1

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1
1.

114

1.
1.
2.
3.
4.

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1.1

( John Dalton )

.. 2351
1)
2)

3)
4) 2

5)

4

1.

2.

3.

5.

2.
1.
2.
3.
4. 2

2

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1.2

( J.J Thomson )

2

10000



1)

2)



3)

4)

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3) 4)
( )

1) 2)




()


1 1 1.76 x 108

3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.

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5.
1.
2.
3.

6.
1.
3.

4.

2.
4. 1. 2.

( Robert A. Millikan )
1 1.6x1019
1 9.11x1028
7.
1.
2.
3.
4. 1. 2.

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(Eugen Goldstein )









()


,
()
()

8.
1.
2.
3.
4.

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9.
1.
2.
3.
4.

10.
1.
2.
3.
4.

11.
e
+ +

+ + +

()
1. ( ) , ( )

++

e
()
3. ( ) , ( )

()
2. ( ) , ( )

()
4. ( ) , ( )

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1.3
.. 2454
( Ernest Rutherford )

e
++

++

e

e

++


e

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12( 33 , 34) ( )
1.
2.
3.
4.

13.

+ +

+ + +

1.

++

e
3.

2.

4.

.. 2473 W.Bothe
H.Becker

.. 2475 Jame Chadwich

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14.
1.
2.
3.
4.

1.4

(p)
(e)
(n)

( C )
+1.6 x 1019
1.6 x 1019
0

+1
1
0

() (a.m.u)
1.672 x 1024 1.007285
9.108 x 1028 0.000549
1.674 x 1024 1.008665

: 1 a.m.u = 1.66 x 1024

(A) = +
=
AX
Z
(Z) =
( Z )
( )

10

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( A )

1

+

1. = =
@
@
@

2. p = e = 0 ( )
1 = 1 AZ X1 2 = 2 AZ X 2 1 = +1 AZ X1
2 = +2 AZ X 2


3.
(A)

4 He1
2

(Z)
( p ) = Z
( n ) = A Z
( e ) = Z +
A

Z
11

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13 14 14
15. 12
6A ,6B ,6C ,7D
1. A , B , C
2. A , C , D
3. B , C , D
4. A , B , C , D

16.
1.
2.
3.
4.

17.
1.
3.

2.
4.

12

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40 Ar
1. 18
p = .. n = ... e = .
39 K
2. 19
p = .. n = ... e = .
235 U
3. 92
p = .. n = ... e = .
4. 83
p = .. n = ... e = .
36 Kr
232 Th
5. 90
p = .. n = ... e = ..

40 Ar
1. 18
p = 18 ;
39 K
2. 19
p = 19 ;
235 U
3. 92
p = 92 ;
4. 83
p = 36 ;
36 Kr
232 Th
5. 90
p = 90 ;

n = 40 18 = 22 ; e = 18
n = 39 19 = 20 ; e = 19
n = 235 92 = 143 ; e = 92
n = 83 36 = 47 ; e = 36
n = 232 90 = 142 ; e = 90

34
18. J Q 22
10 J 16 Q

1.
12
18
2.
12
12
3.
6
12
4.
6
6

13

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31 3
15 P
17 O 2
8
35 1
17 Cl
9 Be 2
4
31 P 3 3
1. 15

1.
2.
3.
4.

p=
p=
p=
p=

..
..
..
..

n = ..
n = ..
n = ..
n = ..

e = .
e = .
e = .
e = .

3
p = 15 ; n = 31 15 = 16 ; e = 15 + 3 = 18
2 2 2
2. 17
8 O
p = 8 ; n = 17 8 = 9 ; e = 8 + 2 = 10
35 Cl1 1 1
3. 17
p = 17 ; n = 35 17 = 18
; e = 17 + 1 = 18
4. 94 Be 2 +2 2
p = 4 ; n = 9 4 = 5
; e=4 2 = 2

14

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19( En)
3
25 A 2
1. 12
2. 26
3. 75
13 D
33 X

2
4. 33
16Y

20.
( H = 1 , O = 8 , F = 9 , Ne = 10 , S = 16 , Cl = 17 )
1. OF2
2. Ne
3. OH
4. S

21( En) 3
126 C 3.5 126 C

1. 18e , 36p 18n

2. 12e 12p
3. 18e , 18p 24n
4. 18e , 18p 18n

15

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1.5

126 C 136 C 146 C
16 O 18 O
8
8


146 C 147 N

40
39
19 K 20 Ca 20

168 O 2 20
10 Ne 10
22.
1. am A nb A
2. am B nb B

3. am C an C

4. nb D nb D

23.
13
14
1. 12
2. 12
6C 6C
6C 7 N

16
3. 14
6 C 8 O

15
4. 14
7 N 7 N

16

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39 2
24( Pat) 40
18 Ar 20 Ca
1.
2.
3.
4.

25( Pat)
1. O N
2. O+ Ar
3. S2 Ne

17

4. S2 Ar

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1.6
1.6.1



8

3 x 108 m/s

C = f

E = hf

E = hC
E = ()
h = = 6.62x1034 J.s
f = (s1)
= (m)
C = = 3 x 108 /

18

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26.
1.
2.

3.

4.

27.
1.
2.
3.

4.

28.
1.
2.
3.

4.

19

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29. 3 x 1014
1. 1 x 105 m
2. 1 x106 m
3. 1 x107 m
4. 1 x108 m

30. 400

1. 1.3 x 1014
2. 7.5 x 1014
3. 1.3 x 1015
4. 7.5 x 1015

31. 8 x 1014
1. 3.33 x 1019
2. 4.58 x 1019
3. 5.30 x 1019

20

4. 7.35 x 1019

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32. 300
1. 5.31 x 1019
2. 6.62 x 1019
3. 7.63 x 1019
4. 8.32 x 1019

33( ) 3 x 1019

( n m )

490 580
580 590
590 650
650 700

h = 6.6 x 1034 J.s

c = 3.0x108 ms1

1.
2.
3.

21

1 nm = 109 m
4.

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1.6.2

1




K L , M ,
N , .
n = 1 1 n = 2 , n = 3 ,
..

1. ( n = 1 )
( n = 1 )
( Ground State )
2.

( Excited State )

22

http://www.pec9.com
1
3.
1

1
6 2
(410 nm)
5 2 (434 nm)
4 2 (484 nm)
3 2
(656 nm)
3

4

5

23

()

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34.
e
+ +

+ + +

()
1. ( ) , ( )

++

e
()
3. ( ) , ( )

()
2. ( ) , ( )

35.
1.
2.
3.

()
4. ( ) , ( )

4.

36.
1.
2.
3. 4.

24

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37.

1.
2.
3. 4.

38.

1.
2.
3. 4.

39.
1.
2.
3.
4.

25

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40.
1.
2.
3.
4.

41.
1.
2.
3.
4.

42( En) Exy

x y

1. E54 < E32
2. E54 > E32
3. E54 = E32
4.

26

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43.
1. n = 1 n = 2
2. n = 2 n = 1
3. n = 2 n = 6
4. n = 6 n = 2

44.
1. n = 1 n = 2
2. n = 2 n = 1
3. n = 2 n = 6
4. n = 6 n = 2

45( 44)

1.
2.
3.
4.
Ionization energy

27

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46.
1.
2.
3.
4.

47( En) 4
A = 404 nm
B = 450 nm
C = 455 nm
D = 608 nm

1. A
2. B C
3. C
4. D

48( )



1. B
2. C

28

3. D

4. E

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1.6.3
1.6.3.1

n = 2n2
n
K ( 1) = 2 (12) = 2
L ( 2) = 2 (22) = 8
M ( 3) = 2 (32) = 18
N ( 4 ) = 2 ( 42) = 32
O ( 5 ) = 2 ( 52) = 50
20
1. ( K )

2. ( , valence
electron ) 8

29

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20

: 19 ( K ) 19

K L M
2 8 9

M 18
8
K

K L M N
2 8 8 1
K L M N

20 ( Ca ) 20

30

2 8 8 2

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H (1)
He (2)
Li (3)
Be (4)
B (5)
C (6)
N (7)
O (8)
F (9)
Ne (10)

Na (11)
Mg(12)
Al (13)
Si (14)
P (15)
S (16)
Cl (17)
Ar (18)
K (19)
Ca (20)

H (1)
He (2)
Li (3)
Be (4)
B (5)
C (6)
N (7)
O (8)
F (9)
Ne (10)

K
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Na (11)
Mg(12)
Al (13)
Si (14)
P (15)
S (16)
Cl (17)
Ar (18)
K (19)
Ca (20)

K
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

M
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
8

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

( )
1.
2 , 8 , 18 , 32 18 , 32 18 , 18 , 8 , 2

31

1
2

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2.
9 8 , 1
10 8 , 2
11 9 , 2
12 10 , 2
13 11 , 2
2

14 12 , 2

15 13 , 2

16 14 , 2
17 15 , 2
18 16 , 2

:
1) 24 ( Cr ) , 29 ( Cu ) , 41 45 , 47 , 78 , 110 , 111
1
46 ( Pd ) 0

2) ( , )
1 82Pb
1. 82 2 8 18

32

2 8 18 32
80 72
54
22

18

32
18
4

2. 4 ( 10 )
82Pb 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 18 , 4

32

http://www.pec9.com

2 52Te
1. 52 2 8 18

18

2 8 18 32
2.
4 (
1042)

50
24

18

18 ,4 4
52Te 2 , 8 , 18 ,
3 38Sr
1. 38 2 8 18 10
2 8
36
28

18
10

2. 10 8 , 2
38Sr 2 , 8 , 18 , 8 , 2
4 39Y
1. 39 2 8
2
37

8
29

18

11

18
11

2. 11 9 , 2
39Y 2 , 8 , 18 , 9 , 2

82 ............
53 ............
33 ............
37 ............
88 ............
82 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 18 , 4
53 2 , 8 , 18 , 18 , 7
33 2 , 8 , 18 , 5
33

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37 2 , 8 , 18 , 8 , 1
88 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 18 , 8 , 2

21 ............
25 ............
28 ............
31 ............
39 ............
21 2 , 8 , 9 , 2
25 2 , 8 , 13 , 2
28 2 , 8 , 16 , 2
31 2 , 8 , 18 , 3
39 2 , 8 , 18 , 9 , 2
49( En) n = 5
(In) 49
In
1.
49
2 , 8 , 8 , 18 , 8 , 5
2.
50
2 , 8 , 8 , 18 , 11 , 2
3.
49
2 , 8 , 18 , 18 , 3
4.
50
2 , 8 , 18 , 18 , 3

34

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50( En) 40
20 X
1. 2 8 2
2. 2 8 18 2
3. 2 8 8 2

4. 2 8 18 10 2

51( 31) Mg2+ ion (electron configuration)

1. Na
2. Ar
3. F
4. Ca2+

52(En 40)
1. F
2. Ne
3. Al3+
4. Ca2+

53. 22Ti2+ ion (electron configuration)

1. 20Ca
2. 21Sc+
3. 23V3+
4.

35

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1.6.3.2

( n ) ( Energy Sublevels )

1. s 2
2. p 6
3. d 10
4. f 14
5. g 18
6. h 22

K (1) 1 1s
L (2) 2 2s 2p
M (3) 3 3s 3p 3d
N (4) 4 4s 4p 4d 4f
O (5) 5 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g
:
1s s 1
K

3d 4s
3d 3 4s
3d 4 3

36

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1.

2.

1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p , 5s , 4d , 5p , 6s , 4f , 5d , 6p , 7s , 5f , .

37

http://www.pec9.com

1.

2.


s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14
g 18
h 22
19K
19K 19
1.

8
,
8
, 1
19K = 2 ,
= 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p 3d , 4s
4s 3d
2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
19K = 1s
2.

2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
19K = 1s

38

http://www.pec9.com

5B
7N
10Ne
18Ar
36Kr

5B
7N
10Ne
18Ar
36Kr

2,3
2,5
2,8
2, 8, 8
2 , 8 , 18 , 8

1s2, 2s2, 2p1

1s2, 2s2, 2p3
1s2, 2s2, 2p6
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10 , 4p6

17Cl
19K
20Ca
21Sc

17Cl
19K
21Sc
40Zr

2,8,7
2,8,8,1
2,8,9,2
2 , 8 , 18 , 10 , 2

1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5

1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d1
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10 , 4p6 , 5s2 , 4d2
39

http://www.pec9.com

2
2He 2 1s
2 2 6
10Ne 2 1s , 2s , 2p
2 2 6 2 6
18Ar 18 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6
36Kr 36 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 6 2 10 6
54Xe 54 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p , 5s , 4d , 5p
86Rn 86
1s2 , 2s2 , 2p6 , 3s2 , 3p6 , 4s2 , 3d10 , 4p6 , 5s2 , 4d10 , 5p6 , 6s2 , 4f14 , 5d10 , 6p6

2 2 6 2 3
15P 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p

[ Ne ]

, 3s2 , 3p3

37Rb 1s2 , 2s2 , 2p6 , 3s2 , 3p6 , 4s2 , 3d10 , 4p6 , 5s1

[ Kr ]
, 5s1
54.
. [ Ne ] 3s2 3p3
. [ Ar ] 4s2 3d10 4p2
. [ Kr ] 5s2 4d5
1. . 15 . 32 . 43
3. . 15 . 30 . 43

2. . 16 . 32 . 40
4. . 16 . 30 . 43

55( )
1. 1s2, 2s2
2. 1s2, 3p1 3. 1s2, 2s2 2p5
4. 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p1

40

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1.6.3.3

( Orbotal )
2
s 1
s

p 3
px , py , pz

d 5
dxy , dyz , dxz , dx2y2 , dz2
f 7
fxyz , fz3 , fyz2 , fxz2 , fz(x2y2) , fy(3x2y2) , fx(3y2x2)


1.

s 1
p 3
d 5
f 7
g 9
h 11
2.
( )
3. 2
( )
4.
1 ( )

41

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9F


7
9F = 2 ,
= 1s , 2s
2p
=
,
1 2 3 4 58 69 7
( )
1 2 1s
3 4 2s
5 , 6 , 7 2p 1
3
8 2p 5
9 2p 2 6

1. 9F
1s
2s
2p
9F

2. 10Ne
1s
2s
2p
10Ne
2

42

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7N
1s
2s
2p
7N
1
2
3. 24Cr 29Cu
2 2 6 2 6 1 5
24Cr 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d

1s2 , 2s2 , 2p6 , 3s2 , 3p6 , 4s2 , 3d4

3d
3d

3d
2
2
6
2
6
1
10
29Cu 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d (
3d
2
2
6
2
6
2
9
1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d (

56. ( Z = 7 )
1.
2.
3.

4.

43

)
)

)
)

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57.
1. 6C
2. 15P

3. 12Mg

4. 13Al

58.
1. 3Li+
2. 8O

3. 12Mg+

4. 7N

59.
1. 6C
2. 8O
3. 12Mg

44

4. 13Al

http://www.pec9.com

60.
1. 6C
2. 15P
3. 12Mg

4. 13Al

61. 24Cr 2 , 8 , 13 , 1 2 , 8 , 12 , 2
1.
2.
3. 8
4.

45

http://www.pec9.com

1.7

46

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62.



1.
2.
3. 4.

47

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2.
2.1

1A
2A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8A
7A

7
2 A 8
B
2
IIIB 6
IIIB 7
IA
IIA
VIIA
VIIIA
(B) ,
(Si) , (Ge) , (As) , (Sb) , (Te) , (Po)
, (As)
A
Li Na 1 IA
48

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2 1 Cr , Cu

Li Be
2 K L 2
100 IUPAC
-ium

0 = (nil)
1 = (un) 2 = (bi) 3 = (tri)
4 = (quad )
5 = (pent ) 6 = (hex) 7 = (sept) 8 = (oct ) 9 = ( enn )

104 Unq
105 Unp
106 Unh
107 Uns


1
2
3 3 8 IIIA VIII A
1 2
1 8 IA , IIA
2 8

34Se
53I
83Bi
19K

2 , 8 , 18 , 6
2 , 8 , 18 , 18 , 7
2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 18 , 5
2,8,8,1

4
5
6
4
49

6
7
5
1

38Sr
21Sc
22Ti
24Cr
29Cu

http://www.pec9.com
2 , 8 , 18 , 8 , 2
2,8,9,2
2 , 8 , 10 , 2
2 , 8 , 13 , 1
2 , 8 , 18 , 1

5
4
4
4
4

s s

p p

d d
(n 1)
f d
2 (n 2)
50

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63( En) 75
33 X
1. 5A 4
2. 4A 5
3. 4
4. 5

64. W, X , Y Z 19 , 20 , 36 37
1. W X
2. W Z
3. X Y
4. Y Z

65. W , X , Y Z 3 , 6 , 7 , 9

1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z

51

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66. W , X , Y Z 3 , 6 , 7 , 9

1. W
2. X
3. Y
4. Z

67. A , B , C D 12 , 17 , 36 55

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

52

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2.2
IE , EN , EA

IE , EN , EA

2.2.1

1.


2.



68( En)
1. 17Cl
2. 6C
3. 8O
4. 32Ge

53

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69. A B C D
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
D
2
B C
3
A
4

1. A > B > C > D
2. A > B > D > C
3. A > C > B > D
4. A > D > C > B

70( En) A = 13 , B = 19 , C = 20 , D = 12

1. D < A < C < B
2. A < D < C < B
3. D < B < A < C
4. D < A < B < C

1.

2.



3.

54

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( A > A+ > A2+ > A3+ )

( B < B < B2 < B3 )

71.
2

+
7N , 8O , 9F , 19K
1. F < O2 < N < K+
2. F < N < O2 < K+
3. O2 < F < N < K+
4. O2 < N < F < K+

2.2.2 ( Electronegativity , EN )








55

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IA VII A
He , Ne , Ar Kr , Xe
EN F > O > Cl N > Br > I S C > H
2.2.3 ( Electron affinity , EA )


Cl(g) + e Cl(g)
Ea = 347 kJ/mol
(
2A 8A )




2.2.3 ( Ionization Energy , IE )



1.
- ( 8A )
2.

56

http://www.pec9.com

IE IIA VA
2

4 Be

1s2 2s2

1s2

2p

2s2

2p3

7N

()

()

3. 1 1
(IE1)
2 , 3 , 4 , ...... ( IE2 , IE3 , IE4 , )
IE
Be(g) Be+(g) + e
IE1 = 906 kJ/mol
Be+ (g) Be2+(g) + e
IE2 = 1763 kJ/mol
Be2+ (g) Be3+(g) + e
IE3 = 14855 kJ/mol
Be3+ (g) Be4+(g) + e
IE4 = 21013 kJ/mol
4. IE1 < IE2 < IE3 < IE4 ..
Be IE2 IE3
2 3 Be

57

http://www.pec9.com

5.

A IE3 IE4 3 4
3 A 3A
B IE1 IE2 1 2
1 B 1A
C IE2 IE3 2 3
2 C 2A
D IE1 IE2 1 2
1 D 1A
72. A B C D
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
B
D
C
A

2
3
4

IE1
1. A < B < C < D 2. D < C < A < B 3. D < C < B < A

58

4. B < C < D < A

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73( En) A , B , C D

A
1
2
B
5
3
C
1
4
D
4
4
1
1. A C B D
2. C A B D
3. A C D B
4. C A D B

74. X 1
1. X (s) X (g)
2. X+ (g) X2+ (g) + e
3. X (g) X+(g) + e
4. X (g) X2+(g) + 2e

59

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75. 3 (IE3)

1. Al (g) Al+(g) + 3e
2. Al (s) Al3+(g) + 3e
3. Al2+ (g) Al3+ (g) + e
4. Al+ (s) Al3+(g) + 2e

76. IE1 , IE2 IE3 73 X 0.50 , 7.30 11.80

MJ mol1 73 X 3 (g)
1. 7.30 MJ mol1
2. 7.80 MJ mol1
3. 11.80 MJ mol1
4. 19.60 MJ mol1

77( En) A , B , C , D 3 , 9 , 12 20
IE2
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

60

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78( ) A
1400 , 2900 , 4600 , 7500 , 9500 , 53000 , 64000 kJ mol1
A

79( ) ( IE ) kJ/mol

IE1
IE2
IE3
IE4
A
807
2433
3665
25033
B
850
1760
14855
21013
C
584
1820
2751
11584
D
700
1457
7739
10547
E
502
4569
6919
9550
3 2
1. AB CD
2. AC DE
3. AC BD
4. AD BE

61

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2.2.4

NaCl Na+ Cl +1 1

1. 0
Ca , H2 , P4 , S8 , Na 0
2. +1
3. 2
4.
Na+ +1
Cl 1
Al3+ +3
5.
H2O = (+1 x 2) + (2) = 0

CrO24 = (+6) + (2 x 4) = +6 8 = 2
6. IA , IIA IIIA = +1 , +2 , +3
7.
Cl
HCl
Cl 1
HClO Cl +1
HClO2 Cl +3
HClO3 Cl +5
8. 1
FeO
Fe +2
Fe2O3 Fe +3

62

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80. O S O2 S8 ()
1. 2 , 2
2. 2 , 1
3. 1 , 2
4. 0 , 0

81. Cu
1. 2
2. 1

3. +2

82. H , C O H2CO3 ()
1. +2 , +4 , 6
2. +1 , +4 , 2
3. +2 , +14 , 6
4. +1 , +8 , 2

63

4. 0

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83. H , S O H2SO4 ()
1. +2 , +3 , 6
2. +1 , +3 , 2
3. +2 , +8 , 6
4. +1 , +6 , 2

84. Na , S O Na2SO4 ()
1. +2 , +3 , 6
2. +1 , +3 , 2
3. +2 , +8 , 6
4. +1 , +6 , 2

85. Mn O MnO2 ()
1. +2 , 1
2. +4 , 2
3. +2 , 1

64

4. 0 , 0

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86. Mn O Mn2O3 ()
1. +3 , 2
2. +4 , 2
3. +2 , 1

4. 0 , 0

87. K , Cr O K2Cr2O7 ()
1. +2 , +3 , 6
2. +1 , +3 , 2
3. +2 , +8 , 6
4. +1 , +6 , 2

88. Mn O Mn O4 ()
1. +7 , 2
2. +14 , 4
3. +3.5 , 1

89. S O S O42 ()
1. +6 , 2
2. +12 , 4
3. +3 , 1

65

4. 0 , 0

4. 2 , 0

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HC O3

90. H , C O
()
1. +2 , +3 , 6
2. +1 , +4 , 2
3. +2 , +8 , 6
4. +1 , +3 , 2

91. Cr O Cr2 O72 ()

1. +3 , 1
2. +6 , 2
3. +4 , 2
4. +8 , 4

S O32 , S O42 , P O 33 , P O 43 , Cl O , Cl O 2 , Cl O 3 , Cl O 4 , N O 2 , N O 3 , CN
SCN , CO32 , C 2 O42 , CO , NH4+ , NH3 , H2O

92.
Cu(OH)2 , PbSO4 , Cr2(SO4)3 , CuSO4 .5H2O
( )
1. +2 , +1 , +3 , +1
2. +1 , +1 , +3 , +1
3. +1 , +1 , +2 , +1
4. +2 , +2 , +3 , +2

66

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1
1.
1.1

1.2

67

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1.3

68

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1.4

69

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1.5

1.6
1.6.1

70

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1.6.2

71

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1.6.3
1.6.3.1

( )

72

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1.6.3.2

73

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1.6.3.3

74

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2.
2.1

75

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2.2.1

76

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2.2.2 ( Electronegativity , EN )
2.2.3 ( Ionization Energy , IE )

EN , IE , EA

77

http://www.pec9.com

IE

78

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2.2.4

79

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1
1. 1.
5. 1.
9. 3.
13. 3.
17. 2.
21. 3.
25. 4.
29. 2.
33. 1.
37. 1.
41. 2.
45. 1.
49. 4.
53. 3.
57. 2.
61. 1.
65. 1.
69. 1.
73. 4.
77. 4.
81. 4.
85. 2.
89. 1.

2. 4.
6. 4.
10. 1.
14. 3.
18. 4.
22. 3.
26. 3.
30. 2.
34. 3.
38. 2.
42. 1.
46. 2.
50. 3.
54. 1.
58. 4.
62. 4.
66. 4.
70. 2.
74. 2.
78. 5
82. 2.
86. 1.
90. 2.

3. 2.
7. 4.
11. 1.
15. 1.
19. 2.
23. 3.
27. 1.
31. 3.
35. 1.
39. 1.
43. 2.
47. 1.
51. 3.
55. 2.
59. 2.
63. 1.
67. 3.
71. 1.
75. 3.
79. 3.
83. 4.
87. 4.
91. 2.

80

4. 1.
8. 2.
12. 2.
16. 2.
20. 4.
24. 4.
28. 4.
32. 2.
36. 2.
40. 2.
44. 1.
48. 4.
52. 4.
56. 1.
60. 2.
64. 2.
68. 4.
72. 1.
76. 4.
80. 4.
84. 4.
88. 1.
92. 4.