;wdkif;vJ wdkif;jynfacsmufxJ usawmhrSmrdk@
u,fwif&onfcsn;f ajymcJ=h uonf? tckrS wu,facsmufxJ usawmhrmS yg? wdik ;f jynf wpnf;wvH;k wnf;
&Sda&;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf tE W&m,feD;aeyg+yD? 'gudk pdk;&drfoltm;vHk;/ wdkif;cspf
jynfcspfpdwf&Sdoltm;vHk; 0dkif;u,fwif=u&rSmyg? oifwdk@tygt0if wyfrawmfxJu rsdK;cspf wyfr;
wyfom;tm;vH;k uvJ wdik ;f jynfukd u,fwifrvm;/ ppftyk pf u
k kd u,fwifrvm; pOf;pm;=u&ygvrd rhf nf?
(4)
tck oef;a&$&J@t}uH}uD;r_udk tar&duefu 0iftjrwfxkwfvdkufwm oifwdk@awG@=u+yD
r[kwfvm;? '%fcwfcH&rnfhol pm&if;xJrSmygol wcsdK@[m ppftkyfpke@J rywfoufolawG jzpfaeonf?
20

_ynfolhtm%m
etzudk xdwmtwGuf bmrSajymp&m r&Sd? 'gayrJh aiGa=u;eJ@ ypPnf;awGudk csdwfydwfvdkufHkru tar&duefuae aiGv$yJ dk@wmawGudkyg
ydwfqdk@zdk@ vkyfaeonf?
ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk wufwufuu taumiftxnfazmfvdkufvdk@ wdkif;jynfemp&mr&Sd/ emcsif;emv#if oef;a&$wdk@
wodkufyJ emygvdrfhrnf? 0rf;enf;p&m r[kwfyg?
(5)
wkwfjynf - tdENd,jynfwdk@ESifh ab;eHpyfae&aom ArmjynfwGif;a&;wGif tar&duef 0ifpGufEdkifapzdk@ tuGufazmfay;ovdk
vkycf ahJ om Adv
k o
f ef;a&$.trSm;udk oifw@kd jyifEikd yf gao;onf? vufveG u
f ek v
f #if wdik ;f jynf'u
k v
Q v
S S awG@ygvrd rhf nf? ukvor*~.abmifukd
ausmf+yD; tD&wfrSmvkyfovdk tar&duefu ArmjynfwGif vkyfr&yg? vkyfvmv#ifvnf; jynfcspf0g'Drsm;jzpfaom ArmjynfjynfolESifh
uGefjrLepfrsm;u iHk@cHaernf r[kwfyg? ppfudkrvdktyfbJ rwdkufvdkIom oifwdk@ t}uHay;tzG@J odk@ wdkufwGef;ae&jcif; jzpfonf?
1364 ckESpf/ 0gqdkvqef; 4 &uf?
2003 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif 2 &uf?

A[dkpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwD
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD

ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;wm 3 }udrf &SdcJh+yD?

odrf;wdkif;vJ wdkif;jynfacsmufxJ usawmhrSmrdk@
u,fwif&onfcsnf; ajymcJh=uonf?

21

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
vuf&SdtajctaeESifhywfouf+yD;
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwD
ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf (102003)
(7 - 7 - 2003)
1? ,ae@wGif 7 &ufZlvdkif 41 ESpf jynfh+yD? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;onfvnf; xdkpOfutajctaersdK;odk@
jyefa&mufae&jyef+yD? ,cifESifh,ck rwlonfu EdkifiHwumhtajctaeESifh jynfwGif;tajctae jzpf.?
,cifu ppfat;acwf/ AD,uferfjynfwiG ;f ppftwGi;f tar&duefajcu|v
H ufu|H 0ifrygao;?
ta&S@tm&S/ ta&S@awmiftm&S wkwf - tdENd,qufqHa&;rsm; wif;rmaeonf? xdk@a=umifh ae0if; atmif}uD; ppftyk pf u
k ausmif;om;owf/ wuo taqmuftODuAkd ;kH cGJ vkyw
f mudk AuyrSwyg; tjcm;
rnfolur# x+yD;ruef@uGufchaJ y? ruef@uGufHkr#ru AuyeSifh EdkifiHa&;t,ltq wloa,mifa,mif
&Sdolrsm;u tm%modrf;ppftkyfpkbuf vdkufchJonf? ausmif;om;awGbufu vGefwm[k ajymcJhonf?
olwdk@wawG qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&; r_dif;rdum awGa0cJh=uonf? jynfyuawmh ajymp&mrvdk?
wufwJhtpdk;& wdk@tpdk;& vkyfcJh=uonf? tvsiftjref ol@xufigOD; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDudk
todtrSwfycJh=u.?
,ckum; xdkodk@r[kwf? t}uD;tus,f ajymif;vJcJhay+yD? 'DyJ,if;udpP ESifh ywfouf+yD;
etzudk 0dik ;f +yD;jypfwif=uonf? _wcf s=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfeiS hf ol&OD;wifO;D wd@k ukd v$waf y;zd@k /
NLD udk EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&may;zdk@ ajymvm=uonf?
jynfwGif;tajctae tajymif;tvJuawmh ydk}uD;onf? NLD onf ausmif;aqmif
pnf;urf;udk y,fzsufay;ygvdk@ awmif;qdkaewJh Auo r[kwf? 90 ckESpf a&G;aumufyw
JG Gif vlxku
tm%mtyfESif;xm;jcif; cH&wJhygwD jzpfonf?
NLD udk EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&momru EdkifiHa&;tm%myg v$Jay;&rnf? xdktqifhtxd
rwufEdkifv#if *smat;ol@tardkuf jzpfaevdrfhrnf?
2? oef;a&$ESifh taygif;tygrsm; xGufaygufydwfonfhvrf;udk a&G;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf? olwdk@u cgwdkif;vdk
Edik if w
H umu vufyu
kd =f unfah ernf[k xifco
hJ nf? od@k aomf olw@kd wu
G u
f ed ;f vGcJ o
hJ nf? a&S@w;kd xrf;yd;k /
aemufqkwfvSnf;wkwf tusOf;tusyfxJ a&mufae+yD?
Auy u wdkif;jynf.tusdK;udk=unfhum olwdk@udk xGufaygufzGifhay;vdkonf? xdk@a=umifh
om;a&$tdk;xrf;vrf;pOf - ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk wufupGmtaumiftxnfazmfaomvrf;udk
vdkuf=uyg[k wdkufwGef;aejcif; jzpf.? CPB - COC u wdkif;jynfudk u,frvm;/ ppftkyfpkudk
u,frvm; [k etz t}uHay;tzG@J odk@ wdkufdkufay;pmjzifh ar;cGef;xkwfchJonf?
etz t}uHay;tzG@J qdkonfrSm oef;a&$ vufrSwfxdk;um a=unmcsuftrSwf (397)
jzifh zG@J pnf;ay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ,ck olwdk@.tcef; ay:ae+yD? 5 ESpfausmf 6 ESpfeD;yg; rnfonhft}uHr#
ray;cJh&aom t}uHay;tzG@J onf TwcgwGif t}uHay;oifh+yD?
22

_ynfolhtm%m
olwdk@udk oef;a&$ESifh taygif;tygrsm;om arhonfr[kwf/ wdkif;jynfuyg arhxm;onf? ,ck olwdk@wpcef; xoifh+yD?
t+idrf;pm;,lolrsm;/ t+idrf;pm; ay;xm;olrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um t}uHay;pmwrf;wck wifjyoifhonf? xdkpmwrf;udk etz odk@omru
jynfwGif;jynfyodk@yg jzef@oifhonf?
3? +idrf;tzG@J rsm; odk@ Auy u oD;jcm;yef=um;v$m ra&;awmhyg? ppftkyfpk rif;qufopf wufchJv#if oifwdk@udk ,cktwdkif;xm;rnf
r[kwaf =umif;/ Auy - NLD - e0w ppftyk pf =k um;wGif taeacsmifco
hJ vdk acsmifrnfr[kwaf =umif;/ jynfwiG ;f tajctae ajymif;ovdk
EdkifiHwumtajctaevnf; ajymif;cJh+yDjzpfa=umif; owdyapvdkonf?
&Jabmfa[mif;/ rdwaf qGa[mif;rsm; xdcu
kd ef pfemrnfukd rvdv
k m;ojzifh ,ckuo
hJ @kd twdtvif; owday;Ed;_ aqmfjcif; jzpfygonf?

Auy u wdik ;f jynf.tusKd ;ud=k unfu

h m
olw@kd ukd xGuaf yguzf iG ahf y;vdo
k nf?
xd@k a=umifh om;a&$t;kd xrf;vrf;pOf - ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsuu
f kd
wufupGm taumiftxnfazmfaomvrf;udk vdu
k =f uyg[k
wdu
k w
f eG ;f aejcif; jzpf.?

23

o0%fv$m
odk@
A[dkaumfrwD
zdvdydkif trsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpf wyfOD;
2003 ckESpf/ {+yD 13 &uf?
ta=umif;t&m? ? zdvyd ikd f trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd &ufwpfwyfO;D wnfaxmifonfh tESpo
f ;kH q,fajrmufae@
tcrf;tem; *k%fyo0%fv$m?
&Jabmfwdk@ - Tr*Fvmcanmif;wJh ae@xl;ae@jrwfrSm &Jabmfwdk@udk *k%fyyga=umif;
azmfjyvdyk gw,f?
'Dtcrf;tem;udk u|efawmfwdk@wufa&mufzdk@ zdwf=um;cH&wJhtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@
rsm;pGm*k%,
f yl gw,f?
(1) axmifpkESpfESpfckudk cGausmfxm;wJh 'DtESpfoHk;q,ftwGif;rSm zdvdydkiftrsdK;om;
'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;[m zdvdydkifjynfolawG&J@ ppfrSefwJhtrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDeJ@
+idrf;csrf;a&; &Sda&;wkdufyGJawGrSm }uD;rm;wJhaumif;usdK;awG ycJhygw,f? &Jabmfwdk@eJ@ u|efawmfwdk@
t=um;rSm ork'N&m}uD;rsm; jcm;em;aewmrSefayr,fh &Jabmfwdk@&J@ atmifyGJrsm;[m u|efawmfwdk@udk
t+rJtm;wuf$ifvef;apygw,f?
(2) urBm}uD;rSm 2 ESpfqdkwJh umvwdkav;twGif; usL;ausmfr_eJ@ odrf;ydkufr_}uD;wck
xyfrHuHawG@&jyefyg+yD?

urBmhtcif;tusif;opf pwifyHkay:rvdk jzpfaewJh umvrSm 0gSifwef[m

'Dppfyr_uaewqifh olwdk@omv#if t&m&mudk tqHk;tjzwfay;ol tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHjzpfa=umif;

urBmudka=unmowday;aew,fqdkwm omrefpOf;pm;wwfolwdkif; owdxm;rdygw,f? aemuf+yD;
EdkifiHwdkif;udk olcsrSwfwJh pnf;urf;twdkif;vdkufemzdk@ owday;aewmyg? wqufwnf;yJ urBmh
axmifhwdkif;rSm wif;rmr_awG jrifhrm;vmcJhygw,f? olwdk@udk quf+yD;xifwdkif;}uJcGifh yxm;&if
ppfwck+yD;wck qufay:aerSm aocsmygw,f?
(3) urBmv
h Ol ;D a&trsm;qH;k Edik if }H uD;ESpcf t
k =um;rSm wnfadS ewJh u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if t
H aeeJ@
24

_ynfolhtm%m
tar&duefzefwD;aewJh ydyuQawGt=um; nyfygroGm;atmif ud;pm;&ygr,f? wu,fvdk@ yifwm*GeftaeeJ@ ArmjynfxJudk wyfawG
apv$wfr,f qdk&if ol@twGuf qifajcay;p&mawG trsm;}uD;Sda=umif; u|efawmfwdk@owdyrdygw,f?
'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd taeeJ@ tar&duef&@J urBmpd;k rd;k a&; t}ut
H pnfawGukd qef@usif rkH u 'D&mpkEpS &f @J e,fcs@J 0g'udk ydwyf ifr,fh
vkyfief;rSefor#udk axmufcHyga=umif;?
zdvdydkiftrsdK;om; 'Drdkua&wpfwyfOD; t"Gef@Snfygap?
A[dkpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwD
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD

u|eaf wmfw@kd taeeJ@ tar&duef&@J urBmpd;k rd;k a&;

t}uHtpnfawGukd qef@usif rkH u 'D&mpkEpS &f @J e,fcs@J 0g'udk
ydwyf ifr,fh vkyif ef;rSeo
f r#ukd axmufcyH ga=umif;

25

taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;.
ta&;ay:tpD&ifcpH m?
(23 - 5 - 2003)
1? Adkvfoef;a$eHygwf0rf; jzpf+yD? Adkvfae0if;ESifhvrf;cJGt+yD; ae0if;aoawmhrS jzpfvmjcif; jzpf.?
ae0if;r&Sad omtcg/ ol@u|e,
f rkH sm; ikyo
f mG ;onf? xd@k a=umifh Adv
k o
f ef;a$eyH gw0f rf; jzpfvm&onf?
Adkvfae0if;onf ol@yk*~vdu=oZmESifh tm%mudk twGif;pnf;0dkif; (inner circle)
jzifh xdef;odrf;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ol@ordkif;udk =unfhv#if xGef;tkyf/ Apdef*dk%f;udk trSDy&mrS ponf?
aemufawmh wyfwGif;wGif qdk&S,fvpfavmif;vsmrsm; jzpfonfh Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/
Adkvfatmifa$/ Adkvfcspfcdkifudk trSDyonf? Todk@jzifh wjznf;jznf;csif; wyfwGif;=oZm xlaxmif
onf? vGwv
f yfa&;&+y;D jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfaomtcg qd&k ,
S v
f pf twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f udk trSD yEdik cf o
hJ nf?
wyftm%momru 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek.tultnDjzifh tpdk;&tm%myg &cJhonf? 1948 ckESpfu
umuG,af &;0ef}uD; ae&mavmufom rSe;f cJah omfvnf; 1949 ckEpS w
f iG f 'k0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,af &;
0ef}uD;/ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; jzpfvmcJhonf?
Todk@jzpfvm&onfrSm qdk&S,fvpf0ef}uD;rsm; tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf tpdk;&tzJG@rS
EkwfxGuf=uojzifh jzpfonf? OD;EkudktusyfawG@apcsifI qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;u tuGuf
qifum Ekwx
f u
G =f ujcif; jzpfonf? OD;Ekvnf;wif;rcHEikd b
f J r=umcifrmS yif qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm;udk tpd;k &
tzJG@wGif; jyefxnfh&onf? Adkvfae0if;vnf; wyfodk@jyefoGm;cJhonf? xdktcgupI OD;Ekonf
qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif; udk trSDyum 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfae&jcif; jzpf.? qdk&S,fvpf twGif;
pnf;0dkif; udkausmf+yD; bmr#rvkyfEdkifcJhay? Adkvfatmifqef;.tajccHjzpfaom tiftm;pkrsm;
(jynfo@l &aJ bmf/ qd&k ,
S v
f pf wpdww
f ydik ;f ) udk OD;EktajcrcHEikd o
f jzifh qd&k ,
S v
f pftwGi;f pnf;0dik ;f
yor#Ek&onfhb0 a&mufoGm;jcif; jzpfonf?
1956 ckESpfa&mufaomtcg qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;0ifwOD;jzpfonfh rdwDvm
vSarmif.t}uHycsufudk OD;EkvufcHum 0ef}uD;csKyfae&m OD;AaqGodk@ v$cJ hJonf? zqyv OuUXyJ
vkyfum zqyv oef@&Sif;a&; wESpftcsdef,l vkyfrnf[laompDrHudef; jzpf.? rdwDvmvSarmif
uvnf; wkwfjynfoHtrwfvkyfae&if; armfpDwkef;vkyfenf;udk tm;usum OD;EkudkOuUXvkyfzdk@
t}uHyjcif; jzpfonf?
zqyv oef @ &S i f ; a&;vk y f = unf h a omtcg rnf o d k @ r#oef @ &S i f ; Ir&a=umif ; OD ; Ek
odomG ;onf? OD;Eku zqyv wzJ@G v;kH jc awGy[
J k ajym.? xif;SL;aowWmpkwf jcpm;onfOh yrm
ay;um zqyvudk a0zefonf? ppfudkif;wHwm;ay:uae tdk;wkwfvnfyif;qJG+yD; ckefcs=u[k
a'gojzifh ajymonf?
tm%mudrk +DS yD; ysupf ;D ae=uonfh zqyv tzJ@G }uD;wckv;kH udk yjyifr&wmodomG ;ojzifh
0ef}uD;csKyfae&mudk wESprf jynfrh D jyef,v
l u
kd o
f nf? oef@&iS ;f csiv
f #if zqyvudk cJyG pf&rnf[al om
pDru
H ed ;f ajymif;oGm;onf? Tod@k jzifh 1958 wGif cJyG pfvu
kd u
f m oef@&iS ;f zqyv trnfcv
H u
kd o
f nf?
qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;ESifh jywfjywfom;om; vrf;cJGvdkufjcif; jzpf.?
OD;Ek.pDru
H ed ;f atmifjrifygonf? zqyv uJo
G nf? xdt
k cg qd&k ,
S v
f pftwGi;f pnf;0dik ;f
u tm%modrf;onf? xdktwGif;pnf;0dkif;. aus;Zl;jzifh Adkvfae0if; tdrfapmifhtpdk;&
0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmonf? }uH@cikd af &;tzJ@G rsm;zJ@G um Auy udk tjrpfjywfacsre_ ;f a&; vkyo
f nf?
&efukefr@awmf oef@&Sif;a&;qdk+yD; &yfuGufrsm;zsuf r@opfwnfvkyfonf? ( e0w/ etz u
Tvkyfenf;udk ajc&mvdkufeif;aejcif;om jzpf.)
26

_ynfolhtm%m
1960 aG;aumufyGJwGif OD;Ek.oef@&Sif;tjywftowfEdkif/ tm%mjyef&onf? zqyv trnfudkpGef@+yD; yxp jzpfonf?
yxptpdk;& =um=umrcHyg? OD;EkwGiftrSDy&rnfh twGif;pnf;0dkif; r&Sdyg? OD;tkyfpk Adkvftkyfpk ociftkyfpk uJGaeojzifh
ol@wGifausmdk; rJhaeonf?
tuGufacsmif;aeaom Adkvfae0if;onf Adkvfatmif}uD;tpkudk twGif;pnf;0dkif; xm;um tm%modrf;vdkufonf?
Adkvfatmif}uD;rSm qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif; uvl jzpfojzifh wESpfrjynfhrD zwfypfvdkufonf? a'gufwmarmifarmifuawmh
Adkvfatmif}uD;u ol@udk,fol ewfqm (Nasser) vdk@ xifae+yD; Adkvfae0if;udk em*pf (Naguib) vdk@ xifaevdk@ tzwfcH&wm[k
a&;onf?
qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif; tuif;tusef Adkvfatmif}uD;ESifhtaygif;ygrsm;udk z,f+yD;aemuf twGif;pnf;0dkif;opf udk
ae0if;zJ@G onf? Adv
k w
f ifaz/ Adv
k af usmpf ;kd wd@k tpku twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f jzpfvmonf? vlxt
k kH ur_}uD;rsm;ay:aomtcg xdt
k wGi;f pnf;0dik ;f udk
z,fypf&jyefonf? Adkvfpef;,k/ Adkvfat;udk/ AdkvfpdefvGif/ Adkvfausmfxif/ AdkvfxGef;wifwdk@ygaom twGif;pnf;0dkif;opf zJG@onf?
a'guw
f marmifarmifuawmh ol@aemufq;kH pmtkyw
f iG f TtzJ@G ukd twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f [kyJ oH;k ao;onf? aemufawmh twGi;f vl,rkH sm;
(Coterie) [k oHk;onf? Coterie udk twGif;vl u|ef,Hk rsm;[kyJ ajym&rnf xifonf? ae0if;/ pef;,kwdk@ rqvrS xGuf+yD;aemuf
ae0if;tyg;wGif cpm;aeolrsm;udk a'guw
f marmifarmifu Coterie [kom oH;k onf? Adv
k pf ef;,kuawmh a&aryJ? usew
f mu u|e,
f akH wG
[k qdkonf? olwdk@u ae0if;emrnfoHk;+yD; e0w/ etzudk u;udkifae=u[ef a&;onf? 1988 w0dkufu Adkvfatmif}uD;.a&;yHkrsdK;ESifh
wax&mwnf; jzpfonf? Adkvfae0if;udk u,fwif/ Adkvfwifaz/ Adkvfausmfpdk;wdk@udk tjypfyHkcsonfh Adkvfatmif}uD;enf;oHk;um a&;jcif;
jzpf.?
a'gufwmarmifarmifu aemufwckvnf; 0efcHonf/ ae0if;wGif rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf (kitchen cabinet) &Sdonf?
a':cifaroef;ESifh orD;rsm;u wcgw&H twGif;pnf;0dkif; xuf vufapmif;xufonf[k qdkonf? ydk+yD;ae0if;udk t}uHaumif;ay;Edkif
onf[k a&;onf? rsufrSefwifOD;udpPudk &nfG,frSef; odomonf? ae0if;udk =oZmusatmifvkyfaewm uyfyvD awGa=umifh[k
a':cifaroef;u tpnf;ta0;wckwGif ajyma=umif;a&;onf? xdktcgu rsufrSefwifOD;udpPa=umifh vifr,m;tcsif;rsm;um tdrfcGJae
=upOf[k a&;onf?
cifaroef;r&Sdaomtcg orD;u rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeufacgif;aqmifjzpfvmonf? ae0if;.aemuf,lonfhrdef;rrsm;u
uufbdeufacgif;aqmif vkyfcGifh r&=uyg?
a'guf w marmif a rmif o rR w b0uvnf ; ae0if ; om u;ud k i f a eol [ k oG , f 0 d k u f 0 ef c H o nf ? wck c k ta&;w}uD ;
qHk;jzwf&rnfhtcgwGif Adkvf{udk udkac:+yD; ae0if;xH tcpm;0if&onf[k a&;onf? Adkvf{udkrSm wyf&if; (4) rS u|ef,Hk jzpf.?
2? twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f ESihf rD;zdak csmifuufbed uf? ta=umif; wifjyjcif;onf Adv
k o
f ef;a$.tcuf rnfr#}uD;a=umif;udk odapvdI
k jzpfonf?
Adkvfoef;a$wGif twGif;pnf;0dkif;r&Sdao;yg? ae0if;zJG@ay;onfh etzrSm Adkvfoef;a$. twGif;pnf;0dkif; r[kwfyg? ae0if;vdk
ESpaf ygi;f 20 ausmf tm%m&Scd o
hJ yl if twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f tajymif;tvJ c%c%vky&f a=umif; aemufq;kH awmh rD;zdak csmifuufbed ufEiS hf
u|ef,Hkrsm;udkyJ tm;udk;p&m &Sda=umif;/ Zmwfodrf;cef;usawmh rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeufrS orD;/ orufESifhajr;rsm;yJ tm;udk;p&musef+yD;
ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;a=umif;udk Adkvfoef;a$oHa0*&apvdkI tus,fw0ifh a&;ygonf?
ae0if;ESifh twGif;pnf;0dkif;onf Adkvfapmarmifudk z,f&aomtcg wkwfjynfrS wdef@aSmifzif.enf;udk tm;us+yD; etz
t}uHay;tzJG@ zJG@ay;cJhonf? odk@aomf rD;raoyg? ocGwfyifu rD;wusnfusnf vkyfae=uonf? Adkvfoef;a$onf 'kwyfrrSL;b0
uwnf;u wyfrrSL;udk ab;csdwfol jzpfa=umif;? 1988 wkef;u Adkvfapmarmifudk ab;csdwf+yD; vlawGaxmifcsDo wfcdkif;oljzpfa=umif;/
wwfa,mifum;jzpfa=umif; rsm;udk EdkifiHwumodk@ 0g'jzef@aewm em;rqef@atmif =um;ae&onf?
ae0if;ao+yD; Adkvfoef;a$yifbufr&Sd eHygwf0rf;jzpfvmaomtcg toHwrsdK;=um;vm&jyefonf? Adkvfoef;a$u b0&Sif
rif;w&m;}uD;l; l;aeol/ ol@rdef;ru rdzk&m;acgif}uD; l; l;aeol[k =um;&onf? t}uHay;tzJG@ uvmonfhtoHrsm; r[kwfyg?
yifbufrsm;.toH jzpfonf? ae0if;udkom udk;uG,frnf/ Adkvfoef;a$vdk olvdkigvdkvludk rudk;uG,fEdkif=uwm rqef;yg?
Adkvfoef;a$uvnf; ol@taeESifh rD;raorSef; odonf? ae0if;vdk=oZmvnf;r&Sd tm%muvnf; wu,f&wm r=umao;
ojzifh twGif; pnf;0dkif; zJG@&rSef; odaomfvnf; rzJG@0Hhyg?
Adkvfae0if;onf 1962 ckESpfu tm%mudk tjywfodrf;cJhol jzpfonf? aSu tm%mydkif[lor#udk axmifxx
J nfhonf?
pdwfwdkif;us twGif;pnf;0dkif; zJG@onf? Adkvfoef;a$wGif xdktcGifhta&;rsdK; wckr# r&Sdyg?

tD*spb
f &k if/ zmGwf (Farouk) xHrS Adv
k cf sKyf}uD; em*pfEiS hf Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;ewfqmwd@k u awmfveS af &; aumifpzD @GJ um/ tm%modr;f cJw
h ,f?
em*pfu orRw/ ewfqmu0ef}uD;csKyf vkyf=uw,f? em*pfu kyfjyorRwyJ? r=umbl; ewfqmu tm%mukef ,lvdkufw,f?
27

_ynfolhtm%m
Adkvfae0if;onf apmapmydkif;u EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf; r}uHKcJh/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; rD;SL;rD;yef;ypfazmufjyEdkifonf?
Adkvfoef;a$ 'grsdK; vkyfr&yg? puwnf;u EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;}uHKaeol jzpfonf?
1962 ckESpfu Adkvfae0if;udk EdkifiHwumtpdk;&rsm;u u,fwif&Sif[k vufcHcJhonf? Adkvfoef;a$udkum; ukvor*~
qHk;jzwfcsufjzifh csnfaESmif xm;wm cH&onf?
tm%mudk xm0&udik rf nfah e0if;u twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f awG wckraumif;wckajymif; vkyEf ikd cf o
hJ nf? Adv
k o
f ef;a$u ,m,Dyg[k
qdkum tcsdefqGJ ae&onf?
ae0if;u pdwfwdkif;rusv#if armif;csEdkifonf? Adkvfoef;a$u atmifhcHae&onf?
Tod@k jzifh etz wGi;f u toH 2 rsKd ; wcsed w
f nf; xGuaf eonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;ae+yD[k wGi;f (1) u xdik ;f Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;udk
ajymonf? odk@aomf Adkvfoef;a$u aphpyfzdk@pum; wcGef;r[?
toH 2 rsdK; wcsdefwnf; xGufaejcif;udk ygwDu 2 rsufESmay:vpD [kajymjcif;rSm etz wckvHk;udk +cHKiHkIajymvdkufjcif;
jzpfonf? toH 2 rsKd ; xGujf cif;rSm Adv
k o
f ef;a$wiG f twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f r&Sad oma=umifh jzpf.? twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f wm0efwcku wzJ@G v;kH udk
rD;aoatmifvkyfzdk@ jzpf.?
3? '%fcH u; (fuse) xm;jcif;? twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f onf eHygw0f rf;twGuf a xmufvrS ;f a&;wm0ef/ }u;D =uyfa&;wm0efEiS hf tajctaeESit
hf nD
ay:vpDopftwGuf t}uHay;wm0efrsm;udkvnf; ,l&onf?
eHygw0f rf;ae0if;u t}uHay;wmudk oabmusv#if ol@emrnfjzifh rqv CEC od@k wifonf? CEC u vl 20 rjynfw
h jynfh
&Sdonf? twGif;pnf;0dkif;u vlrsm;tjyif tjcm;yk*~dKvfawGvnf; ygonf? wifjyonfhtqdkudk trsm;u vufrcHv#if '%fcHu;zsL;pf
jywfjcif; jzpfonf? ae0if;u tomaemufqkwfaevdk@ &onf? "mwfvdkufrcH&?
CEC uoabmwlv#if r+yD;ao;? vl 200 0ef;usi&
f o
dS nfh A[dak umfrwDwiG f wif&onf? tJ'u
D vufrcHv#if zsL;pfjywfjcif;
jzpfonf?
vufcHv#if EdkifiHawmfaumifpDESihfv$wfawmf wif&onf? zsL;pf 2 qifh &Sdjyefonf? zsL;pf pkpkaygif; 4 ck jzwf&onf? zsL;pf (4)
qifh &SdI "mwfrvdkufEdkif? pufwckvHk;vnf; ravmifru|rf;bJ &Sdonf?
a'gufwmarmifarmiforRwvkyfawmh olu pnf;tjyifu vljzpfI twGif;pnf;0dkif; t&ifwif&ao;onf? xdk@a=umifh
ae0if;xH oGm;v#if Adkvf{udk udkac:oGm;&jcif; jzpfonf? zsL;pf 5 ck jzwf&onf?
pdev
f iG f orRwvkypf Ofuawmh olu,
kd w
f ikd u
f twGi;f pnf;uvljzpfI tazmfrvdk tdraf wmf od@k 0ifEikd o
f nf? e0wwGiu
f m;
zsL;pfr&Sd? pum;zGmaom/ E_wfu|Haom Adkvfapmarmif "mwfvdkufcHvdkuf&&Smonf? rSwfrd=uvdrfhOD;rnf xifonf? Adkvfapmarmifu
ole,fvSnfh+yD; ajymor# rwnf;jzwfbJ toHv$ifhcdkif;onf? aG;aumufyJGEdkifoludk tm%mtyf+yD; wyfjyefrnf [k E_wfu|Honf?
ae0if;twGif; pnf;0dkif;trsufawmf&S+yD; ol@crsm "mwfvdkufcH&onf?
Adv
k o
f ef;a$.'kurQ mS vnf; xd@k twl jzpf.? ,ckawmh ae0if;twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f udk r_p&mr&Sad wmh/ od@k aomf ae0if;zJ@G ay;cJah omtzJ@G
etzESifh etz t}uHay;tzJG@rsm;um; yHkpHrysuf &SdaeqJ jzpfonf? rD;aozdk@ rvG,fay?
rD;aocsifv#if udk,fydkif twGif;pnf;0dkif; topfzG@J &rnf? ,ck Adkvfpdk;0if;udk wGif; (2) prf;+yD;cef@=unfhonf? olwdk@twGif;
v_yfv_yfGG jzpfoGm;onf? renf;+idrfatmif xdef;ae&onf? rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuftygt0if Adkvfwoif;ESihf bk&m;pHkvSnfhzl;um
t}uHxkwfaeonf?
4? rD;zdak csmif uufbed uf twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f ESiphf Ofyif jzpfonf? wcgw&H "m;ykx
d ufwwfonf? zqyv tuJ.
G tponf uawmfrsm;
*k%fwk*k%fyif vkyf&mu jymom'frD;avmifjcif;[k wcsdK@u ajym=uonf? r[kwfyg? OD;EkuawmfESifh OD;ausmf+idrf;uawmf.ydyuQrSm
olwdk@a,mufsm;rsm;.ydyuQwGif jrpfzsm;cHonf?
tpnf;ta0;wGi&f efjzpfvmv#if tdraf &mufaomtcg rde;f rrsm;udk tm;ud;k w}u;D &ifziG =hf u&mrS rde;f rrsm;udyk g ydyuQu;l pufjcif;
jzpf.? trsKd ;orD;rsm;u a,musmf ;rsm;xuf vlucJ wf ydak wmfonf? trsKd ;orD;csi;f tuJcwftuJjzwf&mwGiu
f m; yd+k yD;aphpyfaocsmonf?
wkwfa0g[m&wGif oHwla=umif;uJG pum;wvHk; &Sdonf? wcku avyefa&mifjcif; [k t"dy`m,f&+yD; wcku teD;uyf
wif;usyfwhJ ZeD;r,m; [k t"dy`m,f&onf? Arm. ajymzefrsm; r,m;pum;atmiftvHjymatmufuvl yHkjyifwdk@ESihf eD;pyfonf?
Adkvfoef;a$wGif twGif;pnf;0dkif; r&Sdaomtcg rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeufyJ tm;udk;ae&[ef &Sdonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf;olwdk@
etzxJrS b0&Sif rif;w&m;ESifh r,fawmfzk&m; [laompum;oH xGufvmjcif; jzpf.?
5? wdik ;f jynfa&S@a&;? etz bmvkyrf vJtay: wnfaeonf? etz bmvkyrf vJqw
kd muvnf; Adv
k o
f ef;a$twGi;f pnf;0dik ;f zJ@G rzJ@G tay:
wnfjyefonf? twGif;pnf;0dkif; zJG@pnf;onfudk a=unm+yD;zJG@jcif; r[kwfyg? twGif;pnf;0dkif;u aumfrwDvnf; r[kwf/ OD;a&
owfowfrSwfrSwfvnf; &Sdrnfr[kwfyg? ppftkyfpkeHygwf0rf; odk@r[kwf tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifonfh tm%mydkif (0ef}uD;csKyf) udk ta&;}uD;
qHk;jzwfcsufcsatmif wGef;aqmfEdkifonhfyk*~dKvf/ tpkuav;udk twGif;pnf;0dkif;[kac: jcif; jzpfonf?
28

_ynfolhtm%m
1948 wGif jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfonfukd =unfyh g? jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;OD;ausm+f idr;f u 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekukd uGejf rLepfawGu csawmhr,f?
olrcscif udk,fuOD;atmifcszdk@ wifjy.? OD;Eku vufcH.? 2 a,mufwnf; aqG;aEG;yJGuae ,cktxd r+yD;EdkifonfhjynfwGif;ppf
jzpf&ayawmhonf?
OD;ausmf+idrf;aemufwGif qdk&S,fvpfygwD acgif;aqmifpk&Sd.? owif;pmwdkufawG dkufcsdK;aeaom qdk&S,fvpfawG &Sd.? OD;Eku
wjcm;0ef}uD;awGEiS fh jynfo@l &aJ bmfacgi;f aqmifawGukd wdik yf ifaeonf r[kwyf g? OD;ausm+f idr;f . jynfv;kH u|wv
f zl rf;yJ}G uD;Y axmifaomif;
cs+D yD; tzrf;cH&onf? Adv
k o
f ufxeG ;f aus;Zl;a=umifh Edik f OD; tzJ@G vGwo
f nf? olw@kd vw
G I
f yif A[dak cgi;f aqmifr&_ adS om ckcpH pfjyefwu
kd Ef ikd jf cif;
jzpf.? olwdk@rvGwfv#if [dkwajymuf 'DwajymufyJ wdkufEdkifrSm jzpf.?
Edkif OD; tzJG@wGif ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifbwif (*dk&S,f)/ ocifAodef;wif (3) OD;&SdonfhtxJrS ocifbwifu aus;vuf
tajccH+yD;wdkufzdk@ tm;roefchJyg?
uGefjrLepf qdk&S,fvpf rxdcvkwf tajctaexd wif;rmaecsdefwGif Ek - ausmf+idrf;aqG;aEG;yJGu jynfwGif;ppfudk cvkwf
zwfvdkufjcif; jzpf.? ,ckvnf; NLD etz &ifqdkifawG@aecsdefwGif cvkwfzwfol ray:ygapESifh[k qkawmif;onf?
tm%mudk irf;irf;wufrufaeaom vli,fajcwuf ppfAv
kd rf sm;u N L D udk tjywfErdS zf @kd ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsuaf b;csw
d zf @kd
twGi;f pum;ajymonfukd Adv
k o
f ef;a$em;a,mifrv
d #if ig;yg;arSmufvrd rhf nf? olw@kd omru wdik ;f jynf yg ysuu
f ed ;f &So
d nf? u|eaf wmfw@kd
vufyu
kd =f unfrh aeEdik yf g?
ae0if;wdkufchaJ omppfrsdK; wdkuf&rnf[k pdwful;,Ofaev#if rSm;=uvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh ygwDu oG,f0dkufowday;cJhonf?
,ckwu
kd f u
kd f owday;aejcif; jzpf.? ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS t
l aeESihf tajctaeESiw
hf ajy;nD xkwjf yefaernf jzpfonf? uufrEdik f usrD ;D SKd
onfhtawG;tac:udk ygwDu vufrcHyg? ygwDu +idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkif;jynfwvHk;wpnf;wnf;&Sda&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifrnf?
ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsuf taumiftxnf azmfa&; wGe;f aqmfrnf? ukvor*~abmifjyifbufraS e+yD; tar&duefvyk v
f mv#if qef@usirf nf?
usL;ausmfonftxd vkyfvmv#if aSwef;u wdkufrnf? tmz*efepfpwef/ tD&wftjzpfrsdK; ArmjynftjzpfrcHEdkifyg?
6? ed*Hk;? 1948 ckESpfrSpI ygwDonf 'Drdkua&pDa&;tvHudkif vkyfcho
J nf? jynfol@'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf &yfcHumwdkufyG0J ifcho
J nf? 1989
ta&;edrfhr_}uD; }uHK+yD; ,m,DaemufqkwfchJ&onf? ,ck jyefvnfemvefxlae+yD?
1990 rSpI 'Drdkua&pDa&;tvHudkifolrSm NLD jzpfonf? vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDa&; &yfcHcsufjzifh wdkufyG0J ifjcif; jzpfonf?
ppftm%m&Sifpepf csKyf+idrf;a&; - tajccH'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&; twGuf vkyfwmrSefor# ygwDu jywfjywfom;om; axmufcHrnf?
ppftkyfpku NL D udk acsr_ef;vmv#if ygwDu xdkif=unfhaernf r[kwf? wufuonfhtiftm;pkrSefor#ESifh pnf;vHk;um
'Drdkua&pDa&;tvH rvJatmif umuG,foGm;rnf? ppftm%m&SifpepfcsKyf +idrf;onftxdvnf; wdkufoGm;rnf? Tonfrsm;um;
Auy.oEMdXmef jzpfygonf?

Auy[m rmhupf 0f g'ygwD jzpfw,f?

wcsed w
f nf;rSm jynfcsp0f g'ygwv
D J jzpfw,f?
Edik if w
H umhwm0efe@J jynfcsp0f g'wm0ef - 'Dwm0ef 2 ckukd
aygif;pyfusifhoHk;&r,f?

29

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf
Armjynf.trsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm;
uGefjrLepfwdk@.tqdkycsuf
(1)
tcsdefqJGIr&
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; wdk;rdwdkufrdonfhacwfudk urBm}uD;jzwfoef;ae+yD? Armjynf.
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;ESihf ywfoufaomudpPudk tcsdefrqJGbJ qHk;jzwf&awmhrnf? tcsdefqJGv#if
wdik ;f jynfemvdrrfh nf?
uGefjrLepfwdk@. pOf;pm;csufudk!dEd_if;&ef wifjyygonf?
Armjynf. trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;rSm(u) vGwfvyfa&;ESifh trSDcdkuif;a&;
(c) tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHka&;
(*) +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&;ESihf zHG@z;a&;wdk@ jzpfoifhonf[k ,lqygonf?
(u) vGwfvyfa&;ESihf trSDcdkuif;a&;
EdkifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfHkjzifhr+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&yg trSDcdkuif;&ygrnf? trSDcdkruif;v#if
wEG,fiif wpifyg tjcm;a&;&m rsm;wGifvnf; rSDcdkae&vdrfhrnf? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; acwftqufquf
trSDcdkruif;cJha=umif;udk tus,fcs@J wifjyaep&mrvdk[k xifygonf?
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;[lonf ,m,Dr[kwf/ xm0&jzpfygonf? trsdK;om;au;onf
tpd;k &au;r[kwyf g? wufor#tpd;k &u vufv,
$J &l ygonf? tpd;k &a[mif;acs;cJo
h ;kH cJI
h tpd;k &opfu
qyfp&mrvdk[k ajymvdk@r&yg? awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh wufvmaom tpdk;&yifv#if a&&SnfrqyfbJ
aeIr&wm awG@&ygonf? wenf;enf;jzifh qyfygonf?
trSDcdkuif;r_udk csufcsif;&&Sdrnf r[kwfyg? a&&SnfvHk;yef;&ygrnf? vlxkuuftpdk;&ESihf
vlxkvufwG+J yD;vkyfv#if wjznf;jznf; trSDcdkuif;r_ &ygvdrhfrnf?
(c) tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHka&;
vGwfvyfa&;a=unmHkESifh T (2) ck &vmjcif; r[kwfyg? tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajr
wnfwHhjynfhpHkr_udk t}udrf}udrf pdefac:cHchJ&+yD;rS &vmjcif; jzpfonf? ESpf 60 eD;onftxd xdkif;ESihf
vG,fvef;e,fajrudpP rjywfao;yg? e,fajrydkifeufudpP tm;vHk;jywfoGm;v#ifvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufcHae
&OD;rnf? xdk@a=umifh TudpPudk trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;xJ xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf?
urBmEh ikd if aH &;Zmwfcu
kH _yaf xG;ygonf? e,fajrudpaP =umifh tD&efEiS t
fh &D wf ppfjzpfco
hJ nf?
tD&wfukd tar&duefucl o
hJ nf? tar&duefEikd if jH cm;a&;*k}k uD;qdak om upfqif*smu olw@kd csi;f owfv@kd
aoukef&iftaumif;qHk;yJ[k ajymcJhzl;onf? tD&wfESifhtD&ef tcsif;csif;owfI vloef;csDaocJhonf?
xd*k k }k u;D udk bk&u
fS tdrjf zLod@k yifx
h m;onf[k owif;wcku qdo
k nf? Twcsw
D iG f rnfo@l ukd
rsdK;zwfcsifoenf;? tD&wfjynfol umh'f (Kurd) avm/ qGefeDrlqvifavm/ &Stmrlpvifavm/
ygvufpwdkif;avm apmifh=unfh&rnf? tm&yfawGe@J a&eH rwefbl;[k qdkxm;&m tjcm;tm&yfrsm;udk
vnf; rsdK;zwfwm jzpfEdkifonf?
ArmjynfEiS hf o,HZmw rwefb;l [k rnfonht
f cgajymvmrvJ pd;k &drrf o
d nf? tar&duefu
30

_ynfolhtm%m
vufeufawG *dka'giftjynfhe@J apmifhae+yD qdkaom xifa,mifrSm;r_rsdK;vdk a':vmawGydkuf+yD; apmifhaeonf [k xifa,mifrrSm;zdk@
vdkygonf? rSDcdkvdkaompdwfup+yD;jyifrS rSDcdk&r_uif;rnf? rSDcdkae&ol b,fawmhrS rvGwfvyf?
(*) +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&; ESihfzHG@z;a&;
1948 ckESpfuwnf;u r&SdchJyg? rqva=umifh zHG@z;r_tenf;qHk;EdkifiH (LDC) jzpfcJh+yD? e0w - etz ppftkyfpku pdwfrausyJG
E$aJ eojzifh LDC rS qH;k _;H oGm;aomEdik if jH zpfa&;od@k wmplae+yD;/ trsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm; wd;k rdwu
kd rf ad eonfh acwf}uD;wGif Armjynfonf
rdrd.trdsK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk vspfvsL_rdygu qHk;_H;oGm;aomEdkifiH rkcsjzpfvdrfhrnf?
ppftyk pf u
k vufe@J a&; ajceJ@zsuf wm qufvyk af ecJv
h #if Armjynf. trsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm;rSm pk;H pk;H ryf&efom &Sad wmhonf?
tcsdefraESmif;rD wdkif;cspfjynfcspftiftm;pkrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;xdef;odrf;=uyg&ef ArmjynfuGefjrLepfwdk@u Ttqdkycsuf udk
wifoGif;jcif; jzpfyga=umif;?
(2)
tqdkycsuftm; &Sif;vif;jcif;
ppftkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;onf trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;r[kwf?
1988 ckeSpfuwnf;u trsdK;om;wm0ef/ trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; udk 0tDaeatmif=um;&onf? rqv tpdk;&acwfu
jynfol udk em;rqef@atmif =um;&ovdkyif e0wetz acwfwGif trsdK;om; udk zefw&mawatmif =um;&onf?
Armppfb&k ifyk w
f rk sm;xkjcif;/ eef;awmfaqmufjcif;/ qifjzLud;k uG,jf cif;/ a&S;acwfrif;crf;rif;em;rsm; jyefaz:xkwf jcif;/ t+idrfh
- kyaf o;udk wcgw&Hjyefazmfjcif;/ ,leaD zmif;0wfukd t&yf0wfu vuftyk cf sjD cif;udyk if trsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm; xifaeovm; rajymwwf?
Tonfrsm;rSm ppftkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;udk trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;uJhodk@ yHkrSm;dkufaejcif; jzpf.? ya'o&mZfacwfwGif
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; ray:ao;yg? taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemif/ tavmif;bk&m;wdk@ trsdK;om;ppfwdkufcJhjcif; r[kwfyg? ya'o&mZf
ppfbk&ifrsm;udk ppftkyfpku tr$rf;wifjcif;rSm ppftkyfpktm%mouf&Snfatmif t}uHtzefvkyfjcif;om jzpf.?
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ppftkyfpka=umifh rxdcdkufap&?
ppftyk pf u
k Edik if aH &;udk &mE_e;f jynhv
f yk af eygvsuf Edik if aH &;rvky[
f k ajAmifvrd af eonf? Adv
k af e0if; (rqv) avmufyif odumQ r&S?d
EdkifiHa&;rvkyfvsif ppfwef;vsm;odk@ jyefoifhonf? EdkifiHa&;tvkyfudk EdkifiHa&;vkyfolrsm;odk@ v$JcJh&rnf? EdkifiHa&; qufvkyfvdkv#if
Edik if aH &;ygwzD @GJ &rnf? xdyk gwu
D kd acwfyifEikd if aH &;ygww
D cktjzpf owfrw
S rf nf? Armjynf.trsKd ;om; tusKd ;pD;yGm; udpu
P kd aqG;aEG;rnf?
Edik if aH &;avmu. txufuaecsiaf om ppftyk pf u
k kd 'dik v
f }l uD; vkycf iG fh ray;Edik yf g? ppftyk pf ak =umifh Armjynf 'kuQ a&mufrnfukd
pd;k &dryf gonf?
jyif;xefvmrnfh urBmhpepfopfvGefyGJ
tD&wfppfyGJonf vGefqGJyGJZmwfxkyf}uD;xJrS Zmwf0ifcef;wckom jzpfonf? tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;u Zmwfxkyf+yD;onf txd
qufvufujy=uvdrhfOD;rnf?
Zmwfcu
kH tm&SwiG f (rdpm> 0if;kd wef; (3) Edik if H tm&Sucsn;f ) jzpfae&m/ ArmjynfrygcsiI
f r&/ ud,
k u
f rygcsiv
f #iv
f nf; qJo
G iG ;f ol
&Sdvdrfhrnf?
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&&Snftjrifjzifha&;qJG
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;.abmif us,fjyef@&rnf? odk@rSom wm&SnfcHrnf? ygwDwck/ tkyfpkwck/ tpdk;&wzJG@. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk
tajccH+yD;a&;v#if usOf;ajrmif;+yD; oufwrf;wdkvdrhfrnf?
urBmhta&;tcif;wcktay: tajccHxm;v#ifum; ydkIyif oufwrf;wdkvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh a&&SnfcH&ef a&&Snftjrifjzifh
a&;qJGtyf.?
(3) csufygtqdkycsufudk wdkif;cspfjynfcspf tm;vHk;odk@ av;pm;pGmwifjyjcif; jzpfyga=umif;?
1364 ckESpf/ waygif;vuG,fae@?
2003 ckESpf/ {+yDv 1 &uf?

A[dkpnf;Hk;a&;aumfrwD
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD

31

urBmt
h cif;tusi;f opf (New World Order)) vGeyf EJG iS hf
Arm\ynf

tD&wfppfyG/J
urBmhtcif;tusif;opftwGuf
wdkufaomppf jzpfonf? urBmhpepfopfwck
vdt
k yfae+yDqo
kd nfukd tm;vH;k u vufc=H u
aomfvnf; 0ifdk;wckwnf;avm/ 0ifdk;
trsm;avm 0d0g'uGJ=uonf? 0ifdk;wck
urBmpepf jzpfa&;twGuf bkSftpdk;&u
vufawG vkyfjyvdkufjcif; jzpf.?
tD&wfukd aG;wdu
k o
f nfrmS olu
txD;useftjzpfqHk; jzpfonfhtjyif tjcm;
ta=umif;rsm;vnf; Sdonf? ewfqmESifh
tD&efudkqef@usif&ef rdrdwdkarG;xm;onfh
tm%mSifu rdrdudkjyefjyD;tefwkaejcif;/
tD & wf E S i f h t mz*ef u d k u d k i f + yD ; tD & ef u d k
ESpfbuf!yfEdkifjcif;/ kSm;udk 0dkif;ydwfEdkifjcif;
paomta=umif;tcsufrsm; Sdonf?
tjcm;ta&;}uD;onfh ta=umif;
tcsufrSm [pfwvm/ wdk*sdKwdkvkyfcJhonfh
ig;=uif ; qD j zif h ig;=uif ; a=umf ppf e nf ;
y&d,m,fudk oHk;EdkifIjzpfonf? odrf;ydkufrd
onfhEdkifiHrS o,HZmwudk csufcsif;xkwf,l
oHk;pGJ/ rdrdudk,fudktm;jznfh/ wqifhwufjyD;
xdk;ppfqifqdkaom ppfudkppfjzifh arG;jrL
onfeh nf;y&d,m,f udk vkyEf ikd I
f jzpfonf?
tmz*efvdk/ ajrmufudk;&D;,m;vdk wdkif;jynf
rsKd ; odr;f rdvkd uawmh rd;k rqH;k ajrrqH;k arG;jrL
ae&rnf jzpf.? xdka=umifh bufpHk tqif
tajyqHk; tD&wfudk aG;vdkufjcif; jzpf.?
tD&wfppfyGJjzpfaomtcg 0ifdk;
32

trsm;So
d nfh urBmph epfuv
kd v
kd m;olrsm;u
cgwdkif;vdk +idrfraeEdkif=uawmhbJ v_yfSm;
vmonf? rdrdtusdK;pD;yGm;udk wdkufdkuf
+cdrf;ajcmufcH&vsSif t!GefwkH;olom jidrfcH
rnf jzpf.?
uvifwefaqmif;yg;
orR w a[mif ; uvif w ef
wpcef ; xvmonf ? (International
Herald Tribune) wGif tar&duefu
aS@aqmifyg/ rv$rf;rdk;csifeJ@ [k acgif;pD;
ay;um aqmif;yg;a&;onf?
ol@aqmif;yg;wGif tar&duefu
Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;wGif v$r;f rd;k onfh
taetxm; &Sdonf? vlom;ordkif;wGif
'grsdK; b,fwkef;urS r&Sd[k ed'gef;ysdK;onf?
odk@aomf ESpf (30) twGif;wGif
wkwfpD;yGm;a&;u rDvmwm/ ausmfwuf
wm jzpfEikd o
f nf? tdE,
dN uvnf; ygupPwef
eJ@ &efjzpf+yD; aiGawG/ vufeufawG zef;wD;ypf
raev#if wk w f v d k j zpf v mEd k i f o nf [ k
a&;onf/
tar&duefu tm;}uD;aecdu
k rf mS
udk,fjzpfcsifwmudk t=urf;udkif vkyfcdkif;
rvm;? 'grrS [kwf acgi;f aqmifra_ y; - erlem
vkyjf y - qJaG qmifwm vkyrf vm;[k ar;cGe;f
xkwfonf? t=urf;udkifv#if 0fvnf
wwfonf[yk if ajcmufvu
kd af o;onf?
uvifwefu ppftiftm; }uD;
atmif rvkyf&awmhbl;vm;/ ppftiftm;

b,fawmhrS roHk;&awmhbl;vm;/ vl@

touf a wG u ,f z d k @ tif t m;oH k ; wm
rvkyf&awmhbl;vm;[k ar;cGef; (3) cGef;
ar;+yD; vkyf&r,f[k ol@bmom ajzonf?
bk&SfESifh oabmxm;tajccHtm;jzifh ruJG/
uJv
G o
GJ nfu vkyef nf;jzpfonf[k qdv
k [
kd ef
&Sd.?
EdkifiHa&;/ bmoma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&; uJGjym;jcm;em;aeaom urBm}uD;
wGif tjyeftvSef trSo
D [Jyaezd@k vdo
k nf?
udk,futm;}uD;aewkef; wm0efodwwfzdk@
vdkonfpojzifh tawmfuav; a&;onf?
rm&S,fpDrHudef; (Marshall Plan) ESihf zl;
bdkuf tpDtpOf (Fulbright Program)
udk twk,l&rnf[k qdkonf?
rsd K ;EG , f t &/ rsd K ;d k ; tk y f p k t &/
,Ofaus;r_t&/ bmoma&;t&/ EdkifiHa&;
t& rdrdESifhwlolrsm;tay: tyoabm
aqmif qufqHwwf+yD;/ rwlolrsm;tay:
tysufoabmaqmif qufqHonfh ty
trlum; vl@tzJG@tpnf;tay: usa&muf
aeonfh used pf myJ[q
k o
kd nf? tm;enf;olEiS hf
udk,fhudk,fudk rumuG,fEdkifolrsm;tay:
zdESdyfcsif=uonf[k aqmif;yg;udk ed*kH;csKyf
onf? bk&Sfudk owday;vdkufjcif; jzpfvdrhf
rnf?
orR w a[mif ; jzpf I oH w ref
pum;vHk;awGESifh zHk;zdxm;aomfvnf;
ol@oabmxm; ay:vGiyf gonf? ol@oabm

_ynfolhtm%m
xm;rSm tar&duefudk olrsm;awGu
pD;yGm;a&;t& rDvmvdrrhf nf? ausmw
f ufcsif
wufrnf/ odk@aomf EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;t&
rrDapESihf ausmrf wufapESihf [kqjdk cif; jzpf.?
olrsm;awGqdkwmxJwGif Oa&my
or*~ EU udk xnfhrxm;yg? rm&S,fvf
pDrHudef;udk twk,lzdk@ajymojzifh EU udk
+ydKifbufjzpfrvmapESifh[k ajymvdkufjcif;
jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;oGm;onf?
ukvor*~ukd tm;ay;zd@k a&;xm;
ojzifh ukvor*~jyifbufxGuf+yD; vkyfwm
udkvnf; vdkvm;yHk ray:acs?
aqmif;yg;u bk&Sf.vkyfenf;udk
a0zefjcif;om jzpfonf? ol@&yfwnfcsuf
uvnf; 0ifdk;wckwnf;&Sdaom urBmyif
jzpf.?
ol @ oabmxm;u EU .
axmufcrH j_ zifo
h m 0if;kd wck&o
dS nfu
h rBmph epf
yHak zmfcsio
f nf? ukvor*~wiG f tqH;k tjzwf
,l+yD; tD&wfudk wdkufvdkonf?
jyifopf/ *smr%D? k&Sm; vufwJG
+yD; qef@usifvmvdrhfrnf[k a,mifvdk@yif
wGufrdyHk ray:? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf
&a&;uvnf; EU ESihf wJrG v
d #if vG,rf nf[k
xifcJhonf?
jyifopf/ *smr%D/ k&Sm; vufwGJ=u+yD
olwdk@(3) OD; rnfonfhtcgur#
vufrwJGcJhzl;ay? eydkvD,HppfyJGumvu
*smr%D (y&yf & S m ;)/ k & S m ; vuf w J G + yD ;
jyifopfudk wdkufonf? yxrESihf 'kwd,
urBmppfwiG f *smr%Dukd k&mS ;/ jyifopf wJ+G yD;
wdkufonf? ppfat;umvwGif jyifopf/
*smr%D vufwGJ+yD; k&Sm;udk qef@usifonf?
21 &mpkwGifum; olwdk@vufwGJrd=u+yD? T
onfrSm xl;jcm;.?
aemuf xl;jcm;onfhtcsufrSm
*smr%Du EdkifiHa&;rsufESmpmwGif ae&m
,lvmjcif; jzpf.? Tonfu ppf_H;*smr%D
b0udk jynfzHk;um;csvdkuf+yD[k a=unm&m
a&mufonf?
*syefuawmh tar&duefxD;&dyf
atmufrS rxGucf siaf o;? ol@tusKd ;pD;yGm;u
tar&duefESifhvufwGJa&;udk jyXmef;xm;I
jzpfonf? wkwfuawmh 0ifdk;trsm;buf

jywfjywf&yfonf? odk@aomf tar&duef.

ypfuGif; rjzpfatmifvnf; owdxm;+yD;
ajcvSrf;vSrf;aeonf? ol@wGif txdrcH
Edkifonfh xdkif0rfjy\em &Sdaeonf? tdEdN,
uvnf ; xd k @ twl y if ol @ wG i f v nf ;
ygupPwefjy\em &Sdaeonf?
csKyfIqd&k v#if wdik ;f jynf}uD;wdik ;f
rd r d t usd K ;pD ; yG m ;ud k tajccH + yD ; &yf w nf
ae=uonf? &yfwnfcsufcsif; ydyuQrS
wqifh &efbufydyuQodk@ ra&mufatmif
owdxm;a&Smif=uonf? olwdk@.tajccH
tusdK;pD;yGm;t& a&Smifzdk@vnf; vdktyf=u
onf? od@k aomf tav#mt
h wif; tay;t,l
rwnfh=uv#if a&SmifIr&aom tcsdefodk@
a&mufwwfonf?
urBmhpepf b,folawGb,fvdkcs=uovJ?
aS @ wef ; a&muf tif t m;}uD ;
olrsm;om csonf? yxr tm;prf;=u+yD;rS
Edkifonfhbufu csonf? _H;onfhbufu
emcHHkuvJGI bmr#rwwfEdkifonhf b0
a&mufrS pepfopfcsonf?
pepfopfcsyw
GJ iG f Edik if iH ,fwcsKd @u
yJG=unhfy&dowfoufouf r[kwf tavsmf
tpm; tay;t,lvkyfcH&onhf wdkuif
(token) jym; jzpfavh&Sdonf?
20 &mpktukef 21 &mpk tp
a&mufaomtcg urBmph epfopfcsz@kd jzpfvm
onf? od@k aomf cufonfu _;H olEikd o
f l jywf
jywfxifxifr&Sdonfh tar&duef qdkAD,uf
tm;prf;yJGt+yD;csjcif;jzpfI uarmufur
jzpfonf?
ta&S@Oa&myrS wdkuifjym;
rsm; vufv$v
J ufajymif;vkyfwm wpHkw&m
acsmarmaomfvnf; ,l*q
kd vyfjy\emwGif
ppfjzifh tm;prf;vdkuf&ao;onf? k&Sm;
uvnf; ,l*dkpvyfudpPa=umifh &efrjzpf0Hh?
aemif a wmh NATO ta&S @ buf w d k ; jyef
onf? k&Sm;u bmrSrjzpfovdk bmod
bmom aejyvdkufonf?
tD&wfudpPay:awmh NATO
tufoHay;+yD; jyifopf/ *smr%D/ k&Sm;
vufwrGJ o
d mG ;=uonf? tjzpftysuaf wGu
jrefveG ;f vSonf? Zmwfqefvo
S nf? wl&uD
uawmh ppfat;acwfwiG f zl;zl;r_wf cH&onfh

b0rS wdkuifjym;wydkif; jzpfoGm;+yD? t_H;

xJrS tjrwfxkwfzdk@ tm;xkwfae&onf?
tD&wfppfyJGu Z&yfay:uolawmif;pm;
wufaxmif;&jcif;jzpfI jrefjref+yD;rnf?
aemufquf+yD; vdkuf&rnfuawmh tvGef
rsm;onf ? tmz*ef r S m vd k ppf E d k i f + yD ;
acsmifxdk;xm;vdkufwmrsdK; vkyfIr&Edkifay?
udk,fhta&; udk,fpOf;pm;=updk@
tD&wfppfyJGu Armjynfudk wpHk
w&m *,ufu
kd yf gonf? Edik if aH &;avmuudk
uG u f I *,uf d k u f j cif ; jzpf . ? omref
jynfoluawmh *krytm;yg? 1930 ckESpf
awGwkef;u Armjynfvlxk.b0ESifh cyf
qifqif wlygonf? wkwf - *syef ppfyJG
jzpfaewmudk Armjynfa&mufwkwfrsm;ESihf
(Auy) avmif;vsmrsm;om pdwf0ifpm;+yD;
omrefvlxku pdwfr0ifpm;=uovdk jzpfae
ygonf?
Edik if aH &;avmu uawmh pdw0f if
pm;&rnf? ar;oljref;ol&v
dS #if ajz=u&onf?
rajzbJaeI raumif;yg?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuawmh
EdkifiHwumhtajctae rnfonfhbufodk@
OD ; vS n f h a eovJ ? ppf t m%m&S i f p epf u d k
jynfwGif;tm;jzifh rnfodk@z,f&Sm;ypf&rvJ?
Tonfudkom pOf;pm;ygonf?
ed*;kH
urBmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHk ajymif;vJ
aeyg+yD? tajymif;tvJukd trDrvdu
k Ef ikd v
f #if
19 &mpku ya'o&mZfwdk@ }uHKcJhonfh
uH=urRmqdk;rsdK; rkcswdk;&ygvdrhfrnf?
xd k a cwf xd k t ajctaewG i f
Armjynf = urR m qd k ; wd k ; ojzif h owf o wf
rSwfrSwf rnfol@udk tjypfwif&rSef; rodEdkif
aomfvnf; ,ckacwf ,cktajctaewGif
um; wdik ;f jynf=urRmqd;k wd;k ygu tm%mudk
tirf;r& zufwG,fxm;aom ppftkyfpkom
jzpf r nf h t a=umif ; tcsd e f r D owd a y;
vdkufygonf?
TpmpkwGif New World Order udk
tcif ; tusif ; / pepf / Ed k i f i H a &;Zmwf c H k
oifhovdk oHk;xm;ygonf? pmwnf;tzJG@

33

bmajumift
h ckrS rxkw0f o
hH vJ?
(1)
trdef@'Du&Drsm; wck+yD;wck xkwfjyefum
tm%mouf&Snfatmif vkyfcJhaom ppf
tkyfpkonf ,ckwavmwGif trdef@'Du&D
rxkwf0HhbJ enf;opfwck wDxGifonf?
NLD udk ausm+f yD; tar&duefukd
zdwfac:onfh udpPrSp+yD; Tenf;opfudk
oH;k aejcif; jzpfonf? r=umcifu wm0efaus
pyg;udpw
P iG f oH;k cJo
h nf? ,ck a':atmifqef;
pk=unf. csif;jynfe,fc&D;t+yD;wGif oHk;cJh
jyefonf?
,cifuqdkv#if e0w etz
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk trdef@t&[kqdkum
eH y gwf p Of x d k ; um Ad k v f c if ! e f @ trnf E S i f h
xkwfjyefavh &Sdonf?
,ckawmh ypfpmqefqef Edik if jH cm;
owif ; Xmeod k @ trnf r azmf a omol u
owif;pum;yg;onfhenf;vkyfaeonf?
(2)
,cif E S i f h , ck tajctaecsif ;
rwlaoma=umifh etzu enf;opfxGif
aejcif; jzpfonf?
,cifutajctaerSm EdkifiHa&;
tm%mudk rnfo@l urkd # vJr$ ay;Edik f tm%m
[lor# ppftkyfpku csKyfudkifxm;rnf[k
twdtvif;ajymzd@k vdt
k yfonfh tajctae
jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh trdef@'Du&Drsm;udk
jywfjywf&Sif;&Sif;a&;+yD; xkwfjyefcho
J nf?
,cktajctaerSmum; aphpyf
aqG;aEG;a&; rvkyfEdkif[k &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf
a&;Irjzpf? ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsu}f uD; &Sad e
34

onf? jynfolvlxkuvnf; ppftm%m&Sif

pepfudk tomw=unf zsufodrf;ay;rnf
avm - vlxkenf;jzifh zsufodrf;ypf&rnf
avm[k &mZoHay;aecsdef jzpfonf?
Tod k @ aom usOf ; xJ u syf x J
tajctaewG i f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf u d k
xdef;odrf;Edkif&ef ^m%feD^m%feuf xkwf&
ojzifh tar&duefudk aoG;wdk;prf;vdkuf/
v,form;udk aoG;wdk;prf;vdkuf? NLD udk
aoG;wdk;prf;vdkuf vkyfae&jcif;jzpf.?
aoG;wdk;prf;v#if trdef@'Du&Djzifh
prf;Ir&? ypfpmjzifh prf;rS&ojzifh Tenf;udk
oHk;aejcif; jzpfonf?
(3)
etzu aoG;wdk;prf;aeonfrSm
jynf y ES i f h y wf o uf v #if jynf y zd t m;
avsmhoGm;apvdkIjzpf+yD;/ jynfwGif;ESifh
ywfoufv#iu
f m; olw@kd cif;xm;onfv
h rf;
twdkif; jynfolvlxkESifh NLD u vdu
k af p
vdkI jzpfonf?
twd t us ajym&v#if tar
&duefESifh Oa&myor*~EdkifiHrsm;udk 1958
ckESpfu tdrfapmihftpdk;& udk qufqHcJh
ovdk etz tay: qufqHyg[k owif;
pum;yg;jcif; jzpf.?
v,form;rsm;udk yg;onfh
owif ; pum;rS m - wm0ef a uspyg;
0,f,la&;pepf zsufay;zdk@ pOf;pm;aeyg+yD[k
ajymjcif; jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepf
zsufodrf;a&;uvJGv#if olwdk@bmudkrqdk
zsufodrf;ay;rnf[k uwday;0Hhygonf?

NLD ESihf a':atmifqef;pk=unf

ud k ay;onf h o wif ; pum;rS m vnf ;
v,form;udkay;onfh owif;pum;rsdK;yif
jzpf onf? Edik if aH &;tm%muvJv
G #if tjcm;
udpPrsm;udk aqG;aEG;vdkygonf[k ajymjcif;
jzpfonf?
d;k d;k wef;wef;ajymjcif; r[kwb
f J
txufp;D avoHEiS fh ajymjcif;jzpfrkH u NLD
udk NGO wckvdk oabmxm;+yD; ajym
vdkufovdk jzpfaeygonf? NLD udk }uHh
zG@H ESihf &ifqikd af pjcif;onf oabmd;k r[kwf
yg?
csif;jynfe,fc&D;wGif NLD ESifh
}uhHzGH@udk xdyfwdkufawG@apjcif;? }uHh zHG@.
acgif;aqmifrsm;tjyif 0ef}uD;rsm;udk yJG
xGufapjcif;/ NLD ESifh pifyif }uH@ zHG@ udk
qdkif;bkwf wifapjcif;wdk@onf NLD udk
tqifhav#mhcsaejcif; jzpfygonf?
(4)
oabmd;k ESihf etzu vkyjf cif;
jzpfv#if etz qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tjzpf
xkwjf yef&rnf?
xkwjf yefcsuu
f kd &Si;f &Si;f jywfjywf
a&;&rnf? wm0efauspyg; twif;tusyf
ay;oGi;f apjcif;pepfukd rnfonfah e@&ufwiG f
zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k o
f nf? vGwv
f yfpmG a&mif;0,f
Edkif=u+yD [kvnf;aumif;/ NLD ESifh
rnfonfhae@&ufwGif aqG;aEG;yJGvkyfawmh
rnf/ wdkif;a&;jynf&m udpP&yftm;vHk;udk
aqG;aEG;=urnf [kvnf;aumif; xkwfjyef
&vdrfhrnf?

ppfra_ 7;7m
pmwnf;tzJ@G trSm?
21 &mpktOD;ydik ;f wGif usL;ausmpf pf/ trsKd ;om;umuG,af &;ppfrsm; jzpfae+yD?
t"dutm;jzifh tm&SwiG jf zpfaeonf? ppfra_ &;&mrsm;udak vhvmEdik &f ef yifwikd t
f cef;wckziG jhf cif; jzpfygonf?
repfwhaJ v,mOfwifoab
abFm
tm;enf;+yD;txD;usefjzpfaeonfh wdkif;jynfrsm;udk
csnf; tar&duefu aG;wdkufaeonf? pdrfajyeajy ususee
jyifqif+yD;rS wdkufonf? xGufaygufydwf+yD; wdkufonf? tcsdefwdk
twGif; tqHk;tjzwfusatmifvnf; wkdufonf?
xdkodk@wdkufEdkif&ef yifv,fbufrSqdkv#if av,mOfwif
oabFm tppfESifhtwkudk oHk;onf? twkqdkwm u|ef;uav;
rsm;udk wifpm;jcif; jzpfonf? repfryfEdkifaom av,mOfwif
oabFm [k ac:onf?
ukef;wGif;ydkif;wGifum; olrsm;EkdifiHu av,mOfuGif;
}uD;rsm;udk oHk;cGifh&atmif vkyfonf? aiGawGyHkay;/ EdkifiHa&;zdtm;
ay;+yD; okH;Edkifatmifvkyfjcif; jzpfonf? tmz*efppfwGif OZbuf/
wm*spf/ ygupPwefEdkifiHrsm;u av,mOfuGif;rsm; oHk;cJhonf? ,ck
tD&wfppfwGif wl&uDudkoHk;zdk@ u;pm;cJhonf?
yifv,fbufESifhukef;wGif;ydkif; (2) buf !yfwdkufjcif;
jzpfI =um=umrcHEdkif? ukef;wGif;ydkif;xuf yifv,fbufudk
t"duxm;onf? bmha=umifhv?J
yifv,fbufwGif tm;omIjzpfonf? rdrd.
udkvdkeDjzpfI EdkifiHa&;bufu pOf;pm;axmufxm;p&m vHk;0rvdk?
av,mOfwifoabFm}uD;rsm;uvnf; uufovdk a&$@ajymif;
okH;Edkifonf? repfEdkifaom av,mOfwifoabFm}uD;uvnf;
ra&$@ajymif;EdkifwmwckyJ tm;enf;csuf &Sdonf?
av,mOftqif;twuf aumif;Hkru b,fawmhrS repfEdkif?
,ckaqmif;yg;wGif repfwhJ av,mOfwifoabFm
ta=umif;udk rdwfqufay;rnf? tm;vHk;u tmSwGifom
&Sdonf? ppfat;acwfuwnf;u taotcsmjyifqif
wnfaqmufxm;ojzifh vdkavao;r&Sd tqifhjrifhonf?
oHk;zdk@toifhtaetxm;wGif &Sdonf?
udkvdkeDpepfa[mif;csKyf+idrf;pOfu Tu|ef;uav;rsm;udk
tar&dueft*Fvdyfwdk@u vufrv$wfbx
J m;cJhonf?
vufrv$wfbx
J m;Edkifonfh tajctaevnf;&Sdonf?
trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&; v_yf&Sm;r_r&Sd/ vGwfvyfa&;awmif;rSm
*kpdkufp&m rvdk? ,ef;uD;awG tdrfjyef [k awmif;qdkrnfh
olrsm; r[kwf? tar&duef.ay;pmurf;pm pm;ae&olrsm;
jzpfonf? tar&duefu vGwfvyfa&; ay;oGm;rSmudkawmif
pdk;&drfae&olrsm; jzpfonf? olwdk@onf e*dkuawmh
t!Gef@wkH;olrsm; r[kwf? ay;pmurf;pm pm;oHk;+yD;

udkvdkeDb0wGif tom;usoGm;um t!Gef@wkH;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf?

tmz*efppfESifh tD&wfppfwGifta&;ygvmrnfh
'D,m*dk*g;qD;,m; (Diego Garcia) u|ef;udk yxr
rdwq
f ufygrnf?
Diego Garcia
tdENd,jynf.awmifbufwGif &Sdonf? wcsdefu
t*Fvdyfu tkef;+cHrsm;vkyfxm;onf? 1965 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfu
tar&duefudk (2036) ckESpftxd ppftajccHpceff;vkyfcGifh
ay;vdkufonf?
u|ef;ay:wGifaeonfh (Ilois) vlrsdK; (4000) cef@udk
armf&pf&Syfpfu|ef;odk@ twif;a$@ajymif;ypfonf? armf&pf&Syfpf
u|ef;rSm rdkif 1200 tuGmwGif &Sdonf? xdku|ef;ay:wGifoGm;+yD;
pGef@ypfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf? tkef;oD;cl;/ ig;r#m;om vkyfwwfolrsm;
jzpfI tcufawG@=uonf?
tar&duefrsm;u 'D,m*dk*g;qD;,m;u|ef;ay:wGif
tajccHpcef;wnfaqmufjcif;udk v#dK@0Sufxm;vdkonf?
tdENd,ork'N&mtay: qdkAD,uf+cdrf;ajcmufr_udk umuG,f&ef[k
qdk+yD; tajccHpcef;aqmufjcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf qdkAD,ufESihf
&ifrqdkif&bJ teD;tem;wdkif;jynfi,frsm;udk usL;ausmfonfh
tajccHpcef;yJ jzpfoGm;onf? aemifwGifum; bmjzpfrnf
rajymwwf?
rw&m;ESifxkwfcH&onfh (Ilois) rsm;u
+Adwdo#w&m;Hk;wGif w&m;pJGonf? TwGift*Fvdyf
tar&duefwdk@. vlrqefaomvkyf&yf bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:onf?
olwdk@u xdku|ef;rSmvlraeonfh ysHusrsm;omaeonfhu|ef;[k
ajymonf? xm0&aewJhvlawG r&Sdap&/
yifv,fysHv$m;awGomaewJhu|ef;jzpfatmif vkyfypfrnf
[kajym+yD; vlawGudk a$@ajymif;ypfjcif;jzpfa=umif; 0efcHvdkuf
&onf?
w&m;Hk;u Ilois rsm; jyefaecGifhay;a=umif;
qHk;jzwfygonf? odk@aomf olwdk@jyefcGifh r&&Sm=u? tar&duefESifh
1965 u csKyfxm;aompmcsKyft& tar&duefppftajccHpceff;
jzpfaeI jyefcGifhray;bJxm;onf? tenf;qHk; (pmcsKyfoufwrf;
ukefqHk;rnfh) 2036 txd apmifh&rnf[k ajymaeonf?
Ilois awGu ppftajccHpceff; ydwfypfapcsifwm
r[kwf tJ'DrSmoGm;+yD; tvkyfvkyfcsif=uwm [k t*FvdyfESifh
tar&duefwdk@u ajymaeonf? tar&duefqDu vlwa,muf
35

_ynfolhtm%m
v#if a':vmwoef; avsmfa=u;awmif;a=umif;vnf; a&;onf?
vlav;axmifom &Sdonfh acwfaemufusonfhvlrsdK;rsm;rSm
t*Fvdyf/ tar&duefwdk@ yor#Ek&onfhvlrsm; jzpfonf?
vkyfor#cH&+yD; ajymor#udk rnfodk@r#rwkH@jyefEdkifonfhb0 jzpf.?
olwdk@u w&m;pJG&aumif;rSef;rod/ pdwf&if;aumif;onfh
tar&duef t*Fvdyfrsm;u a&S@aevkyfpGJay;jcif; jzpfonf?
'D,m*dk*g;qD;,m; ppftajcpdkufpcef;wGif B52 ESihf B1
AHk;}uJav,mOf}uD;rsm; csxm;onf? xdkw0dkufwGif yifbufuif;
rif;rlae=uonf? Ttajcpdkufpcef;onf tm&yfurBmudk ,ck
OD;wnfaeygonf? aemifwGifum; rnfonfhbufOD;wnfrnf
rajymEdkifao;yg? tdENd,urf;ajcESihf teD;uav; jzpfonf?
olwdk@.vufwHu &Snfygonf? B-52 ESifh B-1 wdk@ tpGrf;
uvnf; xufygonf?
Guam
*ltrfu|ef;uawmh 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;uwnf;u
ausmf=um;onfhppfpcef; jzpfonf? vlOD;a& 150000 ausmf
&Sdonf? vlrsdK;u rsm;onf? wkwf/ *syef/ udk;&D;,m;rsm;vnf;
aeonf? vGefchJonfhESpf 2000 ausmf uwnf;u
aevm=uolrsm; jzpfonf?
pydefuodrf;/ aemuftar&duefvufa&muf/
aemuftar&duefu *smr%Dudka&mif;/ aemuf*syefvufatmuf
a&muf/ aemufqHk;awmh tar&duefatmufwGif Zmwfodrf;
aeonfhu|ef; jzpfonf? tar&duefudkvdkeD[k ajym&rnf?
tar&duefjynfawmifpkwGif; tusKH;0ifaomfvnf; EdkifiHom;
tcGifhta&; r&?
xdk*ltrfu|ef; tajcpdkufpcef;onf ypdzdwf
taemufydkif; w0Srf;udk }uD;pdk;onf? AD,uferfppfwGif
ta&;ygchJonf? ,ck ajrmufudk;&D;,m;udk +cdrf;ajcmufaeonfh
pcef; jzpf.? ol@vufwH nfonf?
azmfrdkqmudkvnf; wkwfjynfwdkufzdk@twGuf
repfEdkifwhaJ v,mOfuGif;vdk oabmxm;cJhonf?
ArmjynftwGufpOf;pm;=u
Armjynfonf 'D,m*dk*g;qD;,m;ESifh *ltrf=um;wGif
&Sdonf? olwdk@.vufwHrDonf? Armjynf.ab;ywfvnf&Sd
EdkifiHrsm;wGif ppfa&;twGuf toHk;0ifrnfh ukef;wGif;ydkif;
av,mOfuGif;}uD;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? AD,uferfppftwGif;u
xdkif;rS av,mOfuGif;}uD;udkoHk;+yD; AD,uferfudk AHk;rdk;GmcJhzl;onf?
Armjynf. wHwm;OD;u tjynfjynfqdkif&m
avqdyf}uD;uvnf; bmrSaumif;usdK;ray;cJhaomfvnf;
wae@wGif qdk;usdK;ay;vmrvm;qdkwm apmifh=unfh&rnf?
tD&wfjynfolwdk@. b0rsdK;rusa&mufzdk@ vdkonf?
olwdk@b0um; tonf;emp&m aumif;vS.? udk,hfudkwdkufzdk@
jyifaewmudk bmrS rwHk@jyefEdkifbJ tE W&m,fusa&mufrnfudk
apmifhae&onfhb0 jzpf.? udk,hfudkumuG,fay;zdk@ wm0ef&Sdonfh
tpdk;&udkvnf; tm;rudk;Edkif udk,hfudk,fwdkifuvnf; udk,hf=urRm
36

udk,fhvufxaJ &mufatmif rvkyfEdkifonhfb0 jzpf.?

TtjzpfrsdK; Armjynf jynfolawG vHk;0rusa&muf
ap&efrSm jynfol@bufom;tm;vHk;.wm0efjzpf.?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfwdk@.wm0efjzpf.? Twm0ef
ausyeG =f u&vdrrhf nf?
OD;atmifcs / aemufrS&Sif;
(1)
OD;atmifcs-aemufrS&Sif; qdkwm tckrSay:wJh
vkyfenf;awmh r[kwf/ bk&SfwDxGifwmvJ r[kwf? vl@ydyuQawG
pay:uwnf;u &SdchJwmyg? 'gudku wjcm;wd&p>mefavmueJ@
,SOf&if wdk;wufw,f qdk&rSmyg? wd&p>mefuawmh
OD;atmifcswmyJ&Sd+yD; aemufrS&Sif;wm rygbl;? vluawmh
olvkyfwm w&m;w,fqdkwmjzpfzdk@ &Sif;jyzdk@ vdkw,f?
OD;atmifcsw,f qdkwm cscsifwdkif; csvkd@&wm
r[kwfbl;? tm;}uD;oljzpfzdk@ vdkw,f? tm%m&SdolvjJ zpfzdk@
vdkw,f? 'grS OD;atmifcsEdkifwm jzpfw,f? 1837 wkef;uawmh
+Adwdo#u tm;}uD;aecsdefjzpfvdk@ tar&duef OD;atmiftcs
cH&zl;w,f? tar&duefoabFm Caroline ay:wuf+yD;
t*Fvdyfu vlowf/ oabFmudk a&wHcGefxJ arsmcswm
cH&zl;w,f? +Adwdefajymwmu oabFmay:rSm tar&duef
tzsuftarSmifhorm;awG ygaevdk@ OD;atmifcs&wmygwhJ?
tckacwfu tar&dueftm;}uD;wJhacwfy?J
OD;atmifcsEdkifwm - cscsifwm oly&J Sdw,f? olrsm;u
cscsifOD;awmh rcsEdkifbl;/ rcs0Hhbl;? OD;atmifcs wmrSm
wzufcH&olu OD;usdK;ysyf0yfoGm;&ifawmh ab;vludk
udk,fvkyfwm w&m;w,fvdk@ &Sif;jyvdk@ &w,f?
wzufcH&olu jyefvSefae&if - wdkif;jynf
wjynfwnf;twGif; cswmqdk&if jynfwGif;ppf jzpfr,f? &Sif;vdk@
qHk;EdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? EdkifiHcsif; cswmqdk&if 2 EdkifiH ppfjzpfr,f?
ol@buf udk,fhbufr[mrdwfzG@J +yD; wdkuf=u&if a'oE W&ppf?
urBmeJ@csD r[mrdwfzGJ@wdkuf=u&if urBmppfjzpfr,f? tckawmh
tar&duefbufygwhJ r[mrdwf qdkwmawGyJ &Sdao;w,f?
wzufu ppfr[mrdwf rzJG@ao;bl;?
(2)
ppfe@J tEdkiftH_; qHk;jzwf+yD;&if Edkifolu HSK;oludk
w&m;cHvkyf=uwmyJ? &Sif;jywm vkyfp&mrvdkawmhbl;?
&Sif;jywmudk wul;wu rvkyfawmhayr,fh
EdkifwhJvluEdkif+yDqdk+yD; ayg@raebl;? aemifjyefrvSefEdkifatmif urBmh
tzJG@tpnf;}uD; zJG@w,f? urBmhukvor*~qdkwmvJ tJ'grsdK;yJ?
ukvor*~&@J ydnmOfpmwrf; yk'fr 51 rSm udk,fhudk
vufeufe@J twdkufcH&&if ckcHydkifcGifh&Sdw,f vdk@ a&;xm;w,f?
twdkufcH&&if vdk@qdkwm twkdufcH&p&m &Sd&ifvdk@ rqdkbl;?
'Dpmydk'fu ppfat;acwfrSm tvkyfjzpfchJw,f?
'gayrJh tckurBmhtajctae ajymif;oGm;awmh 'Dyk'fr
51 u tvkyfrjzpfawmhbl;? tar&duefu csdK;azmuf

_ynfolhtm%m
vdkufw,f?
bma=umifh tar&duefcsdK;azmufovJqdkawmh
wzufu wdkufvmr,fholu wdkif;jynfr[kwfbl;/ tpdk;&tzJG@
r[kwfbl;? t,fvfau'gvdk tdkprmbifvm'ifvdk[m
jzpfaew,f? 'Dawmh twdkufcH&p&m&Sd&if OD;atmifcsa&;
vdk@ tar&duefu ol@oabmeJ@ol jyifypfvdkufwmyJ?
ukvor*~udkausmf+yD; vkyfwmyJ?
tD&wfudk rwdkufcif ukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD&@J
axmufcHcsuf&rvm;qdk+yD; vkyfchJygao;w,f?
vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDrSm tD&wf&@J tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf
aoapwJhvufeuf t,fvfau'ge@J tquftpyf
qdkwmawG tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u qvdkufawG
bmawGe@J &Sif;jyayr,fh t&mra&mufchJbl;?
bk&Sfwdk@/ bvJwdk@u vHkcHa&;aumifpDuae
axmufcHcsuf&p&m r&Sdbl;qdkwmodawmh twWvefwdwf
ork'N&mtv,fu tZdk; (Azores) u|ef;rSm awG@=u+yD;
ukvor*~udk ab;csdwfzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkuf=uw,f?
'kwd,urBmppftpu kpAJh - csmcsDwdk@&@J twWvefwdwf
csmwm udk tm;usyHkay:&J@? olwdk@vJ ordkif;0ifyk*~dKvfawG
jzpfcsif=uw,f? ordkif;awmh 0ifrSmyg? 'gayrJh b,fvdkordkif;
0ifrvJ qdkwmawmh apmifh=unfh&ayvdhrfr,f? kpAJh - csmcsDwdk@
vdkvm; [pfwvm - rlqdkvdkeDwdk@vdkvm; =um=umawmh
apmifh&r,f rxif?
(3)
ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufawGudk quf'rfwdk@u
*krybJaevdk@ wdkuf&w,fqdkwhJ ta=umif;jycsufuvnf;
cdkifrmr_ r&Sdbl;? tpPa&;vfuaum vdkufemcJhvdk@vm;?
usL;bm;jy\em qHk;jzwfcsufudkaum tar&duef
vdkufemcJhvdk@vm;?
wu,fuawmh bk&Sfe@J taygif;ygawG[m 2004
ckESpfrSm vkyfr,fh orRwaG;aumufyGJ&,f/ urBmh
tcif;tusif;opf pdwfwdkif;us csrSwfzdk@&,f/ 'D (2) cktwGuf
wdkufwmyJ?
tD&wfppfyGJudk tcsdefwdke@J tEdkif&Edkifygw,f? 'gayrJh
aemufqufwGjJ y\emawGudk &ifqdkif&vdrhfr,f? jy\emawGudk
&Sif;Edkif&ifawmh 2004 ck aG;aumufyGJrSm tEdkif&aumif;
&ygvdrhfr,f? 'gayrJh pdwfwdkif;us urBmhtcif;tusif;opfawmh
csrSwfEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? 'godyfaocsmw,f?
bma=umihfvq
J dkawmh 21 &mpk urBmol
urBmom;awGe@J tar&dueftpdk;& &ifqdkif&rSm jzpfvdk@y?J 21 &mpk
urBmolurBmom; qdkwmxJrSm tar&duefjynfolawGvJ
ygw,f?
tar&duefjynfolawG[m urBm}uD;udk
aumif;usdK;tvDvDycJhwhJ }uD;jrwfwhjJ ynfolawG jzpfw,f?

tar&duef vGwfvyfa&;a=unmpmwrf;udk a&;cJhwhJjynfol/

AD,uferfppfudk t_H;eJ@ydkif;atmifwGef;tm;ay;cJhwhJ jynfol
jzpfw,f?
tzdESdyfcH urBmhjynfolawGe@J tar&duefjynfol
vufwGJ+yD; }uD;Edkifi,f!if; urBBmhtcif;tusif;udk
tHkuqef@usif=urSmjzpfvdk@ bk&Sfe@J taygif;ygrsm; csrSwfcsifwhJ
pdwfwdkif;us urBmhtcif;tusif;opf b,fawmhrS jzpfrSm
r[kwfygbl;?
(4)
OD;atmifcsa&; udk tar&duefu erlem
vkyfjyvdkuf+yDjzpfvdk@ ol@udkwk+yD; wjcm;wdkif;jynfawGuyg
OD;atmifcsa&; vdkufvkyf=u&if cufukefawmhr,f?
Oyrmqdkygawmh - tdENd,eJ@ygupPwef &efapmifae=uwm vlwdkif;
tody?J olwdk@u tar&duefudk twk,l+yD; OD;atmifcs =u&if
b,fvdkjzpfoGm;rvJ?
aocsmwmuawmh OD;atmifcsa&;vdkufvkyf=u&if
urBm}uD; ajAmif;qefoGm;r,f? tar&duefpdwfwdkif;us urBmh
tcif;tusif;opf jzpfrvmbJ xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&ajAmif;qefwhJ
urBmhtcif;tusif;opfyJ jzpfvdrfhr,f?
urBmeJ@csD ajymaewm[m tm&SrSmjzpfor#tr_
Armjynfudk ywfvmrSmjzpfvdk@ ArmjynftaeeJ@ vkyfp&m&Sdwm
vkyfzdk@/ jyifp&m&Sdwmjyifzdk@ E_d;aqmfcsifwm t"duyg?
tmz*efppfyrGJ SmvlawG b,favmufaocJhovJ
(1)
rnfolrS *Ce%rodyg? rSef;ajcjzifh ajymae=u&onf?
tD&wfppfyGJwGifvnf; xdkodk@jzpfvdrfhrnf? tar&duefu
ol@ppfom; b,favmufaoovJ qdkwmom *kpdkufonf?
usefwmol@wm0ef r[kwf?
tar&duefwa,muf. vl@wefzdk;/ Oa&myvljzL.
wefzdk;/ tm&Swdkufom;wefzdk;/ tmz&duwdkufom;wefzdk;/
vufwiftar&duwdkufom;wefzdk;udk tar&duefwdk@u wef;wl
rxm;yg?
wavmu tar&duefEdkifiHom;jzpfaeonfh
usL;bm;jynfajy;wcsdK@u usL;bm;udk av,mOfjzifh usL;ausmf.?
usL;bm;u ypfcsI aooGm;=uonf?
'gudktar&duefw&m;Hk; wcku tr_zGifhonf?
tar&duefEdkifiHom;rsm;tm;a oapr_jzifh usL;bm;u
avsmfa=u;ay;&rnf[k pD&ifonf? avsmfa=u;u renf;raem
a':vmoef;aygif; &mcsDonf?
tDwvDwGif tar&duefavol&w
J OD;
ujrif;a=umx+yD; aumif;uifaub,fu;atmufu
jzwfarmif;onf? u;udkwdkufrd+yD; u;jywfusojzifh vlawG
aoonf? tar&duefppfcHkHk;u a':vmodef;*%ef; xifonf/
avsmfa=u;ay;ap[k pD&ifonf?
awmifudk;&D;,m;wGif oHcsyfumum;wdkufIausmif;ol
37

_ynfolhtm%m
2 OD; aoonf? avsmfa=u;b,favmufay;ovJ rod&?
aomif;*%ef; tvGefqHk; odef;*%ef;yJjzpfzdk@ rsm;onf?
tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifawmh wjym;rS ray;?
ray;Hkomruao;/ t&yfom;aowmudk pm&if;rypk?
raeEdkifolrsm;u ypkawmh ijiifonf?
(2)
raeEdkifolrsm; ypkojzifh tmz*efppfESifh ywfouf+yD;
aoausr_udef;*%ef;wcsdK@ &xm;onf?
vl@tcGifhta&;apmifh=unfha&;tzJG@ (NGO) u (3)
OD;yg tzJG@v$wf+yD;/ pm&if;aumuf&m 100 ESifh 350 yJ&onf[k
qdkonf? xdktzJG@u xdkodk@yif trsm;}uD;av#mhaygh pm&if;
oGif;onfhtusifh &Sdonf?
tar&dueftpdk;&uawmh ol@xuf&Sif;onf? 2001
atmufwdkbm 7 &ufwGif p+yD;AkH;}uJuwnf;u t&yfom;
taotaysmufpm&if; raumufe@J [k qHk;jzwfxm;onf?
olwdk@tar&duefESifh t*Fvdyfu t&yfom; taotaysmuf
r&Sdatmif odyfudk*kpdkuf+yD; AHk;}uJygrnf[kyJ uwdyonf?
olwdk@AHk;awGu odyf+yD;wdusvGef;/ ypfrvJGjzpfvGef;vdk@ vlqdk;
awGyaJ o+yD; vlaumif;awG rxd[k ajymonf? od=um;rif;
0&Zdev
f ufeufrsKd ;ayyJ?
tjypfrhJt&yfom; xdv#ifvnf; vlqdk;rdk@xdwm[k
ajymvdrfhrnf xifonf?
(3)
tpdk;&u ole@J rqdkifovdk vkyfaeawmh raeEdkifolrsm;eJ@
NGO rsm;u pm&if;aumufonf? tzJG@ 9 zJG@ pm&if;aumuf
&mwGif/ 8 zJG@u pm&if;xkwfjyefvdkuf+yD? 3500 ao/ 2650 ao/
2970 ao[k qdk=uonf? tar&duef ygarmuQwOD;.pm&if;u
3125 rS 3620 =um;[k qdkonf? dkufwmowif;Xmeuawmh
1000 avmuf[k cef@rSef;onf?
tar&duef ^m%f}uD;&SiftzJG@wcku ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;
rSmxuf tmz*efrSmu 4 q ydkaoonf[kqdk+yD; 1000 eJ@ 1300
=um;[k ajymonf?
bma=umifh 4 q ydkaoovJ qdkwmudk
^m%f}uD;&Sifrsm;. ta=umif;jycsufu/ ,l*dkqvyfrSmvdk wduswhJ
ypfrvJGAHk;csnf; oHk;wmr[kwfb/J AHk;rsdK;pHkoHk;vdk@[k ajymonf?
aemufta=umif;jycsufu t,fvfau'ge@J wmvDbef
acgif;aqmifawGaewJh tdrfawGAHk;}uJvdk@ ab;uvlawGyg
xdukefwm[k ajymonf? olwdk@ta=umif;jycsufxrJ Sm
tm&Svl0gvl!dke@J Oa&myvljzLrwlvdk@ AHk;}uJyHkcsif;
rwlwmvdk@awmh rajymyg?
atyD owif;Xmeuvnf; pm&if;ypkonf?
&m*%ef;yJ aow,f/ axmif*%ef;csD+yD; rao[k ajymonf?
500 / 600 aoonf[k qdkonf? olwdk@pm&if;udk aq;HkawG/
AHk;}uJwhaJ e&maw/G rsufjrifoufaoawG qDu&wm[k
ajymonf? aov#ifcsufcsif; o+*FKd[fwm/ aq;Hkra&mufwmudk
38

olwdk@ xnfhrajymyg?
abmfpwGef*vkyf owif;pmuawmh 1000 ESifh
txuf[q
k o
kd nf? NGO wckuawmh pkpkaygif;rajymbJ
AHk;csonfh 11 ae&mudkom uGuf+yD;ajymonf? 812 a,muf
aoonf[k qdkonf?
avmhpftif*svdpfwdkif;uawmh atmufwdkbmESifh
azaz:0g&Dt=um;wGif 1067 a,mufrS 1201 t=um;
aoonf[k qdkonf?
e,l;a,mufwdkif; owif;axmufuawmh 11
ae&mrSm aowm 408 eJ@ 509 =um;[k a&;+yD; t&rf;uma&m
AHk;}uJvdk@ 'Davmufaowm[k rSwfcsufay;vdkufonf?
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;u a'gojzifh 'Dvdk a&;&aumif;vm;[k
rmefro
J nf?
tar&duefrsm;wGif AD,uferfa&m*g pJGuyfqJ
jzpfonf? trSef rajym&J/ pm&if;raumuf&Jjcif;onf xdka&m*g.
a&mifjyef[yfcsuf jzpfonf?
ppfwdkufaewkef; ppfowif; ra&;apcsifovdk
ppfwdkuf+yD;awmhvnf; wzufu taotaysmufudk
ra&;apcsif=u? tar&duefppfom; raowmyJ a&;apcsifonf?
AD,uferfppfyGJudk ppfa&;t& H_;wmu aemufrS/ aAGaqmfOD;
H_;wmu rD'D,mwdkufyGJrSm[k xifaeqJ jzpfonf/
xdk@a=umifh 9 - 11 udpP +yD;uwnf;u rsdK;cspfa&m*g
xaeaom tar&duefrsm;onf ppfowif;udk ppfwdkufaewkef;
ra&;=u? yifw*Gefu xkwfay;wmyJ wm0efodod a&;=uonf?
ppfwdkuft+yD;wGifvnf; t&yfom;rsm;aowmudk a&;zdk@
a&Smif=uonf?
tar&dueftpdk;&uawmh vdyfjymrvHkI bmrS
ra&;apcsif/ olwdk@vkyfxm;wmawGu vlodcHvdk@ r&wmawG
jzpfonf?
vrf;ay:wGif v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmaeor# um;rsm;/
,mOfrsm;udk ypfcwfAHk;}uJonf? aq;ay;cef;/ toHv$ifhHkwdk@udk
wdkufcdkufonf? 'gawGu ppfOya'udk qef@usif+yD;vkyfwmjzpfI
ppf&mZ0wfr_ ajrmufonf?
(4)
9 -11 a=umihf rsufpdjymoGm;wm r=umcif
aysmufvdrfhrnf xifonf? ormorwfusonfh
tar&duefrsm;u ajym=ua&;=uvdrfhrnf? ,ckaqmif;yg;yg
tcsuftvufrsm;rSm tar&duefwuUodkvfwcku ygarmuQ
Marc Herold . aqmif;yg;udk tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
tar&dueftpdk;& wdkufaeonfhrw&m;aomppfudk
&yfwHhatmif vkyfay;Edkifrnfholrsm;rSm (1) usL;ausmfoludk
qef@usif ckcHppfqifEa$J om awmfvSefonfh jynfol? (2)
w&m;r#wr_ vdkvm;aom tar&duefjynfol? (3) w&m;onfh
bufudk axmufcHaom urBmhjynfolrsm;om jzpfonf?

Edik if wH umha&;&mu
wwd,urBmppf =zpfcgeD;+yDavm
Twifjycsurf mS okawoDwOD;.tjrifom jzpfonf? ygw0D ifrsm; pOf;pm;csichf sed /f aqG;aEG;Edik &f ef
tpazmfay;jcif; jzpfonf?
(pmwnf;tzJ@G )
1? urBmppfjzpfzdk@ ta=umif; (2) csuf
jynfhpHk&rnf? ,ck Tta=umif;tcsuf (2)
ckpvHk; r&Sd? xdk@a=umifh urBmppfcsufcsif;
xjzpfrnf r[kwf?
ta=umif;tcsuf (2) &yfrSm- &efbuf r[mrdwf (2) zJG@
zJG@pnf;+yD;jzpfjcif;ESifh
- tusKd ;pD;yGm;csi;f ydyuQukd Edik if H
a&;enf;t& rajz&Si;f Edik b
f J ppfjzifah jz&Si;f &ef
enf;vrf;wckom usefawmhonfh tajc
tae jzpfaejcif; - - - [lI jzpfygonf?
2? r[mrdwfzJG@jcif;udk aumufumiifum
zJ G @ =uonf r[k w f y g? tcsd e f , l ! d E _ d i f ;
=uonf? ol@tusKd ;pD;yGm; ud,
k t
fh usKd ;pD;yGm;
udk !=d uonf? !Ed i_d ;f tqifajyrS r[mrdwf
zJG@a=umif; urBmudk today;onf? vl=um;
aumif;wmudkom today;+yD;/ v#dK@0Suf+yD;
tay;t,lvkyfxm;wmudk xkwfjyefavh
r&Syd g? od@k aomf olw@kd . v_y&f mS ;aqmifu
G yf kH
udk apmifh=unfhv#if tuJjzwfI &wwf
onf?
3? wnf&SdqJ urBmhpepfudk b0ifrus raus
vnfolu pepfudkzsufvdk+yD; &efvdk+rJ jzpf.?
b0ifusoluawmh pepfudk umuG,favh
&Sdonf? urBmppfqdkonfrSm urBmhpepf
twGuf wdkuf=uaomppf jzpf.? _H;olu
tuif;rJhvufeufcs&+yD;/ Edkifolu urBmh
pepfa&;qJG+rJ jzpf.?
'kw,
d urBmppfwiG f zufqpfbuf
u Edkifv#if urBmhpepfudk olwdk@a&;qJG=u
vdrrfh nf? urBmudyk ikd ;f jcm;tkypf ;kd =uvdrfh rnf?
tvsOf;oifhojzifh tjzpftysuf
wckukd wifjyvdo
k nf? tdE,
Nd rS acgi;f aqmif
}uD; qlbwfcsef'&mbdk@pfonf t*Fvdyf
*smr%D ppfjzpfaomtcg *smr%D. tul

tnD,&l ef [pfwvmxH oGm;onf? tcsed f

aumif; apmifhonf? [pfwvmtultnD
jzifh tdEdN,vGwfvyfaprnf[k tm;cJonf?
xdpk Ofu *smr%D/ *syef vufrwJG
rdao;? *smr%D/ tDwvDom vufwJGrd+yD;
a&mr bmvif 0ifdk;wef; zJG@xm;csdef
jzpfonf? [pfwvmu Oa&myppfy JG
wdu
k &f if; *syefukd 0if;kd wef;xJyg&ef odr;f oGi;f
onf?
*syefuvnf; wkwf - *syefppfyGJ
ud k o m rJ w d k u f a e+yD ; wk w f w jynf v H k ;
odrf;rda&;udkyJ tmHkxm;onf? t*Fvdyfu
[pfwvmESifh raygif;rdap&ef *syefudk
vd k u f a vsmonf ? wk w f j ynf o d k @ ppf
vufeufypPnf;rsm;/ um;rsm;/ "mwfqDrsm;
axmufyHhaeaom wkwf - Arm vrf;r
}uD;udk ydwfay;vdkufonf? wkwfjynfudk
*syeftm; xdk;au|;vdkufjcif;yif jzpf.?
od@k aomf [pfwvmu tdE,
Nd udk
*syefodk@ xdk;au|;vdkufaomtcg ol@buf
udk,fhbufvk=uaomyJG +yD;jywfoGm;onf?
a&mr/ bmvif/ wdkusdK 0ifdk;wef; zJG@jzpf
oGm;onf? xdktcg [pfwvmu *smr%D
a&muf tdE,
Nd acgi;f aqmif}uD; bd@k pu
f kd *syef
odk@ v$aJ y;vdkufonf?
*smr%/D *syefwdk@ tm&Swdkufudk
cJGa0,la&; v#dK@0Suftay;t,lvkyfjcif;udk
rxkwfjyefyg? v#dK@0Sufxm;ygonf? a&mr/
bmvif/ wdu
k sKd 0if;kd wef;zJ@G pnf;a=umif;om
urBmu odygonf? pl;pl;pdu
k pf u
kd f avhvmae
olrsm;uawmh bd@k pu
f kd *syefo@kd vv
J$ u
kd jf cif;udk
=unfhum *smr%Du tdEdN,taemufbuf
ydkif;udk ,l+yD;/ *syefu tdEdN,ESifh tdEdN,
ta&S@bufudk,lzdk@ olwdk@csif; oabmwl
vdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; odEdkifygonf?

tdEdN,udk [pfwvmu *syefodk@

xd;k au|;+yD;aomtcg Armjynfonf *syef.
ppfaoe*FAsL[mwGif ta&;ygvmonf?
ocifatmifqef;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyf *syef
a&mufjcif;onf aemufqufwJG jzpfay:r_
jzpf.?
'kw,
d urBmppfrwdik rf u
D wkw/f
tdEdN,wdk@onf e,fcs@J wdk@. ppfwk&ifyGw
J Gif
xdk;au|;p&m e,fkyfrsm;om jzpfcJhonf?
od@k aomf 0if;kd wef;u _;H ojzifh zufqpfurBmh
pepf ay:rvmyg?
4? r[mrdwftzJG@ wGif t&if;&Sifpepf
tar&duef/ t*FvdyfESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepf k&mS ;wd@k ygaejcif;rSm ordik ;f wGif rjzpfz;l onfh
xl;jcm;csuf jzpf.? Txl;jcm;csufa=umifh
ppfat;acwf urBmhpepf jzpfvm.?
ppf a t;acwf uk e f q H k ; oG m ;yH k
uvnf; xl;jcm;aejyefonf? qdkAD,ufu
ppfat;wdu
k yf w
GJ iG f tjywf;_H oGm;jcif; r[kwf
aemufqkwfoGm;jcif; jzpfaeonf? *smr%D/
*syefwdk@vdk vufeufcs&jcif; r[kwf/ k&Sm;
orRwEdkifiHtjzpf urBmhta&;tcif;wGif
tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHtjzpf yg0ifae.?
ppf a t;acwf Ed k i f i H a &;tzJ G @
tpnf;}uD; ukvor*~ (UN) uvnf;
&Sifoefaeonf? EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;
(League of Nations) vdk ysufroGm;ay?
bufrvdkuftzJG@}uD;uvnf; &SifoefqJ?
NATO, WARSAW b,fbufrS rvdu
k f
qdu
k m zJ@G cahJ om bufrvdu
k t
f zJ@G }uD; rSm
0gaqmr&Sdawmhaomtcg aewdk;bufudk
rvdkuf[kom t"dy`m,fayguf aeonf?
qd k A D , uf +cd r f ; ajcmuf r _ u d k
ta=umif;y+yD; zJG@pnf;xm;&aom NATO
r[mrdwt
f zJ@G uvnf; qdAk ,
D uf +crd ;f ajcmuf
39

_ynfolhtm%m
r_ r&Sdaomtcg udk,fusdK;udk xdyfwifvm
=uonf ? tar&d u ef . tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;ES i h f
xdyfwdkufwdk; vmonf?
qdk&S,fvpfwkwfjynfESihf 'Drdku
a&pD tdEdN,wdk@u urBmhZmwfcHkay:0,f
wGifus,fvmaeonf?
Tod@k aom tajctae t&yf&yf
udk bk&t
fS pd;k &u rvdv
k m;/ zsuyf pfcsio
f nf?
xdk@a=umifh bk&Sftpdk;&wufvm+yD;uwnf;
u igwaumaumwm ydkvkyfonf? NMD
(trsdK;om;'Hk;ysHumuG,fa&;) udk pwif
vkyfjcif;/ usdKwdkoabmwlnDcsuf/ EsLu
vD,m prf;oyfr_ ydwyf ifa&;pmcsKyf (CTBT)
paom e*dkuoabmwlxm;onfh pmcsKyf
rsm;rS wzufowf EkwfxGufjcif;wdk@jzifh
aoG;wdk;prf;=unfhonf?
tjcm;tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;u
E_wfjzifhuef@uGufonf? rvdkvm;a=umif;
azmfxkwfonf? xdk@xuf ydkrvkyf? 9 - 11
ud p P a y:aomtcg bk & S f wqif h w uf
vmonf? tmz*efppffyGJudk ta=umif;jy+yD;
qd k A D , uf c J G x G u f Ed k i f i H u av;rsm;ud k
odr;f oGi;f onf? k&mS ;u vdu
k af vsmvdu
k .
f ?
aewdk;tzJG@ta&Sbuf k&Sm;e,fpyftxd
wd k ; csJ @ =unf h . / k & S m ;u qd w f q d w f
aevdkuf.?
Todk@jzifh bk&Sf twifh&v
J mum
tD&wfukd t=urf;udik zf @kd vky.
f ? }uD; (5) }uD;
tay;t,ltav#mhtwiff;vkyf !dE_dif;=u
um qH k ; jzwf c suf 1441 csjzpf a tmif
vk y f v d k u f = u.? od k @ aomf tD & wf p pf u d k
wdkufrnfwuJuJ jzpfvmaomtcgwGif
um; k&mS ;omru jyifopf/ *smr%D/ wkwf

40

uyg twdtvif;[ef@wm;vmonf? k&mS ;/

wkwfwdk@u a&S@rxGufbJ/ jyifopfudkyJ
a&S@wifvu
kd o
f nf? olw@kd u aemufuae+yD;
axmufcHonf? oHa&;wrefa&; xdyfwdkuf
wd;k r_}uD; jzpfawmhonf? xdt
k cg tar&duef
u !Ge@f aygi;f wyfz@GJ +yD; tD&wfukd wdu
k o
f nf?
jyifopf/ *smr%D/ k&Sm;/ wkwfwdk@u
r[mrdwrf zJ@G bJ ukvor*~wiG ;f tar&duef
udk qJGoGif;zdk@yJ vHk;yef;aeonf?
bk & S f t zd k @ uk v or*~ u d k v nf ;
tjywf rjzwf0Hh? igwaumaum+yD; tD&wf
ppfyGJ wdu
k af eaomfvnf; tD&wfppfy+GJ yD;v#if
tD&wfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&; jy\emudk
ukvor*~xJ jyefydk@&rvdk jzpfaeonf?
tar&duef/ t*Fvdyfa&m k&Sm;/
wkwf/ jyifopfyg urBmppfwdkufa&; qENr&Sd
=uwm xif&Sm;onf? urBmppfwdkufa&;
twGuf r[mrdwftzJG@ 2 ck pifyif rzJG@=u?
urBBmhpepfopf vGefyJGudkyJ E$Jae=uOD;rnf?
urB m h j ynf o l u vnf ; +id r f ; csrf ; a&;qEN
jyif;jyonf/ ppfudk qef@usifvdrhfrnf?
xdk@a=umifh urBmppfjzpfcgeD;+yD
[kxifum enf;y&d,m,fcs=uv#if rSm;=u
vdrfhrnf? tD&wf+yD;v#if Armjynfbuf
vSnfhcJhyg[k zdwfac:aeolrsm; qifjcif
oifhonf?
Armjynf. yx0Dtaetxm;udk
*krybJ ajcvSrf;vSrf;=uv#if anmifa&
ravmif;&bJ ywfxrf;b0a&mufvdrfhrnf?
urB m h p epf o pf t wG u f tif t m;}uD ;
EdkifiHrsm;. vGefyGJtwGif; =um;nyfvdrhfrnf?
ukvor*~onf tajccHtm;jzifh
0ifdk;trsm;&Sdaom urBmhpepfudk udk,fpm;

y.? wEdkifiH rJwrJ pepfvnf;&Sdojzifh

vGwfvyfcgp EdkifiHrsm;twGuf ajymcGifhqdkcGifh
wpHkw&m &.?
tar&duefu 0ifdk;wckwnf;
urBmhpepftwGuf ukvor*~tjyifbuf
xGuv
f yk v
f u
kd /f tjcm;tiftm;}uD; Edik if rH sm;
u ukvor*~0if EdkifiHtrsm;ESihfwGJ+yD; tar
&duefudk ukvor*~abmifxJ qJGoGif;vdkuf
jzpfaevdrrhf nf?
Ttcsif ; t&monf umv
tawmf = um &S d a evd r h f r nf [ k ar#mf v if h
&onf?
5? 'k w d , urB m ppf j zpf c sd e f u Armjynf
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm; usifhoHk;aom
enf;y&d,m,frsdK;udk ,ckacwfwGif usihfoHk;
rdygu Armjynf. tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk jriw
hf if&m
ra&mufbJ epfrGef;atmifvkyfovdk jzpfrSm
pd;k &dryf gonf?
urBmhtajctae tajymif;tvJ
u jrefqefvGef;ygonf? EdkifiHwdkif;u rdrdwdk@
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfxm;um v_yf&Sm;
ae=uygonf? OD;wnfcsuftopfcsrSwf+yD;
ae&m,lr_topf vkyfae=uygonf?
rdrw
d @kd uvnf; Edik if w
H umh tajc
taeudk rjywfavhvm - trsdK;om;tusdK;
pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfxm; csDwuf&ygrnf?
rS e f u ef o nf h OD ; wnf c suf /
rSeu
f efonfah oe*FAsL[m enf;y&d,m,fjzifh
csDwufv#if 'Drdkua&pDjynfh0aom/ wef;wl
aoG;pnf;aom jynfaxmifpu
k kd rkcsazmfxw
k f
Edkifrnfjzpfyga=umif;?

(1)
a'guw
f moef;xGe;f u ordik ;f oif
wm rt atmif[k ajymonf? twdwf
ordkif;rS tawG@t}uHKESihf oifcef;pm rxkwf
wwfv#if t Edkifovdk ypPKy`efordkif;wGif
d;k d;k pif;pif;awG;rdv#iv
f nf; t vdrrfh nf?
dk;vGef;v#if t jrefrmqdkdk; vnf; &Sdxm;
ygonf?
_yf_yfaxG;axG; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;
aeaom urBmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:wGif dk;dk;
pif;pif;}uD;/ wa=umif;wdu
k f pOf;pm;+yD; vkyrf d
v#if t &m usvdrhfrnf?
(2)
19 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;umv ta&S@
awmif t m&S ord k i f ; pmtk y f r sm;ud k
bef a umuf u jyef v nf x k w f a eonf ?
opfcG =umjzL paom emrnfcHxm;
onfh pmtkyw
f u
kd rf sm;uxkwjf cif; jzpfonf?
tudsK;tjrwfvI
kd xkwjf cif;awmh [kw[
f ef
rwl? ppfat;acwftp Armjynf vGwfvyf
a&; &cgpu xkwfcJhzl;aom jcaoFhpmtkyf
wdkufrsdK;[k oHo,&Sdonf?
,ckxkwfor# pmtkyfrsm;onf
ta&S@awmiftm&S. tm&Swu
kd rf }uD;ay:u
wdik ;f jynfrsm;ta=umif;csn;f jzpfaeonfu
xl ; onf ? tm&S wd k u f r }uD ; ay:u
jzpf a omf v nf ; rav;ta=umif ; u
enf;enf;yJ ygonf? trsm;pku xdkif;/ Arm/
uarBm'D;,m;/ avm/ AD,uferfwdk@ jzpfae
onf?
ol w d k @ wawG ord k i f ; a[mif ;
jyefveS af ejcif;onf 21 &mpktajrmftjrifjzifh
vkyaf ejcif;[k jynfcsp0f g'w
D @kd u aumufcsuf
csygonf?
(3)
19 &mpku t*Fvdyfu {&m0wD

ESihf oHvGifudk tydkifpD;rdonf? rJacgifudk

jyifopfu tydik pf ;D rdonf? TwGif {&m0wD/
oHviG /f rJacgijf rpfw@kd .tpudk pl;prf;=uonf?
olwdk@u jrpfzsm;ydkif;udkyg ydkifvdk=uonf?
oHvGif/ rJacgifu wkwfjynfwGif jrpfzsm;
cHrSef; od=u+yD; jzpfonf? {&m0wD.tpudk
um; rodchJ=u?
{&m0wD.tp wdbufwGif
&Sdonf[k tm;vHk;u ,lqae=uonf?
wdbuf&Sd ,mvkpefydkjrpfonf {&m0wD.
tp[k xif=uonf? xdktwdkif;vnf;
a&;=uonf? (armifomEdk;. bmomjyef
wckwiG f {&m0wDtp wkwjf ynfu r[kwf
[k 0if&Sif;jywm zwfvdkuf&onf?)
ol w d k @ Tod k @ ,l q wmvnf ;
tusKd ;ta=umif;awmh &So
d nf? {&m0wDjrpf
.a&vHk;u }uD;onf? Tr#}uD;rm; rsm;jym;
aoma&rsm; pD;qif;Edkifjcif;onf wkwf
jynfxJ jrpfzsm;cHIom jzpf&rnf[k xif=u
onf? Ttxifu t*Fvdyfyx0Dorm;.
txifjzpf.?
yx0DEdkifiHa&;orm; t*Fvdyf
uawmh {&m0wDjrpfa=uudk ydkifolonf
jrpfzsm;udkyg ydkifoifhonf[k ,lq+yD;
{&m0wD tp wdbufu jzpfcsi=f uonf?
rJacgijf rpfa=uudyk ikd o
f nfh jyifopf
uvnf; rJacgijf rpfzsm;udk olyikd o
f ifo
h nf[k
,lqonf? xdk@a=umifh t}uD;tus,f u;
pm;onf?
Todk@jzifh jrpfzsm;tp &SmyHkawmf
zGi&hf if; t*Fvyd f jyifopf ydyuQjzpf=uonf?
(4)
19 &mpkuppfa&;wGif jrpfa=umif;
udk t"dutm;udk;&onf? 'kwd,tm;udk;
&onf u rD ; &xm;vrf ; jzpf o nf ? jrpf

a=umif ; u obm0uazmuf a y;onf h

vrf;a=umif; rD;&xm;u vlazmufrS jzpf
onf?
xdka=umifh t*Fvdyf - jyifopf
yd y uQ w G i f jrpf z sm;tp &S m yH k a wmf u d p P
omru rD;&xm;vrf;azmufa&;udpPuyg
ygae onf?
wk w f j ynf o d k @ tyif t qd k i f
rD ; &xm;vrf ; azmuf a &; yd y uQ w G i f
jyifopfu vufOD;onf? [EdGKif - cGefrif;
rD ; &xm;vrf ; azmuf E d k i f c J h o nf ? xd k
rD;&xm;vrf; ,ckxd&SdaeqJ - oHk;aeqJ
jzpfonf?
jyifopfwOD;u ol@pmtkyfwGif
wk w f j ynf } uD ; u rk c syuJ G a wmh r S m yJ ?
rD;&xm;vrf; azmufxm;Edkifolu wkwf
jynft aemufawmifyikd ;f udk tvdv
k &kd rSmyJ?
wdk@jyifopfu rD;&xm;vrf;azmufxm;+yD;+yD
[k a&;cJhonf?
ord k i f ; . oa&mf c suf w ck u d k
=um;azmufajymrnf? wkwfjynfodrf;a&;
twGuf azmufchJaom [EdGKif - cGefrif;vrf;
onf AD,uferfppfyGw
J Gif AD,uferfjynfcspf
tiftm;pkrsm;twGuf t"duaxmufyHha&;
vrf; jzpfomG ;cJo
h nf? tar&duef ppf;H_ &jcif;
ta=umif ; wG i f xd k a xmuf y H h a &;vrf ; ud k
rjzwfawmufEdkifjcif;uvnf; tawmf
ta&;ygaom ta=umif;jzpfcJh.?
(5)
yx0DEdkifiHa&;ESihf urBmhpepf
(urBmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHk) u eD;eD;uyfuyf
qufpyfaeonf? 19 &mpk urBmhEdkifiHa&;
ZmwfcHku ajAmifususe,fcsJ@a&; tcif;
tusif; jzpfonf?
41

_ynfolhtm%m
- rdp>mt,l0g'rsm;ESifh bmom
a&;rsm;ud k csKyf + id r f ; ap+yD ; wurB m vH k ;
c&pf,mefbmom v$rf;rdk;a&;?
- odr;f ydu
k ef ,fajrrsm;wGif udv
k ekd D
pepfusihfoHk;a&;?
- ppftiftm;jzifh e,fy,fcs@J xGif
a&;
T (3) ck vkyfydkifcGifhudk tiftm;
}uD; EdkifiHwdkif; &xm;onf? rnfonfhurBmh
EdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;udkr# ppftiftm;oHk;cGifh
awmif ; aep&m rvd k (uk v or*~ r&S d ) /
qHk;jzwfcsufrl=urf; wifaep&mrvdk? tcGifh
omv#if 0ifwdkufHkom jzpfonf? ppfudk
vnf ; wd k u f c sif o vd k w d k u f rnf o nf h
uef@owfcsKyfjc,frr_ #r&S?d (*seD AD muGeAf if;&Si;f
r&Sd)
tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHwdkif;u c&pf
,mefEdkifiHrsm;jzpfI apmapmydkif;uawmh
yky&f [ef;rif;xHrS cGihf ycsu,
f o
l nf? aemuf
awmh c&pf,mef*%
kd ;f uJrG sm;ay:+yD; ykyf udk
ab;csdwfvdkufonf? t*Fvdyfodrf;rdv#if
t*FvDuef/ jyifopfqdkv#if dkrefuuf
ovpf / tar&d u ef q d k v #if atbD t rf
pojzifh omoemy=uonf?
udv
k ekd pD epf usio
fh ;kH a&;wGiv
f nf;
yH k p H t rsd K ;rsd K ; &S d o nf ? vl O D ; a&uenf ; /
e,f a jruus,f 0 ef ; / vl r _ a &; jzpf a y:
xGe;f um;r_ tqifu
h edru
hf sveG ;f v#if Xmae
rsm;udk rsdK;zwfypf+yD; ajrrsm;udk tydkifodrf;
,lrnf? (tar&duwdu
k ef @J =opa=w;vswu
kd f
yHkpH)
trsKd ;om;a&;0g'jzifh ya'o&mZf
rsm;u tefwkv#if yHkpHwrsdK;/ tefrwkv#if
yHkpHwrsdK; usihfoHk;onf? txufArmjynf
wG i f ya'o&mZf r sm;u tef w k o jzif h

42

ajrodr;f +yD; t*Fvyd u

f jym;ESifh ukvm;ppfAv
kd f
rsm;udk a0ay;onf? Todk@jzifh ukvm;
ajr&S i f a wG tnmY ay:vmaponf ?
&S r f ; jynf w G i f u m; ya'o&mZf r sm;.
ajr,mudk vufzsm;ESifh rwdk@/ Tonfu
ArmjynfyHkpH jzpf.?
t*Fvyd u
f sio
hf ;kH onfyh pkH /H jyifopf
usifhoHk;onfhyHkpH/ *syefusifhoHk;onfhyHkpH/
tar&duefusifhoHk;onfhyHkpH/ k&Sm;usifhoHk;
onfhyHkpH ponfjzifhvnf; uJGao;onf?
21 &mpkwGifum; udkvdkeDopfyHkpH
erlemjyp&modyrf rsm;ao;yg? tmz*efypkH u
H kd
awG@ae&+yD/ tD&wfyHkpH r=umrDawG@& awmh
rnf? uHaouHr ajymEdkifonfrSm yHkpHrsm;
taxG a xG t xl ; xl ; &S d v d r f h r nf [ k o m
jzpfygonf?
(6)
21 &mpkxl;jcm;csufrSm- rdp>mbmoma&;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;
+yD; c&pf,mefbmomodk@ oGwfoGif;a&;[k
vkyfr&yg? vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fcGifh[k ajym
aeolu vkyfr&yg?
- e,f ajropf o d r f ; oG i f ; &ef [ k
vnf; ajymIrjzpfyg? urBmay:wGif e,fajr
opf r&S d a wmh y g? tm;vH k ; trsd K ;om;
EdkifiHawmfrsm; jzpfae=u+yD?
- ppftiftm;jzifh xif&m}uJI
r&yg? EdkifiHwumhtzJG@tpnf;}uD; (ukv
or*~ ) &S d a eonf ? tjcm;tif t m;}uD ;
EdkifiHrsm; &Sdaeonf? &SdwhJvufeuf xkwfoHk;
vdk@ r&yg? pmcsKyfawGwoD}uD; &Sdaeonf?
txufyg (3) csufwGif wwd,
tcsufESifhywfouf+yD; rdrdwdk@twGif; t,l
tqtrsdK;rsdfK; ajymoH=um;&onf? tD&wf

ppfyu
GJ kd tar&duefu wOD;wnf;oabmESifh
wdkufaejcif;tay: trsdK;rsdK;ajym=uonf?
Auy u tD&wfppfyGJudk oD;jcm;
cJ+G yD; r=unfyfh g/ urBmph epfopf vGeyf EGJ iS w
fh +GJ yD;
=unfhygonf?
tD&wfppfyG.
J tajzu rwdkufcif
uwnf;u ay:ae+yD; jzpfygonf? tD&wf
ppfyJGu AD,uferfppfyJGrsdK;jzpfoGm; - roGm;
ud p P u d k tcsd e f u k e f c H pOf ; pm;raeyg?
tD&wf.udkvdkeDopfyHkpH b,fvdkjzpfrvJ
udkom a pmifh=unfhygonf?
bk&Sfu tmz*efoifcef;pmt&
pDpOfrnf[k ajymygonf? tmz*efEiS t
fh &D wf
rwlI yHkpHwrsdK; vkyf&vdfrfhrnf xifygonf?
pdkufxm;&onfh ppfp&dwfjyef&zdk@uvnf;
vdkygonf? tmz*efrSmvdk rvkyfEdkifyg?
tar&duef[m ta&S@tv,f
ydkif; a'oudk abmfvfuefa'oykHoGif;a&;
(Balkanisation) pae+yD[k tcsKd@u
axmuffjyonfrSm ,kwWdtawmf&Sdygonf?
apmifh=unfhjcif;rSmvnf; Arm
jynftwGuf bmawGqifjcif&rvJ tjrifEiS hf
=unfhjcif; jzpfygonf?
rdrdwdk@pOf;pm;aeonfrSm
(1) rsuaf rSmuf urBmt
h ajctae
wGif trdwikd ;f jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf
e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHkr_udk rnfodk@xdef;odrf;
rnfenf;
(2) ppftkyfpk.tusdK;pD;yGm;udk
z,f&mS ;+yD; trsKd ;om;tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk rnfo@kd
yHak zmfrnfenf;
(3) rnf o nf h u rB m h p epf o nf
ArmjynftwGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfoenf;
T (3) csufudkom tav;xm;
ygonf?

pmtkyaf 0zefcef;

yDuif;rS rEWav;odhk pmtkyt

f ay:
rSwcf suf
k /f befaumufrS
(From Peking to Mandalay) a&;ol R F *|epf wef (R F Johnston) }umjzLwdu
xkwfonf?

(1)
udv
k ekd w
D ydik ;f jzpfp yDuif;rS udv
k ekd D
vHk;vHk;jzpfoGm;onfh rE Wav;odk c&D;oGm;
rSwfwrf; jzpfonf?h
1900 jynfhu t*FvdyfOD;aqmif
aom tiftm;}u;D Edik if rH sm;u w&kwf rah wmf
yDuif;udk odrf;onf? t*FvdyfwOD;wnf;
r[kwf tm;vHk; (8) EdkifiH jzpfonf?
xdk (8) EdkifiHrSm r[mrdwfrsm;
r[kw?f tm;vH;k u tm;vH;k udk yifaeolrsm;
jzpfonf? t*FvdyfESifh jyifopf/ t*FvdyfESifh
&k&Sm;/ t*FvdyfESifh *smr%D/ t*FvdyfESifh*syef
yif a eonf ? &k & S m ;ES i f h =opw[ef a *&D
(xdkpOfu &Sdonf/ yxrurBmppfusrS yuJG
oGm;jcif; jzpfonf?) =opw [efa*&DESifh
tDwvD/ olwkd huyifbuf jzpfonf? tar
&d u ef E S i f h t*F v d y f / tar&d u ef E S i f h * syef
uvnf; yifbuf/ odk@aomf tar&duefu
tiftm;}uD;uvyfxJ 0ifcgpom &Sdao;
onf? odyft&ma&mufvSol r[kwf? Adkvf
wumhb&k ifu t*Fvyd jf zpfonf? xdk a=umifh
oltiftm; t"duygjyD; yDuif;udkodrf;jcif;
jzpf o nf ? usef E d k i f i H r sm;u pwd o abm
yg=ujcif; jzpfonf?
(8) EdkifiHu 0ifodrf;jcif;jzpfI
ta0rwnf=h u/ w&kwjf ynfukd wOD;wnf;ydik f
vkyrf &/ xdk a=umifh w&kwjf ynf.e,fajrrsm;
udk iSm;,l =uonf?
xHk;pHtwdkif; taumif;qHk;udk t*Fvdyfu
iSm;onf? ,ckpmtkyu
f akd &;ol ta&;ydik f
}uD;vkyfaeaom*|efpwefu a0h[dkifa0;

(Weihaiwei) udk iSm;,lonf? a0h[ikd af 0;

rSm yDuif;odk0if&m yifv,f0 awmifbuf
jcrf;rS a&wyfpcef;}uD; jzpfonf? yifv,f0
ud k apmif h = uyf o nf h xnf 0 gcH h n m;aom
ewfbDvl;}uD;[k t"dy`m,f&onfhpcef;}uD;
jzpfonf?
ajrmufbufrmS u *syeford ;f xm;
onfh ydktmom (Port Arthur) &Sdonf?
t*Fvyd f - *syef &efapmifae=uonfo
h abm
jzpfonf? odkr[kwf wkwfjynf tao
aumifukd pm;zdk apmifah eonfh vif;wrsm;[k
ajymEdkifonf?
a0h[ikd af 0;ta&;ydik o
f nf wm0ef
xrf ; aqmif q J y k * ~ d K vf jzpf o nf ? ol @ h u d k
bma=umifh uke;f wGi;f vrf;ujzwf+y;D rE aW v;
odk oGm;cdkif;ovJ? Tonfudk owdyp&m
jzpfonf? oluvnf; acG;waumifyJ tazmf
vkyfum a'ocHulvDrsm;oHk;jyD; oGm;onf?
vrf;&dk;twdkif; roGm;/ vlrsdK;pka'orsm;
wdbufrsm;/ vdkvdkrsm;/ *sif;azmrsm;/
&Srf;rsm;.a'orsm;udk jzwfonf? txl;
ojzihf wdbufukd tav;xm;onf? wkwf
bk&ifESifh wdbufae0ifbk&ifrsm;. qufqH
a&; pepfudk avhvmonf/
vrf;c&D;tm;vH;k acsmarmajyjypf
ygonf? wkwftkyfpdk;olrsm;u ulnD=u
onf? ppf;H_ aom wkww
f kd usKd ;EGo
H mG ;cJ&h jyD?
*|epf wef.pmtkyw
f iG f olc&D;pOf
tptqH;k a&;xm;onf? txufokd (Advyf
odk) tpD&ifcHpmudk pmtkyfvkyfxm;jcif;
jzpfyHk&.? aemufydkif;tcef;rsm;uawmh

ol.tjrifESifh oabmxm;rsm; jzpfonf/

t*F v d y f w d k onf wd b uf u d k
oddrf;vdkonf/ tdENd,bufuae ppfwyfjzifh
xdk;azmuf=unfhzl;onf? jyefvm&onf?
[dr0E Wmudk vSefwufjyD; ppfxdk;&I rvG,f
ul?
Armjynfudkodrf;rdawmh wdbuf
ud k ppf x d k ; & vG , f u l o nf ? xd k a=umif h
vrf;a=umif; &Smonf? wdbufrsm;udk
ArmjynfrSaejyD; pnf;&Hk;onf? aEG&moDwGif
a'oxGufypPnf;rsm; (om;ar$;/ om;a&/
uwd;k qDponf)h vma&mif;olk ukeo
f nfrsm;
udk rufv;kH ay; pnf;k;H onf? olwkd a&muf&m
t&yfu t&m&Srd sm;u ae&mxdik cf if;/ tpm;
taomuf tcrJah u|;arG;&onf? oGm;vd&k m
odk p&dwjf ird ;f ydk &onf? t&m&Srd sm; aygah vsmh
v#if ta&;,lcH&onf?
aEG&moDwGifvmaom wdbuf
ukeo
f nfrsm;udk pnf;k;H krH #jzifh t&mra&muf
wdbufb&k ifrsm;udk pnf;k;H &rnfjzpfa=umif;
t*Fvyd o
f o
d nf? xdk a=umifh Aef;armfraS ejyD;
wkwfjynfwGif;odk@ t*Fvdyfrpf&Sif v$wf
onf? yef;ao;olykefxaeI vSnfhjyefcJh
&onf?
awmifbufrS xd;k azmufr&ojzifh
*|efpwefudk ajrmufbufrSv$wfjcif; jzpf
onf? ol@taeESifh wdbufbk&ifrsm;udk
aumif;aumif; pnf;kH;cJhonf? ppfa&;
twGuf toH;k 0ifonfv
h rf;rsm/; awmif=um;
rsm;/ ul;wdk rsm;udv
k nf; tao;pdwf avhvm
onf?
43

_ynfolhtm%m
aemifumvwGif armfpDwkef;wdk
wyfeaD wmf c&D;&Sncf sw
D ufpOf wdu
k yf jGJ zpfc&hJ m
vlwif;wHwm; ta=umif;udk ola&;xm;
yHkrSm tvGefjynfhpHkonf?
*|efpwefudk Armjynfu aus;Zl;
wif&rnfh udpPwckawmh &Sdonf? xdkudpPrSm
Armbk&ifu wkwb
f &k ifukd 10 ESpw
f cg
ymquf&oavm qdkonfhudpP &Sif;ay;
I jzpf.?
t*F v d y f w d k onf wk w f w d k
a&;onfh eef;wGif;rSwfwrf;rsm;zwfum
Armjynfu wkwfudk ymquf&onf[k
,lqaeonf?
tm&Sonf Oa&myr[kwf/ wdkif;jynf
wjynfEiS w
hf jynf pmayrsm; tquftpyfr&Sd
w&kwfeef;wGif;rSwfwrf; udk Armu rod
ovd k Armwd k . wk w f o H a &muf
armfuGef; tmoHEdkif armfuGef; yif;,
umcsif ; rsm; ArmpmaywG i f &S d w mud k
wkwfrod? ola&;awmholEdkif/ udk,fa&;
awmh ud,
k Ef ikd f a&;ae=uwmawG rsm;onf?
*|ef p wef . avh v mawG h & S d c suf r S m
wdbufbk&ifudk wkwf{u&mZfu cef@
a=umif;/ wHqdyfawmfdkuf+yD; pmc|efawmf
jzifhcefa=umif;/ wygwnf; wkwft&m&Sd
tqifhtwef;yg owfrSwfay;vdkufa=umif;
a&;onf?
wkwft&m&SdpepfwGif tqifh 9
qifh &Sad =umif; tqifw
h ikd ;f wGiv
f nf; (u)
ESifh (c) cJGxm;ao;a=umif; wdbuf
bk&ifrsm;onf wkwt
f &m&St
d qifh (4) (c)
ESifh tqifh (5) (c) awG jzpf=ua=umif;
a&;onf? ulAvdkifcef (1216 94) onf
wkww
f jynfv;kH udk odr;f jyD;aemuf tm%m
pufcsJ hxGif&mwGif wdbufa&m Armyg ol@
eif;acsjcif; cH&onf? aemufydkif;wGifum;
ArmESifhwdbuf wjcm;pD jzpfay:wdk;yGm;
=uonf? rwlyg? ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh
jzpfvrd rhf nf?
od k aomf taemuf w d k i f ; u
twlwljzpfay:onf[k xifcJhonf? ta&S@
wdkif;qdkv#if tdENd,ESifh wkwfjynfom
&Sdonf[k olwdk@,lqcJh=uzl;onf r[kwf
avm? xdk@a=umifh uarmufur tac:
ta0:rsm; ta&S h td E N d , u|ef ; pk
44

taemuftdENd,u|ef;pk tif'dkcsdKif;em;
Red Indians (tdE,
Nd vle)D tac:ta0:rsm;
wGifusef&pfch.
J ?
*|ef p wef o nf
Armjynf
a&mufaomtcg yk*Hodkvnf; oGm;avhvm
onf ? yk * H y d o k u mES i f h tqif tjyif w G i f
wkw=f oZm vH;k 0r&S[
d k ,wdjywfa&;onf?
*|efpwefonf Armjynfbk&ifcHESifh oD[dkVf
(oD&dvuFm) bk&ifcHwdk. {nfhonftjzpf
aejyD; tpD&ifcHyHkay:onf?
xd k t csd e f u pjyD ; Armbk & if u
wkwfbk&ifodk@ (10) ESpfw}udrf ymquf
&onf [ l a om t*F v d y f w d k ,l q csuf
wcsDwnf; aysmufoGm;onf? *|efpwefudk
aus;Zl;wif&rnf?
udk,fhwdkif;jynfordkif;udk avhvm
v#if odyeH` nf;usjzpfzkd vdo
k nf? xdik ;f qdw
k m
&Srf;yJ [kajymwmudkyif rudufcsifv#if
rjzpf? weoFm&Dwwdik ;f vH;k u xdik ;f ud&k rS ;f [k
ac:ae=uwmudyk g jyifay;&rvdk jzpfvrd rfh nf?
ppftkyfpkonf rsufuef;rsdK;cspf rsm;
tjzpfu pcJhjyD; rsufuef;rsdK;cspfrsm;b0ESifh
Zmwfodrf;rnfhyHk ay:aeonf?
(2)
*|efpwefonf ol hacwfol htcgu
wdk;wufonfhtjrif &Sdonf? ta&S hwdkif;
txl;ojzifh wkwfESifh Armtay: pmem
onf? ta&S@wdkif;om;udk ESdrfhcsv#ifruuf
tumtuG,fay;onf? ol hpmtkyfxJrS
xkwfEkwfjyv#if trsm;}uD;xkwfjyEdkifonf?
(2) ckyJ xkwfjyvdkufrnf?
ynmwwft*Fvyd f wa,mufu
wkwfawG[m vlnHhawG/ tqifhtwef;
edrfholawGjzpfa=umif; uGrf;wkH (Canton)
ru vrf;ay:rSm wkwfulvDwa,mufudk
vufoD;eJxdk;=unfh olujyefxdk;rSm r[kwf
bl;[k ajyma=umif;? 'Dvdkoabmxm;rsdK;
wjcm; Oa&myom;awGrmS vnf; &Sad =umif;?
wkwfawGtay:omr[kwf wjcm;ta&S
wdik ;f om;awGtay:vnf; Todk yif oabm
xm;=ua=umif; a&;onf?
[dENLynm&Sd}uD; 0da0ueENm
(Vivekananda) . vef'efu tawG
tuHrmS t*Fvyd af umifrav;wa,mufu
0da0ueENmudk &Sifwdk h[dENLawG wdkif;jynf

wjynf u d k a wmif b,f w k e f ; urS rod r f ;

cJhzl;bl; [k ESdrhfcsajymwm cH&a=umif;?
*syefawG&J@,Ofaus;r_ w&Sdefxdk; jrifhrm;
vmwm[m ol w d k @ &J @ OD ; a%S m uf a wG
wr[kwfcsif; }uD;vmvdk@ r[kwfa=umif;
pojzifh pmrsufESmtrsm;tjym; a&;jyD;
aemuf?
apmif h = unf h ol w d k @ igwd k @ eJ @
wef ; wl j zpf v mwJ h t cg igwd k @ avmuf
vufeufaumif; udkifEdkifwJhtcg/ ppfynm
jynfh0wJh t&m&SdawG OD;aqmifEdkifwJhtcg
olwdk@[m aoG;a=umifwhv
J lrsdK;awG r[kwf
bl;qdkwm jyvdrfhr,f[k a&;cJhonf?
*|efpwefajymwm rSefonf? ESpf
40 avmuf apmifhaomtcg ol ha[mudef;
rSefoGm;onf? armufrmvSaom e,fcsJ@
orm;rsm;tm;vHk; acG;ajy;0ufajy; ajy;=u
&onf? rajy;Edkifol okH@yef;jzpfonf?
ql;tufw;l ajrmif; ta&S@bufqv
kd #if ajcrcs
0Hhatmif a=umufoGm;=uonf?
(3)
*|efpwefonf ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk
pdw0f ifpm;onf? avhvmonf? Ak'b
< mom
,Ofaus;r_udk tawmftwef wD;rdacgufrd
&So
d nf? ArmjynfwiG f vlord sm;aom arm&pf
aumvpf x uf y d k j yD ; tjrif u s,f o nf ?
wd k ; wuf o nf ? ol pmtk y f w G i f (tcsd K
rSe;f qcsurf sm; vJaG eaomfvnf;) Ak'b
< mom
,Of a us;r_ t a=umif ; / Armta=umif ;
taumif;a&;onf?
,Ofaus;r_csif; xdyfwdkufwdk;
onf h a cwf ord k i f ; ed * H k ; csKyf o G m ;jyD
"e&S i f a vmuud k rnf o l r #pd e f a c:Ed k i f o l /
yifEikd o
f l r&So
d nfah cwf a&mufjyD[k txif
a&muf b0ifjrifhaeonfhumvwGif T
pmtkyfudk =umjzLwdkuf u wausmhjyef
xk w f v monf f r S m wd k u f q d k i f r _ r [k w f [ k
,lqonf?
=umjzLwdkuf rS xkwfaom
pmtkyrf sm;pm&if;udk =unf&h jcif;tm;jzifh T
pmtkyw
f u
kd o
f nf tm&Swu
kd rf }uD; twGi;f rS
Edik if rH sm;. ,Ofaus;r_ukd pdw0f ifpm;a=umif;
odomonf? befaumufrSyif jzpfonfh
opfcpG mtkyw
f u
kd f ESihf wjcm;pD jzpfonf?
Edik if aH &;xuf ,Ofaus;r_ukd aZmif;ay;onf?

_ynfolhtm%m
c&l;qdwf (Crusade) ESifh *sD[wf (jihad) toHrsm; nHaeaomumvwGif Todkaom pmtkyfrsm;udk xkwfvmjcif;onf
wckck ay;vdkaoma=umifh jzpfrnf?
19 &mpk urBmhAdkvf}uD; vkyfchJaom t*Fvdyf.vrf;a=umif;udk/ 21 &mpk urBmh Adkvf}uD;tar&duef vdkufrdv#if t*Fvdyfvdk yif
ESmacgif;usnfayG@ awGhvdrhfrnf[k owif;pum; yg;vdkaoma=umifh jzpfayvdrfhrnf? jynfcspf0g' &Sifoefaeaom tm&Sudk
oGm;rprf;vdkufavESifh[k owday;jcif;vnf; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&yga=umif;?

uGejf rLepf0g'&yfwnfcsuef @J y=J unf=h unf/h

jynfcspf0g'&yfwnfcsufe@J y=J unhf=unfh/
uufrEdik f usrD ;D d@_ tawG;tac:udk
vufcv
H @kd rjzpfyg?

45

okreausmrSm '!f|mawGehJ

arvtwG i f ; vS n f h v nf c J h a om a':
atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;Hk;a&;c&D;wGif
r@}uD;rsm;Y uqdkonfh vlxky&domwf
aomif;odef;ESifhcsDI rsm;jym;ygonf? xdk
y&domwfrSm r@aevlxkcsnf; r[kwfyg?
trsm;pk r S m r@aeqif ; &J o m;rsm;ES i f h
aus;vufae v,form;rsm; jzpf=uygonf?
obm0usygonf ? Armjynf w G i f v,f
orm;ESifh r@aeqif;&Jom;wdk@u vlOD;a&
trsm;pk jzpf=uygonf?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf c&D;wGif
wkwf/ "m;/ aoewf/ avmufav;cGrStp
vufeufaygif;pHk enf;rsdK;pHkESifh +cdrf;ajcmuf
aeonf h = um;rS uqd k o nf h vl t if t m;
'gavmufrsm;jym;pGm bma=umifh pkpnf;vm
&ygovJ?
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf o nf
a&G;aumufyGjJ zifh jynfol@qENt& tm%m
tyf E S i f ; xm;r_ trS w f t om; Armjynf
'Drdkua&pD.oauFwozG,f jzpfaeygonf?
ol @ zcif Ad k v f a tmif q ef ; enf ; wl a':
atmifqef;pk=unfonf jynfol@tusdK;
twGuf dk;om;ajzmifhrwf+yD; owWd&Sd&Sd
pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&Guf &yfwnfvdrfhrnf[k
jynfou
l ,H=k unfu;kd pm;xm;ygonf? xdrk #
ruao;yg? jynf o l v l x k o nf a':
atmif q ef ; pk = unf t ay:wG i f awG @ qH k
aqG;aEG;a&;twGuf ar#mv
f ifch surf sm;vnf;
pkyHkxm;ygonf? xdk@a=umifh a':atmifqef;
46

pk=unftm; vlxku aomif;aomif;zszs

uqdk=ujcif; jzpf+yD; TuqdkyrJG sm;rSmvnf;
vlxkqEN azmfjyyGrJ sm;vnf; jzpfaeygonf?
ydkI xifomjrifomatmif ajym
&v#if vlxk}uD;onf etz tkyfpdk;r_tm;
em=unf;ae=uygonf? tajccHusonfh
tajymif;tvJwckudk vdkcsifae=uygonf?
xdk@a=umifh vrf;ay:xGufI a':atmifqef;
pk=unftm; uqdkonfh yHkpHjzifh qENjy=u
jcif;[k qdkEdkifygonf?
bmtajymif;tvJudk vdkcsif=u
wmvJ? bma=umifhvJ ?
dk;dk;uav; ajymygrnf? tdrfa&S@
opfyifrSm ('grSr[kwf) tdrfa&S@0if;x&HrSm
xrif ; usef [ if ; usef txk y f u av;rsm;
csw
d q
f I
JG pGe@f }uJv' ge;f olu v'ge;f +yD; r@ae
qif;&Jom;wdk@u xdkxrif;usef [if;usef
txkyfuav;rsm; &,lpm;aomuf&onfh
tjzpfrsdK; etzacwfrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
ay:aygufcJhygonf? r@aeqif;&Jom;rsm;
xrif;eyfrSefatmif rpm;Edkifyg? xrif;pm;
v#iv
f nf; vufzufoyk u
f av;udk [if;vkyf
pm;=u&ygonf? xrif;rwwfEdkifonfhtcg
qefywfaomuf=u&ygonf? qefywfyif
eyfrSefraomufEdkifonfhtwGuf qefywf
tvyGJrsm; ay:aygufvm&ygonf? r@ae
vl v wf w ef ; pm; qd k o l r sm;yif rzG H @ z;
rwd;k wufEikd b
f J pD;yGm;a&;t& yuGu
J m r@ae
qif;&Jom;rsm;b0odk@ wpwp a&G@avsm

usqif;ae&ygonf? r@aeqif;&Jom;wdk@.
om;orD ; rsm; ausmif ; aezd k @ rvG , f y g?
odk@r[kwf xef;yifZufjywf ynma&;om
&=uygonf? aq;0g;ukop&dwf rwwfEikd I
f
aoqHk;=u&olrsm;xJwGif r@ae qif;&Jom;
rsm;u trsm;qH k ; yg? raooif h o nf h
tcsdefwGif wdk;Iwdk;I aoae=u&ygonf?
jynfyodk@ xGufcGm+yD; taoG;tom; a&mif;
pm;ae=u&olrsm; b0ysufpD;ae=u&olrsm;
xrif;wvkwftwGuf arG;Zmwdudk pGef@cGm
um &&mtvkyf vkyfpm;ae=u&olrsm;rSm
vlcsr;f om om;orD;rsm; r[kw=f uyg? r@ae
qif;&Jom;ESifh v,form;wdk@. om;orD;
rsm; jzpf y gonf ? trsd K ;om;*k % f o d u Q m
t!Kd ;EGr;f &qH;k acwf[yk if qd&k ygrnf? olw@kd
b0 qd;k 0g;EGeH pf ae&jcif;udk olw@kd oyd gonf?
xdk@a=umifh b0vGwfajrmufa&; tajymif;
tvJudk vdkcsifae=uwmyg?
Armjynf . vl O D ; a& trsm;pk
jzpfaom aus;vufv,form;rsm;. b0
tajctaeum; ydkIajymp&m rsm;ygonf?
olwdk@ txkaxmif; tESdyftpuf
cHchJ&onfrSm =umvSyg+yD?
udkvdkeDacwfwGif udkvdkeDacwf
tcGefawmfu v,form;xkudk ESdyfpufcJh
ygonf? udkvdkeDpepfu ac:oGif;vmaom
cspfwD;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;ajr&Sifrsm;uvnf;
ESdyfpufygonf? udkvdkeDpepfu vuf0g;}uD;
tkycf sKyfuikd x
f m;aom pyg;a&mif;0,fa&;ESihf

_ynfolhtm%m
jynf r od k @ pyg;wif y d k @ r_ u vnf ; ES d y f p uf
ygonf? v,form;rsm;rSm ausmaumh
atmif cHchJ=u&+yD; rcHEdkifonfhtqHk; q&mpH
v,form;olykeftjzpf tHkucJh=uygonf?
vG w f v yf a &;&t+yD ; zqyv
acwf w G i f v nf ; ajr&S i f p epf quf v uf
wnf&Sdaeao;aoma=umifh v,form;wdk@
vlarG; vlawmif rajymifEdkifchJyg?
rqvacwf v,f o rm;xk
vdkvm;awmifhwae=uaom v,fvkyfol
v,f y d k i f c G i f h qd k o nf r S m v,f v k y f o l
v,fvkyfydkifcGifh qdkonfjzifh tpm;xdk;
ac|;od y f v d r f n mjcif ; cH & jyef y gonf ?
v,fvkyfol v,fydkifcGifhrSm a&$jynfawmf
ar#mfwdkif;a0; qdkovdk ydkIa0;uGmoGm;
jyef y gonf ? v,f , mqd k i f & m tcG e f
twkwfESifh zdESdyfr_trsdK;rsdK;wdk@atmufwGif
wHk;atmufuzm;vdk jym;cJh&aom v,f
orm;rsm;rSm pDru
H ed ;f oD;ESH pdu
k yf sKd ;a&; tpd;k &
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf pyg;0,f,l a&mif;csa&;
wdk@a=umifh emvefrxlEdkifonfhb0 a&muf
cJh&ygonf? EdkifiHjcm;odk@ pyg;rsm;rsm; a&mif;
EdkifonfhtwGuf rqv tpdk;&u vufr
waxmifaxmif jzpfaecsdefwGif pm;p&m
r&S d = uaom jynf o l w d k @ . qef v k y G J r sm;
ay:aygufchJ+yD; iwfI taorcHEdkif=uaom
vlxkrSm ppftpdk;& usnfqHa=umifh trsm;
tjym; aoqHk;cJh=u&ygonf?
rqvacwf (1967) u oH;k vGe;f
wif xrif;pm;cJ=h u&aom v,form;wd@k rmS
etzacwf (1999) wGifvnf; oHk;vGef;wif
xrif; pm;=u&jyefwmygyJ? etzonf ol
pwufvmonfh tcsdefrSp+yD; cktcsdeftxd
v,form;tay: wdk;Iwdk;I zdESdyf!if;yef;
vmcJhwmyg?
Edik if aH wmfu ajrxk avxk a&xk
wdk@udk ydkifonfqdk+yD; etz u ajr,mudk
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfudkifxm;ygonf? xdk@
xuf ydyk gao;onf? ajr,mu xGu&f adS om
tusKd ;pD;yGm;rSeo
f r#uv
kd nf; vuf0g;}u;D tkyf
csKyfudkifxm;ygonf?
1962 ckESpfu qefwjynf jym;
60/ etz pwufcgpu qefwjynf 24 usyf
25 usyf? 1998 wGif qefwjynf 100usyf/
150 usyf 1999 ck E S p f 200 usyf ?

onf h a emuf y d k i f ; qef w +yD a ps;E_ e f ;

wqif h x uf w qif h wuf v mcJ h o nf r S m
,ck x uf x d wuf a eqJ / qef p yg; aps;
wuf a v uk e f a ps;E_ e f ; jrif h w uf a v
jzpfwmuwa=umif;/ etz. aoG;pkyfr_
trsdK;rsdK;cH&onfuwa=umif; wdk@a=umifh
v,f o rm;wd k @ rS m ud k , f p d k u f o nf h pyg;
ud k , f j yef 0 ,f p m;&onf h t jzpf a&muf c J h
ygonf? tdk; cGuf ypPnf;awG xGefwHk; xGefwH
awGtp aygifESH+yD; 0,fpm;cJh&onf?
xdk@a=umifh etz acwfwGifvnf; ajymuf
usm;ajymuf u sm; qef v k y G J u av;rsm;
xGufay:vmcJh jyefygonf?
v,f o rm;rsm;rS m trawmf
a=u; (pdu
k yf sKd ;p&dwf acs;aiG) udv
k nf; pyg;jzifh
ay;qyf & onf ? w{uv#if etz
v,fpdkuf ukefoG,fa&;XmetwGuf (12)
wif;/ G.E.C ac: 0efxrf;ortwGuf 10
wif; a'ocH ppfwyftwGuf 1 wif;rS 3
wif;/ a&cGef 2 wif;/ uke;f cGef 2 wif; pojzifh
(aygufaps;xuf rsm;pGmESdrfonfhaps;jzifh)
a&mif;csay;&onf? rqvacwfu ydkvsH
pyg; a&mif;ay;onfh OD;}uD;rsm; qdk+yD;
0rf;pmygrusef !pfxkwf0,f,lonfESifh
bmrS ruGmyg? etz acwfwGif ydkxl;jcm;
vmonfrSm pyg;ra&mif;csv#if aoG;ac|;
wd@k jzifh ay;qyf&rnf? [laom +crd ;f ajcmufr_
xyfwdk;vmjcif; jzpfygonf? t=urf;ywrf;
enf; okH;vmjcif; jzpfygonf? ykwfvSef
usv
D eS f pyg;0,frkH u vlxw
k iG ;f pyg;0,f,l
a&mif;csr/_ o,f,rl /_ }udwcf rJG r_ sm;udk ppfwyf
uif;cs+yD; ydwfyifchJonf? pyg;av; qefav;
tenf;tyg; tdrftwGufESifh aqGrsdK; rdwf
o*F[rsm;twGuf o,f,lv#if tzdk;}uD;
tzGm;}uD;rsm;ygrusef &uf&ufpufpuf zdEydS f
'%fay;jcif;cH&onf? 'Dvekd nf;jzifh pyg;xGuf
aumif;aom a'owGif rdrdwdk@pdkufaom
pyg;xG u f . 50 &mcd k i f E _ e f ; cef @ tpd k ; &
vufwGif;odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;onf?
etz. v,f,majr vuf0g;}u;D
tkyfaoG;pkyfr_ wckwnf;ESifhyif v,form;
rsm; Akef;Akef;vJzdk@ vHkavmufygonf? odk@
&mwGif xdkr#ruyg? ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhvm
apjcif; tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;t& zdESdyfr_rsm;
EdkifiHa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;t&
zdESdyfr_wdk@

xyfaqmif;cH=u&jyefygonf?
etz topfarG;jrLvdkufaom
cspfwD;vufopfrsm; (a&eufuGif; ajr,m
vkyfief; ydkif&Sifrsm;) wjynfvHk;rSm usef&Sd
aeaom (odk@r[kwf) topfay:vmaom
ajr&Sifrsm;/ twdk;}uD;pm;aiGacs;olrsm;/
tjrwf}uD;pm;ukeo
f nfrsm;. '%fuv
kd nf;
v,form;wdk@u cH&ygonf? wjynfvHk;u
v,form;trsm;pkrSm ajruav; 2 uGuf
3 uGufom vkyfcGifh&=uwmyg? 'DtxJ
tpdk;&u ajrodrf; (vkyfydkifcGifhkyfodrf;)
ygonf ? cspf w D ; vuf o pf r sm;u ajrvk
ygonf? ppfwyfu tEdkifusifh+yD; v,f,m
ajrrsm; odrf;,lonfrSmum; ppfwyf&Sdaom
ae&mwdkif;rSmjzpf+yD; wjynfvHk;vuQ%m
aqmifygonf? odrf;,l+yD;ajrudk w{u
pyg;wif ; 30 E_ e f ; jzif h v,f o rm;tm;
jyefvnftiSm;csygonf? wcsdK@a'orsm;
wGifrl ppfwyfv,f,mwGif v,form;udk
tcrJh pdkufysdK;cdkif;jcif;/ v,form;wdk@udk
ESifxkwfjcif;/ aus;&Gmrsm;udkzsufqD;jcif; wdk@
yygonf? v,form;rsm;onf ppfwyf.
aoG;pkyrf u
_ o
kd m cH&onf r[kwyf g? etz.
&Jabmf&Jbuf cspfwD;vlwef;pm;opfwdk@
twG u f ajrd k i f ; wl ; azmf a y;&jcif ; vrf ;
azmufay;&jcif; a&Ekwfa&oG,fajrmif;rsm;
wl;azmfay;&jcif; ponfh vkyftm;aoG;pkyfr_
wdk@udk cH&ygao;onf? 'Dvdk vkyf+yD;awmh
vnf; oD;pm;csI aoG;pkyfwm wzefcH&
jyefygonf?
Todk@ acwftqufquf tzd
taxmif ; cH & I v,f o rm;wd k @ ausmrS m
'%f&mawGESifh jynfhESufaeyg+yD? tpdk;&
ajr,mvuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf. aoG;pkyfr_/
tcG e f t & aoG ; pk y f r _ / ajr,moD ; ES H
a&mif;0,fa&;ay:rS aoG;pkyrf /_ acs;aiGtay:rS
aoG;pkyrf /_ vkyt
f m;t& aoG;pkyrf _ pojzifh
aoG;pkyfr_rsm; rsm;vGef;I v,form;rSm
aoG;rS useyf gao;&J@vm;[k xifjrifavmuf
ygonf? xdkodk@ r[kwfyg? zdESdyfr_udk wGef;vSef
&eftwGuf eDapG;aom aoG;rsm; usef&Sdae
ygao;onf? olw@kd b0 ajymif;vJa&;twGuf
v,form;rsm;rSm tm;tifusefygao;
onf ? wOD ; csif ; tm;tif r[k w f y g?
pkaygif;tm;tif jzpfygonf?
47

_ynfolhtm%m
xd k t m;tif r sm;ud k pk p nf ; +yD ;
tajymif ; tvJ u d k ar#mf v if h u m a':
atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;Hk;a&;c&D;udk
vlxku uqdk=ujcif; jzpfygonf?
v,form;rsm;onf vufawG@
udk =unfholrsm;jzpfygonf? etzESifh 'DcsKyf
,H k = unf r _ wnf a qmuf + yD ; +yD ? awG @ qH k
aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfawmhrnf qdkonfudk olwdk@
=um;xm;ygonf? odk@&mwGif vufawG@
tajctaeu olwdk@ ar#mfvifhxm;csufESifh
ajymif;jyefyg? awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGu
J kd rqdx
k m;ESihf
a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;Hk;a&;c&D;pOf
udkyif etz u trsdK;rsdK;aESmifh,Suf
[ef@wm;aeygonf? olwdk@tm;xm;aom
a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf ud k , f w d k i f y if
vG w f v G w f v yf v yf roG m ;Ed k i f r vmEd k i f
vGwfvyfyGifhvif;pGm rajymEdkif rqdkEdkifonfh
b0udk olwdk@ udk,fwdkifudk,fus jrifawG@
&ygonf? etz.aESmifh,Suf[ef@wm;r_
rsm;onf a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf E S i f h
xdyfwdkufawG@Hkomru vlxkESifhvnf;
xdyfwdkufawG@ovdk jzpfvmygonf?
TwGif v,form;rsm;u wdk@
bmom wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf [k
pOf;pm;ajymqdkvmygonf? &J&J0Hh0Hh ajymqdk
vmygonf? xkwaf zmfajymqdjk cif; oufouf

r[kwfyg? qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufjcif; rnfyg

onf? owday;acgif;avmif; xdk;vdkufjcif;
rnf y gonf ?
TqH k ; +zwf c suf o nf
a&G ; vrf ; qd k i f & m qH k ; jzwf c suf q D o d k @
OD;wnfaeygonf?
Tpum;awGudk etz uvnf;
=um;ygonf? xd@k a=umifyh if pyg;a&mif;0,f
a&; rlopf qdo
k nfukd yGx
J w
k +f y;D v,form;
rsm;udk ac|;odyfzdk@ vkyfvmygonf? v,f
orm;rsm;tm; r_dif;wdkufEdkifzdk@ESifh vdrfnm
Edkifzdk@yg?
rqv acwfuvnf; awmifol
v,form; ESD;aESmzv,fyGJ}uD;rsm;vkyfum
v,form;rsm;udk OD;}uD; OD;}uD; vdk@
ac:+yD; vdrfnmr_dif;wdkufcJhygonf? v,f
orm;rsm;onf vufawG@t& olwdk@udk
rqvu vd r f n maerS e f ; od v m=u
aomfvnf; xdktcsdefwGif rqv. ajr,m
aoG;pkyfr_u aumif;aumif;}uD; ajcukyf,l
xm;+yD; aeyg+yD?
,ckw}udrf etz u vdrfnm
r_id ;f wdu
k rf _ yvmcsed w
f iG rf l v,form;rsm;u
wcgaozl ; I ysOf z d k ; em;vnf a e=uyg+yD ?
tvdrftnm rsm;vGef;aom etztm;
rnfonfh twdkuftcH tiftm;pkurSvnf;
r,Hk=unfawmhyg?

v,form;rsm;tm; av#mhwGuf
v#if etz trSm;}uD; rSm;ygvdrfhrnf? ,ae@
acwf v,f o rsm;rS m q&mpH a cwf u
v,form;rsm; r[kwfawmhyg? q&mpH
v,form;olyek .
f oifcef;pmrsm; &xm;+yD;
jzpfrkH u e,fcs@J pepf qef@usiaf &;ESihf zufqpf
pepf qef@usifa&;qdkonfh awmfvSefa&; 2
}udrf jzwfoef;+yD;om; v,form;rsm;yg?
Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfyGJqdkonfrSmvnf;
t&if;ppfvdkufv#if v,form; ppfyGJom
jzpf y gonf ? ,if ; jynf o l @ 'D r d k u a&pD
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ESifh &Spfav;vHk;
ta&;awmfyHkwdk@udk jzwfoef;v_yf&Sm;vmcJh
onfh v,form;rsm; jzpfygonf?
v,form;u tifrwef}uD;rm;
wJh tiftm;awG pkpnf;pdu
k x
f w
k +f yD; ke;f uef
wd k u f y G J 0 if v mv#if rnf o nf h & ef b uf
tiftm;urS [ef@wm;I&rnf r[kwfyg?
ordkif;wGif ausmif;om;xk. wdkufyGJ0if
vufeufonf oydwfjzifh qENjyyGJ jzpfch+J yD;
v,form;wd@k . wdu
k yf 0JG ifvufeufuawmh
tm%mzDqefrE_ iS hf ykeu
f efrw
_ @kd jzpfcyhJ gonf?
olwdk@ausmrSm &$HawGe@J yg? olwdk@
ausmrSm '%f&mawGe@J yg? odk@&mwGif olwdk@
onf EGHxJrS vl;vGef@Edk;u+yD; kef;wufzdk@
tm;,lvmaeyg+yD?

Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfyGJqdkonfrSmvnf;
t&if;ppfvdkufv#if
v,form;ppfyGJom jzpfygonf?

48

(1)
wdvyf (Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- 1856 - 1920) [m xif&Sm;wJh t,ltpJG
jyif;xefwhJ tdE,
dN trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}u;D
wOD ; jzpf w ,f ? ouU w eJ @ euQ w W a A'
ynm&Sif}uD;jzpf+yD; acwfopftdENd,jynfudk
xl a xmif & mwG i f r[wW r *EN D e J @ wJ G + yD ;
aumif;r_ycJholwOD; jzpfw,f? tdENd,rSm
ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; (Home Rule) awmif;
qdkr_udk pwifcho
J lvnf; jzpfw,f?
ol@awmif;qdkr_[m uGef*&uf
ygwDeJ@ jynfolawGxJrSm qJGaqmifEdkifpGrf;
&S d c J h w ,f ? *EN D * sD ; &J @ acgif ; aqmif r _ u d k
ckdifrmatmif vrf;cif;ay;EdkifchJw,f?
1920 ckESpfrSm oluG,fvGefawmh
vl 2 odef;avmufpka0;+yD; *k%fycJhw,f?
*END*sD;u jrifhrm;pGmwefzdk;jzwfchJw,f?
(2)
rE W a v;qd k w mu e,f c sJ @ qef @
usifa&;ordkif; jzpfw,f? A[dkcsufvnf;
jzpfchv
J dk@ +Adwdo#e,fcs@J u Armjynf wjynf
vk;H odr;f &mrSm rE aW v;udk OD;wnf+yD; csw
D uf
cJhwmyg?
1938 ck 'DZifbmvrSm +Adwdo#
tpdk;&&J@ twGif;0efkH;udk ausmif;om;awG
0dkif;qENjy&mu ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
udkatmifausmf usqkH;cJh&w,f? e,fcsJ@
qef @ usif a &;pd w f " mwf a wG wjynf v k H ;
zkH;v$rf;oGm;cJhw,f?
1939 azazmf0g&D 9 &ufae@rSm
rE Wav; oHCmawmfeJ@ ausmif;om;awG
acgi;f aqmif+y;D csKyfjc,frO_ ya' (yk'rf - 144)

udk csKd;azmufum pDwef;qENjy=ujyefw,f?

+Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;u ypfcwfESdrfeif;vdk@
&[ef;&Sifvl (tmZmenf) 17 OD; usqkH;cJh&
w,f? oHCmawmfu trsm;qkH; (7 yg;) /
ausmif;om;u 'kwd, (3 OD;) vdkufygw,f?
rE Wav;axmifqdkwmu e,fcsJ@
qef@usifa&;ordkif;&SdcJhwJhaxmif?
- Armbk&if oDaygu tzrf;f cH&+yD;wJah emuf
tdENd,jynf &wem*D&drSm ol@&J@aemufqkH;
ae@rsm;udk ukefvGefchJ&w,f?
- tvm;wl &wem*D & d r@om; o&zl
raqmif;wJhbk&if axmif 6 ESpfuscH&wJh
wdvyfr[m&yfcsfvnf; rE Wav;axmifrSm
ol@tcsdefawG ukefvGefch&J &Smw,f?
olrE Wav;axmifxJ&SdpOfrSmyif
ol@ZeD; uG,fvGefoGm;cJhw,f? 'Dowif;
rE Wav;axmifxJa&mufvmw,f? ol@&J@
yk*~vdub0 tqkH;owfoGm;cJh+yD? wdkif;jynf
twGuf b0udkpaw;vdkuf&+yD? ol@*k%f
od u Q m / ol @ &J @ ausmf = um;r_ r S e f o r# ol @
EdkifiHa&;rSm ykHatm&awmhr,fvdk@ qkH;jzwf
cJhw,f?
(3)
e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;rSm a&S@qkH;u
ygcJhwJh oHCmawmfrsm;eJ@ ausmif;om;rsm;
[m ppf t pd k ; &qef @ usif a &;rS m vnf ;
a&S@qkH;u ygch=J uw,f?
ae0if;ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;+yD;
bmrS r =umvd k u f 2 ES p f 3 ES p f y J & S d a o;/
rE W a v;axmif x J r S m
bk e f ; }uD ; eJ @
ausmif ; om;awG jynf h a eygawmh w ,f ?
wdkufawGxJrSmvnf; &Sdw,f? taqmif

ay:rSmvnf; &Sdw,f? tm%mydkifawGeJ@

xdyfwdkufawG@wmvnf; w+cdrf;+cdrf;yJ?
1967 ckEpS rf mS trsK;d orD;axmifrS
ausmif;olrsm; acgi;f aqmif+yD; pwifvu
kd w
f hJ
axmif w G i f ; tcG i f h t a&; wd k u f y J G w ck
rE Wav;axmifrSm ay:cJhw,f? axmifr}uD;
xJrSm bkef;}uD;eJ@ausmif;om;awGaygif;+yD;
tusO;f om; (Ekid if aH &;a&m &mZ0wfom;yg)
awGukd pnf;k;H um wdu
k yf q
GJ ifvu
kd =f uw,f?
(pum;csyf - trsKd ; orD ; axmif u
axmifbl;0&J@tjyifbuf a&S@wnfhwnfh
rsufESmcsif;qdkifrSm &Sdw,f? taqmifay:u
atmfajym&if =um;&w,f?) ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmif &JabmfaX;vS vkHavmufwJh
aq;0g;ukor_r&vd@k usq;Hk oGm;wmuvnf;
ylyal EG;aEG;rd@k wdu
k yf 0GJ ifpw
d "f mwfawG acgirf ;kd
xdk;aecsdef?
arv 5 &uf r S 8 &uf t xd
axmif}uD;udk pD;xm;vdu
k =f uw,f? wcef;eJ@
wcef;ul;/ waqmife@J waqmif/ taqmife@J
wdu
k f 'd;k ,dak yguf (wd;k v#Kad ygu)f jzpfomG ;cJ+h yD?
a[majymyJ G a wG / au;a=umf o H a wG /
vufckyfoHawG[m 3 &ufvkH;vkH; ae@a&m
nyg [de;f nHaeygawmhw,f? ntcsed q
f &kd if
r@xu
J awmif =um;=u&w,fv@kd o&d w,f?
'gayrJh 8 &ufae@eHeufvif;awmh
vuf e uf t jynf h t pk H wyf q if x m;wJ h
ppf o m;awG wyf c J G w cJ G a vmuf 0if v m
ygw,f? vufeuf}uD;vufeufi,fawGeJ@
taqmifudk csdefxm;vdkufw,f? EkdifiHa&;
tusOf ; om; (xd e f ; od r f ; ) awG x J u
acgif ; aqmif w csKd @ ud k qJ G x k w f o G m ;+yD ;
49

_ynfolhtm%m
wjcm;axmifawGudk cJGydk@chJw,f? dk;dk;
axmifusacgif;aqmifawGudkawmh wdkufxJ
xnfh wdkufydwfvdkufw,f? EkdifiHa&;
tusOf;om;eJ@ dk;dk;axmifus txuf
atmuf waqmifwnf; wJGrxm;awmhbJ
cJGypfcJhw,f? xdef;odrf;awGu 0if;w0if;
oyfoyf&SdwhJ tcsKyfaqmifbuf ajymif;=u
&w,f?
'DrSmwif wdvyfaqmife@J a&puf
qkH=u&wmyg?
(4)
xdef;odrf;awGudk axmufvSrf;
a&;bufu oD;oef@tkyfcsKyfw,f? t&mcH
Adkvfwa,muf OD;pD;+yD; 3 - 4 a,muf
vmkH;xdkifygw,f? olwdk@kH;u wHwdkif;wck
jcm;xm;wJh 0if;i,fw0if;xJu wxyfwu
kd f
taqmifwckyg?
taqmifukd wdvyfaqmif vd@k
yJ ac: =uw,f ? taqmif 0 if ; xJ r S m
a&ul;uefwckvnf; &Sdygw,f? bmtwGuf
vJ/ acgi;f aqmif}uD;wdvyf a&ul;a&csK;d zd@k w?hJ
udpPwckckeJ@ (rsm;aomtm;jzifh
axmif w G i f ; tr_ a wG a y:vd k @ ac:ppf a q;
ar;jref;wJt
h cg) wdvyfaqmifbuf oGm;cGihf
&&if wdvyfaqmif&@J t&omudk cHpm;rd=u

w,f? {csrf;+idrfoufr_/ oef@&Sif;oyf,yfr_

a=umifh w'*FyJjzpfjzpf vef;vef;qef;qef;
jzpf = u&w,f ? axmif u swmawmif
w,fvnf;ta&;ay;cH&wJh yk*~dKvfygvm;vdk@
vnf; qifjcifrcd w
hJ ,f?
ay;&rSmaygh? wdvyfu tdENd,
jynf}uD;&J@ xdyfwef;acgif;aqmif? wdvyfudk
+Adwdo#tpdk;&owfrSwfwmu (A.class)
wJh? 0ef}uD;csKyfwdk@ xdyfwef;0ef}uD;wdk@udkrS
ay;wJh xdyfwef;axmifwGif; tqifhtwef;
yg?
ud k v d k e D a cwf e J @ zqyvacwf
txd ArmjynfrSm bDuvyfpf EdkifiHa&;
orm;awGu rsm;ygw,f? au|;wmu wae@
4 usyfcJGzdk;/ xdkacwfwefzdk;t& rdrdtjyif
wjcm;axmifus 2 a,muf - 3 a,mufudk
awmif t0au|;Edkifw,fvdk@ qdkw,f? ppf
tpdk;&acwf axmifuszl;olrsm; Ed_if;,SOf
cHpm;Edkifygw,f?
(5)
r=umvdkufyg? xdkwdvyfaqmif
twGuf jy\emwuf=u&w,f? bkef;}uD;
awG u d k tjyif o d r f r S m ES p f p Of c G i f h yaeus
y0g&%myJ G vk y f c G i f h r y&mu pwmyg?
tjyef t vS e f ajym=uqk d = u&ygw,f ?

aemufqkH; wdvyfaqmif udk odrfvkyfcGifh

ay;+yD ; jy\emud k &S i f ; vd k u f = uw,f ?
wu,f u ^m%f w d r f w d r f e J @ +yD ; uypf
vk y f v d k u f j cif ; jzpf w ,f ? tjyif x k w f
ray;&&if +yD;a&mqdkwhJoabm?
y&dwfawG&Gwfzwf odrforkwf
+yD;umrS owif;aygu=f um;um tdE,
dN oH;Hk
u uef@uu
G yf gawmhw,f? oHCmawmfawG
u t}uD ; tus,f t rsuf x G u f = uw,f ?
tjyiford rf mS y0g&%mvkycf iG ahf y;rvm; ray;bl ; vm; qd k w J h a wmif ; qd k c suf
wqif h w d k ; awmif ; vd k u f = uw,f ? 'gud k
xdef;odrf;tm;vkH;u axmufcH=uw,f?
xk;H pHtwdik ;f ausmif;om;awGu csomcs i&Jr}uD;bl; qdk+yD; &if;ESD;wJhoHCmawGudk
tm;ay;=uw,f?
aemufqkH;awmh tm%mydkifawG
bufu tav#mhay; vdkufavsmcJh&w,f?
(6)
ygawmfrlwJhrE Wav; - wdvyf&@J
rE Wav; - tmZmenf 17 OD;&J@rE Wav;awmfveS af &;orm;awGarG;xkwaf y;wJrh E aW v;
tJ'DvdkrE Wav;[m urBmausaomfvnf;
O'gef;rausr,fh rE Wav;yg?

uGejf rLepfawG[m touf&iS af eao;oa&G@ vkypf &m &Sw

d ,f?
jynfwiG ;f rSm jynfyrSm axmifxrJ mS
ae&mwumrSm &Sw
d ,f?

50

tojym ppfyGJ
tar&d u ef e J @ t*F v d y f w d k @ uawmh
cspfwD;acgif;oef;Smovdk tD&wfEdkifiHxJrSm
vl t rsm;tjym;aoapEd k i f w J h vuf e uf /
aemuf+yD; "mwkvufeufeJ@ ZD0vufeufwdk@
ukd SmazGae=uygw,f? tD&wfukd rwdu
k cf if
uav;wifrmS yJ bkafS &m yg0v
J u
f yg tD&wf
Edik if x
H rJ mS 'DvufeufawGxm;wJh ae&mawG
udk olwdk@twdtus owif;&xm;a=umif;/
ukvor*~u SmazGolawG ajymqdkwmudk
olwdk@vufrcHEdkifa=umif;ajym+yD; twif;
0ifwdkufwmyg? wjynfvHk;udkodrf;rdawmh
olwdk@[m tJ'Dtwdtus owif;&xm;wJh
vufeufawGukd SmrawG@bJ a&eHwiG ;f awGe@J
a':vmaiGpuULawGom SmawG@aeygw,f?
SmrawG@wJh aemufwrsdK;uawmh tD&wf
jywdkufawGxJu aS;a[mif;ypPnf;awGeJ@
tpPvrfbmom pm=unfhwdkuf}uD;xJu
tzdk;wef pmtkyfawG usrf;awGaygh?
qd k A D , uf
,l e D , H a [mif ; u
acgif;aqmifawG udk,fhao#mifudk,fqGJ+yD;
eef ; xJ u qif ; oG m ;+yD ; wJ h a emuf r S m
tar&duefEdkifiH&J@ pD;yGm;a&;[m xl;xl;
jcm;jcm; aumif;rGefrvmwJhtjyif 9 - 11
ta&;tcif;rjzpfrDav;up+yD; tDqif;vm
aewm vlwdkif;todyg? 'DvdktcdsefrSmyJ
jzpfcsifawmh arGyl&muif;arSmifhqdkovdk
,ldkaiGudk w&m;0ifxkwfa0vmwmeJ@ oGm;
wdu
k q
f ikd af eygw,f? wqufwnf;rSm {&mr
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;}uD;awG jy\emwufwm/
ydwfypf&wmwdk@vdk ol@EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;udk
+cd f r f ; ajcmuf a ewJ h wjcm;ud p P a wG v J
qufwu
kd af y:vmygw,f?
'Dvdkordkif;aemufcHaS@rSm tD&wfppfyGJ

ay:vmwmudk b,fvkd j_ rifrvJ? tar&duef

Edik if u
H 'AvsLuvyfcq
f o
kd l a&;wJah qmif;yg;
wckrSm olu 'DppfyGJ[m a&eHoufouf
twGuf ppfcif;wm r[kwfbJ ,ldkaiGuae
tar&d u ef a ':vmud k ay;vmaewJ h
tE W&m,fudk [ef@wm;zdk@vJ jzpfw,fvdk@
qd k y gw,f ? aqmif ; yg;&J @ emrnf u
tojymppfyGJBattle of Currencies
jzpfygw,f? tJ'Daqmif;yg;txJu pdwf0if
pm;p&m tcsuftvufawGudk udk;um;
azmfjyvdu
k yf gw,f?
olu 'Dvt
kd aetxm;rSm tar&duef
tpdk;&&J@ zuf'&,fb%fwdk@u xdwfvef@
wk e f v _ y f a ewJ h vl o l r od v S w J h ud p P w ck
Sdao;w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'gu wu,f
vdk@om tdkyuf OPEC EdkifiHawGu a&eH
a&mif;0,fr_awGudk a':vmtpm; ,ldkeJ@
vkyv
f mcJah omf qdw
k t
hJ csuf jzpfygw,fw?hJ
tD&wf[m 100,ldk ] 80 a':vmom
S d a o;wJ h 2000ck E S p f Ed k 0 if b mvrS m 'D
tajymif;tvJudk vkyfcJhygw,f? ,ldk&J@
wefz;kd u a':vmeJ@pmvdu
k &f if wjznf;jznf;
wufvmaewmrdk@ olwdk@ 'Dvdkvkyfwm[m
(tar&duefbufu=unfh&if) "m;jyvkyf&yf
ygyJ? quf'rfudk tar&duefu ao'%fcs
vd k u f a pwJ h tcsuf u awmh tJ ' D E S p f
tukeyf ikd ;f rSm tD&wfyikd af ':vm 10 bDvsu
H kd
,ldktjzpf ajymif;vdkufwmygyJ? 'Dvdk
vkyfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh quf'rf[m ,ldk&J@
wefzdk; wufvmwmeJ@twl tacsmifaiG
ukaaygif;rsm;pGm jrwfvdkufygw,f?
tdrfjzLawmfu tD&wfrSm quf'rfudk
z,fmS ;csi&f wJh t"duta=umif;&if;[m ol@

pum;em;axmifwJh kyfao;tpdk;&vdk[m
wckudk eef;wif+yD; a&eHwefzdk;udk a':vmeJ@
jyefowfrSwfapcsifwmyg? 'DvdkeJ@ tdkyuf
tpkxrJ mS aemif'v
D dk vkyv
f mr,fh tE &W m,f
Sd&if ADwdkoHk; y,fcsapzdk@ jzpfygw,f? txl;
ojzifh tD&efyg? tdkyuftpkxJrSm 'kwd,
a&eHtrsm;qHk; xkwfvkyfoljzpfwJh 'DEdkifiH
[mvJ ol@a&eHwifydk@r_udk ,ldka':vmeJ@
owfrw
S zf @kd taotcsmpOf;pm;aewJh tqihf
a&mufae wmudk;?
aemufwcsufu yifv,fauG@
a'orSm ol@&@J tm;txm;&qH;k aemufvu
kd f
jzpfwJh aqmf'Dtma&;AsEdkifiHqdkwmuvJ
olwdk@apmfbGm;awGcsif; vHk;0wnfh=uwm
r[kwfbl;? tcsdefraG; uGJ - +yJ - tm%m
odrf;wmawG jzpfEdkifwhEJ dkifiH? aemufwufwhJ
acgif;aqmifu a&eHwefzdk;udk ,ldke@J wGufygh
r,fq&kd if 0giS w
f eftwGuf oGm;ygava&m?
'Dtajctaeudk kSm; - wkwf
- tdENd,wdk@ygwJh urBmhtcif;tusif;}uD;
xJrSm [yf=unfhvdkufprf;yg? tar&duef
twGuf b,favmuftE W&m,f}uD;vdkuf
rvJ? (Oa&mytkyfpkuawmh ajymaep&m
rvdkbl;/ ajAmif&yfjyvdkuf+yD?)
tdkyuf[m a':vmeJ@ ta&mif;
t0,f v k y f a e&muae ,l d k e J @ ta&mif ;
t0,fvkyfr_qDudk jznf;jznf;csif; ajymif;vJ
wm r[kwfbJ Aef;pm;ajymif;vJwm vkyf
vdkuf&if b,fvdkjzpfrvJ?
tusd K ;quf u awmh a&eH u d k
0,foHk;ae&wJh EdkifiHawG[m rdrdwdk@&J@A[dk
b%frmS Sw
d hJ t&efEikd if jH cm;aiGukd ,lt
kd jzpf
ajymif;&vdrrhf ,f? 'gq&kd if a':vmwefz;kd [m
51

_ynfolhtm%m
20-30 avmuf xdk;usoGm;rSm? 'gqdk&if
aiGpuULwefzdk; xdk;usr_uae ay:aygufavh
Sw
d u
hJ yfrsKd ; jzpfomG ;rSmyJ (r=umcifu jzpfcw
hJ hJ
tm*sif w D ; em; aiG a =u;uyf u d k y J = unf h ) ?
tar&duef pawmhaps;uGufawGxJu ,ldk
awG/ tar&duefjynfwGif;rSm &if;ESD;rKyfESH
xm;r_awGxJu ,ldkawG[m tjyifudk
'va[mpD;xGufukef=urSm/ 'gqdk&if b%f
awG[m 1930 pkESpfawGwkef;uvdk ay;p&m
rSd jzpfukef=ur,f? ay;p&mrSdwmuae
a'0gvD c H & wmyJ ? 'D a cwf wwd , urB m
EdkifiHawG&J@ aiGa=u;uyfrsdK; ('Dae@ etz
uHae&wJhuyfrsdK;) qdkufrSmyg?
tD&wfrmS quf'rf[pl ed u
f kd zwfcs
+yD ; wJ h a emuf tar&d u ef w yf a wG u d k
awmfawmfeJ@ kyfOD;rSm r[kwfbl;? olwdk@&J@
wyfkyfa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh tpDtpOf/ 'grS
r[kwf aoe*FAsL[m&,fv@kd wcgrS r=um;&
ao;bl ; ? tenf ; qH k ; ol w d k @ wif a y;r,f h
k y f a o;tpd k ; &ud k umuG , f z d k @ wyf a wG
xm;ay;&OD;r,f? 'DvdkeJ@ wcsdefwnf;rSm
wjcm; tdkyuftzGJ@0ifawGudkvJ rif;wdk@vJ
a&eHeJ@,ldk rvJcsif=ueJ@/ Edk@rdk@&if quf'rfvdk
jzpfoGm;r,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufvdk@ &wmaygh?
tar&duefowfrSwfwJh aemuf
rdp>mEdkifiHwckjzpfwJh tD&efu a&eHukd,ldkeJ@rS
a&mif ; csif w ,f q d k w meJ @ ywf o uf v d k @ vJ
ra=unmwJh owif;wck xGufcJhygw,f?
tJ'guawmh tD&efEdkifiHu a&eHpdrf;udk
a':vmtpm; ,ldkeJ@a&mif;r,fqdkwm[m
t"dutm;jzihf pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;a=umifh
jzpfw,fvdk@qdkygw,f/ 'gayrJh 'DEdkifiH[m
tar&duefu olwdk@udk rdp>m 3 EdkifiH pm&if;
oGif;vdkufwJhtwGuf vufwkH@jyefcsif
aewmvJ trSefygyJ (b*~'uf&J@ [dkrSm
buf a&;ol Gutman, Roy & Barry,
John)?
'gh t jyif yd k x if S m ;wJ h tcsuf
wckuawmh 2002 ckEpS t
f wGi;f rSm tD&ef[m
ol@EdkifiHA[dkb%f&J@t&efaiG trsm;pk}uD;udk
,l d k t jzpf ajymif ; vd k u f w mygyJ ? 'g[m
aemifrSm a&eHpdrf;udkvJ ,ldkeJ@yJ a&mif;awmh
r,fvdk@ tcsufjyovdk Sdaeygw,f?
'gawGe@J wqufwnf;/ tE &W m,f
acsmufE_wfcrf;rSm wxdwfxdwfapmihfae&
52

wmu tar&duef&@J taS@zsm;r[mrdw}f uD;

*syefEdkifiH&J@pD;yGm;a&; jzpfygw,f? wu,f
vd@k om a&eHaps;[m umv=umjrifh wufae
&if/ 'grrS [kwf Aef;pm;}uD; wpnfukd a':vm
8 - 90 qdkwmrsdK; xdk;wufoGm;&if e*dkurS
,Jh,JhomSdwJh *syef&J@pD;yGm;a&;[m yHkus
oGm;rSm aocsmaew,f? *syef&@J pD;yGm;a&;u
a&eHudpP/ b%fudpPwdk@eJ@ywfoufvm&if
txdrcHauGyef;uef qdkwmrsdK;&,fyg? 'D
urBmh 'kw,
d t}uD;qH;k pD;yGm;a&; taqmuf
ttHk}uD;om ydvdk@uawmh tar&duef
tygt0if wurBmvHk;rD;cdk;uGufav#muf
'kuQawG@=urSm aocsmygw,f? yxrqHk;xd
rSmuawmh ypdzdwfa'ou EdkifiHawGaygh?
'DtxJrmS kmS ;vdEk ikd if [
H mqd&k if tar&duef
a':vmom wckcjk zpfv@kd uawmh tzsm;xif;
jzpfudef; qdkufrSmrkcsyg?
wd k u f q d k i f c sif a wmh 'D u mvrS m yJ
ajrmuf u d k & D ; ,m;[mvJ ol @ &J @ jynf y
uk e f o G , f a&;awG r S m tar&d u ef a':vm
tpm; ,ldk toHk;yzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f?
ol ' D v d k v k y f w m[m td k y uf E d k i f i H a wG e J @
Ed_if;pm&ifxda&mufr_[m rajymyavmuf
ygb;l ? 'gayrJh bkw
fS @kd tzd@k awmh yx0DEikd if aH &;
oabmt& oduQmxdcdkufygw,f? ydkpdk;&drf
p&m aumif;wmu wcsdK@aomEdkifiHrsm;u
tpdk;&awG[m ra=unmbJ rdrdwdk@bmom
usdwf+yD; t&efa':vmaiGawGxJu wcsdK@udk
,ldkeJ@ vJypfaewmyg? 'DtxJrSm wkwf/
kmS ;/ AifeaD ZG;vm;eJ@ tdyk ufEikd if w
H csKd @ yg0if
ygw,f? a':vmtzd@k jcaoF}h u;D rsupf ed +D yv
D m;
pOf;pm;p&m jzpfaeygw,f?
a':vmeJ@ wefzdk;wef;wljzpf&r,fvdk@
wDxiG cf w
hJ hJ ,lakd ':vm&J@ordik ;f rSm pxkwcf sed f
uae 'DppfyrJG wdik rf t
D xd a':vmeJ@ ,lw
kd @kd &@J
vJvS,fE_ef;[m 1 ; 090 w0dkufom jzpfcJh
ygw,f? ppfvJpwifvdkufa&m bmrSr=um
vdkufbl; tcsdK;E_ef;[m tHh=op&maumif;
avmufatmif 090 ; 1 jzpfoGm; cJhygw,f?
a0gvrf;ruvlawG tajcmufwu
kd f a=umuf
vef@aewm r[kwfygbl;?
t*F v ef u a[Zvf [ if ' gqif
(Henderson, Hazel) qdkola&;wJh bkSf
wzuf o wf 0 g'&J @ [d k r S m buf qd k w J h
aqmif;yg;xJrSm tar&duef&J@ Adkvfus

v$r;f rd;k r_ukd Zmwford ;f Edik af pr,fh tjzpfEikd q

f ;kH
tvm;tvm[m (tar&duef&J@ taS@
tv,fydkif;a'oeJ@ ywfoufwJh oabm
xm;a=umifh ay:xGufvmr,fh) a&eHaps;
jrifhwufr_eJ@ a':vmwefzdk; usqif;vmwm
(abm*aA'orm; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
wGuq
f xm;=uw,f)/ 'DEpS &f yfaygi;f pnf;r_yJ
vdk@ ygSdygw,f?
ADeDZJGvm;EdkifiHrSm aG;aumufyGJeJ@
orRwjzpfvmwJh csmAufZt
f pd;k &udk tm%m
od r f ; zd k @ ud ; pm;wm&J @ aemuf u G , f r S m
tar&duefygw,fqdkwm vlwdkif;todyg?
Aif e D Z G J v m;Ed k i f i H [ m urB m rS m a&eH
pwkwtrsm;qHk;xGufwJh EdkifiHjzpf+yD; olwdk@
[m vufwiftar&duefEikd if H 12 Edik if t
H jyif
usL;bm;Ed k i f i H e J @ ypP n f ; csif ; zvS , f w J h
bmwmpepfoHk;+yD; ukefoG,fa&; vkyfae
ygw,f? tar&duefa':vm&J@ yg0ifaeus
tcef;u[m aysmufuG,frvdk jzpfae
ygw,f? jy\emudk ydt
k mHpk u
fkd pf &m jzpfvm
apwmu ADeDZGJvm;vkyfovdk ukefypPnf;eJ@
a&eH u d k ypP n f ; csif ; vJ w J h yH k p H r sd K ;wjcm;
tdyk ufEikd if aH wGyg usio
hf ;kH vmcJah omf qdw
k m
ygyJ? tar&duef[m csmAufZfudk zwfcszdk@
qufud;pm;aeOD;rSm oHo,Sdp&m rvdk
ygbl;?
'D a e@urB m rS m wnf S d a ewJ h
Edik if w
H umukeo
f ,
G af &;&J@ wnfaqmufyu
kH
tar&duefu a':vmawGu
kd x
f w
k /f wjcm;
EdkifiHawGu ukefypPnf;awGxkwf qdkwmvdk
jzpf a eygw,f ? 'ga=umif h Ed k i f i H a wG [ m
t&efaiGa':vmeJ@ a':vmeJ@ owfrSwfxm;
wJh acs;aiGw@kd ukd rsm;rsm;&Szd @kd yJ vH;k yef;ae=u
&ygw,f?
a':vm&J@Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;r_?
'D[m&J@t"du toGifvuQ%m
uawmh 'Dae@urBmrSm ta&;ygwhJ ukeyf pPn;f
awG - Oyrma&eH - wdk@udk a&mif;0,f&mrSm
tar&d u ef a ':vmu t"d u ta&;ygwJ h
=um;cHjzpfaewmygyJ? 'gayrJh ,ldka':vm
ay:vmwm[m tar&d u ef a ':vm&J @
ta&;ygr_udk +cdrf;ajcmufovdk jzpfvmcJh
ygw,f? 'DrSm wqufwnf; owdy&rSmu
tD ; ,l a c: Oa&myor*~ 0 if E d k i f i H ta&
twGuf[m rsm;oxuf rsm;vmaewmyg?

_ynfolhtm%m
ouU&mZf 2004 udk a&muf&if tD;,lEdkifiH
awGrSm vlOD;a&u oef; 450/ *sD'DyDac:
jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfr_ pkpkaygif;wefbdk;u
a':vm 96 x&D v sH j zpf v mygvd r h f r ,f ?
'gq&kd if vlO;D a&u oef;250 *s'D yD u
D a':vm
105 x&DvsHSdwJh tar&duefudk ycHk;csif;
,SOf&m usawmhrSmyg? 2002 ckwkef;u
tdkyuf&J@ a&eHaps;uGuf pl;prf;avhvma&;
Xme&J@ Xmer;jzpfol *smA'f,m*smeD Javad
Yarjani ajymwJa
h tmufygpum;&yfrsm;[m
pOf ; pm;p&m aumif ; vS y gw,f ? urB m h
ukeo
f ,
G af &;rSm ,l&kd @J e,fy,fu a':vm&J@
e,fy,fxuf us,f0ef;+yD; ,ldkoHk;ol EdkifiH
awG [ m tar&d u ef v d k uk e f o G , f a &;
vdkaiGjywm enf;vSw,f qdkwmygyJ?
,lEkd ikd if aH wGtaeeJ@ a&eHaps;uGuf
rSm olwdk@&J@tojym wGifus,fvmwmudk
b,frSmrudufbJ SdyghrvJ? 'Dvdk wGifus,f
vm&if urBmrSm ,ldkudkvdkcsifwJh EdkifiHawG
rsm;vm/ ,ldk&J@wefzdk;wufvm jzpfrSmyg?
aemuf + yD ; 'g[m Ed k i f i H a wmf a wmf
rsm;rsm; twGuv
f J aumif;wJt
h usKd ;aus;zl;
awG &rSmyg? 'gayrJh "rRwmyJ 'gu0kd giS w
f efu
vH;k 0vufrcHEikd yf gb;l ? ol@p;D yGm;a&;&J@ tcsuf
tcsmydik ;f udo
k mru Edik if aH &;*k%o
f u
d mQ udyk g
t}uD ; tus,f x d c d k u f r ,f r[k w f v m;?
td r f j zLawmf [ m 'ga=umif h tD & wf u d k
vufO;D r_,w
l u
kd w
f m (preemptive strike)
vd k @ wcsd K @uoH k ; oyf = uwm jzpf y gw,f ?
tdkyufEdkifiHawGtm;vHk; ,ldktjzpf ajymif;
rajymif ; pOf ; pm;csif h c sd e f a e=ucsd e f r S m
tar&duefu tD&wfudk odrf;ydkufrdw,f
qdk&if olwdk@wifwJh tpdk;&udk tdkyufu
owf r S w f w J h ud k w mxuf y d k + yD ; a&eH a wG
xkwfcdkif;r,f? 'DvdkeJ@ a&eHaps; usvmr,f?
tdkyufEdkifiHawGtwGif; rnD!Gwfr_awGjzpf/
wlnw
D q
hJ ;kH jzwfcsuf csr&wmrsKd ;awG jzpfvm
r,f? a':vmud,
k l ekd @J tpm;xd;k zd@k qdw
k mvJ
arhypfvdkuf&a&m jzpfoGm;r,f?
'Dae&mrSm tar&duefu a&eHudk
vdkcsifvdk@ 'Dppfudkwdkufwm r[kwfbl;vdk@
tdrfjzLawmftwGuf aS@aevdkufaeolawG
udk owday;axmufjyp&m wcsuf ySd gw,f?
tJ'gu tar&dueftaeeJ@ }uD;rm;vSwJh
a&eHodkufawGydkifqdkifwJh tD&wfudk EdkifiHa&;

tjcm;urBmhaiGrmrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu a':vmaiGusqif;vmyHkudk

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkt&efaiGa=u;Xme. a':vm!ef;udef;t& awG@&yHk?

t& csKyfuikd x
f m;Edik +f yDqw
kd meJ@ a&eHEikd if aH &;
rSm ol@ajcol@vufawG trsm;}uD;v_yf mS ;vd@k
&awmhrSm jzpfygw,f? tar&duefEdkifiHu
vuf,maS;dk;pGJ0g'DawG/ (bkSfrdom;pkvdk)
a&eHol uG,af wG[m 70 pkEpS rf sm;qDwek ;f u
tdkyufu tefwk umjyef cJhwmudk vHk;0
tcJ r ausygbl ; ? 'D w auG @ rS m td k y uf u d k
tvJxdk;Edkifp&mawG &oGm;Edkifygw,f?
tD&wfudk tar&duefu urBmhpD;yGm;a&;
todik ;f t0dik ;f xJ jyefoiG ;f ,lygr,f? (tckuykd J
wcseu
f olu,
kd w
f ikd f csrw
S cf w
hJ hJ ydwq
f @kd ra_ wG
jyefzGifhzdk@ twif;ud;pm;aew,f r[kwf
vm;?) +yD;&if tD&wf&J@a&eHvkyfief;awG
txJudk olwdk@&J@t&if;tESD;awG 'va[m
oGif;,lr,f/ a&eHawG t&rf;xkwfr,f? 'g
qdk&if tdkyufvkyfaewJh a&eHxkwfvkyfr_udk
av#m+h y;D aps;udx
k ed ;f odr;f w,fqw
kd m vkyv
f @kd
r&awmhbl; jzpfoGm;yg+yD?
tdkyuft!Gef@usdK;w,fqdk&if aemuf

ypfrSwf[m tD;,ljzpfrvmbl;vdk@ b,fol

ajymEdkifrvJ?
aemuf w csuf u tar&d u ef [ m
tD&wfudkwdkuf&if; wcsdefwnf;rSm ajAmifyJ
tD&efe@J qD;&D;,m;wd@k ukd +cdr;f ajcmufcw
hJ mudk
=unfh&if tar&duef[m olwdk@pOf;pm;avh
SdwJh enf;twdkif; taS@tv,fydkif; 'dkrDEdk
zJcsyfawGvJwmudk ar#mfvifhaeovm;
pOf;pm;p&myg?
'gawGudk umuG,fwJhtaeeJ@ tdkyuf
awG[m tD&wfudpPrSm tar&duefvkyfcJhwJh
vufO;D r_,w
l u
kd w
f ,f qdw
k mrsKd ; a&eHaps;udk
wnDw!Gwfwnf; ,ldkeJ@ owfrSwfvdkuf
&ifawmhvJ yG}J uD;yGaJ umif;wck jzpfvmrSmyg?
'gqdk&if tdrfjzLawmftzdk@ racsmifvSwm
awmh trSefyg? 'DvkdvkyfEdkifpGrf;[m 'Dae@
urBmhtaetxm;rSm wu,fwnfSdaewJh
npfuGufav;wckvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? 'gufdk
vkyfcsifwJh EdkifiH (awG) Sdzdk@yJ vdkwmyg?
53

ude;f *%ef;uajymwJh Zmwfvrf;rsm;

1? urBmhvlOD;a&rSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ vlOD;a&yg0ifr_&mE_ef; ] 6
2? urBmh"etm;vHk;rSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@"eyg0ifr_&mE_ef; ] 50
3? urBmrSm a&eHodkuf 'kwd,trsm;qHk;EdkifiH ] tD&wf
4? wurBmvHk;&J@ ppfbwf*sufpkpkaygif; ] a':vmbDvsH 900ausmf
5? 'DtxJrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ yg0ifr_ ] 50
6? tar&duef ppfbwf*suf&J@ b,favmuf&mE_ef;[m urBmom;tm;vHk;twGuf rSdrjzpfypPnf;rsm; 0,fvdk@&rvJ ] 10
('g[m tmz*efppfyGJtwGuf y%mroHk;cJhwmeJ@ twlwlavmufjzpfw,f)
7? 'kwd,urBmppfaemufydkif; ppfa=umifhaoqHk;cJhwJh vlta&twGuf ] 86oef;
8? tD&wfrSm b,fwkef;up+yD; "mwkaA'eJ@ ZD0aA'vufeufawG SdcJhovJ? 1980 pkESpfrsm;
9? tD&wfu tD&eftay: "mwk - ZD0vufeufrsm;oHk;pGJawmh tar&duefeJ@ t*Fvdyfu uef@uGufcJhwJht}udrfaygif; ] 0
(tJ'DvufeufpufHkawG tm;vHk;udk tar&dueftpdk;&eJ@ t*Fvdyfyk*~vdu ukr`%DawGu wnfay;cJhwmjzpf)
10? 1988ckESpfu [mvmbD,mqdkwJh u'faus;GmrSm tD&wfu "mwkvufeufeJ@ aoapcJhwJh vlta&twGuf ] 5000
11? tJ'Dwkef;u 'Dvkyf&yfudk _wfcscJhwJh taemufwdkif;u EdkifiHta&twGuf ] 0
12? tar&duefu AD,uferfrSm oGef;cscJhwJh vdarRmfa&mif "mwktqdyf&nf *gvHaygif; ] 17oef;
13? 9 - 11 ta&;tcif;rSm tD&wf&J@ywfoufr_ taxmuftxm;awG@Sdcsuf pkpkaygif; ] 0
14? 1991 ckESpf yifv,fauG@ppfyGJrSm aoqHk;cJhwJh t&yfom;ta&twGuf cef@rSef;csuf ] 35000
15? tJ'DppfyGJrSm tD&wfwyfu wdkufvdk@aocJhwJh tar&duefppfom; ta&twGuf ] 0
16? qkwfcGmwJh tD&wfppfom;rsm;udk tar&duefu x,foGm;wyf wifhum;rsm;eJ@tSifvwfvwf ajrzdk@owfwJh ta&twGuf ]
6000
17? ppf+yD;aemuf tD&wfeJ@ ul0dwfEdkifiHwdk@rSm usefaecJhwJh oHk;+yD;,la&eD,H ta&twGuf ] wef 40
18? ukvor*~&@J wGufcsufr_t& 1991 - 1994twGif; tD&wfrSm uifqmjzpfyGm;r_wdk;vmwJh &mE_ef; ] 700
19? 1991 ckESpfrSm tD&wf&J@ ppfwdkufEdkifpGrf; b,favmufudk zsufqD;ypfvdkuf+yDvdk@ tar&duefuajymcJhovJ ] 80
20? tckaemufqHk;ppfyGJrSm aor,fvdk@ yifwm*Gefu cef@rSef;xm;wJh tD&wft&yfom;ta&twGuf ] 10000
21? 'DtxJrSm yg0ifr,fh uav;ta&twGuf ] 50
22? tar&duefu tD&wftay: AHk;}uJaewJh ESpfaygif; ] 11
23? 1998 'DZifbmvrS 1999 pufwifbmvtwGif; tar&duefeJ@ t*Fvefwdk@u tD&wftay: }uJcscJhwJh ,rf;tcsdef uDvdkaygif; ]
45oef;
24? 'DumvtwGif; 'DESpfEdkifiHeJ@ tD&wfwdk@ ppfjzpfwJht}udrfaygif; ] 0
25? tD&wftay: oGif;ukefxkwfukef ydwfqdk@wJhtrdef@csrSwfwJh umv ] 12ESpf
54

_ynfolhtm%m

ol@crsm tEkwEf pS f jzpfomG ;&Sm+yD

26? 1989 ckESpfu tD&wfrSm uav;aoaysmufr_E_ef; ] 1000 rSm 38 a,muf

27? 1998 ckESpfu tD&wfrSm uav;aoaysmufr_E_ef; ] 1000 rSm 131 (345wdk;vmjcif;)
28? ydwfqdk@r_awGa=umifh aocJh&wJh tD&wfEdkifiHom; ta&twGuf cef@rSef;csuf ] 1500000 (15 oef;)
29? 'DtxJrSm yg0ifwJh uav;ta&twGuf ] 750000
30? 1992 ckESpftxd tpPa&;u csdK;azmufcJhwJh ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufta&twGuf ] 65 ckausmf
31? 1972eJ@ 1999t=um; tar&duefu ADwdktm%moHk; y,fcscJhwJh tpPa&;eJ@ywfoufwJh ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf ta&twGuf ]
30ausmf
32? tar&duefu tpPa&;udk ESpfpOfaxmufyHhaiG ] a':vm 5 bDvsH
33? 'Dae@urBmrSm EsLuvD,mvufeufSda=umif; ajAmiftoday;xm;wJh EdkifiHta&twGuf ] 8
34? tD&wfrSmSdwJh EsLuvD,mxdyfzl; ta&twGuf ] 0
35? tar&duefrSmSdwJh EsLuvD,mxdyfzl; ta&twGuf 10000 ausmf
36? ordkif;rSm EsLuvD,mvufeufudk toHk;yzl;wJh wckwnf;aomEdkifiH ] tar&duef
37? tpPa&;rSmSdwJh EsLuvD,mxdyfzl; ta&twGuf ] 400 ausmf
38? ukvor*~&J@ vufeufppfaq;wJh tzGJ@awGudk tpPa&;u vmcGifhycJhwJh ta&twGuf ] 0
39? 'Dw}udrfppfyGJrwdkifrDeJ@ ppfyGJtwGif; ('Dae@txd) tD&wfEdkifiHtwGif;rSm twdtus SmazGawG@SdcJhwJh "mwk - ZD0vufeuf
'grSr[kwf pufHkta&twGuf ] 0
55

21 7mpkEpS Of ;D Edik if aH 7;oifyek ;f }uD;

AkH;cGJ+yD; tjypfrJhwJhvlawGudk aoapoludk b,fvdkac:ovJ?
t=urf;zufvkyf}uHa&;orm;?
av,mOfysHay:u AHk;}uJcs+yD; tjypfrJhwJholawGudk aoapoludk b,fvdkac:ovJ?
&J&ifhwJh tar&duefav,mOfr;?

rdrde,fajrudk odrf;ydkufxm;wJh *sL;awGudk ygvufpwdkif;vlrsdK;awGu taocHwdkufcdkufwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?

t=urf;zufvyk }f uHowfjzwfr?_
tkwfcJudkifxm;wJh ygvufpwdkif;vli,fawGudk tpPa&;u av,mOfay:uae 'Hk;eJ@ ypfcwfowfjzwfwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?
rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fjcif;?

udk,fhvdktyfcsufwcktwGuf tpdk;&0efxrf;tm; aiGay;jcif;udk b,fvdkac:ovJ?

vmbfay;jcif;?
{&mraumfydka&;Sif;}uD;awGu tpdk;&0efxrf;tm; aiGay;jcif;udk b,fvdkac:ovJ?
aG;aumufyGJ &efyHkaiGxnfhjcif;?

vufaG;pifvlwpku aoG;pkyf+yD;+cdrf;ajcmuftkyfcsKyfwJh tpdk;&rsdK;udk b,fvdkac:ovJ?

tm%mSiftpdk;&?
vufaG;pifvlwpku aoG;pkyf/ +cdrf;ajcmuftkyfcsKyf+yD; b,fvlwpku tkyfcsKyfygvdk@ vlxku av;ESpfwcg aG;cs,f&wJh tpdk;&rdsK;udk
b,fvdkac:ovJ?
'Dru
kd a&pDtpd;k &?

Oya'udk vlwpkuxifovdk vSnfh+yD; w&m;r#wpGm ppfaq;jcif;rSdbJ vlawGudkowf&if b,fvdkac:ovJ?

rw&m;tqHk;pD&ifjcif;?
tar&duefu Oya'udk xifovdkvSnfh+yD; w&m;r#wpGm ppfaq;jcif;rSdbJ vlawGudkowf&if b,fvdkac:ovJ?
vGwfvyfa&; wnf+rJ&efwdkufyGJ?

56

_ynfolhtm%m
olaX;awGqDu vk+yD;qif;&Jom;awGudk cGJay;wm b,folvJ?
a&mfbif[k'f(Robin Hood)
qif;&Jom;awGqDuvk+yD; olaX;awGudkcGJay;wm b,folvJ?
tar&dueftpdk;&?
vlawGaxmifeJ@csD+yD; aoapEdkifwJhvufeufudk bmac:ovJ?
tpkvdkuftyHvdkufaoapwJhvufeuf?
uav;i,f 5 odef;tygt0if tD&wfEdkifiHom;aygif; woef;cGJudk aoapwJhvufeufudk bmac:ovJ?
tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_?

aiGtrsm;qHk;ay;oltwGuf wdkufay;wJhppfwyfudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?

a=u;pm;wyf?
tmz*efrSm aiGtrsm;qHk;ay;oltwGuf wdkufay;wJhppfwyfudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?
ajrmufydkif;r[mrdwfwyfzGJh?

pufwifbm 11 &ufta&;tcif;rSm vl 3000 ausmfHkav; aowmudk b,fvdkajymovJ?

&ufpufwJh tpkvdkuftyHvdkuf owfjzwfr_?
AD,uferfppfyGJrSm vl 5 oef;eD;yg; ao&wmudk b,fvdkajymovJ?
rSm;,Gif;r_?

tifrwefcsrf;omolawGu qif;&Jom;awGqDu vk,lwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?

aoG;pkyfr_?
tifrwefcsrf;omwJh EdkifiHawGu qif;&JwJhEdkifiHawGqDu vk,lwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?
*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;Sif;?

+yD;cJhwJh &mpkESpfqDwkef;u EdkifiHwck&J@ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;taqmufttHkawGudk csKyfudkifxm;wJh jynfyu zdESdyfoludk b,fvdkac:ovJ?

udv
k ekd o
D rm;?
'D&mpkrSm EdkifiHwck&J@pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;taqmufttHkawGudk csKyfudkifxm;wJh jynfyu zdESdyfoludk b,fvdkac:ovJ?
EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@?

vlrsdK;wrsdK;udk rsdK;ywfatmifowfjzwfjcif;udk bmac:ovJ?

rsKd ;zwfppfyjcif;?
ajrmuftar&duwdkufrSm vleDawGrsdK;ywfoGm;atmif owfjzwfcJhwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ ordkif;xJu *k%fajymifwJhtjzpftysufrsm;?

vlawGaS@xGuf+yD; Zmwfvrf;awG qifajymwm b,folvJ?

uGupf yd q
f &m?
yifwm*GefrSm vlawGaSxGuf+yD; Zmwfvrf;awGqifajymwm b,folvJ?
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; a':e,f&rf;pzJvf?
57

_ynfolhtm%m

toHv$ifhXmewckuae tpdk;&&J@tjrifawGudkom xkwfv$ifh&if b,fvdkajymrvJ?

tpdk;&0g'jzef@csda&;,E W&m;?
AGDtdkatuae owif;cef;rSm yifwm*Gef&J@Sif;vif;csufudkcsnf; em&D0ufavmufv$ifhwmudk b,fvdkajymrvJ?
w&m;r#w/ bufrvdkufwJh toHv$ifhcsuf?

qdk;qdk;0g;0g; yHkrrSefr_awG trsm;tjym;SdwJh 2002 ckESpf ZifbmabGEkdifiHu aG;aumufyGJudk b,fvdkajym=uovJ?

aG;aumufyGJysuf?
qdk;qdk;0g;0g; yHkrrSefr_awG trsm;tjym;SdwJh 2000 ckESpf tar&duefEdkfifiHu aG;aumufyGJudk b,fvdkajym=urvJ?
'Drdkua&pD. rD;;wefaqmif?

tar&duefvljzLrsm;u vljzLEdkifiHxlaxmifzdk@twGuf tom;ta&mifrwlolrsm;udk z,fSm;zdk@vkyfwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?

tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_?
tpPa&;u *sL;awGu *sL;EdkifiHxlaxmifzdk@twGuf *sL;r[kwfolawGudk z,fSm;zdk@vkyfwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?
Z,
D eG 0f g'?

uGe_f rLepfawG[m Edik if w

H umhA[kow
k &S&d r,f?
Edik if w
H umhta_ctae od&r,f?
'D 2 ck r&Sd&if vrf;rSm;a&mufwwfw,f?

58

uAsm[m tcspfeJ@cGJr&ovdk ppfeJ@vJ cGJr&ygbl;? tcspfSd&if uAsmawG xGufvmovdk ppf&,fvdk@ Sdvm&ifvJ uAsmawG
ay:vmwwfygw,f?
tD&wftay:tar&duefu ppfyaewmudk uef@uGufae=uolawGxJrSm vlwef;pm; vl@tv$m aygif;pHku yg0if=urSef; odaeawmh
olwkd@&J@uAsmawGudk zwfcsifwmeJ@ tifwmeuf&J@SmqdkwJhuGufvyfxJrSm cyf&rf;&rf;yJ ppfqef@usifr_ - uAsm (Anti-war
poem)

vdk@dkuf+yD; uGefysLwmudk tSmcdkif;vdkufygw,f? 'Dvdk a00g;vSwJh trdef@ay;wmrsdK;udk uGefysLwmu Smay;Edkifr,fvdk@

odyfrxifygbl;? 'gayrJh rxifbJ pm&if; woD}uD; ay:vmygw,f? trsdK;aygif; 16600 awmifrS ?

tcsdefcGifhyoavmuf SmawG@wJhtxJu udk,foabmuswm wcsdK@udk aumufEkwfbmomjyefvdkufygw,f?

yxruAsmudk a&;ol[m (Margrit Pittman) e,l;a,mufrd@u rm*&pf ypfref; qdkoltouf 83 ESpftG,f trsdK;orD;}uD;
jzpfygw,f? ol[m 1938 wkef;u [pfwvmh&efa=umifh xGufajy;ckdvH_vmoljzpf+yD; vli,fb0uwnf;u *smrefvdk uAsmawG
a&;cJhygw,f? touf 80 usrS t*Fvdyfvdka&;wmyg? zwf=unfhyg?
The Hand
The hand holds a gun
It
It
It
It

could
could
could
could

plant a tree
dandle a child
build a house
harvest a crop

vuf
vufu aoewfuu
kd ikd w
f ,f?
vuf[m opfyifpdkufEdkifw,f
vuf[m uav;udk ,k,Edkifw,f
vuf[m tdrfaqmufEdkifw,f

But it fires the gun

vuf[m aumuf&dwfEdkifw,f?
'gayrJh olu aoewfudk armif;qGJw,f?

The hand could reach out

vufudk qef@wef;vdk@&w,f

59

_ynfolhtm%m
And dry the tears

aemuf+yD; rsuf&nfokwfvdk@&w,f

And tend the wounds

'%f&mudk aq;xnfhay;vkd@&w,f

And harvest the fruit

opfoD;cl;vdk@&w,f
aoewfudk ajrrKyfypfvdk@&w,f

And bury the gun

aemuf+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk vufvSrf;Edkifw,f? ?

And reach out for peace

aemufwyk'fuawmh 0gSifwef qD,ufwJvfu *sdKeoefuif;

(Jonathan King)

jzpfygw,f? touf 46 ESpfSd uif;u

tHh=owkefv_yf &ygw,fqdkwJhpum;awG =um;&zefrsm;+yD; +iD;aiG@vmvdk@ 'DuAsmudk a&;w,fvdk@ ajymygw,f? zwf=unfhyg?

Iraq Spring
Who will die?
Will they be the boys
playing soccer in the dust
behind the sandbags in Baghdad
(people will always play soccer)

Will he be the soldier

sitting on plastic chair
cradling a Kalashnikov and a water bottle
(poor defense against a B-2)
Will she be the widow
who couldnt leave the city
hugging a visitor tightly
(not wanting to let go)

Will he be the conscript

in sneakers and a tattered uniform
huddling in the observation post
(just across the border)

Will she be the girl

with the blood-splattered shirt
by the side of a desert road
(where did the blood come from?)
We may never know
but somebody will.

60

tD&wfaEGOD;
b,folaorvJ?b*~'ufrd@wae&m/
oJtdwfawGaemufu
zHkawmxJrSm abmhvHk;upm;aewJh
(vlawG[m b,fawmhrqdk abmhvHk;upm;rSmyJ)
aumifav;awGvm;?
yvyfpwpf ukvm;xdkifay:rSmatauaoewfwvuf/ a&bl;wbl;eJ@
('DvufeufeJ@ bD 52 av,mOfudk b,fvdkumuG,frSmvJ)
xdkifaewJhppfom;av;vm;?
rd@udk rpGef@cGmEdkifwmeJ@
{nfhonf&J@ ajcaxmufudk zufwm;aewJh
(roGm;apcsifvdk@)
rkqdk;ravvm;
ywWLzdeyfpD;/ ,leDazmif;pkwf0wf
uif;us&mrSm ukyfukyfuav;&yfaewJh
(e,fpyfeJ@ bmrSra0;bl;)
wyfom;opfqcGJ &H olvm;
oJuE Wm& vrf;eHab;rSm
aoG;pGef;tusav;0wfxm;wJh
(b,fuvmwJh aoG;awGvJ)
uav;rav;vm;?
u|efawmfwdk@ odcsifrSodawmhr,f
'gayrJh wa,mufa,mufawmh ao&Smawmhr,f

_ynfolhtm%m
atmufazmfjyyg uAsmuawmh tar&duefuyJ rdkufu,f'Dvef0Jvfcsf

(Michael Dylan Welch)qdkola&;wmyg?

ol[m

uAsm*sme,fwapmif&J@ t,f'Dwmjzpfygw,f?
Iraqi Boys
Iraqi boys bouncing balls
in their schoolyard
know nothing of the wind

tD&wfu aumifav;awG
ausmif;0if;xJrS
abmhvHk;ykwfae=uwJh tD&wfaumifav;awG
AHk;usvmr,fhtvm;tvmudk
bmrSrodSm=ubl;?

of falling bombs.
Too young to know the crude cost of oil,
they do not recall
the vile liberation that cost them

a&eHaps;E_ef;odzdk@ i,fvGef;ao;olawG
olwdk@OD;av;awG&@J toufawG ajcvufawGay;cJh&wJh
GHSmzG,f&m vGwfajrmufr_udk
rpOf;pm;wwfSm=ubl;?

their uncles lives and limbs.

Yet the poet hopes that they might die
only of old age,
and live to buy their grandchildren
red rubber balls of their own.

'gayrJh uAsmq&muawmh
olwdk@wawG aoae@aphrS aowm
olwdk@ajr;awGudk udk,fydkif=uufaygifabmhvHk;av;awG
0,fay;wmyJ jrifcsifw,f

aemufwyk'fuawmh tJ'DuAsmq&myJa&;wJh [dkuULuAsmav;yg? cHpm;=unhfyg?

(untitled haiku)
wind-scraped leaves
the cenotaphs shadow
at the war widows feet

acgif;pnf;rJh [dkuUL
av[m ppfrkqdk;r ajc&if;Sd
ocsKif;*ltkwfjym;&J@ t&dyfudk
opfGufawGe@J yGwfwdkufay;aew,f?

61

tpd;k &tzGhJ u bmajumifhEw

k x
f u
G cf hJ ovJ
(tusKd ;pD;yGm;/ urBmph epfw@kd e@J ywfouf+yD; avhvmEdik zf @kd aumufEw
k af zmfjyygw,f? pmwnf;tzG@J )
a&mfbifuGwf&J@ *g'D;,ef;owif;pmygaqmif;yg;?
- avbmygwD&@J EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpD tajccHrludk csdK;azmufw,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfwht
J wGuf tpdk;&tzG@J rS EkwfxGufvdkufwm
jzpfygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@[m wm0ef,lr_&SdwJh pnf;rsOf;eJ@taqmufttHkawGtay:rSm tajccHxm;wJh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0ef;udk
,k=H unfw,fq&kd if tJ'u
D u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf uoduatmufjzpfapwJh &v'fawG xGuv
f mwmeJ@ olw@kd ukd tomab;z,fypfvu
kd v
f @kd
rjzpfygbl;? EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDr_vrJ &Sd/ jynfwGif;axmufcHr_vrJ &SdwhJ ppfyGu
J dk u|efawmftumtuG,f ray;Edkifyg?
- +yD;cJhwJh &ufawGtwGif;rSm jyifopf[m tjyif;txefa'gow}uD;eJ@a0zefwm cHcJh&w,f? 'gayrJh jyifopfwEdkifiHxJu
ppfaq;r_awGtwGuf tcsed x
f yfay;csiw
f m r[kwyf gb;l ? *smr%Du u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd qef@usiw
f ,f? k&mS ;u u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd qef@usiw
f ,f?
- b,fEdkifiHwumtzG@J tpnf;&J@ oabmwlnDcsufrS r&&SdbeJ @J +AdwdefEdkifiHudk ppfyGEJ $cJ dkif;aewmygy?J aewdk;u oabmrwlbl;?
tD;,lu oabmrwlbl;? tck vHkcHa&;aumifpDuvJ oabmrwlbl;? 'DvdkrsdK;oHwrefa&;&m txD;usefjzpfwhJ tajcqdkuf&wmuawmh
wu,fh ;H_ edrrhf }_ uD;ygy?J
- +Adwed [
f m r[mtiftm;}uD;Edik if H r[kwyf gb;l ? wzufowfvyk af qmifre_ @J u|eaf wmfw@kd &@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;awGukd taumif;qH;k
umuG,Ef ikd rf mS r[kwyf gb;l ? trsm;oabmwlnrD e_ @J pnf;urf;&Sw
d u
hJ rBmph epfawGe@J om taumif;qH;k umuG,Ef ikd rf mS yg? 'gayrJh 'Duae@n
rSmawmh Oa&myor*~[m uGcJ hJ&+yD? vHkcHa&;aumifpD[m a&S@rwdk; aemufrqkwfom jzpfchJ&+yD?
- quf'rf[m tiftm;csnehf @J w,f/ wcsed x
f rJ mS yJ ol[m tvGet
f E &W m,f&w
dS t
hJ wGuf uwif[ef@wm; ta&;,l&r,fqw
kd h J
tajccHay:rSm u|efawmfwdk@&@J ppfa&;r[mAsL[mudk tajcyvdk@ r&ygbl;? tpktyHvdkufzsufqD;ypfEdkifwhJ vufeufqdkwm a,bk,s
em;vnfxm;wJh t"dym` ,ft&qd&k if AsL[majrmufr@awmf}uD;rsm;udk acsre_ ;f ypfcwfEikd w
f hJ vufeufu&d ,
d mawGukd qdv
k w
kd m jzpfygw,f?
'DvdkvufeufrsdK; tD&wfrSm r&SdEdkifavmufygbl;? ol@rSm ZD0tqdyfawGe@J ppfajrjyif"mwkc,
J rf;awGawmh tckcsdefxd &dSEdkifygao;w,f?
'gayrJh 'gawG[m 1980 ckESpfawGxJu ol@rSm&SdcJhwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu tar&duefu quf'rfudk tefo&ufpf{*sifhawG
a&mif;ay;cJhw,f? aemuf+yD; tJ'Dtcsdefu +Adwdo#tpdk;&u ol@twGuf "mwke@J c,
J rf;pufHkawG wnfaqmufay;cJhw,f?
- u|efawmfwdk@ulnDwnfaqmufay;cJh@+yD; tJ'DrSm tESpf 20 vHk;vHk; &SdaecJhwhJ ppfvufeufawGudk zwfodrf;zdk@ ppfa&;t&
ta&;,l&r,fqdk+yD; bmvdk@tckrS 'Davmufta&;w}uD; vdktyfae&wmvJ? aemuf+yD; ukvor*~ppfaq;a&;r;awG&Sdaevdk@ quf'rf&@J
vufeufwnfaqmufa&; &nfrSef;csufudk [ef@wm;xm;EdkifcsdefrSm ppfa&;enf;udka&G;zdk@ bma=umifhvdktyfvm&wmvJ? tD&wf[m
vufeufzwfzdk@ veJ@csD+yD;wifruawmhbJ 12 ESpf awmif=umcJh+yDrdk@ wdk@&@J onf;cHEdkifr_[m ukefcef;oGm;+yDvdk@ ajymwmvJ =um;&ygw,f?
'gayrJh odrf;ydkufxm;wJh e,fajrawGu qkwfay;zdk@ tpPa&;vfudk awmif;qdkxm;wJh qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf 242 udk csrSwfchJwm tESpf 30
ausmfchJyg+yD?
- 'gudk vdkufemzdk@ tpPa&;vfu awmufav#mufjiif;qdkcJhwmusawmh u|efawmfwdk@[m tvm;wlonf;rcHEdkifr_rsdK;udk
razmfjy=uyg?
- +Adwdo#vlxkt=um;rSm v$rf;rdk;aewJhpdwfoabmxm;[m aumif;rGefw,fvdk@ u|efawmf,Hk=unfygw,f? olwdk@u
ppfaq;r_awGudk tcGifhtvrf;xyfay;csif=uw,f? aemuf+yD; tar&duef[m ol@udk,fydkiftpDtpOfeJ@ olwdk@udk wdkufyGJtwGif; tjref
qGo
J iG ;f aew,fv@kd vJ olw@kd u oHo,&S=d uw,f? ta&;t}uD;qH;k uawmh yd+k yD;us,jf yef@whJ Edik if w
H umr[mrdwzf @JG r_ ryg&b
dS eJ @J aemuf+yD;
u|efawmfwdk@&J@tpOftvm r[mrdwftrsm;tjym;u qef@usifaewJh=um;u ppfa&;pGef@pm;r_xJrSm +AdwdefEdkifiHu 0ifygrSmudk olwdk@
pdwfroufrom jzpf=uygw,f?
(aumufEkwfbmomjyefxm;wm jzpfygw,f?)

62

ar&Dat @du
k &f hJ Ekwx
f u
G pf m
rS
tar&duefoHHk;
tlvefbmwm/ rGef*dkvD;,m;?
rwfv 19/ 2003 ckESpf?
odk@
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; aumvif;yg0v
J f
tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme
0g&Sifwef/ 'DpD 20521?
cspfvSpGmaom 0ef}uD;yg0v
J f
u|erf t&G,af &mufwt
hJ csed u
f p+yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k @J wm0efawG xrf;aqmifcyhJ gw,f? oHwrefb0jzifh 15 ESp=f umcJ+h yD jzpfygw,f?
qD&D,mvD,Gef/ rdkifcdkeD;&Sm;/ tz*efepPwef (acwWr#) eJ@ rGef*dkvD;,m;wdk@u tar&duefoHHk;awGrSm 'ktzG@J r;wm0efawG ,lchJygw,f?
tar&duefwyfrawmfe@J t&efwyfawGrSm 26 ESpf tr_xrf;cJhygw,f? ppfr_xrf;b0rSm Adkvfr;}uD;tqifhudk a&mufchJygw,f?
wdkif;jynfwm0efudk ESpfoHk;q,f=um xrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf u|efrEkwfxGufzdk@ qHk;jzwf&wm[m tvGef}uD;rm;wJh ajcvSrf;yJ jzpfygw,f?
bma=umifh 'DvdkEkwfxGuf&ovJqdkwmudk u|efr&Sif;jycsifygw,f?
tD&wftay:xm;&Sdaom tpdk;&tzG@J &@J ay:vpDawGudk u|efroabmrwlyg?
tckcsdefrSm ppfqifEjJ$ cif;jzifh urBm}uD;udk ydkIvHkcHaprSmr[kwfb/J ydkIomtE W&m,frsm;apr,fvdk@ u|efrtcdkiftrm ,Hk=unfygw,f?
tpktyHvu
kd zf suq
f ;D ypfEikd w
f hJ vufeufawG zsuo
f rd ;f ypfz@kd quf'rftpd;k &tay: Edik if w
H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f u awmif;qdw
k mudk u|erf vH;k 0
axmufcHygw,f? 'gayrJh 'gudk vdkufemvmzdk@twGuf ukvor*~vHkcHa&;aumifpD&@J oabmwlnDcsufrygbeJ @J tar&duefppftiftm;udk
toH;k ryoifb
h ;l vd@k u|erf ,H=k unfygw,f? tcktcsed rf mS ppfa&;t&ta&;,lz@kd u|erf wd@k zdtm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh Edik if w
H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f eJ@
ta&;}uD;wJh EdkifiHwumtzG@J tpnf;awGtwGif;rSm eufd_if;wJhuGt
J ufr_awGudk u|efrwdk@ zefwD;ay;vdkufwmygy?J
wu,fvdk@om ukvor*~vHkcHa&;aumifpD&@J oabmwlnDcsufrygbeJ @J tD&wfxu
J dk tar&duef0ifoGm;r,fqdk&if tJ'Da'otwGif;u
tm&yfawGeJ@ urBmhrlqvifawG&J@ jzpfEdkifzG,f&m wHk@jyefvmr_awG[m tar&duefEdkifiHeJ@ tar&duefjynfolawGtwGuf xl;xl;uJuJ
teW&m,f}uD;vdrfhr,fvdk@ u|efrtcdkiftrm ,Hk=unfygw,f? quf'rfu tpktyHvdkufzsufqD;EdkifwJh vufeufawGudk oHk;Edkifajc[m
enf;w,fv@kd u|erf cdik rf mpGm ,H=k unfygw,f? bma=umifv
h q
J akd wmh 'Dvv
kd ufeufawGukd oH;k jcif;tm;jzifh tm;&S+d yD; rSeu
f efwhJ Edik if w
H umh
wH@k jyefru
_ kd csucf si;f qdo
k vdk ay:ayguaf pr,fqw
kd m olov
d @kd ygy?J tD&wftay: uwif[ef@wm;wJh wdu
k cf u
kd rf _ yvkyrf mS udk u|erf vH;k 0
oabmrwlyg? 'Duwif[ef@wm;wJh wdkufcdkufr_ay:vpDudk u|efrwdk@tay:vJ usifhoHk;vm=uvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f? aemuf+yD;
tar&duefe@J tar&duefjynfolawGtay: uwif[ef@wm;wJh wdkufcdkufr_ udk vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;awGe@J tkyfpkav;awGu usifhoHk;zdk@
twGuf ta=umif;jycsufaumif; ay;vdkufovdk jzpfoGm;r,fvdk@vJ ,lqygw,f?
vufeufppfaq;a&;r;awG tvkyq
f ufvyk zf @kd u|erf wd@k tcsed af y;oifyh gw,f? tar&duefurkd ek ;f wD;zd@k tpGe;f a&mufrq
l viftm&yfawGukd
aemufxyfta=umif;tcsuf ray;oifhygbl;? tpGef;a&mufawGeJ@ yl;aygif;zdk@ tv,ftvwfrlqvifawGudkvnf; ta=umif;tcsuf
ray;oifhygbl;? aemuf+yD; ta&S@tv,fydkif;rSm u|efrwdk@wyfzGJ@awG xm;&Sdaewmudkvnf; jyefoHk;oyfoifhygw,f? txl;ojzifh
aqmf'Dtma&AsrSm jzpfygw,f? aqmf'Dtma&Asu tpPvrfawG&J@ jrifhjrwfajr rSm tar&duefwyfzGJ@awG &Sdaeor#umvywfvHk;
rlqvifawGtwGuf tar&duefqef@usifa&; v_H@aqmfwhJau;a=umfoH jzpfaerSmyg? 'g[m tar&dueftpdk;&eJ@ tar&duefjynfolawGudk
qef@usifwhv
J _yf&Sm;r_awGvkyfzdk@ cdkifrmwJhta=umif;jycsufvdk@ olwdk@jrif=uygw,f?
tpPa&;vf - ygvufpwdkif;ydyuQudk ajz&Sif;zdk@twGuf tpdk;&tzG@J &@J vHk;yef;r_ csdK@whJwmudk u|efroabmrwlyg?
tvm;wlyJ tpPa&;vf - ygvufpwdkif; +idrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOf jyefvnfay:aygufa&;twGuf tpdk;&tzGJ@u ol@&J@t&Sdef=oZmudkoHk;zdk@
ru;pm;wmudv
k nf; u|erf raxmufcEH ikd yf g? ygvufpwdik ;f awG&@J vli,ftaocHA;kH cGo
J rm;awGukd [ef@wm;zd@k q+kd yD; r@awGe@J ygvufpwdik ;f
awGudk tpPa&;vfu acsr_ef;zsufqD;aewmawG &yfwef@ypfzdk@ u|efrwdk@ bma&;=oZmudk tawmfrsm;rsm; oHk;&ygr,f?
ajrmufudk&D;,m;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ay:vpDuif;rJhr_udk u|efr raxmufcHyg?
aemuf+yD; ajrmufudk&D;,m;eJ@ywfoufwJh tpdk;&tzGJ@&J@ oabmxm;udkvnf; raxmufcHEdkifyg? +yD;cJhwJh 2 ESpftwGif; tpdk;&tzGJ@rSm
vHak vmufwahJ qG;aeG;r_r&Sjd cif;/ ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;eJ@pum;ajymqdrk e_ @J xdawG@qufpyfr_ r&Sjd cif;wd@k [m u|e;f qG,af 'o&J@ vHk cHa&;udk rsm;pGm
qdk;0g;apcJhygw,f?
63

_ynfolhtm%m
tar&duefjynfrSm tcGifhta&;rsm;udk rvdktyfwhJjzwfawmufav#mhcsr_awGvkyfwhJ tpdk;&tzG@J &@J ay:vpDrsm;udk oabmrwlyg?
pufwifbm 11 &ufaemufyikd ;f rSm jynfo@l tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk tpd;k &tzG@J u rvdt
k yfbJ av#mch sypfaewmudk raxmufcEH ikd yf g? t=urf;zuf
tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J qufpyfaew,fvdk@ oHo,&SdolawGudk ppfa=uma&;[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ESpfaygif; 200 oufwrf;&Sd+yDjzpfwhJ
tar&duef&@J w&m;a&;pepf[m ppfa=uma&;umvtwGif; xdkolrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;jcif; qdkwhJpHawGtay:rSm tajcyxm;wm
jzpfygw,f? Oya'a&;&mt}uH^m%frsm; &&SdEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ wOD;wnf;csKyfaESmifxm;wm[m u|efrwdk@EdkifiH&yfwnfaewJh Oya'
tajccHtkwfjrpf&@J toJESvHk;udk xkwfypfvdkufwmyJ jzpfygw,f? jynfolawGudk tumtuG,fay;jcif;qdkwmawGe@J tar&duefjynfudk
wnfaqmufxm;wm jzpfygw,f? wjcm;wdkif;jynfawGudkvnf; ol@jynfolawGudk tvm;wltumtuG,fay;=uzdk@ u|efrwdk@
wdkufwGef;tm;ay;cJh=uygw,f? tck 'DtumtuG,fay;r_awG[m tacszsufcHae&ygw,f? 'gudkqef@usifajym=um;wmawGvnf;
&Sdaeygw,f? 'gayrJh tcktcg w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm tpdk;&tzG@J u v#dK@0Sufa&;usifhoHk;aewma=umifh tJ'Dvdk qef@usifajym=um;zdk@ pdk;&drf
xdwfvef@whaJ vxk jzpfay:apvdrfhr,fvdk@ u|efr,Hk=unfygw,f?
EkwfxGufjcif;
urBm&J@ txD;useftjzpfqHk;eJ@ tEW&m,ftrsm;qHk; ae&mawGrSm tESpf 30 eD;yg;r# wdkif;jynftwGuf u|efrtr_xrf;cJhygw,f?
tar&duefjynftwGuf quf+yD;vnf; tr_xrf;csifygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dtpdk;&tzG@J &@J ay:vpDawGudk u|efr r,Hk=unfyg? 'Day:vpDawGudk
tumtuG,fray;Edkifovkd taumiftxnfvnf; razmfEdkifyg? av;vHwJhESvHk;om;jzifh tar&duefjynftwGuf tr_xrf;jcif;udk
&yfqdkif;vdkuf&wm jzpfygw,f? tpdk;&tzG@J &@J ay:vpDrsm;a=umifh u|efrEkwfxGufvdkufyg+yD?
av;pm;r_rsm;pGmjzifh
ar&Dat dkuf
(aumufEkwfbmomjyefxm;wm jzpfygw,f?)

e,fcspepfopfbmvJ/
odcsif&if tmz*efepPwefudkjunhf/h tD7wfudkjunf/h
Arm_ynf tJ'Dvdk t_zpfrcHEdkifbl;?

64

ppfyJG (odhk r[kw)f aoG;qdw

k mu rukeEf ikd f rcef;Edik /f
a&eHuawmh ukeEf ikd cf ef;Edik w
f ,f - qdw
k hJ tawG;tac:?
tar&duefw@kd &@J ppfyJG u;yrf;r_[m tpGe;f xGuyf v
kd #t
H &if;tES;D rsm;&zd@k tcGit
hf vrf;opfrsm;zGiv
hf pS af &;tay:
tajccH yxm;wm jzpf y gw,f ? u|ef a wmf w d k @ [m ZD 0 vuf e uf w rsd K ;ygyJ wJ h ? paeae@u
ppfqef@usiaf &;v_y&f mS ;r_}uD;w&yfu rufx&pfwefcsed f (7) aomif;avmuf&w
dS hJ ouf&dS yk t
f iftm;awGukd
vef'efr@u vrf;awGay:rSm jzef@cif;xGuaf y:apvdu
k yf gw,f?
urBmw0Sr;f a'otoD;oD;rSmvJ tvm;wl
ta&twG u f & S d w J h v_ y f & S m ;r_ a wG jzpf c J h
ygw,f? tpkvu
kd f tyv
H u
kd f acsre_ ;f a&;qdw
k hJ
'Dvufeuf[m taemufEdkifiH tpdk;&awG&@J
vHkcHa&;twGuf t"du +cdrf;ajcmufr_}uD;
w&yf jzpfvmapzdk@ &nf&G,f}uHqcJhwm
jzpfygw,f?
'D - vlxkcsDwufyGJrsdK; t&ifu
ray:zl;cJhao;yg? 'gayrJh - ckxufxdawmh
'DcsDwufyGJawG[m atmifjrifr_r&ao;yg?
tar&duefe@J +Adwdefwdk@&@J pnf;pHepfawG[m
a&m*g+yD;aew,f? xifwmxufy+kd yD; oefrm
tm;aumif;aeygw,f? olw@kd &@J acgi;f rmr_u
urBm}uD;udk tajzr&ao;wJh ar;cGef;awG
woD}uD;ar;vdkufygw,f?
tpkvu
kd t
f yHvu
kd af oausapwJh
w&m;r0if vufeufudpPxrJ Sm - tdENd,eJ@
ygupP w ef w d k @ t=um;u EsLuvD ; ,m;
xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_[m +cdrf;ajcmufr_ t}uD;
qHk;yg? 'DtcsdefrsdK;rSm tar&dueftpdk;&u
'gudk vspfvsL_+yD; bma=umifh tD&wftay:
tmHkpdkufae&wmvJ? tar&dueftpdk;&
[m ol @ wd k i f ; jynf u jynf o l a wG t ay:
*kpdkufr_ tenf;tusOf;yJ vkyfygw,f?
'D t csuf [ m vl r _ a xmuf y H @ ul n D a &;ud k
zsufqD;aewmyg? 'DvdktcsdefrsdK;rSm tar
&dueftpdk;&u Aef;pm;}uD; tD&wfjynfol
awG & J @ tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;twG u f bma=umif h
pdwfylyefvm&wmvJ? vl@tcGifhta&;[m

tvGeft a&;}uD; w,fvdk@ ,Hk= unfw,f

qd&k if -b,f*s,
D efawG/ OZbufawG/ ygvuf
pwdkif;awG/ wl&uD umh'fvlrsdK;awGehJ udkvH
bD,m jynfolawGudk zdESdyfzdk@ bma=umifh
aiGa=u;axmufyahH y;ae&wmvJ? iwfjywf
aeolawGudk au|;arG;zdk@/ aomufa&oef@
axmufyzhH @kd / 'grrS [kwf a&m*gb, umuG,f
zdk@ pwmawG[m vlom;csif; pmemr_rSm
ta&;t}uD ; qH k ; jzpf v mcsd e f r S m 'gawG
rvkyfbJ bma=umifh tD&wfudk AHk;}uJae
&wmvJ? tar&duefu yifv,f&yfjcm;od@k
ESpfpOf axmufyHhay;aewJh aiGa=u; yrm%
xuf (4) qydrk sm;wJh bwf*suaf iG &&Sad &;udk
wjcm;udpaP wGxufy+kd yD; bma=umifh tvGef
trif; zdtm;ay;ae&wmvJ?
urBmrSm xif&Sm;wJh yx0D0if
ygarmuQ a';Apf[maA; u ol@&@J atmuf
pzdk@wuUodkvf oif=um;ydk@cscsufawGxJrSm
tar&dueftpdk;&&J@ ppfyzdk@ ydkif;jzwfjcif;&J@
ta=umif;&if;awGukd zGiq
hf &kd iS ;f vif;cJyh gw,f/
yxrOD;qHk;aom em;vnfzdk@ tvG,fulqHk;
&Sif;jyr_vdk@ qdkEdkifp&m &Sdygw,f? tar&duef
tpd k ; & ppf w d k u f w m[m tD & wf a =umif h
wdkuf&wmqdk&if rqdkpavmuf rSefygw,f?
tpkvu
kd t
f yHvu
kd f aoausapwJh vufeuf
a=umifh wdu
k w
f mqd&k if rSeu
f efr[
_ m 'gx
h uf
awmif ydkenf;ao;/ tzdESdyfcH jynfolawG
twG u f wd k u f w mqd k w J h ta=umif ; &if ;
uawmh enf;enf;rS rrSeb
f ;l vd@k cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm

wifjyoGm;cJhygw,f?
tar&dueftpd;k & &ifqikd af e&wJh
tajccHjy\em wckuawmh ol@&@J atmifjrif
aewJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; umvywf
tvdkuf a&m*gpGJuyfvmjcif; jzpfygw,f?
t&if;tESD; tvGeftu|H pkyHkvmr_ jy\em
ygy?J um;yJjzpfjzpf/ zdeyfyjJ zpfjzpf/ iSuaf ysmoD;
yJjzpfjzpf b,fukefpnfrqdk xkwfvkyfa&;
tvGet
f u|H ydv
k #v
H mr_ jy\em jzpfygw,f?
aps;uGuo
f pfawGom r&SmEdik b
f ;l qd&k ifawmh
xGuu
f ek af wG wefz;kd usomG ;vdrrhf ,f? tusKd ;
tjrwfawGvJ ysufjym;oGm;r,fh udpPyg?
1930 ckESpfrsm;&J@ tapmydkif;ESpfawGwkef;u
twdkif; tar&duef[m a&mif;ukef/ xkwf
vk y f a &;txG u f y pP n f ; / xk w f v k y f a &;
pGr;f &nfe@J aiGa=u;awG ydv
k #v
H mr_ukd awG@uH
&ifqdkif&wm jzpfygw,f? tJ'DESpfawGu
twdkif; azmfjyyg ydkv#Hr_ESpfcku tusdK;r&Sd
jzpfae&wJt
h xJ vkyt
f m;ydv
k #rH u
_ vJ El&m
0JpGJ qdkovdk xyfq ifhvmjyefw,f? 'D
jy\emudk tar&durSm (1973) ckEpS u
f p+y;D
&if q d k i f uH a wG @ cJ h & wmyg? ,ck t csd e f r S m
'gudkajz&Sif;Edkifr,fh enf;vrf;rSefor#oHk;+yD;
u;pm;=unfch zhJ ;l yg+yD? 'Denf;eJ@ urBm}uD;tm;
pd;k rd;k a&;udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f vmcJw
h myg?
ckawmh Edik if aH &;t& ajz&Si;f a&; a&G;vrf;wck
wnf;yJ usefygawmhw,f? tJ'guawmh
ppfyGJyJ jzpfygw,f?
1930 ckESpfrsm;wkef;u tar
65

_ynfolhtm%m
&duef tpdk;&[m t&if;ydkv#Hr_/ vkyftm;
ydkv#Hr_ jy\emawGudk tpDtpOfopf
The New Deal - vkyf+yD; ausmfeif;zdk@
u;yrf;cJhygw,f? (tpDtpOfopf [m
tJ'Dumvwkef;u orRwl;pAJh csrSwfay;
vdu
k w
f hJ Edik if aH &;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m tajccH
rleJ@ ay:vpDawGyg? pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnf
emvefxlvma&;eJ@ vlr_zlvHkapa&;udk
&nf&G,fcsrSwfcJhwm jzpfygw,f)? tajccH
ausmaxmufaemufcH taqmufttHk
vkyif ef;/ ynma&;eJ@ vlra_ &;vkyif ef; toH;k
p&dwfrsm;twGuf }uD;rm;wJh &if;ESD;jrKyfESH
r_rsm;vky+f yD; ydv
k #aH iGa=u;rsm;udk ajz&Si;f um
ukefxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf aps;uGufopfrsm;
jzpfay:apEdik cf hJ rkH u ode;f eJ@csw
D hJ vlawGuv
kd J
vkyif ef;cGif jyef0ifEikd af pcJyh gw,f? 1941 ckEpS f
usawmh tJovdk tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm; &&Sad pzd@k
ppfo;kH p&dwf oH;k pGrJ r_ sm; yvkycf =hJ ujyefygw,f?
ppf}uD;t+yD; Oa&myeJ@ *syef Edik if w
H @kd rmS ol@&@J
}uD;rm;vSwJh aiGa=u;oHk;pGJr_u ol@&J@ydkv#H
aiG a =u;rsm;ud k ajz&S i f ; ypf E d k i f + yD ; wcsd e f
wnf;rSm aps;uGuo
f pfrsm;vJ wnfaqmuf
Edik cf yhJ gw,f? tJ'u
D mvrSmyJ tar&duef[m
ol@jynfwGif; tajccHausmaxmuf aemufcH
taqmufttHrk sm;twGuaf &m/ awmifyikd ;f
eJ@ ta&S@awmifyikd ;f Edik if rH sm;&J@ pD;yGm;a&; zG@H z;
wdk;wufr_twGufyg aiGa=u;trsm;tjym;
'va[m oHk;pGJypfvdkufjyefygw,f? 1970
ckESpfrsm;&J@ tapmydkif;umvtxdawmh 'D
r[mAsL[mtaeeJ@ aumif;aumif; tvkyf
jzpfcyhJ gw,f? 'Daemufyikd ;f usawmh [ef@wm;
r&wJh jzpfpOf (3) &yf[m &ifrh n
S v
hf mygw,f?
*smr%De@J *syefw@kd &@J pD;yGm;a&; zG@H z;wd;k wuf
vmr_a=umifh tar&duef[m xkwfvkyfa&;
vkyfief;awGudk qufvuf}uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;
xm;vdk@ r&awmhygbl;? olwdk@&J@pD;yGm;a&;
wdk;wufr_a=umifh tar&duef&@J ydkv#Ht&if;
tES;D rsm;tm; pky,
f o
l ;kH pGaJ &;&yfqikd ;f oGm;+yD;
jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odk@awmif t&if;tESD;awG
jyefvnfwifydk@vm=uygw,f? wcsdefwnf;
rSm +yD;cJhwhJ q,fpkESpfawGtwGif;u &if;ESD;r_
vkycf w
hJ hJ vkyif ef;awGuv
kd J pm&if;&Si;f r_ vky&f
jyefawmh ydv
k #rH t
_ opfawG xyfxu
G v
f mjyef
ygw,f? 1973 ckESpf tusyftwnf;uyfu
yd k i f q d k i f r _ aps;uG u f a wG u d k pwif yuG J
66

apcJyh gw,f? 'g[m ydv

k #aH iGa=u;awGukd tpm
rajcEdik v
f @kd txufukd vSe+f yD; ysKd @tefvmwJh
jzpf&yfygy?J
tar&duef tpdk;&taeeJ@ csOf;
uyfyHk enf;emtopfajymif;zdk@ vdktyfvm
ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ajAmifuswhJ ajz&Sif;csuf
(2) &yfudk vufawG@ csoHk;vdkufygw,f?
yxr ajz&S i f ; csuf u awmh urBm@xkwfvkyfa&;udk pdk;rdk;xm;&muae
urBm@bma&;tm; pdk;rdk;a&;bufodk@ a&$@
ajymif;vdkufjcif; jzpfygw,f? urBm@b%fe@J
vnfyif;zuf vkyfudkifaewJh tar&duef
tpd k ; &&J @ A[d k b mwd k u f [ m zG H @ z;qJ
EdkifiHawGrSm tar&duef ul;oef;a&mif;0,f
a&; b%fawGtwGuf tcGit
hf vrf;opfawG
ay:ayguv
f mapzd@k pwif}uHpnf vmygw,f?
urBm@b%fu olulnDxm;wJh
EdkifiHawGtay: wdk@&J@t&if;tESD; aps;
uGufrsm;tm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf zGifhay;zdk@
pwifawmif;qdkvmw,f? 'Dtcsufu
aps;uGufrsm;twGif;odk@ a0g vrf;r}uD;u
aiGa=u;aps;upm;olawGudk 0ifcGifh&ap+yD;
vkyfief;udpP trsm;tjym;rSm 'Dwdkif;jynf
awGu pD;yGm;a&;awGudk 0ifa&mufvk,uf
EdkifapcJhw,f? aiGa=u;aps;upm;olawGu
zefwD;cJhwJh bma&; tusyftwnf;uyf
[m wdkif;jynfawG&@J tzdk;wef ydkifqdkifr_
ypPnf;awGudk wefzdk;usoGm;apcJhw,f? 'D
udpPa=umifh tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;twGuf
tusdK; (2) &yf jzpfapcJhygw,f? vufwif
tar&d u eJ @ ta&S @ tm&S & S d yuG J o G m ;wJ h
b%fawGeJ@ ukefxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;awG
a=umifh tar&duef&@J ydv
k #H t&if;tES;D awGukd
&S i f ; ypf v d k u f E d k i f w ,f ? tJ ' D w d k i f ; jynf u
a'0gvDcH&wJh ukr`%DawGudkvJ tar&duef
aumfydka&;&Sif; vkyfief;awGu tedrfhqHk;
atmufaps;eJ@ 0,fvdkufEdkif+yD; tar&duef
t&if;tESD;udk wdk;cs@J Edkifr,fh ae&m tuGuf
tuGif;opfudk ay:aygufapcJhw,f?
'k w d , ajz&S i f ; csuf u awmh
[maA; u odrf;ydkuf&,ljcif;enf;eJ@
t&if;tES;D pkyrkH _ vd@k ac:a0:cJw
h ,f? 'g[m
ae@cif;a=umifawmif "m;jy wdkufwmudk
,Ofaus;atmifoHk;vdkufwJh a0g[m&yg?
v,form;awG pdkufysdK;a&;orm;awGxHu

ajrawGukd tvpfow
k ,
f il ifw,f? Edik if o
H m;
awGqDu jynfolydkif tzdk;wefypPnf;awGudk
yk*~vduydkif ajymif;vJa&;rSwqifh ,lw,f?
owif ; tcsuf t vuf / vl o m;rsd K ;AD Z /
trsKd ;rsKd ; tzHzk akH om owW/ kuQ trsKd ;tpm;
ponf w d k @ &J @ rl y d k i f c G i f h q d k w m vk y f + yD ;
vlwdkif;xHu ynm&yfqdkif&m ydkifqdkifr_udk
&,l w ,f ? urB m @b%f e J @ tar&d u ef
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%fwdk@&J@ Edkifxuf
pD;eif;yr_e@J twl txufyg jzpf&yfawGuae
urBm@w&m;r#wa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk jzpfay:
vmapcJyh gw,f? udpw
P ikd ;f rSm tar&duef[m
ol@&@J t&if;tESD;udk wdk;cs@J Edkif+yD; tpGef;xGuf
tjrwfawG pkyf,l&&SdEdkifr,fh ydkifeufe,fajr
opfawG zefwD;cJhygw,f?
'D a jz&S i f ; csuf (2) &yf [ m ck
tcsed rf mS awmh ta&;edro
hf mG ;cJyh g+yD? vGecf w
hJ hJ
ig;ESpfu urBm@b%fu zsufqD;cJhwhJ ta&S@
tm&SEdkifiHawG&@J pD;yGm;a&;awG[m cktcsdef
rSm jyefvnf emvefxlvmyg+yD? olwdk@[m
olw@kd u,
kd yf ikd f }uD;rm;rsm;jym;wJh t&if;tES;D
ydkv#Hr_rsm;udk wcgjyef+yD; oHk;pGJvnfywf
apcJyh gw,f? tar&duefw@kd &@J urBm}uD;tm;
pdk;rdk;a&;enf;vrf;udk xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;
buf tajccsr_rS bma&;buf tajccsr_
od@k ajymif;a&$@vu
kd jf cif;eJ@ tpd;k &&J@p;D yGm;a&;
qdkif&m pDrHcef@cGJr_ vGJrSm;jcif; tusdK;quf
wd@k u ol@ukd yuGyJ supf ;D apr_e@J ol@&@J p;D yGm;a&;
yvJr_ tvG,fwul usa&mufEdkifwhJ tjzpf
odk@ qdkufa&mufapcJhygw,f? aumfydka&;&Sif;
vkyif ef;awGuvJ odr;f ydu
k v
f ,
k ufwhJ enf;eJ@
olwdk@&J@ tcGifhtvrf;awGwdk;csJ@zdk@ u;yrf;
cJw
h ma=umifh cktcgrmS jynfoal wG&@J }uD;rm;
wJh ckcHwGef;vSefr_udk &ifqdkifae&ygw,f?
+idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf wckwnf;
aom enf;vrf;uawmh ul;oef;qufqH
a&;ay:vpDopf udk topfxyfrH azmfxw
k f
zdk@ygyJ? 'gayrJh 'Da&G;vrf;udk tar&duef
tpd k ; &twG i f ; &S d Ed k i f i H a &;vl w ef ; pm;u
ydwyf if[ef@wm;xm;ygw,f? oH;k pGrJ t
_ aeeJ@
olcGifhyay;Edkifr,fh wckwnf;aom oHk;pGJr_
p&dwfuawmh ppfa&;oHk;pGJr_ p&dwf jzpfyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh aemufqHk;ydwf usef&SdaewJh
enf;emuawmh ppfyGeJ @J e,fcs@J csKyfudkif
xm;a&;yJ jzpfygw,f?

_ynfolhtm%m
tD&wfudk wdkufcdkufjcif;[m
tar&dueftpdk;&twGuf urBmudk pdk;rdk;
a&;udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f r_ yaepOftwGi;f
ol@&J@t&if;tESD; 0efxkyf0efydk;awG av#mhcs
a&;twGuf aemufxyf enf;vrf;oHk;oG,f
&&SdaprSm jzpfygw,f? yxr - pD;yGm;a&;
cs@J xGifzdk@twGuf yx0Dt& ae&m tuGuf
tuGif;opfzefwD;a&; jzpfygw,f? 'kwd,
enf;vrf;uawmh ('Dtcsuf[m [maA;
&J@ wifjycsuf r[kwfyg?) ppfa&;toHk;p&dwf
oHk;pGJEdkifr_ jzpfygw,f? 'gudk wcsdK@vlawG
uawmh ppf a &;qd k i f & m ud e f ; 0g'
( Keynesianism ) vd k @ ac:ae=u
ygw,f? wwd,enf;vrf;uawmh a&eH
axmufyHhr_udk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;jzifh wjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;rsm;udk csKyfudkifxm;
Edkifa&;ygyJ? urBm&J@ t&efa&eH enf;yg;vm
r_a=umifh 'Dtcsu[
f m ydrk }kd u;D rm;wJh tm%m
xd e f ; csKyf a &; cvk w f w ck jzpf v mrS m yg?
tar&duefe@J +Adwed Ef ikd if &H dS 'Dru
kd &uf Edik if aH &;
orm;a[mif; trsm;tjym;wdk@u 'Dtcsuf
awGtay: auseyfaysmf&$ifae=u+yD; 'Denf;
vrf;udk w&m;0ifatmifvkyfzdk@ vdktyfvm
csdefusawmh rqdkif;rwG qHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkuf

=uygw,f ? tqH k ; rS m awmh (tif y g,m)

(usL;ausmo
f rd ;f ydu
k af &; e,fajr) qdw
k m[m
'gavmuf atmuf w ef ; uswJ h a0g[m&
r[k w f y gbl ; wJ h ? =uif e moem;wwf + yD ;
udk,fusdK;uif;wJh r[mtiftm;}uD;EdkifiH&J@
vufxJa&muf&if wjcm;EdkifiHu tdkif;
tpdkif;tkyfpkawGawmif ,Ofaus;vmEdkifyg
ao;owJh?
tar&d u ef t pd k ; & twG i f ; u
r[mAsL[m}uH q ol a wG [ m wd k ; csJ @ a&;
twGuf ajcvSrf;tqifhawGudk [dk; t&ifESpf
awGuwnf;u pDrHudef;cschJwmyg? ,cktcg
umuG,fa&;Xme&J@ vufaxmuftwGif;
a&;r_;jzpfaeol Paul Wolfowitz - u
tD&wfukd usL;ausmzf @kd vdt
k yfa=umif; 1990
ckESpfrsm; tv,favmufuwnf;u a&;
om;cJ h w m jzpf y gw,f ? tD & wf p pf y GJ [ m
t=urf;zuform;rsm;/ ydk;r$m;vufeufrsm;/
tmHka=umrsm;udk aoausysufpD;apwJh
tjyif;pm; VX "mwfaiG@/ quf'rf[lpdef/
'D r d k u a&pD ('grS r [k w f ) tD & wf j ynf o l
rsm;tm; u,f w if a pmif h a &S m uf a &;
ponfwdk@a=umifh wdkufcdkufjcif; r[kwfyg?
txufrSmwifjycJhwJh udpPawG tm;vHk;

avmuf eD ; yg;eJ @ tvm;wl e,f a jr

yd k i f e uf a wG / t&if ; tjrpf a wG e J @ wjcm;
Edik if aH wG&@J pD;yGm;a&;udk xde;f csKyfxm;Edik af pzd@k
wdkufwmyg? 'DpDrHudef;csrSwfolawG 0efcHwhJ
tcsufwck &Sdaeygw,f? olwdk@&@J tem*wf
v$rf;rdk; }uD;pdk;a&;udk xdef;odrf;ay;r,fh
enf;vrf;wckuawmh tvGef&Sif;vif;wJh
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m azmfjrLvm (yHkaoenf;)
wckygwJh? toufaoG;awG&J@ t&if;tjrpf
[m b,fawmhrS rukecf ef;bJ topftopf
yGm;rsm;ay;aeygw,f? a&eHuawmh tJovdk
r[kwyf gw?hJ
(rSrSwfcsuf?
? 'Dtcsuf
rSmawmh toufaoG;awG b,favmuf
qHk;H_; qHk;H_;/ tm%mrqHk;H_;apeJ@qdkwJ@
etz&J@ yHkaoenf;eJ@ odyfruGmvSyg?)
( 2003 ck azazmf0g&D 18 &uf
*g'D,ef; owif;pmyg George Monbiot
&J@ aqmif;yg;yg tcsuftvufrsm; jzpfyg
w,f?)

tD&wfppfyo
GJ nf vGeq
f yJG ZJG mwfxyk }f uD;xJrS
Zmwf0ifcef;wckom jzpfonf?
tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;u
Zmwfxyk +f yD;onftxd qufvufujy=uvdrOhf ;D rnf?

67

tD&wfppfyJGt+yD;/ tar&duefu
aemuf x yf b ,f o l @ ud k wd k u f c d k u f r S m vJ
qdkonfhjy\emrSm/ trsm;pdwf0ifpm;p&m
jy\em jzpfaeyg onf?
tmz*efepPwefEdkifiHudk wdkuf+yD;
yg+yD? tD&wfudkwdkuf+yD;yg+yD? rdp>m0ifdk;wef;
EdkifiHrsm;udkvnf; owfrSwf+yD;yg+yD? rdp>m
0if;kd wef; Edik if rH sm;xJ ygyg rygyg tar&duef
wdk@u olwdk@wdkufcsifonfhEdkifiHudk wdkufcsif
onft
h cg/ ta=umif;jycsut
f rsKd ;rsKd ; (cdik v
f kH
onf rcdkifvHkonftyxm;) jzifh wdkufcdkuf
wmrsdK; vkyfvmEdkifygonf? tar&duef
'korRw 'pfacseD(Dick - cheney) u/
tar&d u ef w d k @ taejzif h ppf a &;enf ; jzif h
jzpfap/ wjcm;enf;vrf;jzifhjzpfap/ ta&;
,loGm;rnf[k pm&if;jyxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;
rSmvnf; renf;vSyg? Edik if aH v;q,f/ ig;q,f
avmuf &Sdygonf? xdktxJwGif Armjynf
vnf; ygaeygonf?
Armjynf w G i f tar&d u ef w d k @
twGuf wdkufdkuftusdL;pD;yGm; r&Sdyg?
oG,0f u
kd t
f usKd ;pD;yGm;rsm;um; &Sad eygonf?
wk w f j ynf t aejzif h pD ; yG m ;a&;t&/
EdkifiHa&;t&/ ppfa&;t& tiftm;awmifh
wif;vmrnfudk tar&duefu ruufyg?
wkwfjynf. aumif;rGefaom tvm;
tvmrsm; tay:vnf; rap>&pdwf xm;yg
onf? tjyif wkwfjynfonf tiftm;
awmifhwif;aom qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiH wEdkifiH
jzpfaeygonf?
68

tar&d u ef w d k @ onf wd k @ .
ppftiftm;udk/ urBmtESH@ jzef@=uuf csxm;
ygonf? wkwfjynftm; 0dkif;0ef;xm;a&;
wGif Armjynfonf yx0DEdkifiHa&;t&
ta&;ygr_ &Sad eygonf? Armjynfukd wdu
k rf nf
qdkv#if ta=umif;jyp&m tcsufrsm;pGm
&Sdaeygonf? Armjynfu tm%m&Sifpepf/
Armjynfu rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\em/ Armjynf
u 'Dru
kd a&pDjy\em/ Armjynfu vl@tcGihf
ta&; csdK;azmufr_ ponfwdk@onf ol vuf
!d_;xdk;csifv#if xdk;jyI&onfh jy\emrsm;
jzpf a eygonf ? rl ; ,pf a q;0g;jy\em
twGuf Armjynf 0a'oudk wdkufcdkuf&ef
xdik ;f tm%mydik x
f rJ S uke;f kyf vky+f yD; wifjy
cJhonfvnf; &Sdygonf? xdkif;Arm e,fpyf
teD;wGif tar&duefESifhxdkif;wdk@u ppfa&;
avhusifhr_rsm;jzifh tiftm;jycJhonfvnf;
&Syd gonf? (aemufvyk rf nfh ppfa&;avhusirhf Y_
qdkv#if xdkif;wyfom;tiftm; waomif;/
tar&duefppfom;tiftm; 6000 txd
yg0if=urnf jzpfygonf?) e,fpyf&Sd xdkif;
ppfwyfxw
J Gif/ tar&dueft&m&dS tawmf
rsm;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeygonf? Armjynfudk
wdkufrnf rwdkufrnfudkum; twdtus
ajymI rjzpf a o;yg? tar&d u ef o nf
ArmjynftwGuf u;ESpfp xm;yHk&ygonf?
wu;rSm tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk qJGzwfzdk@
jzpf+yD;/ aemufwu;rSmum; olwdk@tuuf
tpdk;&zefwD;+yD; u;qGzJ dk@ jzpfygvdrfhrnf?
tD&wfppfyGJt+yD;wGif qD;&D;,m;

EdkifiHuvnf; ol@udkrsm; wdkufavrvm;[k

pdwfylyefr_&Sdaeygonf? ppfa&;t& rwdkuf
ygbl ; [k tar&d u ef t m%myd k i f w OD ; u
ajymxm;aomfvnf; tar&duef. uwd
pum;wdkif; pdwfcs&onf r[kwfyg? ajrmuf
ud&k ;D ,m; tajctaerSmvnf; tvm;wlyif
jzpfygonf?
(9-11) ta&;tcif;+yD;uwnf;
u tar&duefonf oloabmrawG@onfh
vlyk*~dKvftm; t=urf;zuform;/ ol&efy
vdkonfh EdkifiHtm; t=urf;zufr_ usifhoHk;
onfhEdkifiH/ rdp>mEdkifiH/ tpkvdkuftyHvdkuf
aoausaponfh tzsuv
f ufeuf xkwv
f yk f
onfEh ikd if H pojzifh wHqyd u
f yf ay;ygonf?
ol@bufyg&ifyg rygbl;qdkv#if t=urf;zuf
orm;awG b uf ygwmyJ [ k a&a0pnf ;
a=umif; wm;vdu
k yf gao;onf? +yD;rSow
l u
kd f
vdkonfhEdkifiHtm;wdkufzdk@ olawmfpif
r[mrdwftzJG@ udk pkpnf;ygonf?
tar&duefbuf ygcsifonfhEdkifiH
awGuvnf; renf;yg? ol. t=urf;zufr_
qef@usifa&;ppfyJGqdkif&m nGef@aygif;tzJG@odk@
tzJ G @ 0if o pf t jzpf yg0if & ef ol . H k ; cef ;
pm;yJaG y: vmwif=uonfh av#mufvm$ rsm;
rSm renf;yg? b,fEikd if u
H (&Sib
f &k if/ orRw/
apmfbGm;/ tm%m&Sif) b,folb,f0gyg
qd k + yD ; pm&if ; ay;t+yD ; wG i f / aemuf x yf
cif A sm;Ed k i f i H r S m t=urf ; zuf o rm;vd k @
wHqdyfuyfay;zdk@ b,fvdktwdkuftcHrsdK;
&SdovJ qdkonfhar;cGef;udk ajz=um;&zdk@

_ynfolhtm%m
vdyk gvrd rhf nf?
Tar;cGef;udk tm;wufoa&m
ajz=um;vkdonfh EdkifiHrsm;vnf; tawmf
&Sdygonf? Avm'Drmylwifu csufcsifnm
olyek rf sm;udv
k nf;aumif;/ pydeu
f (Basque
ETA) tzJG@tm;vnf;aumif;/ wl&uDu
umh'f olyek rf sm;tm;vnf;aumif; pojzifh
TuJhodk@ pm&if;jyEdkifonfh EdkifiHrsm; renf;
vSyg? wcsdK@EdkifiHawGuqdkv#if olwdk@EdkifiHu
vGwaf jrmufa&;ppfyGJ qifEaJ$ eonfh tiftm;
pk r sm;tm; z,f & S m ;zd k @ t}uD ; pm;AH k ; }uJ
av,mOfrsm; ydk@ay;zdk@ awmif;qdk=uonf
vnf; &Sdygonf? (tpPa&;rS Ariel Sharon
uvnf; ylwifEiS t
hf vm;wlpmG / o@l yifbuf
tm; t=urf;zuform;tjzpf wHqyd u
f yfciG hf
awmif;aeygonf? odk@rSom ygvufpwdkif;
wdk@tm; ausmufacwfodk@ jyefa&mufoGm;
onftxd AH;k }uJ acsre_ ;f Edik rf nf jzpfygonf?)
tar&duefu wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;
tm; wdkufcdkufv#if/ ol. olawmfpif
r[mrd w f tif t m;ud k pk p nf ; ygonf ?
+AdwdefESifh =opa=w;vswdk@u tar&duef
wd k u f a om ppf y J G w d k i f ; vuf r v$ w f yg0if
ygonf? aewdk;uawmh tD&wftm;wdkuf
onfh onfwyJGwGif ygolyg rygolrygESifh uJG
xGuo
f mG ;ygonf? tusKd ;pD;yGm;wxyfwnf;
usonfhtcgwGJI tusdK;pD;yGm;wxyfwnf;
rusonfhtcg cJG=uygonf? aemufwcg
jy\emopfEiS hf ppfyo
GJ pfwiG f jyefaygi;f olawG
&SdEdkifovdk r[mrdwfopfawGvnf; &vm
Edkifygonf? (plygyg0g tar&duefu b,fol
ygyg rygyg olwa,mufwnf;jzpfjzpf wdu
k Ef ikd f
onfqdk+yD; tpGrf;jyvdkonfh avoHvnf;
ypfaeygonf?)
vG e f c J h o nf h E S p f a ygif ; (200)
avmufu ordkif;tjzpftysufESifh E_dif;,SOf
=unfhp&m jzpfvmygonf? eydkvD,H usqHk;
t+yD; Oa&mywdkuf tkyfpdk;olrsm;u aemuf
xyftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyJGESifh
vlr_vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyJGrsm;
xyf

rjzpfatmif ckcHa&;wHwdkif;cwf+yD;wm;ovdk
jywfjywfom;om; wm;jrpfzdk@vdka=umif;
qHk;jzwf=uygonf? 'Dvdk t"dy`m,fr&SdwJh
'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;eJ@/ wef;wlnDr#
a&; qdw
k mawGukd wcsw
D nf;eJ@ tjywfErdS yf pf
&r,f [kvnf; olwdk@tcsif;csif; !Sd
=uygonf?
xdak =umifh (1815) ckEpS w
f iG f k&mS ;
EdkifiHtm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;yonfh Zmbk&if/
=op}wD;,m;rS {u&mZfESifh y&yf&Sm; bk&if
wdk@onf oabmwlpmcsKyfwckudk vufrSwf
a&;xdk;cJh=uygonf? udk olawmfpif
r[mrdwt
f zJ@G [k emrnfay;vdu
k yf gonf?
El ; nH h o d r f a rG @ aom emrnf u d k oH k ; xm;
aomfvnf; wu,fu TtzJG@onf EdkifiH
wumh t=urf;zufv#dK@0Suf vkyf}uHa&;tzJG@
rsdK;om jzpfygonf?
b,fEikd if u
H tzdEydS cf jH ynfoal wG
ykeu
f efacgi;f axmifvmovJ/ Oa&mytkypf ;kd
oltm;vHk;u 0dkif;0ef; wdkuf =uygonf?
ol w d k @ . r[mrd w f t zJ G @ 0if w OD ; twG u f
ykeu
f efrj_ zifh t+cdr;f ajcmufc&H +yDqv
kd #if usef
tzJG@0ifrsm;u wkwfqJG "m;qJG+yD; 0dkif;vm
=uygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh (qdk&S,fvpfESifh
rif ; rJ h 0 g'D r sm;tm; qef @ usif z d k @ / yl ; aygif ;
vkyfudkifonfh v#dK@0SufaxmufvSrf;vkyfief;
wnf&Sd&m) =op}wD;,m;udk [efa*&DESifh
tDwvDykefuefolrsm;u qef@usif=uaom
tcg k & S m ;u ppf w yf a wG t ul y d k @ ay;+yD ;
tjywfErdS yf pfygonf?
k&Sm;/ =op}wD;,m;ESifh y&yf&Sm;
wd k @ . ol a wmf p if r [mrd w f t zJ G @ wG i f
w&m;0ifemrnfrcHaomfvnf; vufawG@
tm;jzifh t*Fvefvnf; ygonf? wjcm;
Oa&mytkyfpdk;oltm;vHk;vdkvdk yg=uygonf?
19 &mpkwiG f Tolawmfpifr[mrdwt
f zJ@G u
Oa&mywG i f jynf o l r sm;. vG w f v yf c G i f h
awmif;qdkr_udk jiif;y,f/ tjrifusOf;onfh
&Sifbk&ifESifh rif;rsdK;rwfEG,f oufOD;qHydkif
tpd k ; &. tcG i f h t a&;rsm;ud k umuG , f /

yd k r d k a &S @ wef ; a&muf a om xk w f v k y f a &;

pGrf;tm;pkESifh tajrmftjrif&Sd+yD; wdk;wuf
onfh vlr_tiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usifwdkuf
cdkufchJ=uygonf?
rsuaf rSmuf olawmfpifr[mrdwf
tzJG@onfum; t=urf;zufr_qef@usifa&;
ppfyq
GJ o
kd nfh xD;&dyaf tmufwiG f zJ@G pnf;xm;
jcif; jzpfygonf? tar&duefu Adkvfus
v$rf;rdk;a&;0g' usifhoHk;+yD; urBmhcsrf;om
u,f0r_udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfrnf? urBmh
ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk@udk }uD;pdk;
jc,fvS,frnf? usefr[mrdwftzJG@0ifwdk@u
tar&duefay;aom a0pkcGJwrf;udk ,l=u
Hkaygh?
od@k &mwGib
f ,fo@l ukd t=urf;zuf
orm;tjzpf wHqdyfuyfrnf/ b,fEdkifiHudk
ppf w d k u f r nf q d k o nf h tcsuf w G i f u m;
r[mrdwftzJG@u tm%mrydkifyg? tm%m
ydkifolrSm wOD;wnf;om jzpfygonf?
(1897) ckESpfwkef;u =op}wD;
,m;EdkifiH AD,ifemr@awmf. r@awmf0efrSm
Karl Leuger jzpf+yD; olonf *sL;qef@usif
a&;udk udk,fpm;y+yD; r@awmf0efjzpfvmcJh
ygonf? [efa*&DabmvHk;oif;ESifh ,SOfyif
upm;aomabmvH;k yJw
G ckwiG o
f u
l AD,ifem
toif;udak tmf[pftm;ay;ygonf? ab;u
vl r sm;u AD , if e mabmvH k ; toif ; [m
*sK; awGcsnf;yJ[k ajymaomtcg olu
aovdkufygvm; - i&J oGm;r,fhtaumif
awG b,fol[m *sL; jzpfw,fvdk@
qHk;jzwfr,fholu igyJuG [k jyefajymcJh
ygonf?
aemufxyfb,fEikd if u
H kd wdu
k rf nf
udk qHk;jzwfrnfhtm%mydkifrSm a*smh'AvsL
bk&SfESifh usm;r r[lyg0ifonfh ol@t}uHay;
tzJG@om jzpfygonf?
a*smh'AvsLbk&Sfu tqHk;tjzwf
ay;aom *sL;rSm rnfoljzpfrvJ? (b,f
EdkifiHudk wdkufOD;rvJ) qdkonfhar;cGef;.
tajzrSm ?
?

69

ukvor*~}u;D

rsuv
f ;kH eDvmae_yD
,ae@urBmwGif ppfESifh+idrf;csrf;a&; jy\em
onf ydkIydkI }uD;xGm;vmaeygonf?
tar&duefA[dky wckwnf;aom 0ifdk;&Sd
onfh urBmph epfukd tar&duefw@dk u wqifh
wuf+yD; yDyDjyifjyifjzpfatmif yHkazmfvdkuf
jcif;u ppfESifh+idrf;csrf;a&; jy\emudk ydk+yD;
}uD ; xG m ;apygonf ? ppf u d k [ ef @ wm;&ef
wm0ef&o
Sd nfh ukvor*~. tuef@towf
&Sad om pGr;f aqmif Edik rf u
_ vnf; ppfrjzpf&ef
r[ef @ wm;Ed k i f y g? Tjy\emrsm;onf
wckESifhwck qufpyfaeaom jy\emrsm;
vnf; jzpfygonf?
Taqmif;yg;wGif ukvor*~.
tcef;uta=umif; A[dkyI wifjyrnf
jzpfygonf? tD&wfppfyt
JG a=umif;ajymajym/
ppf E S i h f + id r f ; csrf ; a&; jy\emta=umif ;
ajymajym/ ukvor*~ta=umif;ajymajym
tar&d u ef . urB mud k pd k ; rd k ;Ad k v f u sa&;
ta=umif; rajymI r+yD;yg? rygv#if rjzpfyg?
tar&duefonf ppfyGJudk wdkufdkufzefwD;
olESifh t"duzefwD;ol jzpfaeonfh twGuf
a=umifh jzpfygonf?
tD & wf p pf y G J o nf tD & wf 'D r d k
ua&pD jy\emESihf urBm@'rD u
kd a&pDjy\em
r[kwfovdk tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf vlao
aponfhvufeuf jy\emvnf; r[kwfyg?
vl @ tcG i f h t a&;jy\em r[k w f o vd k
tD&wfwGif tm%m&Sifpepf wnf&Sdaeonfh
jy\emvnf ; r[k w f y g? tar&d u ef .
urBmudk pdk;rdk;Adkvfusa&; jy\emom jzpfyg
70

onf ? xd k j y\em. aemuf u G , f w G i f

tar&d u ef t usKd ; pD ; yG m ;rsm; wnf & S d a e
ygonf?
umvywf v d k u f usqif ; vm
aeaom ol.pD;yGm;a&;twGuf tar&duef
u enf;vrf;aygif;pHkoHk;I ajz&Sif;cJhygonf?
ajyvnfr_ r&yg? ppfwdkufI ajz&Sif;aom
enf;vrf; wckawmh usef&Sdaeygao;onf?
xdk@a=umifh xGufaygufwcktjzpf ppfyeJG nf;
vrf;udk toH;k yvdjk cif; jzpfygonf? tjyif
olw@kd yg;pyfu bmyJajymaeae tar&duefY
a&eHtusyftwnf; wu,fyif &Sdygonf?
tar&duefoGif;ukeftm;vHk;. oHk;yHkwyHkrSm
ta&S@tv,fydkif;rS wifoGif;&aom a&eH
jzpfygonf? tar&duef ay:vpDu;udkif
xm;ol r sm;twG u f a&eH j y\emonf
EdkifiHa&;jy\emyif jzpfygonf? ta&S@
tv,fydkif;rS a&eHudk csKyfudkifxm;Edkifjcif;
onf urB m h p D ; yG m ;a&;tm; wpH k w &m
csKyfuikd x
f m;Edik rf j_ zpfovd/k pD;yGm;a&;yifbuf
EdkifiHrsm;tm; wpHkw&m csKyfudkifxm;a&;
jy\emvnf ; jzpf y gonf ? tar&d u ef
xdyfwef; tm%mydkifyk*~dKvf trsm;tjym;.
tusK;d pD;yGm;onfvnf; a&eHEiS hf qufpyfae
ygonf? ('korRw 'pfacseD tar&duef
vH+k cKH a&;t}uaH y; t&m&Sd uGe'f v
kd ZD mdu
k f /
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf pGr;f tif0ef}uD;rsm; jzpf=uaom
a':e,f tDAef ( Donald Evans) ESifh
pwef v D atA&m[if ( Stenley
Abrahams ) ponh f o l w d k @ onf 2000

ckESpfukeftxd a&eHukr`%DwGif tvkyfvkyfchJ

=uolrsm; jzpfygonf? tazbk&Sfonfvnf;
calyle corporation [kac:onhf a&eH
aumfykda&;&Sif;wGif a':vm 12 bDvD,H
&if ; ES D ; jr K yf E S H x m;onf [ k od & ygonf ?
tar&duef txufv$wfawmfrS &dywf
bvpfuif trwfESifh uGef*&ufv$wfawmf
trwf trsm;tjym;wdk@onfvnf; a&eH
ukr`%D wckr[kwf wckwGif aiGyifaiG&if;
jrK yfEx
HS m;=uygonf? Ttcsurf sm;udv
k nf;
owdy&ef vdkygvdrfhrnf?) Tjy\em
twG u f orR w bk & S f u t}uH u k e f
*VKefqm;csuo
f vdk ajz&Si;f a&;enf;vrf;rsm;
pOf;pm;&mwGif aemufqHk; ydwfenf;tm;jzifh
ta&S@tv,fydkif;a'oESifh tmz*efepPwef
EdkifiHtm; csKyfudkif}uD;pdk;xm;a&;udk tajz
wcktjzpf &&Sdygonf? aemufta=umif;
tcsuf wckrSmvnf; urBm.wOD;wnf;
Adkvfvkyfcsifaeol tar&duefonf olESifh
tusK;d pD;yGm;wl Edik if t
H yk pf rk v
S I
JG b,fo@l urkd #
Ad k v f r xm;vd k a omjy\em jzpf y gonf ?
tm&S r S m wk w f u Ad k v f j zpf v mrnf u d k
ruufovdk ta&S@tv,fyikd ;f wGif tD&wf
EdkifiH awmifhwif;}uH@cdkif aejcif;udkvnf;
ruuf y g? wjcm;ta=umif ; tcsuf r sm;
&Sad eaomfvnf; razmfjyawmhyg? qdv
k &kd if;rSm
tar&duefwiG f ppfzefw;D vdak om ta=umif;
tcsufESifh tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; &Sdaejcif;yif
jzpfygonf?
ukvor*~onf ppfudk[ef@wm;

_ynfolhtm%m
EdkifpGrf; &Sdyg&J@vm; ?
ukvor*~. t"duwm0efrSm
urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHk+cHKa&;udk xdef;odrf;
umuG,fay;&ef jzpfygonf? Twm0efudk
xrf;aqmifapzdk@ 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGif
ukvor*~aygufzGm;vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?
tESpf 50 yif ausmfvmcJhyg+yD? wwd,
urBmppf rjzpfao;aomfvnf; a'oppfyrJG sm;
ydyuQrsm;udkrlum; ukvor*~u r[ef@
wm;Ekid cf yhJ g? wjcm;ppfyrJG sm;udk rajymawmhyg?
yifv,fauG@ppfyJG (1991) / abmfvuefppfyJG
(1999) ES i f h tmz*ef e pP w ef p pf y G J w d k @ ud k

ydwfqdk@r_jzifh ypf'%fcwfzdk@ }uHpnfcJholrSm

tar&d u ef j zpf + yD ; twnf yay;ol r S m
ukvor*~jzpfygonf? tpG,fvdkolrdzk&m;/
tapoG m ;cd k i f ; ol r if ; {&mZf / av;ypf o l
rkqdk;npfwdk@a=umifh tjypfrJhaoaus&ol
wd k @ rS m tD & wf j ynf o l r sm; jzpf y gonf ?
ukvor*~onf tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;
ydwq
f @kd ru
_ kd 1990 ckEpS f =o*kwv
f 6 &ufae@
u twnfyay;cJhygonf? xdkae@&ufrSm
[Ddk&SD;rm;tm; tar&duefwdk@ t%kjrLAHk;
}uJcJhonfh 45 ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@
jzpfygonf? Tydwq
f @kd r.
_ tusK;d quftjzpf

tar&duefEiS hf tjcm;tiftm;}uD;Edik if rH sm;.vGeyf GJ ukvor*~wiG ;f rSm jzpfaeyg+yD? zufqpfrq

l v
kd ekd u
D
Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;}uD; udk ab;csw
d o
f vdk bk&t
fS pd;k &u ukvor*~ukd
ab;csw
d af eyg+yD? 1930 ckepS rf sm;u [pfwvm/ rlqv
kd ekd u
D kd acsmjh rLa&;
vkycf o
hJ jzifh urBmt
h zG@J tpnf;}uD; ysucf yhJ gonf?
xdt
k cgu Edik if iH ,fav;rsm;tm;vH;k rvGwv
f yfyg? udv
k ekd D
jzpfaecsed f jzpfonf? Edik if }H uD;rsm; vkyo
f r# iH@k ccH &hJ onf?
,ck xdt
k ajctaersKd ; r[kwyf g? Edik if iH ,fuav;rsm;u
ukvor*~wiG f tiftm;}uD;w&yftjzpf ygaecsed f jzpfygonf?
ppftpd;k &u Armjynfqikd &f m ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsuu
f kd remcHbJ
xif&mpdik ;f aev#if txD;usef jzpfygvrd rhf nf? tar&duefEiS hf ukvor*~
h csed f
vGeyf w
JG iG f ukvor*~bufu jywfjwfom;om; &yfwnf&rnft
jzpfygonf? ukvor*~q;kH jzwfcsuf tjreftaumiftxnf
azmfoifhygonf?
azmfjyv#if vHkavmufyg+yD? tar&duefu
AHk;ppfyGq
J ifE$o
J nfhta=umif; rajymawmhyg?
tar&duefu AD,uferf/ uarBm'D;,m;/
*&ifem'g (Grenada) ESifh yem;rm;wdk@tm;
usL;ausmf p pf q if c J h o nf u d k ajymv#if
vHkavmufyg+yD?
tar&duef OD;aqmifonfh ppfyGJ
rsm;wGif t&yfom;jynfoal wG b,favmuf
aoausc=hJ u&onfukd pm&if;jyraeawmhyg?
tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@[ef@wm;r_
wckwnf;udku jynfolvlxkb,favmuf
aoausysupf ;D / b,favmuftxdtwd'u
k Q
a&mufc&hJ onfukd wifjyv#iyf if vHak vmuf
vdrrhf nf xifygonf? tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;

tD & wf j ynf o l
woef ; ausmf
aoausysupf ;D cJ&h ygonf? (1991/ ZEM0g&v
D
ESifh azaz:0g&Dv yifv,fauG@ppfyGJtwGif;
tar&duefu tD&wftay: ava=umif;
wdu
k cf u
kd rf _ t}urd af ygi;f 110000 yvkycf +hJ y;D
AHk;wefcsdefaygif; 88500 cscJhpOfu tD&wf
jynforl sm; aomif;ESichf sI
D aoauscyhJ gonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_a=umifh aoauscJh&ol
ta&twGufu ydkrsm;onfudk owdyyg?)
tD&wfvlOD;a&. w0ufausmfrSm uav;
oli,frsm;jzpf=u+yD; usefvlOD;a&xJwGif
rkq;kd rrsm;ouf}uD;&G,t
f Ekfd iS hf qif;&Jom;rsm;
yg0if a e=uygonf ? pD ; yG m ;a&;'%f c wf r _
a=umifh uav;oli,frsm;. aoE_e;f rSm 160

&mcdik Ef e_ ;f txd wd;k vmcJyh gonf? xdt

k csed u
f
ukvor*~qdkif&m tar&duef oHtrwf
jzpfol ruf'vif;atmbdkuf. ausmf=um;
vSaom pum;rSm Tjzpf&yfrS ay:ayguf
cJhjcif; jzpfygonf? (aygifrHk@pm;p&m r&Sdojzifh
vrf;ay:xGufqENjy=uolrsm;tm; aygifrHk@
r&Sd&if udwfrkef@pm;=uaygh qdkonfh ar&D
tifwGdKif;euf. pum;xuf ydkqdk;ygonf?)
kyfjrifoH=um; awG@qHkar;jref;cef;wckY
ruf'vif;atmbdu
k t
f m; uav;oli,f
oef;0ufavmufaoqHk;a=umif; u|efawmf
wd k @ =um;&ygw,f ? 'g[m xd k u f o if h wJ h
wefzdk;ay;qyfr_ [kwfygovm; [kar;&m
'Dwefzdk;[m ay;oifhay;xdkufwhJ wefzdk;vdk@
u|erf wk@d xifygw,f[k ajz=um;cJyh gonf?
aq;0g;jywfvyfr_a=umifh tD&wfwGif ae@pOf
vl 300 avmuf aoaus&ygonf? aq;0g;
jywf v yf r _ / tpmtm[m& rjynf h 0 r_ /
AD w mrif r vH k a vmuf r _ / aomuf a &oef @
jywf v yf + yD ; npf n rf ; wJ h a &ud k oH k ; pG J & r_
wdk@a=umifh udk,f0efonfawG/ cav;oli,f
awG/ ouf}u;D &G,t
f akd wG/ a&m*gonfawGEiS hf
ta&;ay:vlemawG trsm;qHk; aoqHk;cJh=u
&ygonf ? tar&d u ef o nf vl o wf
vufeuf vkyfrSmpdk;vdk@qdk+yD; cJwHudkyif
wifoiG ;f cGihf ray;ojzifh tD&wfwiG f pma&;zd@k
cJ w H y if jywf v yf c J h & ygonf ? pD ; yG m ;a&;
'%fcwfr_rwdkifrDu tD&wfwGif tm[m&
rvHkavmufr_ r&SdcJhyg? tcrJhaq;HkpepfESifh
tD & wf u sef ; rma&;pepf aq;0g;vk y f i ef ;
wdk@onf a'otwGif;pHjy jzpfcJhygonf?
1999 ckESpfrSm pwifcJhonfh aq;0g;ESifh
tpm;taomuf 0,f,la&;twGuf a&eH
a&mif;cGifhay;onf qdkonfrSmvnf; (onfh
t&if 6 ESpfuwnf;u tar&duefonf
tD&wftm; a&eHa&mif;cscGifh ydwfyifxm;cJh
ygonf?) taumiftxnfazmfr_ aES;auG;
cJhum taumiftxnfay:vmjyefawmh
vnf; usef;rma&;ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmr_/ aoE_ef;
wdk;wufvmr_wdk@udk [ef@wm;EdkifwJhtxd
tD & wf t wG u f 0if a iG r vH k a vmuf y g?
tD&wftm; ukvor*~rS a&eHa&mif;cscGifh
pDpOfay;&mwGif tar&duef.zdtm;a=umifh
tD&wfonf w&m;r#w+yD; rSefuefaom
a&eHaps;E_ef;udk r&&SdcJhyg? tD&wftay:
71

_ynfolhtm%m
pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_onf q,fpkESpf tcsKd@
twGif; t}uD;rm;qHk;aom vlom;csif;
rpmemonfh &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefjcif; jzpfyg
onf?
ajymvdkonfrSm ukvor*~onf
ppfyGJudk r[ef@wm;EdkifHkru tD&wfjynfol
rsm; tygt0if urBmjynfolrsm; aoaus
ysuf p D ; aponf h qH k ; jzwf c suf r sm; ppf y G J
qH k ; jzwf c suf t ygt0if u d k tar&d u ef .
tvdkus qHk;jzwfay;ae&jcif; jzpfygonf?
ukvor*~onf TuJo
h @kd aom }u;D rm;onfh
c|w,
f iG ;f csurf sm; &Sad eygonf? Tc|w,
f iG ;f
csufrsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; ukvor*~onf
urBmhjynfolrsm;ESifh urBmhEdkifiHtrsm;pk.
ar#mfvifhtm;xm;&m jzpf+rJjzpfaeygao;
onf? urBmjh ynforl sm;ESihf urBmEh ikd if t
H rsm;pk
twGuf rsuaf rSmufumvwGif ukvor*~rS
vJGI wjcm;tm;udk;p&m rjrifao;yg?
jy\emrS m uk v or*~ t m;
urBmhjynfolrsm; tm;udk;tm;xm;xdkuf
aom tiftm;awmifhwif;+yD; w&m;r#wr_
&Sad om/ ppfyrJG sm;ESihf rw&m;usL;ausmpf pfrsm;
[ef@wm;EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom urBmhtm%mydkif
tzGJ@tpnf; tppftrSef jzpfvmatmif
yjyifa&;yif jzpfygonf?
ukvor*~tm; yjyifajymif;vJz@kd
vdt
k yfa=umif; ajymae=uonfrmS =umvS+y?D
xdkajymqddkolrsm;xJwGif tar&duefvnf;
yg0ifygonf? odk@&mwGif yjyifvdkonfh
ta=umif;tcsufrsm; rwlnD=uyg? tar
&duefu ukvor*~twGuf ol@xnfh0if&
aom aiGrsm;udk ukvor*~u tusKd;rJh
oHk;zef;ypfaeonf[k xifjrifcsuf&Sdygonf?
uk v or*~ t wG u f aiG x nf h 0 if & mwG i f
tvGew
f eG @f wykd gonf? xnf0h ifrnf[k uwd
yxm;aomaiGudk tcsdefqGJ+yD; rxnfhbJ
aeonf v nf ; &S d y gonf ? ol u uk v
or*~wGif 0efxrf;rsm; azmif;yG+yD; zGJ@pnf;yHk
ruspfvspfonfudk yjyifvdkygonf? ukv
or*~ u vnf ; yjyif a y;ygonf ? wcsKd @
uawmh ukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDukd
yjyifvdk=uygonf? ukvor*~udk 'kwd,
urB m ppf t +yD ; ppf E d k i f a om Ed d k i f i H r sm;u
OD ; aqmif z G J @ pnf ; cJ h y gonf ? uk v or*~
vH+k cHKa&;aumifpw
D iG f ppfEikd af omEdik if rH sm;u
72

vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD. t+rJwrf;tzG@J 0if }uD; 5

}uD; tjzpf yg0ifaeygonf? olwdk@u ADwdk
tm%moHk;cGihf &Sdaeygonf? TzGJ@pnf;yHk
onf rSefuefoifhavsmfr_r&Sd[k xifjrif
,lqaom EdkifiHrsm; &Sdaeygonf? urBmh
tajctaeuvnf ; ajymif ; vJ v mae
ygonf ? *smr%D E S i f h *syef E d k i f i H w d k @ onf
ukvor*~. bwf*sufaiG xnfh0if&mwGif
jyifopfEiS hf +Adwed Ef ikd if w
H @kd xuf ydrk sm;ygonf?
ukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD. t+rJwrf;
tzG@J 0if EdkifiHtjzpf t*FvdyfESifh jyifopfwdk@
ygcGifh&rnfqdkv#if rdrdwdk@vnf; t+rJwrf;
tzG@J 0iftjzpf yg0ifoifo
h nf[k xifjrif,q
l
aom EdkifiHrsm; &Sdaeygonf? vlOD;a&t&/
pD;yGm;a&;t&/ a'oyx0Dtaetxm;t&
yg0ifoifhaom EdkifiHtrsm;tjym; &Sdaeonf
rSmvnf; trSefyifjzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif
vH k + cH K a&;aumif p D . t+rJ w rf ; tzG J @ 0if
EdkifiHrsm; wdk;csJ@a&;jy\emrSm qHk;jzwf&rSm
tvGefcufcJaom jy\emjzpfygonf?
1966 ckESpfrSpI rsufarSmufumvtxd
vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD. tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;udk 15
Edik if H txd wd;k cs@J cyhJ gonf? }u;D 5 }u;D rSvv
JG #if
useftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;rSm t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0if
Ed k i f i H r sm;r[k w f b J tvS n f h u s tzG J @ 0if
EdkifiHrsm; jzpf=uygonf? odk@&mwGif ,ck
tcsd e f t xd vH k + cH K a&;aumif p D yjyif
ajymif;vJa&; jy\emrSm ajyvnfr_r&Sd
ao;yg?
yd k I }uD ; rm;onf h jy\emrS m
ukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDESifh tar&duef
wdk@.jy\em jzpfygonf? tar&duefu
ukvor*~udk }uD;pdk;jc,fvS,fvdkygonf?
vH k + cH K a&;aumif p D u d k v nf ; tar&d u ef
tvdkus vuf!_d;axmif acgif;ndwfaom
tzG@J tpnf; jzpfapcsiyf gonf? ukvor*~ukd
ppfEdkif EdkifiHrsm;u OD;aqmifzG@J pnf;cJha=umif;
ajym+yD;yg+yD? ppfat;udk wcsKd@u wwd,
urBmppftjzpf ,lq=uygonf? wjcm;EdkifiH
rsm;u
oabmwl o nf j zpf a p/
oabmrwl o nf j zpf a p tar&d u ef u
ol@u,
kd o
f l ppfEikd f Edik if t
H jzpf ,lqaeygonf?
ppfat;vGeu
f mvwGif tar&duefu urBmh
tzG J @ tpnf ; opf w &yf OD ; aqmif z G J @ pnf ;
Edkifonfh tajctaer&Sdaomfvnf; vuf&Sd

ukvor*~udkyif urBmppfEdkifolwOD;wnf;
Adkvfjzpfaom tar&dueftvdkus emcH&
onfhtzG@J tpnf; jzpfapcsifygonf?
tar&d u ef u uk v or*~ u d k
vmbfxdk;jcif;tyg acsmhrLjcif;wcg +cdrf;
ajcmufjcif;wvSnhf vkyyf gonf? oljzpfapcsif
onfh qHk;jzwfcsufudk vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDu
csrSwfapygonf? olwifoGif;aom qHk;jzwf
csufudk vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDu oabmwlvm
atmif zdtm;ay;ygonf?
=unfhyg? tjzpftysufw&yfudkyJ
wifjyygrnf?
1998 ckESpfwkef;u tar&duef
onf tD&wfudk ppfyzdk@ jyifqifaeonf?
ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r;csKyf udzk D
tmeef u b*~ ' uf o d k @ oG m ;+yD ; tD & wf
acgif;aqmif quf'rf[lpdefESifh aqG;aEG;yg
onf? yGJodrf;csdef rdepfydkif;tvdkwGif
oabmwlpmcsKyfw&yf csKyfqdkEdkifcJhygonf?
ukvor*~ vufeufppfaq;a&;tzGJ@udk
tD&wfu vufoifhcHvdkufjcif;jzifh tar
&duef. ppf+cdrf;ajcmufr_&efrS a&Smif&Sm;&ef
u;yrf;vdu
k jf cif;yif jzpfygonf? udzk t
D meef
e,l;a,mhodk@ jyefa&mufcsdefwGif ukvor*~
vH+k cKH a&;aumifpu
D qH;k jzwfcsut
f opfw&yf
csrSwfzdk@ jyifqifvsuf&Sdygonf? tD&wfu
tem*wf r S m 'D o abmwl p mcsKyf u d k csKd ;
azmufr,fqdk&if qdk;0g;aom tusKd;quf
rsm; tjzpf tD&wftay: ppfyGJtygt0if
jypf'%fcwfr_rsm; vkyfzdk@qHk;jzwf&ef ukv
or*~ q d k i f & m tar&d u ef o H t rwf bD
&pfcswfqifu tqdkycsufwifoGif;cJhjcif;
jzpfygonf?
1988 ckESpf/ rwfv 28 &ufae@?
vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJrS
aumifpD0ifoufqdkif&m EdkifiHtoD;oD;.
oH t rwf r sm; wa,muf + yD ; wa,muf
xGufvm=uygonf? olwdk@u kyfoH
owif;axmufrsm; tygt0if pme,fZif;
orm;rsm;tm; ol w d k @ qH k ; jzwf c suf o nf
tD&wftay: qdk;0g;aomtusKd;quftjzpf
jypf'%fcwf&ef cGifhyay;vdkufjcif; r[kwf
a=umif; &Si;f jy=uygonf? tD&wfukd ppfcif;zd@k
tar&dueftygt0if b,fEdkifiHudkr# tcGifh
tm%mtyfEiS ;f jcif; r[kwaf =umif; tav;

_ynfolhtm%m
teuf ajymqdk=uygonf? bD&pfcswfqifu
ol @ aemuf v d k u f a emuf y g oH t rwf r sm;
ESifhtwl aemufqHk;usrS xGufvmygonf?
owif ; pmorm;rsm;tm; ol a jymaom
pum;onf
a&S @ uoH t rwf r sm;.
ajympum;ESifh ajymif;jyef jzpfygonf? olu
ycHk;wGef@+yD; u|efawmfwdk@uawmh tJovdk
tcGifhtm%m tyfESif;ay;vdkufw,fvdk@
,lqw,f [k ajymqdkygonf? Todk@jzifh
tar&duef. tqdkycsuftwdkif; (tzG@J 0if
EdkifiHrsm;u oabmwlwl rwlwl) vHk+cHKa&;
aumif p D u qH k ; jzwf v d k u f o nf h o abm
jzpfoGm;cJhygonf?
uvifweftpdk;&onf Tr#ESifh
rauseyfEdkifao;yg? olwdk@taeeJ@ ppfyGJ
twGufjyifqifr_awG tm;vHk;vkyf+yD;+yD?
vH+k cKH a&;aumifp.
D qH;k jzwfcsut
f wdik ;f qdv
k #if
tar&d u ef w d k u f a v,mOf a wG / AH k ; }uJ
av,OfawGe@J ppfwyfawGudk jyefac:&rnfhyHk
ay:aeonf? tar&duefu jyefrac:vdkyg?
xdk@aemuf vtcsKd@t=umwGif uE Wm&
ajracG;ac: 4 &uf=um ppfyGJtao;pm;
w&yfudk ukvor*~. cGifhycsufr&&SdbJ
AHk;awG/ 'Hk;usnfawG ypfcwf+yD; qifE$Jvdkuf
ygonf?
&Sif;aeygonf? tar&duefonf
vH k + cH K a&;aumif p D w G i f ; Y ol @ tqd k ycsuf
twdkif; qHk;jzwfcsufusatmif zdtm;ay;
onf? xdkr#omru vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD.
qHk;jzwfcsuf&Sd&Sd/ r&Sd&Sd olppfwdkufvdkv#if
xwdkufonf? vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDESifh ukv
or*~udk ab;csdwfxm;vdkufonf? tar
&duefonf ukvor*~ydnmOfpmwrf;yg
pnf ; rsOf ; jzpf a om uk v or*~ t zJ G @ 0if
Edik if t
H m;vH;k wd@k onf Edik if w
H umqufqaH &;
wGif Edik if w
H Edik if .
H e,fajrwnfwjhH ynfph rkH E_ iS hf
Edik if aH &;t& vGwv
f yfciG u
hf kd +cdr;f ajcmufjcif;
od@k r[kwf tiftm;toH;k yjcif;udk a&Smif=uOf
&rnf ? qd k o nf h t csuf u d k twd t vif ;
csdK;azmufvdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? vHkcHa&;
aumifpD bmwwfEdkifygovJ? bmrS rwwf
Edkifyg? ukvor*~bmwwfEdkifovJ? bmrS

rwwfEdkifyg?
,ckrsufarSmuf tD&wfppfyJGudk
vnf; xdkenf;twdkif; wdkufchJygonf? ukv
or*~ o abmrwl b J wd k u f o nf h t wG u f
rSm;,Gi;f onf[k ,lqaomolrsm; urBmwGif
tifEiS t
hf m;ESihf &Syd gonf? ArmjynfwiG v
f nf;
&Sdygonf? ppfyJGtm; qef@usifqENjyae=u
onfh urBmjh ynforl sm;xJwiG f Ttjrif&o
dS l
rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ukvor*~rS }uD;r;
+yD; urBmhEdkifiHaygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;ac:um
tar&duef.rw&m; ppfyjcif;udk uef@uu
G f
_wfcs&ef/ ta&;,l&eftqdkywifjyaom
Ed k i f i H r sm;vnf ; &S d y gonf ? uk v or*~
bmwwfEdkifygovJ? bmrS rwwfEdkifyg?
tmz*efepPweftm; tar&duef
wdk@ wdkufcJhpOfu ukvor*~tm; aumuf
oif;aumuf vkyfief;jzpfaom u,fq,f
a&;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; vkyfief;rsm;
vkyfcGifhay;cJhygonf? ,ck tD&wfppfyJGwGif
um; tar&duefonf xdktcGifhta&;rsdK;
ay;&ef y if wG e f @ wd k a eygonf ? ray;csif
awmhyg? wjcm;zHG@z;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;u ukv
or*~tm; tcGit
hf m%may;&ef tar&duef
tm; azsmif ; zswd k u f w G e f ; ae&onf h b 0
jzpfygonf? (tD&wfwGif quf'rf[lpdef
tpdk;&vGef aemufxyftpdk;&w&yf rzJG@&
ao;aomfvnf; ukvor*~u pD;yGm;a&;
ydwq
f @kd r_ kyo
f rd ;f +yD; tD&wftm; a&eHa&mif;
cscGifhay;zdk@ tar&duefu ol@tusdK;pD;yGm;
qdkif&m awmif;qdkr_wdk@awmh vkyfygonf?)
,ck uk v or*~ . jy\emrS m
vHkcHa&;aumifpD yjyifa&;jy\em r[kwf
awmh y g? uk v or*~ q uf v uf w nf & S d z d k @
vdkrvdkqdkonfh jy\emtxd wufvm
ygonf? tajctaeay;v#if tar&duefu
ol @ pd w f uuf u rB m h t zJ G @ tpnf ; w&yf
xlaxmifvdkonfhoabmrsdK; &Sdaeovm;
rajymwwfyg? avmavmq,frSmrl urBmh
tzJG@tpnf;opf zJG@pnf;a&;avoH xGuf
rvmao;yg?
aocsmaeonf u awmh avm
avmq,f taetxm;t& ukv or*~u

tar&dueftm; xdef;csKyf rxm;Edkifonfh

tajctaeyif jzpfygonf? tar&dueftm;
rxd e f ; csKyf E d k i f o nf h t wG u f / ppf y J G u d k
r[efw
h m;Edik o
f nft
h wGu/f usL; ausmpf pfukd
jywf j ywf o m;om; rqef @ usif E d k i f o nf h
twGuf/ urBmhjynfolrsm;. +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh
vH k cH a &;ud k xd x d a &muf a &muf tum
tuG,f ray;Edik o
f nft
h wGuf ukvor*~ukd
tjypf w if a om tjrif r sm;vnf ; &S d a e
ygonf? tar&duefu aemufxyfppfyJG
opfrsm; zefwD;rnfh tvm;tvmvnf;
&Sdaeygonf? ukvor*~u [ef@wm;Edkifyg
rnfvm;?
trSefu ukvor*~onf urBm
ay:wGif awmoHk;axmifudk tpdk;&onfh
auo&mZm jcaohrF if;yrm 0if0h ifx
h nfxnf
awmifhawmifhwif;wif;ESifh tkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;
&Sdae&rnfjzpfygonf? xdkodk@jzpf&efvnf;
urBmh jynforl sm;u ar#mv
f ifx
h m;=uygonf?
vufawG@um; xdkodk@jzpfrvmyg? xdk@a=umifh
trsKd ;rsKd ;aom a0zefjypfwifrr_ sm; ukvor*~
tay: usa&mufvmygonf? ukvor*~
onf a&ar[kajymolu ajymvm=uyg+yD?
vl r av;acG ; rcH h uk v or*~ j zpf a e+yD [ k
qdkolu qdk=uygonf? tar&duefuvnf;
uk v or*~ t ay: tjrif r =unf v if y g?
uk v or*~ t wG u f a&S @ rS m xrf ; aqmif
wm0ef,l&rnfh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;jy\em
uvnf; ydkrdk}uD;av;vmygonf?
jcaoF h y J j zpf j zpf / a&aryJ q d k q d k
[d k u xd k ; onf u qG E S i f h uk v or*~ } uD ;
rsufvHk;eDvmaeyg+yD? olbmqufvkyfrvJ?
a&S @ rS m jrif a wG @ &ygawmh r nf ? xd k i f + yD ;
apmifh=unfhaezdk@awmh r[kwfyg? Armjynf
jynfolrsm;vnf; urBmhjynfolrsm;ESifhtwl
Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;r_0g' qef@usifa&;/ urBmh
+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif wwyfwtm;
yg0ifzdk@ vdkygonf? urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;tm;
ukvor*~u xdef;odrf;umuG,fEdkifatmif
rdrdwwfEdkifonfhbufrS 0ef;&Hay;zdk@ vdkyg
vdrfhrnf?

73

ta+rmft+rifEiS hf

_yifqifxm;ygrS
tD&wfppfyJG +yD;qHk;cJh+yDjzpfaomfvnf; 'Dvdk
ppfywm rSerf rSeq
f o
kd nfh jy\emrSm r+y;D qH;k
ao;yg?
tD&wfppfyGJ tpyonfEiS hf tjrif
trsdK;rsdK; ay:xGufcJhonf? wcsdK@u tar
&duef. usL;ausmpf pfukd axmufc=H uonf?
urBmjh ynfot
l rsm;pku qef@usio
f nf? wcsKd @
u tm%m&SifpepfusifhoHk;onfh quf'rf
[lpdeftpdk;&udk wdkufxkwfjcif;jzpfojzifh
ppfyjcif;rSm rSeo
f nf[k ,lqonf? wcsKd @u
tar&duefonf ukvor*~. oabmwl
cGifhycsufr&SdbJ wdkufojzifh rSm;onf[k
xifjrifonf?
Armjynfjynforl sm;onf tajccH
tm;jzifh etz ppftm%m&Sifpepftay:
rkef;wD;pdwf &Sd=uonf? xdkrkef;wD;pdwfjzifh
wcsdK@u quf'rf[lpdfef. tm%m&Sifpepf
tpdk;&tm; zwfcsypfonfudk 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om &Sd=uonf? tD&wfwGif 'Drdkua&pD
tpdk;& wifay;zdk@ od=um;rif; em;uif;}uD;eJ@
qif;+yD; u,fwifay;ovdk tar&duefu
u,fwifay;onf[k wifpm;=uonf?
Armjynfta&;twGufvnf; tar&duef
tm; ar#mfvifh,Hkpm;ae=uolrsm; &Sdonf?
tar&d u ef .
ppf ya&;
ta=umif;jycsufESifh qifajcqifvufrsm;
rSefuefygovm;? olajymwdkif; ,Hk=unf&
rnfvm;?
tD&wftpd;k &u tm%m&Sipf epf
usifhoHk;onfqdkonfrSm oHo,&Sdp&m rvdk
yg? vGefchJaom (12) ESpfwkef;u tdrfeD;csif;
wdkif;jynf wckudk usL;ausmfcJhzl;ygonf?
74

vG e f c J h a om (15) ES p f a vmuf w k e f ; u
umh ' f o l y k e f a wG u d k "mwk a A'vuf e uf
toHk;y+yD; wdkufcdkufchJzl;ygonf? odk@&mwGif
'Dae@rSmvnf; tD&wf[m "mwkvufeuf
awG u d k wd k ; csJ @ xk w f v k y f v suf &S d o nf /
EsL;uvD;,m;vufeuf xkwfvkyfa&;txd
vkyv
f mEdik o
f nf qdo
k nfw@kd rmS rSe;f qcsuEf iS hf
txiftjrifrsm;om jzpfygonf?
,cifutar&duefonf wmvD
bef wdk@tm; arG;jrLay;cJhonfhenf;wl
quf'rf[lpdefudkvnf; toHk;cscJhzl;ygonf?
tD&wfonf tar&duefxHrS vufeufrsm;
udk &,loHk;pJGcJhzl;ygonf? 1991 ckESpftxd
tD&wf.EsLuvD;,m;/ "mwk/ ZD0vufeuf
ESifh 'Hk;usnftwwf ynmrsm;tm; tar
&d u ef v uf e uf aumf y d k a &;&S i f ; rsm;u
axmufyHhay;tyfcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ukv
or*~ v H k cH a &;aumif p D o d k @ tD & wf r S w if
oGif;onfh pmrsufESm 11000 yg vufeuf
xkwfvkyfr_tpD&ifcHpmxJY tD&wf. tpk
vd k u f t yH v d k u f aoaponf h vuf e uf
xkwfvkyfa&;udk EdkifiHaygif;pHkrS ukr`%D 150
wdk@u axmufulyHhydk;ay;cJha=umif; azmfjy
xm;ygonf? tar&duefurk %
` D 24 cktjyif
+Adwed /f *smr%DEiS hf jyif opfEikd if rH S ukr%
` rD sm;
yg0if c J h = uygonf ? od k @ &mwG i f tpk v d k u f
tyHvdkuf aoausapaom vufeufrsm;
,ck qufvufxw
k v
f yk af o;ovm;/ rxkwf
vkyfbl;vm;qdkonfrSm raocsmyg?
1991 ckESpf tD&wftm; tar
&duefwdk@ wdkufcdkufchJpOfu tD&wf. ppfa&;
pGr;f &nf 80 &mckid Ef e_ ;f udk zsuq
f ;D Edik cf o
hJ nf[k

tar&duefu a=unmcJhygonf? 1991

ckEpS af emufyikd ;f tD&wf&dS tpkvu
kd t
f yHvu
kd f
aoausysufpD;apaom vufeufrsm;. 90
&mcd k i f E _ e f ; rS m &S i f ; vif ; zsuf q D ; xm;+yD ;
jzpfonf[k ukvor*~ vufeufppfaq;a&;
tzJ G @ u a=unmcJ h y gonf ? tD & wf u d k
tar&duefwdk@ usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufEdkifcJh
aomfvnf; ,cktcsed t
f xd tzsuv
f ufeuf
xk w f v k y f r _ ouf a otaxmuf t xm;
tcd k i f t rm rawG @ &d S & ao;yg? tD & wf u
vl a wG t pk v d k u f tyH v d k u f a oaponf h
vufeufudk ydkifw,fxm;OD;awmh olu
'DvufeufawGudk toHk;ryao;bl;qkdv#if
ol [ m rsuf a rS m uf u mv&J @ t"d u
tE &W m,ftjzpf yDyjD yifjyif jzpfrvmao;yg?
wjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGifvnf; onfvdk
vufeufrsdK; &Sdae=uygonf? tpPa&;rSm
EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf &Syd gonf? ygupPwef
ESifh tdENd,wdk@rSm EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf
&Sad eHrk u toH;k yvkqq
J t
J ajctae jzpfyg
onf ? urB m twG u f }uD ; rm;aom
+cdrf;ajcmufr_yvsuf &Sdaeygonf? EsLuvD;
,m;/ "mwk/ ZD0ponfhvufeufrsm;udk
TurBmwGif t}uD;rm;qHk;ydkifqdkifolrSm
tar&duefu,
kd w
f ikd yf if jzpfygonf? olonf
tEkjrLvufeufudk oHk;pGJ+yD;yg+yD? 'kwd,
urBmppf+yD;rSpI ppfyrJG sm;udk 'dik cf zH efw;D onfh
EdkifiHvnf; jzpfygonf? ol.EsLuvD;,m;
vufeuf tqifhwdk;jrifha&;ESifh "mwk/ ZD0
vufeuf okawoevkyfief;udk t}uD;
tus,f vkyfaeonfhtjyif pwm;0g;
pDru
H ed ;f jzifv
h nf; urBmudk +cdr;f ajcmufvsuf

_ynfolhtm%m
&Syd gonf? ABM pmcsKyftygt0if EsLuvD;
,m;vufeuf xdef;csKyfa&;ESifh rjyef@yGm;a&;
pmcsKyfuv
kd nf;aumif;/ ZD0vufeufqikd &f m
nD v mcH u csrS w f w J h pnf ; rsOf ; Oya'ud k
vnf;aumif;/ ajrjrKyfrikd ;f ydwyf ifa&; pmcsKyf
udv
k nf;aumif; qef@usicf o
hJ vdk Edik if w
H um
&mZ0wfjypfr_qdkif&m cHkHk;ESifh ppfyGJuef@owf
xde;f csKyfa&;qdik &f m Edik if w
H um. vufawG@
u;yrf;r_ rSeo
f r#uv
kd nf; qef@usio
f l jzpfyg
onf? urBmay:wGif t}uD;rm;qHk;ppfa&;
toH k ; p&d w f u d k oH k ; pJ G a eonf h E d k i f i H v nf ;
jzpfygonf?
tD&wfrmS tm%m&Sipf epf tkypf ;kd
aeojzif h ud k ppf y&onf q d k o nf h
ta=umif;jycsufrSmvnf; rcdkifvHkyg? urBm
ay:rSm tm%m&SifpepfEdkifiHrsm; trsm;
tjym; &S d a eygonf ? wcsd K @Ed k i f i H q d k v #if
tar&duefu tm%m&Sifpepftpdk;&udk
oludk,fwdkiftm%m tyfESif;xm;wmyg?
aqmf'Dtma&;AsEdkifiHudk erlemtjzpf jyEdkif
ygonf?
tD&wfu umh'folykefrsm;tm;
&uf&ufpufpuf wdkufcdkufcJhonfqdkonfh
tcsuf u vnf ; ppf yzd k @ cd k i f v H k o nf h
ta=umif ; jycsuf r[k w f y g? xk d p Of u
tar&dueftpdk;&onf bmrS0ifrajymbJ
qdwfqdwfaecJhygonf? wu,fhvufawG@
wGif tD&wftpdk;&tm; tm;ay;axmufcHr_
ych J j cif ; yif jzpf f y gonf ? wl & uD E d k i f i H
onfvnf; tar&duefvufeufrsm;udk
toH;k y+yD; axmifEiS chf saD om umh'o
f yl ek rf sm;
udk owfjzwfchyJ gonf?
rdrdEdkifiHjynfolrsm;tm; aomif;
ESifhcsD+yD; aoausatmif owfjzwfcJhaom

tjcm;Ed k i f i H r sm;vnf ; &S d a eygao;onf ?

Oyrm tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh *GmwDrmvmEdkifiH?
od@k &mwGif Edik if rH sm;onf ppfyjGJ zifh t+cdr;f
ajcmuf r cH & onf h t jyif tar&d u ef x H r S
vufeuftultnDrsm;yif &&SdcJhygao;
onf? (etz tpdk;&onfvnf; rdrd
jynfolrsm;udk axmifESifhcsD+yD; aoaus
apatmif owfjzwfchJonf r[kwfygvm;?)
ul0w
d t
f m; tD&wfu usL;ausmf
cJhonfqdk&mwGifvnf; wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh
E_ d i f ; ,S O f = unf h p &m vd k a eygao;onf ?
E_dif;,SOf=unfhp&m EdkifiHxJwGif tar&duef
Edik if u
H ,
kd w
f ikd v
f nf; yg0ifygonf? tar&duef
wd@k onf AD,uferf/ uarBm'D;,m;/ *&ifem'g
(Grenada) ESifh yem;rm;wdk@udk usL;ausmfchJ
ygonf?
txufygtcsuftvufrsm;rSm
quf'rf[lpdeftpdk;&tm; umuG,faejcif;
r[kwyf g? tar&duefw@kd .ta=umif;jycsuf
rSefuefr_r&SdyHkudk axmufjyjcif; jzpfygonf?
urBmt
h ajctaet& tar&duef. urBmudk
pd;k rd;k Adv
k u
f svrkd /_ wckwnf;aom0if;kd &So
d nfh
urBmhpepfudk xlaxmifvdkr_/ tar&duef
tusKd ;pD;yGm;qdik &f m ud,
k u
f sKd ;=unfrh /_ udv
k ekd D
tifyg,m xlaxmifvdkr_wdk@ESifh qufpyf,lrS
tajctaeudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnf
oabmaygufrnfjzpfygonf?
tD&wfwdkif;jynf. ta&;udpPudk
tD&wfjynfolrsm;uom qHk;jzwf&rnf[k
wifjy=uaomtqdrk mS rSeu
f efonf[k xifyg
onf? rnfonfhEdkifiH jynfolrsm;rqdk T
tcGifhta&;rsdK; &oifhygonf?
ArmjynfwGif etz tm%m&Sif
pepftm; t"duwdkufcdk ufoGm;=u&rnf

jzpfygonf? odk@&mwGif rdrdjynfwGif; tajc

taeud k rnf o nh f j yif y tif t m;pk u rS
0ifa&mufpGufzufonfudk vufrcHEdkifyg?
ud,
k jfh ynfwiG ;f tajctaeudk ud,
k jfh ynfwiG ;f
tiftm;pkrsm;u aESmifu;rJh vGwfvGwf
vyf v yf ud k , h f b mom ajz&S i f ; jcif ; om
rSefuefonf[k xifjrif,lqygonf?
Armjynf jynf o l r sm;onf
EdkifiHa&;tawG@tuH &Sdonf/ tajrmftjrif
&So
d nf[k ,H=k unfygonf? Armjynf Edik if aH &;
tiftm;pkrsm;onfvnf; tajrmftjrif
&Sd=u&ygrnf? ya'o&mZfArmEdkifiH ol@u|ef
b0a&mufch&J onfh ordkif;a=umif;uvnf;
oifcef;pmay;xm;cJhygonf? ya'o&mZf
tm%m&S i f p epf u d k ruuf I jynf y ud k
tm;ud;k I zdwaf c:cJo
h rl sm; rsKd ;zsujf zpfomG ;cJh
=uygonf? wdik ;f jynf ol@u|eb
f 0 a&mufc&hJ
ygonf? etzu jynfyudyk ifzh w
d af c:,lv#if
ol o nf tm%m&S i f p epf jzpf H k o mru
rsKd ;zsujf zpfomG ;ygrnf? wjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;
vnf ; Tenf ; twd k i f ; yif jzpf y gonf ?
rppfreS af om jynfcsppf w
d "f mwfjzifh tdref ;D csi;f
wdik ;f jynfrsm;udk &efvv
kd #iv
f nf; ta&;}uD;
aom urBmt
h ajc taeY tajrmftjrifr&hJ m
usygvdrfhrnf? tdEdN,/ wkwf/ xdkif;ponfh
EdkifiHrsm;udk tdrfeD;csif;rsm;tjzpf ESpfaxmif
ESifhcsDI qufqHvmcJhovdk aemiftem*wf
rSmvnf; ESpaf ygi;f axmifEiS chf sI
D qufqo
H mG ;
&rnf jzpf y gonf ? {nf h o nf q d k ; ud k
ud k , f u zd w f a c:rd v #if td r f e D ; csif ; rsm;
'kuQa&mufrnfpdk;&ovdk tdrfeD;csif;a=umifh
udk,fvnf; 'kuQra&mufcsifyg?
ud,
k t
hf rd w
f iG f trsKd ;om;&if=um;
aphr_ &&Sdxm;ygrS wefumusygvdrfhrnf?

75

owif;ESifhrSwfcsuf

CIA atmufu CTC

The Counter-terrorism Center (pDwDpD) qdkwm eHrnfausmf
pDtdkifat (CIA) &JvufatmufXme jzpfw,f? t=urf;zuf

0g'udk wefjyefzdkqdk+yD; 1986 ckESpfu pzJGwm jzpfw,f?

tJ'Dwkef;u vlodyfrrsm;bl;? 9-11 udpPay:+yD;rS wqausmf
wdk;csJ vdkufwm vl 1100 ausmf&Sdae+yD? tJ'DvlawGu
&wJhowif;udk cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmolawGeJ owif;&atmifvdkufwhJ
axmufvSrf;a&;orm;awG jzpfw,f? owif;axmufvSrf;=u
cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm=ueJ tvGefudk tvkyf_yfw,f?
waewaea=u;eef;aygif; 2500 avmuf 0ifw,f?
urBmtESH olv#dKawGqDu tpD&ifcHwmawGeJ usL;bm;
*Grfwmemrdk xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;u ppfa=um&&Sdcsuf
a=u;eef;pmawG jzpfw,f? ysm;yef;cwf tvkyf_yfwJhXmeyJ?
9-11 rjzpfrDu t=urf;zufcH&awmhr,fqdkwhJ
owif;tpteawG CIA u &cJhw,f? 'gayrJh CIA u FBI
(jynfaxmifpkpHkprf;axmufvSrf;a&;AsL&dk) ukd owif;ray;bJ
xm;w,f? Xmecsif; tyiftqdkifjzpfvdky?J
uwifowif;om&&if FBI u umuG,fEdkifrSmyJvdk wcsdKu
wGufw,f? CIA rSmu EdkifiHjcm;rSm axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efom
&Sdw,f? jynfwGif;rSm zrf;wmqD;wmppfa=umwm rvkyfEdkifbl;?
FBI uyJ vkyfEdkifw,f? ('Dae&mrSm Arm MIS eJuGmoGm;+yD)
9-11 udpP=uD;+yD;awmh tar&duefawGtwGif;
tcsif;rsm;=uw,f? umuG,fEdkifvsufeJ Xmecsif;
tyiftqdkifjzpfae=uvdk rumuG,fEdkifwmyJvdk vlawGu
tjypfwif=uw,f? CIA uvJ FBI udk ray;ayr,fh orRwudk
ay;wmyJvdk xkacsw,f?
tJ'Dawmh wcsdKu bk&Sfudk oHo,0if=uw,f?
'DudpP}uD; (9 - 11) ay:rS ighoduQmeJ=oZmwufr,fqdk+yD;
wrifuwif wm;qD;wm rvkyfbaJ ewmyJvdk@ pGyfpGJ=uw,f?
pGyfpGJcsifp&m}uD;vJ jzpfaewmudk;?
bmyJjzpfjzpf 9-11 a=umifh bk&Sfajczsm;
76

axmufEdkifoGm;w,f? tmz*efppf wdkufEdkifw,f? tD&wfppf

vH_aqmfEdkifw,f? urBmudkv$rf;rdk;zdk ppftiftm; jzefEdkifw,f?
tJ'D[mxuf ydk+yD;ta&;}uD;wJhatmifjrifr_u
tar&duefvlxkudk t=urf;zuf0g'+cdrf;ajcmufr_eJ ajcmufvSef+yD;
udk,fhudkaxmufcHatmif vkyfEdkifwmyJ? yifbufygwD
'Drdku&ufawGudk tmap;xnfhay;vdkufEdkifw,f?
axmufcH&ifaxmufcH raxmufcH&if trsdK;om;opPmazguf
jzpfoGm;r,fvdk +cdrf;ajcmufEdkifw,f?
2004 ckESpfrSm orRwa&G;aumufyGJ&Sdawmh bk&Sfuajcukef
okwfaewmyJ? tJ'DvdkvkyfEdkifzdk CTC u taxmuftxm;
tcsuftvufopfawG &Smay;ae&wm jzpfw,f?
CTC u &Smay;vdkuf orRwwdk/ 'korRwwdk/
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;wdk/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;wdku oHk;vdkufeJ
tvkyfjzpfae=uw,f? tar&duefvlxkuawmh =umav
usD;vef@pmpm; jzpf&av? tckyJ vdarRmfa&miftqifh
wyfvSef@oH ay;xm;vdk "mwfaiGumrsufESmzHk;awG0,f=u/
wvpm&duQmawGavSmif=ueJ tvkyf_yfae+yD?
tar&duefawG&J touftE W&m,fumuG,fay;&mrSm
bk&Sfom pdwfcs&w,f tar&duefwa,muf&J toufudk
umuG,fzdk urBmolurBmom; wpfaomif;udkowfzdk
bk&SfrSmcdkifrmwJh oEMdXmef&Sdw,f qdkwht
J jrif rJqEN&SifawGrSm
&Sdaeapzdk bifvm'ifeJ ajcmufvdku/f quf'rf[lpdefeJ ajcmufvdkuf/
uif*sHKtD;eJajcmufvdkuf vkyfaew,f? tJ'Dvdkvkyfzdk CTC u
tcsuftvuf taxmuftxm; urBmjzef+yD; &Sm=u&w,f?
CIA, CTC &Jtvkyfu
(1) axmufvSrf;a&;tpD&ifcHpm wvrSm t}udrfaygif; 500
avmuf xkwf&w,f? trsm;pkudk wjcm;tpdk;&Xme}uD; (80)
ydk&w,f?
(2) wae 3 }udrf tdrfjzLawmf&J trsdK;om;vHk+cHKa&;
aumifpDeJ AD'D,dkuGefz&ifh vkyf&w,f?
(3) naewdkif; 5 em&DrSm CIA nefr;u CTC
t&m&Sd}uD;awG tygt0if wjcm;t&m&SdawG 40 eJ uGefz&ifh
vkyf&w,f?
(4) CTC u ae@wdkif;orRwbk&SfqDudk xdyfwef;v#dK0Suf
+cdrf;ajcmufr_ tajctae tpD&ifcHpm wif&w,f?
tJ'DtpD&ifcHpmudk xdyfoD;t&m&Sd 200 qDvJ jzef&w,f?
tJ'DtpD&ifcHpmu ta&;}uD;owif;&SdwhJae@rSmqdk&if pmrsufESm
30 awmif &Sdw,f?
(5) plyguGefysLwm}uD; (Supercomputer) awGoHk;+yD;
aomif;eJcsDwhJ rouFm p&m yk*~dKvfawG/ ae&mXmeawG/
b%fpm&if;awGudk pdppf&w,f?
(6) b,favmufawmif vkyf&ovJqdk&if a[mvD0k'fu kyf&SifZmwf!ef;a&; q&mawGqDu xl;jcm;
qef;=u,fwhJ tawG;tjrifawGvJ ,l&w,f? txyfaygif;
&mcsD&SdwhJ rdk;ar#mfwdkuf}uD;udk vlqdk;*kd%f;u wdkufcdkuf

_ynfolhtm%m
zsufqD;ypfyHkudk 9 - 11 ray:rD uwnf;u
Zmwfvrf;qifchJ=uwm tJ'DZmwf!ef;a&;q&mawGy?J 'ga=umifh
olwdkudk tm;udk;&wm?
2004 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJeD;av tar&duefvlxkudk
bk&Sftpdk;&u t=urf;zuf 0g'eJajcmufav vkyfjyrSm
aocsmw,f? tJ'Dvdk vkyfEdkifzdk CTC uvJ tvkyf_yf+rJ
_yfaeOD;rSmyg?
bk&SftaeeJ tar&duefrJqEN&aumif; &ygvdrfhr,f?
'gayrJh urBmharwWmudkawmh =umavvufv$wf&avjzpfrSm
aocsmygw,f? tckudkyJ ppfat;acwf wJGazmfwGJzufawGu
cyfa&Smifa&Smif vkyf=u+yD;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;orm;awGu qENjyae+yD?
rlqvifawGuawmh ajymraeeJ bk&Sfudkr_ef@r_ef@nufnuf
acsypfcsif=uw,f? a&S;wkef;uqdk&if c&l;qdwf (Crusade)
vH_aqmfwm (Pope) ykyf&[ef;rif;yJ? tckawmh ykyf&[ef;rif;u
'DtxJ igrygbl;vdk oGm;ajymcdkif;vdkufyHky?J bk&Sfb,fvdk
wkH@jyefr,fqdkwmod+yD; v$wfvdkufwmyJ jzpfr,f?
urBmwcGifrSm&SdwhJ b&if*sD awGudk umuG,fcsifvdk wrif
vkyfvdkufwmvdk wGufEdkifw,f? rlqvifawG&J &efi;
b&if*sDawGbuf vSnfhrvmatmif y&d,m,fqifvdkufyHk
ay:w,f?
tar&duefawG tar&duefjynfxu
J rxGufbJ
aeEdkif=u&ifjzifh CIA -FBI trdajrvHk+cHKa&;Xme (Department
of Homeland Security) u umuG,faumif; umuG,fEdkif
ygvdrhfr,f? 'gayrJh tar&duefawG b,favmuf=um=um
tdrfwGif; atmif;EdkifrSmvJ?
urBmhAdkvf}uD;vkyfcsif&if urBmvSnfh&vdrhfr,f? tJ'Dtcg
olwdkvHk+cHKa&;udk b,folwm0ef,lrvJ/ [muGufr&Sd
tar&duefwyfawG csxm;Edkifrvm;/ urBmh arwWmwkH; jzpfae&if
rvHk+cHKygbl;?
bifvm'if/ quf'rf[lpdefwdkudk taysmuf&Sif;aumif;
&Sif;EdkifrSmygyJ? 'gayrJh olwdk&J tar&duefrkef;wD;a&;pdwf"mwf
uawmh t!Gefwvlvl usefae&pfyg vdrfhr,f? oGm;av&m
tE W&m,fawGygvdrfhr,f? tar&duefudk rlqvifawGrSr[kwf
vlwdkif;u rkef;csifp&m jzpfaeyg+yD?
&,fp&mawmh aumif;onf? a&mrtifyg,macwfu
a&mrom;awG ajrxJyifv,fw0dkuf }udKufwhaJ e&mae/
oGm;vdk&m oGm;EdkifchJ=uonf? eb,H?
+Adwdo# aer0iftifyg,macwfu
t*Fvdyfocif}uD;rsm;vnf; urBmhtESH aecJhoGm;cJhonf? eb,H?
ay:zl;or# tifyg,m&Sifrsm;xuf
tiftm;}uD;ygonfqdkaom tar&duef rsm;rSmawmh
"mwfaiGumrsufESmzHk;pGyf/ &duQm wvpmpk+yD; tdrfwGif;u
tdrfjyif rxGuf&w
J hJb0 a&mufae&acs+yD?

'dik ,
f memhom; rif;om;0Dv,
D /H csmcseD J
bk&afS oG;om;awmfpyf - rawmfpyf?
bk&Sf&J yHk&dyfu aumif;bdKGifyHk&dyf jzpfaew,f?
ppfacgif;aqmif}uD;yHk&dyfeJ vHk;vHk;rwlbl;?
'ga=umifh wcsdKrD'D,mawGu bk&Sfudk
ppfacgif;aqmif}uD;yHk&dyf/ bk&ifh aqGawmfrsdK;awmfyHk&dyf
jzpfatmif/ csmcsDwdk 0DvD,HwdkeJ aqGrdsK;pyfay;=uw,f?
olwdktvdkt& bk&Sf/ csmcsDeJ 'dkif,memhom;
+Adwdo#eef;!Gefeef;vsm 'D (3) OD;[m
e,fpm;}uD;[ife&Dpyifqm (Henry Spencer 1420 1478) eJ olnD *|efpyifqm (John Spencer 1437 1499) wdkuae qif;oufvm=uwJh aqGrsdK;
t&if;tcsm}uD;awG jzpfw,fvdk qdkw,f?
b,fub,fvdk qif;oufvmw,fqdkwmudk
E_dufEd_ufc|wfc|wf a&;=uygw,f? olwdkajymwm
odyfjzpfEdkifygw,f? Adkvfae0if;udkawmif
rif;rsdK;rif;EG,fyv
J dk oltodkif; t0dkif;u
aqGrsdK;pyfjy=uao;wmyJ?
bk&Sfuawmh csmcsDeJ aqGrsdK;awmfw,f/
+Adwdo#r[maoG;r[mqDeJ aqGrsdK; t&if;}uD;
jzpfw,fvdkajymwm uufygvdrfhr,f? 'gayrJh DNA
awmh tppfcH0Hhr,f rxifbl;? wjcm;ywfouf&m
ywfoufa=umif;awGuvJ tppfcHzdk 0efav;=uvdrhfr,f?
xdkifaetaumif;om; xoGm;rSusdK;rSef;odjzpfrSm
pdk;=uvdrfhr,f? DNA ppfvdkufrS vlru
J |efrav;
ajcawmfwifchJwhJtjzpf bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:oGm;wJh
tar&duefvGwfvyfa&; zcif}uD;tjzpfrsdK;
tjzpfcHEdkif=ur,f rxifbl;? ?
tmqD,H (ASEAN)) tpnf;ajyae+yDavm?
tD&wfppfyGt
J wGuf
tmqD,Htpnf;ajyawmhrvm;vdk wcsdKu ar;cGef;
xkwf=uw,f? b,fwkef;u wpnf;wvHk;wnf; &Sdchv
J dk
tpnf;ajy&rSmvJ?
pzJGwkef;u &nf&G,fcsufwrsdK;
aemufawmh&nf&G,fcsufwrsdK; jzpfoGm;wm awGae&wmyJ?
pzJGwkef;u AD,uferfudk qefusifzdk? tck r[kwfawmhbl;/
AD,uferf ygae+yD?
uGefjrLepfAD,uferff/ ya'o&mZfb&lEdkif;/
ppftm%m&Sif ArmjynfeJ bk&m;pl; 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawG
pkaygif;pyfaygif; vkyfxm;wmqdkawmh b,fwkef;urS
wpnf;wvHk; wnf; r&Sdbl;? aemifvJ r&SdEdkifbl;? tkyfpdk;olawGu
77

_ynfolhtm%m
udk,fhtusdK;aus;Zl;udk a&Swef;wif+yD;
tmqD,HtvHawmfatmufrSm pkpnf;ae=uOD;rSmyg? tD&wfppfyGJ
wu,fwdkufjzpf&if urBmhAdkvf}uD; tar&duefuwqifh
wdk;vm&ifawmh tmqD,Hvdkygr$m; rajymeJ urBmhukvor*~/
aewdk;tzJG/ tD;,l/ bufrvdkuftzJG/ tmz&dutzJG/
vufwiftar&dutzJG pwJhppfat;acwf
tzJGtpnf;awGtm;vHk; ajAmif;qefukefrSmyg?
'DtajctaersKd;jzpfvm&if &J&0J Hh0Hh&ifqdkifEdkifatmif ArmjynfrSm
trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; tjrefwnfaxmifzdkvdkaewm jzpfygw,f?

tavmif;awGtacgif;oGif;+yD;
tdrjf yefatmifvyk Ef ikd rf S (1)
tdkufqifa[mif0gu vufeufukr`%D}uD;rsm;&,f/
yifw*Gef (tar&duef umuG,fa&;XmecsKyf) &,f/
tm%m&EdkifiHa&; orm;awG&,f 'D - 3 - OD;aygif;u urBmeJ
tar&duefjynfudk tE W&m,fay;vdrfhr,fvdk owday;zl;w,f?
ppftwGif; r[mrdwf wyfaygif;csKyfaoemywdeJ tar&duef
orRwvkyfcho
J l&J owday;csufjzpfvdk oludk,fydkif
tawGtuHawGudk aygif;&kH;oHk;oyf+yD; ajymcJhwm jzpfvdrhfr,f?
olowday;csuf odyfrSefw,f? urBm}uD;eJ
tar&duefjynf[m AD,uferfppfudk uHchJw,f? AD,uferfppfrSm
aemufqHk;ay: vufeufqef;awG wck+yD;wck oHk;cJhw,f?
vufeufukr`%D}uD;awG odyf+yD;tusdK;tjrwf &cJhw,f?
yifw*Gefu AdkvfcsKyfawGvJ enf;y&d,m,fopfawG prf;cGifh&/
eHrnfausmf=um; jzpf=uw,f? orRwawGuawmh v$wfawmf&J
tm%mukefv$JwmcH&+yD; orRwouf &Snf=umcJhw,f?
'gayrJh AD,uferfppfrSm olwdk&_H;cJhw,f? xdkpOfu
urBmhjynfolawGu Edk;=um;aew,f? AD,uferfjynfolawGu
ol&aJ umif;yDow,f? pGefv$wftepfem cH0Hhw,f?
&efolwa,mufaozdk rdrdw&mtaocH+yD; wdkuf0Hhw,f?
'DvdkeJ tar&dueftavmif;awG tacgif;oGif;+yD;
wavmif;+yD;wavmif; tdrfjyef&wm rsm;vmw,f? 'DawmhrS
ppfqefusifa&; qENjyyJGawG }uD;rm;us,fjyefvmw,f?
qENjyyJGudk t=urf;ywrf;ESdrf&w,f? urBm}uD;'kuQawG+yD;rS
tar&duefjynf 'kuQawGawmhwmyJ?
AD,uferfppf[m tar&dueftwGuf yxrqHk;
&_H;yJGawGwm jzpfw,f? olu b,fwkef;urS ppfr&_H;zl;bl;?
tJ'Dvdkjzpfwm[m tar&duefu vufeufaumif;vdk
ppfwdkufaumif;vdk r[kwfbl;? EdkifrSmaocsmrS 0ifwdkufvdky?J
+yD;awmhvJ tar&duefjynf&J yx0Dtaetxm;u
oludk wyef;omapw,f? olu olrsm;awGwdkufwm
apmifh=unfhEdkifw,f? 0ifygcsifrS 0ifygEdkifw,f rygcsif&if
78

xdkif=unfhaevdk &w,f? yxreJ'kwd,urBmppfrSm

AHk;wvHk;t}uJrcH&bJ tjrwftrsm;qHk; xkwfoGm;Edkifw,f?
tar&duef GDP u urBmh GDP &J oHk;yHkwyHk jzpfoGm;w,f?
tJ'Dtaetxm;u tckxd &Sdaew,f?
'Dtaetxm;udk &DywfAvpfueforRwjzpfjzpf
'Drdku&uforRwjzpfjzpf xdef;=urSmyJ? tar&duefEdkifiHol
EdkifiHom;awGuvJ xdef;csif=uwmyJ? tar&duef
EdkifiHom;awGu cvkwfxdrS trdwwwfolawG jzpfw,f?
AD,uferfppf &_H;+yD;uwnf;u tar&duef
orRwawG[m pEN*kwfppfqifa&;yJ vkyf=uw,f? taysmhqHk;udk
a&G;wdkufw,f? yxrtdrfeD;csif; *&ifae'g Grenada eJ yem;rm;
Panama udk wdkufw,f? qifeJ qdwfawmif r[kwfbl;?
qifeJ y&Gufqdwfy?J ppfat;acwfrSm tm&Sbuf
ajcOD;rvSnfh0Hhbl;? AD,uferfppfeJ ywfouf+yD;
t*Fvdyf0g&ifhrm&S,f}uD;armif*dkrm&Du oifcef;pmwck
xkwfzl;w,f? tm&Swdkufr}uD;xJudk ajcvsifwyfeJ
0ifrwdkufaveJ/ wdkuf&ifuG+J yDomrSwfvdk
ed*Hk;csKyfoHk;oyfjyzl;w,f? tJ'Ded*Hk;csKyfcsufudk tckxdbk&Sfwdk
owdyw,f? 'ga=umifh ajcvsifwyf awmfawmfeJ rv$wfbl;?
a0[ifu av,mOfeJ r_efr_efnufnufacs+yD;rS v$wfw,f?
ppfwdkuf&wm r&Sdbl;? 'ga=umifh taotaysmufvJ r&Sdbl;?
(2)
tD&wfrSmu av[me,fAHk; Vacuum bomb
eJrdkufc&dka0hAHk; Microwave bomb oHk;zdk pDpOfw,fvdk qdkw,f?
av[me,fAHk; u udkqdkAdkppfwkef;u oHk;cJhzl;ayr,fh
enf;enf;yJ prf;vdkuf &w,f? v#yfppf"mwftm;vdkif; yg0g*&pf
Power grid awGudk zsufqD;ypfEdkifw,fvdk qdkw,f? tckxyf+yD;
tpGrf;jrifhxm;w,f? tJ'DAHk; tD&wfrSm oHk;=unhfcsifaew,f?
'DAHk;&JtpGrf;u vGefuw
J hJ tyl"mwfawG v$wfay;wmwJh?
"mwkvufeufydk;r$m; vufeuf*dka'gifay: }uJzdk jzpfw,f? "mwk
tqdyfawG ydk;r$m;awGudk jyefxGufrvmapbJ wcsDwnf;
tJ'DtqdyfawG ydk;r$m;awGudkyg zsufqD;ypfvdkufr,fvdk qdkw,f?
wu,fvdk ratmifjrif&if oabmw&m;eJvufawG rudkufbJ
jzpfoGm;&ifvJ ta&;r}uD;bl;? ao&if tD&wfawGyJ ao=urSm?
rdkufc&dka0hAHk; uawmh prf;udkrprf;&ao;bl;?
tmz*efppfwkef;u wjcm;trsdK;tpm;AHk;awGyJ prf;cJh&w,f?
ubl;vfrrSm oGm;prf;vdkuawmh bmrStusdK;&SdrSm r[kwfvdk
rprf;wmyJ?
'DAHk;&JtpGrf;u v#yfppfoHk;ypPnf;awGudkom
tE W&m,fay;wm qdky?J uGefysLwmawG/ u;rJha=u;eef;ydkpufawG/
w,fvDzkef;awG/ a&'D,dk toHv$ifhwmawG/ &kyfoHv$ifhwmawG
tm;vHk;&yfoGm;r,f? armfawmfum;u yvyfawGawmif
rD;yGm;rxkwfEdkifbJ jzpfoGm;r,f qdky?J
ubl;vfrrSm 'ga=umihf rprf;wmyJ? bmrSr&SdwJhrrSm
oGm;prf;vdk bmrS okawoevkyfEdkifrSmrS r[kwfwm?

_ynfolhtm%m
b*~'ufrSmprf;rS b,fvdktusdK;tjypf
&Sdw,fqdkwmodrSm jzpfw,f? tD&wfrSm u acwfrDumuG,fa&;
qufoG,fa&;pepfawG &Sdw,f? A[dkXmecsKyf &Sdw,f?
wjcm;prf;oyfr,fh vufeufawGvJ &Sdao;w,f? aygif 2
aomif;AHk;qdkwmwdk bmwdkvJ &Sdw,f? tD&wfppfyGJrSm
prf;=uygvrd rfh ,f?
umuG,fa&;tqifhjrifh vufeufrsm;okawoe{*sifpD
(DARPA) NASA bdk;tif; Boeing ukr`%D abm Ball
tmumoESihf enf;ynmaumfydka&;&Sif;wdk aygif;+yD;wDxGifaewJh
*vfwkqdkwmuvJ &Sdao;w,f? tD&wfppfyGJrSmawmh prf;Edkifr,f
rxifbl;?2006 ckESpfusrS prf;EdkifrSmwJh? 'gayrJh tD&wfppfrSm
y%mrprf;oyfwmawG vkyfvdrfhr,f?
(3)
yifv,fauGppf/ udkqdkAdkppfawG+yD;awmh
tar&duefukr`%DawG vufeufta&mif; wufw,f?
olvufeufawG vluufrsm; t0,fvdkufw,f? tjrwf&w,f?
yifw*Gefu AdkvfcsKyfawG eHrnfausmf=um; vlodrsm;oGm;w,f?
yg0,fvf Powell qdk&if emrnfausmfoGm;+yD;
orRwjzpfa&;awmif rSef;cJhwmyJ r[kwfvm;?
EdkifiHa&;orm;uawmh r[mAsL[m Grand Strategy
tjrifeJ vkyfwmyJ? tjrwf&zdkavmuf/ ausmf=um;r_
&zdkavmufxuf ydkw,f? urBmhtcif;tusif;opf New World
Order txd pOf;pm;+yD; vkyfw,f? vmr,fh 2004 ck
a&G;aumufyGJvJ u|u
J l;a&yg ygw,f?
EdkifiHa&;orm;pOf;pm;enf;&J om"uudk 'kwd,urBmppf
+yD;cgeD;rSm awGEdkifw,f? [D;&dk;&SD;rm;eJem*gquDrSm tEkjrLAHk;
cswm[m r[mAsL[mtjrifeJ vkyfwmyJ? wu,fu csp&m
rvdkbl;? b,fvdkwdkufwdkuf *syefppf&_H;awmhrSmyJ?
'gayrJh tar&duefu tEkjrLAHk;csjzpfatmif
csvdkufw,f? vlawGtwkH;t&kH; aow,f?
*syefppfom;awGaowm r[kwfbl;? omreftjypfrhJ
t&yfom;awG aowm yJ? tEkjrLAHk;udk csjzpfatmifcswm
bma=umihfv?J ta=umif;&if;uawmh Oa&myppfajrjyifrSm pwmvifudk acsmhaygif;xm;&w,f?
tuufvdkufch&J w,f? ajrmufyifh+yD;vJ ajymcJh&w,f?
csmcsDvdkvluawmif b,fvdkajrmufyifh
ajymcJhovJqdk&if b,ftpdk;&rsdK;rS [pfwvmh'%f cHEdkifrSm
r[kwfbl;/ &k&Sm;tpdk;&uawmh cHEdkifw,f? cHEdkif&Hkru *smr%D
wyfrawmf}uD;udk '%fcwfypfvdkufw,f vdk zm;+yD; 1943
ckESpfu ajymcJhw,f? aemufvJ a,mfvfwm - wD[D&ef - ydkp'rf
uGefz&ifhawGrSm pwmvifudk tav#mhay;cJh&wm &Sdw,f?
'DyHkpHtwdkif;omqdk&if ppft+yD;ay:vmr,fh
urBmhtcif;tusif;[m t&if;&SifavmutwGuf tusdK;r&Sdbl;?
'gudkjyifypfzdkqdk&if &k&Sm;udk tEkjrLAHk;eJ +cdrf;ajcmuf
xm;&r,fqdk+yD; tEkjrLAHk;udk uref;uwef;oHk;vdkufwm

jzpfw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u tar&duefrSm xkwfvkyf+yD;om;

tEkjrLAHk;odyf&Sdwm r[kwfbl;? tJ'Dvdk xkwfoHk;vdkufvdk
'kwd,urBmppft+yD;rSm pwmvifudk [efvdkufEdkifw,f?
rm&S,fpDrHudef;udk aZmufcsvkyfEdkifw,f? ppfat;acwf
urBmhtcif;tusif;udk zefwD;Edkifw,f?
tckvJ rdkufc&dka0hAHk; av[me,fAHk; awGu
wu,fyt
J pGrf;xufwm jzpfchJ&if yifbuftm;vHk;udk
[efvdkufEdkifrSmyJ? tar&duefOD;aqmifaom r[mrdwf tzJGudk
wdk;csJ Edkifr,f? tar&duef&J igwaumauma&;vkyf[ef
ydk+yD;=urf;wrf;vmr,f? uefuGuf0Hholay:rSm r[kwfbl;?
tar&dueftvdkus urBmhtcif;tusif;opfqDodk
OD;wnfapvdrhfr,fvdk bk&Sfwdkwodkuf wGuf=uyHk ay:w,f?
(4)
urBmtESH ppfqefusifa&;qENjyyJGawG jzpfaewmudk
bk&Sfu *&kryyg? Advyfu bvJuawmif wkefv_yfayr,fh
rav#mhyg?
tar&duefppfom; tavmif;awG
tacgif;eJjyefvmwm cyfrsm;rsm; jzpfvm&if tJ'DtcgusrS
*&krybJ rwkefv_yfbJ raeEdkifwhJb0 a&mufrSmyg?
udkqdkAdkeJtmz*efppfyJG 2 yGJrSm tar&duefppfom; ppfwdkuf&if;
wa,mufrS raocJhyg? tcsif;csif;vlrSm;ypfvdk aowmyJ
&Sdw,fvdk qdkw,f? 'gayrJh wdkufyGJt+yD; &Sif;vif;a&;vkyfawmh
wdkufwmawGrSm aoygw,f? odyfrrsm;ao;yg?
quf'rf[lpdefwdk wmvDbefwdk[m AD,uferfuGefjrLepfawGvdk
wdkufEdkifolrsm; r[kwfaomfvnf; tD&wfjynfoleJ
tmz*efjynfolawGuawmh rSefuefwhJ acgif;aqmifr_&Sd&if
AD,uferfjynfolawGvdk wdkufEdkif=uygvdrfhr,f?
tar&duefppfom; tavmif;awG tacgif;eJ@jyefatmif rvkyfEdkifao;or# bk&Sfwdkvdk
igwaumaumolawG &rf;um;aeOD;rSmygyJ? urBmhjynfoleJ
tar&duef jynfolawG yl;aygif;rdrS ppfwm;qD;a&;eJ
+idrf;csrf;a&;ta&;awmfyHk atmifjrifrSm jzpfygw,f?
?

AmwDuef (Vatican ) rStoH

tD&wfppfyGJjzpfaomtcg ykyf&[ef;rif;u
ol@ausmif;awmfu qkawmif;yJGwGif
rSwfavmufom;avmufaom pum;wcGef; ajymvdkufonf?
ol@pum;udk cyfvG,fvG,fjyefajymv#if a*g@ God awG tvm Allah awG vkyfraeeJ@ wdkufrSmom wdkuf=u
[lIjzpf.?
bifvm'ifu zlul,m;rm;. ordkif;ed*Hk;csKyf+yD
t,ltqudk ajrmif;xJydk@vdkufovdk ykyf. Tpum;u
[efwifwef. ,Ofaus;r_csif;xdyfwdkufwdk;jcif; udk
79

_ynfolhtm%m
ajrmif;xJydk@vdkufovdk &Sd.?
ppfat;acwfu b&if*sD ykyf
&[ef;rif;ESifhywfoufaom wu,fvdkvdk - yHkjyifvdkvdk
tajymwck &Sd.? csmcsDu ppftwGif; uGefz&ifhwckwGif
pwmvifudk ykyf &[ef;rif;ESifh r[mrdwfyzdk@ wdkufwGef;onf
qdk.? pwmvifu ol@rSm wyfr}uD; b,fESck&Sdvdk@vJ [k
wkH@jyefonf qdk.? ,ckvnf; bk&Sfu pwmvifajymovdk ykyfrSm
ppfwyfb,favmuf &Sdvdk@vJ [k ajym&rvdk jzpfaeonf?
ykyfu tD&wfppfyGJudk c&pf,mef - rlqvif ppfyGJ
tjzpfrcHEdkif? ol@tusdK;aus;Zl; rygojzifh vufa&Smifonf?
AmwDuefu bmoma&; ,Ofaus;r_axmifhrSae =unfhjcif;jzpf.?
jyifopf/ *smr%/D k&Sm;wdk@uawmh EdkifiHa&;axmif/h
pD;yGm;a&;axmifhu=unfh+yD; vufa&Smifjcif; jzpf.?
tD&wfppfyGJonf 0ifdk;wpfck urBmhpepf twGuf
wdkufaomppfjzpfa=umif; odonf? 0ifdk;wckurBmhpepf
tjzpfrcHEdkif? trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfxm;um
jywfjywfvrf;cJGvdkufjcif; jzpfonf?
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; wdk;rdwdkufrdonfhacwfwGif
Armjynf. trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; u bmvJqdkonfudk
pOf;pm;=u&vdrhfrnf?

tm%mydkifawGu r,Hkbl;?
udk,hfwyfudk,f vufypfAHk;eJ@ypfwhJ
tar&duefwyf=uyf}uD;vdk udk,fhwyfudk,fAHk;}uJr,fhvlyv
J dk@
xifaew,f? ppfaq;ae=uw,fvdk@ qdkw,f?
ul0dwfrSm&SdwhJ ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdoluawmh 'gu
wOD;wa,muf&J@ tytrlyg? wyfom;trsm;pku tD&wfppfyJG
wdkufcsif=uygw,fvdk@ &Sif;jyw,fvdk@ qdkw,f?
ppfqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_u wyfxt
J xd
a&mufvmwm[m tD&wfppfyGJ&@J xl;jcm;csufwck jzpfygw,f?

tD&wf+yD;v#if rnfo@l tvSnehf nf;?

tD&wfudpP ppfa&;tydkif; +yD;yg+yD?

tD&wfjynfolrsm;wGif jywfom;onfhacgif;aqmifr_&Sdv#if
a&&Snfajymufusm;ppf wdkufaumif;wdkufEdkifygvdrfhrnf?
AD,uferfppfvdkawmh jzpfrnfr[kwfwm aocsmygonf?
EdkifiHa&;ESifh yx0Dcsif;rwlI jzpfygonf?
tar&duefuawmh tD&wfwGif EdkifiHa&;xlaxmifr_udk
ol@vufxx
J m;+yD; pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifr_udkawmh
tar&duef 'korRw 'pf acsae&J@orD; vlom;'dik ;f
ukvor*~odk@ v$aJ y;csif[ef jyaeygonf?
vkyzf @kd b*~'ufomG ;+yDavm?
ttm;&oGm;aom tar&duefppf,E W&m;}uD;uawmh
wzufzufodk@ vSnfhrnfhoabm &Sdygonf? rnfonfhbuf
tazu bk&Sf&@J rdp>m (3) aumif xJu eHygwf0rf;? orD;u
vSnfhrnfenf;? EdkifiHwumrS EdkifiHa&;yka&m[dwfwcsdK@uawmh
vlom;'dkif;? 'Dowif;udk ay;wmu k&Sm;u vli,f y&yfA'g tD&efbufvSnfhrnf/ awmiftar&duwdkuf tif'D;pfawmifwef;
owif;pm jzpfw,f?
w0dkuf wdkif;jynfrsm;buf vSnfhrnf[k edrdwf 2 rsdK; zwfygonf?
tJ'Dowif;pm tqdkt& acsae&J@orD; 2 a,mufrSm rnfolurS ta&S@awmiftm&S ArmjynfbufvSnfhrnf[k
tck vlom;'dkif; vkyfr,fqdk+yD;xGufoGm;wJh orD;u t}uD;
ajymoHr=um;&yg? rdrdwdk@vnf; Todk@yif ,lqygonf?
jzpfw,f? t,fvDZbuf acsae/ touf (35) ESpf?
tD&wfppfyGu
J dpPudk ajymoifhoavmufajym+yD;/ Armjynfbufodk@
ynmxl;c|efxufjrufw,fvdk@ qdkw,f? ppfqef@usifa&;
tar&duefvSnfhoifhroifh tjiif;yGm;r_xJ 0ifrygbJ aeygonf?
+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@om;awGe@J twl e,l;a,mufwnf;cdkcef;rSm
etzuawmh ausmcsrf;aewm xif&Sm;ygonf? rdrdwdk@u
twlae&if;u rwfv 23 &ufrSm xGufoGm;wmvdk@ qdkw,f?
a&&SnfESifh wcGifwjyifvHk; =unfhojzifh etzudk
ol@a&mif;&if;awGuawmh vlom;'dkif;vkyfzdk@ b*~'ufoGm;wmvdk@ ajcmufonfhtxJ 0ifrygchJyg?
ajym=uw,f?
tar&dueftm%mydkifrsm;uvnf; ol@ppfwyfudk
'Dowif;u twif;tzsif;vm; - owif;vm;
tm&S. tiftm;}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh wkwf/ tdENd,/ *syefESifh
ra0cJGwwfayr,fh k&Sm; - tar&duef ppfat;wdkufyGJ jyefpae+yD ppfa&;t& &ifqdkifxm;&rnfhtvkyfudk vkyfcsif[ef
qdkwmawmh taotcsmajymEdkifygw,ff?
rwlao;yg?ol@ppf,E W&m;u urBmwcGifwGif 2 ae&m/ 3 ae&m
wyifwnf; wdkufcdkufEdkifaomtm; &Sdonf[k
AH;k r}uJbJ jyefvmwJh avol&J ta&;,lc&H ?
um;xm;aomfvnf; wu,fwdkufzdk@awmh vkyf&[
J ef r&Sdyg?
cyfvG,fvG,fudkyJ wck+yD;wck ESdrfoGm;csif[ef &Sdygonf?
'Dowif;uvJ k&Sm;toHv$ifhHku toHv$ifhwho
J wif; jzpfw,f?
EdkifiHa&;yka&m[dwfwcsdK@ ajymovdk tD&efudk
AHk;}uJzdk@oGm;wJhav,mOfwpif; AHk;r}uJb/J
&ef&Smwmawmh jzpfEdkifygonf? tD&efudk ta&S@bufwGif
AHk;awGe@J twl pcef;jyefvmw,fvdk@ qdkw,f? tjypfrhv
J lawG
tmz*efESifh taemufbufwGif tD&wf 2 buf !yf+yD;
raoapcsifvdk@ AHk;r}uJbJ jyefvmwmvdk@ avol&u
J xkacsayr,fh jzpfaeyg+yD? qD;&D;,m;udkvnf; tD&efESifh cyfuif;uif;ae&ef
80

_ynfolhtm%m
zdtm;ay;aeygonf? jyifopfudkvnf; tD&wfppfyw
GJ kef;uvdk
rvkyfzdk@ vufa&Smifae&ef tcsufjyygonf?
ta&S@tv,fydkif;a&eHudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfa&;onf
ol@pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfOD;armhvmzdk@twGuf ta&;}uD;ygonf?
tif'D;pfwdkif;jynfrsm;bufodk@ vSnfhvdrfhrnf[laom
wGufudef;rSmvnf; a&eHjy\emrSmyif tajccHygonf?
tD&efudka&G;v#if rlqvifurBmudk
wqifhwdk;&efvkyfawmhrnf[k wGufEdkif+yD;/
tif'D;pfwdkif;jynfrsm;bufodk@ vSnfhv#ifum; vuf0u
J dkOD;wnf
&efvkyfawmhrnf[k wGufEdkifygonf? awmiftar&duwdkufwGif
vuf0Jrsm; tm;aumif;armif;oef jzpfaewmudkawmh
tar&duefuufrnf r[kwfyg?

tD&wfa&S;a[mif;ypPn;f jywdu
k f tvkc&H
tmz*efppf+yD;aemuf a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;a&mif;0,fa&;
tmz*efepPwefwGif w[kefxdk; }uD;xGm;cJhonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;
eHygwfwpfomru a&S;a[mif;ypPnf; arSmifcdkaps;uGufeHygwfwpf
jzpfchJonf? t"du0,folawGu tar&duefppfom;rsm;
jzpfonf?
,ckvnf; tD&wfwGif a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;jywdkuf}uD;
tvkcHvdkuf&+yD? jywdkufvkyfom;}uD;wOD;u
a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;rsm; tvkt,ufcH&yHkudk rcsdwifuJ
ajymjyaewm kyfjrifoH=um;wGif awG@vdkuf&onf?
vk,ufvmonfhypPnf;udk vufcH0,folawG rnfoljzpfrnfenf;?
tar&duefppfom;rsm;yif jzpfonf? olwdk@wawGu
om;ajr;rsm;udkjyzdk@ ppfEdkifol@txdrf;trSwfypPnf; &vdk=uHk
r[kwf? uHaumif;v#if oef;u,folaX; jzpfEdkifonfh
a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;pkaqmif;=ujcif; jzpfonf? bk&SfeSifh
taygif;tygrsm;u tD&wfppfyq
GJ kvmbftjzpf a&eHudk&ovdk
ol@ppfom;rsm;uvnf; olwdk@a0pktjzpf a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;rsm;udk
tacsmifvdkufpkaqmif;ae=ujcif; jzpf.?
tm&Su a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;rsm;
aygu,f0onf?tD&wf/ tD&ef/ tmz*efwdk@rSm
r[mtvufZef;'g;rS r*dkrif;rsm;txd a&S;uppfvrf;a=umif;
jzpfojzifh a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;rsm; ydkIu,fu,f00 &Sdonf?
usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcH&v#if wdkif;jynf.
rsufarSmufb0om ysufonfr[kwf/ wdkif;jynfADZESifh ordkif;udkyg
tzsufqD;cH&a=umif; tD&wfu oufaojyaeonf?

kyw
f u
k kd tvHtyk rf _
tD&wfwGif quf'rf[lpdef. kyfwkwckudk
zdcszsufqD;+yD;aemuf tar&dueftvHjzifh zHk;v$rf;olrSm
jrefrmjynfzGm; wkwftrsdK;om;wa,mufjzpfonf[k

rD'D,mrsm;u xl;jcm;aomowif;wcktjzpf azmfjyae=uonf?

TtwGuf ol@aqGrsdK;rsm;u *k%f,la=umif;
ajymonf[kqdkonf? oludk,fwdkifuawmh
txufucdkif;wJhtwdkif; vkyf&wmyJ[k xkacscJhonf?
quf'rf.kyfwkudk zdvSJ&efud;pm;aeaom
tD&wfvltkyf}uD;u xdktar&dueftvHudk csufcsif;z,f&Sm;ypf+yD;
tD&wfEkdifiHawmftvHjzifh tkyfcJhonfqdkonfudkum;
tar&duef0g'jzef@csdolrsm;u rajymbJxm;=uonf?
tar&dueftpdk;&onf ppfyGJESifh 0g'jzef@csda&;wdk@udk
pepfwuswGJzuf yvkyfavhSda=umif; 'kwd,urBmppfuwnf;u
=um;zl;cJhonf? tD&wfudk usL;ausmfaomtar&duefwyfrsm;wGif
ol@EdkifiHzGm;rsm;rSm &mE_ef; 95 ausmfygvdrfhrnf? txuf
t&mSdonf xdk 95 ausmfudk rcdkif;bJ bma=umihfol@udkrS
aG;cdkif;+yD; Towif;udk a&;}uD;cGifus,f xkwfjyef&oenf;
qdkonfrSm pOf;pm;p&m jzpfaeonf? ,ckTudpPrSm
'Dvdktytrludk rESpfoufolrsm;/ txl;ojzifh tm&yfEdkifiHESifh
rlqvif bmom0ifrsm;tm; tmSwdkufom;rsm;/
wkwfvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh wdkufay;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf?
tD&wfudk ppfcif;awmhrnfqdkaomtcgwGif bkSfonf
ol@EdkifiHwGif;Y *&if;u'fac: w0ufEdkifiHom;&olrsm; aS@wef;odk@
vdkufygv#if EdkifiHom;tjynfhjzpfrnf[k a=unmcJhonf?
xdk@a=umifh *&if;u'fudkifol trsm;tjym; aS@wef;oGm;&ef
pm&if;ay;cJh=uonf? Tppfom;. aqGrsdK;rsm;u *k%f,la=umif;
azmfjyajymqdk=uonfrSm Tta=umif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
wdkusKdtoHv$ifhkHu 0g'jzef@wm,kHrdI Armjynf
'kuQawG@cJhzl;onfh 'kwd,urBmppfu oifcef;pmudk
rnfonfhtcgr# rarhoifhyga=umif;?

y*H .ajryHo
k pf? (The Pentagons New Map)
y*Ht}uHay;vkyfaewJh tar&duefygarmuQwa,muf
a&;qJGwifjywJh ajryHkopf jzpfw,f? v#dK@0Sufrxm;bJ
xkwfjyefwmuawmh tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHawGudk pdwfrylatmif
qJGaqmifzdk@e@J tiftm;i,fwhEJ dkifiHawGudk +cdrf;ajcmufzdk@yv
J dk@
,lq& w,f?
'D ajryHkopf u tvGefy&J Sif;w,f?
urBm}uD;wckvHk;udk 2 ydkif;yJ cJGw,f? tarSmifydkif;eJ@tvif;ydkif;
(wenf;) t!dK a&mife@J tjzLa&mifa'oyJ cJGw,f?
a&mifpHkjc,fray;bl;?
ol@ cJG enf;u pD;yGm;a&;t& urBmhwcGifv$rf;rdk;a&;
*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; tjrpfwG,fr_&Sdr&Sdqdkwmudk pH xm;+yD;
cJGwmjzpfw,f?
tJ'Dvdk cJGvdkufawmh t!dKa&miftm;vHk;[m
tiftm;enf;wJhEdkifiHawGcsnf; jzpfoGm;w,f?
tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHawGu tar&duefe@J wa&mifwnf;
81

_ynfolhtm%m
tjzLa&mifjzpf=uw,f?
tm&Stiftm;}uD;EdkifiH wkwf/ tdEdN,/ *syef tif'D;pf
awmifwef;0ef;usifwdkif;jynfawGygw,f? Oa&mywdkufrSmqdk&if
abmvfuefa'oeJ@ aumhau;&Syfa'oygw,f? tm&Swdkuf
uawmh wkwf/ tEdN,/ *syef/ awmifudk;&D;,m;/ zdvpfydkifu
vJG&if tm;vHk;avmufygw,f?
21 &mpkudk tar&duef&mpkjzpfatmifvkyfcsifwmrSm
wl=uayr,fh 'DygarmuQuawmh tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHawGudk wzuf
vSnf@acsmhxm;+yD;/ t!dKa&mifa'oawGudk wckcsif;zJhpm;wmyJ
vkyfapcsifw,f?
t!dKa&mifawGudktukefpm;+yD;rS tjzLudk
ta&mifjc,fay;zdk@ r[mpdwful;}uD; &SdaeyHkay:ygw,f?
aocsmwmuawmh 19 &mpku t*Fvdyfvkyfcho
J vdk
rvkyfapcsifwmygyJ? t*Fvdyfu urBmrSm igtm;t}uD;qHk;yJ
qdk+yD; urBmtESH@vdkuf yef;a&mifjc,fawmh olvdkyJ
ta&mifjc,fcsif=uwJh jyifopf/ *smr%D/ k&Sm;/ tar&duef/ *syef
wdk@e@J xdyfwdkufawG@ ppfawGjzpf? 'grsdK;udk y*H a&Smifapcsifwm
jzpfygw,f?

xnfhay;onf? tar&duefbufodk@vdkuf+yD; tD&wfudk

zdaxmif;onfh owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;csnf; jzpfonf?
3? NLD qef@usif&+yD;a&mqdkum weyfpm;t}uHjzifh
e,fcsJ @0g'opf qef@usifa&;awG wazmifazmifajymcJhrdojzifh
,ckrS aemifw&aeonf? 2 cG &yfvm&onf? tar&duef
udk,hfbufvSnfhvmrSmudk a=umufaeI jzpfonf?
jrefrmwdkif;(rf)uvnf; tD&wfppfyGJ[m tar&duef&@J ay:vpD
tajymif;tvJy[
J k ajcmufxm;ojzifh ydka=umufaeonf?
a=umufaeHkjzifhr+yD;? [dkvkyf'Dvkyf
av#mufvkyfaev#if ppfwyfomru wdkif;jynfyg emvdhrfrnf?
tcsdefraESmif;rD vluuf/ ewfuuf/ tm;vHk;uufonfh NLD
ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGudk tjrefvkyfoihf+yDjzpfa=umif;
wdkufwGef;vdkufonf?

etz u ajr,mjy\emwGif
vSnu
hf u
G v
f yk Of ;D rnfavm

etz u pyg;vGwfvyfpGma&mif;0,fcGifh
yawmhrvdkvdk avoHypfvmonf? vSnfhuGufwck tpysdK;jcif;[k
jrefrmwdik ;f (rf). wm0efopf
xifonf?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDacwfuvnf;
1? tD&wfppfyGJjzpfaomtcg jrefrmwdkif;(rf)u =opa=w;vsESihf
vSnfhuGufvkyfchzJ l;onf? Adkvfaomif;=unf/ Adkvfwifpdk;wdk@u
tar&duef pma&;olrsm;. tD&wfppfyJGaqmif;yg;rsm;udk
olwdk@vdk uGefjrLepfxGufrsm;udk csOf;uyfum azmazmoDoDxnfhay;onf?
awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu ajr&Sifpepfudk t+yD;tydkifzsufodrf;a&;/
jrefrmjynfom; pma&;q&mrsm;.
v,fvkyfolv,fydkifa&; vkyfawmhrnf? tawG@tuH&Sdolrsm;u
aomif;ajymif;axGvmaqmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfypfvdkufonf?
enf;ay;vrf;jy vkyfay;yg [k urf;vSrf;cJh.?
jrefrm*sme,frsm;wGifum; tD&wfppfyJGaqmif;yg;rsm;
ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh r@ay: jyefa&mufaeaom
rygEdkif? tpdk;&owif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; cgwdkif;a&;aeus
Auyrsm;udkvnf; tkef;awm/ yky`m;ponfh
ay:vpD pma&;q&mrsm; .aqmif;yg;rsm; rygawmh?
ESD;aESmzvS,fyrGJ sm;wGif pifwifay;+yD;
ppfqef@usifaom wdkeH@eH@tqdktrdef@rsm;om ygonf?
ajr,mawmfvSefa&;ta=umif; wifjyapcJhonf?
jrefrmwdkif;(rf)u jref@rmh*sme,frsm;udk tjywf
pifwifay;cH&olrsm;uvnf;
jzwfxm;cJh+yD? jrefrm*sme,frsm;vkyfuGuf usOf;onfxuf
tmaygiftm&if;oefoefjzifh AuywGif aecJhpOfu
usOf;oGm;cJh+yD?
tawG@tuHrsm;/ tawG;tac:rsm;udk ESD;aESmyGw
J Gif
2? tar&duefjynfrS DCI udkiSm;+yD; vkyf&onfxuf
ajym=uonf? toHv$ifhay;/ owif;pmwGifxnfhay; vkyfcho
J nf?
ydkIp&dwfusOf;aom jrefrmwdkif;(rf)udk oHk;jcif;jzifh wGufajcudkuf awmifolv,form;rsm; em;a,mif=uonf? xdkodk@vkyfHkjzifh
a=umif; ppftkyfpkodonf?
r+yD;? (Auy) ygwDodk@yg awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu oabmdk;/
ppftpdk;&u ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol Adkvfrsm; udkoHk;+yD;
apwemrSefjzifh ajr&Sifpepfzsufodrf;a&;/ ajr,mawmfvSefa&;
tar&duefESihf& if=um;aphzdk@ u;pm;=unfhonf? t&mra&mufchJ? vkyfcsifaeonf? odk@aomf rvkyfwwf=u? xdk@a=umifh ygwDu
NLD eJ@aqG;aEG;yg[kyJ twGef;cH&.?
tjrefcsOf;uyf vrf;rSefjyoifhonf [k wifjyapcJhonf?
tD&wfppfyGJjzpfaomtcg jrefrmwdkif;(rf) udk
Todk@jzifh ygwDxw
J Gif t,ltqwck xGufvmonf?
oHk;=unfhaeonf? jrefrmwdkif;(rf) uvnf; tD&wfppfyGJ
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if ppfAdkvfrsm;onf r@ae"e&Sifaygufp
uef ay:vpDtvSnfhtajymif;wckjzpf [k +yL;wl;+yJwJ
ynmwwfADZ&Sdolrsm; jzpfonf? ajr&Sifpepfudk trSefyif
acgif;pD;jzifh yJGxGufonf? tar&duef =opa=wvs pma&;olwdk@. zsufvdk=uonfholrsm; jzpfonf? ajr&SifrsdK;EG,fADZrsm; r[kwf=u?
owif; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk TARGET IRAQ acgif;pD;rsm;jzifh
ygwDu teD;uyfulnDoifhonf [kI jzpf.?
82

_ynfolhtm%m
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. vSnfhuGufa=umifh
txdtemqHk;rSm awmifolv,form; ajrrJh,mrJh
qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpfonf? olwdk@u ajr&Sifpepf ysuf+yD/
v,fvkyfol v,fydkifa&; jzpfawmhrnf[k
txifa&mufcJh=u&Smonf?
odk@aomf aemufqHk;wGifum; ppftpdk;& ajrydkif&Sifpepf
jzpfvmonf? ppftpdk;&u ajr,mydkifonf? ajr,mcsxm;onf?
ajr,mxGufoD;ESH vuf0g;}uD;tkyf0,f,lonf? tpdrf;a&mif;/
tpdrf;0,f (yifaxmif0,f) onf? Todk@jzifh vufaygufpdwfpdwf
aoG;pkyfwm cHvdkuf&onf?
wm0efauspyg; oGif;&onfhpepfudk
vufv$wfay;awmhrvdkvdk avoHypfaejcif;onf NLD ESifh
NLD tpdk;&udk ar#mfae=u&Smaom v,form;rsm;tay:wGif
vSnfhuGufvkyfvdkufjcif; jzpfavrvm;[k oHo,&Sdygonf?
ppftkyfpkonf rnfonfhtcgur# rdk;om;yg?
apwemrSefjzifh rvkyfwwfwm r[kwf/ apwemqdk;jzifh
vlvnfusjcif;om vkyfavh&Sdygonf?

&Sdonf? vwfwavmcsif; tD&wftawG@tuH jrif=u+yD;

jzpfonf?
xdkodk@usL;ausmfvmcJhv#if ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;avmuY
bDvl;pnf; vlpnf;uJGvdrfhrnf? xdktcsdefa&mufrS ppftkyfpkwdk@
cyfvG,fvG,f azmazmoDoDoHk;avh&Sdaom ykqdefdk;
b,folvq
J dkwm ay:vdrfhrnf? ppftkyfpku owfrSwfay;p&m
rvdkyg? jynfolowfrSwfvdrfhrnf?
3? zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opf ay:aygufa&;udk wpn u
wdkufwGef;wm awG@&onf? ae0if;r&Sdonfhaemuf wpnudk
etz rvdktyfawmhyg? }uHhzGH@udk tpm;xdk;yJGxkwfae+yDqdkwmudk
odoifo
h nf? NLD qef@usifa&;vkyf&if; Adkvfatmif}uD;
EdkifiHa&;avmurS aysmufuG,foGm;wmrsdK; rjzpfvdkv#if etzudk
em;csaomtvkyf aZmufcsvkyfoifha=umif; t}uHyygonf?

wpnudk t}uH yjcif;

1? Adkvfae0if; uG,fvGefcsdefu wpn u
0rf;enf;o0%fv$mavmufawmh xkwfrnf[k xifchJonf?
xkwfjyefwm rawG@&aomtcg wpnygwD
zsufodrf;vdkuf+yDavm[k oHo,0ifrdonf? ara';ae@
xkwfjyefcsufawG@&rS rzsufodrf;ao;a=umif; od&I
0rf;omygonf?
ara';ae@xkwfjyefcsufyg twGif;oabmrsm;twGuf 0rf;omjcif;
r[kwf/ etzudk em;csEdkifaom EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkwck
&Sdaeao;onf[kod+yD; 0rf;omjcif; jzpfonf?
2? em;cs&rnfhudpP/ ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf taumiftxnf
azmfa&;udk em;cszdk@jzpfygonf? e,fcsJ @udkvdkeDvufopfqef@
usifa&;[k tajcmufwdkufavvHk;xGm;aejcif;udk &yfvdkufzdk@ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wkef;uvdk jynfol=um;rSm wyfazsmuf+yD;
jyefwdkufrnf[laom rwefr&majymwmrsKd;udk &yfvdkufzdk@ aphpyfaqG;aEG;awmhrvdkvdk ajymum tcsdefqGaJ ejcif;udk
&yfvdkufzdk@ em;csapcsifygonf?
,cktxdqdkv#if tar&duefu ukvor*~
qHk;jzwfcsufudkudkif+yD; Armjynfta&; 0ifpGufaejcif;om
jzpfonf? etz u ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf taumiftxnf
azmfvdkufv#if tar&duef.yg;pyfydwfoGm;rnf? 0ifpGufvdkv#if
aemufwdkufuGufwckudk &Sm&vdrfhrnf? wkwf - tdEdN,
=um;wGif&Sdaom/ *syef@tusdK;pD;yGm;vnf;&Sdaom
tmqD,HtzJG@0if ArmjynfwGif aemufwdkufuGufwck
&zdk@qdkonfrSm tar&dueftwGufvG,frnf r[kwfyg?
eifr[kwf eifhtazyJ [kajym+yD; ajAmifusL;ausmfzdk@om

tcsKyftjcmtm%meJ@
e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHkr_[m
wdik ;f jynfyikd f jzpfw,f?
jynfoyl ikd f jzpfw,f? 'D 2 ckukd
b,fawmhrS b,fo@hl urkd S
txdyg; rcHEikd b
f ;l ?

83

2003 ckEpS f yxr 6 vywf jynfwiG ;f owif; oH;k oyfcsuf

(1)
21 &mpktwGi;f udk +ird ;f csr;f om,m r*Fvmtaygi;f ESihf jynfph o
kH nfh Edik if t
H jzpf ul;0ifEikd cf +hJ yD
'gu twGif;a&;r; (1) jzpfol Adkvfcif!Gef@ jyifOD;vGif A[dk0efxrf;wuUodkvfrSm
'DESpfapmapmydkif; O'gef;usL;&ifh cJhwmyg?
21 &mpktwGi;f 3 ESp=f um ',Ofw
h u
kd f jzwfoef;vmcJ&h wJh
jynfolawG 'Drdef@cGef;zwf=u&awmh tla=umifa=umif jzpfukef
ygw,f?

_ynfwGif;owif;
oHk;oyfcsuf

84

b%f? ? tckvJ b%fjy\ema=umifh vkyfief;awGxdk;&yf

tvkyfvufrhaJ wGjzpfukef vufxaJ iGr&Sd pm;ukefaomufukef
aps;E_e;f awGurus om;orD;ynma&;p&dwaf wGwuf tau;
A&ayG au;a[mif;ay: au;opfxyfwifaecsdefrSm r*Fvm
,laewmjzpfvdk@ rif;yJ l;aeovm;/ wdk@yJ l;ovm;

ar;&rvdk jzpfchJw,f?
ol@rSmawmh tajzu &Sd+yD;om;? b%fudpP tzsuform;awGvufcsuf
aumvm[va=umifh jzpfwm? vd@k ajymvdu
k f ykH ?J (ajymvJ ajymcJw
h ,f?) 'gayrJh b,forl S
r,H=k unf? &Sw
d o
hJ u
l b%ftyfaiGawG tajy;tv$m;xkw=f uw,f? A[db
k %fOuUX xGu+f yD;
tmrcHwm vky&f w,f? wGi;f 1 ud,
k w
f ikd u
f vJ b%frmS tyfxm;aiGawGtwGuf aomu
rjzpf=uygeJ@? vkyfdk;vkyfpOftwdkif; vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyf=uyg vdk@ ajym&jyefw,f?
aiGxw
k o
f al wG rsm;oxufrsm;vmw,f? 'Dawmh b%fawGu wae@wmxkwaf y;aiGawGukd
uef@owfvm&w,f? tyfaiGu r&Sdoavmufjzpf+yD; ta&mif;t0,fawG xdkif;ukefw,f?
pufHk tvkyfHkawG qufrvnfEdkifawmh?
eHygw0f rf;}uD;vJ use;f rma&;ta=umif;jy+yD; bufrvdu
k n
f v
D mcH rwufEikd af wmh
a=umif; a=unmvdkuf&w,f? w&mhwyg;aom rif;rsm;&J@txifao;r_udk &ifqdkif&JwJ@
owWdr&Sd? rD'D,mavmuom;awG&@J ar;cGef;aygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmifudk a&SmifwmvJ
ygw,f? b%fupd u
P ae kwf w
k f w
k f w
k af wG jzpfvmvd@k nDvmcHypf jyefajy;vm&rSmudv
k J
xnfhwGuf[ef wlygw,f?
b%ftusyftwnf;a=umifh tdENd, - Arm ukefoG,fa&; t}uD;tus,f
xdcdkufa=umif; owif;xGufvmw,f? vnfywfaewJh usyfaiG (b%fawGu xkwfr&)
enf;yg;oGm;wma=umifh aiGaps;wufvmayr,fh e,fpyfuek o
f ,
G af &;awG xdcu
kd u
f ek yf gw,f?
*,uf}uD;vmwmeJ@tr# b%fudpP pme,fZif;awGrSm azmfjycGifhryawmhyg? tajccH
k t
hJ xJ b%fupd P yg[efrwl? 'gjzifh b,fo@l
aumif;awG csrw
S af zmfaqmifaeygw,f? qdw
twGuf tajccHaumif;vJ/
qifjzLawmf 3 pD;? ? 'Dvdk pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;rS bma&;tusyftwnf;odk@
ul;ajymif;+yD; rv_yfomr&Sufom jzpfaecsdef EdkifiHawmfacgif;aqmifrsm; bmvkyfaeygovJ?
&+yD;om;zGwfuav; zifvSef=unfhwhJ tvkyfyJ vkyfaecJhw,f?
zrf;qD;rdxm;wJh aemufq;kH qifjzLawmfukd tcrf;tem;eJ@ oef;/ at;/ !Ge@f wd@k u
_pm;ae=uav&J@? qifjzLudk ay;xm;wJh emrnfuvJ tysHpm;? &wDrmvm wJ@? qif 3
aumifpvHk;udkawmh bG@J rnf&nfawG ay;+yD;=u+yD? ta&twGufcsif;wlwhJ }wd*HppftkyfpkyJ
bG@J rnf&nf xyfcsdwfwm rawG@&? (jynfolawGuawmh ay;xm;+yD;=u+yDy?J )

_ynfolhtm%m
aps;E_ef;rsm;? ? ESpfqef;uwnf;u qefv_difv_difay:ae+yD? 'gayrJh qeftygt0if pm;ukefaomufukef tdrfoHk;aq; ul;oef;oGm;vma&;
*dwfa=u;awG aps;rus? bwfpfum;cawGuawmh axmifawmifwufoGm;ygao;w,f?
um;aps; tdrfaps;awG wc%awmh usoGm;ygw,f? 'guvJ b%frSmtyfxm;wJh udk,fhaiGudk,f xkwfr&=uvdk@yg? odk@aomf 4
vydkif; rukefrD jyefwuf+rJ wufygw,f?
usyfaiGaps; - wufvmwJh tay:u a':vmaps; 950d jzpfvmygw,f? 'gayrJh 0efxrf;vpm wdk;r,fqdkwhJowif;vJ xGufvma&m 1020d
aps; jzpfoGm;jyefygw,f? 5 vydkif; vpmxkwf=uawmh 'Hk&if;'Hk&if;yJ jzpfaeawmh 970d aps; jyefjzpfw,f?
vSdrfhvkH;rsm; - vnfywfaiG vHkavmufatmif 0gZDpufHkrSm aiGpuULawG tqufrjywf dkufae+yD? um;b,fESpD;eJ@ o,fxkwfvm+yD
qdkwho
J wif; xkwfay;aiGawG[m topfrdk@ aq;eH@awGawmif&w,f qdkwho
J wif;?
0efxrf;vpm 3 q wdk;ay;r,f qdkwmudk tcdkiftrm Z,m;awGe@J xGufvmwmvJ &Sd&@J ? u,f0p&dwf (,cif &Sm;yg;p&dwf)
wa,mufpDudk 7000d pD aygif;ay;r,f qdkwmawmif ygao;w,f? (l;ovdk aygovdke@J ck 6 vukef+yD b,frSmxkwfay;vdk@v)J
'gxuf}uD;}uD;rm;rm; qGaJ qmifvu
kd w
f m (wenf;) em;vSnyhf g;vSnhf vkyw
f mu {+yDv 24 &ufae@rmS qefpyg;eJ@ ywfouf+yD;
rl0g'opf a=unmvdkufwm jzpfw,f? wm0efauspyg;pepf zsufodrf;r,f ajymygw,f? ([dka=u; 'Da=u;awGudkawmh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
ra=unm) vlOD;a&&J@ 70 ausmf&SdwhJ aus;vufae awmifolv,form;awGudk ac|;odyfvdkufwm &Sif;ygw,f? (v,form;awGuvJ
p+yD; xuvm=u+yD av)
vkyfaygufu tenf;qHk; ESpfrukefrDtxd +idrf+idrfae=uOD;? 'DumvrSm }uHvdkufzefvdkufOD;r,fqdkwJh oabmyJ? pdk;0if;
OD;pD;r,fqdkawmh 'Dy,
J if;bufrSmvdk rajz&Sif;bl; rajymEdkifyg?
wkd;&pf- wHjrufpD;opfqdkwmu vSnf;vdk@usif;vdk@ aumif;w,f? 0ef}uD;opfqdkwmuvJ cdkif;vdk@apvdk@ aumif;w,f? pdwfcs&olyJ
a&G;a&G;cef@wm qdkjyefawmh 0ef}uD;opfawG wufu=uwm rqef;ygbl;? txl;ojzifh ppfAdkvf 0ef}uD;opfawG - jyef=um;a&; ausmfqef;/
tvkyo
f rm;0ef}uD; wif0if;/ [dw
k ,fe@J c&D;oGm; ode;f aZmf ponf? 0ef}uD;jzpfvmwmeJ@ c&D;xGuf tmaygif tm&if;oefoef ajymvkyf
jy=uw,f? ode;f aZmfu 2002 ckEpS rf mS 0ef}uD;jzpfygw,f? owif;xkwjf yef&mrSm 2002 ckEpS f urBmvSnOhf ;D a&rsm;jym;? 2001 ckEpS u
f xuf
11@47 rsm;jym;w,fvdk@ azmfjycJhw,f? 'gayrJh 2002 ckESpfvmwJh wdk;&pfu 310971 OD;yJ &Sdwmom azmfjy+yD; odef;aZmf uH;0g;jyxm;wJh
c&D;onf 5 odef;udk b,frDvdk@v?J
2003ckESpfrSm qm;pfa&m*g a':atmifqef;pk=unf (NLD) &J@ arwWm&yfcHr_/ 'DyJ,if; ta&;tcif;/ AHk;cGJr_awG c%c%
jzpfaewmawG/ tar&duef EU &J@uef@owfcsufawGa=umifh au;a=umfxm;csufe@J vmudkufnDp&m ta=umif;r&Sd?
rajymif;vJaom trltusifhrsm; - wdkif;jynfbmjzpfaeae olwdk@wawGvkyfaeustvkyfawGudkawmh vkyf+rJ/ tvcHwJhtusifh
(jynfyuqdk&if abmvHk; cJwHutp vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;r_ ponf? jynfwGif;rSmawmh bmoma&;/ vlr_a&;/ usef;rma&;/
ynma&;/ tm;upm; pHkwumaphy?J ) [dkzGifhyGJ DzGifhyGJ wuf+yD; cvkwfESdyfay;wJh tusifh/ vuftkyfcsDwm cHcsifwhJtusifh/ vlowfwhJ tusifh/
rawmfrw&m;vkyfwhJtusifh/ tcrJhvkyftm;ay;cdkif;wJh tusifh - (tm%mpGef@whJ tusifh r&SdwmbJ cufw,f?)
(2)
xdyfwdkufawG@r_rsm;?
NLD - SPDC xdyfwdkufawG@r_ aemufa=umif;jyefaumuf&&if Zefe0g&D 28 &ufae@u ajymcJhwhJ topfpufpuf wGif;2
pdk;0if;u wm0 a&v$w
J Hcg;zGifhyGrJ Sm NLD eJ@ aqG;aEG;zdk@ tpDtpOf r&Sd? b,fawmhrS tm%mv$rJ Sm r[kwf/ 0efxrf;awGtaeeJ@ NLD
eJ@ rqufoG,fe@J udk,fvkyfp&m&Sdwm udk,fvkyf qdk+yD; ajymoGm;cJhw,f? eHygwf0rf;&J@ cGifhycsufr&bJ (odk@ ) r!$ef=um;bJ 'Drdef@cGef;rsdK;
b,folajym&JrvJ?
'g[m NLD &J@ 55 ESpfajrmuf vGwfvyfa&;ae@ a=unmpmwrf;udk wHk@jyefvdkufwmvJ jzpfEdkifygw,f? NLD u
t"dy`m,fjynfh0onfh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; rpwifrD EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; cif;csufr&Sdv$wfay;&ef/ 90 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk
azmfaqmifray;rcsi;f a&G;aumufyt
JG opf vufrcH? trsK;d om;nDvmcH. vuf&ydS pkH u
H kd rajymif;oa&G@ tzG@J csKyfrS wufa&mufrnf r[kw?f
vuf&t
dS rsK;d om;nDvmcHrS csrw
S x
f m;onfh Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif yg0ifxnfo
h iG ;f rnfh jyXmef;csurf sm;udk vufcrH nf
r[kwf? tjyif EdkifiHwum. vlom;csif;pmemr_ taxmuftulyypPnf;rsm; vufcHcsif&if etz u vdkufem&rnfh tcsufrsm;/
urBmvSnchf &D;onfrsm; vma&muf&ef tcsed rf a&mufao;/ CRPP qufvuf&yfwnfrnfpwJt
h csuaf wGu etz toJukd tyfe@J qv
G u
kd yf kH
&ygw,f?
aemufxdyfwdkufawG@r_wcku
csif;awmifc&D; (3-3-03) aumif;+yDaumif;vsufe@J etz uwdzsufwhJ c&D;yg? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu &cdkif {&m0wD wkef;uvdk
taESmuft,Suf rvkyzf @kd etz wm0ef&o
dS al wGukd uawmif;qdw
k ,f? etz bufu wm0efccH =hJ uw,f? 'gayrJh c&D;wav#muf atmifvH
85

_ynfolhtm%m
rauG; yGifhjzL r@awG&Sd }uH@zGH@ awGu avmufpyDumawGeJ@ qD;uaESmuf,Sufwm cHcJh=u&w,f? pGrf;tif'k0ef}uD;u ua&muf+yD;
pDpOfchJwmyg? olu 0efxrf;awGudkqifhac:+yD; EkdifiHa&;eJ@uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;aezdk@ owday;ygw,f? ('DtxJ }uH@zGH@ tzG@J 0ifawG ygyHkr&)
owWKwGif; 'k0ef}uD;uawmh acsmufrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk ru&bl;? NLD udk woufvHk; tm%mrv$b
J l;? aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ
rvkyfbl;vdk@ cyfjywfjywf ajymcJhw,f?
jyef=um;a&;'k0ef}uD;uvJ *ef@a*grSm uqdkwhJ ae&mudk roGm;eJ@/ oGm;&J&ifoGm;=unfhvdk@ ajAmif+cdrf;ajcmufw,f?
*ef@a*gcdkif OuUX vkyfoluawmh trsdK;orD;awGudk eifwdk@ raumif;wJhae&moGm;&if eifwdk@vJ raumif;wJh[mawGy?J a':pk=unfudk
r=unfhe@J 'gy=J unfh vdk@ qJa&;cJhw,f? ('Davmufatmufwef;us&ovm;) }uH@zGH@awGu uqdkzdk@vmolawGudk um;eJ@vdkufwdkufwmvJ
&Sdw,f?
jynfxJa&;omoema&; 'k0ef}uD; 2 yg;uawmh [m;cg;udk uoGm;ESifh+yD; NLD qdkif;bkwfawG ra&;zdk@ trdef@ay;cJhw,f?
(ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol OD;vGifu vSrf;uef@uGufaewm 4 }udrf&Sd+yD vdk@ ajymvm&ygw,f? csif;jynfe,f c&D;[m yGt
J =urf;qHk;yJ vdk@
=ocsvdkufygw,f?)
csKyfvu
kd &f if rde;f rom;wa,muf&@J pnf;k;H a&;pGr;f tm;udk a=umufvef@+yD; etz 0ef}uD; 5 yg;avmuf xkwo
f ;kH r&Surf a=umuf
aESmifh,SufchJ=uwmyg? 'Dae&mrSm wGif;2 &J@ rdef@cGef;udk a&mifjyef[yfjy=uwm awG@=u&ygr,f?
NLD bufu=unfh&ifawmh tquftoG,fjywfaewJh jynfr awmifay: jynfolawGeJ@tquftoG,fjyef&oGm;ygw,f?
ygwDtzG@J tpnf;Hk;awG jyefzGifhvmEdkifygw,f? jynfolawGe@J tzG@J 0ifawG vef;qef;wufuvmapygw,f? 'gu tjrwfyg?
etz bufuv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
SPDC eJ@ NLD [m xHk;pHtwdkif; ae@}uD;&uf}uD;awGudk tyifusif;yav@&Sdygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;ae@/ jynfaxmifpkae@/ rwf
27 &uf awmfvSefa&;ae@ (etzu wyfrawmfae@) ara';ae@ ponf?
'gawGtjyif etz u pifjrifhtjzpf toHk;ywJh ae&mawG &Sdao;w,f? ppfausmif;qif;yGaJ wG/ oifwef; (rsdK;pHk) qif;yGaJ wGrSm
ajymcsif&mawG ajymEdkifwhJ tcGifhta&; &Sdygw,f? jynfyu ole@J o[Zmw rjzpfwhJ EdkifiHe@J tzG@J tpnf;awGudk _wfcswm jynfwGif;rSm
jynfytm;udk; ykqdefdk;qdk+yD; NLD udk wdkufcdkufwmawG vkyfavh&Sdygw,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J@ rwfv 3 &uf csif;awmifc&D;[m jynfromru taemufbufjcrf;awmifay:om;awGuyg
v_dufv_dufvv
SJ SJ uqdkwm cHchJ&w,f? tpGrf;ukef wm;qD;ydwfyifwhJ=um;u axmufcHtm;ay;=uwmjzpfvdk@ etz wkefv_yfoGm;ygw,f?
'Dtwdkif;v$wfxm;vdk@uawmh rjzpfbl;? wyfyg *,ufdkufawmhr,fvdk@vJ wGufEdkifygw,f?
eHygwf0rf;c&D; - {+yDv yxrywfrSm csif;wGif;wHwm;zGifhyGJqdk+yD; c&D;xGufygw,f? ckwavm Adkvfoef;a&$c&D;wdk&SnfawG=unfh&if
dk;dk;xGufwmeJ@rwl/ tiftm;jyyGeJ @J ydkydkwlvmygw,f? 'g&@J aemufuG,frSm trmcHtiftm;pkwm[m xif&Sm;vmygw,f? 'Dc&D;rSmawmh
wGif;2 pdk;0if;udk yGJxkwfwm awG@&ygw,f? pdk;0if;uvJ EdkifiHawmf t}uD;tuJ.tav;xm;r_ wefzdk;xm;r_ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&.
apwemxm;r_ ay:vGix
f if&mS ;ygw,f? vd@k cyfyifyh ifah jym+yD; bke;f &dyu
f &H yd f cdv
k v
H_ u
kd w
f m owdxm;rd=urSmyg? Adv
k o
f ef;a&$uvJ 'Dc&D;rSm
wGif;2 eJ@ tJ'Da'o (erc) wdkif;r;pdk;Edkifudk oabmawG@oGm;yHk &ygw,f?
tD&wfppfyGJu t&Sdef&ae+yD? tar&duefeJ@taemufurBm tvkyf_yfaewkef; ol@twGuf tcsdefaumif;tcgaumif;vdk@
owfrSwfEdkifwhJ tcsdef?
etz taeeJ@ awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; vkyzf @kd uakd wmh a,mifv@kd rS pdwrf ul; acgi;f xJxnfw
h m r[kw?f 'ga=umifv
h J &mZmvDvmzd@k upd P
cGirhf y? toufa yguaf csmifatmif tar&dueftaeeJ@ =um;0ifaqmif&u
G af y;ygv@kd toem;cHwmudv
k J bk&fS tpd;k &u y,fcsxm;w,f?
a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvJ vufrcH?
'Dawmh olwdk@bmvkyf=uovJ tm%mrmefuvJ xdyfwufae=u+yD? Adkvfae0if;vufxufuwnf;u udkifpGJxm;wJh
oabmxm;wck &Scd w
hJ ,f? ppfwyfukd rD;ao&if bmrqdk vkyv
f @kd &w,f qdw
k myJ? igph um;EGm;& ajymEdik w
f ,f? &G,w
f t
l rd ef ;D csi;f Edik if aH wGukd
em;&GufwHawG;qGwfEdkifw,f? ukvor*~udkawmif tmcHEdkifw,f r[kwfvm;? 'ga=umifhvJ rvdktyfbJ ppfwyfudk wdk;csJ@+yD;&if;
wdk;cs@J ae=uwm jzpfw,f? csKyfvdkuf&if b,fyHkpHe@J rS tm%mudk vufrv$wfEdkif?
'gawGu 'Dy,
J if;jzpfpOfudk zefwD;vdkufjcif; jzpfygw,f?
ucsijf ynfe,fc&D;? arv 6 &ufae@rmS a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J tzJ@G &efuek u
f xGuyf gw,f? rxGucf ifuwnf;u ucsijf ynfe,fbufrmS
}uHhzGH@awGu yk*~Kdvfa&;apmfum;xm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;awG ujzef@xm;ygw,f? jynfolawGudk }udrf;armif;+cdrf;ajcmufxm;ygw,f?
c&D;pOfwav#muf uqdkwJhvlxk/ vdkufydk@wJhvlpkawGxJrSm etz&J@vlawGxnfhxm;cJhw,f? olwdk@wm0efu pnf;urf;csKd;azmufwm/
xdyw
f u
kd rf awG@awG@atmif v_@H aqmf=uwmawG vkyzf @kd y?J aemufjzwfoef;&m r@e,fawGrmS rvdu
k rf ae& }uHh zH@G u ac:,lxm;wJv
h al wGu
taESmift
h ,Sut
f rsK;d rsK;d ay;&ygw,f? au;a=umfqENjy=u&w,f? r@awGay:rSm vlxu
k kd a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J pum;ajymcGirhf &atmif
ujyifxm;wmvnf;&Sdw,f? &yfuGufoef@&Sif;a&; vkyftm;ay;cdkif;xm;wm/ toHcs@J pufawGtm;vkH; }uHhzHG@kH; vmtyfcdkif;xm;wm/
86

_ynfolhtm%m
bkef;}uD;awGudk uyifhac:xm;+yD;qGrf;au;- y&dwf&Gwfcdkif;xm;wm/ r@e,fq&m0efu qm;pf a&m*gta=umif; a[majymay;&+yD;
r@vx
l u
k ekd m;axmifcikd ;f wm pojzifh 'Dru
kd a&pDyw
d q
f @kd ra_ wG vkycf w
hJ ,f? ntcsed f a':atmifqef;pk=unftzJ@G a&mufvmonf&adS omf
v#yfppfrD;awG arSmifcscdkif;xm;wm apwemh0efxrf;vkyfchJw,f?
'D=um;u bkef;}uD;/ ausmif;om;eJ@jynfolawGu trdef@tm%mqdk;rSefor# enf;omefrsKd;pkHe J@ csKd;azmuf+yD;
'Dru
kd a&pDc&D;onfrsm;udk aEG;axG;ayG@yu
kd cf =hJ uw,f? KIA tzJ@G u ol@e,fajrtwGi;f vkH cHa&;,lay;cJo
h vdk bke;f awmf}uD;rsm;u rwW&mrS
rE Wav;txd umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;cJh=uw,f?
csKyfvu
kd &f if ucsijf ynfe,frS rE aW v;txdc&D;pOfrmS yJzG suw
f t
hJ pDtpOfawGtm;vk;H uarmufurjzpfcw
hJ ,f? ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f rSL;
wm0efraus rsufESmr&jzpf&SmrSmyJ?
(3)
ar 30 ta&;tcif;?
owif;arSmifcsxm;cH&wJh EdkifiH&J@ ppftpdk;& owif;xkwfjyefolawGu tjzpfrSefudk ajymif;jyefjzpfatmif ar$aESmuf+yD;
jynfol@rsufpdxJ oJyufaewJhumv/ cH&olu w&m;cHjzpf/ usL;vGefolu w&m;vdk jzpfaewJhacwfrSm owif;pmzwf/ a&'D,dkem;axmif
aeHke@J awmh _yf_yfaxG;axG; jzpfae=u&OD;rSmyg?
'gayrJh rsufjrifoufaoawGu trsm;}uD; udk,fwdkifyg0ifywfoufolawG (yola&m - cH&olyg) uvJ trsm;}uD;? olwdk@
&Si;f ypfcsiw
f hJ t"duyk*Kd~ vf 2 - OD;uvJ raoraysmuf&q
dS ?J aemuf+yD; ta&;tcif;xJ ud,
k w
f ikd u
f ,
kd u
f s yg0ifc=hJ uolrsm;vJ jzpfjyefw,f?
EdkifiHwum zdtm;uvJ eufd_if;vm acwfuvJ owif;acwf 'Dawmh r=umcifrSmyJ jynfhpHkwhJ ajAmifvkyf}uHr_}uD;[m kyfvHk;ay:vmrSmyg?
ckyJ atmufygtcsufawG pkpnf;vdk@ &vmygw,f?
'gawG awG@&w,f?
ppfqifa&; pDrHudef;wck jzpfw,f? OD;wnfcsufudk acsr_ef;zdk@tultiftm;awGudk jzwfawmufypfcJhw,f? ae&ma&G;wmrSm
r@ay:ra&G; aus;vufbuf a&G;w,f? tcsdefa&G;wmusawmh ae@cif;ra&G; nbufa&G;w,f? yol - cH&ol _yfaxG;ukefatmif w&m;vdk
w&m;cH (tm%myHhydk;r_eJ@ ) ajymif;jyefvkyfEdkifatmif oufaocH ypPnf;awGazsmufzsufEdkifatmif vkyfvdkufwm jzpfw,f? ol (odk@ ) olwdk@
pdwfuuf vufa&G;pif wodkufu pdwfcs&wJh wdkif;r;e,fajrrSm tydkifcsvdkufwm jzpfw,f? r@awGay:rSm ajAmifrowf&v
J dk@ aus;vuf
a'orSm apmifh+yD;owfwm jzpfw,f?
- 'Dru
kd a&pDta&; v_y&f mS ;aewJh wufuaeolawGukd t&Sed o
f wf b&dwt
f yk w
f mavmufr[kwf +cdr;f ajcmufrkH [kwf 'Dru
kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_
tm;vHk; csKyf+idrf;oGm;atmif tjywf&Sif;vdkufwm jzpfw,f?
- wzufe@J wzuf tyiftqdik q
f ENjy=u&if;u vufygomG ;wm r[kw/f aemufu pDpOfvw
$ v
f u
kd w
f hJ t&ufu;kd armif;wdu
k f v$wv
f u
kd w
f hJ
,mOfwef;awG vdkufvm+yD; udpPwHk; vkyfvdkuf=uwm jzpfw,f?
- tiftm;awG aygif;rdroGm;atmif rHk&Gmu vdkufvmwJh um; - qdkifu,fawGudk wdkif;r;udk,fwdkif vrf;ray:xGuf+yD; wm;wmqD;wm
zrf;qD;wm vkyfw,f? udk,fhvluvG+J yD; um;vrf;ay:rSm v_yf&Sm;olrSefor# ypfrdef@ay;w,f?
- a&OD;u uqdkr,fholawGudk uwm;xm;+yD; jzpfw,f?
- =unf&mG vlowfuiG ;f rSm du
k w
f mESuw
f m owfwmjzwfwmomru vk,ufzsuq
f ;D wmawG vkycf w
hJ ,f? NLD um; 8 pD;eJ@ qdik u
f ,f
9 pD; zsuq
f ;D cJw
h ,f? tqd;k qH;k u trsKd ;orD;awGukd t&Suw
f uGJ tusKd ;enf;jzpfatmif pdw"f mwft& odrif ,fpw
d 0f ifomG ;atmif rzG,rf &m
vky=f uwmygy?J t&Suu
f kd toufe@J vaJ vh&w
dS hJ ArmtrsKd ;orD;awGukd a=umufpw
d o
f iG ;f ay;vdu
k w
f m jzpfw,f? 'Dru
kd a&pDta&; qufvyk f
aevdk@uawmh a[m'Dvdk ay;qyf&w,fvdk@ ,kwf,kwfuef;uef; yrlvdkufwmvJ jzpfw,f?
- wjynfvHk; NLD Hk;awGydwfvdkufw,f? NLD - CEC tm;vHk; tdrfcsKyfvkyfypfvdkufw,f? wjynfvHk; tzrf;tqD;awG vkyfchJw,f?
- ausmif;zGifh&uf ZGef 2 &ufae@rSm rzGifhbJ wjynfvHk;ausmif;awG ydwfxm;vdkufw,f? ZGef 16 &ufusrS ausmif;wcsdK@ jyefzGifhw,f?
rdbawGu om;orD;awGtwGuf tmrcHvufrSwfxdk;ay;&w,f? oef;acgifxuf nOfheufoGm;wJh Armjynf&@J 'Drdkua&pDtajctaeyg?
- 'Dy,
J if;ta&;tcif; aemufqufwt
GJ jzpf E_wfydwfypfwhJ owif;awG yvlysHatmif xGufvmwm awG@&w,f? wcsdK@ owfypfwm
wcsdK@ +cdrf;ajcmufwmawG cH=u&w,f? 'DtxJrSm xkwfoHk;wJh &mZ0wftusOf;om;awG c&D;xGufvmwJh 'Drdkua&pDorm;awG rsufjrif
oufao &Gmom;awGomru }uHhzGH@awGyg ygygw,f? wdrf;a&SmifaewJholawG vdkufzrf;wm e,fpyfawGtxd qdky?J rdvmwJholawGudk
cdkif;wJhtwdkif; ajymrvm; - rajymbl;vm; ar;+yD; tpGrf;ukef EdSyfpufaewJh owif;awG xGufvmw,f? wdkif;ysufjynfysuf wu,fhudk
upOfhuvsm; tajctae}uD;yg?
- 'D&ufydkif;awG twGif;rSm tm%mydkif 3 - OD;xJu Adkvfcif!Gef@wa,mufyJ yGx
J Gufaewm awG@&w,f? "m;ckwf&m vuf0ifrv#dK
csiv
f @kd vm; rod? cyfuif;uif;ajymwm awG@&w,f? y&rf;ywm pnf;rJu
h rf;rJh trltusirhf sm;a=umifh rjzpfoifo
h nfrsm; uH&jcif;? wd@k rmS
87

_ynfolhtm%m
oifcef;pm,lzG,frsm;om jzpfa=umif;avmufom ajymcJhw,f? eHygwf0rf;jzpfolu au;ykef;b0eJ@ aiGaqmifrSm owif;arSmifcs+yD;
aevdu
k w
f ,f? Edik if w
H um Edik if aH wmfae@awGrmS yd@k aeuso0%fvm$ udk ol@emrnfe@J cyfwnfwnfy@kd aewmyJ owif;pmawGrmS zwf&w,f?
eHygwfwl; Adkvfarmifat;u rwwfomvdk@ &mZmvDeJ@ xGufawG@wmyJ vkyfw,f? ZGef 13 &uf owif;pmawGusrS eHygwf0rf;}uD;&J@
ta&Smiftwdrf; c&D;pOfudk azmfjyvmw,f? Adkvfau usyfc|wfe@J "mwfyHkawGvJ awG@&w,f? (,=wmacs+yD; qHyifnyfum xGufvmwm
[kwfr[kwf awmh b,folrS rajymEdkif) ZGef 5 &ufae@u 12 &uftxd {&m0wD c&D;pOfygwhJ?
- ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;avmurSmvJ yGufavmdkufaeygw,f? &Sufwwf&if vJaozdk@omaumif;wJh tjypfwifr_awG cH=u&w,f? qifa0S@
&efa&Smif - tE W&m,fuif; ajymolu wa,mufp ESpfa,mufpyJ awG@&w,f? 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;ajymwm NLD a&G;jc,fcH
v$waf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,af wGajymwm &[ef;oHCmawmfawGajymwm xif&mS ;ausm=f um; wdik ;f jynfu av;pm;wJh vly*k Kd~ vfawGajymwm
etz r=um;bJaerSm r[kwfygbl;?
(4)
tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpf&yfrsm;
olwdk@rSm ,Hk=unfr_wck &SdyHk&w,f? ppfwyfudkom +rJ+rJ qkyf xm; t&m&mausmfv$m;Edkifw,f/ zHk;uG,fypfEdkifw,f qdkwmyJ?
62 ckESpf Zlvdkif 7 &uf ta&;tcif; 67 - wkwf Arm t"duk%f; 8 av;vHk;rSm aocJhwhJ ta&twGuf trSefudk olwdk@ b,fwkef;u
twdtus a=unmcJhvdk@v?J 8 av;vHk;umv tcsKyfum;ay: ywfodyfwif&if;u aocJh&wJh vl 40 ausmfpm&if;yJ cdk;xkyfcdk;xnfe@J
vufyl;vuf=uyfrdvdk@ ay:zl;w,f?
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ - ar 30 n owfuGif;udk ar 31 &uf ul;wJh eHeufydkif;txd &Sif;vdk@vif;vdk@ +yD;ao;[ef rwl? ar 31 &uf
naeydkif;rSm etz u owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ vkyfygw,f? jynfol@qufqHa&;ESifh owif;jzef@csda&;qdkif&m vkyfief;tzGJ@ OuUXqdkol
tvkyform;0ef}uD; OD;wif0if; p rdef@cGef;acygw,f?
- at;csrf;wnf+idrfr_ &Sdaeonfh r@&GmtcsdK@udk oGm;vm+yD; vlpkvla0;jzifh qlylr_jzpfatmif vH_@aqmf
- tjypfr&Sd tjypf&Sm jzpfvmonfudk yHk}uD;cs@J qdk+yD; olwdk@uyJ cHae&ovdkvdk ajymygw,f? aemuf 'k0ef}uD; OD;cifarmif0if; Adkvfr;csKyf
oef;xGef;wdk@u jznfhpGuf+yD; nm=uygw,f? aool 4 a,muf/ '%f&m& 50 vdk@ nmygw,f? cHvdkuf&olawG bufuawmh aool 60
eJ@ 70 =um;/ '%f&m& 100 ausmfvdk@ (rsufjrifoufaoeJ@ udk,fwdkifudk,fus cHvdkuf&olawG&@J ajympum;t&) xkwfazmfxm;ygw,f?
tcsed o
f m qGx
J m;vdu
k f t&Sed o
f m owfxm;vdu
k f c%jzwfoef; ta=umif;jyp&m qifajcwufp&mawG awG@vm ygvrd rhf ,fv@kd
txufu !ef=um;vdkufovm;rod?
ay:vmwJh owif;awGt&uawmh 7 &uf Zlvdkifta&;tcif;wkef;u Adkvfatmif}uD; uGyfu+J yD; ausmfpdk;/ oef;pdef p onf
yg0ifwJh trdef@ay;tzGJ@u toHv$ifhHkrSm Hk;xdkif=uw,f? ay:vmwJh jy\emawGudk eHygwf0rf;ae0if;qD trdef@awmif;cH+yD; wqifhpD
ajz&Sif;cJh=uovdk tckvJ vkyfchJ=uw,f? wGif;2 pdk;0if; acgif;aqmifwhJ trdef@ay;tzG@J (jynfxaJ &; wifv_dif/ aqmufvkyfa&;apmxGef;/
&JcsKyf cif&D/ wdkif;r; pdk;Edkif) u erc ppfXmecsKyfrSm Hk;xdkif+yD; !$ef=um;ajz&Sif;aewmvdk@ qdkw,f? owif;awGom rSefw,fqdk&if pdk;Edkifu
7 &ufZlvdkif om;owform; pdefvGiftcef;u yg0ifujy&oly?J
vkyfief;u ratmifjrifawmh pdk;0if;u wdkufdkufaejynfawmf wyfacgufjyef (4 v ywf tpnf;ta0;rSm 'DudpPudk OD;wnf+yD;
rde@f ceG ;f ay;? vrf;!$ecf sucf say;r,f)h eHygw0f rf;qD owif;yd@k w,f? 'Dawmh bmqufvyk &f rSe;f rodwhJ Adv
k cf sKyfr; }uD;u tpnf;ta0;zsuo
f rd ;f
vdkuf&w,fqdky?J ([kwfchJ&if uwifjyifqifxm;r,fh 'Drdef@cGef;}uD;udk zwfcsifprf;ygbd? Adkvfae0if; ajymcJhwhJ "m; "m;csif; vSH vSHcsif;
rdef@cGef;vdkyv
J m;)
'gawGu twGi;f ydik ;f udpaP wG jzpfw,f? rSm;w,freS w
f ,f b,forl t
S wnfryEdik ?f ppftpd;k &ywfusrS twnfycsuf ay;Edik rf ,fh
udpP?
&mZmvD - 'kEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfolu a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk r=umrD jyefv$wfay;r,f? ajyvnfr_&zdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J
aqG;aEG;aeygw,f? &mZmvDe@J awmh awG@cGifh ryEdkifbl; ajymygw,f? vHkcHa&;twGuf tumtuG,fay;xm;wmyg vdk@vJ qdkw,f?
&mZmvDuawmh etz vdk tdk;eif;cGufeif;ajymaewm r[kwf? ol@tusdK;pD;yGm;yg xnfhoGif;+yD; tuGufusus ajcvSrf;vSrf;wmyg?
a':atmifqef;pk=unf bmrSrjzpfbl;/ usef;usef;rmrm wufwufuu&Sdygw,fvdk@ ac|;odyfcJhw,f? ('D=um;u cGufwvHk;awmh
eif;rdvdkufw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk 1 ywf 2 ywf twGif; v$wfay;ygvdrfhr,f qdk+yD; tmrcHvdkufwmyJ?) wae&mrSm wrsdK;wdk;+yD;
ajymygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk yk'fr 10 (u) eJ@ csKyfxm;a=umif;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu odyfcHjyif;aea=umif;rS onf
aemufqHk; *syefc&D;rSm Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@u 'Dy,
J if; owfjzwfr_rSm Adkvfoef;a&$ ol@oabmeJ@olvkyfwm jzpfw,f? olwdk@
ruufa=umif;txd ajymvdkufa=umif; xkwf ajymvmygw,f? EdkifiHwum zdtm;awG txGwftxdyf wufvmcsdefa&mufrS ajymjcif;yg?
etz wGi;f rSmawmh ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS al wG wa,muf+yD;wa,muf tusyf u
kd af eygw,f? 10 (u) eJ@ csKyfxm;wm r[kwb
f ;l ?
tif;pdefaxmifxJxm;wm r[kwfbl;? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk r=umcifv$wfay;r,f pwmawG ajym=uayr,fh xyfqifh
88

_ynfolhtm%m
ar;cGef;awGawmh rajzEdkifcJh=ubl;? csKyfxm;wmr[kwf&if bmvdk@awG@cGifhryovJ - zkef;qufcGifhray;ovJ - tif;pdefaxmifxJ
xm;wmr[kwf&if b,frSmxm;ovJ- r=umcifqdkwm b,fae@b,f&ufv-J pwJh ar;cGef;awGyg? 0ef}uD;awG xv& r;csKyfawGutp
Adkvfcif!Gef@txd a&S@aemufrnD tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpf=uwmyg?
'Dy,
J if; ta&;tcif;rSm aoqHk;'%f&m&pm&if; nmjyxm;wmuvJ bl;ay:ovdk ay:vdkufvmaeygw,f? 14 ESpf ausmf
rsdK;cspfjynfcspf ta&cHxm;wJh etz 'Dwcgvnf; ta&cGH tcGmcH&wJhyGyJ gy?J udk,fhvlrsKd;udk,fjyefowfaewm rsKd;cspfwhJvm;?
'DtxJrSm oem;p&m taumif;qHk;yk*~dKvfuawmh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;0if;atmifyg? EdkifiHwumcGifrSm idkcsif;cs&wJhtxd
jzpfoGm;ygw,f? olwdk@tpdk;&[m vluufrrsm;wJh tpdk;&jzpfa=umif; 0efcHcJh&w,f? u|efawmf (EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;) vkyfae&wm
aysmfw,frsm; xif=uovm; vdk@ jyefvSefar;cGef;xkwfoGm;cJh&w,f? apmapmydkif;rSm r[kwfudk t[kwfvkyf+yD; jiif;aeawmh
b*Fvm;a'h&SfywWemwap>tajcmufcH&aeovm; awG;rd=uao;w,f? 'gayrJh tmqD,H - zEGrf;yif ppfajrjyifrSm vufeufcs&wJhtxd
awG@jrif=u&awmh wzufu wdik ;f jynftwGuf &Su&f usew
f zufu ppftyk pf k tnmcdik ;f wm rSeo
f r# nmae&ygvm; vd@k pkwo
f yfov
l J
&Sdvmw,f?
ppftpdk;&[m tm%mrrufygbl;? jynfolu a&G;aumufwifajrmufwm r[kwfayr,fh jynfol@twGuf vkyfay;cJhygw,f
qdw
k mavmufyJ ajymEdik yf gawmhw,f? topftqef; ajymp&mr&Sad wmh "mwfjym;a[mif; jyefziG w
hf mvJ awG@&w,f? cif!eG @f ajymxm;ovdk
a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk nDrav;vdk oabmxm;a=umif; tdrfcsKyfwcgrcsrD a':atmifqef;pk=unf c&D;pOfwckudk wm;qD;pOfu
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vky}f uHcsiw
f hJ tzG@J &adS =umif; (vlrsKd ;pk vufeufuikd w
f zG@J ukd &nf!e$ ;f ) ajymcJzh ;l ovdk ckvJ olw@kd txJrmS &Sad evd@k
ac: umuG,fxm;wmygvdk@ ajym&jyefw,f? wu,fu olwdk@xJucsnf;vmwJh t}uHtpnfawGqdkwm txkyfajzcsvdkufovdk
jzpfomG ;w,f? &xm;0ef}uD; (aemif ,Ofaus;r_) 0if;pdeu
f owfz@kd v@H_ aqmfwmu pcJw
h hJ udpyP g? ppftpd;k &[m vlowf+yD; xGuaf ygu&f mS wm
=umyg+yD? 62 ckESpfuwnf;u jzpfw,f? ckudpPrSmvJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk axmufcHolawG &Sdovdk qef@usifolawGvJ &Sdw,fqdkwm
rarh=uyge@J vdk@ ajcqif;cHxm;cJhwm bm&nf&G,fcsufvJ &Sif;yg+yD?
a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: tjynfht0 ,Hk=unfr_&Sdygw,f ajymvdkajym? a':atmifqef;pk=unf c&D;oGm;wmudk
vdv
k m;yga=umif; tm;ay;wdu
k w
f eG ;f ygw,f? ,H=k unfygw,f? tm;ay;ygw,f ajymvdak jym? (wGe;f v$wv
f u
kd w
f mvm; pOf;pm;vm=u&+yD?)
SPDC eJ@ NLD jzpfaeyHku Zmwfpifay:rSm ukef;kyf vl=urf;u tpGrf;jyav (tusifh,kwfav) rif;om; rif;orD;udk
y&dowfu t=uifem yGm;av jzpfaew,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd odumQ csav _wcf sav Edik if w
H um qkwq
H yd af wG&av jzpfaew,f?
olw@kd rmS remvdk 0efw+kd yD; tvkyu
f odyf y_ f aiGuek af =u;usc+H yD; zsuq
f ;D a&;vkyif ef;awGyJ tmHpk u
kd f axmif*%ef; csw
D v
hJ al wGukd
wa,mufwae@ 500d ay;+yD; taESmuft,Sufcdkif;wJh owif;vJ xGufvmw,f? 'DaiGawGudk wdkif;jynftwGufoHk; tcsdefukefvlyef;
tvkyfawG EdkifiHawmftwGuf vkyf=u&if b,favmufrsm; aumif;vdkufavrvJ?
'Dy,
J if;oH;k oyfcsuf - ud,
k jhf ynfou
l ,
kd f ppfcif;vdu
k w
f hJ vky&f yfyg? etz avmb}uD;vGe;f w,f? tjrifww
kd ,f? uHq;kd uHaumif; eH=um;
axmuf+y;D avmif;a=u;xyfvu
kd w
f o
hJ abm awG@&w,f? zsmvdyaf cgi;f xJ a&mufaeol[m a&S@uw
kd ;kd xGuzf @kd yv
J w
kd ,f r[kwv
f m;? jzpfapcsif
ovdk jzpfrvmayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J OD;wifO;D udk Edik if aH &;jyefay;qGx
J m;w,f? trsKd ;om;nDvmcH qdw
k mrSm yGzJ sucf cH &hJ wmudk
tcJrausvdk@ jyefay;qGJxm;wmyJ?
trsdK;om;nDvmcH jyefwufygr,fvdk@ ajymvmwJhtxd qGx
J m;csifyHk ay:aew,f? 'g[m vll;vlrdkufpdwful;yJ?
ol@rmS rjzpfrae ajz&Si;f &r,fh udpaP wG &Sad ew,f? 'dik ,
f mavmh/ trsK;d om;nDvmcH/ vlxpk m;0wfaea&;/ bufpkH jynfoal wG&@J rauseyfrr_ sm;/
b%ftusyftwnf;/ wyfwGif;r+idrfroufr_rsm;/ wudk,fawmf qENjyr_rsm;/ ausmif;om;vli,fawG&@J jyefvnfpkzG@J r_rsm;/ NLD tyg
tzG@J toD;oD;&J@ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ EdkifiHwumzdtm; ponf &ifqdkifae&wJh tusyftwnf;awGu rsm;ygw,f?
'gawG&@J xGufayguftjzpf 'Dvrf;udk a&G;vdkufyHk &ygw,f? ajy&majya=umif; aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vrf; r[kwf? qef@usifbufudk
tjywf&Sif;wJhenf;/ uGif;quftusqHk; vlyk*~dKvfudk ajzmif ypfwhJenf;/ - wwdkif;jynfvHk; _yf_yfaxG;axG; jzpfukefr,f? udpPr&Sd? ol@rSm
ppfwyf&Sdw,f? 'gawGudk ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy+yD; tcsdef,l? +idrfoGm;atmifvkyfr,f? ol&ifqdkifae&wJh jy\emawGudk ,m,Djzpfjzpf
wef@xm;Edkifr,f? wcsufckwf q,fcsufjywfua&m qdk+yD; vkyfcsvdkufyHk&w,f? 'ga=umifh etz avmb}uD;w,f/ tjrifwdkw,f/
jzpfcsif&mjzpf armifbcspf qefw,fvdk@ ajymcsifwmyg?
r@ay:rSm ajAmifrowf&Jvdk@ vljywfwJh awmvrf;rSm taysmuf&Sif;wJh pDrHudef;udk csrSwfvdkuf&wmjzpfw,f? wygwDvHk;
wwdik ;f jynfv;kH udk udik v
f y_ af ewJh 'Dt"du yk*Kd~ vf 2 OD;udk &Si;f ypf+yD;&if usew
f hJ NLD acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f awGukd zdtm;ay; trsK;d om;nDvmcHxJ
dkufoGif;/ !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&wdk@bmwdk@zJG@/ a&G;aumufyGJ topfvkyfjyvdkuf? EdkifiHwumu a&G;p&mr&Sd? 'Dvrf;ay:uyJ qufav#muf/
qdkif&SifawGkyf tulawG ay;&r,fvdk@vJ wGufyHk&w,f? olwdk@pOf;pm;wJh tajccHu jynfwGif; (jynfolawG) udk rpdk;&drf/ owfjyvdkuf&if
+idru
f somG ;wmyJv@kd xifae=uw,f? (tESpf 40 =umcJ+h yD)? jynfyu 'kuaQ y;aewm? 'guykd J tmHpk u
kd &f r,fqw
kd o
hJ abm? ppfat;umvrSm
89

_ynfolhtm%m
EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ppftm%m&SifawG 'DyHkpHe@J ausmfjzwfvmcJh=uwmudk;? cufwmu acwfawG ajymif;ae+yD? tD&wfvGefacwfrSm
acwfrrDawmhbl;? ta&S@awmiftm&SxJ wdk;0ifcsifwhJ tar&dueftwGuf wHcg;zGifhay;ovdk jzpfoGm;rSm olwdk@ pOf;pm;rd=u[ef rwlbl;?
Edik if w
H Edik if [
H m ole@J xu
kd w
f efwt
hJ pd;k &yJ &Edik w
f ,f qdw
k hJ tcsut
f ay:rSm ynm&Sirf sm; jiif;ckaH e=uwm awG@&=um;&ygw,f?
ckuHae&wmuawmh wyfrawmfw&yf[m olwdk@eJ@ xdkufwefwJh ppfOD;pD;csKyfeJ@ppfacgif;aqmifawGyJ &Edkifw,f qdkwJh tcsuf
wyfrawmfom;rsm; pOf;pm;zdk@yg?
tusdK;quf - 'Dy,
J if; ta&;tcif;ay:u bmawG jzpfvmOD;rvJ?
- jynfwGif;a&;oufouf r[kwfawmhyg? tmqD,Hjy\em/ a'ojy\em/ vkHcHa&;aumifpDxJ a&mufrvdktxd EdkifiHwumjy\em
}uD;w&yf jzpfomG ;cJ+h yD? 'ga=umifh ppftyk pf u
k av#m&h ifav#mh rav#m&h if vG,v
f ,
G ef @J awmh r+yD;? du
k cf wfcsuaf wG qufwu
kd f vmygvrd rhf ,f?
- wkwjf ynfukd 0dik ;f ywfxm;csiw
f hJ tar&dueftwGuf tuGuw
f uGuf &oGm;cJ+h yD? Edik if aH wmf wpnf;wvH;k wnf;&Srd _ v_ycf gvmEdik w
f ,f?
- jynfolawG&@J pm;0wfaea&; usyfwnf;onfxuf usyfwnf;vmygvdrfhr,f? 'Dwdkif;aevdk@awmh r&Edkifawmhbl;qdkwm pOf;pm;vm=u
vdrfhr,f? b0t& enf;vrf;rsdK;pHk xGufvrf;&Smvm=uvdrfhr,f?
- jy\emawG}uD;av rsm;jym;_yfaxG;av wyfxrJ SmvJ *,uf&Sdvmygvdrfhr,f? 'D*&Dwufvm&if ppftkyfpkudk tumtuG,fay;r,fh
tm%modrf;yGJ twkwck ay:vmEdkifw,f? odk@r[kwf wyfxrJ Sm tm;yifr_awG }uD;vmEdkifw,f? "m;pmcHawGqx
JG kwf paw;ypfwmawG
jzpfvmEdkifw,f? [pfwwvm 'DvdkvkyfchJwmyJ?
- tmqD,He@J tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawG&@J tyoabm qufqHa&;ay:vpD usqHk;aewm =umyg+yD? ckawmh 'Dtwdkif;xm;vdk@ r&EdkifawmhwhJ
udpP jzpfvm+yD? wckck vkyf&awmhr,fhtcsdef zdtm;ay;+yD; aphpyfa&; pm;yGq
J D wGef;ydk@rvm; atmufa=u;uae avmif;a=u;xyfae
=urSmvm; aygufH_;}uD;jzpf - rjzpf oufqdkif&mEdkifiHawG pOf;pm;ae=uavmuf+yD?
(5)
aemufqufwGJ EdkifiHwum*,ufrsm;?
udkzDtmeef - ,ckuJhodk@aom tajctaeqdk;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;&yfwef@+yD; tESpfom&&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJ csufcsif;pwif&ef/
xdkaqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; jzpfvmatmif tpGrf;ukef tultnDay;r,f vdk@ ajymvmygw,f?
tar&duef - 'DyGrJ Sm twufuqHk;eJ@ tus,fjyef@qHk; 0ifEw
$J mu tar&duefyg? yg0v
J fu a0gpx&d*sme,frSm aqmif;yg;wapmife@J
v_@H aqmfvu
kd yf gw,f? Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
dS l abmufcsmu ppftpd;k &udk vlq;kd vlru
kd f vl&rf;um;awGtjzpf bG@J x;l cs+D yD;
y,fy,fe,fe,f wG,fygw,f? avSmif&,f &,f+yD; aqmfxm;wmyg? olwdk@ tuGufjzpf+yDav? trsdK;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf
ukv&J@ u;yrf;r_awG &yfypf&&if wjcm;enf;vrf; pOf;pm;&awmhr,f vd@k ajymwmvJ &Sw
d ,f? Armjynfupd P vHk cHa&;aumifpw
D ifr,fv@kd
+cdrf;ajcmufwmvJ &Sdw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; 0ifrajymao;vdk@ awmfawmhw,f?
tar&duef txufv$wfawmfu 30 &uf t=urf;zufr_ udpPudk _wfcswhJ jrefrmhydk@ukeftm;vHk; ydwfyifa&; Oya'=urf;udk ZGef
11 &ufrSm 97 rJ 1 rJe@J twnfyvkdufw,f? (1) ydk@ukeftm;vHk;ydwfyifr,fqdkjcif;tm;jzifh txnfcsKyf vkyfief;u ESpfpOf0ifaewJh wESpf
a':vmoef; 300 - 400 xdcdkufoGm;+yD? 'g[m ydk@ukeftm;vHk;0ifaiG&J@ 3 yHk 1 yHk jzpfw,f? (2) etz ppftpdk;&udk EdkifiHwumu
aiGracs;atmif uef@uGufoGm;&ef? (3) tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&Sd etz ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGydkifqdkifwhJ ypPnf;tm;vHk; csdwfydwfodrf;,l&ef?
(tdkprmbifvm'ifydkif ypPnf;awGudk vkyfovdk aiGpm&if;twdtus azmfjyay;Edkif&if etz okyf ydkay:Edkif)? (4) }uHhzGH@ tygt0if etz
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;.ADZm ydwfyif&ef? (pnf;pdrfcHpm;&ef om;orD;rsm; xdyfwef;ynmoif=um;&ef aiGzef;p&m ae&m
wae&m aysmufoGm;+yDaygh?)
bk&Sfu ol@EdkifiHa&mufaewJh xdkif;0ef}uD;csKyf xyfqifudk pnf;Hk;+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk v$wfay;zdk@ yl;wGaJ =unmcsuf
xkwfygw,f?
'gudk etz u a=unmcsufudk axmufcHovdkvdkvkyf+yD; trsdK;om;nDvmcH jyefvnfusif;yzdk@ awmif;qdkvdkufygw,f?
ZGef 13 &ufrSm yg0v
J fu xyf+yD;+cdrf;ajcmufjyefygw,f? Armjynfe@J ywfoufwhJ ay:vpDudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfzdk@ tcsdefa&muf+yD?
vlqdk;vlrdkufawG uwifpDrH tuGufcs+yD; wdkufcdkufchJwm jzpfw,f? zrf;xm;olrsm; v$wfay;&efe@J NLD Hk;rsm; jyefzGifhay;zdk@ +idrf;csrf;pGm
azmfaqmifzdk@ysufuGufav zdtm;awG qufwdkufay;av jzpfrSmyJvdk@ 0uftl&pf xyfusyfvdkufygw,f?
EU - uvnf; ar 30 &ufudpPudk uef@uGufvdkuf=u+yD; qufvufzrf;qD;aewmawGtwGuf txl;pdk;&drfa=umif; xkwfjyefygw,f?
EU tzG@J 0ifjzpfwhJ +Adwed t
f zd@k uawmh vlru
_ n
l aD &; taxmuftyHh a':vm oef; 50 ay;r,f ajymvd@k rS rqH;k ao;cif 'Djy\em
0ifvmwmrdk@ tawmftcufuHoGm;ygw,f? tD&wfppfyGJ tuumvrSm ppftpdk;&taeeJ@ aqG;aEG;yGJ=uef@=umae&if 0uftl&pf
wif;&vdrrhf ,fv@kd 0rfeifay;cJw
h hJ +Adwed [
f m tck wu,f 0uft&l pf wif;ae&yg+yD? oH;kH uwqifh awmif;qdv
k u
kd f Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu
90

_ynfolhtm%m
awmif;qdkvdkufe@J w&pyf t&Sdefjrifhvmygw,f?
jrif&wmu taemufbufjcrf; urBmu jyif;jyif;xefxef wHk@jyefwmawG[m 'D*&Dwqifh wufvmwmudkyJ jyygw,f?
tm&SbufrSmawmh tajymif;tvJu odyfodomoGm;ygw,f?
*syef - etz udk zdtm;ay;zdk@ t+rJwrf; a&SmifaecJhwhJ EdkifiH? ppftpdk;&udk tultnDtaxmuftyHh trsm;qHk;ay;wJhEdkifiH? tm&Senf;
tm&S[ef (pHjy) tjzpf taysmah ysmif;qH;k csO;f uyfqufqcH w
hJ hJ *syefEikd if H &yfwnfcsuf ajymif;cJ&h w,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd tjrefq;kH
v$wfay;zdk@e@J vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfcGifhyzdk@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;csif; awmif;qdkygw,f?
*syef 'kEikd if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;ud,
k w
f ikd f 0ef}uD;csKyf&@J awmif;qdck supf mudk ,lvm+yD; awmif;qdyk gw,f? a&&mwJh tmrcHcsuf r&vd@k
rausreyf jyefoGm;&ygw,f? aemufawmh Armjynfudk ay;aewJh tultnDawG &yfqdkif;vdkufa=umif; a=unmygw,f? wqufwnf;
qdo
k vdk *syef - tif'/kd *syef - zdvpfyikd /f *syef - AD,uferf yl;wGaJ =unmcsuaf wGxw
k +f yD; awmif;qdrk a_ wG vkyyf gw,f? (*syefu pD;yGm;a&;
tuljzwfwm AD,uferfuyg uef@uGufvmawG[m pD;yGm;a&;a&m EdkifiHa&;yg xdckdufw,f?)
tmqD,H - txl;jcm;qHk;u tmqD,H&J@ tvSnfhtajymif; jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHwEdkifiH&J@ jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufrpGufzufa&;rludk
csdK;azmuf+yD; etz udk awmif;qdkvmygw,f? 'DtxJrSm etz&J@ t&if;ESD;qHk;eJ@ &if;ESD;jryfESHr_trsm;qHk;vkyfwhJ EdkifiHawG ygoGm;ygw,f?
xdkif;/ rav;&Sm;u wqifh+yD;wqifh wdk;+yD;awmif;qdkygw,f? tmqD,H rsufESmysuf&+yDvdk@vJ ajymygw,f? puFmylvnf; wEdkifiHcsif;
awmif;qdkwht
J xJ ygw,f? zdvpfydkif/ tif'dkwdk@u ydkjyif;xefchw
J ,f? uarBm'D;,m;u zEGrf;yif tmqD,H nDvmcHrSm wm0ef,l awmif;qdk
cJhw,f? 'gudk ArmEdkifiHu ruef@uGuf&aJ wmhyg?
Adkvfcif!Gef@u &efukefrSm usif;ywJh 'kt}udrf tmqD,H ody`HESifhenf;ynm0ef}uD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;rSm ('DESpfxrJ SmyJ) 'Dvdk
ajymcJhw,f?
EdEdkifiHwckcsif;. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf tmqD,HtzG@J tpnf;wckvHk;. *k%foduQmudkyg wdk;wufvmapEdkifw,
,f wJh?
etz&J@ ar 30 aqmif&Gufcsufudk tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;u zEGrf;yifrSm wnDwnf; _wfcsvdkuf=uyg+yD? (*k%foduQm usqif;
oGm;&rSmyJ? etz&J@ tmqD,H 6 ESpfoufwrf;rSm ycJhwhJaumif;r_u }uD;aywmudk;)
ESpfpydkif;rSm (Zef 2728) tmqD,H tD;,l tpnf;ta0; wufchJ&vdk@ etz&J@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;atmifyGJ vdk@ tljrL;cJh=uwm 4
v eJ@ 2 &ufyJ cHygvm;? ckqkd olw@kd &@J qGaJ qmifrw
_ ckjzpfwhJ rl;,pfaq;0g; rD;d@_ yu
JG akd wmif taemufow
H refawGu oydwaf rSmufc=hJ uyg+yD?
wkwf/ tdENd,/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf - tmqD,H ajcukwf wxpfywf+yD? *syefuvJ qkay;uae'%fay; jzpfvmaew,f? tar&duef tD;,le@J
taemufurBmuawmh ajymraeeJ@? }udrfao;ao;eJ@ cyfpyfpyf dkufae&mu vnfrsdKudk npfae+yD? tdENd,rSmvJ tzG@J tpnf; toD;oD;u
tpdk;&udk wGef;tm;ay;ae+yD?
wkwu
f wEdik if &H @J jynfwiG ;f a&; wEdik if H 0ifrpGuaf &;rlukd qufvufuikd pf x
JG m;wm awG@&w,f? tdE,
dN eJ@ b*Fvm;a'h&v
fS nf;
aemufydkif;rSm 'Doabmxm;rsKd; azmfjyvmw,f?
(6)
ed*;Hk
'Dvdke@J etz c&D;qufEdkifrvm;? tE W&m,fawGuawmhrsm;w,f? ol@twGufa&m wdkif;jynftwGufa&myJ? a'o wckvHk;
twGufa&m urBmtwGufa&myJ? olwdk@taeeJ@ wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;twGuf aumif;r_wckrS ryEdkifchJ=uayr,fh urBmu 0dkif;t=unfhcH
ta&;pdkufcHvm&atmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm; tjzpfawmh rSwfwrf;0ifoGm;ygvdrfhr,f?
'Dy,
J if; ta&;tcif;uae Armjynf&@J EkdifiHa&;rsufESmpm ajymif;vJoGm; roGm;uawmh 'DESpfukeftxd apmifh=unfh&ygOD;r,f?

91

Armjynfvw
G af jrmufa&;twGuf
jynfyu b,forl S
vkyaf y;rSm r[kwb
f ;l ?
ud,
k b
hf mom vky&f r,f?

tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;
,wd_ywf
tydwfcH&wJhaeh[m
tjurf;zufawmfvSefa&;vrf;
zGifhwJhaehyJ?

uGejf rLepfawG[m touf&iS af eao;oa&G@ vkypf &m &Sw

d ,f?
jynfwiG ;f rSm jynfyrSm axmifxrJ mS
ae&mwumrSm &Sw
d ,f?

awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkwikd ;f [m a&G;vrf;rSeo

f r# zGix
hf m;oifw
h ,f? 'grS
vufiif;av#mufaewJv
h rf; ydwo
f mG ;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csw
D ufEikd rf ,f?
yef;wdik af &mufz@kd u t"duyJ?

Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD
A[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;XmerS xkwfa0_zefhcsdonf