`cWLS\







C-y `c-W-LS\ 1949 \hw-_

26-\v Hu]NmcnIambn
AwKoIcnp.
1950 P\phcn 26\v Cy Hcp dn-_vfn-m-b-tXm-sS \psS `c-WLS\ {]m-_-ey-n hp.
temI-n Fgp-X-s-n-p--hbn hv Ghpw henb `c-W-LS-\-bmWv `mc-X-n-\p--Xv.
tUm. `oa-dmhp dmwPn Awt_-ZvIdmWv Cy `c-WL
- S- \
- b
- psS
inn F-dn-bs
- -Sp-X
- v.
s^U-d ]me-sadn `c-W-kwhn-[m-\-ap ]c-am-[n-Imc tkmjyenv atX-Xc P\m-[n-]Xy dn-nmWv Cy.
Cy `c-W-L-S\ s^U-d
k{-Zm-b-tmSv B`n-apJyw {]ISn-n-p-pshnepw ASn-b-cmhmL--fn-ep tI{oIrX
kz`m-hw IW-n-se-Spv Cy
`c-W-L-S-\sb "Izmkn--s^-U-d'
Fv ]d-bm-dp-v.
Iym_n-\v `c-W-k-{-Zm-b-amWv
asmcp khn-ti-jX.

Cy `c-WL
- S- \
- b
- psS inev]n
tUm. _n. B. Aw-t_-Zv


`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-J-n
"tkmjy-en-kw, atX-X-cXzw' Fo
Bi-b- Dsm-n-Xv
1976se 42mw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv. Cy
`cWLS\bpsS BapJw
Hcn am{XamWv t`ZKXn
sNbvXnpXv.
Cy `c-WL
- S- \
- bvv 24 `mKfpw 440-t- esd A\p-t-Z
- fpw
12 ]n-II
- f
- p-v.







18 hbv XnI-h
- v k-Xn-Zm\m-hI
- miw Cy `c-WL
- S- \
Ddv hcp-p-p.
BapJw (Preamble) Cy `c-WL-S-\-bpsS Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS ey-fpw
kz`m-hhpw Bap-J-n {]Xn-]mZn-n-cn-p-p.
Bdv auen-Im-h-Im-i-- `c-W-LS\ Cy ]uc-mv Ddv
\Ip-p. cmjv{S \nt-iI XXz (Directive Principles of State
Policy) Cy `c-W-L-S-\sb
thdn--Xm-p-p. am \n-t-i-I X-Xz--v sF-dn-jv `-c-W-L-S-\tbmSv ISsncnpp.
1976-se 42mw- `c-W-L-S\m t`-Z-KXn-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn '-au-enI I-hy-' D-sm-p Hcp ]pXnb `mKw (IV-A) `c-W-L-S-\-bn
D-s-Sp-n. kzc knMv In-nbpsS \nt-i -{]-Im-c-amWv
auenI I-hy- Ds-Spn-b-Xv. ap tkm-hn-bv `c-WL-S-\-bn \n-m-Wv au-enI I-hy- Cy `c-W-LS\ IS-sa-Sp-n-cn-p--Xv.
Cy `cWLS\ \nehn
hcptm 395 BnnfpIfmWv
DmbncpXv. Fm \nehn
444 BnnfpI Cy
`cWLS\bnepv.
]m-e-sadn hy-h-, GI
]ucXzw Fnh {_n--Wn-\npw ISw-sIm--Xm-Wv
(\nba\nmWw, \nbahmgvN).
C-y `c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS BapJw, auenImhImi,
Cw]ovsa v k{Zmbw apXemb
Bibv \mw Atacn
`cWLS\tbmSv
ISsncnpp.
`-c-W-LS\mt`-Z-KXn sN-
ZnWm{^n `cWLS\bn
\nsSpXmWv.
bqWnb enn\pw tv

Cy `cWLS\bpsS
BapJns
hntijW
1. "`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bmhv'
2. "`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Xmtm'
3. "Cy `cWLS\bpsS
Xncndnb ImUv'

enn\pw It\Unb
`cWLS\tbmSpw s]mXpenv
k{Zmbn\v (IId v env)
Bkvt{SenbtbmSpw IS-m-Sp-v.
Cy `c-W-L-S-\sb cq-]-s-Spp--Xn G--hpw kzm-[o-\w sNep-n-bXv 1935-se {_nojv Cybnse `c-W-L-S\m \n-b-a-am-Wv.

BapJw (Preamble)








"atX-X-cXz' kw BapJw
hnfw_cw sNp-p.
B-ap-Jw, Cy-sb Hcp ]c-am-[nImc tkm-jy-env, a-tX-X-cXz,
P\m-[n-]Xy dn--_vfn-m-bn {]-Jym]n-pp.
1976se- 42mw `cWLS\mt`ZKXn
bneqsS BapJn
Iqnt BibfmWv
"tkmjyenkw', "atXXcXzw'
Fnh.
Cy `cWLS\bpsS BapJw
Hcn am{XamWv t`ZKXn
sNbvXnpXv.
XmqZmkv `mKhv BWv BapJs "`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS
Bmhv' Fp hnti-jn-n-Xv.
Cy `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Bap-Jn\v Ata-cn- `c-W-L-S-\tbmSv IS-s-n-cn-pp.
BapJn ]dncnp
Bib `cWLS\m \n
mW k`bpsS BZyktf\
n Phlem s\lvdp
AhXcnnhbmWv.




"Cy-bpsS cmjv{Sob PmXIw'

Fp sI.-Fw. apjn hnti-jn-nXv Bap-J-s-bm-Wv.
1976 se 42mw t`Z-K-Xn-bn
cmjv{S-ns sFIyw FXv
cm{-ns sFIyhpw
Ahn`mPy-Xbpw Fmn amn.
Bap-J-n Cy dn-nns ey- \mse--amWv
\oXn, kzmX-{yw, kaXzw,
kmtlm-Zcyw Fn-h.

`c-W-L-S\m \nm-W-k`
(Constituent Assembly)


1946- s]nIv temdkns

t\Xr-Xz-n t^mUv
{In]vkpw F.-hn.-A-e-Ivkm-dpw
AwK--fmb Iym_n-\v anjs
ip]mi {]Imcw `c-W-L-S\m
\nm-W-k` cq]w sImp-Ibpw
1947 CXv ]c-am-[n-Im-c-ap
Cy `c-W-L-S\m k`-bmbn
amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\nb-a-\nm-W-k-`-bpsS
BZys kt-f\w 1946 Unkw_ 9\v tUm. kn-Zm-\ knlbpsS Ay--X-bn tNp.
1946 Unkw-_ 11-\v
tUm.cmtP-{-{]-km-Zns\ \nb-a\nm-W-k-`-bpsS Ay--\mbn
sXc-s-Sp-p.
`c-W-L-S\m kan-Xn-bn tI{ `cW-L-S\m In-n, tI{m-[n-Imc
Inn, auen-Im-h-Imi Inn
Fn-s\ [mcmfw hyXykvX
In-n-I Dm-bn-cp-p.
auen-Im-h-Im-i- \nt-in-Xv

`c-W-L-S\m \nm-W-k-`-bpsS
Ay- tUm.-cm-tP{ {]kmZv


kZm
h-`mbn ]t


kZm h-`mbn ]t Ay-\mb Inn Bbn-cp-p.

1947 BKv 29-\v `oa-dmhp Awt_ZvI Ay--\mbn Ic-Sp\nmW k` cq]o-I-cn--s-p.
1948 s^{_p-hcnbn IcSv {]kn-s-Sp-n.
1949- \hw-_ 14-\v aqmw hmb\bpw ]qn-bm-nb IcSv `c-WL-S\ \hw-_ 26-\v 284 AwK ]s-Spv Hn-Sp-Ibpw
Ay--\mb tUm.-cm-tP-{-{]kmZv `c-W-L-S\ km[p-hm-b-Xmbn
{]Jym-]nv Hp-h-bvp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
1950 P\p-hcn 24-\v `c-W-L-S\m
\nm-W-k` Ah-km-\-ambn
kt-fnv tUm.-cm-tP{ {]kmZns\ kzX{ Cy-bpsS BZy
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmbn sXc-s-Sp-p.
1947- BKv 15-\v kzmX{yw e`n-tijw `c-W-L-S\m kan-Xnbnse AwK- 299 Bbn Npcpn. apow eoKv AwK- hnpt]m-b-XmWv Imc-Ww.
1950 P\p-hcn 26-\v `c-W-L-S\
\ne-hn hp. CXv Cysb
kzX{ ]c-am-[n-Imc P\m-[n]XycmPy-ambn {]Jym-]n-p.
`c-W-L-S\m \nm-W-k-`-bpsS
\nb-tam-]-tZ-i-I-\mbn \nb-an-X-\mbXv _n.-F. dmhp Bbn-cp-p.

Cy `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS IS-m-Sp-I
am-\nt-iI
- X-Xz- ....................................................................................... Abev
auen-Im-hI
- m-i
- ........................................................................................... bp.-Fk
- v.F
- .
ASn-b
- c- mh ...................................................................................................... P\n
`c-WL
- S- \m t`Z-KXn ........................................................................................Zn-Wm-{^n
auen-II
- -hy- .............................................................................. bp.-Fk
- v.F
- k
- v.B
- .
KhW ]Zhn ........................................................................ Khsav Hm^v Cy BIvSv
II-dv env ................................................................................................ Bkvt{S-enb
PpUo-jy dnhyq ................................................................................................ bp.-Fk
- v.F
- .
]me-sadn P\m[n]Xyw .......................................................................................... {_n

`mK-
`mKw 1
A\p-tZw 1 apX \mep hsc. cmjv{S\m-ahpw cmjv{S LSI {]tZ-i-, ]pXnb kwm- \ - - f psS {]th- i \w/
m]- \ w, ]pXnb kwm- \ - - f psS
cq]o-I-c-Ww, \ne-hn-ep kwm-\-fpsS t]cv, hnkvXr-Xn, AXncv Fn-hbnse ]p\ \nW-bhpw XpS-n-b-hbmWv Ds-Sp-n-bn-p--Xv.
`mKw 2
A\p-tZw 5 apX 11 hsc hsc-bp
hIp-p-I ]uc-Xz-s-p-dn-p--Xm-Wv.
`mKw 3
auen-Im-h-Im-i--sf- (Fundamental
Rights) Ip-dn-p--XmWv hIpv 12 apX
35 hsc-bp--Xv. `c-W-L-S-\-bnse 12-mw
hIpv tns \n-N\w \Ip-p.
`c- W - L - S - \ - b psS 14- mw hIp- v,
"Cy {]tZ-i-n-\-Iv Hcmpw
\nb-a-n\v apn ka-Xztam Xpey-amb
\nb-a-kw-c--Wtam tv \ntj-[n-p-IqSm--Xm-Ipp' Fv {]Jym-]n-p-p.
17mw hIpv Abnw \n- e m- pIbpw GsX-nepw hn[-n-ep Abnm-N-cWw \nb-a-a-\p-k-cnv inmlamb Ip-am-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
hyn- k zm- X - { y- n\v Du
\Ip--h-bmWv 19 apX 22 hsc-bp
hIp-p-I.
Ch- b n, `c- W - L - S - \ - b - \ p- k - c nv
Fm ]uc-mpw Ddv \In-bn-p
"auenI kzmX- { y- ' Dsm

kp{]-[m\ hIp-mWv 19. Bn-n 20

hyym-[n-jvSnX {]Xn-tcm-[-s-p-dnpw
21 hyn kzmX{y kwc--W-s-pdnpw 22 AIm-c-W-amb Adv, XS-ph-bv Fn-h-bn \np c-sbp-dnpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p.
2002- 86-mw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bneqsS `c- W - L - S - \ - b n Ds- S p- nb
A\p-tOZw 21 F {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw
Hcp ]ucs auenI Ah-Im-ia
- mn amn.
Bdp-ap-X 14 hbv hsc- {]mbap
Ipn-Iv CXn\v Ah-Im-i-ap-v.
24-mw hIpv {]Imcw 14 hb-kn\v
Xmsg-bp Ipn-Isf GsX-nepw ^mIvSdn-bntem J\n-bntem tPmenv \ntbm-Knp-Itbm as-s-nepw B]-c-amb
sXmgn-en Gs-Sp-p-Itbm sNm
]mSn-m--Xm-Ip-p. 25 apX 28 hsc
hIp-p-I aX-kzm-X-{y-n\p AhImiw Ds-Sp-n-b-Xm-Wv.
29-30 hIp-p-I kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw
hnZym- ` ym- k - ] - c - h p- a mb Ah- I m- i - sf
Ipdn-p--Xm-Wv. hnZym-`ymk m]-\ XpS-p--Xn\pw \S-p--Xn\pw
\yq\-] hn`m-K-p Ah-Imiw
Dsm-n-n-cn-p-p.
auenI kz-h-Imiw
A\p-tOZw 31 kzv km-Zn-m-\p
Ah-Imiw auen-Im-h-Im-i-ambn hn`m-h\
sNbvXn-cp-p. 1978- 44-mw `c-W-L-S\m
t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS CXv FSp-p-I-f-bp-Ibpw
Bn-n 300 F {]Imcw `c-WL
- S- \ Ddp- \ Ip Hcp Ah- I m- i - a mbn \ne\np-Ibpw sNbvXp.

32 apX 35 hsc `c-W-L-S-\-bn CSs]-Sp--Xn-\p Ah-ImiamWv {]Xn-]m-Znn-p--Xv.

`mKw 4
36 apX 51 hsc-bp hIp-p-I
DsmpXmWv \nt-iI XXz--
(Directive Principles of State Policy).
36 apX 51 hsc-bp 16 hIp-p-I
cmjv{S-ns km-n-Ihpw kmaq-lnIhpw \nb-a-]-chpw hnZym-`ymk]chpw
At-io-bh
- p-amb {]iv\
- sf kam-lcn- p- s Imv \nc- h [n {]ta- b -
Dsm-p-p.
Hcp "ta-cmjv{S' (welfare state) ambn
cmPys Dbm Dt- i n- p- - h bmWv \nt-iI Xz-.
`mKw \mev F
1976-se 42-mw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-XnbpsS `mK-am-bn "auenI I-hy-'
Dsm-p Hcp ]pXnb `mKw (IV-A) `cW-L-S-\-bn Ds-Sp-n. 51-F F
A\p-t-Z-am-bn-mWv auenI I-hy `c-W-L-S\m `mK-ambn Xon-cn-p-Xv.
`mKw 5
bqWn-b Khsa v `c-W-kw-hn[m-\s Ipdn-mWv `mKw 5 sImSp-np--Xv. 52-151 hsc-bmWv hIp-p-I.
`mKw 6
152 apX 237 hsc hIp- p- I .
kwm-\-Xe `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\s IpdnmWv {]Xn-]m-Z-\w.
`mKw 7
A\p-tZw 238. 1956-se Ggmw am
Xncp--en-eqsS Cu `mKw FSppamn.
`mKw 8
A\p-t-Z- 239 apX 241 hsc
cmjv{S-]Xn `cW {]tZ-i--sf-p-dn-p-Xm-Wv.
`mKw 9
243 apX 243O hsc A\p-t-Z-
]m-b-p-Isf Ipdn-p--Xv.
`mKw 9 F
243 ]n apX 243ZG hsc. ap\n-kn-men-n-I

`mKw 10
A\p-t-Zw 244, 244 F
`mKw 11
245 apX 263 hsc cmjv { Shpw
kwm-\-fpw Xn-ep _-.
`mKw 12
264 apX 300 F hsc km-n-Iw,
kzv hI, Icm Fn-h-bm-Wv.
`mKw 13
301 apX 307 hsc Cy--Is
hym]m-cw, hmWn-Pyw, bm{X Fn-h.
`mKw 14
A\p-tZw 308 apX 323 hsc cmPyn\pw kwm- \ - pw Iognse
tkh-\-.
`mKw 14 F
323 F, 323 _n Fnh {Sn_yq-W-epIsf Ipdn-p--Xm-Wv.
`mKw 15
324 apX 329 F hsc s]mXp sXcs-Sp-v.
`mKw 16
330 apX 342 hsc {]tXyI hn`m-Kp {]tXyI kwh-c-W-amWv.
`mKw 17
343 apX 351 hsc HutZymKnI `mjI-fmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-p--Xv.
`mKw 18
352 apX 360 hsc ASn-bc-ambn
t\cn-tS Ahm hnti-j-.
`mKw 19
361 apX 367 hsc ap ]e-hn[ Ahm-hn-ti-j-.
`mKw 20
368 `c-W-L-S-\-bnse am-n-cp-ep-I-fmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p--Xv.
`mKw 21
369 apX 392 hsc Xmm-en-I, amv hnt[-ba
- m-Im-hp-, {]tXyI Ahm-hn-ti-j-.
`mKw 22
393 apX 395 hsc (`-c-W-L-S-\) Xes-v, {]Jym-]-\w, lnn-bn-te-p ]cnh-\w, Xncn-s-Sp-.

auenI I-hy-
a) `c- W - L - S - \ sb A\p- k - c n- p- I bpw
AXns BZi--sfbpw m]-\- s fbpw tZiob ]Xm- I tbbpw
tZiob Km\-tbpw BZ-cn-p-Ibpw
sNpI
b) kzmX-{y-n-\p-th-n-bp \psS
tZiob ka- c - n\v {]tNm- Z \w
\Inb al-mb BZi-sf ]cnt]m- j n- n- p- I bpw ]np- S - c p- I bpw
sNp-I.
c) Cy- b psS
]c- a m- [ n- I m- c hpw
sFIyhpw AJ- W v U - X bpw \ne\npIbpw kwc- n- p- I bpw
sNp-I.
d) cmPys Imp- c - n- p- I bpw
tZiob tkh\w \Im Bh-iy-sSptm \Ip-Ibpw sNp-I.
e) aX-]c
- hpw `mjm-]c
- hpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw
hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb `n-X-I-Xo-Xambn Cy-bnse Fm P\-pan-S-bn kulmhpw s]mXp-hmb
kmtlm-Zcy at\m-`m-hhpw ]pepI, kv{XoI-fpsS A-kn\v tImw
hcp- p BNm- c - sf ]cn- X y- P npI.

f) \psS knX kwkvIm-c-ns

k--amb ]mc--cys hne-a-Xnp-Ibpw \ne-\np-Ibpw sNpI.
g) h\-fpw Imb-ep-Ifpw h\y-Po-hnIfpw Ds-Sp {]IrXym e`y-amb
]cn-nXn kwc-n-p-Ibpw A`n-hrn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Poh-Pm-e--tfmSv
ImcpWyw ImWn-p-Ibpw sNp-I.
h) imkv{Xob at\m-`m-hhpw am\-hn-IXbpw, At\z-j-W-n\pw ]cn-jvI-cW-n-\p-ap- at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-knn-pI.
i) s]mXp- a p- X ]cn- c - n- p- I bpw
lnwk hn-p-Ibpw sNp-I.
j) cmjv{Sw {]b-Xv\
- n-sbpw ey-{]m]vXn-bp-sSbpw D-X aWvU-e--fntebvv \nc-cw Dbc--hw
hyn]- c hpw
Iqm- b - X p- a mb
{]h- \ - ns Fm taJ- e - I fnepw DXvIr-jvS-X-bvp-thn Azm\n-pI.
k) 2002- 86--mw t`Z-KXn {]Imcw 51 A (k)
IqSn auenI Npa- X - e - I - t fm- s Smw
Iqn-tp. CXn{]-Imcw Fm
c-Imfpw Ipn-Iv (6-14
hb- v) {]mY- a nI hnZym- ` ymkw
\tI- Xv Ah- c psS Npa- X - e - I fmWv.

`-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se sj-Uyq-fp-I



(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)
(5)











C-y `c-W-LS\ ]m-km-n-b-tm 395 hIpp-I-fpw 8 ]n-I-I-fpw (sj-Uyqfp-I-fpw) Dm-bn-cp-p. Ctm 444 hyhI-fpw 12 sjUyq-fp-Ifpw D-Xmbn tc-J-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
H-mw sj-Uyq- Cy bq-Wn-b-\n-se kw-m-\--sf-bpw tI{ `c-W-{]tZ-i--sf-bpw Ip-dn-v ]-cm-a-in-p-p.
cmw sjUyq CXn\v 5 `mK-f
- pv.
`mKw F Cy cmjv{S-]-Xn-bp-sSbpw kwm\ KhWam-cp-sSbpw ifw, av thX-\- Fn-hsb ]cm-ain-p-p.
`mKw _n 1957-se Ggmw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS, CXv `c-W-L-S-\-bn
\npw Hgn-hm-n.
`mKw kn temIvk`m kv]o, sU]yqn kv]o, cmPy-k`m sNbam,
sePn-kvtf-ohv Iukn sNbam, sU]yqn sNbam Fn-hsc Ipdnv
]cm-ain-p-p.
`mKw Un kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn-sebpw ssltm-S-Xn-I-fn-sebpw PUvPn-am-cpsS
thX\ hyh--I ]cm-ain-p-p.
`mKw C Cy-bpsS Iw]vt{Sm-f B v BUn- P\-d-ens\ Ipdnv ]cm-ainpp.
aqmw sjUyq: kXy-{]-Xn--Ifpw Dd-p-Ifpw Dsm-p-p.
\memw sjUyq: cmPy-k-`-bn Hmtcm kwm-\-n\pw tI{-`-cW {]tZ-ip-ap {]mXn-\n-[y-s-p-dnv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p.
Amw sjUyq: {]tXyI `qhn-`m-K--fpsS `c-Whpw \nb-{-Whpw kw_n hkvXp-X-I.
Bdmw sjUyq: Bkmw, taLm-e-b, antkmdmw Fo kwm-\--fnse
BZn-hmkn taJ-e-I-fpsS `c-W-s-p-dnv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p.
Ggmw sjUyq: bqWn-b env (97 C\-) tv env (66 C\-),
II-d v env (47 C\-) Fn-h-sb-p-dnv ]cm-ain-p-p.
Fmw sjUyq: `c-W-L-S\ AwKo-I-cn-n-p 22 `mj-I CXpsmpp. Bkm-ao-kv, _wKm-fn, KpP-dm-n, lnn, I-S, Imivao-cn, sIm-Wn,
ae-bm-fw, aWn-p-cn, adm-n, t\m-fn, Hdn-b, ]m-_n, kwkvIr-Xw, knn,
Xangv, sXep-v, DZp, t_mtUm, ssaYn-en, kmm-en, tZm{Kn Fn-h-bm-Wv 22
`mj-I.
H]Xmw sjUyq: `qan ]Xn-p-sIm-Sp-, `q\n-Ip-Xn, sdbnth, hyh-km-b XpS-n-bh
- sb kw_-n D-ch
- p-Ifpw BIvSp-Ifpw. knhn tImS-XnI-fpsS ]cn-[n-p-n hcm-h
- b
- m-Wn-h.
]mw sjUyq:1985se 52-mw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS Dsm-n
Iqdp-am \ntcm-[\ \nb-aw.
]Xn-s\mmw sjUyq: 1992-se 73-mw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS Dsmn ]m-bv cmPv kwhn-[m-\-s-p-dn-p hnh-c-. ]m-b-pIv A[n-Im-chpw Ah-Im-i-fpw D 29 C\--sf--n CXn {]Xn-]m-Znp-p.
]{mw sjUyq: 1992-se 74-mw `c-WL
- S- \m t`Z-KX
- n-bn-eqsS Dsm-n
\K-c-]m-enI kwhn-[m-\-s-p-dn-p hnh-c-. CXn{]-Imcw ap\n-kn-men-n-Iv ]qW A[n-Im-chpw Ah-Im-i-hp-ap 18 C\--sf-p-dnv {]Xn-]mZn-p-p.

Fmw sjUyq
- S- \
- n Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv `c-WL
- psS Fmw sjUyqf
- b
- S- \
`c-WL
- I
`mj
14
n
b
I
]nCu
n
b
\
S
L
W
- m-Wv. Hdn-Pn\ `c- f
- n `mjI
AwKo-Ic
U,
I
n,
ln
- v. Bkmaokv, _wKmfn, KpPdmn,
fmWv Dm-bn-cp-X
, Xangv, sXepv,
rXw
I
v
kwk
,
v
m_
]
,
Hdnb
n,
Imivaocn, aebmfw, adm
- Xn
- S- \ t`ZK
WL
`cmw

21
- mbn knn 1967
DdpZp Fnh. 15mas `mjb
mfn
t\
n,
nqc
aW
n,
nW
sIm
hgn
- Xn
hgn Ds-Sp-n. 1992se 71mw t`ZK
- psS Fw 18 Bbn. 92-mw
- f
w `mjI
sam
S
Xms
t
b
n
pS
Ds
n
IqS
nh
F
- Ds-Spn, tZm{Kn Fo `mjI
- Xn hgn t_mtUm, ssaYn-en, kmm-e
t`ZK
- n
]n-Ib
Cu
ojv
Cw
n.
Bb
- psS Fw 22
- f
- t- XmsS samw `mjI
nb
vImcw
k
]pc
oT
]
m\
v
mW

I
- n Ds `mj
Dsnn. Cu ]-n-Ib
- v.
km-\n-p-X

\nt-iI Xz-

(Directive Principles of State Policy)






\nti Xz `c-WL
- S- \
- bpsS Bap-J
- n {]Jym-]n-np kmaq-ln-Ihpw km-nIhpw cmjv{So-bh
- p-amb \oXnbpw
kzmX-{yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Zcyw
Fo al-mb BZi-fpw
t\Sp-X
- n\v Cy-bnse P\-sf
\bn-m\p hgn-sbm-cp-p-Ib
- pamWv sNp-X
- v.
`-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se 4-mw- `m-Kw, 36
apX 51 hsc-bp 16 h-Ip-p-I
D-sm-p--Xm-Wv am\n-t-iI- X-Xz-. cmjv{S-ns kmn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw \nb-a]
- chpw hnZym-`ymk]chpw Atio-bh
- p-amb {]iv\
- sf kam-lc
- np-sImv \nc-h[n {]ta-b
-
Dsm-p-p.
am\n-t-i-I -X-z--v sFdn-jv `-c-W-L-S-\-tbmSv ISsncn
pp.
sFdnjv `c-W-L-S\m \nm-Xm kv]m\njv dn-_vfn-ns `cW-L-S-\-bn \nmWv Cu
Bibw kzoI-cn--Xv. `c-W-L-S-\bpsS `mK-ambn \nt-iI Xzsf BZy-ambn Dsm-n-Xv

kv]m\njv dn-_vfn-m-Wv.
37mw- hIp-v A\p-k-cn-v
am\n-t-i-I -X-Xz- \ym-bhm-Z-n-\v A-la (nonjusticiable). AXm-bXv Ah \S-nem-m kp-{]ow-tIm-SXn D-s-sSbp C-y tIm-S-Xn-I--[n-Imc-an-.
Hcp t-a-cm-jv{S (welfare state)
ambn cm-Py-s D-b-m Dtin-p--h-bm-Wv am\n-t-i-IX-Xz-.
Kmnb, en_d,
tkmjyenv Xz
DsSpXmWv am \ntiI
Xz.
tKmh[ \ntcm-[\w (Bn-n
48) {Kma-]-m-bv kwL-Sn-n (40mw A\p-t-Zw), elcn
]m\ob D]-t`mKw \nb-{n-
(47-mw A\p-t-Zw) apX-em-bh
Kmn-b Bi-b--fm-Wv.
Aen- J nX `c- W - L - S - \ - b p
cmjv{S-v DZm-l-c-W-amWv
{_n, C{km-tb Fn-h.
ChnsS `c-W-L-S\ k{-Zm-bfpw tZim-Nm-c-fpw Iogvhg--fp-amWv `c-W-L-S\ hnZKv[v amK-\ntiw \Ip-X.v

{]-[m-\-s hIp-p-I
(Articles)
Cy `cWLS\ \nehn hcptm 395 BnnfpIfmWv DmbncpXv.
Fm \nehn 444 BnnfpI Cy `cWLS\bnepv.
hIp-v- 14
hIp-v- 17
hIp-v 18hIp-v 19hIp-v 21
hIp-v 21 A
hIp-v 22hIp-v 23hIp-v 24
hIp-v 25-28
hIp-v 32
hIp-v 36-51hIp-v 40hIp-v 44
hIp-v 45
hIp-v 51
hIp-v 51 A
hIp-v 108
hIp-v 123
hIp-v 124
hIp-v 143hIp-v 226
hIp-v 280hIp-v 315
hIp-v 324hIp-v 331
hIp-v 333
hIp-v
hIp-v
hIp-v
hIp-v

352356360
368

k-a-X-z-n-\p Ah-Im-i-s-p-dn-v (Right to Equality).

Abn \n-am--\w
_-lp-a-Xn-I \n--em-
Bdv auen-I kzmX{y
Po-h-\pw hy-n-kzm-X-{y-n-\p-ap AhImiw
{]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw e`n-p--Xn-\p Ah-Imiw
Ad-n-\pw XS--en hbvp--Xn-\psaXn-cmb AhImiw
Nq-j-W-n-s\-Xn-cmb AhImiw
-_m-e-the \n-tcm-[-\w
a-X-kzm-X-{y-n-\p Ah-Im-iw
`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb {]-Xn-hn-[n-I-p Ah-Im-iw
am\n-t-i-I- X-z- (Directive Principles of State Policy)
]-m-b-p-I-fp-sS cq-]o-I-c-Ww
GIoIrX knhn \nbaw
14 hb-ph-sc-bp Fm Ip-n-I-pw ku-P-\y-hn-Zym-`ym-kw
A\p-h-Zn-p \n-baw.
AtZiob kam[m\hpw kpcnXXzhpw km[yampI.
auenI Ihy
]mesans kwbp ktf\w hnfnpIqm {]knUn\v
A[nImcw \Ipp.
HmUn-\kp-I ]pd-s-Sp-hn-m {]kn-Un\v A[n-Imcw
\Ip-p.
kp{]owtImSXnsbpdnv {]Xn]mZnpp.
kp{]ow-tIm-SX
- n-tbmSv D]-tZiw Bcm-bm {]kn-Un\v A[n-Imcw
\evIpp.
dnp-I ]pd-s-Sp-hn-m ssltm-SX
- nv A[n-Imcw \Ip-p.
[\-Imcy Io-j
kwm\ PSC sbpdnv {]Xn]mZnpp.
Ce- Io-j
temIvk`bntev BwtmCy {]Xn\n[nIsf \ma\ntiw
sNm cmjv{S]Xnv A\phmZw \Ipp.
kwm\ \nbak`Ifn BwtmCy {]Xn\n[nIsf
\ma\ntiw sNm KhWv A\phmZw \Ipp.
tZiob ASn-b--cm-h--sb-p-dn-v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-pp.
cm-jv{S-]Xn `c-Ww (kwm\fn)
km-n-Im-Sn-b--cm-h
`-c-W-L-S\m t`-Z-K-Xnsbpdnv {]Xn]mZnpp.

auen-Im-h-Im-i-
(Fundamental Rights)



au-en-Im-h-Im-i `c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS IIImw `m-K-n {]-Xn-]m-Zn-p-p.

C-y `c-W-LS\ 6 hn-[-n-ep au-en-Im-h-Im-i H-cn-y ]u-c\v Ddv
\-Ip-p.
1. ka-Xz-n-\p Ah-Im-iw (Right to Equality) (B-n-n 14-18)
2. kzm-X-{y-n-\p Ah-Im-iw (Right to Freedom) (B-n-n 19-22)
3. Nq-j-W-n-s\-Xn-sc-bp Ah-Im-iw (Right against Exploitation)
(B-n-n 23-24)
4. aX-kzm-X-{y-n-\p Ah-Im-iw (Right to Freedom of Religion)
(B-n-n 2528)
5. kmw-kvIm-cn-I-hpw hn-Zym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb A-h-Im-i (Cultural & Educational Rights) (Bn-n 29-30)
6. `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb {]-Xn-hn-[n-p Ah-Im-iw
(Right to Constitutional Remedies) (Bn-n 32)














1978 hsc kz--h-Im-i-hpw au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn-cpp. F-m 1978--se 44mw`c-W-L-S\m t`-Z-KXn, kz--h-Im-is Hcp \nbamhImiw am{Xamnop. Cu t`ZKXn \Snemb Imev, samdmPn tZimbn {][m\a{nbpw \oew
koh sdUvVn Cy {]knUpambncpp.
au-en-Im-h-Im-i--fp-sS kw-c--Wm-w Hcp C-y-]u-c\v kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xnbn t\-cn-v tIkv ^b sN-mw.au-en-Im-hI
- m-i m-]n-p-In-p-X
- n-\m-bn tIm-SXn ]p-ds
- -Sp-hn-p D-ch
- n-s\
dnv Fp ]d-bp-p.
`-c-W-LS\ A\p-h-Zn-n-p au-en-Im-h-Im-i--fp-sS kw-cWp-aXe \n-n]vX-am-bn-cn-p-Xv kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn
`-cW
- L
- S- \
- m-]c
- a
- mb {]-Xn-hn-[n-p A-hI
- m-is
- -bm-Wv (Art 32) tUm. _n.B.
Aw-t_-Zv "C-y `c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS lr-Z-b-hpw BXvam-hpw' Fp hn-ti-jnn--Xv.
]u-c-m-pw,- hn-tZ-i-]u-c-Xzw D-h-pw Hcp-t]m-se A-\p-h-Zn-n-p au-enIm-h-Im-i--fm-Wv Po-hnX kp-c-n-X-Xz-hpw hy-n-]-c-amb kzm-X-{yhpw.au-en-Im-h-Im-i ]u-c-m-cp-sS kw-c--W-n-\p th-n-bp--Xm-Wv
au-en-Im-h-Im-i (Bn-n 20-21 HgnsI DXv) \n--em-m km-[np-Xv ASn-b--cm-h- ImeLfnemWv.
Cy {]tZ-i-n-\-Iv Hcmpw \nb-a-n-\p-ap-n kaXztam Xpey-amb
\nba kwc--Wtam tv \ntj-[n-p-Iq-Sm--Xm-Ip-p-shv 14-mw A\p-tZw
]d-bp-p. s]mXp \nb-a-\-Im-cy--fn Ah-kc kaXzw Ddp \Ip-Xv 16mw
A\p-t-Z-am-Wv.
Abn-m-N-cWw inml-amb Ipw BIp-Xv 17-mw A\p-t-Z-{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
19-mw A\p-tZw hyn kzmX{yw Ddp Xcp-p.
"auen-Im-h-Im-i--fpsS ASn-d' F-dn-b-s-Sp-Xv 21-mw A\p-t-Z-am-Wv.
21-mw A\p-t-Z-ns `mK-ambn 86-mw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn {]Imcw {]mYanI hnZym-`ymkw e`n-p--Xn-\p Ah-Imiw auen-Im-h-Im-i-amn (Bnn 21 F).

bqWn-b Khsa v
cmjv{S-]Xn






CybpsS {]Ya ]uc\mWv

cmjv{S]Xn.
Cy-bpsS cmjv{S--e-h cmjv{S]-Xn-bm-Wv. bqWn-b
Khsans `c-W-\nh-l-Wm[n-Im-cw, cmPy -cmtk\-bpsS
]c-am-[n-Imcw Fnh cmjv{S-]-Xnbn \nn-]vX-am-Wv.
cmjv{S-]Xn bqWn-b FIvkn-Iyqo-hns apgp-h Ay--\m-Wv.
cmPy-cm tk\-bpsS kh-ssk\ym-[n-]-\mWv cmjv{S-]-Xn. At-lw
{][m-\-a-{n-tbbpw a{n-k-`mw-K-tfbpw \nb-an-p-p.
{][m-\-a-{n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-nep a{n-k-`-bpsS D]-tZiw
A\p-k-cn-p-thWw cmjv{S-]Xn
{]hn-t--Xv. a{n-k-`-bpsS
D]-tZiw ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-m\pw
cmjv{S-]-Xnv Bh-iy-s-Smw.
]p\:]cn-tim-[-\bvv tij-ap
Fp Xocp-am-\hpw A\p-k-cnm cmjv{S-]-Xnv _m[y-X-bp-v.
AtmWn P\-d, kp{]ow-tIm-SXn
No^v Pokpw Po-kp-am,
ssltm-SXn PUvPn-am, bqWnb ]nIv khokv Io-j
AwK-, CeIvj Io-j-W,
Iw]vt{Sm-f BUv BUn- P\d, ]n-I-PmXn/]nI- hK/
A[:IrX hK/ \yq\-] Ioj AwK, KhWam,
bqWn-b {]tZ-i--fnse No^v
Io-j-Wam, [\-Imcy Ioj AwK- Fn-h-sc-sbmw
\nb-an-p-Xv cmjv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv.
h[-in ASw tImSXn inI Cfhv sNm-\p A[n-Imchpw cmjv{S-]-Xn-p-v.
`c-W-L-S-\-bnse 53 (1)-mw A\p-tZ-{]-Imcw bqWn-bs FIvkn-Iyq-








ohv A[n-Imcw cmjv{S-]-Xn-bn

\nn-]vX-am-Wv.
cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bm-bn a-cn-p--Xn-\pth G--hpw Ipd {]m-bw 35
cmjv{S-]-Xnv kXy-{]-Xnm
hmNIw sNmnsmSp-p-Xv
kp{]ow-tIm-SXn No^v Pn-km-Wv.
Hcp dn--_vfn-Iv F \n-e-bn
\p-sS cm-jv{S--eh cm-jv{S-]-Xnbm-Wv. Xs A-[n-Im-c cm-jv{S]Xn \n--ln-p-Xv {]-[m-\-a-{nbp-sS-bpw a{n-k-`-bp-sS-bpw D-]-tZi-{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
cmjv{S]Xnsb
AphjmetmWv
sXcsSppsXnepw,
hopw {]kvXpX m\tv
Atls
]cnKWnmhpXmWv.
K-h-sa v Fm Xo-cp-am-\--fpw
\-S-m-p-Xv cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bp-sS
t]cn-em-Wv.
sX-c-s-Sp--s ]m-e-saw-K-fn-\n-v {]-[m-\-a-{n-tb-bpw
a{n-k-`-tb-bpw \n-b-an-p-Xv cmjv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv.
kw-m\ Kh-W-am,- AtmWn-P-\-d, Iw]vt{Sm-f B v HmUn- P\-d, No^v Ce Io-j-W, bp.-]n.Fkv.kn. sN-bam,- kp-{]ow -tIm-SXn No^v Pnkv, ssltm-S-Xn No^v P-nkv,
apPUvPn-am F-n-hsc \n-b-anp-Xv cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv.
acWw, cmPn, Cw]ovsa v Fo
kmlNcyfnemWv {]knU v
m\n Hgnhv hcpXv.
CcnepmIp Hgnhv 6
amkmen\pn
\nIWsav `cWLS\
\njvIjnpp.
]m-e-sa v hn-fn-p-Iq-p-I, \n-nh-bvp-I, ]n-cn-p-hn-Sp-I, sX-cs-Sp-n-\p-ti-j-ap tem-I-k-`-

cmjv{S-]Xn sXc-s-Spv
Ap-hj-t-mWv cmjv{S-]-Xnsb sXc-s-Sp-p--Xv. 35 hbkv ]qnbm-hp-Ibpw temIvk-`-bn-tev sXc-s-Sp--s-Sp--Xn\v tbmKyX t\Sp-Ibpw
sNbvX Cy-bnse Hcp ]uc-\m-bn-cn-Ww At-lw. Cym Khsans
Iogntem (kw-m-\--X-ti `c-W-nIo-gn-tem) BZmbw ]p DtZymKw hlnp Hcp hynbpw cmjv{S-]Xn sXc-s-Sp-n a-cn-m Al-\-. cmjv{S]Xn Hcp ]me-saw-K-tam, kwm\ \nb-a-k`m kmam-Pn-It\m BIm ]mSn-.
IqSmsX BZmbw e`n-p asmcp DtZym-Khpw cmjv{S-]Xn hln-p-Iq-Sm.
]me-sanse sXc-s-Sp--s AwK-fpw kwm\ Akw-n-bnse
sXc-s-Sp--s kmam-Pn-I-cp-aps Hcp Ce-IvS-d tImtfPv cmjv{S-]-Xnsb
sXc-s-Sp-p-p. temIvk`- b
- nse 543 AwK-fpw cmPy-k`- b
- nse 233 AwK-fpw
kwm\ \nb-a-k-`-Ifnse 4120 P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw Ce-IvS-d tImtf-Pnse AwK-fm-Wv. cmjv{S-]Xn sXc-s-Sp-ns Npa-Xe Ce- Io-j-\mWv.
cmjv{S-]Xn sXc-s-Sp-n ]me-sanse sXc-s-Sp--s Hmtcm AwKn-\p-ap thmp-I-fpsS Fw, kwm\ Akwn-I-fnse sXc-s-Sp--s
Fm AwK-pw IqSn \I-s samw thmp-I-fpsS Fs ]mesanse Ccp-a-WvU-e--fn-sebpw sXc-s-Sp--s samw AwK--fpsS
Fw sImv lcn-mWv IW-m-p--Xv. "knwKn {Smkv^-d-_n' thmv hgn
B\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[y k{-Zm-b
- n- sXc-s-Spv \S-p-p. clky _mev
hgn-bmWv sXc-s-Spv \S-p-Xv.

bp-sS BZy-k-t-f-\-hpw, Hm-tcm

h-j-n-se-bpw BZy kt-f-\hpw, A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN-pI Xp-Sn-bh cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bp-sS A-[n-Im-c-fmWv.
]m-e-sa v kt-fn-m k-`-fn Hm-Un-\-kv ]p-d-s-Sp-hnm-\p A[n-Im-cw cm-jv{S-]-Xn-pv. F-m Cu Hm-Un-\-kpI ASp ]m-e-sa v k-t-f-\n Aw-Ko-Im-c-n-\m-bn k-an-t--Xm-Wv.
I-cp-X \n[n (I-n-P-kn
^v) {]-kn-Un-s \n-b-{-Wn-em-b-Xn-\m ASn-b--c-L--fn ]m-e-san-s ap-Iq
A\p-hm-Z-an-m-sX XpI sN-e-h-gnm-\p A[n-Im-c-hpw {]-kn-Un\p-v.
tZiob ASnbcmh (Art 352),
kwm\ ASnbcmh (Art
356), kmnI ASnbcmh
(Art 360) Fns\ aqp
hn[nep








ASnbcmhbpw
{]Jym]npXn\p A[nImcw
cmjv{S]XnmWv.
]m-e-san-se Aw-K--fp-sS
Atbm-Ky-Xsb kw-_-n-v X-ap-m-bm Xo-cp-am-\w FSp-p-Xv
cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv.
]me-sanse Hcp _nv \nbaw
BI-W-sa-n {]kn-Uns Hv
thWw.
]me-sa v ]mkm-nb Hcp _nv
cmjv{S-]Xn Hp-h-bvmsX Xncnp
hnSp-Ibm-sW-n AtX _nv
]me-sa v ]cn-K-Wnv hopw cmjv{S-]-Xnv hnm Atlw Hp-hbvm _m[y\m-Wv.
Bn-n 72 A\pk-cnv h[in hn[n--hv amv \Im\p A[n-Imcw cmjv{S-]-Xn-m-Wv.
Cw-]o-p-sa v ap-tJ\ cm-jv{S-]-Xnsb \ow sNmw.- (Bn-n
61)
cm-jv{S-]Xn Xs cm-Pn-v D]-cmjv{S-]-Xn-m-Wv \-Ip--Xv.

{itbamb hkvXpXI
 Ghpw IqSp-X Imew cmjv{S-]-Xn-`-cWn Ign Cy kwm\w
]m_mWv. (Ap \Zn-I-fpsS \msSpw Cy-bpsS [m\y--ehdsbpw
Adn-b-s-Spp)
 Cy- b nse BZys tZiob ASn- b - cm- h (1962- ) {]Jym- ] n
cmjv { S- ] Xn tUm.- F - k v . - c m- [ - I r- j v W
 Ghpw IqSp-X Imew cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-Xv tUm. cmtP{-{]kmZv (C-tlw BZy cmjv{S-]-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp-p)
 FXncn-msX BZy-ambn sXc-s-Sp-s cmjv{S-]Xn \oew kRvPo-h-sdn
 Ghpw {]mbw Ipd Cy cmjv{S-]Xn \oew kRvPohsdn
 temIvk` kv]o ]Zw Aecn Cy cmjv{S]Xn \oew kRvPo-h-sdn
 Ghpw {]mbwIqSnb Cy cmjv{S-]Xn B. shncma
 Ghpw IqSpX `qcn]w t\Snb Cy cmjv{S]Xn sI. B.
\mcmbW
 ZfnXv hn`mKn \npap BZycmjv{S]Xn sI. B.\mcmbW
 1971 se ASnbcmhm kabs Cy cmjv{S]Xn hn.hn. Kncn
 tIcfn KhW]Zw Aecnnp cmjv{S]Xn hn.hn.Kncn
 Ghpw Ipd `qcn]n cmjv{S]XnbmbXv hn.hn. Kncn
 Cybnse BZy BIvSnwKv {]knU v hn.hn.Kncn
 1975 ASnbcmh {]Jym]n cmjv{S]Xn ^{Ipo Aen AlZv
 tIcfn\v "]n\ I]cn]mSn'
kw`mh\ \Inb cmjv{S]Xn
Cy {]kn-Up-am
F.]n.sP. A_vZp Iemw
tUm.-cm-tP-{-{]-kmZv
: 1952-1962
 An-n-d-Ip-I (Wings of Fire)
tUm.-Fk
- v.c
- m-[m-Ir-jvW : 1962-1967
cNn Cy cmjv{S-]Xn
tUm.-k-o lpssk : 1967-1969
F.-]n.-sP. A_vZp Iemw
hn.-hn.-Kncn
: 1969-1974
 hn`-Pn--s Cy (India Divided)
^{Ip-Zo Aen Al-Zv : 1974-1977
tUm.cmtP-{-{]-km-Zns IrXn-bm-Wv.
\oew kRvPo-h-sdn
: 1977-1982
 ssa {]kn-Ujy Ctbgvkv F
Kym\n skbnknwKv
: 1982-1987
{Kw cNn--Xv B. shn--cm-a
B.-sh-n-c
- m-a
: 1987-1992
 sI.B. \mcmbWs\Xnsc
tUm.i

Zb
m
i
:
1992-1997
cmjv{S]Xn sXcsSpn
sI.-B.-\m-cm-bW
-
: 1997-2002
acn hyn n.F.tij
F.-]n.-sP.-A-_vZp Iemw : 2002 2007
 BZy h\nXm cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmWv
{]Xn`m ]mo
:
2007
{]Xn`m ]mo

`mc-X-cXv\w t\Snb cmjv{S-]-Xn-am

tUm. Fkv. cm[mIrjvW ............................................................................................ 1954
tUm. cmtP{{]kmZv ..................................................................................................... 1962
ko lpssk ........................................................................................................ 1963
hn.hn. Kncn .................................................................................................................... 1975
F.]n.sP. A_vZpIemw.............................................................................................. 1997

D]-cm-jv{S-]Xn
 ]mesanse Ccp-k-`-I-fp-sSbpw
AwK--fmWv D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnsb
sXc-s-Sp-p--Xv.
 cmPy-k-`-bpsS Ay--\mWv D]-cmjv{S-]Xn.
 35 hbkv ]qn-bm-hp-Ibpw cmPyk-`mw-K-ambn sXc-s-Sp--s-Sm
tbmKy-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvX GsXm-cny ]uc\pw a-cn-mw.
 cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS ac-Ww, cmPn,
hnNm-cW aptJ-\-bp m\Ne\w, Akm-n-ytam AkpJtam at-sX-nepw Imc-W-tfm
aqew cmjv{S-]-Xnv Xs HutZym-KnI-IrXyw \nh-ln-m-\m-hmsX
hcp k`fn D]-cm-jv{S]Xn, cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS m\w GsSp-m-dp-v.
 cmPy-k-`-bn `qcn-]--tmsS
{]tabw ]mkm-p-Ibpw temIvk`
AwKo-Imcw \Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXm D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnsb B
m\-p-\nv \om-hp--Xm-Wv.
 D-]c
- m-jv{S-]X
- nv










kXy{]XnmhmNIw
sNmnsmSppXv
cmjv{S]XnbmWv.
D-]-cm-jv{S-]-XnbpsS Imemh[n 5
hjamWv.
D-]-cm-jv{S-]-XnbpsS {]Xnamk
thX\w 1,25,000 cq]
D-]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn cmPn kanpXv
cmjv{S]XnmWv.
cmPy-k-`-bnse \S-]-Sn-{I-a--fn
thmp-sN-m-\p Ah-Imiw D]cm-jv{S-]-Xn-n-.
]m-e-san-s D]-cn-k-`-bmb cm-Pyk-`-bp-sS A-y--\mb D]-cm-jv{S]Xn AXn-s FIvkv H-^n-tjym
sN-b-am-\m-Wv.
D-]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bmIm th Ghpw Ipd {]m-b-]-cn-[n 35 hbmWv.
Atlw tI{ k-m-cn-s-tbm
kw-m\ k-m-dp-I-fp-sS-tbm Iogn-ep bm-sXm-cp m-]-\-n-sbpw Np-aXe hln-m ]m-Sp-X.

D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-am

Cy-bnse
BIvSnwKv cmjv{S-]-Xn-am

tUm.-F-kv.-cm-[m-Ir-jvW .......... : 1952-1962

hcm-l-Kncn shS-Kncn
tabv 3, 1969 Pqsse 20, 1969

hn.- h n.- K ncn ........................................ :1967- 1969

tUm.- k - o lpssk ......... :1962- 1967

Pnkv apl-Zv lnZm-b-p

Pqsse 20, 1969 BKv 24, 1969

tKm]m kzcq]v ]YIv .......... :1969- 1974

_n.-Un. sPn
s^{_p.11 1977 Pqsse 25, 1977

P.- a p- l - Zv lnZm- b - p ..... :1979- 1984

_n.- U n.- s Pn ................................... :1974- 1979

B.- s h- n- - c m- a ........................ :1984- 1987

tUm.- i - Z- b m i .......... :1987- 1992

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bp-sSbpw D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bpsSbpw A`m-h-n kp{]ow-tIm-SXn

No^v Pnkv B Npa-Xe \nh-lnpp. Cy-bn C-c-n NpaXe Gs-Sp GI kp{]owtImSXn
No^v Pnkv Fw. l
- n-Zm-b
- p-bm-Wv.

sI.- B .- \ m- c m- b - W ................ :1992- 1997

Irj Imv .................................. :1997- 2002
ss`tdm knwKv sjJm-hv .... :20022007
apl- Zv Akmcn .................... :2007

{]-[m-\-a-{n-bpw
a{n-k-`-bpw
 tI{a{nk`bvv t\XrXzw
\IpXv {][m\a{nbmWv.
 C-y-bn {]-[m-\-a-{n km-[m-c-Wbm-bn tem-Iv-k-`-bn D-s--Xm-Wv.
 {]-[m-\-a-{n-bp-sS D]-tZ-i-{]-Im-c-amWv ap a{n-am-sc cm-jv{S-]Xn \n-ban-p--Xv.
 {]-[m-\-a-{n-bm-Wv a{n-am-cp-sS
Iu-kn- tbm-K-n AyX hln-p--Xv.
 `qcn-]--]mn-bpsS As-n
IqpIn t\Xm-hn-s\-bmWv {][m-\a-{n-bm-Im cmjv{S-]Xn Wn-p-Xv.
 temIvk-`-bn `qcn-]--ap ]mnbpsS t\Xm-sh \nebvpw a{nk-`bpsS A[y--s\ \nebvpw
a{n-k-`-tbbpw ]me-san-t\bpw
cmjv{S-tbpw \bn-p-Xv {][m-\a-{n-bm-Wv. temIvk-`-bn `qcn-]apn-S-tmfw {][m-\-a-{nbmbn XpS-cmw.
 ]me-san- Ahn-izmkw ]mkmn-bm {][m-\-a{n DssS
a{n-k-`-bnse Fm AwK-fpw
cmPn-h-bvp-p.
 {][m-\-a{n cmPn-h-m apgp-h
a{n-k-`-bp-sSbpw cmPn-Iq-Sn-bmWXv. a{nk`bvv apgph
IqpchmZnXzapXn\memWnXv.
 "Xpey-cn Hm-a' F-dn-b-s-SpXv {][m-\-a-{n-bm-Wv.
 {][m\a{n \ntinptm
a{nk`bnse AwKs
cmjv{S]Xnv ]ncnphnSmw.

 tI{-nse Imh a{n-k-`-bpsS

Xe-h {][m-\-a-{n-bm-Wv.
 "Iym_n-\v Bnse BWn-v'
Fp hnti-jn-n-p-Xv {][m-\-a{n-sb-bm-Wv.
 `-c-W-L-S-\m-{]-Im-cw a{n-am-v
tem-Iv-k-`-tbm-Sv am-{X-am-Wv Iq-p--chm-Zn-Xz-ap-m-bn-cn-p-I.
 a{n-am-cpsS Iukn AYhm
a{n-k` Cym Khsanse
hnhn[ hIp-p-I-fpsS a{n-amscmw Ds--Xm-Wv. Ctm aqpXcw a{n-am-cm-Wp--Xv. Iym_n-\v
a{n-am, kl-a-{n-am, D] a{nam.
 ]me-sanse Ccp-k-`-I-fn-sebpw
AwK-v a{n-k-`-bn AwKam-Imw. {][m-\-a-{n-bm-bn-cn-p-bmfpw temIvk`m AwK-am-I-Wsav \n_--\-bn.
 GsX-nepw k`-bnse AwK-amb
a{nv at k`-bn kn-ln-X-\mIm\pw N-bn ]s-Sp-m\pw
Ah-Im-i-ap-v. Fm, thmnwKn ]s-Sp-m Ah-Im-i-an.
 Cy-bn BZy-Im-ev a{n-k-`bnse Fm AwK-pw Xpey-]Z-hn-bm-Wp-m-bn-cp--Xv. Fm
a{n-k-`-bn Pq\n-b a{n-amsc
\nb-an-m Bcw-`n--tXmsS Ah-bn am-ap-m-bn. Ghpw
ko\n-bam-cmb a{n-am-sc-bmWv
Iym_n-\-n Ds-Sp-p--Xv.
 Iym_n-\v AXns Fm {]h\-pw ]me-san-t\mSv IS-sn-cn-pp.

`mc-X-cXv\w t\Snb {][m-\-a-{n-am

Phlem s\lvdp ............................................................................................................ 1955
em_lZq imkvv{Xn (acWm\cw) .................................................................................. 1966
CncmKmn .......................................................................................................................... 1971
cmPohv Kmn (acWm\cw) ................................................................................................. 1991
samdmPntZimbn ................................................................................................................... 1991
Kpkmcnem \ (Acting P.M) (acWm\cw) ................................................................. 1997

Cy ]me-sa v
 tI{ \nba \nmW-k-`sb
]me-sa v Fv hnfn-p-p.
 `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 79mw hIpv
{]Imcw cmjv{S-]-Xn, temIvk-`,
cmPy-k` Fnh tNn-p--XmWv
Cy ]me-sa v.
 C-y `c-W-LS\ t`-Z-KXn sN-m\p A[n-Im-cw ]m-e-san \nn-]vX-am-bn-cn-p-p. `c-W-L-S\m
t`Z-KXn _n ]me-sans Ccpk-`-Ifpw ]mm-n-bn-cn-Ww.
 ]m-e-sa v ]m-km-nb _n \n-ba-am-Ip-Xv cm-jv{S-]Xn Hp
hbvptmgmWv.
 Zzna-WvUe knm-s ASn-m\-am-n-bmWv Cy ]me-sa v
kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-p--Xv.
 Fm P\--sfbpw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnp k`-bmWv temIvk-`.
 cmPy-k` s^U-d hn`m-K-sf
{]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp-p.
 cmPy-k-`-bn {][m-\-ambpw
kwm\ \nb-a-k-`-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n[n-I Dsm-pp.
 Iym_n-\v anj `c-W-L-S\
\nmW k`-bmbn sXc-s-Sp










tImn-yp-hs Akwn
kzmX{yw Inn-b-Xn\v tijw cc-hj-tmfw sUman-\n-b ]mesambn {]hn-p.
1950 P\p-hcn 26-\v Cy dn-n-mb-Xns\ XpSv Cy-bpsS CSme ]me-sambn CXv amdn.
]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ A\p-k-cnv
\S s]mXp-sX-c-s-Sp-ns\ (195152) XpSv 1952 G{]n amk-nemWv Cy ]me-sa v \ne-hn
h-Xv.
k-m-cn-s sN-ehv \n-b-{n-p-Xn-\p A-[n-Im-cw ]m-e-san\mWp--Xv.
C-y {]-kn-U v, sshkv {]-knU v, kp-{]ow-tIm-SXn No^v Pnkv, av PUvPn-am F-n-hsc
\ow sN-m-\p A[n-Im-cw ]me-san-\p-v.
kv]o-tdm k`-tbm BWv ]m-esan-se I-n-n-I-fp-sS Aw-K-sf
sX-c-s-Sp-p-Xv.
]m-es
- a v ]n-cn-p-hn-n-cn-p kabv \n-baw \-S
- p-X
- n-\p A[nIm-cw cm-j{v S-]X
- n-p-.v

v ancw
Cy-bpsS ]me-sa Xv \yqZln-bn-em-Wv. 2.43

nXn sNp-
a v kap-bw
cn 12--\mWv ]meCy-bpsS ]me-s v CXv \ne-\np--Xv. 1921 s^{_p-h
zUv epnkpw
slIvS e-mW -n--Xv. {]ikvX inn-I-fmb FtU -hjw sImv

dp
sa v an-c-n-\v Xd -dp-amWv cq]-I-ev]\ \S-n-b-Xv. B -ns DZvLm
n-c
k sl_v t_ 7 P\p-hcn 18-\v ancw Xpd-p. a p-p. 83 ew
192
n-c
n
b
m
B
b
n`p
{]

]Wn ]q
v Chn
-d-em-bn-cp temU v. 12 Ihm-S--fmWv kap--b-n-\pP\

W
Kh
w
S\
-X
n-\mbn sNe-h-gn-
p-p. Cu lmfncq]-bmWv an-c- y-`m-K-v sk{S lm nXn sN Py-k-`, ]mea[
temIvk-`, cm
-Xv. sIn-S-ns
v tN-dp-Ifnembn

aq
AwK-n-cnp
e
nb
Xn
-Xv. temIvk-`-bn
emWv Htc co

p
sN
n
nX

n-[m\w sNbvXn-cnn-h
sa v sse{_dn F ns BIr-Xn-bn-emWv kop-I kwh p-h-iv `c-W
en-emWv. h X
m IpXn-c-em-S
[-hr-m-Ir-Xn-b
A
v.
n
b
`
k
Py
k`-bn-en-cn-p--X
p--Xv. cm
{]Xn-]--hp-amWv
v

i
h
pX
SC
pw
]h

temIvk`
 ]me-sans At[m-a-WvUew
AYhm "temh lukv' BWv
temIvk-`.
 temIvk`bnse {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf
{]mb-]qn thm-h-Im-i-ns
ASn-m-\-n P\- t\cnv
sXc-s-Sp-p-p.
 lukv Hm^v ]on FmWv BZyIm-ev temIvk` Adn-b-s-n-cp-Xv. 1954 tabv 14 apX temIvk`
Fv t]cn Adn-b-sp.
 Ctm temIvk-`-bnse BsI
AwK-kwJy 552 (530 t] kwm\--sfbpw 20 t] tI{-`-cW
{]tZ-i--sfbpw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-pp). CXn cmjv{S-]Xn \ma\ntiw sNp cv Bwtm-Cy-mcpw Ds-Spp.
 temIvk-`-bpsS Imem-h[n Aphj-am-Wv. Fm AXn-\p-ap-pXs cmjv{S-]-Xnv k` ]ncn-p-hnSm-hp--Xm-Wv.
 temIvk` Bn Ipd-Xv cpX-hW kt-fnt-Xm-Wv. ASp-Sp-p cv kt-f-\--fpsS
CS-bvp kabw Bdp-am-kn Ipd-hm-bn-cn--Ww.
 temIvk-`mw-K-am-Im 25 hbkv
]qn-bmb Cy ]uc-\m-bn-cn-Ww.
 Cy-bnse GXp ]me-sadn
\ntbm-PI aWvU-e-n \npw
Hcp m\mnv a-cn-m-hp-Xm-Wv. ]me-sa v ]mkm-p
\nbaw aqew \nt-in--s-Sp av
tbmKy-X-I D Bfm-bn-cn-Ww
temIvk-`mw-K-ambn a-cn-t-Xv.
 temIv-k-`-bpsS {]Y-a-k-t-f\w
tNXv 1952 tabv 13 \v BWv.
 tem-Iv-k-`-bn ]c-am-h[n 552
AwK hsc-bmImw. Ctm 82
kop-I ]n-I-Pm-Xn-mpw 49
kop-I- ]n-I-h-mpw
kwh-cWw sNbvXn-p-v. cp-t]












Bwtm Cy-m-cp-am-Wv. (530 t]

kwm-\--sfbpw 20 t] tI{-`cW {]tZ-i--sfbpw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnpp)
[-\-Im-cy-_n-p-I BZyw Ah-X-cnn-p-Xv temIvk-`-bn-em-Wv.
tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se BZy-s ktf\w A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN-p-Xv
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv.
BZy -tem-Iv-k-`-bnse AwK-
499
C-tm \n-e-\n-p-Xv ]Xn\mw tem-Iv-k-`-bm-Wv.
50 Aw-K ]n-Xm-n-bm
tem-Iv-k-`-bn A-hn-izmk{]tabw Ah-X-cn-n-mw.
]mesanse A-Sp--Sp-p
cv kt-f-\--fp-sS CS-bvp
k-abw Bdv am-k-n Ip-d-hm-bncn-Ww.
k-`I Xn A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-kap-m-Ip-tm-gm-Wv tem-Iv-k-`-bpw cmPy-k-`-bpw Hn-p-Iq-Sp--Xv. C--cn-ep Hcp kw-bp--k-t-f\w
BZy-am-bn \-S-Xv 1961-em-Wv.
]noSv 1977 epw ]noSv 2002 epw kw-bp kt-f\w \S-p.
tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS-bpw cm-Py-k-`-bp-sSbpw kw-bp--k-t-f-\-n
Ay-X hln-p--Xv temIvk`m
kv]odmWv.
temIvk`bnse `qcn]
InbpsS (apWnbpw)
t\Xmhns\bmWv {][m\a{nbmbn
sXcsSppXv.
tem-Ivk` kt-fn-p--Xn-\p-th
an-\n-aw Aw-K - BsI Aw-K-fp-sS ]n-sem-v Aw-K-fmWv.
tem-Ivk` h-j-n 2 {]m-h-iyw
kt-fn-t--Xm-Wv.
k`-bpsS A\p-hmZw IqSmsX
XpS-bmbn 60--tesd Znhkw k`m\-S-]-Sn-I-fn ]s-Sp-m-Xn-cp-m
AwKXzw \jvS-s-Spw.

cmPyk`
 1952 G{]n aqn\mWv cmPyk`
cq]oIrXambXv.
 D]cn k` (A lukv), sk v
tN, lukv Hm^v FtUgvkv
Fo t]cpIfn AdnbsSpp.
 cmPyk` ncw kwhn[m\amWv.
AXv Hcnepw
]ncnphnSsSpn.
 cmPyk`bn aqnsemv
AwK cp hjw IqSptm
]ncnbpp. A{Xbpw AwK
cv hjw IqSptm ]pXpXmbn
sXcsSpsSpIbpw
sNpp.
 Bdp hjamWv Hcp
cmPyk`mwKns Imemh[n.
 D]cmjv{S]XnbmWv cmPyk`bpsS
sNbam.
 cmPy-k`m sNbams A[n-Im-cfpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw kv]o-dp-tS-Xpt]m-se-bm-Wv. Fm cmPy-k`m
sNbam (D-]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn) k`bnse Hcp km[m-cW AwK-am-bn-cnp-I-bn-.
 cm-Py-k-`-bn-se Aw-K--fn-\n-v
sX-c-s-Sp--s-Sp Bfm-Wv sU]yq-n sNbam. sNbam-\n-m-tm sU]yqn sNbam-\mWv




cmPy-k-`-bn Ay-X hln-p-Xv.

Ctmgs cmPy-k`m sNbam
laoZv AkmcnbmWv. cmPy-k`m
sU]yqn sNbam sI. dlvam
Jm\m-W.v
cmPy-k-`-bnepw, sNbam\pw
sU]yqn sNbam\pw Cm-tm k`m-\-S-]-Sn-I \S-nsmp t]mIm GXm\pw AwK-fpsS Hcp ]m\-ep-m-bn-cn-pw.
Ahsc sshkv sNbamam
Fp-hn-fn-p-p.
cmPyk`bnse samw AwK
250 BWv. 12 AwKsf cmjv{S]Xn
t\mant\v sNpp. 238 AwK
kwm\fn \npw tI{
`cW {]tZifn \npamWv
sXcsSpsSpXv.
Hmtcm kwm\n\pw
P\kwJybpsS
ASnm\nemWv AwKsf
\nbnnpXv.
Uln, ]pXp-tcn Fn-h-sbmgnsI av tI{ `c-W-{]-tZ-i-v
cmPy-k`m {]mXn-\n-[y-an-.
temIvk` ]ncn-phn-n-cn-p kabv ASn-b--cm-h-, kwm\
km-cp-I-fpsS ]ncn-p-hn-S
Fn-hv AwKo-Imcw \Ip-Xv
cmPy-k-`-bm-Wv.

15-mw temI-vk`
sXc-s-Sp-s
- AwK- ............................................................................................ 543
h\nXm AwK ...................................................................................................................... 59
{]mbw Ipd AwKw .............................................................. Fw. lwZpm kCuZv (26)
Ghpw sNdnb temIvk
- `m aWvUew........................................................ Nmv\n Nuv
Ghpw henb temIvk
- `m aWvUew ...................................................................... eUmv
Ghpw IqSp-X k-Xn-Zm-bI
- c
- p aWvUew ...................................... Hu Uln
Ghpw Ipdhv k-Xn-Zm-bI
- c
- p aWvUew .................................................... e-Zzo]v
Ghpw IpSq-X `qcn-]w e`n AwKw ..................... kn.-Fw. NmMv (\mKm-em v)
Ghpw Ipdhv `qcn-]w e`n AwKw .......................... \tam- \m-cm-b (eZzo]v)
Ghpw IqSp-X AwK--fp In .......... Cy \mj-W tIm{Kkv (206)
BsI ]mnI ......................................................................................................................... 37

ASnb-c
- m-h
- m{]Jym-]\w
(352, 356, 360 hIp-p-I)
 hyXykvX coXn-bn-ep aqv ASn-b-cm-h--I {]Jym-]n-m cmjv{S-]-Xnv
A[n-Im-c-ap-v. bp-hn-]tm hntZ-im-{IaW `oj-Wntbm B`y-c Akzmytam t_my-s-m Cy-bn GsX-nepw `mKtm cmPy-sm-m-sItbm
cmjv{S-]-Xnv ASn-b--cm-h {]Jym-]n-m-w (h-Ipv 352).
 IqSmsX bqWn-b-\nse GsX-nepw kwm-\v hyh-m-]nX `c-W-{Iaw XIcp-I-bm-sW-n At-l-n\v ASn-b--cm-h {]Jym-]n-m A[n-Im-c-ap-mbn-cnpw (h-Ipv 356).
 km-nI {]Xn-kn t\cn-Sp-tm km-n-I-amb ASn-b-cm-h cmjv{S]-Xnv {]Jym-]n-m-hp--XmWv (h-Ipv 360).
 1962 HIv t Sm- _ - d n ssN- \ - b p- s S B- { I- a W- s - Xp- S - m- b n- c p- p BZy
ASnbcmh {]Jym]nXv.
 1971 Un-kw-_-dn ]m-In-m-s B-{I-a-W-s-p-S-v ho-pw ASn-b-cm-h {]-Jym-]n-p.
 1975 Pq-Wn B`y--c- kw-L-j aqew {]Jym]n ASnbcmhbmWv
Ahkm\tXv.

kv]o

BZy h\nXm kv]o

 temIvk-`-bpsS Ay- kv]odm-Wv.

 kv]osd temIvk-`mw-K--fn
\npw Ah Xs sXc-s-Spp-p.
 k`-bpsS {]Ya kt-f-\-n
Xs kv]o-dp-sSbpw sU]yqn
kv]o-dp-sSbpw sXc-s-Spv \Spw. ]pXnb k`-bpsS BZy
kt-f-\-n\v sXmp-apv hsc B
m\v kv]ov XpS-cmw.
]-]mXcmln-Xy-amWv kv]o-dpsS
apJ-ap-{Z.
 k`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fpsS ]qW -\n-b{Ww k`-bpsS A[y--\mb
kv]om-Wv. k`m \S-]-Sn-I-fn
kv]o-dpsS Xocp-am\w An-ahpw
tNmZyw sN-s-Sm--Xp-am-Wv.
 k`mw-K--- cmPn kan-p-I-bmsW-n cmPn-v
kv]omWv \tI--Xv. Ccpk-`-I-fp-sSbpw Hn-p kt-f-\n Ay-X hln-m-\p
Ah-Imiw kv]om-Wv.
 Hcp _n cmPy-k-`-bn-te-tm,
cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS k-X-nt\m

temIv k - ` - b nse BZy h\nXm

kv]o-dmWv aocm-Ip-am. FXn-cnmsX sXc-s-Sp--sp F
{]tXy- I - X bpw Ahp- v.
Cy-bpsS D]-{]-[m-\-a-{n-bm-bncp PK-Po-h dmans ]p{XnbmWv aocm- I p- a m. _olm- d n
\npw temIvk-`-bn-tev sXcs-Sp--s-p. ZfnXv hn`m-K-mcn-bmWv FXpw {it-b-amb
asmcp Imcy-am-Wv.
Ab-p--Xn-\p-apv AXn\v
kv]o-dpsS A\p-a-Xn-bp-m-bn-cn-Ww.
 kv]o \Ip dqfnw-Kn\v hn]co-X-ambn D-c-hn-Sm Hcp \nb-atm-S-Xnpw A[n-Im-c-an-.
 ]me-sadn In-n-I-fpsS cq]o-I-cW-sbpw {]h-\--sfbpw
kw_-n A[n-Im-c-
kv]om-Wv.
 kv]o-dpsS A`m-h-n k`m \S]-Sn-I \nb-{n-p-Xv sU]yqn
kv]o-dmWv.

]me-sa v In-n-I
]me- s ans {]h\w kpKahpw Ign-hp--Xp-amn Xop-I-bmWv
]me-sadn Inn-bpsS IS-a. cv Xcn-ep In-n-I-fm-Wp--Xv. mUnMv
In-n-Ifpw AUvtlmv In-n-I-fpw.
mUnMv In-n-I nc kz`m-h-ap-Xm- W v . AUv t lmv In- n- I - f m- I s
Xmm-enI kz`m-h-ap--Xpw. {]h
\w ]qn-bm-Ip--tXmsS AUvtlmv
Inn Cm-Xm-Ip-p.
temIv k - ` - b nse {]h\ coXntbbpw \S-]-Sn----sfbpw kw_-np 12 In-n-I-fm-Wp--Xv.
_nkn-\kv AssUz-kdn Inn
15 AwK--fp CXns sNbam
kv ] o- d m- W v . k`- b psS Bcw- ` - n,
Imcy-]-cn-]mSn \nb-{n-pI F-XmWv
Cu In-n-bpsS apJy Dt-iw.
skeIvSv In-n-I
skeIvSv Inn AwK-sf \nb-anp-Xv k`-bm-Wv. hnZ-Kv[-amb sXfn-hpI tiJ-cn-p-Ibpw In-n-bpsS apnep _nv sImv GsX-nepw hynI-fpsS hnti-jm Xm-cy-v D]{Zhw hcp- s a- n Amcyw tIpIbpw k`-bpsS apn AXns dntmv
kan-p-I-bp-amWv skeIvSv Inn
sNp--Xv.
Fkv-n-tavkv Inn
]me- s a ns
[\- I m- c y-
ssIImcyw sNp--Xn-tev Fn-tavkv
In-n-sbpw ]nIv Auvkv Inn-sbpw cv In-n-I Dm-n-bn-cnp-p. _Pv Fn-ta-p-Isf hni-Z-ambn
]cn- t im- [ n- m- \ p A[n- I mcw Fntavkv In-n-m-Wv.
Khsans Fm-hn[ [\-hn-\ntbm-K--fp-sSbpw IWv ]cn-tim-[n-emWv Cu In-n-bpsS tPmen. It{Smf B v BUn- P\-d-ens hyhpw
hni-Z-hp-amb ]cn-tim-[-\bpw D]-tZ-ihpw
Chv e`n-pw.
kt_mUn-t\v sePn-t-j Inn
Cu In-n-bpsS {][m\ Npa-Xe `cW-L-S\ \n_-\ sNp-tXm ]me-

sa v sUen-tKv sNp-tXm Bb sdKpte-j-\p-I, \nb-am-h-en-I, D]\nb-am-hen-I, ss_tem-I XpS-n-bh sUentK- j - \ p- I - f psS A[n- I m- c m- X nn- pn hc- hn[w BtWm Dm-bnp-s
- Xv ]cn-tim-[nv k`bvv dntmv
sImSp-pIbmWv.
dqkv Inn
dqkv In-n-bpsS {][m\ Npa-Xe
k`-bv-I-p \S-]-Sn-{I-a--sfbpw
\S- ] Sn kz`m- h - - s fbpw ]cn- K - W n- pIbpw Bh-iy-amb IqSp-X \nb-am-h-enI Iqn-tp-Ibpw D-hbvv amw
hcp-m ip]mi sNp-I-bp-am-Wv.
k_vPv In-n-I
hnhn[ a{m-e-b--fpsS {Kmp-I
]me-sans ]cn-K-W-\bvv kanp--Xn-\p-apv kqva ]cn-tim-[\ \Sp-X
- n-te-bvmWv Cu In-n-I cq]oI-cn--Xv. In-n-I Hmtcm a{m-e-bns hmjnI {Kmp-I kqvaa
- mbn
]cn- t im- [ n- p- I - a m- { X- a Ah- b psS
{]h- \ - sf hne- b n- c p- pI IqSn
sNpp.
s]o-jkv Inn
k`bvv e`n-p ]cm-Xn-I ]cn-tim[nv dntmp-I kan-pI FXmWv s]n-jkv Inn sNp--Xv. 15
AwK--fm-Wp--Xv.
]nIv Auvkv Inn
]me-sa v A\p-h-Zn-p ]Ww
sNe- h - g n- p- - X n- s \- p- d nv hne- b n- c pp kan-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. temIvk-`-bn
\nv 15 t]cpw cmPy-k`- b
- n \nv 7 t]cpw
AwK--fm-Wv. cmPy-n\v km-nI
\jv S w hcp- pXpw {Ia- t - S p- I fpw
kan-Xnv apmsI ]cn-K-Wn-pw.
ap In-n-I
hnti- j m- [ n- I m- c - sf kw_- n
In- n, A\u- t Zym- K nI AwK- - f psS
_nn-s\bpw {]ta-b--sfbpw kw_-np In-n, k`-bn AwK- lmPcm-Im-Xn-cn-p-Xv kw_-n In-n.

sXc-s-Spv Io-j
Ce- Io-j\
- n No^v Ce-
Io- j - W dpw cv Ce- Io- j Wamcpw Ds-Sp-p. Chsc \nb-an-pXv cmjv{S-]X
- n-bm-Wv. Ce- Io-j
Hcp kzX-{-ka
- n-Xn-bm-Wv.
Cy-bnse sXc-s-Sp-p-I \nb-{nm\pw AXn- \ p- t h \ntiw
\Im\pw tat\mw hln-m-\p-ap
A[n-Imcw 324mw hIpv {]Imcw Ce Io-j F kzX{ kan-Xnv
\In-bn-cn-p-p.
Bdp hjtam 65 hbtkm BWv
CeIvj Io-j-W-dpsS Imem-h-[n.
cmjv{S-]-Xn, D]-cm-jv{S-]Xn m\--fntev sXc-s-Spv \S-p-I, sXc-sSpv ]n-I-bpsS Xm-dm-, Ce-
\nb- a - cq]o- I - c n- p- I , \ntbm- P I

aWvU-e- Xocp-am-\n-p-I, cmjv{Sob

]mn-Iv AwKo-Im-chpw Nn-fpw
\Ip-I, CeIvj X- ]cn-l-cnm sXc-s-Spv ss{S_yq-W-ep-I
cq]o-I-cn-pI Fn-h-bmWv CeIvj
Io-js {][m\ I-hy-.
No-^v Ce Io-j-Wsd kp-{]owtIm-SX
- n-bn-se P-UvPn-sb F-t]m-se-b
- msX Hu-tZym-KnI ]-Z-hn-bn-\n-pw ]n-cn-phn-Sm-hp--X. ]mbv sXcsSpv
HgnsI bp {][m\ sXcsSppI
apJy sXcsSpp Iojs ta
t\mn \SsSpp. ]m-bv
Xnc- s - S p- ns tat\mw AXmXv
kwm\ Xnc-s-Spv Io-j-\m-Wv.
ssltm-S-Xn-I-fmWv CeIvj ]cm-XnI tIp-Xv.

[-\-Im-cy Io-j
 [\Imcy Iojs\ \nbanpXv cmjv{S]XnbmWv.
 [-\-Im-cy Io-j-\n sN-b-am-\pw \mev Aw-K--fp-ap-m-bn-cn-pw. `-c-W-LS\ {]m-_-ey-n hv cp h-j-n-\-Iw, Hm-tcm Amw h-j-hpw
As-n cm-jv{S-]Xn \n--bn-p--]w AXn-\-I-hpw [\-Im-cy Io-js\
cm-jv{S-]Xn \n-b-an-p-p.
 [-\-Im-cy Io-j cm-jv{S-]-Xn-v ka-n-p ip-]m-i cm-jv{S-]Xn ]m-e-sans Ccp-k-`-I-fn-epw A-h-X-cn-n-p-p.
 [-\-Im-cy Io-j-\m-Wv C-Uy-bp-sS I-tkm-fn-tU-Uv ^-n-\n-pw kw-m\v [\-k-lm-bw A-\p-h-Zn-p--Xn-\v ip-]m-i sN-t-Xv.
 tI-{-n-s-bpw kw-m-\--fp-sS-bpw I-tkm-fn-tU-Uv ^p-I-sf-n `cW-L-S-\-bp-sS 266m-as hy-h--bn {]-Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-v.
 11mw [\-Imcy Iojs (2000-2005) sNbam F.-Fw.-Jp{kp Bbncp-p.
 \ne-hnh 12-mw [\-Im-cy-I
- o-js sNbam tUm. kn. cwK-cm-P (20052010)
 13-mw [\-Im-cy-I-o-j sNbam hnP-bvtJ (2010 2015)

]me-sav kwbp kt-f\w

]me-sans Hcp k`-bn Hcp _nv ]mm-hp-Ibpw adp-k-`-bn ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXm `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 108-mw Bn-n {]Imcw kt-f\w hnfn-p-Iqn B _nv hopw
]cn-KW
- n-m-hp-X
- m-Wv. temIvk`m kv]o-dmWv kwbp kt-f\
-
- ns A[y-. 2002 amv
26\v t]m _n (POTA) ]me-sans kwbp kt-f-\-n 269 s\Xnsc 425 thmp-Iv
]mkm-p-I-bp-m-bn. Cy `c-W-L-S\m Ncn-{X-n CXv aqmw Xh-W-bmWv kwbp ktf-\-n Hcp \nbaw ]mkm-p--Xv. t\cs ]mm-nb \nb-a- (1) kv{Xo[\ \ntcm[\
\nbaw (1961) ]mkm (2) _mnwKv khokv Ioj (dm) \nbaw (1977) ]mkm.

kp{]ow tImSXn
 `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS c-I-m-hv,
kwcI,-Imhmc Fo
t]cpIfn kp{]owtImSXn
AdnbsSpp.
 `c-W-L-S-\sb hni-Zo-I-cn-p
Ghpw B[n-Im-cn-I-amb m]\hpw tI{hpw kwm-\-fpw
Xn-epw cv kwm-\-
Xnepw D X--fn Xocpam\w FSp-p Ah-km\ \nb-am-]-\-hp-am-Wv kp{]ow tImS-Xn.
 {Inan-\--kn-hn A[n-Im-c--tfmSp-Iq-Snb AJn-teym Xe-nse
]c-am-[n-Imc tImS-XnbmWv kp{]owtIm-S-Xn.
 kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn Ctm No^v
Pokv DssS 31 PUvPn-am-cp-v.
kp{]ow tImSXn PUvPn-bpsS {]mb]-cn[n 65 hb-km-Wv.
 `c-W-L-S\ Dd-p-\Ip auen-Imh-Im-i-sf cn-p Npa-Xebpw tImS-Xn-m-Wv.
 kwm\fpw ]mesapw
]mmp \nbafpsS
`cWLS\m km[pX Xocpam\n
pXv kp{]owtImSXnbmWv.
 ssltm-S-Xn-Iv ta A[n-Imchpw tat\m-m-[n-Im-chpw kp{]owtIm-SX
- n-m-Wv.
 129-mw hIpv kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xnsb
tImv Hm^v sdmUv
Bnon-cn-p-p. Hm-a-Xmbn, Ccw tImns sdmUpI B[n-Im-cn-I-amb sXfn-hmbn
kzoI-cn--s-Sp-p. Ah asmcp
tImS-Xn-bpsS apn hm AhbpsS kXym-h tNmZyw sN-sSp-n-. cm-a-Xm-bn, \nb-a-{]-Imcw
Hcp tImS-Xnsb tImv Hm^v
sdmUv Bbn AwKo-I-cn-p-I-gnm AXn\v tImS-Xn-b-e-yn\v \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-m-\p A[nIm-c-ap-m-bn-cn-pw.
 kp{]owtImSXnsbpdnp













{]Xn]mZnp `cWLS\ hIpv

124
1950, P\p-hcn 28 \m-Wv Cybn
kp-{]ow-tIm-SXn \n-e-hn h-Xv.
kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bn Ctm No^v
Pn-kv D-ssS 31 PUvPn-am-cp-v.
cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bp-sS-bpw D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnbp-sS-bpw A-`m-h-n cm-jv{S-]-Xnbp-sS Np-aXe hln-pXv- kp{]owtIm-SXn No^v Pn-km-Wv.
kp-{]ow-tIm-SXn PUvPn-bp-sS
s]j {]mbw 65 h-b-m-Wv.
No^v Pn-kns amk-i-fw
1,0,000 cq]bpw ap PUvPn-am-cp-tSXv
90,000 cq]-bpw BWv.
kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS hn-[n-tbm Dc-thm ]p-\x-]-cn-tim-[n-p--Xn-\p
\n-baw kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-pv.
kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS Xo-cp-am-\w atsX-n-epw tIm-S-Xn-bn tNm-Zyw sNm km-[n-n-.
kp-{]ow-tIm-SXn PUvPn-bm-Im tbmKy-X-bp ssl-tm-SXn PUvPn-sbbm-Wv kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS AUv
tlm-Iv PUvPn-bm-bn \n-b-an-p--Xv.
kp{]ow tImSXnbnse BZys
aebmfn No^v PokmWv Pokv
sI.Pn. _meIrjvW. ZfnXv
hn`mKn \np {]Ya
kp{]owtImSXn No^v Pnkv IqSnbmWv Ct-lw. Pnkv Y.V.
N{NqV\ptijw IqSpX Imew
kp{]ow tImSXn No^v Pnkv
]Zhnbn XpScm Ignbp
hynbmWv Ct-lw. (2007
P\phcn apX 2010 tabv hsc)
Ctmgs kp{]ow tImSXn PUvPn
Pokv ktcmjv tlman I]mUnb.
Ghpw IqSp-X Imew No^v
Pokv ]Zhn hln-Xv Pokv
ssh.-hn.-N-{-NqUv (1978-85) BWv.
No-^v Pn-kn-\pw PUvPn-am-pap i-f-hpw A-e-h-kp-I-fpw
I-tkm-fn-tU-Uv ^v Hm^v Cy-bn-\n-m-Wv.

`Z-K-Xn-I
`c-W-L-S\m -Zt-K-Xn-sb-p-dn-p Im-cy-. {]-Xn-]m-

n t`
v 1951
v
S 368mw- hIp-
Xn h-cp-n-b-X
`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-s -L-S-\-bn BZy-s t`-Z-K w- `c-W-L-S-\m t`Z-KXn-bm-W
W
m
K
Z
42
`c
t`
p.
S

nb
p\

-cp-
Zn-n-cn-
-Z-K-Xn-I-fn 1976
n am- h
`-c-W-L-S\m t` -Xv. hfsc hn-]p-eamb co-Xn-b dp`cWLS\ (Mini Constitu
-s-
Xn sN
G-hpw {]-[m-\ -Z-K-Xn. AXn-\m Cu t`ZK
t`
wm
42
v
-am-bn-cp-sW
mb
Xnp.
au-en-Im-h-Im-i v kz--hw

pZy
S

B
s
)
b
nty
d
er

a
to Prop
tion) F
P\Xm Kh-s
h-Im-iw (Right
kzn\p A -S\m t`-Z-KXn {]-Im-cw 1978\o-w sN-bvXp.
pw
-W-L
n-n-epw 44mw- `c -Im-i--fp-sS ]n-I-bn-\n- t`-Z-KXn _n ]m-m-n-bn-c
h
mm
\
I
nS
e
.
v
L
au

pW
w

n`c
n-b
Im-i
Ccp-k-`-I-fn-epw
-\-bn hcp-
]m-e-sa n-s t`Z-K-Xn-I-fn-e-[nIw `c-W-L-S
94
Ww. \ne-hn

{][m\ t`ZKXnI
 Hmw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn (1951):
\n-b-a-n-s ap-n ka-Xzw,- A`n{]m-b- kzm-X-{yw,- kz-n-\p A[nIm-cw Fo au-en-Im-hI
- m-i {]mh-n-I-am-p--Xn hcp _p-nap-p-I \ow sN-pI F-Xm-bncp-p t`-Z-K-Xn-bp-sS Dt-iyw.- H-Xmw]n-I-Iq-Sn `c-W-L-S-\-bn FgpXn-t-p.
 H]Xmw t`Z- K Xn (1960): ]mInm\pw
Cybpw
Xn
AXnn kw_-n Xw ]cnl-cn--Xns\ kw_-n Icm A\pk- c nv Cy- b psS Nne `mK-
]mIn- m\v ssIam- d m hyh
sNbvXp.
 ]{mw t`Z- K Xn (1962): 1961
Unkw-_ 20- apX tKmh, Uma,
Uyq Fn- h sb tI{- h p- a mbn
tbmPn-n-p. Ahsb BZy- ]-n-Ibn Fmw tI{-`-cW {]tZ-i-am-pIbpw 240-mw hIp--\p-k-cnv `cWw
\S-m hyh--bp-m-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
 ]Xn-aqmw t`Z-KXn (1962): \mKmem n\v kwm\ ]Zhn e`n- p.
CybpsS 16maXv kwm\ambn
\mKmem v.
 ]Xn- \ memw t`Z- K Xn (1962): ap
{^v {]tZ- i - sf t]mn- t cn





F t]cn CybpsS Ahn-`

`mK-ambn hyh sNbvXp. temIvk`-bn-tev bqWn-b {]tZ-i--fp-sS
{]mXn-\n[yw 20- \npw 25 Bn
Dbn. lnam-N {]tZ-iv, aWnq, {Xn]p-c, tKmh, Uma, Uyq,
t]mn-t-cn Fo tI{ {]tZ-i-fn \nb- a - k - ` cq]o- I - c n- m
hyh sNbvXp.
]Xn-s\mw t`Z-KXn (1966): ]pXnb
kwm-\--fmbn ]m_pw lcnbm-\bpw cq]o-I-cn-p. Hcp kwm\-ns Hcp-`mKw asmcp kwm\-n-t\mtSm GsX-nepw tI{-`c
- W
{]tZ- i - t mtSm Iqntm\pw
]me- s a ns\ A[n- I m- c - s - S ppp.
]sm]Xmw t`Z- K Xn (1966):
sXcsSppIfpsS taet\zjWw
ssltm-S-Xnbn \nn]vXamn.
Ccp-]-smmw t`Z-KXn (1967): Cu
t`Z- K - X n- b n- e qsS knn `mjsb
Fmw sjUyq-fn Ds-Spn.
Ccp]ncmw t`Z- K Xn (1969):
taLmebsb Bkman \npw
ths]Spn ]pXnb Cy
kwm\amn amn.
Ccp-]
- n-sbm]Xmw t`Z-KXn (1972):
tIcf `q]- c n- j v I - c W \nb- a - sf
(1969se 35-Dw 1971-se 25-Dw BIvSp-











I) `c-WL
- S- \
- b
- psS H]Xmw ]n-Ibn DsSp-n.
ap-n-sbmmw t`Z-KXn (1973):
temIvk-`-bnse AwK-kwJy 525-
\nv 545 Bbn hn-n-p.
\mncmw t`Z-KXn (1976):
Ghpw hn]p-ea
- mb t`Z-KX
- n-bmWv 42-ma-t-X.v tkmjy-en-kw, skp-ed- nkw
Fnh Bap-J-n Ds-Sp-n.
auen-Im-hI
- m-i
- f
- nse 31, 32 Fo
hIp-p-If
- n t`Z-KXn hcp-n. \ntiIXXz-f
- n 43, 48 hIp-p-If
- n
t`Z-KXn hcp-p-Ibpw ]pXnb \nti- Iqn-tp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ggmw sjUyq-fn Ds-n-p aqv
enp-If
- n t`Z-KX
- n-I hcp-n.
\m-n-\memw t`Z-KXn (1979): 22
(4) A\p-tZw t`Z-KXn sNbvXp. IcpX XS- D]m-[n-Ifn amw hcpn. kz-hI
- m-is auen-Im-hI
- mi- - f psS Aym- b - n \nv
\ow sNbvXp. 352-mw A\p-t-Zn B`y- cIem]w (Internal
disturbance) FXn- \ p- kmbp[
hnhw (Armed rebellion) Fm-n.
\m- n- s bm]Xmw t`Z- K Xn
(1984): taLm-e-b, {Xn]pc Fnh
kwm\ ]Zhn t\Sn.
A- nbmdmw t`Z- K Xn (1987):
tKmh kwm-\- cq]o-I-c-W-s-pdnpw \nb-a-k-`-bnse AwK-kwJy
40 Bbn-cn--W-sa hyhbpw
kw_-nv.
Adp-]-n-sbmmw t`Z-KXn (1989):
thmnwKv {]mbw 21- \npw 18 hbmn Ipd-p.
Fgp- ] Xmw t`Z- K Xn (1992):
Ulnv "kwm\' ]Zhn \IpXv
Fgp-]-n-sbmmw t`Z-KXn (1992):
sIm-Wn, aWn-pcn, t\mfn Fo
`mj-I Fmw sjUyq-fn Ds-Spn. CtXmsS HutZym-KnI `mj-I 18
Bbn.
Fgp-]-n-aqmw t`Z-KXn (1993): `cW- L - S - \ - b psS IX- mw `mK- n
]m- b v cmPv Ds- S p- n.
CXn{]- I mcw
]Xn- s \mmw




sjUyq ]m-bv cmPv kwhn-[m\-s-p-dn-pXmbn-cn-pw.

Fgp-]-n-\memw t`Z-KXn (1993):
apkn-m-en-n-Isf kw_-n-p
Hcp ]pXnb `mKw (IXA) `c-W-L-S-\bn Iqn-tp. 12-mw sjUyq
`c-W-L-S-\-bn Ds-Spn.
Fgp- ] - n- s bm]Xmw t`Z- K Xn
(1999):]n-I P
- mXn/hK kwh-cW
- hpw
Bwtm Cy t\man- t \- j \pw,
temIvk`m sXc-s-Sp-p-If
- n-tev, 2010
hsc \on.
F]-n-\memw t`Z-KXn (2000):
PmJ-WvUv, OokvKUv, D-cm Fo ]pXnb kwm-\-
cq]o-I-cn-p-Xv kw_-n-v.
F]nbmw `c-W-L-S\m t`ZKXn (2002): Bv {]Im-cw, km
Poh- \ - m- c mb ]n- I - P mXn/]n- I h- mv, kwh- c W Xzns ASn-m-\-n DtZym-K-b--n\v X-\y-amb ko\n-tbm-dnn
(consequential seniority) e`n-pw. 1995
Pq apX {]m_- e y- a p- m- b n- c npw.
G-sXm-cp Cy ]u-c-\pw tZ-io-b-]XmI D-]t- bm-Kn-p-X
- n-\p Ah-Imiw \n-tj-[n-p ^vfm-KvtIm-Uv 2002
P\p-hcn 26-\v t`-Z-KXn sN-bvXp.
86-mw t`Z-KXn (2002): 21A F hIpv
cq]o- I - c np sImv hnZym- ` ymkw
auen-Im-h-Im-i-am-n.
91-mw t`Z-KXn (2003): Cu t`Z-KXn
\nba{]Imcw a{n-k-`mw-K--fpsS
Fw k`-bpsS BsI AwK-f
- psS
15 iX-am\w am{Xta BIm-hq.
92-mw t`Z-KXn (2003): CXn {]Imcw
t_mtUm, ssaYn- e n, kmm- e n,
tZm{Kn Fv \mev `mj-I 8mw ]nI-bn Ds-Sp-n. CtXmsSmw
`cWLS\ AwKoIcn `mjI 22
Bbn.
93-mw t`Z-KXn (2006): kzIm-cy-hn-Zym`ym-k
m-]\
-
- f
- n ]ntm-h
- n-`mK-n-tebpw ]n-I-PmXn/h hn`mK-n-sebpw Ipn-Iv AUvan-j\v
kwh-cWw Gs-Sp-n.

Iw]v-t{Sm-f B v Hm-Un- P\-d












Cy `cWLS\bpsS 148mw A\ptOZ (Article) {]Imcw Cy {]knUmWv

Comptroller & Auditor General s\ \nbanpXv.
kz-X{ ]Z-hn-bp Ctlw Hm-Un-v B v A-u-vkv hn-`m-K-n-s Xe-h\m-Wv.
Iw]vt{Smf B v Hm-Un- P\-de
- ns Hu-tZym-KnI Im-em-h[n Bdp h-ja
- m-Wv.
tI{ Kh-san-s-bpw kw-m\ K-h-sap-I-fp-sS-bpw hchpsN-ehp IWp-I-fn ta-t\m-w hln-p-I, IW-p-I ]cn-tim-[n-p-I, ]Ww Zp-hn-\ntbm-Kw sN-p tI-kp-I sh-fn-p sIm-p-h-cn-I, Kh-sap-am-bn _s tI-kp-I \n-b-a-\n-mW k`-bvv ka-n-pI Fn-h-bm-Wv C-t-ln-s {][m\ Np-a-X-e-I.
Iw]v-t{Sm-f B v Hm-Un- P\-d-em-Wv s]mXp JP-\m-hns "hm-v tUm-Kv' Fdn-b-s-Sp--Xv.
CybpsS {]Ya C A G - \clcn dmhp.
\nehn CybpsS C A G - hnt\mZv dmbv
1919se Cym Khs v \nba{]ImcamWv Iw]vt{Smf B v HmUn P\den\v
\nba]camb AwKoImcw BZyambn e`nXv.
151-mw A\p-tZ {]Im-cw, kn.-F.-Pn. dntmv kan-p-Xv cmjv{S-]-Xn-m-Wv,
kwm\fp-tSXv KhWampw.

AtmWn P\-d


\nb-a-]-c-amb Imcy--fn tI{

Khsans\ D]-tZ-in-m\pw
cmjv{S-]Xn A\p-im-kn-p \nba-kz-`m--h-ap av I-hy-
\nh-ln-m\pw AtmWn P\-dens\ `c-W-L-S\ hyh
sNbvXn-cn-p-p.
AtmWn P\-d-en\v Cy
kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bnse Hcp PUvPnbpsS tbmKy-X-I-fp-m-bn-cn-Ww. cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmWv At-ls
\nb-an-p--Xv.
Ctm-gs AtmWn P\-d
Kqew C hlhXnbm-Wv.

bqWnb ]nIv khokv Io-j



`c-W-L-S-\-bnse 315 apX 323

hscbp hIppI {]Im-camWv bqWn-b ]nIv khokv
Io-j cq]w-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv.
sNbamt\bpw AwK--tfbpw
cmjv{S-]-Xn- \nb-an-pp. Fm
kwm\fnse
]n.Fkv . knbpsS AwKsf




KhWdmWv \nbanpXv.
Bdp hjamWv
bp]nFkvknbpsS AwKfpsS
{]mb]cn[n 65 hbkmWv.
1925 apX Xs bp.-]n.-Fkv.kn
\ne-hn-epm-bn-cp-p.
sF.-kn.-F-kv. Hm^o-kamsc
Cy-bn sXc-s-Sp-n-cp-Xv
bp.-]n.-Fkv.kn \S-nb ]co-bn-eqsS Bbn-cp-p.
BZy-sN-bam k tdmkv
_m (1926 32) Bbn-cp-p.

`c-W-]-cn-jvI-cW Inn
Cy knhn ko-kns\ Agn-p-]-Wn-bpXn\p thn tI{-X-e-n cq]o-Ir-X-amb Inn-bmWv `cW ]cn-jv-cW In-n. tI{ \nb-aa-{n- hoc sambven-bm-bn-cpp In-n-bpsS
sNbam.

Hmhsskv Io-j
ap ]ntm hn`m-K-v (OBC) tI{
km-dns Iogn-ep DX hnZym-`ymk m]\--fn kwh-cWw \S-m-p--Xn\v m]n-Xamb I-n-bmWv Hmhsskv In-n.

tI{ kwm-\ _-
en-p-I




`cWLS\bpsS Ggmw ]nI bq-Wn-b en-v, tv en-v, I-I-d v en-v

Fn-s\ aqv en-p-Isfpdnv {]Xn]mZnpp.
bqWnb env, tv env Fnhbvv Cy `cWLS\ It\Unb
`cWLS\tbmSv ISsncnpp.
IId v env F Bibw Bkvt{Senbbn \npamWv ISw
sImnpXv.

bq-Wn-b en-v






tI{ Kh-san-s A[n-Imc ]cn-[n-bn hcp tZ-iob {]m-[m-\y-ap hnjb-sf bq-Wn-b en-n D-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p.
bq-Wn-b en-n 97 C\ Dmbncpp. Fm \nehn 99 hnjb
Dv.
]ucXzw, sdbnth, {]-Xn-tcm-[w, hn-tZ-i-Im-cyw,- cm-Py-c,Id-kn, t]m-v
Hm^okv, sS-en-{Km-^v Xp-S-n-bh bq-Wn-b en-n s]-Sp-p.
tI{ k-m-dn-s A[n-Im-c {]-Xn-]m-Zn-p-Xv bq-Wn-b en-n
sk-kkv bqWn-b en-n s]-Sp-p

tv en-v




{]m-tZ-inI {]m-[m-\y-ap hn-j-b--fn \n-b-a-\n-m-Ww \-S-m-\p A[nIm-cw- kw-m\ K-h-sap-I-m-Wv.

tv en-n 66 hn-j-b D-s-Sp-n-bncpp Fm \nehn 61
hnjbfmWpXv.
s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Kyw,- Xt-i-kz-bw-`cW m-]-\-, t]meokv, kwm\
]n.Fkv.kn., Ir-jn Fnh kw-m\ en-n s]-Sp-p.

I-I-d v en-v









47 C\--fm-Wv CXn-epsSpnbncpXv, \nehn 52 hnjbfpv.

]m-e-san-\pw kw-m\ \n-b-a-k-`-I-pw \n-b-a-\n-m-Ww \S-m A[nIm-c-ap s]m-Xp-en-n-s\ I-I-d v en-v Fp ]-d-bp-p.
IId v ennse GsX-n-epw hn-j-bs kw_-n-v tI{Kh-sans Xo-cp-am-\--m-bn-cn-pw Iq-Sp-X {]m-[m-\yw.hnZym`ymkw, hnhmlhpw hnhmltamN\hpw, hne\nb{Ww, ]{X
apXembh IId v ennse hnjbfmWv.
I-I-d v en-n D-s-Sp-n-bn-p kw-m\ \n-baw bq-Wn-b \n-b-atm-Sv tbm-Pn-m-sX hm bqWn-b \nb-a-amWv {]m-_-ey-n hcp-Xv.
I-I-d v en-n-em-Wv {In-an-\ \n-baw D-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
tI{ kwm\ _-s-p-dnp ]Tn Io-j : km-cnb Io-j
tI{ kwm\ km-nI _-s-p-dnv ]Tn-p-- I-o-j: tI{ [\Imcy Io-j