GIÁO TRÌNH TIẾNG ANH ĐTVT

BINH CHNG THNG TIN LIN LC
TRNG S QUAN THNG TIN
TING ANH
CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG
KHNH HA - NM 2014
BINH CHNG THNG TIN LIN LC
1
TRNG S QUAN THNG TIN
TING ANH
CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG
(Dng cho o to S quan CHTM Thng tin)
KHNH HA - NM 2014
2
Quyt nh ban hnh gio trnh, ti liu s 67 /Q-TSQ
ngy17 thng 01nm 2013 ca Hiu trng Trng S quan Thng tin
Hi ng thm nh
Ch tch
i t, Tin s Nguyn Hong Tuyn
Th k
Thng u, Thc s Nguyn Vn Dng
y vin
1. i t, Tin s Bi Sn H
2. i t, Tin s Lng Xun Cng
3. i t, Tin s Nguyn Mai Lm
4. i t, Thc s Nguyn Vn Gii
5. i t, Thc s ng Sn Tun
6. i t, Thc s Hong Trung Lc
7. i t, Thc s Nguyn Thc Hng
8. Thng t, Thc s Nguyn Tn Hunh
Tc gi
Ch bin
Thng t, c nhn Nguyn Th Mai H
Hiu nh
Thng t, c nhn Trn Th Hin
3
INDEX - Mc lc
Trang
Introduction (Li ni u) 8
Part I. sWitching techonology 9
Unit 1. Switching system functions 9
1.1. Presentation 9
1.2. Comprehension 10
1.3. Analysis and translations 10
1.4. Words and phrases 11
1.5. Self-study guide 11
Unit 2. DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEMS 14
1.1. Presentation 14
Unit 3. DIGITAL EXCHANGE AND ITS MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
19
Unit 4. ANALOG INTERFACE DEVICE
23
1.1. Presentation
23
1.2. Comprehension
24
1.3. Analysis and translations
24
1.4. Words and phrases
25
1.5. Self-study guide
26
Part II. TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING
Unit 5. BASIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN THE TELEPHONE NETWORK 28
Unit 6. COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING AND THE sUBSCRIBER 30
Unit 7. COMMUNICATION SATELLITES 35
38
4
Unit 8. THE BASIC DESIGN OF THE EARTH STATION 42
Unit 9. LOCAL AREA NETWORKS 47
Part III . OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 53
Unit 10. WHY OPTICAL FIBRES ARE USEFUL AND HOW THEY WORK 53
Unit 11. OPTICAL SUBSCRIBER SYSTEM 58
Unit 12. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
63
Unit 13. OPTICAL FIBRE LOSS CHARACTERISTICS
67
1.1. Presentation
67
1.2. Comprehension
69
69
69
70
Unit 14. OPTICAL FIBER DISPERSION CHARACTERISTICS
5
Unit 15. WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING METHOD 75
Part IV. MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS 80
Unit 16. THE CONFIGURATION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 83
Unit 17. THE KINDS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LAND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS 86
Unit 18. DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION 92
Unit 19. SATELLITE MOBILE COMMUNICATION
97
Unit 20. THE FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
101
1.1. Presentation
104
1.2. Comprehension
104
104
105
105
Part V. Radio communication
Unit 21. Radio wave propagation 106
6
Unit 22. Factors affecting the ionosphere 110
Unit 23. Transmission paths of sky wave and maximum usable and lowest 115
usable frequencies 116
1.2. Comprehension
Unit 24. The receiver 120
Unit 25. Receiver characteristics
125
Unit 26. Methods of demodulation
131
1.1. Presentation
131
1.2. Comprehension
135
135
136
136
Abbreviations
136
Glossary
137
Ti liu tham kho
140
144
171
7
LI NI U
Hin nay vic nng cao cht lng dy v hc ting Anh ni chung v dy
mt s mn chuyn ngnh bng ting Anh c nh trng quan tm v ngy
cng pht trin. y l bc t ph trong i mi gio dc v o to. Dy v hc
bng Ting Anh l nhm trang b cho th h tng lai c trnh v s t tin
hi nhp quc t. N khng nhng gip ngi hc tip cn kin thc t th gii
bn ngoi m cn l cng c m cnh ca khoa hc trong th gii bao la. Cng
ngh vin thng t lu ng vai tr quan trng trong cuc sng hng ngy ca
chng ta. p ng yu cu v i mi phng php dy hc, i mi gio trnh
ti liu phc v cho cng tc ging dy v y mnh vic t hc, t nghin cu ca
ngi hc, chng ti bin son cun gio trnh Ting Anh Chuyn ngnh Vin
thng cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t. Trn c s t cc bi c chuyn ngnh
bao gm cc lnh vc v thng tin v tuyn, thng tin quang, thng tin di ng,
vv..., nhm cung cp cho ngi hc vn t vng v chuyn ngnh vin thng, cc
cu trc cu dng trong vn phong k thut, rn luyn vic c-dch chuyn ngnh
bng ting Anh, gip ngi hc hnh thnh k nng c-dch ti liu phc v cho
cng vic tng lai.
Gio trnh c 26 bi gm 5 phn chnh:
Phn 1: Cng ngh chuyn mch
Phn 2: K thut truyn dn
Phn 3: H thng thng tin quang
Phn 4: Thng tin di ng
Phn 5: Thng tin v tuyn
Cu trc mi bi c gm: Presentation-Bi c, Comprehension-Hiu bi,
Analysis and translation-Phn tch cu v dch cu, Words and phrases- T vng v
cc cm t, Self-study guide-Hng dn t hc. Ngoi ra, gio trnh cn c thm
bng ch gii thut ng v ch gii cc ch vit tt thng gp trong k thut.
Trong qu trnh bin son, chng ti chn lc cc bi c st vi chuyn
ngnh vin thng, vi mong mun gio trnh t c tnh thc hnh cao gn vi
tnh hng nghip su sc. Gio trnh ln ny bin son khng trnh khi khim
khuyt, rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca ng nghip, hc vin v bn
c quan tm. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n cc bn ng nghip, Ban lnh
o khoa C bn, cc thy cc khoa chuyn ngnh to iu kin gip
chng ti c th hon thnh tt cun gio trnh ny.
Xin trn trng cm n!
Part I
8
SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY
Unit 1
SWITCHING SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
1.1. Presentation
Even though switching systems have been upgraded greatly from the time of
their invention, their basic functions of detecting subscriber calls, connecting them
to called subscribers and then carrying out the recoveries upon call completion
remain the same. The manual switching system carries out these processes
manually whereas the automatic switching system carries out the same by means
of electrical devices. In the former, when the subscriber sends a call signal to an
exchange, the operator inserts the answer plug of the connecting cord in the jack of
the originating cord to set up the call with the counterpart. Once the call is
completed, the operator pulls out the cord and returns it into the original state.
The manual switching system is further classified into a magnetic-type and
common-battery system. In the magnetic-type, a subscriber installs each battery a
power supply. Call signals and call completion signals are sent to the operator
using a magnet. In the common-battery system, power is supplied commonly and
call signals and call completion signals are simply transferred to the operator
through the lamps. In the automatic switching system, calls are generated and
completed through the following steps:
+ Identification of the originating subscriber: Detected when the subscriber
picks up the handset and then the call is connected to the control circuit.
+ Receiving of the dial number: When being connected to the control
circuit, the originating subscriber hears the dial tone and then transmits the
terminating subscriber number. The switching system accumulates these.
+ Origination connection: When dial number are accumulated, the
terminating subscribers are confirmed. Then the switching system selects a set of
trunk lines towards the terminating office and then selects one idle line among
them. When a terminating subscriber is in the local exchange, a local call path is
used.
+ Control information transferring: When being connected to the terminating
office or tandem office, both offices exchange necessary information such as
terminating subscriber number with each other.
+ Tandem connection: In case the connected office is a tandem office.
+ Terminating connection: When the terminating station is evaluated to be a
local station based on the number of the terminating subscriber transmitted, the
busy test of the terminating subscriber is carried out. If not in busy state, one
connection path connected to the trunk lines is selected for connection.
+ Ringing tone transmission: A ringing tone is transmitted for connection
and waits for the answer from the terminating subscriber. When answering, the
ringing tone is interrupted and the state changes into busy state
9
+ Charging: The originating office detects the answer of the terminating
subscriber and if necessary, starts to initiate the calculation of the charged amount
according to the call distance and duration time.
+ Busy tone transmission: When all the trunk lines are occupied during the
above steps or the terminating subscriber is busy, a busy tone is transmitted to the
originating subscriber.
+ Recovery: Detected when the call is terminated. Then all the connection
paths are released.
In the above, the basic steps taken by a switching system to process calls have
been discussed briefly. In the electronic switching system, several new service
features have been added along the above.
1.2. Comprehension
Answer the questions below
1. How do the manual switching systems carry out their processes?
2. What is the difference between the manual switching systems and the
automatic switching systems?
3. What does the operator do to carry out a completed call in the manual
exchange?
4. How many kinds of systems is the manual switching system classified into?
What are they?
5. Does the subscriber install each battery a power supply in the magnetic-
type? What for?
6. How are call signals and call completion signals transferred to the operator
in the common-battery system?
7. How many steps are there in the automatic switching system through which
calls are generated and completed? What are they?
1.3. Analysis and translation
1.3.1. Examples
Even though switching systems have been upgraded greatly from the time of
Adv S V C
their invention, their basic functions of detecting subscriber calls, connecting them
S
to called subscribers and then carrying out the recoveries upon call completion
remain the same.
V C
Mc d cc h thng chuyn mch tng i c nng cp nhiu t khi
n c pht minh ra, cc chc nng c bn ca n nh xc nh cc cuc gi ca
thu bao, kt ni vi thu bao b gi v sau tin hnh vic phc hi li cc cuc
gi hon tt vn nh c.
The manual switching system carries out these processes manually whereas
S V O Conj
10
the automatic switching system carries out the same by means of electrical devices.
S V O
H tng i nhn cng tin hnh cc qu trnh ny bng tay trong khi h tng
i t ng tin hnh cc qu trnh ny bng cc thit b in.
1.3.2. Practice
Analyse and translate the text into Vietnamese
accumulate (v) [,klkju'lein] thc hin
busy state ['bizi] [steit] trng thi bn
calculation (n) [,klkju'lein] tnh ton
charged amount [t:dd] ['maunt] s lng ti/np, tr tin
confirm (v) [kn'f:m] xc nhn, tha nhn
connecting cord (n) [k:d] dy ni
counterpart (n) ['k:t p:t] ngi u dy bn kia
discuss briefly [dis'ks] ['bri:fli] bn lun/ tho lun ngn gn
evaluate (v) [i'vljueit] nh gi, nhn xt
former (n) ['f:m] ci/ngi trc, c, xa
generate (v) ['denreit] sinh ra, to ra
handset (n) ['hnd,set] b t hp nghe ni
idle line ['aidl lain] ng dy ri
initiate [i'niiit] tin hnh, trin khai
interrupt (v) [,int'rpt] ngt, gin on
magnet (n) ['mgnit] nam chm
occupied (adj.) ['okjupaid] y, chim dng
original state ['ridnl steit] trng thi ban u
originate (v) ['ridineit] ngun gc, khi im
pick up (v) ['pikp] nhc ln, cm ln
process (n) [prouses] qu trnh, tin trnh
recovery (n) [rkv()ri] phc hi li, ly li
ringing tone ['rigi] [toun] tn hiu chung
subscriber call [sb'skraib k: l] cuc gi ca thu bao
tandem office ['tndm] ['ofis] tng i trung chuyn
towards [t'w:dz] hng ti, v hng
transfer (v) ['trnsf: ] chuyn i
upgrade (v) [' p'greid] nng cp
whereas (conj.) [,werz] trong khi, tri li
1.5.1. Structures for study
a) S + have/has +been + V (past participle)
- Switching systems have been upgraded greatly from the time of their
invention.
- The basic steps taken by a switching system to process calls have been
discussed briefly.
11
- In the electronic switching system, several new service features have been
added along the above.
b) S + (be) + V (past participle)
- The manual switching system is further classified into a magnetic-type
and common-battery system.
- Call signals and call completion signals are sent to the operator using a magnet.
- In the common-battery system, power is supplied commonly and call
signals and call completion signals are simply transferred to the operator
through the lamps.
- When the subscriber picks up the handset, the call is connected to the
control circuit.
- When dial numbers are accumulated, the terminating subscribers are confirmed.
- When a terminating subscriber is in the local exchange, a local call path is used.
- When the terminating station is evaluated to be a local station based on the
number of the terminating subscriber transmitted, the busy test of the
terminating subscriber is carried out.
- If not in busy state, one connection path connected to the trunk lines is
selected for connection.
- A ringing tone is transmitted for connection and waits for the answer from
the terminating subscriber.
- When answering, the ringing tone is interrupted and the state changes into
busy state.
- When all the trunk lines are occupied during the above steps or the terminating
subscriber is busy, a busy tone is transmitted to the originating subscriber.
- This is detected when the call is terminated. Then all the connection paths
are released.
1.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1. Choose the best answer
1. The basic functions of switching system are ...
a. Detecting subscriber calls
b. Connecting subscriber calls to called subscriber
c. Carrying out the recoveries upon call completions
d. (all are correct)
2. The automatic switching system carries out the process by ...
a. Electrical devises c. Electrical devices
b. Electrical divines d. A and C are correct
3. In the automatic switching system, calls are generated and
completed through ... steps.
a. 7 b. 8 c. 9 d. 10
4. When all the trunk lines are occupied or terminating subscriber is
busy, a busy tone is transmitted to the ...
a. Line connection c. Initial subscriber
b. Terminating subscriber d. Exchange
12
5. Recovery is detected when the call is ...
a. Completed c. Occupied
b. Busy d. Confirmed
b) Exercise 2. Use the words from the text to complete the meanings below
1. A group of things or pieces of equipment that are connected or
work together ...
2. To seek or notice something ...
3. A person who pays money to receive a service ...
4. The process of getting something back ...
5. Operating or controlling by hand ...
6. Another word of office/station ...
7. To move something from one place to another ...
8. The part of a telephone that you hold close to your mouth and ear to
speak into or listen ...
9. To send, in another word ...
10. To end or to make something end ...
1.5.3. Reference source
Read and translate the paragraph below into our own language
The manual switching system called magnetic-type, set up in New Haven of
the U.S.A in 1878 was the first successful commercialized switching system in the
world. To adequately meet the increasing demand for telephone services and for
rapid call connections and call security, an automatic switching system requiring
no operator was invented in 1889 by A.B.Strowger of the U.S.A. The improved
version of the model, called the Strowger type switching system became popular in
the 1920s. In the Strowger switching system, calls are connected sequentially
according to the telephone numbers made up of decimals and accordingly was also
called the step by step system. EMD (Edelmetall Motor Drehwahler)
developed by Siemens of Germany is the same type; this system is also called a
mechanical switching system since switches are run by means of electro
mechanical mechanism.
1.5.4. Preparation for next unit
Read the text for several times
Look up the new words in dictionaries
Underline the difficult/unknown structures and phrases
Ask any question if there is
13
Unit 2
DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEMS
2.1. Presentation
The purpose of every switching system is to establish a temporary circuit or
link between the caller and the subscriber being called. This circuit must be
terminated when one of the subscribers decides to replace his/her handset. In
handling a telephone call an exchange performs three essential functions:
(Mc ch ca mi h thng chuyn mch l thit lp mt mch tm thi
hoc lin kt gia ngi gi v thu bao c gi. Mch ny phi c kt thc khi
mt trong nhng thu bao quyt nh thay th in thoi ca h.Trong vic x l mt
cuc gi thoi tng i thc hin 3 chc nng thit yu: )
- It establishes a path enabling a signal to be transmitted between two
subscribers.
- It dialogues with other parts of the network.
- It processes all other information from the network and decides whether
calls can be established or not.
( - N thit lp mt ng dn cho php mt tn hiu c truyn i gia 2
thu bao
- N i thoi vi cc phn t khc ca mng
- N x l all cc thng tin khc t mng v quyt nh xem cc cuc gi
c c thit lp hay khng )
Two main types of the switch technology have evolved: space division
switching and time division switching.
Hai loi chnh ca cng ngh chuyn mch pht trin l: chuyn mch
phn chia theo khng gian v chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian.
If two subscribers are to converse, a two-wire channel must be established

capable of transmitting a signal in the 300-3400 Hz band in both directions.
Nu 2 thu bao ang m thoi, mt knh 2 dy phi c thit lp c kh
nng truyn tn hiu trong bng tn 300-3400 Hz theo c 2 chiu.
The physical path of each conversation can be clearly distinguished. As soon

as one of the subscribers hangs up, the physical link is broken and the call is
terminated. The technique used in this exchange is known as space division
switching.
Kt ni vt l ca mi cuc tr chuyn phi c phn bit r rng. Ngay khi
mt trong cc thu bao gc my, ng dy vy l c ngt v cuc gi chm dt.
K thut c s dng trong tng i c bit n l chuyn mch phn chia
khng gian.
14
A

D
Figure 2.1. The speech paths taken by two conversations
Time division switching has begun to replace space division techniques in
nearly all the most modern systems.
Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian bt u thay th k thut phn chia
theo khng gian trong hu ht cc h thng hin i.
If we imagine two conversations between four subscribers, subscriber A to
subscriber C and subscriber B to subscriber D as the figure above, we can see that
they no longer share the physical space in the switching matrix but that time slots
are allocated to each party.
Nu chng ta tng tng hai cuc tr chuyn gia bn thu bao, thu bao A vi
thu bao C v thu bao B cho thu bao D nh hnh trn, chng ta c th thy rng
h khng cn chia s khng gian vt l trong ma trn chuyn mch nhng cc khe
thi gian c phn b cho mi bn.
During their conversations, none of the subscribers will, of course, be aware that
their speech is being broken up into small batches of time.
A
B
B
U
C S
15
Figure 2.2. Using PAM and bus
When subscriber A speaks to subscriber B, the analogue signals in 300-3400 Hz
range are transmitted to( truyn n ) the exchange, sampled (using Pulse
Amplitude Modulation) and are then transported on the bus before being
reconverted into analogue form and sent on to subscriber B. The sampling rate is
determined by using Shannons Theory which states that the sampling frequency
must be double the maximum frequency of the signal. In practice, sampling is done
at 8 KHz. The time slot between two samples is thus 125 microseconds (1second
8000 = 0.000125 seconds). In other words, the signals are sampled once every 125
microseconds. In the conversation between subscriber A and B, 16000
samples(mu) are transported every second, 8000 in each direction. When two
conversations take place at the same time, 32000 samples have to be transported
per second. An observer with an oscilloscope connected to the bus would see the
samples corresponding to these two conversations in the form opposite.
This technique known as time division switching appears to be very attractive
but has one great drawback: the PAM samples can only be transmitted over
relatively short distances, and the capacity of the bus is limited. When an exchange
handles more than 30 simultaneous calls, the PAM sample itself must be encoded
so that it can be transmitted within the exchange without distortion.
This is known as digital time division switching for each sample is encoded
into eight bits (one byte).
In a digital time division switching exchange, all internal links are performed
using four-wire PCM which allocates a time slot to each subscriber who is talking
at a rate of 64000 bits per second (bps), since 8000 samples 8bps = 64000 bps.
By associating digital transmission and switching techniques, an integrated
digital network is created. This will lead, in time and with the fusion of different
digital networks, to an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
2.2. Comprehension
1. What is the objective of every switching system?
Mc tiu ca mi h thng chuyn mch l g?
2. What are the exchange functions in handling a telephone call?
Cc chc nng ca tng i trong x l 1 cuc gi?
3. How many main types of switching technology have evolved? What are they?
C bao nhiu loi chnh ca k thut chuyn mch pht trin? n l g?
4. Has time division switching begun replacing space division techniques in
modern systems? Why that?
C phi k thut chuyn mch phn thia theo thi gian ang dn thay th k
thut chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian? Ti sao?
5. What is Shannons Theory?
6. What are the two main characteristics of a digital time division switching exchange?
Hai c im chnh ca mt h thng tng i s chuyn mch theo thi gian?
16
7. What will the creation of an ISDN enable?
2.3.1. Examples
The purpose of every switching system is to establish a temporary circuit
S V C
or link between the caller and the subscriber being called.
Mc ch ca mi h thng chuyn mch l thit lp mt knh hay mt kt
ni tm thi gia ngi gi v thu bao ang c gi.
This circuit must be terminated when one of the subscribers decides to
S V Conj S V
replace his/her handset.
C
2.3.2. Practice
allocate (v) ['lkeit] ch nh, phn cho
associate (v) ['souiit] kt hp, lin hp, h tr
be aware [bi:] ['we] nhn bit c
broken (adj.) ['broukn] t qung, chp chn
bus (n) [bs] nhnh, ng
capable (n) ['keipbl] c kh nng
converse (v) ['knv:s] ni chuyn, m thoi
corresponding [,kris'pndi] tng ng, tng xng
distinguish (v) [dis'tigwi] phn bit
drawback (n) ['dr:bk] bt li, nhc im
establish (v) [is'tbli] thnh lp, thit lp
evolve (v) [i'vlv] pht trin, tin trin
fusion (n) ['fju:n] s pha trn, s kt hp
hang up (v) ['h'p] gc my, t my xung
internal link [in't:nl] [lik] lin kt ni b/trong
matrix (n) ['meitriks] ma trn, li
no longer [nou] ['lg] khng cn ... na
observer (n) ['bz:ver] ngi nghin cu, quan st vin
oscilloscope (n) ['silskoup] my hin sng
party (n) ['p:ti] bn ni, ngi ni
perform (v) [p'f:m] thc hin, thi hnh
pulse amplitude modulation iu ch bin xung
range (n) [reind] phm vi, di
sampling frequency tn s mu
simultaneous call [,siml'teinis] cuc gi ng thi/cng lc
state (v) [steit] ch ra, n nh r, pht biu
17
technology (n) [tek'nldi] k thut, cng ngh
transport (v) ['trnsp:t] vn chuyn, chuyn ch
S + modal verbs (can/must) + be + V (past participle)
- This circuit must be terminated when one of the subscribers decides to
replace his/her handset.
- It processes all other information from the network and decides whether
calls can be established or not.
- If two subscribers are to converse, a two-wire channel must be established
capable of transmitting a signal in the 300-3400 Hz band in both directions.
- The physical path of each conversation can be clearly distinguished.
- The PAM samples can only be transmitted over relatively short
distances, and the capacity of the bus is limited.
- When an exchange handles more than 30 simultaneous calls, the PAM
sample itself must be encoded so that it can be transmitted within the exchange
without distortion
2.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1. Match English words or phrases and Vietnamese translation
1. switching system a. chuyn mch phn chia thi gian
2. temporary circuit b. knh hai dy
3. subscriber being called c. ng truyn vt l
4. space division switching d. mch tm thi
5. time division switching e. thu bao b gi
6. two-wire channel f. h thng chuyn mch
7. physical path g. chuyn mch phn chia khng gian
8. switching matrix h. mng s tch hp
9. small batches of time i. khe thi gian
10.analogue signal j. khong cch ngn
11. oscilloscope k. dung lng
12. in the form opposite l. ma trn chuyn mch
13. great drawback m. nhng qung thi gian nh
14. short distance n. nhc im ln
15. capacity o. my hin sng
16. distortion p. tn hiu tng t
17. time slot q. mo
18. integrated digital network r. theo dng ngc nhau
b) Exercise 2. Find the words or phrases to fill in the gaps
1. As soon as one of the subscribers hangs up, ... is broken and the call is terminated.
2. During, none of the subscribers will, of course, be aware that is being
broken up into small batches of time.
3. The sampling rate is determined by using Shannons Theory which states that
must be double the maximum frequency of the signal.
18
4. An observer with an oscilloscope connected to the bus the samples
corresponding to these two conversations in the form opposite.
5. This is known as for each sample is encoded into eight bits (one byte).
6. By associating ., an integrated digital network is created.
c) Exercise 3. Find the words from the text that are suitable for the meanings below
1. Separate section or area.
2. A single short increase in the amount of light produced by a machine.
3. A long narrow opening , into which you put or fit something.
4. The complete path of wires and equipment along which an electric current flows.
5. A person who watches somebody or something very carefully, especially to
learn more about them.
6. To control a situation or something.
7. A connection between two or more places.
8. To change information into a form that can be processed by a computer.
9. A path, a route or a range used to transmit signals, sounds, ect.
10. To discuss or to make conversation between two people.
11. Making the shape, appearance or sound of something strange or not clear.
12. A section or portion.
13. The number of things that a container or space can hold.
14. Using a continuously changing range of physical quantities to measure or
store data.
15. To change or make something change from one form, purpose, system, etc.
to another.
a) Match a suitable word into each gap
dial pulses outbreak cross switch circuit automatically
approach cross bar developing were improved
a common control system switching systems
Due to the ... (1)of the World War II, the effort to build new switching systems
were temporarily interrupted. After the war, the demand for ... (2)capable of
processing toll calls ... (3)and rapidly was increased. Developing this type of
switching system required an entirely new ... (4)to be taken because of the need to
solve complex problems on billing and call regeneration transmission requiring the
multi-section processing. Ericsson of Sweden was able to solve this problem by
successfully ... (5)a cross bar switching system; the ... (6)switching system
characterized by the complete separation of the call switching and control circuits
was developed in the U.S.A as well. For the... (7), open/close type cross bar was
used; by utilizing this switch having an open/close part with gold plated contact
point, call characteristics ... (8)rather drastically. Moreover, ... (9)for controlling
several switches at the same time was employed. That is, ... (10)were accumulated
on the memory circuits and then evaluated integrately on the basic of the numbers
of accumulated dials for generation circuit selection.
19
b) Translate the paragraph into Vietnamese
20
Unit 3
DIGITAL EXCHANGE AND ITS MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
3.1. Presentation
Most of the worlds telephone traffic is still handled by exchanges of
electromechanical design, each with thousands of wear-prone exposed moving
parts. Analogue exchanges of this type are costly to install and maintain, and are
subject to familiar faults such as crossed lines, noise and wrong numbers.
Many of the worlds telecommunications administrators have explored other
digital solutions. They are designing networks that offer a much higher quality of
service than before, using the latest microchip technology with few or no moving
parts; less interference than previously; lower installation and maintenance costs; and
much faster connection speed for calls and fewer wrong numbers than in the past.
The main characteristics of a digital exchange are:
1. Integrated Digital Transmission and Switching
Speech and other signals are digitally encoded and a common method of time
division multiplexing is used in both transmission and switching equipment. The
main advantage of this system is that the transmission loss encountered by speech
becomes more or less independent of both distance and the number of exchanges
through which a call is routed.
2. Stored Program Control (SPC )
SPC is the application of data processing and computer techniques to an
exchange, thus providing a powerful, flexible method of controlling the operation
of the exchange.
3. Common Channel Signalling (CCS)
CCS uses just one (go and return) pair of signalling channels, not directly
associated with the traffic circuits, for performing all the signalling functions of an
entire route which may contain several hundred traffic circuits.
4. Microelectronics technology
Microelectronics technology is the application of solid-state semiconductor
technology to provide components which range in function from a single active
element (e.g transistor) to large scale integrated circuits. Use of this technology
offers small physical size and reliability together with automated design,
manufacture and testing. The components are fixed onto printed circuit boards, and
if there is a fault the defective printed circuit board can be taken out and replaced
by another in a matter of seconds.
3.2. Comprehension
Are the statements below True or False?
1. Most of the world telephone traffic is still handled by electromagnetic exchanges.
2. Some of them use wear-prone exposed moving parts.
3. It is very cheap to install and maintain analogue exchanges.
4. Nowdays the Worlds TAs are designing networks that offer much higher
quality of service than before.
21
5. They are using the most modern microchip technology to design networks
having higher quality of service.
6. Speech and other signals are digitally encoded and a common method of
frequency division multiplexing is used in both transmission and switching
equipment.
7. The devices are fixed onto printed circuit boards. If there is a fault the
incorrect printed circuit board can be taken out and replaced by another in a
matter of seconds.
3.3.1. Examples
Most of the worlds telephone traffic is still handled by exchanges of
S V C
electromechanical design, each with thousands of wear - prone exposed moving parts.
Hu ht lu lng in thoi trn th gii c iu khin thng qua cc tng
i in c, mi tng i gm hng nghn b phn ng d hng.
Analogue exchanges of this type are costly to install and maintain, and are
S V C Conj V
subject to familiar faults such as crossed lines, noise and wrong numbers.
C
Cc tng i tng t kiu ny tn km khi lp t v bo dng, v c
nhng li thng thng nh cc ng dy b xuyn m, b n v b sai s.
3.3.2. Practice
administration (n) [d,minis'trein] qun tr, iu hnh, x l
automate (v) [':tmeit] t ng ha
be subject to chu ng, tri qua
component (n) [km'pounnt] b phn, thnh phn
crossed line[krst] [lain] ng dy b xuyn m
electromechanical (adj) in c
element (n)['elimnt] phn, thnh t, nguyn t
encounter (v)[in'kaunt] bt gp, i u
entire (adj) [in'tai] ton b, hon ton, ht thy
explore (n) [iks'pl:] xem xt k, thm d
expose (v) [iks'pouz] phi by, l ra
familiar fault [f'milj] [f:lt] cc li thng thng
flexible (adj) ['fleksbl] c ng, mm do, linh hot
interference (n) [,int'firns] nhiu
large scale ['l:d 'skeil] phm vi/qui m ln
matter of seconds ['mt v' 'seknd] trong vng vi giy
microchip (n) ['maikroutip] vi mch, mch vi x l
offer (v) ['f] a ra, cung cp
22
printed circuit board ['printid's:kit b:d] bng mch in
prone (adj) [proun] d mc, d b
reliability (n) [ri,lai'bilti] tin cy
semiconductor (n) [,semikn'dkt] cht bn dn
solid-state ['slid'steit] th rn, trng thi rn
solution (n)[s'lu:n] gii php
wear-prone exposed moving part b phn ng d hng
Relative pronouns ...which/that...
- They are designing networks that offer a much higher quality of service than
before, using the latest microchip technology with few or no moving parts; less
interference than previously; lower installation and maintenance costs; and much
faster connection speed for calls and fewer wrong numbers than in the past.
- The main advantage of this system is that the transmission loss encountered
by speech becomes more or less independent of both distance and the number of
exchanges through which a call is routed.
- CCS uses just one (go and return) pair of signalling channels, not directly
associated with the traffic circuits, for performing all the signalling functions of an
entire route which may contain several hundred traffic circuits.
- Microelectronics technology is the application of solid-state semiconductor
technology to provide components which range in function from a single active
element (e.g transistor) to large scale integrated circuits.
3.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1. Match each of the headings with one set of functions
1. Stored program control .
2. Common channel signalling.
3. Integrated digital transmission and switching.
4. Microelectronics technology.
a. The application of solid-state semiconductors to provide greater reliability,
smaller size and automated design.
b. The application of data-programming techniques to an exchange, providing
greater control and flexibility in the operation of an exchange.
c. The use of one pair of channels not directly associated with the traffic
circuits, to perform all signalling functions on a complete route.
d. Speech and other signals are digitally encoded and a common method of
time division multiplexing is used.
b) Exercise 2. Match the following terms with a suitable explanation

1. an electromechanical exchange.
2. a digital exchange.
3. a wrong number
4. a crossed line.
23
5. analogue transmission.
6. call charges.
a. a call is incorrectly routed.

b. a system in which a varying electrical current transmits the caller's voice
pattern.
c. an exchange which uses microchip technology.
d. the cost of a telephone call.
e. during a telephone conversation at the same time.
f. a switching centre, the design of which is based on thousands of moving parts.
c) Exercise 3. Find the words that are suitable for the meanings below
1. A typical feature of something or somebody ...
2. The movement of information along the telephone line ...
3. To fix equipment into correct position so that it can be used ...
4. To keep something in a good condition by checking or repairing it
regularly ...
5. Interruption of a radio signal by another signal on a similar wavelength,
causing extra noise that is not wanted ...
6. A telephone call that interrupts another call because of a wrong
connection ...
7. The number is not correct...
8. TDM is the abbreviation of ...
9. A very small piece of a material that is a semiconductor, used to carry a
complicated electronic circuit ...
10. Another word of reduction ...
3.5.3. Reference source : Read and translate the following paragraphs into our
own language.
The Telefacsimile service is well established, though faster and more
advanced systems (Group 4 types) will be introduced shortly. This service provides
for the transmission and reproduction of still pictures and printed matter. Telefax
has its biggest market in Japan where the complexity of Japanese script makes this
an ideal medium of transmission.
Videotext, called viewdata in the UK, has passed through an experimental and
testing stage and is now avalaible in many countries. Videotext is a service
enabling a subscriber to obtain information over the Public Switched Telecoms
Network (PSTN) for presentation in alphanumeric and/or graphic form on a Visual
Display Unit (VDU) usually a specially adapted TV receiver. This service is
marketed under different names in different countries. Prestel in the UK,
Bildschirmtext in Germany and Telidon in Canada. Videotext subscribers may
choose to have an additional service electronic mailbox enabling them to send
messages directly and instantaneously to one another. The UK viewdata system,
which is an interactive service, should not be confused with Teletext, a oneway
24
information service which TV companies broadcast. (In the UK two systems are
available Ceefax and Oracle).
25
Unit4
ANALOG INTERFACE DEVICE
4.1. Presentation
The basic functions that should be provided by the analog subscriber circuit
can be summarized with the word BORSCHT made up of the first characters
of each function. That is:
Battery feed
Overvoltage protection
Ringing
Signalling or supervision
Codec
Hybrid (two wire/four wire conversion)
Test
4.1.1. Battery feeding unit. This unit is used to supply call current to each
subscriber telephone and at the same time, used for transmitting signals such as
off-hooks or dial pulses.
4.1.2. Overvoltage protection. The sensitive electronic parts of the switching
system should be protected adequately against overvoltage fed in from lightning or
unstable commercial power. Accordingly, the system protection elements must be
installed in the switching systems so that the system can withstand against impact
and current generated by over voltage. On the other hand, this current can be fed
into the both ends of the tip and ring wires or between tip or ring line and GND.
4.1.3. Call signal transmission. This function is used to transmit call signals
for notifying that a call will be terminated to the subscriber. Since high-voltage
alternating signal is used as call signals. The system should be capable of handling
surge generated during the transmission and equipped with circuit mal-operation
prevention means. Also the system should be equipped with the ventilation.
4.1.4. Signalling detection. This function is used to detect off-hook/on-hook
signals generated from the subscribers or dial pulse signals. Its circuit should be
highly reliable.
4.1.5. Encoding/Decoding. This function is used to encode analog voice
signals to digital voice signals and vice versa.
4.1.6. Hybrid. The major function of the hybrid is 2 wire/4 wire conversion
function. As supplementary functions the termination, insulation and
balance/unbalance conversion functions for alternating signals are available.
4.1.7. Test. The subscriber lines frequently experience faults such as water
submersion, short with the commercial power cable and cable disconnection. An
automatic testing device has been developed for detecting these types of errors
beforehand by monitoring subscriber lines routinely. This device is connected to
the line in the analog method for testing and measurement.
26
Accordingly, the analog interface device of the digital switching system
usually has a test in and test out bus for these types of interfaces. Generally for the
test in and test out functions a relay is used.
4.2. Comprehension
Answer the questions
1. What does BORSCHT mean?
2. Is battery feeding unit only used to supply call current to each subscriber
telephone?
3. What else it is used for?
4. What must be installed in the switching system so that it can bear the
current generated by overvoltage?
5. What is the function of call signal transmission used for?
6. Should signalling detection circuit be highly reliable? Why that?
7. What is the main function of the Hybrid?
8. Why is a relay used in the analog method for testing and measurement?
4.3.1. Examples
The basic functions that should be provided by the analog subscriber
S S V C
circuit can be summarized with the word BORSCHT made up of the first
V C
characters of each function.
Cc chc nng c bn ca mch thu bao tng t c th tm tt bng t
BORSCHT c to bi cc ch ng u ca tng chc nng.
This unit is used to supply call current to each subscriber telephone and at
S V1 C1
the same time, used for transmitting signals such as off-hooks or dial pulses.
V2 O2
Chc nng ny dng cung cp in gi cho tng my in thoi thu bao
ng thi dng truyn cc tn hiu nh nhc my hoc cc xung quay s.
4.3.2. Practice
accordingly (adv) ['k:dili] v th, v l do
adequately(adv) ['dikwitli] y , tha mn
alternating [:l't:nti] xoay chiu
battery feeding unit ['btri fi:di 'ju:nit] b np c quy/pin
beforehand (adv) [bi'f:hnd] trc, sm
commercial (adj) [k'm:l] thng mi
conversion (n) [kn'v:n] chuyn i, hon i
27
feed (v.) [fi:d] cung cp, vo
hybrid (n) ['haibrid] ghp, hn hp, lai
impact (n) ['impkt] s va chm, va p; s tc ng
insulation (n) [,insju'lein] s cch in/nhit
lightning (n) ['laitni] st
make up ['meikp] to thnh, gm c, bao gm
mal-operation ['ml,p'rein] thao tc sai, hot ng khng tt
monitor (v) ['mnit] gim st
notify (v) ['noutifai] thng bo, trnh bo
off-hook signal [:f huk] tn hiu nhc my
overvoltage (n) ['ouv'voultid] cao p, in p vt qu
protection (n) [pr'tekn] bo v
relay (n) [ri'lei] trm chuyn tip; rle
reliable (adj) [ri'laibl] tin cy, xc thc
sensitive (adj) ['senstiv] nhy cm, d tn thng
submersion (n) [sb'm:n] s ngp, chm
supervision (n)[,su:p'vin] s gim st
suplementary [,spli'mentri] thm vo, ph
surge (n) [s:d] s phng in, t bin
tip and ring wires hai dy in thoi
(between) tip and ring line (gia) mt trong hai dy
unstable (adj) [,n'steibl] khng n nh
ventilation (n) [,venti'lein] h thng thng gi, qut gi
withstand (v)[wi'stnd; wi'stnd] chu ng, chng li, chng tr

S + modal verbs (should/will) + be + V(past participle)
- The basic functions that should be provided by the analog subscriber circuit
can be summarized with the word BORSCHT made up of the first characters of
each function.
- The sensitive electronic parts of the switching system should be protected
adequately against over voltage fed in from lightning or unstable commercial
power.
- This function is used to transmit call signals for notifying that a call will be
terminated to the subscriber.
- Also the system should be equipped with the ventilation.
4.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1. Match English word or phrase and Vietnamese translation
1. analog subscriber circuit thit b kim tra t ng
2. insulation trm chuyn tip
3. unstable , tha mn
28
4. automatic testing device nhy cm, d tn thng
5. sensitive b np c quy/pin
6. commercial mch thu bao tng t
7. impact thng bo
8. measurement s cch in/nhit
9. notify hot ng khng tt, thao tc sai
10. reliable s o lng, php o
11. dial pulse va chm, va p, s tc ng
12. overvoltage gim st
13. battery feeding unit chu ng, chng li, chng tr
14. relay h thng thng gi, qut gi
15. mal-operation qu in p
16. adequately chuyn i
17. supervision tin cy, xc thc
18. conversion khng n nh
19. ventilation thng mi
20. withstand xung quay s
b) Exercise 2. Complete the sentences below
1. This unit ... to supply call current to each subscriber telephone and at the
same time, used for transmitting signals such as off-hooks or dial pulses.
2. The system protection elements ... in the switching systems so that the
system can withstand against impact and current generated by over voltage.
3. This current ... into the both ends of the tip and ring wires or between tip
or ring line and GND.
4. High-voltage alternating signal is used as ....
5. This function is used to encode ... to digital voice signals and vice versa.
6. This device is connected to the line in the ... for testing and measurement.
7. The ... of the digital switching system usually has a test in and test out
bus for these types of interfaces.
4.5.3. Reference source: Read and translate the paragraphs below into our own
language
iPhone comes preloaded with a suite of media management software and
communications software, including iTunes, the Safari Web browser and iPhoto.
iPhoto may be used in combination with the 2megapixel camera on the back of the
device. Googles search and mapping services are fully integrated, including the
ability to initiate phone calls from within Google Maps. Users can also view
YouTube videos on the device, along with Microsoft Office documents and most
imaging formats, including .JPEG, .GIF, and .TIFF. A partnership with Yahoo
allows iPhone users to send and receive rich HTML email. Other IMAP or POP3 e-
mail services are integrated as well, along with webmail access in the browser.
29
While iPhone was released under an exclusive two-year partnership with
AT&T Wireless, it took less than three months for hackers working in concert
worldwide to unlock the device for use on any GSM network, though the process
involved a level of technical sophistication well beyond the consumer level.
30
Part II
TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING
Unit 5
BASIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN THE TELEPHONE NETWORK
5.1. Presentation
Many different transmission systems are used in telecommunications
technology. Transmission on open wire lines was the earliest method used for
telephone traffic, and this method is still used in the local networks of many
countries. Nowadays, due to the demands on operating reliability, local networks
are built up using aerial or underground cable.
Between the subscriber and the local exchange two-wire circuits are used,
often placed in symmetric cable pairs. Between the local and transit exchanges
either two-or four-wire circuits are used. On longer routes, it may be advantageous
to use PCM on coaxial cable. These cables are also used for FDM systems
transmitting up to 10.800 telephone channels. At regular intervals along the coaxial
line, line amplifiers are provided. These are mounted in underground housings and
are called intermediate repeaters. In principle, the greater the number of channels
transmitted, the larger the number of repeaters required.
Nowadays, satellites have become increasingly important for long distance
communication, especially across the oceans. In principle, the satellite operates as
an intermediate repeater, signals are received, amplified and transmitted to the
ground station on the receive side. Satellites use the same frequency band as radio
relay systems.
Radio relay links operate with line of sight between the send and receive
stations. In principle, the greater the diameter of the parabola in relation of the
wave length, the higher the degree of directivily.
In terminal repeater stations, situated in ground stations and transit exchanges,
speech signals are modulated and combined before transmission. Each separate
conversation is shifted to a significantly higher frequency range. This is done in a
number of steps. First, by selecting suitable modulation frequencies, the
conversations can be placed next to each other along the frequency axis. Then,
they are transmitted as a group to the receive side where a similar station
demodulates the signals and extracts the various conversations before they are
transmitted in two-or four-wire circuits to another transit exchange.
5.2. Comprehension
5.2.1. Answer the questions
1. Why are local networks built up using cable rather than open wire?
2. What types of cables are used for systems which transmit up to 10800
telephone channels?
3. What is another term for intermediate repeaters?
4. What are the three functions of a satellite?
5. What is the directivity of a radio relay system proportional to?
6. Complete the diagram
31
Transmission
System
Wire&cable Microwave
Open Radio relay links

wire
5.2.2. Complete the sentences below

1. are used in telecommunications technology.
2. was the earliest method used for..., and this method is still used ... of many
countries.
3. Between the subscriber and the local exchange ... are used, often placed in ... pairs.
4. In principle,..., the larger the number of repeaters required.
5. Nowadays, satellites... for long distance communication, especially across
the oceans.
6. In principle, the satellite operates as an ...,signals are received, amplified
and transmitted to the ... on the receive side.
7. Radio relay links operate with ... between the send and receive stations.
8. In principle, the greater ... in relation of the wavelength, the higher the
degree of directivily.
9. In terminal repeater stations, situated in ground stations and transit
exchanges, ...
10. They are transmitted as a group to the receive side where ... and extracts
the various conversations before they are transmitted in two-or four-wire circuits to
another transit exchange.

5.3.1. Examples
Many different transmission systems are used in telecommunications
S V C
technology.
Nhiu h thng truyn dn khc nhau c s dng trong k thut vin thng.
Transmission on open wire lines was the earliest method used for
S1 V1 C1
telephone traffic, and this method is still used in the local networks of many
Conj S2 V2 C2
countries.
32
Truyn dn bng ng dy trn l phng php c in nht c dng
truyn dn lu lng in thoi, v phng php ny hin vn c s dng trong
cc mng ni ht ca nhiu nc.
5.3.2. Practice
advantageous (adj)[,dvn'teids] c li, thun li
amplifier (n) ['mplifai] b khuch i
amplify (v) ['mplifai] khuch i
axis (n) ['ksis] trc
basic transmission system h thng truyn dn c bn
coaxial cable [kou'ksil] ['keibl] cp ng trc
combine (v) [km'bain] kt hp
degree (n) [di'gri:] , mc
diameter (n)[dai'mit] ng knh
directivily (adv) [di'rektivli] tnh nh hng
extract (v) ['ekstrkt - iks'trkt] ly ra, chit ra, rt
ground station [graund] ['stein] trm mt t
housing (n) ['hauzi] hp my, hp bo qun my
in principle [in'prinspl] da trn nguyn tc, v nguyn l
in relation of [in ri'lein] so vi
intermediate (adj) [,int'mi:djt] trung gian, trung chuyn
interval (n)['intvl] khong cch
line of sight [lain v sait] ng/tm nhn thng
local network ['loukl] ['netw:k] mng a phng/ni ht
modulate (v) ['mdjuleit] iu ch
mount (v) [maunt] gn vo, lp vo
open wire line ['oupn] [wai] [lain] ng dy trn
radius (n) ['reidis] bn knh
repeater (n) [ri'pi:t] b lp, thit b lp li tn hiu
shift (v)[ift] di chuyn, chuyn i, x dch
significantly (adv)[sig'nifikntli] ng k
situate (v) ['sitjueit] t, , xy dng
symmetric cable pair i cp i xng
the same frequency band bng tn ging nhau
transit (n) [trnsit] s i qua, chuyn tip

S + (be) + V (past participle)
- Many different transmission systems are used in telecommunications technology.
33
- Between the subscriber and the local exchange two-wire circuits are used,
often placed in symmetric cable pairs.
- Between the local and transit exchanges either two-or four-wire circuits are
used.
- These cables are also used for FDM systems transmitting up to 10.800
telephone channels.
- At regular intervals along the coaxial line, line amplifiers are provided.
- These are mounted in underground housings and are called intermediate repeaters.
- Each separate conversation is shifted to a significantly higher frequency range.
- This is done in a number of steps.
- They are transmitted as a group to the receive side where a similar station
demodulates the signals and extracts the various conversations before they are
transmitted in two-or four-wire circuits to another transit exchange.
5.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1- Complete the meanings below
1. One kind of wire that is not surrounded by anything or with no cover.
2. The network that belongs to or is connected with a particular place or
area or the place where you live.
3. An electrical device or piece of equipment that makes sounds or radio
signals louder.
4. An equipment that uses to make radio signals happen more than once in
the same way.
5. A straight line going from one side of a circle or any other round object to
the other side, passing through the centre.
6. A straight line between the centre of a circle or any point on its outer edge.
7. A unit for measuring angle or temperature.
8. To change the rate at which a sound wave or radio signal vibrates so that
it is clearer.
9. A line that divides a shape into two equal parts, for example, a shape of
the earth or of a circle.
10. To move something from one place to another.
b) Exercise 2 Choose the best answer
1. Transmission on open wire lines is still used in the...networks of many
countries.
a. area b. regional c. inland
2. Nowadays,...the demands on operating reliability, local networks are built
up using underground or aerial cable.
a. owing to b. because c. (both a and b are correct)
3. Between the local and transit exchanges...circuits are used.
a. two-wire b. four-wire c. either two-or four-wire
4. At regular intervals along the coaxial cable, line...are provided.
34
a. amplifier b. amplifiers c. amplifers
5. Satellite operates as an intermediate repeater,...and transmitted to the
ground station on the receive side.
a. signals are received, amplifier
b. signal are received, amplified
c. signals are received, amplified
Read and translate the paragraphs into our own language
Next Generation Network (NGN) is a broad term to describe some key
architectural evolutions in telecommunication core and access networks that will
be deployed over the next 5-10 years. The general idea behind NGN is that one
network transports all information and services (voice, data, and all sorts of media
such as video) by encapsulating these into packets, like it is on the Internet. NGNs
are commonly built around the Internet Protocol, and therefore the term all-IP is
also sometimes used to describe the transformation towards NGN.
A Next Generation Network is a packet-based network able to provide
services including Telecommunication Services and able to make use of multiple
broadband, Quality of Service-enabled transport technologies and in which
service-related functions are independent from underlying transport-related
technologies. It offers unrestricted access by users to different service providers. It
supports generalized mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision
of services to users.
35
Unit 6
COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING AND THE SUBSCRIBER
6.1. Presentation
During recent years, the dramatic progress made in the field of
telecommunications has paved the way for the introduction of new and improved
services. It will be a vital importance for TAs (Telecommunication Administrators)
to be able to satisfy customer demands regarding such services. Whatever new
services come, and regardless of their implementation, one thing is certain: they
will require signalling resources which cannot possibly be provided by the
conventional signalling systems in use today.
With conventional signalling, a large number of pieces and many types of
signalling equipment are required. With common channel signalling (CCS) , the
signalling equipment is limited to relatively few signalling links. These links are
used for the transfer of signalling messages between SPC exchanges. One link can
be used for signalling many simultaneous transaction and hence is called a
common channel. The signalling information is digitally coded and transmitted
in the form of discrete messages: each message being a discrete block of binary
coded data. See figure below:
Transmission
D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 N MI CPC H CN OPN DPN
Direction
label
Figure 6.1. Common channel

Each message is logically associated with the transaction concerned (e.g the
set up of a call on a certain circuit) by means of a label (address).
To summarize, CCS makes it possible to transfer signalling information
directly from one digital exchange to another without setting up a speech path.
One important new service which will require CCS is call diversion. This
involves automatically diverting a call destined for a particular number (the B-
number) to another number (the C-number). Today the use of this facility is limited
by transmission restrictions, a call may not be routed via more than a certain
number of transmission links in tandem exchange. With CCS, by returning the C-
number to the calling exchange the call may be rerouted to a path that meets
transmission requirements. This also gives a better utilization of network resources
as the number of an occupied circuit for a diverted call is reduced.
For a fully developed diversion service, facilities for also charging the B
subscriber should be available. The A subscriber would then only be charged for
the cost of a call from A to B, whereas the B subscriber would pay the additional
cost to C. In cases where a call is rerouted at exchange A, the charging during the
36
call will be performed at A. CCS will be used to transfer charging information
from A to B after the call is completed.
Completion of call to busy subscriber is another service planned in a digital
network. When available, this will mean a new call will automatically be
established at the moment a B-subscriber becomes idle. A rational implementation
of this service requires that the call status of both the A-and B-subscribers can be
monitored continuously. Changes in the call status would then be signalled to the
remote exchange, together with the identities (numbers) of both the A-and B-
subscribers.
The exploitation of CCS will be a gradual process, which proceeds in step
with the evolution of the telecom network as a whole. When a call is established,
information is exchanged between a particular switching centre and a database
which gives instructions as to the way a call should be handled.
6.2. Comprehenstion
6.2.1. Answer the questions
1. Why is the dramatic progress in the field of telecommunication such as
the introduction of new and improved services vital important for
Telecommunication Administrators?
2. What type of message is indicated in figure above? Choose the best
answer.
a) Clear back (indicates called subscriber has terminated call)
b) Address-Message (indicates the telephone number of the called
subscriber)
c) Release guard (indicates the circuit is available for a new call)
3. Which advantage does CCS offer TAs from a traffic handling point of
view?
a) makes more services available.
b) reduces number of occupied circuits.
4. Who will pay more for the following diverted call?
a) subscriber A
b) subscriber B
5. Why is continuous monitoring of the A and B subscriber necessary for
effective implementation of the call to busy subscriber facility?
6.2.2. Match the word to its meaning
binary trung chuyn
common channel ti quan trng
conventional thc hin
database thng, c truyn
diversion to c hi/hon cnh cho
facility khi, tng, hng, dy
identity s i, chuyn hng
implementation phng tin, trang b
involve nhng ngun bo hiu c nh
37
occupied nhn dng
pave the way for knh chung
restriction giao dch, trao i hn ch, gii hn
signalling resource hn ch, gii hn
simultaneous ko theo, cha, bao hm
tandem ng thi, cng lc
transaction i, nh phn
vital importance chim dng
block c s d liu
6.3.1. Examples
During recent years, the dramatic progress made in the field of
Adv S
telecommunications has paved the way for the introduction of new and
V O
improved services.
Trong nhng nm gn y, s tin b ng k trong lnh vc vin thng
m ng cho vic a ra cc dch v mi v cc dch v c ci tin .
It will be of vital importance for TAs (Telecommunication Administrators)
S V C
to be able to satisfy customer demands regarding such services.
iu s v cng quan trng i vi cc nh qun tr vin thng c th
tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng ang mong ch cc dch v nh vy .
6.3.2. Practice
a speech path ng thoi
as a whole [houl] nhn chung
binary (n) ['bainri] i, nh phn
certain (adj) ['s:tn] nht nh, chc chn
completion (n) [km'pli:n] s hon tt, kt thc
concern (v) [kn's:n] lin quan ti, nh hng
conventional (adj) [kn'vennl] thng, thng thng
database (n) ['deit beis] c s d liu
discrete message (n) [dis'kri:t] thng bo ri rc
diversion service (n) [dai'v:n] dch v chuyn tip
divert (v) [dai'v:t] lm i dng, i hng
dramatic (adj) [dr'mtik] gy n tng su sc
exploitation (n) [,ekspli'tein] s khai thc
implementation (n) [,implimen'tein] thc hin, em ra p dng
instruction (n [in'strkn] ch dn, cch s dng
involve (v) [in'vlv] li ko, ko theo; lin quan
pave the way for [peiv wei f:] to c hi, m hng cho
38
proceed (v) [pr'si:d] tin hnh, tin trin, tin ti
rational (adj) ['rnl] c l, hp l, c chng mc
regarding (prep.) [ri'g:di] lin quan ti, cp ti
regardless of (prep.) [ri'g:lis'v] khng ch ti
restriction (n) [ri'strikn] hn ch, gii hn
simultaneous (adj) [,siml'teinis] ng thi, cng lc
status (n) ['steits] tnh trng
tandem (n) ['tndm] trung chuyn/ chuyn tip
transaction (n) [trn'zkn] giao dch, trao i
vital importance ['vaitl] [im'p:tns] ti quan trng
a) S + can/will/would/may + be + V (past participle)
- One link can be used for signalling many simultaneous transaction and
hence is called a common channel.
- Today the use of this facility is limited by transmission restrictions, a call
may not be routed via more than a certain number of transmission links in
tandem exchange.
- With CCS, by returning the C-number to the calling exchange the call may
be rerouted to a path that meets transmission requirements.
- The A subscriber would then only be charged for the cost of a call from A
to B, whereas the B subscriber would pay the additional cost to C.
- In cases where a call is rerouted at exchange A, the charging during the call
will be performed at A.
- CCS will be used to transfer charging information from A to B after the
call is completed.
- When available, this will mean a new call will automatically be
established at the moment a B-subscriber becomes idle.
- Changes in the call status would then be signalled to the remote exchange,
together with the identities (numbers) of both the A-and B-subscribers.
b) Relative pronouns ... which/that, when ...
- The exploitation of CCS will be a gradual process, which proceeds in step
with the evolution of the telecom network as a whole.
- When a call is established, information is exchanged between a particular
switching centre and a database which gives instructions as to the way a call
should be handled.
- One important new service which will require CCS is call diversion.
- A rational implementation of this service requires that the call status of both
the A-and B-subscribers can be monitored continuously.
6.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Are the statements below True or False ?
1. Address-Message indicates the telephone number of the called subscriber.
2. CCS is used to reduce the number of occupied circuits for a diverted call.
39
3. It is easier for common channel signalling to divert a subscriber call.
4. CCS requires various types of signalling equipment for transferring
signalling messages.
5. CCS needs a speech path to transfer signaling information from one
digital exchange to another.
6. By using CCS, new services such as call diversion or call to busy
subscriber will be automatically performed.
b) Exercise 2: Match the phrases to their meanings

1. Common channel signalling a. ch th thng bo
2. Stored program control b. s hiu im gc
3. Destination point number c. bo hiu knh chung
4. Originating point number d. iu khin chng trnh lu tr
5. Calling party category e. s hiu im n
6. Ciurcuit number f. loi cuc gi
7. Message indicator g. s hiu knh
6.5.3. Reference source: Complete the paragraph using the words or phrases
given, then translate it into our own language
development, transmission, a signal, in order to, is made up, system, include
Transmission is the function of transmitting ...(1) from one place to another
place. Transmission ...(2) consists of sending and receiving devices, and
transmission media and repeater between them. The sending facilities transfer and
send input signal or original signal ...(3) transmit them efficiently through the
media, receiving facilities extracts original signal from the received signal. Also a
repeater handles compensation occurred during the ...(4). As a media, there are
copper wires, coaxial cables, radios, wave guides and optical fiber cables.
Transmission field ...(5) of the subscriber transmission part that inter-
connects a subscriber with the exchanges and end office transmission part that
inter-connects exchange office with exchange office. Transmission parts ...(6) wire
transmission and radio transmission, satellite communications, TV transmission,
optical fiber communication, wave guide, underground communications and as
well as regenerative repeater using various transmission media, organic
combination and network synchronization of these devices and maintenance and
network management part of transmission network circuit and so on. Therefore, it
is not too much to say that transmission engineering ... (7) has led the development
of communication as analog transmission and digital transmission.
40
Unit 7
COMMUNICATION SATELLITES
7.1. Presentation
Communicating by radio is a method of sending or receiving sounds, pictures
and data through the air by means of electro-magnetic waves.
We use the airwaves for many purposes: broadcasting most of our local and
national radio and TV stations, in our mobile radio and telephone services, and to
communicate on a global scale through distant satellites, which act as a kind of
reflector in the sky, redirecting the information we send up to them. A whole range
of satellites now orbit the Earth and are used for a variety of purposes.
Figure 7.1. Type of communications: satellite link

Purpose: to link two subscribers in different parts of the world
Low orbit satellites, the typical height of which varies from 150 to 450 kilometres,
are little use for telecommunications for they are only in line of sight of each earth
station for about 15 minutes. Their rotation period around the earth is about one
and a half hours and their main use is for remote sensing, a field in which digital
processing techniques are proving especially valuable. A low orbit satellite,
equipped with a multispectral scanner system (MSS), can observe the earth in great
detail providing us with extremely accurate information about agriculture, forestry,
water resources and pollution patterns. It also has a multitude of applications in
such fields as weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, geology,
oceanography and cartography. There are important defence implications too, since
they can be used to spy on the activities of a potential enemy.
Medium altitude satellites are used for telecommunication, especially in
countries which cover a vast geographical area. They fly at a typical height of
9000 to 18000 kilometres, orbiting the earth in a period of five to twelve hours.
They are in line of sight of the earth station for between two and four hours.
The most important type of satellite for telecommunications is the
geosynchronous or geostationary satellite, positioned over the equator at a height
of 35800 kilometres. Its rotation period is 24 hours, the same as the earths and
41
consequently, seen from the earth, this type of satellite appears to remain
motionless in the sky. It is within line of sight of an earth station for its entire life .
A communication satellite is, in essence, a microwave relay station which
receives signals in a given frequency band and retransmits them at a different
frequency to avoid problems of interference between the weak incoming signal and
the powerful retransmitted signal. The equipment which receives a signal,
amplifies it, changes its frequency and then retransmits it, is called a transponder.
A satellite can handle large amounts of traffic which it can send over vast areas of
the earth. It therefore represents a relatively cheap way of transmitting information
over long distances. For countries which do not already have sophisticated cable or
microwave networks, the use of a satellite can be extremely beneficial as it can be
used in their place.
Until recently all satellites were launched using rockets, which proved to be
extremely costly as the rockets were lost in the sea a few minutes after being
launched. The space shuttle, itself put into orbit by a rocket, parts of which are
recovered and can be reused, heralds the era of routine access to space, for one
individual shuttle will be able to perform not less than 100 separate missions. Its
payload is also greater than that of any previous rockets and its crew will be made
up not only of professional astronauts but of scientists who will be able to conduct
their research in the gravity-free environment of space.
7.2. Comprehension
1. How does the text define radio communications?
2. What does a transponder do?
3.Why are developing countries particularly interested in satellite
communications?
4. Complete the information below to understand more about a low orbit satellite, a
medium altitude satellite and a geosynchronous/geostationary satellite.
A low orbit satellite
a. height:
b. rotation period:
c. time in line of sight of earth station:
d. use:
A medium altitude satellite
a. height:
b. rotation period:
d. use:
A geosynchronous/geostationary satellite
a. height:
b. rotation period:
42
d. use:
5. Give four apparent advantages of the space shuttle over conventional rockets.

7.3.1. Examples
Communicating by radio is a method of sending or receiving sounds,
S V C
pictures and data through the air by means of electro-magnetic waves.
Thng tin v tuyn l mt phng php pht hay thu m thanh, cc hnh nh
v d liu trong khng gian nh cc sng in t.
We use the airwaves for many purposes: broadcasting most of our
S V O
local and national radio and TV stations, in our mobile radio and telephone services,
O
and to communicate on a global scale through distant satellites, which act as a kind
S1 V1
of reflector in the sky, redirecting the information we send up to them.
C1 S2 V2 C2
Chng ta s dng sng tri vo nhiu mc ch: thng tin qung b i vi
hu ht cc trm v tuyn v truyn hnh a phng cng nh quc gia, trong cc
dch v in thoi v v tuyn di ng, v thng tin lin lc trong phm vi ton
cu nh cc v tinh tm xa, cc v tinh ny ng vai tr nh mt vt phn x trn
tri, chuyn tip nhng thng tin chng ta gi ln .
7.3.2. Practice
altitude (n) ['ltitju:d] cao, ng cao
broadcasting (n) ['br:dk:sti] pht thanh, qung b
cartography (n) [k:'tgrefi] o c bn
entire (n) [in'tai] ton b
equator (n) [i'kweit] xch o
era (n) ['ir] k nguyn, thi k
forestry (n) ['fristri] trng trt, lm hc
geology (n) [di'ldi] a cht hc
geostationary (n) ['di:oud'steinri] a tnh
geosynchronous (adj)['di:oud'sikrns] ng b v a l
herald (n,v) ['herld] bo trc
43
implication (n) [,impli'kein] quan h mt thit
in essence [in 'esns] v c bn
mission (n) ['min] nhim v
motionless (n) ['mounlis] bt ng, khng chuyn ng
multispectral scanner system h thng my qut a quang ph
multitude (n)['mltitju:d] v s
oceanography (n)[,'ngrafi] hi dng hc
orbit (n)(v) [':bit] qu o, bay theo qu o
payload (v) [pei loud] trng ti
period (n) ['pirid] thi k, giai on, chu k
pollution patterns[p'lu:n] ['pt()nz] cc mu nhim
potential enemy[p'tenl] ['enimi] i phng
recover (v)[ri:'kv] tm li c, phc hi li
redirect (v)[,ri:di'rekt] chuyn tip
reflector (n)[ri'flekt] thit b phn x
rotation (n)[rou'tein] quay quanh
sensing (n)[sensi] cm bin
shuttle (n) ['tl] con thoi
sophisticated (adj) [s'fistikeitid] phc tp, tinh vi, tinh xo
spy (v)[spai] do thm, theo di
transponder (n)[trn'spnd(r) thit b pht p
vary (v)['veri] thay i
weather forecasting['we'f:k:sti] d bo thi tit
a) Reduced form of relative pronouns
- We use the airwaves for many purposes: broadcasting most of our local and
national radio and TV stations, in our mobile radio and telephone services,
and to communicate on a global scale through distant satellites, which act as a
kind of reflector in the sky, redirecting the information we send up to them.
- A low orbit satellite, equipped with a multispectral scanner system (MSS),
can observe the earth in great detail providing us with extremely accurate
information about agriculture, forestry, water resources and pollution patterns.
- They fly at a typical height of 9000 to 18000 kilometres, orbiting the earth
in a period of five to twelve hours.
- Its rotation period is 24 hours, the same as the earths and consequently,
seen from the earth, this type of satellite appears to remain motionless in the
sky.
b) be able to + V-infinitive
- The space shuttle, itself put into orbit by a rocket, parts of which are
recovered and can be reused, heralds the era of routine access to space, for
one individual shuttle will be able to perform not less than 100 separate
missions.
44
- Its payload is also greater than that of any previous rockets and its crew
will be made up not only of professional astronauts but of scientists who will
be able to conduct their research in the gravity-free environment of space.
7.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Find the words that are suitable for the meanings below
1. An important job that is done by a soldier or group of soldiers, etc.
2. A piece of special glass or plastic that reflects lights.
3.A curved path that is followed by a planet or an object as it moves around
another planet, star, moon, etc.
4. The action of an object moving in a circle around a central fixed point.
5. A length of time.
6. The science or practice of planting and taking care of trees and forests.
7. An imaginary line around the earth at an equal distance from the North and
South Poles.
8. A piece of equipment that receives radio signals and automatically sends
out another signal in reply.
9. Sky wave, in another word.
10. To be a sign that sth is going to happen.
b) Exercise 2: Are the sentences below True or False?
1. Radio communication is sending or receiving sounds, pictures and data
through the air by means of electromechanical waves.
2. We use airwaves only in mobile radio and telephone services.
3. Satellites operate as an intermediate repeater.
4. Low orbit satellites operate in the range of under 500kms.
5. The most important type of satellite for telecommunication is medium
altitude satellite.
6. The equipment that receives a signal, amplifies it, changes its frequency
and then retransmits it is called amplifier.
7. Rockets are used to put the space shuttle into orbit.
8. Professional astronauts and scientists who will be able to conduct their
research in the gravity-free environment of space can be taken into the space
by shuttle.
7.5.3. Reference source: Read and translate the paragraph below into our
own language.
The terminal relay device is used to reproduce and amplify signals, and
overlaps and separates current fed into the line repeater. Also, it carries out code
conversion (single polarity to multi-polarity), code scrambling and descrambling,
and insertion and separation of monitoring and control signals. The regenerative
repeater has a function of regenerating distorted pulses on line. Also, it is equipped
with a circuit for detecting overheating or faults. Using the regenerative repeaters,
telephone offices can detect these through remote controlling. That is, they detect
code errors by carrying out parity check, transmission code suppression in order to
45
monitor the operation status of the repeaters. If faults are detected, faulty repeaters
are diagnosed by utilizing pulse trio and phase detection. The repeater is activated
by rated current (normally 60mA) overlapped on signals supplied from the
terminal station. Noises generated from the regeneration system are mostly code
error noise and jitter noise. The quality of regeneration transmission lines are
evaluated based on these. Code error noises are generated due to heat noise and
waveform distortion. As jitter noise, there are elements generated by the change of
code pattern and other elements not dependent on the code patterns.

46
Unit 8
THE BASIC DESIGN OF THE EARTH STATION
8.1. Presentation
The microwaves transmitted by the satellite are very weak when they
finally get to our back gardens and this is why we need a fairly large dish antenna,
in the case of the Homeward Mark II, two metres across. This dish captures as
much of the signal as possible and reflects it to a point above the centre of the dish
called the focal point where a metal object called the feedhorn is located. This
helps to gather up all the reflected microwave signal and conduct it back to the
first stage of electronics with a minimal amount of signal loss. This first stage, the
low noise amplifier, or LNA as it is also called, consists of several microwave
amplifier circuits in series. These multiply the incoming microwave signal, which
is probably not more than a millionth of a volt, by a factor of 100 000. This
amplified signal is then sent out of the LNA on a large coaxial cable to another
electronic box called the downconverter. This reduces the 4 GHz signal to a much
lower frequency, called the intermediate frequency (or IF).
A microwave mixing circuit inside the downconverter combines the incoming
satellite signal with a second signal generated by the voltage-tuned oscillator (or
VTO). When these two signals are heterodyned together, the IF signal is created. It
is then amplified and filtered before being sent to the indoor receiver via a length
of coaxial cable.
We often say that the IF is 70 MHz but what we really mean is that its a band
of frequencies centred on 70 MHz. This band needs to be around 30 MHz wide in
order to be able to carry all the information necessary for one satellite TV channel.
The incoming signal is amplified and then, after being filtered, this IF signal is fed
into another circuit called a discriminator. The discriminators job is to strip off the
video and audio signals. These are contained in the 70 MHz IF in the same way as
they were in the original 4 GHz signal. We may have stepped the frequency down
in order to handle it more easily, but that doesnt affect the video or audio
information at all. For this reason the original 4 GHz frequency is called a carrier.
After leaving the discriminator, the separated audio and video signals are sent to
another unit called the Radio Frequency (or RF) Modulator. This may be contained
within the receiver or, in some cases, it comes as a separate unit. This modulator
acts as a miniature transmitter and hooks up directly to the TVs cable input, if it
has one, or through a CATV transformer to the TVs antenna terminals.
All receivers have a means of selecting which channel to see. The cheaper
ones have a variable tuning knob like those used on radios. The basic Homearth
has a channel selector knob with 24 positions, rather like a CB radio. The
Homearth Deluxe has a digital channel display with up/down scan tuning and
47
remote control. Whichever method is used, voltage signal is sent back to the
downconverter along a cable. This adjusts the VTO and causes the mixer to
produce the desired satellite channel. Thats the basic design of the earth station.
8.2. Comprehension
1. What is the trade name of the equipment that is mentioned in the text?
2. How big is the dish antenna?
3. Where is the feedhorn positioned?
4. How is the incoming microwave signal?
5. What do we really mean when we say the IF is 70MHz?
6. What is the original 4GHz frequency also called?
7. When do we need a CATV transformer connected to the TV?
8. How many normal ways of tuning Homearth station are there?

8.3.1. Examples
The microwaves transmitted by the satellite are very weak when
S1 V1 C1
they finally get to our back gardens and this is why we need a fairly large dish in the
S1 V1 C1 Conj S2 V2 S2 V2 O2
case of the Homearth Mark II, two metres across.
Sng cc ngn do v tinh pht i khi ti c tri t l rt yu v iu ny l
gii v sao chng ta cn mt anten cho kh ln ng knh 2m i vi Homearth.
This dish captures as much of the signal as possible and reflects it to a
S V1 C V2
point above the centre of the dish called the focal point where a metal object the
C S2
feedhorn is located.
V2
Anten cho ny bt c cng nhiu tn hiu cng tt v phn x tn hiu ti
mt im nm trn ng tm ca cho gi l tiu im m t mt b phn
hng sng bng kim loi.
8.3.2. Practice
a minimal amount of signal loss mt s lng ti thiu ca suy hao tn hiu
adjust (v) ['dst] iu chnh
capture (n) ['kpt] bt, chim, thu gom
carrier (n) ['kri(r)] sng mang, ti ba
conduct (n) ['kndkt] dn, ch o
48
discriminator (n) [dis'krimint] thit b/ b tch sng
downconverter (n) [daunkn'v:t] b h tn
factor (n) ['fkt] tha s, h s
feedhorn [fi:dh:n] thit b hng sng
first stage of electronics tng u ca thit b in t
focal point ['foukl'pint] tiu im, trng tm, trung tm
gather up ['g p] gom li, dn li
heterodyne (v) ['hetrdain] pha trn, kt hp
hook up ['hukp] bt ni, ni
variable tuning knob (n) nm iu chnh
a millionth (n) ['miljn] mt phn triu
miniature (n) ['mint] c nh, m hnh nh
multiply (v) ['mltiplai] nhn
reflect (n) [ri'flekt] phn x, phn chiu
series (n) ['siri:z] mch ni tip
strip off [strip :f] tch, phn tch
transformer (n) [trns'f:m] my bin p
variable (adj) ['veribl] thay i
voltage-tuned oscillator b dao ng iu hng in p
a) Comparison
- as much ... as possible...
- This dish captures as much of the signal as possible and reflects it to a point
above the centre of the dish called the focal point where a metal object called
the feedhorn is located.
- more than...
- These multiply the incoming microwave signal, which is probably not more
than a millionth of a volt, by a factor of 100 000.
- (much) + adj.-er
- This reduces the 4 GHz signal to a much lower frequency, called the
intermediate frequency (or IF).
- The cheaper ones have a variable tuning knob like those used on radios.
b) in order to + V-infinitive
- This band needs to be around 30 MHz wide in order to be able to carry all
the information necessary for one satellite TV channel.
- We may have stepped the frequency down in order to handle it more easily,
but that doesnt affect the video or audio information at all.
8.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Find the word that is suitable for the meaning below
49
1. One kind of wave-an electromagnetic wave that is shorter than a radio
wave but longer than a light wave.
2. An electronic device that is sent into space and moves around the earth or
another planet. It is used for communicating by radio, television etc. and for
providing information as well.
3. To catch, in another word.
4. An object that we use to collect the waves transmitted by the satellites.
5. An object that is used to reduce a high frequency signal to a low frequency.
6. A piece of equipment is used to separate or to strip off video and audio signals.
7. A device used for reducing or increasing the voltage of an electric power supply.
8. A screen on which a picture or action etc. is shown.
b) Exercise 2: Are the sentences below True of False?
1. We dont need a dish antenna to gather up the microwaves transmitted by
the satellites.
2. The feedhorn can be placed anywhere in the dish.
3. The feedhorn collects all the reflected microwave signal and conducts it
back to the first stage with large of amount of signal loss.
4. When there is a microwave mixing circuit operating, the intermediate
frequency is created.
5. The IF is sent to indoor receiver without amplifying or filtering.
6. The IF is a band of frequencies centred on 70 MHz.
7. The separated audio and video signals are sent to another unit called RFM.
8. All receivers have tuning knob for selecting channel to see.
c) Exercise 3: Match the phrase to their translation
1. Intermediate frequency a. bng tn nghip d
2. Voltage-tuned oscillator b. trung tn
3. Cable television c. b iu bin tn s v tuyn
4. Low noise amplifier d. b dao ng iu hng in p
5. Radio frequency modulator e. truyn hnh cp
6. Citizens band f. b khuch i tp m thp
8.5.3. Reference source : Read and translate the paragraph below into Vietnamese
The communications networks of the twentieth century will allow the users
to select service ranges and access types freely based on the advances in transport
technology. And as a result, they will be integrated systems capable of
accommodating the existing and future communications needs such as telephones,
data, TV broadcasting, or high-speed LAN connection through the implementation
of B-ISDN with the capability to process information by the packet unit. Future
communications networks will have a circuit switching function as well as packet
switching function. Accordingly, transmission systems for this should be
developed with the capacity to meet the requirements and characteristics of
information. Unlike existing circuit information, packet information is discrete,
50
with various bit speeds. Also, their bandwidths change frequently and they do not
make network synchronization requests. However, when a new packet
communications network is introduced, it should not deteriorate system quality
during the interface with the existing communications network. In addition, as in
the synchronous multiplexing, it should be capable of identifying packets on bits
being transmitted and therefore, communications should be carried out by the
block unit.
51
Unit 9
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS
9.1. Presentation
Local Area Networks (LANs) may be defined as transmission and switching
systems that provide high-speed communication between devices located on a
single site. This could be an office complex, an industrial estate, a college campus
or any closely linked group of buildings in which a variety of workstations need to
communicate with each other. A typical LAN may cover a distance ranging from a
few metres to around ten kilometres. As much of our daily work in the office
involves using different kinds of communication media, LANs have been seen to
be particularly useful in the fields of office automation (OA) and distributed data
processing (DDP).
Typically we find that about 50% of all office communication circulates
within one geographic site and that 70% of all communication circulates within the
same company. Only 30% ever goes beyond the company into the outside world, to
customers and suppliers, for example.
Many large companies, or groups working on the same site, are being faced
with the choice of continuing with their own PABXs, which may be
electromechanical or electronic, or of installing a LAN. Installing a LAN is
certainly very expensive but it offers a great variety of advantages over a PABX.
Suppliers of LANs have been offering systems based on two major classes of
architecture, the ring and bus topologies.
52
Figure 9.1. The topologies of local area networks (ring, bus and star)
A third solution that is also sometimes suggested is based on the classic star network,
in which a central processor controls all other nodes in a master/slave manner.
The central processing unit (CPU) in ring and bus topologies can be located
anywhere in the network, making for truly decentralized processing, whereas it
controls every operation in a star network. In contrast to LAN suppliers, the effort
of PABX suppliers has been placed, for the main part, on replacing
electromechanical systems with modern, electronic PABXs where the customers
requirements have been almost exclusively for voice-only systems. The late entry
of PABX suppliers into the OA market has been seen by many as the chasing of a
new expanding market with second best technology.
So which is better for the office: a PABX or a LAN system?
A lot obviously depends on the size and specific needs of each company, but
LAN topology and architecture seem to be more suitable for levels one and two
because of the very high data rates, high occupancy and transaction levels that are
involved. PABXs, on the other hand, seem to be more suitable for levels three or
four, where communication over longer distances is required.
The principal argument in favour of LANs is their ability to handle large
amounts of data at high speed. Also their networks, either ring or bus, require less
cabling than the star networks of PABXs, and LANs offer distributed control rather
than the very centralized systems provided by PABXs. This gives LANs more
power and flexibility. It is also easier to share specialized resources with a LAN
and different terminals can be connected more economically than on a PABX.
Finally, the LAN frees the PABX for other functions.
Against the LAN, we can argue that it is costly to install: it is limited in
communications distance; there is a lack of privacy and a relatively small
bandwidth; and it can only accommodate a limited number of terminals. For some
operations a LAN may also be less reliable than a PABX.
Since LANs appear to be particularly well-suited to the electronic office,
they will certainly continue to develop in different forms using transmission media
(coaxial cable and/or optical fibres) which meet the specific requirements and
technical possibilities of individual companies in terms of architecture and
investment.
9.2. Comprehension
1. How does the text define a LAN?
2. What are the two major classes of LAN architecture?
3. According to the text, what market have PABX suppliers aiming at?
4. Give six possible advantages of a LAN over a PABX.
5. What do the following acronyms mean: CPU, OA, DDP?
9.3.1. Examples
Local Area Networks (LANs) may be definded as transmission
53
S V O
and switching systems that provide high-speed communication between
S V O
devices located on a single site.
Mng cc b c th c nh ngha nh l cc h thng chuyn mch v
truyn dn cung cp ng truyn thng tin tc cao gia cc thit b ti mt
im n l.
This could be an office complex, an idustrial estate, a college campus or
S V
any closely linked group of buildings in which a variety of workstations
S
need to communicate with each other.
V C
c th l mt t hp vn phng, mt khu cng nghip, mt trng i
hc hoc bt c mt khu cc ta nh cao tng cn k nhau no m nhiu
trm c th lin lc vi nhau.
9.3.2. Practice
Analyse and translate the text into our own language

accommodate (v) ['kmdeit] cha, cung cp
architecture (n) [':kitekt] kin trc
be faced with [bi: feist wi] phi i mt vi
beyond (prep.) [bi'jnd] vt qu
campus (n) ['kmps] khu/khun vin trng i hc
chase (v) [teis] sn ui, rt ui
circulate (v) ['s:kjuleit] lu thng, lan truyn
communication media phng tin truyn thng
complex (n) ['kmpleks] lin hp, t hp
contrast (v) ['kntrst] tng phn, khc nhau
daily work ['deili w:k] cng vic hng ngy
decentralize (v) [di:'sentrlaiz] phn b, phn quyn
define (v) [di'fain] nh ngha
distributed data processing x l d liu phn tn
economically (adv) [,i:k'nmikli] tnh kinh t
estate (n) [is'teit] t qui hoch ring
industrial estate khu cng nghip
exclusively (adv) [iks'klu:sivli] dnh ring
geographic site [di'grfik sait] vng a l
54
in favour of [in'feiv v] ng h ca..., c li cho...
investment (n) [in'vestmnt] u t
master/slave manner ['m:st/sleiv'mn] cch ch/t
new expanding market th trng ang m rng mi
occupancy (n) ['kjpnsi] s chim, c ng
principle argument tranh lun quan trng/ch yu
privacy (n) ['privsi] ring t, c nhn, b mt
specific need [sp'sifik ni:d] nhu cu c bit/ring
topology (n) [t'pldi] hnh tp, cu hnh
workstation (n) [w:k'stein] vn phng
9.5. Self-srudy guide
a) Formal subject It + (be) + to + V-inf.
- It is also easier to share specialized resources with a LAN and different
terminals can be connected more economically than on a PABX.
- We can argue that it is costly to install.
b) be + being + V (past participle)
- Many large companies, or groups working on the same site, are being faced
with the choice of continuing with their own PABXs, which may be
electromechanical or electronic, or of installing a LAN.
c) seem to be...
- A lot obviously depends on the size and specific needs of each company, but
LAN topology and architecture seem to be more suitable for levels one and
two because of the very high data rates, high occupancy and transaction levels
that are involved.
- PABXs, on the other hand, seem to be more suitable for levels three or four,
where communication over longer distances is required.
9.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Choose the best answer
1. LAN...as transmission and switching systems that provide high-speed
communication between devices located on a single site.
a. may be considered b. called c. said
2. A typical LAN may cover...from a few metres to around ten kilometres.
a. a position b. a space c. a range
3. All communication circulates in a LAN and only...of this goes beyond one
geographic site or a company.
a. 30% b. 50% c. 70%
4. LANs are more powerful and flexible than PABXs because of...
a. their high-speed communication transmission
b. their less cable requiring
c. their high-speed communication transmission and their less cable
requiring
5. LANS also have disadvantages. They are...
55
a. costly to install, limited communication distance.
b. lack of privacy, small bandwidth, limited number of terminals, limited
range of frequency, cost a lot of money.
c. less reliable.
b) Exercise 2 Are the sentences below True or False?
1. LAN is a typical method for high-speed data transfer.
2. LANs require more cables to install its system.
3. It is not difficult to share specialized resources of data.
4. Their terminals can be connected more economically.
5. It has higher reliability than other networks.
9.5.3. Reference source: Read and translate the text below into Vietnamese
Control information such as on hook/off hook , address digits, coin deposits,
etc. is inherently digital and, hence, readily incorporated into a digital transmission
system. One means incorporating control information into a digital transmission
link involves time division multiplexing, the control as a separate but easily
identifiable control channel. Another approach involves inserting special control
codes into the message channel and having digital logic in the receiving terminals
decode that control information. In either case, as far as the transmission system is
concerned, control information is indistinguishable from message traffic.
In contrast, analog transmission systems require special attention for control
signalling. Many analog transmission systems present unique and sometimes
difficult environments for inserting control information. An unfortunate result was
that many varieties of control signal format and procedures evolved. The control
formats depend on the nature of both the transmission systems and its terminal
equipment. In some interfaces between network subsystem control information
must be converted from one format to another. Signalling on analog links therefore
represented as significant administrative and financial burden to the operating
telephone companies.
The move to common channel signalling removes most of the signalling
costs associated with interoffice trunks but does not change the situation for
individual subscriber lines, which must carry signalling on the same facility as the
message channel. The use of digital subscriber lines (DSLs) reduces the signalling
costs associated with analog subscriber lines, which helps offset the higher cost of
a DSL and a digital telephone. DSLs are the fundamental aspect of ISDN.
56
Part III
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Unit 10
WHY OPTICAL FIBRES ARE USEFUL AND HOW THEY WORK
10.1. Presentation
Fibre-optic communications, in which electrical signals are converted into
pulses of light that are squirted along very thin glass pipes, have several
advantages over conventional copper cables:
The signal fades (attenuates) less so repeaters can be more widely spaced.
Fibres can carry a lot of information.
Most fibres are made from silica, which is very cheap.
Fibres are immune to interference and crosstalk.
The material is lightweight and flexible. A 500 m fibre weighs about 25kg;
a coaxial cable of the same length weighs 5 tons.
core
corecorecore
rere
stepped-index multimode
cladding mmmmmultimultimode
graded-index multimode
stepped-index monomode
Figure 10.1. The contruct of optical fibre
Although ordinary glass can only support effective light transmission for a
few tens of metres, optical fibres, which are made of pure glass, can carry light
signals for up to 50 km without amplification. Silica glass fibre has two
components-the highly transparent core at the centre and the opaque surrounding
called cladding. Three main types of fibre are possible: stepped-index
monomode; stepped-index multimode and graded-index multimode (see figure
3.1). Stepped-index fibres proceed from transparency to opaqueness in straight,
defined bands while graded-index fibres go progressively from transparency to
opaqueness. Monomode fibre has a very narrow core-such a fibre can support just
one guided electromagnetic mode. In a multimode fibre, such a fibre can support
up to 500 light rays, each of which slightly different wavelengths pass through.
57
Telecommunication engineers want to keep reflections in the core to a
minimum so that pulses of light do not overlap and make messages unintelligible.
In the early days of fibres, engineers used graded-index multimode fibre, rather
than stepped-index, to keep overlapping to a minimum. But it is more satisfactory
to use monomode fibre, in which pulse spreading does not occur.
Light sources can be either light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or lasers. The first
give less powerful signals but are considerably cheaper and last longer. Lasers,
however, produce light of a closely-defined wavelength and so are suitable for
monomode fibres
There are also two types of photodetectors-the silicon pin photodiode and the
silicon avalanche photodiode. The avalanche devices are generally more sensitive
but they are also more expensive.
10.2. Comprehenstion
Complete the tables below
Table 1
Composition Types Main features Quality

Stepped-index overlapping
a.... multimode
Glass fibre b.... c.... d.... e....
f.... g.... h....
In quality***is better than**, and ** is better than*

Table 2
Types Features Applications

Light sources
a.... b.... multimode and monomode
c.... d.... e....
Table 3
Types Features
Photodetectors a.... b....
c.... d....
58
10.3.1. Examples
Fibre - optic communications, in which electrical signals are converted
S S1 V1
into pulses of light that are squirted along very thin glass pipes, have
O1 S1 V1 C1 V
several advantages over conventional copper cables.
O
Thng tin si quang, m trong cc tn hiu in c chuyn thnh cc
xung nh sng chy trong cc ng thy tinh rt mnh, c mt s u im so vi
cc cp ng thng thng.
10.3.2. Practice
10.4 . Words and phrases
a thin glass pipe [in gl:s paip] mt ng thy tinh mng
attenuate (v) ['tenjueit] lm yu dn, suy yu dn
avalanche (n) ['vl:n] thc, , bng
cladding (n) ['kld] lp bc, che y, v
conventional copper cables cp ng thng thng
detector (n) [di'tekt] b d nh sng/hnh nh
photodetector (n) [,foutou di'tekt] b tch sng quang
diode ['daioud] i t, ng hai cc
fade (v) ['feid] yu dn, bin dn, mt dn
flexible (adj) ['fleksbl] mm do, d un cong
grade (n) [greid] cp , loi, bc
immune to sth [i'mju:n] khng b nh hng i vi ci g
index (n) ['indeks] ch s
intelligible (adj) [in'telidbl] r rng, d hiu
mono- ['mnou] n
multi- [mlti] nhiu
opaque (adj) [ou'peik] m, c, khng trong sut
ordinary glass [':rdnri gl:s] thy tinh thng
overlap (n,v) ['ouvlp] chng nhau, gi ln nhau
photo (n) ['foutou] nh sng quang, hnh nh
proceed (v) [pr'si:d] tin hnh, tip tc
pure glass [pju gl:s] thy tinh nguyn cht
satisfactory (adj) [,stis'fktri] va , hi lng, tha mn
sensitive (adj) ['senstiv] nhy cm, cm bin
silica (n) ['silik] silict
space (v) ['speis] t cch nhau, cch nhau
spreading (n) ['spredi] phn b, tri ra
squirted (adj) [skw:tit] bn ra, xt ra
59
support (v) [s'p:t] chng thc, xc nhn, truyn dn
transparent core [trns'prnt k:] li trong sut

a) more/less
-The signal fades (attenuates) less so repeaters can be more widely spaced.
- But it is more satisfactory to use monomode fibre, in which pulse
spreading does not occur.
- The first give less powerful signals but are considerably cheaper and last
longer. The avalanche devices are generally more sensitive but they are also
more expensive.
b) so that
- Telecommunication engineers want to keep reflections in the core to a
minimum so that pulses of light do not overlap and make messages unintelligible.
10.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Match each advantage with an appropriate explanation
Advantages
1. Potentially low material cost.
2. High immunity to interference and crosstalk
3. Very large information bandwidth.
4. Small and light cable.
5. Complete electrical isolation
Explanations
a. This means that they are suitable for crossing places which contain lots
of electrical apparatus that give off stray signals. A fibre-optic link is also
difficult to tap.
b. This means that the signal faded less so that repeaters can be more
widely spaced.
c. This means that fibres can carry a lot of information, 8000 or more
telephone conversations.
d. This means that when manufacturers start to produce fibre in large
quantities, the price will be relatively low
e. This means that the cables can easily be laid and that they will not
occupy much duct space.
b) Exercise 2: Find the words that have the meanings below
1. A thin glass thread through which light can be transmitted or sent.
2. A tube through which liquids or gases can flow.
3. It is a soft reddish-brown metal used for making electric wires, pipes
and coins.
4. It belongs to glass, plastic etc. allowing you to see through it.
5. The central part of an object.
60
6. It belongs to glass, liquid etc. not clear enough to see through or allow
light through.
7. It is hard or impossible to understand.
8. Acceptable or pleased.
9. An electronic device in which the electric current passes in one
direction only.
10. A narrow beam of light, heat or other energy.
c) Exercise 3: Are the sentences below True or False?
1. Fibres can carry 8000 or more telephone conversations.
2. When manufactures start to produce fibre in large quantities, the price will
be relatively low.
3. Optical fibres are difficult to lay and they will occupy much duct space.
4. There are three main types of fibres: stepped-index monomode, stepped-
index multimode, and graded-index monomode.
5. Owing to completed electrical isolation of fibres they are suitable for crossing
places which contain lots of electrical apparatus that give off stray signals.
10.5.3. Reference source: Read and translate the paragraph below into our own language.
Light is propagated at a speed of 300000km/s in the air without any
transmission medium. Geometric optics, formulated by the Greek, studies the
propagation paths of light. It is still used to analyze problems related to light that
is, it is used to explain the propagation modes and conditions of optical fibers.
However, light cannot be explained completely with geometric optics alone
because some of the general rules involving light are violated in the case of
interference and diffraction, for example. In other words, geometric optics only
deals with the external phenomenon of light instead of explaining its basic
properties (wave or particles). Accordingly, to have a better understanding on light,
one must understand the fact that light can be interpreted as wave or particles.
Light is transmitted through an optical fiber, which is the transmission medium of
an optical communication system, based on its wave-like property and when being
applied in a laser or optical detector, its particle-like property should be studied.
That is, the wave/particle likeness of light should be analyzed carefully in order to
have a clear understanding on it.
61
Unit 11
OPTICAL SUBSCRIBER SYSTEM
11.1. Presentation
In the section below, only those items to be considered when applying optical
communications technology to the subscribers are explained.
The optical subscriber system will be set up under the assumption that the
existing metallic subscriber lines will be replaced by optical cables. The optical
cables, as in the case of the existing cables, consist of underground cables,
overhead cables, and wire cables. Since the characteristics of the optical cables
differ largely from those of the existing cables, the designing of their connections,
arrangements, lengths, and housings should be done precisely. That is, unlike the
existing copper wires, when splicing two optical cables, splicing loss occurs
inevitably. Accordingly, the extra length of optical cables should be secured when
laying out the cables in preparation for resplicing of the lines for the rearrangement
of the subscriber networks. Available cable splicing methods include a fusion
splicing and a method utilizing connectors. The former will be mainly used in
underground manholes and overhead splicing cabinets for the splicing carried out
in underground, overhead and between laid- out cables. The latter will be used
mainly for MDFs (Main distribution Frames) in switching offices, overhead
terminals, and subscriber outdoor cables. Once the optical cables are laid to the
subscribers as described in the above, the subscribers through these will be
simultaneously serviced with voice and remote security function (several tens of
bps of low data service) and broadband services of several tens to several hundreds
Mbps, such as video. The commercialization of the optical subscriber system is
expected to take place 10-20 years later. Accordingly, it is very difficult now to
project accurately the types of services it will offer in the future. Generally, the
types of services offered through ISDN are not specified because its
communication network only offers service channels, which are several access
interfaces transparent for all the services.
Accordingly, each subscriber will utilize the network according to his unique
requirements. For the sake of convenience, however, services offered by ISDN are
specified in the below: mid and low-speed narrowband services and broadband
services such as video.
The broadband services are classified further into distributed services such as
CATV and interactive services such as video telephone whereas the narrowband
services are classified into D, B, H0, and H1, class services of ITU-T; these are
likely to be separated at end offices and then processed through ISDN. The
62
distributed broadband services are likely to be connected to the video information
center such as the broadcasting center of today. Since the number of video
channels to be offered to the subscribers will be limited, program selection devices
will be installed at the end offices for the program selection desired by the
subscribers. In the interactive services as in the case of existing telephone network,
will require the switching function of video signals and therefore, are likely to be
connected to new broadband switching networks.
Therefore the distributed services are often called as broadcaster services and
the interactive services as the switched services. In the end, all the services will be
processed through one broadband communication network.
11.2. Comprehension
1. How many kinds of cables does optical cable consist of?
2. Do the characteristics of the optical cables differ from those of the existing cables?
3. How many available optical cable splicing methods are there? What are they?
4. Are the types of services offered through ISDN specified? Why or Why not?
5. What is advantage for services offered by ISDN?
6. What are the distributed services and the interactive services called?
7. Will all the services be processed through one broadband communication network?
11.3.1. Examples
In the section below, only those items to be considered when applying
Adv.C S
optical communications technology to the subscribers are explained.
V
Nhng im cn xem xt khi p dng cng ngh thng tin quang vi cc thu
bao c gii thch phn di y.
The optical subscriber system will be set up under the assumption that
S V C rel.pron
the existing metallic subscriber lines will be replaced by optical cables.
S V O
Mt h thng thu bao quang s c thit lp vi mt gi thit l cc ng
dy thu bao kim loi hin c s c thay th bng cp quang.
11.3.2. Practice
a fusion splicing ghp ni hp nht
assumption (n) ['smpn] gi thit
broadcasting centre trung tm pht thanh v truyn hnh
broadcaster services cc dch v pht sng
cabinet (n) ['kbinit] bung, hp, ngn
63
commercialization (n) [k,m:lai'zein] thng mi ha
existing metallic subscriber line ng dy thu bao kim loi hin c
extra length ['ekstr le] chiu di thm/tha
inevitably (adv) [in'evitbl] tt yu, hin nhin
interactive service [,intr'ktiv 's:vis] dch v tng tc
interface (n) ['intfeis] giao din
laid- out cables cp c lp t, cp c sn
main distribution frames gi u dy
manhole ['mnhoul] cng cp
mid and low-speed narrowband services dch v bng hp tc trung v thp
optical subscriber system h thng thu bao quang hc
overhead cable ['ouvhed'keibl] cp treo
precisely (adj) [pri'saisli] chnh xc, ng
rearrangement (n) ['ri:'reindmnt] s b tr/sp xp li
resplicing ghp ni li
sake of convenience [seik v kn'vi:njns] mc ch thun tin
splicing (n) ['splaisi] ghp, ni, u
transparent (n) [trns'prnt] trong sut
unique (adj) [ju:'ni:k] c nht v nh, v song
voice and remote security function chc nng thoi v an ninh xa
wire cable [wai'keibl] cp dy kim loi
a) Since / Once + S + V...(clause), + S + V...(clause)
- Since the characteristics of the optical cables differ largely from those of
the existing cables, the designing of their connections, arrangements, lengths,
and housings should be done precisely.
- Since the number of video channels to be offered to the subscribers will be
limited, program selection devices will be installed at the end offices for the
program selection desired by the subscribers.
- Once the optical cables are laid to the subscribers as described in the
above, the subscribers through these will be simultaneously serviced with
voice and remote security function (several tens of bps of low data service)
and broadband services of several tens to several hundreds Mbps, such as
video.
b) It + (be) + adj. + to + V-inf.
- It is very difficult now to project accurately the types of services it will
offer in the future.
c) to + V-inf + V (past participle) in the passive meaning
- Since the number of video channels to be offered to the subscribers will be
limited, program selection devices will be installed at the end offices for the
program selection desired by the subscribers.
64
- In the section below, only those items to be considered when applying
optical communications technology to the subscribers are explained.
- The broadband services are classified further into distributed services such
as CATV and interactive services such as video telephone whereas the
narrowband services are classified into D, B, H0, and H1, class services of
ITU-T; these are likely to be separated at end offices and then processed
through ISDN.
- The distributed broadband services are likely to be connected to the video
information center such as the broadcasting center of today.
- In the interactive services as in the case of existing telephone network, will
require the switching function of video signals and therefore, are likely to
new broadband switching networks.
11.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Match English words to their translations
1. existing cables a. cp treo
2. underground cables b. cp ng
3. overhead cables c. cp quang
4. wire cables d. cng cp
5. optical cables e. cp ngm
6. copper wires f. cp hin c
7. manholes g. cp dy kim loi
8. several tens h. vi trm
9. several hundreds i. cc dch b bng hp
10. narrowband services j. vi chc
11. broadband services k. cc dch v tng giao
12. distributed services l. cc dch v pht thanh
13. interactive services m. cc dch v chuyn mch
14. broadcaster services n. cc dch v phn tn
15. switched services o. cc dch v bng rng
b) Exercise 2 Write these phrases in Vietnamese
1. ITU (International Telecommunications Union)
2. ISDN (Integrated services digital network)
3. MDF (Main distribution frame)
4. CATV (cable television)
5. AGC (automatic gain control)
6. PFM (pulse frequency modulation)
7. DIM (digital intensity modulation)
8. PCM (pulse code modulation)
9. TDM (time division multiplexing)
10. FDM (frequency division multiplexing)
11. WDM (wavelength division multiplexing)
12. SDM (space division multiplexing)
c) Exercise 3 Complete the sentences below
65
- The optical subscriber system will be set up under the assumption that the
... will be replaced by optical cables.
- The ..., as in the case of the existing cables, consist of underground cables,
overhead cables, and wire cables.
- Unlike the ..., when splicing two optical cables, splicing loss occurs inevitably.
- The extra length of optical cables should be secured when laying out the cables
in preparation for resplicing of the lines for the ... of the subscriber networks.
- The types of services offered through ... are not specified because its
communication network only offers service channels, which are several
access interfaces transparent for all the services.
- ... the distributed services are often called as broadcaster services and the
interactive services as the switched services.
- ... will be processed through one broadband communication network.
11.5.3. Reference source: Read and translate the paragraphs into our own language.
The time division method is utilized extensively when multiplexing signal
such as data, PCM voice (64kb/s), and digital video data. The digital transmission
is generally regarded to be most economical for voice and data signal. However,
during the short distance transmission of wideband video signals, the analog
transmission method can be used as well. DIM method that sends video signal
channels by IM and the method of carrying out FM and PFM modulation
beforehand in order to broaden transmission distance can be used for this purpose.
In addition to TDM and FDM, a wavelength division method that modulates
several optical carriers having different wavelengths into separate electrical signals
and then, sending them via one optical fiber is available. Also, when sending
several channels via one optical fiber, a great amount of data can be sent by
increasing the number of core wires after multiplexing several channels. This is
called a SDM method. The optical transmission system can be set up by using the
combination of TDM/FDM, WDM and SDM. We can see that the optical
transmission system is similar to that of the conventional pair cables or coaxial
cable transmission method except that it converts electrical signals into optical
signals and vice versa at the receiving side.
66
Unit 12
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
12.1. Presentation
In optical fiber communications, the following advantages of optic fiber are
utilized effectively: that is, optical fibers have low loss transmission and wide
bandwidth. Also they can be used for setting up light and thin transmission routes
and do not experience crosstalk with neighboring optical fibers and are not subject
to the induced interference of electronic waves. In fact, it is the most efficient and
economical transmission medium of information currently available.
First, having a wide bandwidth, it can transfer a great amount of information
such as voice, data, video signals and combined signals through one system up to a
distance of 100 GHz-Km. Accordingly, through the use of this, a great number of
voice and video signals can be sent to destinations more than 100km away without
using the regenerators.
Second, since optical fibers are thin and light and do not generate crosstalk
between them, accordingly, they can be easily set up in cities, ships, airplanes, and
tall buildings without additional installation of pipes or ducts.
Third, since optical fibers are made of non-conductive dielectrics, they are
not affected by electronic wave interference and electromagnetic pulses.
Accordingly, they can be used for transmission without noises. That is they can be
installed together with power cables and can be used in a nuclear reaction
environment.
Fourth, since the main raw materials of optical fibers are sand or plastics that
are much cheaper than copper, they are more economical than shielded coaxial
cables. Their cost will drop considerably as new technology is successfully
developed. In addition, as it has mentioned previously, due to their low loss
characteristics, their initial installation cost as well as maintenance and repair cost
are low because they require less number of regenerators.
In addition to aforementioned advantages, optical fibers have excellent
security, safety, long life span, and durability respective to surrounding
environment. Also, they are easy to maintain and repair and have high reliability.
Furthermore, they do not experience signal leakage and can be easily extended
whenever necessary, and can be manufactured cheaply. The above advantages are
summarized in the table below. Due to these advantages, optical fibers are being
used for telephone networks, data/computer networks, and broadcasting (wideband
service) and will be used for ISDN, power supply, military and medical
applications, and measuring instruments.
67
Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages
Low loss Long regeneration interval
Low the facility cost

Wide bandwidth Large capacity transmission
Reduction in the sizes Ease of installation and Difficult connection

of transmission routes maintenance
Duct installation cost

reduced
Non-conductibility Crosstalk prevention Regeneration feed lines

required
Safe communication possible
Resource-sand Abundance of raw New fault corrective

material actions required (cables)
Manufacturing cost cheap
Evaluation Excellent transmission route Can be solved with newly

developed technologies
Table 12.1. Advantages/disadvantages of optical fibers
12.2. Comprehension
1. By what way are optical fibers utilized reliably?
2. In the performance of optical fibers, why neednt the regenerators to be
used in sending signals to the far distances more than 100 km away?
3. What are the advantages of the optical fibers?
4. Can the optical fibers be installed together with power cables?
5. Can they be used in a nuclear reaction environment or not? Why?
6. Why can the optical fibers be considered as much cheaper and more
economical than normal cables?
7. Are optical fibers being used for military applications?
12.3.1. Examples
In optical fiber communications, the following advantages of optic fiber
Adv. C S
are utilized effectively: that is, optical fibers have low loss transmission and wide
68
V C S V S 1 V1 O1
bandwidth.
Trong thng tin si quang cc u im sau ca si quang c s dng mt
cch hiu qu: suy hao truyn dn thp v bng thng ln.
Also they can be used for setting up light and thin transmission routes
Adv. S V1 O1
and do not experience crosstalk with neighboring optical fibers and are not
V2 O2 C2 V3
subject to the induced interference of electronic waves.
C3
Thm vo , chng c th s dng thit lp cc ng truyn dn nh v
khng c xuyn m vi cc ng si quang bn cnh v khng chu nh hng
ca nhiu cm ng sng in t.
12.3.2. Practice
abundance (n) ['bndns] phong ph, tha thi
aforementioned advantage u im ni/ cp
trn
conductive (adj) [kn'dktiv] dn in
di- ['dai] kp, i
dielectrics (n) [,daii'lektriks] cht in mi
duct (n) ['dkt] ng dn
durability [,djur'biliti] bn
evaluation (n) [i,vlju'ein] nh gi, nhn xt
experience (v) [iks'pirins] tri qua
extend (v) [iks'tend] ko di, ni rng ra
induce (v) [in'dju:s] gy ra, em n
initial installation cost gi lp t ban u
leakage (n) ['li:kid] r r, lt
long life span ['l laif spn] tui th
main raw material [mein r: m'tiril] nhin liu th ch yu/chnh
maintenance and repair cost gi thnh bo dng v sa cha
medium/media ['mi:dim]/ ['mi:di] phng tin truyn thng
mentioned (adj) ['mennd] c cp n
military and medical application ng dng trong y hc v qun s
neighboring (n) ['neibri] nm gn, k bn
non-conductive dielectrics cht in mi khng dn in
nuclear reaction environment mi trng phn ng ht nhn
previously (adv) ['pri:visli] trc, trc y
respective [ri'spektiv] ring
69
a) since + clause (S + V...), + clause (S + V...)
- Since optical fibers are thin and light and do not generate crosstalk
between them, accordingly, they can be easily set up in cities, ships,
airplanes, and tall buildings without additional installation of pipes or ducts.
- Since optical fibers are made of non-conductive dielectrics, they are not
affected by electronic wave interference and electromagnetic pulses.
- Since the main raw materials of optical fibers are sand or plastics that are
much cheaper than copper, they are more economical than shielded coaxial
cables.
b) S + be + Adj. + to + V-inf.
- They are easy to maintain and repair and have high reliability.
12.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Find the words that have the meanings below
1. Situated or living near or next to a place or person.
2. The main ways that large numbers of people receive information and
entertainment, such as television, radio or the newspapers.
3. A pipe or tube carrying liquid, gas, electric or telephone wires, etc.
4. The material that is in its natural state, not yet changed, used or made into
something else.
5. A substance that consists of very small grains is found on beaches or in
deserts, etc.
6. To gradually grow or become bigger, more advanced, stronger, etc.
7. The length of time that something lasts or is able to continue.
8. Near or around something.
9. To make something larger or longer.
10. An amount of liquid or gas escaping through a hole in something.
b) Exercise 2: Are the statements below True or False?
1. Optical cables cannot be solved with newly developed technologies.
2. There is abundance of cheap materials such as sand or plastic that is used
to manufacture optical fibers.
3. The cables are easy to install and maintain.
4. The installation cost of the cables is more economical than the other
shielded cables.
5. One of the most advantages of the optical fibers is long regeneration interval.
6. The cables need not to be used with the feed line regenerators.
12.5.3. Reference source: Fill in the gaps using the available words. Then
translate the paragraph into our own language.
function, side, system, circuit, level, method, receive
The analog transmission ... (1) can be carried out with only an amplifier used
to make the receive side obtain required output ...(2) by converting electrical
signals into optical signals and vice versa. When using PFM method, a
demodulation ...(3) corresponding to this should be assigned to the receive...(4). So
far, the basic functions of optical transmission system have been described. The
70
actually running... (5) , in addition to the above, is equipped with stabilizing ... (6)
for the output of optical signals transmitted, an AGC circuit for maintaining the
electrical output of the ... (7) side uniformly, and a circuit for monitoring each part.
71
Unit 13
OPTICAL FIBER LOSS CHARACTERISTICS
13.1. Preseentation
The distance between regenerators and the types of optical transmitter and
receiver are determined by the loss characteristics of optical fiber. Causes of loss
include the absorption, dispersion and improper connection of optical fiber. These
are listed in the table below.
Infrared ray absorption

Unique factor
of material
Ultra violet ray absorption
Absorption
Transfer metals(Cr,Co,V)
External factor
OH device
Rayleigh dispersion
Unique factor Raman dispersion
of material
Briliouin dispersion
Transmission
loss causes Dispersion Non-uniform boundary plane
Non- uniform diameter

External Air bubble, contaminants crystal
factor
Retraction rate distribution
Minor bending
Connection loss Axis out of alignment,

non-uniform retraction rate
Connection
loss
Contact loss Non - uniform contact plane
Table 13.1. Transmission loss causes of optical fiber
72
13.1.1. Loss by absorption
Light absorption is carried out by the defective atomic structure of silica optical
fiber material, contaminated atoms of the material (external absorption) and atoms
making up optical fiber material (self-absorption). Loss caused by defective atomic
structure can be ignored unlike loss caused by other factors. The contaminants in the
optical fiber are the most important cause for loss (due to transitional metals such as
steel, chrome, cobalt and copper and humidity of OH device).
The contaminants (1-10ppb-parts per billion) in transitional metals cause a
loss of about 1-10 dB/km. Absorption by the molecule vibration of OH device is
carried out at a wavelength of about 2.7m (basic vibration absorption). The
second high frequency absorption occurs around 1.38m and the third high
frequency absorption around 0.95m. In the case of currently used optical fiber,
absorption peak located around 1.35m is the most problematic. Absorption by this
OH device is great and accordingly to reduce loss by absorption to below
20dB/km, contaminants should be less than several ppb.
Absorption by material is carried by the vibration of ultraviolet rays and there
are no problems at the wavelength between 0.8m and 1.7m.
13.1.2. Loss by dispersion
Loss by dispersion is caused by minor changes such as the density of optical
material, non-uniformity of composition elements and structural non-uniformity
generated during the manufacturing process and faults. Dispersion can be further
divided into Rayleigh dispersion having linear characteristics, induced Brillouin
dispersion having non-linear characteristics and induced Raman dispersion.
Rayleigh dispersion occurs when the change of the refraction rate of optical
fiber takes place in an area smaller than the wavelength of light used. The degree
of dispersion is inversely proportional to four times the wavelength; accordingly,
the optical fiber experiences greatest loss with wavelength less than 1.0m.
Brillouin/Raman dispersion is generated when optical power passing through the
optical fiber is higher than the threshold level and the wavelength of dispersed
light differs from the original wavelength. Along with the above, light is dispersed
out from the optical fiber due to the gas bubbles in the optical fiber, local defective
parts, and structural non-uniformity.
13.1.3. Loss by Radiation
Loss by radiation is generated when the optical fiber is bent too much: the
optical fiber may be bent in such a way that its bending radius is greater than the
diameter of the optical fiber or its axis may become wobbled at a cycle of less than
mm (microbending). Loss generated when the bending radius of the optical fiber is
great becomes greater when the relative refraction rate difference between the core
and cladding is smaller. In the case of microbending, the energy of the propagation
mode and non-propagation mode is repeatedly combined and accordingly, loss by
radiation or dispersion is great. Also, the speed between modes and the entire
73
propagation length can be uniformized so as to reduce the dispersion of optical
pulse width.
13.2. Comprehension
1. How is light absorption carried out?
2. What factor is the most important for causing loss of optical fiber?
3. At what wavelength of the existing optical cable the absorption peak is the
most problematic?
4. What is the reason for loss by dispersion?
5. When does Rayleigh dispersion occur?
6. What happens when the optical fiber is bent too much?

13.3.1. Examples
The distance between regenerators and the types of optical transmitter
S
and receiver are determined by the loss characteristics of optical fiber.
V O
C ly gia cc thit b ti to v cc loi thit b pht v thu c xc nh
bng cc c trng suy hao ca si quang.
Light absorption is carried out by the defective atomic structure of silica
S V O
optical fiber material, contaminated atoms of the material (external absorption)
C
and atoms making up optical fiber material (self-absorption).
S hp th nh sng xy ra do cu trc nguyn t ca vt liu si quang silic
khng hon chnh, cc nguyn t ca vt liu khng tinh khit (hp th bn ngoi)
v cc nguyn t to nn vt liu si quang (t hp th).
13.3. 2. Practice
absorption (n) [b's:pn] hp th
air bubble [e 'bbl] bt kh
alignment (n) ['lainmnt] thng hng, nh tuyn
atomic (adj) ['tmik] nguyn t
boundary (n) ['baundri] ng bin, bin gii
composition (n) [,kmp'zin] b phn cu thnh
contaminant (n) [kn'tminnt] cht khng tinh khit
contaminate (v) [kn'tmineit] lm bn, nhim bn
defective (adj) [di'fektiv] khng hon ho, khim khuyt
diameter (n) [dai'mit] ng knh
74
dispersion (n) [dis'p:n] s tn x
humidity (n) [hju:'miditi] m
improper (adj) [im'prp] sai, khng thch hp
infrared ray [,infr'red rei] tia hng ngoi
inversely proportional to t l nghch vi
linear (adj) ['lini] tuyn tnh, theo chiu di
molecule vibration ['mlikju:l vai'brein] dao ng phn t
non-linear [,nn 'lini] phi tuyn
out of alignment ['aut v 'lainmnt] khng thng hng
plane (n) [plein] mt phng, mt bng
problematic (adj) [,prbl'mtik] kh gii quyt, cn m h
radiation (n) [,reidi'ein] phng x, s pht quang
radius (n) ['reidis] bn knh
refraction rate (n) [ri'frkn reit] chit sut
structure (n) ['strkt] cu trc
threshold ['rehould] ngng
transitional [trn'zinl] chuyn tip
ultra violet ray ['ltr 'vailtrei] tia cc tm
unlike (prep.) [n'laik] khc vi, khng ging
uniformize (v.) ['ju:nif:maiz] ng nht, thng nht
wobble (v) ['wbl] lc l, xin
become wobbled at a cycle b xin i mt vng
13. 5. Self-study guide
a) in the case of...
- In the case of currently used optical fiber, absorption peak located around
1.35m is the most problematic.
- In the case of microbending, the energy of the propagation mode and non-
propagation mode is repeatedly combined and accordingly, loss by radiation
or dispersion is great.
b) to + V-inf. Infinitive of purpose
- Absorption by this OH device is great and accordingly to reduce loss by
absorption to below 20dB/km, contaminants should be less than several ppb.
c) such ... that.../ so ... that
- Loss by radiation is generated when the optical fiber is bent too much: the
optical fiber may be bent in such a way that its bending radius is greater than
the diameter of the optical fiber or its axis may become wobbled at a cycle of
less than mm (microbending).
d) ... so as ...
Also, the speed between modes and the entire propagation length can be
uniformized so as to reduce the dispersion of optical pulse width.
13.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Complete the sentences below
75
- Loss by dispersion is caused by ... such as the ... of optical material, ... of
composition elements and ... generated during the manufacturing process and
faults.
- Dispersion can be further divided into ... having linear characteristics,
induced ... having non-linear characteristics and induced ....
- Rayleigh dispersion occurs when the ... of the refraction rate of optical
fiber takes place in an area ... than the wavelength of light used.
- Light is dispersed out from the optical fiber due to the ... in the optical
fiber, ... parts, and structural ....
- Loss generated when the ... of the optical fiber is great becomes greater
when the relative refraction rate difference between the ... and ... is smaller.
b) Exercise 2: Match each phrase to their translation
1. light absorption a. kim loi chuyn tip
2. defective atomic structure b. nh hp th
3. contaminated atom c. kh gii quyt nht
4. transitional metal d. dao ng phn t
5. molecule vibration e. hp th nh sng
6. absorption peak f. cu trc nguyn t b li
7. the most problematic g. nguyn t khng tinh khit
8. ultraviolet ray h. t l nghch vi
9. structural non-uniformity i. ton b c ly lan truyn
10. non-linear characteristics j. phn li cc b
11. inversely proportional to k. mc ngng
12. threshold level l. tia cc tm
13. local defective part m. c trng phi tuyn
14. entire propagation length n. khng ng nht v cu trc
13.5.3. Reference souce: Read and translate the paragraph into our own language
BISDN has the basic goals of accommodating all existing services in the
communication network in the future. Therefore, it basically provides the narrow-
band services such as telephone, data terminal, facsimile, telewriting, remote
meter reading teletex, videotext, and E-mail. In addition, it is capable of
providing broadband services such as a video telephone, video conference, and
high rate data transmission, color facsimile and CATV, HDTV distribution, high
sensor sound, video mail, video monitor, high resolution screen transmission, and
broadband videotext.
These BISDN services include all services having various characteristics.
That is interactive services such as a telephone or video telephone and message
services such as E-mail or video mail and retrieval services for retrieving a draft or
text are included. These services are communication services that the service signal
is transferred to both ways, but besides, the one way distribution services such as
CATV service are contained together.
76
77
Unit 14
OPTICAL FIBER DISPERSION CHARACTERISTICS
14.1. Presentation
The shape of optical pulses propagating through a long optical fiber changes
and the pulse width becomes greater and as a result overlap switch adjacent pulses
thus restricting the transmission capacity of optical fiber. The dispersion
characteristics of optical fiber that cause the deformation of these transmission
signals is one of the most important characteristics of optical fiber.
There are intra-mode dispersion that occurs in one mode and mode
dispersion that occurs between modes. Intra-mode dispersion represents the
dispersion of one mode by wavelength. It is sometimes referred to as chromatic
dispersion and it can be represented by the sum of medium dispersion and the sum
of propagation route dispersion.
14.1.1. Mode dispersion
Light is propagated through several paths and accordingly, the propagation
distances of modes differ from each other. Due to this difference, the optical pulses
of respective mode elements, passing through an optical fiber have different
arriving times and accordingly, the width of output optical pulse becomes greater
than that of input optical pulse and it also experiences deformation.
The maximum arriving time difference between the mode elements of this
optical pulse is called the max. delay time. The time interval between two optical
pulses should be greater than the max. delay time in order for two optical pulses
(time adjacent) to be distinguished from each other. Accordingly, to increase the
transmission bandwidth of a multi-mode optical fiber, mode dispersion should be
decreased. The best method to do this is to change the refraction rate of a core so
as to make graded index optical fibers that have a parabola shape (with the greatest
refraction rate). In the case of graded index optical fiber, the propagation path of
each mode has a shape that is similar to a sine wave. Local group velocity at each
point of this propagation path is inversely proportional to local refraction rate.
Accordingly, by making the refraction of optical fiber into graded index type, the
propagation time difference, that is, mode dispersion can be reduced. The optimal
refraction rate distribution at this time is shaped as parabola line whose core center
is the highest.
14.1.2. Chromatic dispersion
Chromatic dispersion occurs because light generated from light sources such
as laser or light emitting diode has finite wavelength width, unlike that of ideal
single color light. Light having a finite band width propagates through the optical
fiber at a different speed (different wavelength elements). This can be explained
with material dispersion that occurs because the refraction rate of an optical fiber
may be different according to wavelength and propagation route dispersion
generated due to the propagation phenomenon of different route.
Material dispersion refers to dispersion generated because the refraction rate
of Abastoes glass, which is a material of optical fiber, changes according to the
78
wavelength of light source. The difference of group speed according to material
dispersion is proportional to the second differential of the refraction rate change
times the waveform width of the light source.
Wavelength having
Elements
minimum dispersion rate
Abastoes - porontoxide 1.26 - 1.27
Pure Abastoes 1.28
Abastoes - phosphorous pentoxide 1.28
Abastoes - germanium dioxide 1.30 - 1.35
Table 14.1. Minimum dispersion wavelength according to the element change
of optical fiber
Light propagation route distribution can be explained in terms of geometric
optics as follows: when the angle between light that corresponds to one mode and
the axis of optical fiber changes according to wavelength, the actual path length
respective to each wavelength of one mode changes and as result delay time
difference occurs due to changed arrival time. Propagation route dispersion is not
that important in the case of multi-mode optical fiber experiencing a relatively
greater inter mode dispersion. However, in the case of single mode optical fiber
that only experiences chromatic dispersion, propagation route dispersion and
material dispersion can offset with each other in a certain wavelength and as a
result, used widely to minimize chromatic dispersion in a wavelength between 1.2-
1.7m.
14.2. Comprehension
1. Are the propagation distances of light similar to each other? Why or Why not?
2. How is the width of output optical pulse compared to that of input optical pulse?
3. How to understand the max. delay time?
4. How to increase the transmission bandwidth of a multi-mode optical fiber?
5. Why is there chromatic dispersion phenomenon?
6. What does material dispersion refer to?
14.3.1. Examples
The shape of optical pulses propagating through a long optical fiber changes
S V
and the pulse width becomes greater and as a result overlap switch adjacent pulses
S V C
thus restricting the transmission capacity of optical fiber.
79
Hnh dng ca cc xung quang truyn lan theo mt si quang di thay i v
rng xung s ln hn v v vy chng gi ln cc xung bn cnh lm hn ch
dung lng truyn dn ca si quang.
The dispersion characteristics of optical fiber that cause the deformation of

S S1 V1 O1
these transmission signals is one of the most important characteristics of optical fiber.
C1 V C
c tnh tn x ca si quang m n gy ra s bin dng ca tn hiu truyn
dn ny l mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng nht ca si quang.
14.3.2. Practice
abastoes glass thy tinh abastoes
angle (n.) ['gl] gc
capacity (n.) [k'psiti] dung lng
chromatic dispersion [kr'mtik] [dis'p:n] tn sc
correspond to (v.) [,kris'pnd] tng ng, ph hp vi
deformation (n.) [,di:f:'mein] lm mo, lm bin dng
finite band bng tn hu hn
geometric optics [di'metrik] ['ptik] quang hnh hc
intra-mode dispersion tn x ni mode
inversely proportional to t l nghch vi
light emitting diode it pht quang
max. delay time thi gian tr cc i
mode dispersion tn x mode
multi-mode optical fiber si quang a mode
optimal (adj.) ['ptiml] tt nht, ti u
overlap switch adjacent pulses cc xung k cn chng ln nhau
parabola shape [p'rbl] [eip] hnh/dng parabol
phenomenon (n.) [f'nminn] hin tng
propagation route dispersion tn sc ng lan truyn
proportional to [pr'p:nl] t l thun vi
refer to [ri'f:] lin quan ti, so vi
respective (adj.) [ri'spektiv] tng ng
restrict (v.) [ri'strikt] hn ch, gii hn
second differential vi phn/o hm bc hai
single color n sc
80
times (prep.) [taimz] nhn
time adjacent ['deisnt] cn k v thi gian
velocity (n.) [vi'lsti] vn tc, tc lc, tc
waveform (n.) [weivf:m] dng sng
wavelength (n.) ['weivle] bc sng

a) Comparisons
Adj. + er
- The shape of optical pulses propagating through a long optical fiber
changes and the pulse width becomes greater.
- the width of output optical pulse becomes greater than that of input optical
pulse and it also experiences deformation.
- The time interval between two optical pulses should be greater than the
max. delay time in order for two optical pulses (time adjacent) to be
distinguished from each other.
- Propagation route dispersion is not that important in the case of multi-
mode optical fiber experiencing a relatively greater inter mode dispersion.
the + Adj. + est

- The best method to do this is to change the refraction rate of a core so as to
make graded index optical fibers that have a parabola shape (with the
greatest refraction rate).
- The optimal refraction rate distribution at this time is shaped as parabola
line whose core center is the highest.
b) Reduced forms of relative pronoun
- the optical pulses of respective mode elements, passing through an optical
fiber have different arriving times.
- ... material dispersion can offset with each other in a certain wavelength
and as a result, used widely to minimize chromatic dispersion in a
wavelength between 1.2-1.7m.
c) due to...
- Due to this difference...
- ... propagation route dispersion generated due to the propagation
phenomenon of different route.
- ... the actual path length respective to each wavelength of one mode
changes and as a result delay time difference occurs due to changed arrival
time.
d) in the case of
- In the case of graded index optical fiber, the propagation path of each
mode has a shape that is similar to a sine wave.
81
- However, in the case of single mode optical fiber that only experiences
chromatic dispersion...
e) according to
- This can be explained with material dispersion that occurs because the
refraction rate of an optical fiber may be different according to wavelength
and propagation route dispersion generated due to the propagation
phenomenon of different route.
- Material dispersion refers to dispersion generated because the refraction
rate of Abastoes glass, which is a material of optical fiber, changes
according to the wavelength of light source.
- The difference of group speed according to material dispersion is
proportional to the second differential of the refraction rate change times the
waveform width of the light source.
- Light propagation route distribution can be explained in terms of geometric
optics as follows: when the angle between light that corresponds to one
mode and the axis of optical fiber changes according to wavelength...
f) as a result
- ... and as a result overlap switch adjacent pulses thus restricting the
transmission capacity of optical fiber.
- ...the actual path length respective to each wavelength of one mode
changes and as a result delay time difference occurs due to changed arrival
time.
- propagation route dispersion and material dispersion can offset with each
other in a certain wavelength and as a result, used widely to minimize
chromatic dispersion in a wavelength between 1.2-1.7m.
14.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Match each word to the meaning below
1. optical pulse a. chng ln
2. overlap b. bin dng
3. adjacent pulse c. mi trng tn x
4. transmission capacity d. chit sut
5. dispersion characteristic e. tn x ng lan truyn
6. deformation f. lin quan ti
7. referred to g. xung quang
8. medium dispersion h. tn x vt cht
9. propagation route dispersion i. c tnh tn x
10. delay time j. xung k cn
11. time adjacent k. thi gian tr
12. refraction rate l. quang hnh hc
13. graded index n. hin tng
14. wavelength width m. rng dng sng
15. material dispersion o. ng truyn lan
16. phenomenon p. gii thch
82
17. waveform width q. dung lng truyn dn
18. propagation route r. k cn nhau v thi gian
19. explain s. ch s lp
20. geometric optics t. rng bc sng
1. The dispersion characteristics of optical fiber that cause the deformation
of these transmission signals is not important for optical fiber.
2. The propagation distances of modes are similar to each other in the case
of the light is propagated through several paths.
3. The time interval between two optical pulses should not be greater than
the max. delay time because two optical pulses (time adjacent) can be
distinguished from each other.
4. The transmission bandwidth of a multi-mode optical fiber is increased,
mode dispersion should be decreased.
5. Finite wavelength width of light generated from light sources can cause
chromatic dispersion.
6. It is not important for propagation route dispersion for multi-mode optical
fiber that has a relatively greater inter mode dispersion.
14.5.3. Reference source: Read and translate the paragraphs below
Configuration elements as well as proper selection of wavelength to be utilized
should be considered carefully when designing the optical transmission system.
The range of wavelength currently used widely is about 1.25m-1.3m. The
wavelength having a range of 1.5m-1.6m is currently under development. In the
band of 0.8m wavelength, loss of optical fiber is greater than that of long
wavelength range. GaAlAs(light source) and Si (light receiving element) being
developed early, was commercialized in 1970s. On the other hand, in the band of
1.8m wavelength, the loss of optical fiber is the lowest and since the material
distribution of abastoes optical fiber is almost 0-is ideal for sending high speed and
wideband information to farther places. The wavelength in the range of 1.5m
experiences the lowest loss. Accordingly, with successfully developing and
commercializing a photo element for this range, a system with a regeneration
distance of longer than 100km will be used. In actual applications, even if the
optical fiber experiences low loss of 0.2dB/km, low loss characteristics is not
utilized fully because of the increase in connection loss and material distribution.
The transmission speed of digital system and the transmission bandwidth of
analog system are restricted by the type of optical fibers and light emitting
elements used.
83
Unit 15
WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING METHOD
15.1. Presnetaion
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission is similar principle
with the frequency division transmission in the radio communication of
microwave, submillimeter wave and millimeter wave, ect.
The advantages of WDM transmission can be enumerated as follows:
- Bidirectional transmission is possible.
- The simultaneous transmission of heterogeneous signal is generally
convenient (eg: analogue video signal and digital data signal)
- Extension of circuit without extending line is convenient and it can cope
with the unexpected new type of services.
- It transmits by dividing the same transmission capacity into several
channels and lowers the transmission speed in each channel, which enables to
extend the length of regenerating distance or lower the price of the regenerator.
- Making large capacity is possible.
The effect of introducing WDM, in one word, may be judged by
comparing the lowered price of optical fiber with the value-added price from the
added value of the optical multiplexer and demultiplexer. However, in order to
evaluate accurately, it is necessary to compare those three among the space
division multiplexing (SDM) which transmits n channel through the optical fiber
of n number, WDM transmission and TDM (or FDM) transmission. In comparison
between WDM and SDM, the price of optical multiplexer and demultiplexer is
relatively low in case of long regenerating distance, and WDM is definitely
advantageous. In comparison with the electrical multiplexing (FDM, TDM), the
superiority is decided by the transmission speed (bit rate) and the number of
regenerator. The economical superiority between the two methods is decided by
the correlation among the price of optical fiber, that of multiplexing and that of
optical multiplexer and demultiplexer. In individual cases, comparative
examination is necessary. In general, to transmit by raising the transmission speed
of TDM is economical in low velocity, and not raising the transmission rate for
WDM is economical due to the rapid increase of the price or the number of
regenerator in high velocity. Likewise, the typical case when WDM is
advantageous is the subscriber system and the long distance super-large capacity
transmission. Especially, beside the simple economical aspect concerning the
84
subscriber system, WDM should be considered positively because of the several
effects: bidirectional transmission is possible; heterogeneous signal (simultaneous
transmission of the analogue and digital signal is possible); the number of
independent channel is large; since the bit rate of each channel is low compared
with electric multiplexing, the interiority of cable transmission feature may be
allowable; the cost of line is cheap; convenience of extension; replacement for the
unexpected new services.
In realizing the wavelength division multiplexing transmission, these are
necessary as follows:
- Optical fiber that has low loss throughout the wide wavelength area.
- Stable light source throughout every wavelength band.
- Light receiving element that has sufficient sensitively at each wavelength band.
- Optic multiplexer and demultiplexer method with proper feature is necessary.
The optical multiplexer and demultiplexer method of current structure are
three types as follows:
- Utilization of wavelength dispersion in prism.
- Utilization of the feature that the dielectric layer which has different
refraction rate transmits or reflects only the light of specific wavelength.
- Utilization of wavelength dispersion at diffraction grid.
15.2. Comprehension
1. What effects should WDM be considered positively?
2. Is the low cost of line installingwhen using WDM?
3. How to evaluate WDM method accurately?
4. What method is the most advantageous in economical aspect?
5. In comparison with the transmission speed, what method in three (WDM,
SDM, TDM/FDM) is optimal?
6. What kinds of the optical multiplexer and demultiplexer method of
current structure are there?
15.3.1. Examples
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission is similar
S V
principle with the frequency division transmission in the radio communication of
C
microwave, submillimeter wave and millimeter wave, ect.
Truyn dn ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM) lm mt nguyn tc tng t
nh truyn dn phn chia theo tn s trong thng tin v tuyn sang cc ngn, sng
di milimet v sng milimet v.v
85
Extension of circuit without extending line is convenient and it can cope
S V C S V
with the unexpected new type of services.
C
Vic pht trin mch m khng cn ko di ng dy l thun li v n c
th p ng c loi dch v mi trong tng lai.
15.3.2. Practice
added value (n.) ['did'vlju:] gi tr ng thm vo
aspect (n.) ['spekt] kha cnh, mt
bidirectional (adj.) [bai,dai'reknl] hai hng/chiu
cope (v.) [koup] p ng, i ph, ng
u
correlation (n.) [,kri'lein] mi tng quan
dielectric layer [,daii'lektrik] ['lei] lp in mi
diffraction grid [di'frkn] [grid] v/li nhiu x
enumerate (v.) [i'nju:mreit] lit k, m
evaluate (v.) [i'vljueit] nh gi
extension (n.) [iks'tenn] vic pht trin, m rng
heterogeneous (adj.) [,hetrou'dinjs] khng ng nht
interiority (n.) [in,tiri'riti] ni a, bn trong
judge (n;v.) ['dd] nh gi
likewise (adv.) ['laikwaiz] nh th, nh vy
millimeter wave [,mili'mi:t] [weiv] sng milimet
prism (n.) ['prizm] hnh lng tr, lng knh
proper (adj.) ['prp] ng, thch hp
refraction rate [ri'trkn] [reit] chit sut
submillimeter wave [,sbmili'mi:t] [weiv] sang di milimet
sufficient (adj.) [s'fint] , y
superiority (n.) [su:,piri'rti] u th, u vit
super-large (adj.) ['su:pl:d] siu ln, cc ln
value-added price (n.) ['vlju: 'did] [prais] gi thnh tng thm
a) in order to + V-inf.
- However, in order to evaluate accurately
b) It + (be) + adj. + to + V-inf.
86
- it is necessary to compare those three among the space division
multiplexing (SDM) which transmits n channel through the optical fiber of n
number, WDM transmission and TDM (or FDM) transmission.
c) in case of ...
- In comparison between WDM and SDM, the price of optical multiplexer
and demultiplexer is relatively low in case of long regenerating distance,
and WDM is definitely advantageous.
d) due to
- In general, to transmit by raising the transmission speed of TDM is
economical in low velocity, and not raising the transmission rate for WDM
is economical due to the rapid increase of the price or the number of
regenerator in high velocity.
15.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Match the abbreviations to their meanings
1. WDM a. ghp knh phn chia tn s
2. SDM b. ghp knh phn chia thi gian
3. TDM c. ghp knh phn chia ttheo bc sng
4. FDM d. ghp knh phn chia theo khng gian
5. VPI e. phng php truyn dn khng ng b
6. BISDN f. giao din mng ngi dng
7. ATM g. mng dch v s tch hp bng rng
8. UNI h. chc nng nhn dng ng o
b) Exercise 2: Complete the sentences using the avalaible words
advantageous, optical fiber, evaluate, compare, regenerator, transmit, value-
added, velocity, distance, price
The effect of introducing WDM, in one word, may be judged by comparing
the lowered ... (1) of optical fiber with the ...(2) price from the added value of the
optical multiplexer and demultiplexer. However, in order to ... (3) accurately, it is
necessary to ...(4) those three among the space division multiplexing (SDM) which
transmits n channel through the ... (5) of n number, WDM transmission and TDM
(or FDM) transmission. In comparison between WDM and SDM, the price of
optical multiplexer and demultiplexer is relatively low in case of long
regenerating... (6), and WDM is definitely advantageous. In comparison with the
electrical multiplexing (FDM, TDM), the superiority is decided by the
transmission speed (bit rate) and the number of... (7). The economical superiority
between the two methods is decided by the correlation among the price of optical
fiber, that of multiplexing and that of optical multiplexer and demultiplexer. In
individual cases, comparative examination is necessary. In general, to ... (8) by
raising the transmission speed of TDM is economical in low velocity, and not
raising the transmission rate for WDM is economical due to the rapid increase of
the price or the number of regenerator in high ... (9). Likewise, the typical case
87
when WDM is ... (10) is the subscriber system and the long distance super-large
capacity transmission.
15.5.3. Reference source: Read and translate the paragraphs below
ATM is the communication system for implementing BISDN. ATM is a
packet type transferring system having a special form, using ATDM. In BISDN,
information is transferred by the continuous flow of packet having a regular size.
These packets of fixed size are called ATM cells. Accordingly, service information
is mapped into ATM cell after being transferred in regular sizes.
And then, BISDN internal transmission signal is formed as ATDM with ATM
cells. At that time, ATDM is a statistic multiplexing method which performs the
time division multiplexing for ATM cells of several channels entered
asynchronously. If using ATM, the capacity of service channels is measured
according to the number of ATM cells. Accordingly, the excess of transmission
information capacity is represented by the number of ATM cells. The allocation of
transmission capacity is determined in accordance with required capacity and
allocation possible capacity through the negotiation with the communication
network during the call set up process.
ATM, a connection type system, sets up virtual channels for transferring
service information. Every time a virtual channel is set up, connection
identification number is assigned and when the connection is released, this
identification number is released as well. The sequence between ATM cells in
certain virtual channel is preserved by the functions of ATM layer. Signal
information for connection set up is transferred via separate ATM cells.
88
Part IV
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
Unit 16
THE CONFIGURATION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
16.1. Presentation
The configuration of mobile communication system can be different
according to the kinds of services, generally it is made up with mobile telephone
switching office, mobile base station, and wireless telephone terminals. The
representative basic networks of vehicle and vessel telephone systems are shown in
figure below.
To PSTN
BS
BS
Mobile Unit
To PSTN Mobile Telephone Base Station
Switching Station (MTX) (BS)
Figure 16.1. Vehicle telecommunication system configuration
To PSTN
AMC
CS
CS
CS

To PSTN Coast Switching Coast cell

Station (AMC) Station (CS)
89
Figure 16.2. Vessel telecommunication system configuration
Where, the covering area of a base station is zone, several zones make a
switching station, and the boundary that a switching station can handle is a traffic
zone. The total service area is made by these traffic zones.
16.1.1. Mobile telecommunication switching station
The switching station interfaces mobile communication network with PSTN,
and the switching system at the switching station is automation and stored program
control type. The main functions are to connect mobile subscribers to other mobile
subscribers and to PSTN subscribers. So MTX should have different functions
with PSTN switching system, such as hand-off, location search and registration.
Hand-off means that during the call, when the mobile unit moves out of the
service area of a particular site, the system switches the call to a new frequency
channel in a new cell site without disconnecting the call. It is done by complicated
computing system, accurate sensing system and control system. General manner is
by monitoring the signal quality (level) of each channel which is received from
other base stations. When the signal quality begins to drop under the specified
level, the present cell site sends alarm signal to the switching station, then
switching station requests to measure the signal quality of that channel to the near
base station in order to determine which zone handles the call, and then the
optimum zone is chosen by the result. Locating registration is when the mobile
subscriber moves to other traffic zone from home, the home station makes moved
station to identify the mobile subscriber and the home system stores the
registration information in order to connect the call. And the switching station
should have the function that all information, such as dialed number, billing
information, and other service information, is stored in switching system in order
to connect mobile subscribers to other mobile subscribers and to PSTN
subscribers.
16.1.2. Base station
Base station makes to connect mobile telecommunication switching station
and mobile unit, and it consists of transceiver, antenna and control unit. The main
function is to control and manage allocated zone by incoming / outgoing signal
sending, channel assignment, channel monitoring, and self-diagnosis. In order to
minimize the interference of near zones, frequency assignment and zone pattern
allocation are important.
16.1.3. Radio telephone mobile unit
90
Mobile unit means the communication equipment which is equipped in
mobile such as vehicle, vessel and aircraft. It includes handled phone, pocket bell,
and wireless telephone which is portable.
16.2. Comprehension
1. How many kinds of configuration are there in mobile communication system?
2. What are the main functions of mobile telecommunication switching system?
3. Why must MTX have different functions with PSTN switching system?
4. What are the different functions of PSTN switching system?
5. What is base station used for?
6. How does base station control and handle allocated zone?
7. What types of mobile unit are there?
16.3.1. Examples
The configuration of mobile communication system can be different
S V
according to the kinds of services, generally it is made up with mobile
C Adv. S V
telephone switching office, mobile base station, and wireless telephone terminals.
O
Cu hnh ca h thng thng tin di ng c th khc nhau tu theo cc dng
dch v, thng bao gm tng i chuyn mch in thoi di ng, trm gc di
ng v cc u cui in thoi v tuyn.
The representative basic networks of vehicle and vessel telephone systems
S
are shown in figure below.
V C
Cc mng c bn tiu biu ca cc h thng in thoi xe c v tu b c
m t trong hnh di y.
16.3.2. Practice
base station [beis 'stein] trm gc
bill (n) [bil] qung co, thng bo, ha n
complicate (v) ['kmplikeit] lm phc tp/rc ri hn
configuration (n.) [kn,figju'rei] hnh th, hnh dng, cu hnh
diagnosic (n) [,daig'nousis] chun on
handle (v.) [hndl] iu khin
91
hand-off ['hndf] chuyn vng
handy (adj) [hndi] tin dng, hu ch
incoming signal/sending tn hiu/gi vo
interface (v) ['intfeis] c im chung, giao tip
minimize (v) ['minimaiz] gim ti thiu
optimum (adj) ['ptimm] ti u
outgoing signal/sending tn hiu/gi ra
registration (n) [,redi'strein] ng k, ghi danh
representative (a.) [,repri'zenttiv] tiu biu, in hnh
sense (v) [sens] nhn bit, pht hin
store (v) [st:] cha, lu tr
traffic zone [trfik] [zoun] vng lu lng
vessel (adj)(n) ['vesl] ng, mch, tu
vessel (n.) ['vesl] tu b, thuyn ln
zone (n) [zoun] min, gii, khu vc
a) Transitive verb: V + Noun/Noun phrase
- Switching station requests to measure the signal quality of that channel to
the near base station in order to determine which zone handles the call, and
then the optimum zone is chosen by the result.
- The home station makes moved station to identity the mobile subscriber and the
home system stores the registration information in order to connect the call.
- And the switching station should have the function that all information,
such as dialed number, billing information, and other service information.
- It includes handled phone, pocket bell, and wireless telephone which is portable.
b) Transitive verb: V + Noun phrase + adv./prepositional phrase
- So MTX should have different functions with PSTN switching system,
such as hand-off, location search and registration.
- The system switches the call to a new frequency channel in a new cell site
without disconnecting the call.
- When the signal quality begins to drop under the specified level, the
present cell site sends alarm signal to the switching station.
- And the switching station should have the function that all information,
such as dialed number, billing information, and other service information, is
stored in switching system in order to connect mobile subscribers to other
mobile subscribers and to PSTN subscribers.
92
- The main functions are to connect mobile subscribers to other mobile
subscribers and to PSTN subscribers.
- In order to minimize the interference of near zones, frequency assignment
and zone pattern allocation are important.
c) Intransitive verb: Verb used alone
- ... and then the optimum zone is chosen by the result.
- Locating registration is when the mobile subscriber moves to other traffic
zone from home,...
- Hand-off means that during the call, when the mobile unit moves out of
the service area of a particular site, ...
d) Verbs both transitive and intransitive:
show, mean (that), move (sb/sth), do (sth), begin (sth/ doing sth), request
(that), interface (with)...
- It is done by complicated computing system, accurate sensing system and
control system.
- When the signal quality begins to drop under the specified level, the
present cell site sends alarm signal to the switching station,
- ... then switching station requests to measure the signal quality of that
channel to the near base station in order to determine which zone handles the
call, and then the optimum zone is chosen by the result.
- The switching station interfaces mobile communication network with PSTN, ...
- The representative basic networks of vehicle and vessel telephone systems
are shown in figure below
16.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Match the phrases to their meanings
1. mobile telecommunication switching station a. vng t bo mi
2. stored program control type b. h thng cm bin chnh xc
3. location search and registration c. tng i chuyn mch in thoi di ng
4. new frequency channel d. dng iu khin chng trnh lu tr
5. new cell site e. trm chuyn mch vin thng di ng
6. accurate sensing system f. thit b thng tin
7. allocated zone g. u cui in thoi khng dy
8. communication equipment h. knh tn s mi
9. mobile telephone switching office i. ng k v d tm v tr
10.wireless telephone terminal j. vng c phn b
b) Exercise 2: Are the statements below True or False?
93
1. In demand of different kinds of services, the configuration of mobile
communication system can also be different.
2. The main functions of mobile units are only to connect mobile subscribers
to each other.
3. The complicated computing system, accurate sensing system and control
system are used to switch the call to a new frequency channel in a new cell
site without disconnecting the call, when the mobile unit moves out of the
service area of a particular site.
4. When the signal quality reduces under the specified level, the switching
station sends alarm signal to the suscribers.
5. Mobile telecommunication switching station and mobile unit are
connected to each other by base station.
6. The fuctions of frequency assignment and zone pattern allocation are
important to minimize the interference of near zones.
16.5.3. Reference source: Read and translate the paragraphs into our own language
iPhone is extremely thin (only 11,6 millimeters thick) but wider and longer
than any comparable devices. The displayer area is a 3,5 inch wide screen
multi-touch interface with unusually high resolution (160 pixels per inch).
Unlike most other smartphones, iPhone does not use a hardware keyboard or
a stylus. To navigate, a user uses multiple taps and drags to navigate through a
mobile version of Apples OS X operating system. Like iPod, iPhone
synchronizes data with a users personal computer, using iTunes as a client
software and Apples proprietary USB port. iPhone is compatible with
Microsofts Windows operating systems, including Vista.
Apple says that iPhone carries 8 hours of life on the internal lithium battery
for talk or video, and up to 24 hours for music mode. The device ships with
either a 4 or 8 GB hard drive, and Intel CPU and Apples OS X operating
system, modified for mobile use.

Unit 17
94
THE KINDS AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF LAND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
17.1. Presentation
17.1.1. Land mobile communications
Land mobile communications is generally classified with public system and
private system. Public system means that the communication system is accessed to
public-switched telephone network, there are vehicle telephones, coreless
telephones, pocket bell, and so on. There are two systems in private system. One is
public service system, such as for police, fire-fighting, emergency, electric power,
and traffic. The other is the system for individual or company business.
The Public system Private system

principal
voice data voice data
characteris
tics of land
mobile vehicle coreless pocket private free-
communic CB radio MCA personal
telephone phone bell business terminal
ations
services
communic- onedirecti
duplex duplex duplex smolex smolex smolex duplex
ation types -onal com.
vehicle vehicle
vehicle half vehicle vehicle
phone types portable equipped equipped portable
equipped fixed equipped equipped
portable portable
limited
nation limited nation nation limited nation limited
mobile area (urban,
wide (urban) wide wide (urban) wide (urban)
suburban)
service area
5-10 km 20m 10-15 km 5-10 km 0,5-1 km 20-30 km 5-10 km 250-500m
of one site
popular popular
(mainly (mainly
managing managing popular
user popular company company popular company
staff of staff or (truck)
government doctor &
& company) police)
impediment
a little a little a little usual severe a little usual a little
of crosstalk
handfree,
hand handed
phone for wideband
types of handy
passenger, auto-
service phone
vehicle access
phone,
facilities
Table 17.1. Land mobile communication

And here, in addition to business service using radio wave privately, there is
MCA (multi-channel access, trunk system) system that uses radio channels in
company, personal radio communications, such as walkie-talkie and citizen band
radio, which can use in personal. Including above various land mobile
communication services and display pocket bell and teleterminal system which is
95
available recently, the principal characteristics of land mobile communications are
shown in the table above.
17.1. 2. Maritime mobile communications
Maritime mobile communications is classified with vessel telephone system
between harbor base station and the vessel that is sailing the coast and maritime
satellite communication system for deep-sea vessel.
The vessel telephone communication was developed from radio telegram
using medium high frequency band or deep-sea vessel in its early days, and the
real
vessel telephone system using VHF band was the Great Lakes vessel telephone
system of America in 1952. In Europe, it was adapted the expanded bi-directional
communication channel referring to American types, the operation of system was
started by North Sea countries in 1956, but this system was 150 MHz band hand
operating access type.
After that, the automatic access type was recommended by ITU-R, and now
450 MHz NMT system is operated in North, 250 MHz band automatic type is
utilized in Japan.
In early maritime satellite communications, MARISAT system was operated
as a company system, and then according to that INMARISAT was set and
operated in 1979, various services for telephone, telex, data, and marine rescue are
offered. The total solution system GMDSS (global maritime distress and safety
system) is developed and is going to be utilized.
17.1.3. Aeronautical mobile communications
In aeronautical mobile communications, there are airport wireless telephone
service for aircraft flying control and aircraft public telephone system for
passengers. The aircraft public telephone service, which is the direct
communication type between earth station and aircraft, is used partially in
America, Japan, and some nations. Its principle types are ARINC type and Airfone
type which are developed in America. The frequency band is 800~900 MHz,
sharing with that of land mobile communication. Modulation is SSB. In call
access, the former is communication zone transfer and the latter is dependent
communication zone type.
According to the actively being promotion the spread of moving aerospace
satellite communication technique, the utilization of real aircraft public telephone
service is going to be spreaded to international line after the 1990s.
17.2. Comprehension
1. How does public system in land mobile communications operate?
2. Why are walkie-talkie and CB radio considered as MCA system?
3. In maritime mobile communication, which vessel telephone system of
America used VHF band?
4. At which frequency band is automatic type vessel telephone system used in
Japan now?
96
5. What aeronautical mobile communication service is partially used for
passengers?
6. What is call access type of ARINC?
7. Is call access type of ARINC the same as that of Airfone?
8. What is the difference between call access types of ARINC and Airfone?
17.3.1. Examples
Land mobile communications is generally classified with public system and
S aux.V adv. V prep. O
private system.
Thng tin di ng mt t thng c phn thnh h thng cng cng v h
thng dng ring
Public system means that the communication system is accessed to public-
S V rel. pron. S V
switched telephone network, there are vehicle telephones, coreless telephones,
S1 V1
pocket bell, and so on.
H thng cng cng c ngha l h thng h thng thng tin c truy cp
n mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng, c cc loi in thoi gn trn xe,
cc loi in thoi khng dy, chung b ti v.v
17.3.2. Practice
auto-access (n.) [':tou 'kses] truy cp t ng
automatic access type kiu truy cp t ng
adapt ['dpt] lp vo, sa li cho hp
citizen band radio v tuyn di c nhn
coreless telephones in thoi khng dy/di ng
deep-sea vessel tu ngoi khi xa
duplex (adj.) ['dju:pleks] song cng
emergency(n.) [i'm:densi] khn cp, cp cu
fire-fighting cu ha
global maritime distress cu nn hng hi ton cu
half fixed bn c nh
hand handed c dng bng tay
handfree khng dng tay
handy phone in thoi cm tay
harbor base station trm gc ti bn cng
impediment (n.) [im'pedimnt] tr ngi, ngn tr
97
marine rescue [m'ri:n]['reskju:] cu nguy/cu h hng hi
maritime (adj.) ['mritaim] thuc v bin
portable (adj.) ['p:tbl] xch ta, di ng
public-switched chuyn mch cng cng
radio telegram in bo v tuyn
sinplex (adj.) ['simpleks] h n cng
vessel (n.) ['vesl] thuyn ln, tu b
walkie-talkie my b m
aeronautical mobile communications thng tin lin lc hng khng
aircraft flying control kim sot bay
aircraft public telephone systemh thng in thoi cng cng hng khng
aerospace satellite communication technique
k thut thng tin v tinh hng khng
bi-directional communication channel knh thng tin hai hng
hand operating access type kiu truy cp khai thc bng tay/nhn cng
medium high frequency band bng tn sng ngn trung bnh
the vessel that is sailing the coast tu ang di chuyn dc b bin
teleterminal system h thng u cui xa
a) There is + N/There are + Ns
- Public system means that the communication system is accessed to public-
switched telephone network, there are vehicle telephones, coreless
telephones, pocket bell, and so on.
- There are two systems in private system.
- And here, in addition to business service using radio wave privately, there is
MCA (multi-channel access, trunk system) system that uses radio channels in
company, personal radio communications, such as walkie-talkie and citizen
band radio, which can use in personal.
- In aeronautical mobile communications, there are airport wireless telephone
service for aircraft flying control and aircraft public telephone system for
passengers.
b) was/were + V (past participle)
- The vessel telephone communication was developed from radio telegram
using medium high frequency band or deep-sea vessel in its early days, and
the real vessel telephone system using VHF band was the Great Lakes vessel
telephone system of America in 1952.
- In Europe, it was adapted the expanded bi-directional communication
channel referring to American types, the operation of system was started by
98
North Sea countries in 1956, but this system was 150 MHz band hand
operating access type.
- After that, the automatic access type was recommended by ITU-R, and now
450 MHz NMT system is operated in North, 250 MHz band automatic type is
utilized in Japan.
- In early maritime satellite communications, MARISAT system was
operated as a company system, and then according to that INMARISAT was
set and operated in 1979, various services for telephone, telex, data, and
marine rescue are offered.
c) going to + be + V (past participle)
- The total solution system GMDSS (global maritime distress and safety
system) is developed and is going to be utilized.
- According to the actively being promotion the spread of moving aerospace
satellite communication technique, the utilization of real aircraft public
telephone service is going to be spreaded to international line after the
1990s.
17.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Fill in the gaps to complete the sentences below
1. One is ... system, such as for police, fire-fighting, emergency, electric
power, and traffic.
2. The other is the ... for individual or company business.
3. Including above various land mobile communication services and display
pocket bell and teleterminal system which is available recently, the principal
characteristics of ... are shown in the table above.
4. ... mobile communications is classified with vessel telephone system
between harbor base station and the vessel that is sailing the coast and ...
satellite communication system for deep-sea vessel.
5. The total solution system GMDSS (global maritime distress and safety
system) is ... and is going to be utilized.
6. The ... public telephone service, which is the direct communication type
between earth station and aircraft, is used partially in America, Japan, and
some nations.
7. Its principle types are ARINC type and Airfone type which are ... in America.
8. The frequency band is 800~900 MHz, ... with that of land mobile
communication.
9. In call access, the former is communication zone ... and the latter is
dependent communication zone ....
10. According to the actively being promotion the spread of moving
aerospace satellite communication ..., the utilization of real aircraft public
telephone service is going to be spreaded to international ... after the 1990s.
b) Exercise 2: Are the statements True or False?
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1. Different types of telephones such as vehicle phones, coreless phones,
pocket bell, etc. can be accessed to public-switched telephone network.
2. Public service system for police, emergency, electric power, and so on can
be shared with individual or company business.
3. The development of vessel telephone communication was based on radio
telegram using medium high frequency band.
4. Both the vessel telephone system using medium high frequency band and
the real vessel telephone system using VHF band were developed from the
Great Lakes vessel telephone system of America previously.
5. The frequency band of ARINC and Airfone can be shared with that of
land mobile communications.
6. Call access of ARINC type is the same of that of Airfone.
The main functions of mobile radio units are transmission and reception.
Transmission involves the conversion of audio signals (speech, for example) into
electrical signals, which are then modulated, frequency converted, amplified and
then output as radio waves. Reception, on the other hand, involves amplifying the
radio waves, converting their frequency, and demodulating and converting them
into the original audio signals. Current mobile radio units generally use
multichannel access techniques whereby a large number of channels are arranged
at regular frequency intervals, a single channel being selected for transmission and
reception for each communication link. This leads to the additional requirement
for a channel handover function. Furthermore, most mobile radio units either
connect and disconnect radio channels and carry out channel handover based on
control signals from a base station, or perform these functions automatically based
on the information supplied during dialing and from the operating panel of the
phones. Consequently, another common requirement is microprocessor controler to
handle these functions.
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Unit 18
DIGITAL MOBILE COMMUNICATION
18.1. Presentation
Currently, mobile communication networks as well as in fixed public
networks are being digitized. The purpose of digitization is two fold: to offer
various new high-quality services and to increase equipment capacity, while
reducing its size and cost. The biggest differences between the configuration of a
digital system and the present analog system are the voice transmission method
and access procedure. In a digital system, voice signal must be transformed to
digital signal. In a fixed digital network, voice signal is transformed to 64kbps
PCM signal. However, in radio transmission at the same speed, one voice channel
occupies more frequency bandwidth than it does in analog systems, which means
the frequency bandwidth is not utilized efficiently. The frequency utilization
efficiency can be improved by reducing the voice coding speed to about 10 kbps
without marring communication quality through the use of high-efficiency QPSK
modulation.
The two access methods used today are TDMA and FDMA. One of the
advantages of using TDMA is that it requires less base station radio equipment,
and can thus reduce costs. Moreover, TDMA allows a radio unit to measure the
radio intensity of the adjacent zone during intermittent burst transmission and
reception. As a result, a radio unit can precisely know both its location and the
timing of changing cell, and this contributes to efficient and confident radio link
control. The number of the subscribers can be increased by reducing the voice
coding speed, applying the high-efficiency digital QPSK modulation system and
miniaturizing cell size with efficient radio link control. Now, information other
than voice data, such as that in facsimile and data communications is all
transmitted in digital signal because the digital transmission is superior to analog.
Digital system requires parts such as a voice coding circuit that are not needed in
analog systems. However, a large number of digital circuits can be squeezed into a
small area and with advances in the LSI technology the radio unit will become
more compact and more economical.
18.2. Comprehension
1. Why are mobile communication networks and fixed public networks being digitized?
2. What are the biggest differences between the configuration of a digital
system and the present analog system?
3. What result does the use of high- efficiency QPSK modulation lead to?
4. Are TDMA and FDMA new methods of access?
5. What are the significant merits of TDMA?
6. Why is non-voice information such as facsimile and data communication all
transmitted in digital signal?
7. With what advantageous technology the radio unit will become more compact
and more economical?
101
18.3.1. Examples
Currently, mobile communication networks as well as in fixed public network
S
are being digitized.
V
Hin nay, cc mng thng tin di ng cng nh cc mng cng cng c nh
ang c s ho.
The purpose of digitization is two fold: to offer various new high- quality
S V C
services and to increase equipment capacity, while reducing its size and cost.
Vic s ho nhm hai mc ch: a ra cc dch v mi cht lng cao v
tng dung lng thit b, m gim c kch thc v h gi thnh.
18.3.2. Practice
access procedure (n) ['kses][pr'si:d] phng thc/th tc truy cp
adjacent (adj.) ['deisnt] ph cn, k st, gn k
are arranged independently c sp xp mt cch c lp
battery (n.) ['btri] b pin, c quy
burst (n.) [b:st] rn nt, s n
configuration (n.) [kn,figju'rein] hnh th, cu hnh
contribute (v.) [kn'tribju:t] ng gp, gp phn
digitize (v.) ['diditaiz] s ha
efficiency(n.) [i'finsi] hiu lc, hiu qu
efficient and confident radio link control
iu khin ng truyn v tuyn tin cy v hiu qu
efficiently (adv.) [i'fintli] c hiu qu, hiu nghim
equipment capacity [i'kwipmnt k'psiti] dung lng thit b
fixed public network [fikst 'pblik 'netw:k] mng cng cng c nh
handover (n.) ['hndouv(r)] chuyn vng, chuyn giao
indispensable (adj.) [,indis'pensbl] tuyt i cn thit, khng th thiu c
information other than voice data
thng tin phi thoi/thng tin khc d liu thoi
intensity (n.) [in'tensiti] cng
intermittent (adj.) [,int'mitnt] tng chp/hi, khng lin tc
intermittent burst transmission and reception thu v pht quang ngt quang
judge (v.) ['dd] phn xt, tranh lun, nh gi
manipulating (n.) [m'nipjuleiti] vn dung/thao tc bng tay
marring (n.) kt hp li
miniature cell size cc tiu ha kch thc
102
new high-quality service dch v mi cht lng cao
precisely (adv.) [pri'saisli] ng, chnh xc
pursuit (n.) [p'sju:t] [p'sju:t] tip tc theo ui
registration function [,redi'strein] chc nng ng k/ghi
squeez (v.) [skwi:z] (into) p, nn
superior (adj.)[su:'piri] cao hn, mnh hn
two fold ['tu: fould] gp i
voice coding circuit mch m thoi
voice coding speed [vis koudi spi:d] tc m thoi
wait for paging ch nhn tin
a) ... as well as ...
- Mobile communication networks as well as in fixed public networks...
b) S + (be) + being + V (past participle)
- Mobile communication networks as well as in fixed public networks are
being digitized.
c) Comparisons
- The biggest differences between the configuration of a digital system and
the present analog system are the voice transmission method and access
procedure.
- However, in radio transmission at the same speed, one voice channel
occupies more frequency bandwidth than it does in analog systems, which
means the frequency bandwidth is not utilized efficiently.
- One of the advantages of using TDMA is that it requires less base station
radio equipment, and can thus reduce costs.
- However, a large number of digital circuits can be squeezed into a small
area and with advances in the LSI technology the radio unit will become
more compact and more economical.
18.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Are the statements True (T) or False (F)?
1. The digitization aim of mobile communication networks is to reduce only
equipment size and its cost.
2. The voice transmission method and access procedure of a digital system
differ from the present analog system.
3. The frequency utilization efficiency in radio transmission and in analog
systems is the same.
4. The use of less base station radio equipment in TDMA leads to
installation cost reduction.
5. Due to advances in the large scale integration technology the radio unit
will become more compact and more economical.
b) Exercise 2: Match each English phrase to their Vietnamese meaning
1. fixed public network a. mt v tuyn
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2. various new high-quality services b. iu khin ng truyn v tuyn
3. voice coding speed c. mch m ha thoi
4. base station radio equipment e. truyn dn chp chn
5. radio intensity f. vng ln cn
6. adjacent zone g. gim thiu kch c
7. intermittent burst transmission h. thit b v tuyn trm gc
8. radio link control i. nhiu dch v mi cht lng cao
9. miniaturizing cell size j. tc m ha thoi
10. voice coding circuit k. mng cng cng c nh
18.5.3. Reference source: Read and translate the phrases into Vietnamese
In mobile communication systems, complex radio link control is necessary
in order to communicate like to be done with a fixed telephone, system in which
the usable frequencies are fixed and voices are the medium for call and response
need no special radio link control. In the mobile communication system, on the
other hand, pursuit connection techniques with a location registration function are
needed to locate a specific mobile station. Handover control is necessary to keep
the communication continuous as the mobile station moves from cell to cell. The
frequency is effectively utilized by manipulating the radio channels which is one of
the functions of radio link control. The control channel and voice channel are
arranged independently. The control channel controls call origination and
termination.
While the mobile unit is not in use, it waits for paging and at the same time
keeps the nearest base station informed of its location as it moves across the paging
area.
During communication, the detection of the location is indispensable for
handover. An exclusive receiver at the base station in the analog system and the
mobile station in the digital system compare the reception level and judge when to
do a handover based on location information.
There is a function for controlling the transmission power level according to
the propagation loss, which changes with the distance between the mobile station
and the base station, and a function which changes the radio channel when there is
interference. These are useful for saving the battery of the mobile station and
effective frequency utilization.
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Unit 19
SATELLITE MOBILE COMMUNICATION
19.1. Presentation
Recently, there have been increasing demands for mobile communication
capability while riding in cars, trains, on ships and while flying as well as in
isolated areas. Up to now, satellite communication has been confined to fixed
communications using parabola antennas, but recently smaller low-priced systems
have become available. Below is a list of some of the merits and demerits of
satellite mobile communication systems compared to conventional land mobile
communication systems.
The satellite itself for a mobile communication system as well as satellite
launching cost a great deal, but the system provides services to a broad area.
Therefore, satellite mobile communication system is suitable for places that do not
have a fixed network and where the communication demands are light. These
include some Third World countries, solitary islands, mountains, deserts and
continental interiors. It is also suitable for areas where land mobile communication
systems are unprofitable and areas where the available communication network
equipment cannot handle rapid increases in communication demands. Moreover, it
is easy to construct a worldwide network.
The service areas of a satellite mobile communication system are limited to
sea and air and to land where there is direct line-of-sight to the satellites.
Therefore, communication is not possible in the shadow of buildings, in tunnels,
underground or underbridges. Therefore, land mobile communication systems are
more effective than satellite mobile communication systems in the center of
Metropolis.
Broad area services become available as soon as the satellite deploys.
Therefore, a network can be constructed in a shorter period than it can with land
mobile communication systems in which many base station are needed.
In a satellite mobile communication system, there is little communication
equipment on land so that chances of the system being damaged by natural or man-
made disasters are small.
When launching satellite, accidents are possible and the life-span of a satellite
is about 7 years. So to offer services continuously, new satellite must be launched
periodically.
A satellite mobile communication network covers a broad area so the
efficiency of the frequency utilization is low. It means that the capacity of this
system for handling channels is low.
Satellite systems are practically used by the military and international
agencies, but there are political and technical obstacles to using such systems for
private business.
The high altitude orbits of the satellite causes transmission delay of voices.
105
In the future, land mobile communication systems will not be replaced by satellite
mobile communication systems, but rather the former will be supplemented the
latter.
19.2. Comprehension
1. What places is a satellite mobile communication system suitable for?
2. What are the service areas of a satellite mobile communication system?
3. Why can the construction of mobile communication network of satellite be
done in a shorter period than it can with that of land?
4. Why must new satellites be launched periodically?
5. How is the efficiency of the frequency utilization of satellite mobile
communication network? Why that?
6. What is the reason of transmission delay of voices?
7. Will mobile communication systems of land be replaced by that of
satellites?
8. How will they be used?
19.3.1. Examples
Recently, there have been increasing demands for mobile communication
S Vphrase
isolated areas.
Hin nay, nhu cu v kh nng thng tin di ng trong khi li xe, ngi trn tu
ha, tu thy hay khi ang bay cng nh cc vng ho lnh ang tng ln.
Up to now, satellite communication has been confined to fixed
S V phrase
communications using parabola antennas, but recently smaller low-priced systems
S
have become available.
V phrase
Cho n nay, thng tin v tinh b gii hn i vi thng tin c nh s dng
anten parabol, nhng gn y ra i cc h thng nh hn vi gi thnh h.
19.3.2. Practice
agency (n.) ['eidnsi] c quan, hng thng tn
confine (v.) [kn'fain] hn ch, gii hn
construct (v.) [kn'strkt] xy dng
106
construction (n.) [kn'strkn] s xy dng
continental interior [,knti'nentl] [in'tiri] vng su trong ni a
desert (n.) ['dezt] sa mc
disaster (n.) [di'z:st] tai ha, him ha
fixed communications thng tin c nh
fixed network [fikst] ['netw:k] mng c nh
great dealbbetter [greit] [di:l] tt hn nhiu
high altitude orbit [hai]['ltitju:d][':bit] qu o tm cao
isolated area ['aisleitid] ['eri] vng tch bit, vng xa xi
life-span (n.) ['laifspn] tui th thit b
line-of-sight [lain-v-sait] tm nhn thng
low-priced (adj.) ['lou'praist] gi thnh h/thp
man-made (adj.) ['mn'meid] nhn to
merit / demerit ['merit] [di:'merit] u im/nhc im
obstacle (n.) ['bstkl] s cn tr, tr ngi
periodically (adv.) [,piri'dikli] mt cch nh k
solitary island ['slitri] ['ailnd] o xa
supplement (v.) ['spliment] b sung, ph thm vo
tunnel (n.) ['tnl] ng hm
underbridge (n.) ['nd'brid] di gm cu
underground (n.) ['ndgraund] di mt t, ngm
unprofitable (adj.) [n'prfitbl] phi li nhun, khng c li
up to now cho n by gi
a) have/has + been + V-ing
- Recently, there have been increasing demands for mobile communication
isolated areas.
b) have/has + been + V (pp)
- Up to now, satellite communication has been confined to fixed
communications using parabola antennas, but recently smaller low-priced
systems have become available.
c) ... as well as ...
- There have been increasing demands for mobile communication capability
while riding in cars, trains, on ships and while flying as well as in isolated
areas.
- The satellite itself for a mobile communication system as well as satellite
launching cost a great deal, but the system provides services to a broad area.
d) as soon as ...
- Broad area services become available as soon as the satellite deploys.
Therefore, a network can be constructed in a shorter period than it can with
land mobile communication systems in which many base station are needed.
107
e) ... so that ...
- In a satellite mobile communication system, there is little communication
equipment on land so that chances of the system being damaged by natural or
man-made disasters are small.
19.5.2. Exercises
1. Below is a list of some of the merits and demerits of satellite mobile
communication systems compared to ... land mobile communication systems.
a. common b. popular c. usual d. general
2. Therefore, satellite mobile communication system is ... for places that do
not have a fixed network and where the communication demands are light.
a. coincident b. concordant c. accordant d. appropriate
3. These include some Third World countries, solitary islands, mountains,
deserts and continental ....
a. inner b. inland c. domestic d. interrior
4. It is also suitable for areas where land mobile communication systems are
unprofitable and areas where the available communication network equipment
cannot handle ... increases in communication demands.
a. quickly b. agile c. fast d. nimble
5. The service areas of a satellite mobile communication system are ... to sea
and air and to land where there is direct line-of-sight to the satellites.
a. confined b. termed c. restricted d. covered
6. Therefore, a network can be ... in a shorter period than it can with land
mobile communication systems in which many base station are needed.
a. set b. erect c. construct d. built
7. In a satellite mobile communication system, there is little
communication ... on land so that chances of the system being damaged by
natural or man-made disasters are small.
a. equip b. device c. tool d. thing
8. When launching satellite, accidents are possible and the life-span of a
satellite is about 7 years. So to offer services continuously, new satellite must
be ... periodically.
a. set b. placed c. sprung d. put
9. A satellite mobile communication network ...a broad area so the efficiency
of the frequency utilization is low. It means that the capacity of this system
for handling channels is low.
a. wraps b. envelops c. embraces d. comprises
10. Satellite systems are ... used by the military and international agencies,
but there are political and technical obstacles to using such systems for
private business.
a. sincerely b. virtually c. practical d. real
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1. Nowadays, satellite communication has been opened to fixed
communications using parabola antennas, because recently smaller low-priced
systems have become available.
2. The satellite itself for a mobile communication system as well as satellite
launching cost very cheap, and the system provides services to a restricted
area.
3. Satellite communication is easy to construct a worldwide network.
4. Satellite communication is impossible in the shadow of everything on the
ground such as buildings, in tunnels, underground or under bridges.
5. Land mobile communication systems are more usable than satellite mobile
communication systems in the center of Metropolis.
6. Broad area services can be used as soon as the satellite deploys.
7. Satellite systems are often used by the military and international agencies,
but the political and technical obstacles can use such systems for private
business.
8. The high altitude orbits of the satellite cannot cause transmission delay of
voices.
9. In the future, land mobile communication systems will be replaced by
satellite mobile communication systems.
a. Transmitter: In order to achieve a high precision as well as high-
efficiency /4 shifted QPSK modulation system, an RF quadrature
modulator, along with a linearized saturation amplifier with bi-directional
feed control (LSA-BC) are utilized.
b. Receiver and Synthesizer: With regard to the demodulator, an adaptive
carrier tracking demodulator, which includes all the necessary functions in a
I-chip LSI, is suited to reduce power consumption. Furthermore, it is possible
to use a digital loop preset synthesizer (DLPS) as a high-speed switching
synthesizer in order to quickly measure the adjacent zone base stations
signal strength at the mobile radio unit.
c. Controller Circuit and Coder & Decoder (CODEC): It is possible to
improve the processing performance of the controller by utilizing an
application specific LSI (ASIC-LSI) with a low current consumption 16 bit
CPU as its core. The baseband TDMA circuit is made possible with
introduction of gate arrays. The CODEC for Japanese standard necessitates
the processing performance of over ten MIPS (million instructions per
second), however, if the 1 rule or lower, newest CMOS process is
employed, it is possible to produce a 1 chip design including ROM, RAM,
A/D and D/A.
109
Unit 20
THE FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
20.1. Presentation
The simplest method in channel access is frequency division multiple access
(FDMA). FDMA is realization of the narrow-band channel that simply any
terminal has a telephone line per channel which can access any one of frequency.
Sometimes this system is called single channel per carrier. Frequency division is
that any mobile can use a line which is made like this. Frequency division multiple
access is that many users can use assigned their frequency band without folded by
dividing the frequency spectrum in many sections.
Frequency division multiplexing is that the signal, which has to be sent to
several users from a transmitter, is transmitted by dividing the frequency bands,
and the receiver selects the information of its frequency band. FDMA is to send the
signal to several receivers. So if it is used FDMA in cellular system, it should be
FDMA in backward channel, FDM in forward channel. It is called FDM/FDMA.
The advantages of frequency division multiple access are one of the difficult
problems in realizing digital cellular system, that is the delay diffusion according
to delayed arriving time of multipath wave in cellular channel. It causes
intersymbol interference (ISI) and sometimes declines the performance of cellular
system. So to overcome this ISI, an equalizer should be used but sometimes it is
very difficult to realize.
However, the larger the symbolic period of digital data is, that is, the shorter
using bandwidth of channel frequency band is, ISI is not affected by regular delay
diffusion. Accordingly, it is known that FDMA does not need equalizer in cellular
channel because the period of digital data is larger than time division multiple
access. And in FDMA, it does not need initial network synchronization, and bit
timing recovery or frame synchronization is easy, and the hardware is simple in
modem realizing.
The disadvantages of frequency division multiple access are, it needs a filter,
duplexer that divides incoming and outgoing signal of terminal through antenna
when realizing the cellular terminal. In general because the electric power
difference of input and output through antenna is more than 100dB, it is difficult to
divide the signals, so the duplexer that is using now is hard to realize the function
and the volume is big. So you should submit the 3dB inserting loss when the
duplexer passed signals. And co-channel interference is another problem that can
be generated by dividing frequency spectrum to small. So it needs guard band
between channels in order to minimize this.
20.2. Comprehension
1. How to do to access the channel best?
2. How does frequency division operate?
3. What does frequency division multiple access (FDMA) mean?
110
4. Why doesnt FDMA need equalizer in cellular channel?
5. What are disadvantages of FDMA?
6. Is co-channel interference difficult problem in dividing frequency spectrum
to small?
7. How to do to minimize co-channel interference problem?
20.3.1. Examples
The simplest method in channel access is frequency division multiple access
S V C
Phng php n gin nht v truy nhp knh l a truy nhp phn chia tn s.
FDMA is realization of the narrow-band channel that simply any
S V C
terminal has a telephone line per channel which can access any one of frequency.
S V O S V O
FDMA l th hin knh bng hp m n gin l bt k u cui no cng c
mt ng in thoi theo mi knh m n c th truy nhp ti bt k tn s no.
20.3.2. Practice
assign (v.) ['sain] gn, n nh, qui nh
backward channel ['bkwd 'tnl] knh sau, knh nghch
carrier (n.) ['kri(r)] sng mang
cellular channel ['seljul 'tnl] knh t ong
cellular system (n) ['seljul 'sistm] h thng t ong
co-channel interference nhiu ng knh
decline (v) [di'klain] lm suy gim, st, gim xung
delay (n) [di'lei] tr hon, hon li
diffusion (n) [di'fju:n] s khuch tn, ha tan
delay diffusion s khuch tn tr
duplexer (n) ['dju:pleks] b song cng
equalizer ['i:kwlaiz] b cn bng, b hiu chnh
fold (v) [fould] gp np, dn li
forward channel ['f:wd 'tnl] knh trc, knh thun
frame (n) [freim] khung, sn/gin khung
frequency division multiple access a yruy cp phn chia tn s
frequency spectrum ['spektrm] ph tn
initial network synchronization[,sikrnai'zein] ng b mng ban u
intersymbol (n) [in't:'simbl] lin k hiu
intersymbol interference (ISI) nhiu lin/gia cc k hiu
multipath wave [,mlti'p: weiv] sng a ng
narrow-band channel ['nrou bnd] knh bng hp
overcome (v) [,ouv'km] gii quyt, khc phc
111
per [p:] mi
perfomance (n) [p'f:mns] tnh nng, trnh din
period (n) ['pirid] thi gian, thi k, chu k
realization (n) [,rilai'zein] thc hin, th hin
single channel knh n
submit (v) [sb'mit] trnh, kim tra
symbolic (adj) [sim'blik] tng trng, biu tng
the larger the symbolic period of digital data
chu k k hiu ca d liu s cng ln
the shorter using bandwidth of channel frequency band
s dng rng bng tn ca knh cng nh
bit timing recovery or frame synchronization
phc hi nh thi bit hay ng b khung
a) Comparisons
the + adj-est
- The simplest method in channel access is frequency division multiple
access (FDMA).
the + adj-er ...+ the + adj-er
- However, the larger the symbolic period of digital data is, that is, the
shorter using bandwidth of channel frequency band is, ISI is not affected by
regular delay diffusion.
b) any + N (in positive sentence)
- FDMA is realization of the narrow-band channel that simply any terminal
has a telephone line per channel which can access any one of frequency.
- Frequency division is that any mobile can use a line which is made like this.
c) many + Ns (in positive sentence)
- Frequency division multiple access is that many users can use assigned their
frequency band without folded by dividing the frequency spectrum in many
sections.
20.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise1: Choose the best answer
1. Frequency division multiplexing is that the ..., which has to be sent to
several users from a transmitter.
a. frequency b. information c. data d. sign
2. The advantages of frequency division multiple access are one of the
difficult problems in realizing digital cellular system, that is the delay ...
according to delayed arriving time of multipath wave in cellular channel.
a. spreading b. difficulty c. difference d. diffuson
3. It causes intersymbol interference (ISI) and sometimes declines the ...of
cellular system.
a. perform b. priority c. inform d. right
112
4. And in FDMA, it does not need initial network synchronization, and bit
timing recovery or frame synchronization is easy, and the hardware is simple
in modem ....
a. perform b. done c. effecting d. carry out
5. The ... of frequency division multiple access are, it needs a filter, duplexer
that divides incoming and outgoing signal of terminal through antenna when
realizing the cellular terminal.
a. inconvenient b. incommodious c. awkwardness d. merits
6. And co-channel ... is another problem that can be generated by dividing
frequency spectrum to small.
a. noise b. diffract c. disturb d. interfere
b) Exercise 2: Complete the sentences below using the available words
communication, request, access, channel, accommodate
1. In mobile telecommunications, it is required to ... many users as much as
possible on limited frequency resources.
2. Channel access is classified with ... occupied type and channel sharing type.
3. Channel occupied type is good access for continuous ... like telephone,
there are frequency division multiple access in analog cellular system, time
division multiple access which is already utilized in digital cellular system,
and code division multiple access.
4. In case of packet communication that communication ... is random and
burstability is high, even though a radio channel is shared with multi-user the
collision probability is poor.
5. By using this statistical packet communication, the ... that realizes
multiplexing is called statistical multiple access.
The hand-off control, which makes the call to be continuous by detecting the
moved cell and transferring the cell to radio channel when the mobile which is in
calling moved cell, is important control technique. When the received signal
strength is dropped at base station in analog cellular system, the base station in
near cell measures the signal strength of mobile at once. The strongest signal
strength of base station cell is regarded the moved cell and the radio channel of the
base station is assigned to mobile unit.
However, the detection of this moved cell is used in FDMA. If the number of
user increases, the hand-off control process becomes huge in base station. There is
an idle slot in addition to transmitting and receiving slot in TDMA. If it is used, the
control process of base station is very simplified because it can be measured the
signal strength from the near base station and be judged the moved cell.
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Part V
RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
Unit 21
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
21.1. Presentation
21.1.1. General introduction
There are two principle paths by which radio waves travel from the
transmitter to the receiver: ground wave-which travels directly from the transmitter
to the receiver and sky wave-which travels up to the ionosphere and is refracted
(i.e. bent downward) back to the Earth. Short-distance, ultrahigh frequency (UHF),
and upper very high frequency (VHF) transmission are by ground waves. Long-
distance, high frequency (HF) transmission is principally by sky waves. Single-
channel radio sets can use ground wave or sky wave propagation for
communications.
21.1.2. Classification of radio wave propagation
a) Ground wave propagation
Radio communications which use ground wave propagation do not use or
depend on waves that are refracted from the ionosphere (i.e., sky waves). Ground
wave propagation is affected by the electrical characteristics of the Earth and by
the amount of diffraction (i.e., bending) of the waves along the curvature of the
Earth. The strength of the ground wave at the receiver depends on the power output
and frequency of the transmitter, the shape and conductivity of Earth along
transmission path, and the local weather. The following paragraphs describe the
components of a ground wave.
- Direct wave. The direct wave is that part of the radio wave which travels
directly from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. This part of the
wave is limited to the line of sight (LOS) distance between the transmitting and
receiving antennas, plus the small distance added by atmospheric refraction and
diffraction of the way around the curvature of the Earth. This distance can be
extended by increasing the height of the transmitting antenna, the receiving
antenna, or both.
- Ground reflected wave. The ground reflected wave is that portion of the
radio wave which reaches the receiving antenna after being reflected from the
surface of the earth. Cancellation of the radio signal can occur when the ground
reflected component and the direct wave component arrive at the receiving antenna
at the same time and are 1800 out of phase with each other.
- Surface wave. The surface wave, which follows the curvature of the Earth,
is that part of the ground wave which is affected by the conductivity and dielectric
constant of the Earth.
b) Sky wave propagation
Radio communications that use sky wave propagation depend on the
ionosphere to provide the signal path between the transmitting and receiving
antennas.
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Ionospheric structure. The ionosphere has four layers. In order of increasing
heights and decreasing molecular densities, these layers are labeled D, E, F1, and
F2. During the day, when the rays of the Sun are directed toward that portion of the
atmosphere, all four layers may be present. At night, the F1 and F2 layers seem to
merge into a single layer, and the D and E layers fade out. The actual number of
layers, their height above the Earth, and their relative intensity of ionization vary
constantly. The following are layers of the ionosphere:
- D-exists only during daylight hours and has little effect in bending the
paths of high frequency radio waves. The main effect of D layer is to attenuate
high frequency waves when the transmission path is in sunlit region.
- E-is used during the day for high frequency radio transmission over
intermediate distances (less than 2,400 km [1,500mi]). At night, the intensity of the
E layer decreases, and it becomes useless for radio transmission.
- F-exists at height up to 380 kilometers (240 mi) above the Earth and is
ionized all the time. It has two well-defined layers (F1 and F2) during the day, and
one layer (i.e., F) during the night. At night, The F layer remains at a height of
about 269 kilometres (170 mi) and is useful for long-range radio communications
(over 2,400 km [1,500 mi]). The F2 layer is the most useful of all layers for long-
range radio communications, even though its degree of ionization varies
appreciably from day to day.
21.2. Comprehension
1. By what way are radio waves transmitted?
2. What kinds of wave propagation (ground wave or sky wave) can single
channel radio sets use for communication?
3. Where does the sky wave travel?
4. What characteristics is ground wave propagation affected by?
5. What are the components of the ground wave?
6. What does the ionospheric structure influence transmission of the radio wave?
7. What is the difference between the direct wave and the ground reflected
wave?
21.3.1. Examples
There are two principle paths by which radio waves travel from a
S V S1 V1
transmitter to the receiver: grounds wave-which travels directly from the
S2 V2
transmitter to the receiver and sky wave-which travels up to the ionosphere and is
S3 V3
refracted (i.e. bent downward) back to the Earth.
V4
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C hai ng truyn ch yu m qua sng v tuyn i t my pht ti my
thu: sng t truyn trc tip t my pht ti may thu v sang tri truyn ln cao
ti tng in ly v c khc x (ngha l un cong xung) tr v tri t.
21.3.2. Practice
affect (v.) ['fekt] nh hng n, tc ng n
atmospheric (adj.) [,tms'ferik] kh quyn, khng kh
attenuate (v.) ['tenjueit] lm tt dn, lm suy gim
cancellation (n.) [,knse'lein] s hy b, xa b
conductivity (n.) [,kndk'tiviti] tnh dn, sut dn
curvature (n.) ['k:vt] s un cong
daylight (n.) ['deilait] nh nng ban ngy
decrease (v.) ['di:kri:s] gim i, gim xung
density (n.) ['densiti] mt
dielectric constant hng s in mi
diffraction (n.) [di'frkn] s nhiu x
effect (v.) [i'fekt] tc ng, nh hng
extend (v.) [iks'tend] ko di, m rng
fade (v.) ['feid] mt dn, bin dn
ground reflected wave sng phn x t t
increase (v.) ['inkri:s] tng, ln
intensity (n.) [in'tensiti] mnh, cng
ionize (v.) ['ainaiz] ion ha
ionosphere (n.) [ai'nsfi] tng in ly
ionospheric structure cu trc tng in ly
label (v.) ['leibl] dn nhn, ghi nhn
layer (n.) ['lei/ lp, v
merge (v.) /m:d] hp nht, kt hp, trn
phase (n.) [feiz] pha
portion (n.) ['p:n] phn chia
ray (n, v) [rei] tia
refract (v.) [ri'frkt] khc x (nh sng)
strength (n.) ['stre] sc mnh, cng
sunlit (adj.) ['snlit] chan ha nh nng, ngp nng
surface (n.) ['s:fis] b mt, mt
a) Relative pronouns: which/that
- There are two principle paths by which radio waves travel from the
transmitter to the receiver: ground wave-which travels directly from the
116
transmitter to the receiver and sky wave-which travels up to the ionosphere
and is refracted (i.e. bent downward) back to the Earth.
- Radio communications which use ground wave propagation do not use or
depend on waves that are refracted from the ionosphere (i.e., sky waves).
- The direct wave is that part of the radio wave which travels directly from
the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna.
- The ground reflected wave is that portion of the radio wave which reaches
the receiving antenna after being reflected from the surface of the earth.
- The surface wave, which follows the curvature of the Earth, is that part of
the ground wave which is affected by the conductivity and dielectric
constant of the Earth.
- Radio communications that use sky wave propagation depend on the
ionosphere to provide the signal path between the transmitting and receiving
antennas.
b) Phrasal verbs
- Radio communications which use ground wave propagation do not use or
depend on waves that are refracted from the ionosphere (i.e., sky waves).
- The strength of the ground wave at the receiver depends on the power
output and frequency of the transmitter, the shape and conductivity of Earth
along transmission path, and the local weather.
- Radio communications that use sky wave propagation depend on the ionosphere to
provide the signal path between the transmitting and receiving antennas.
- Cancellation of the radio signal can occur when the ground reflected
component and the direct wave component arrive at the receiving antenna
at the same time and are 1800 out of phase with each other.
c) even though
- The F2 layer is the most useful of all layers for long-range radio
communications, even though its degree of ionization varies appreciably
from day to day.
21.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Are the sentences below True or False?
1. Four layers D,E,F,F2 may be present without being sunlight.
2. At night, the actual number of layers, their height above the earth and
their relative intensity of ionization can be varied insignificantly.
3. F layer exists at height up to 240 miles above the earth and it has
different layers at different time of a 24-hour day.
4. Radio communications which use ground wave propagation depend on
waves that are refracted from the ionosphere (i.e., sky waves).
5. The direct wave is limited to the line of sight distance between the
transmitting and receiving antennas, plus the small distance added by
atmospheric refraction and diffraction of the way around the curvature of the
Earth.
b) Exercise 2 Choose the best answer
117
1. Radio communications which use ground wave propagation do not use or
depend on waves that are ... from the ionosphere (i.e., sky waves).
a. reflect b. reflex c. bent down d. refract
2. Ground wave propagation is affected by the electrical characteristics of
the Earth and by the amount of ... (i.e., bending) of the waves along the
curvature of the Earth.
a. difraction b. annoyance c. refraction d. disturbance
3. The ... of the ground wave at the receiver depends on the power output
and frequency of the transmitter, the shape and conductivity of Earth along
transmission path, and the local weather.
a. intensity b. power c. vigor d. force
4. The direct wave is that ... of the radio wave which travels directly from
the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna.
a. port b. portion c. section d. piece
5. This distance can be ... by increasing the height of the transmitting
antenna, the receiving antenna, or both.
a. stretch b. lengthen c. dragged out d. draw out
6. The ground reflected wave is that portion of the radio wave which ... the
receiving antenna after being reflected from the surface of the earth.
a. stretches b. achieves c. contacts d. arrives at
7. The surface wave, which ... the curvature of the Earth, is that part of the
ground wave which is affected by the conductivity and dielectric constant of
the Earth.
a. accompanies b. follow c. goes after d. imitates
8. Radio communications that use sky wave propagation ... the ionosphere to
provide the signal path between the transmitting and receiving antennas.
a. lean b. found on c. back on d. place against
9. During the day, when the ... of the Sun are directed toward that portion of
the atmosphere, all four layers may be present.
a. fires b. gleams c. beams d. glints
10. The F2 layer is the most useful of all layers for long-range radio communications,
even though its ... of ionization varies appreciably from day to day.
a. rule b. standard c. line d. level
An earth station, ground station, or earth terminal is a terrestrial terminal
station designed for extra-planetary telecommunication with spacecraft, and/or
reception of radio waves from an astronomical radio source. Earth stations are
located either on the surface of the Earth, or within Earth's atmosphere. Earth
stations communicate with spacecraft by transmitting and receiving radio waves in
the super high frequency or extremely high frequency bands (e.g., microwaves).
When an earth station successfully transmits radio waves to a spacecraft (or vice
versa), it establishes a telecommunications link.
118
Earth stations may occupy either a fixed or itinerant position. Article of the
ITU Radio Regulations describes various types of earth stations, stationary and
mobile, and their interrelationships.
Specialized satellite earth stations are used to telecommunicate with
satellites-chiefly communications satellites. Other earth stations communicate with
manned space stations or unmanned space probes. An earth station that primarily
receives telemetry data, or that follows a satellite not in geostationary orbit, is
called a tracking station.
When a satellite is within an earth station's line of sight, the earth station is
said to have a view of the satellite. It is possible for a satellite to communicate with
more than one earth station at a time. A pair of earth stations are said to have a
satellite in mutual view when the stations share simultaneous, unobstructed, line-
of-sight contact with the satellite.
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Unit 22
FACTORS AFFECTING THE IONOSPHERE
22.1. Presentation
The movements of the Earth around the Sun and changes in the Suns
activity contribute to ionospheric variations. There are two main classes of
variations: regular, which is predictable; and irregular, which occurs from
abnormal behavior of the Sun.
- Regular variations of the ionosphere.
The regular variations are:
+ Daily-caused by the rotation of the Earth.
+ Seasonal-caused by the north and south progression of the Sun.
+ 27-day-caused by the rotation of the Sun on its axis.
+ 11-year-caused by the sunspot activity cycle going from maximum to
minimum, back to maximum levels of intensity.
- Irregular variations of the ionosphere.
The current status of the four regular variations must be anticipated when
planning a communications system. There are also unpredictable, irregular
variations that must be considered. They have a degrading effect (at times
blocking communications) which cannot be controlled or compensated for loss at
present. Some irregular variations are:
+ Sporadic E. When it is excessively ionized, The E layer often blocks
out the reflections back from the higher layers. It can also cause in-expected
propagation of signal hundreds of miles beyond the normal range. This effect can
occur at any time.
+ Sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID). A sudden ionospheric
disturbance coincides with a bright solar eruption and causes abnormal ionization
of the D layer. This effect causes total absorption of all frequencies above
approximately 1 MHz. It can occur without warning during daylight hours and last
from a few minutes to several hours. When SID occurs, receivers seem to go dead.
+ Ionospheric storms. During these storms, sky wave reception above
approximately 1.5 MHz shows low intensity and is subject to a type of rapid
blasting and fading called flutter fading. These storms may last from several
hours to days and usually extend over the entire Earth.
- Sunspots. Sunspots generate burst of radiation that cause high levels
ionization. The more sunspot, the greater the ionization. During periods of low
sunspot activity, frequencies above 20 MHz tend to be unusable because the E and
F layers are too weakly ionized to reflect signals back to earth. At the peak of the
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sunspot cycle, however, it is not unusable to have worldwide propagation of
frequencies above 30 MHz.
- Frequency characteristics in the ionosphere. The range of long-distance
radio transmission is determined primarily by the ionization density of each layer.
The higher the frequency, the greater the ionization density required to reflect radio
waves back to Earth. The upper (i.e., E and F) layers reflect the higher frequencies
because they are the most highly ionized. The D layer, which is the least ionized,
does not reflect frequencies above approximately 500 KHz. Thus, at any given
time and for each ionized layer, there is an upper frequency limit at which radio
waves sent vertically upward are reflected back to Earth. This limit is called the
critical frequency.
Radio waves directed vertically at frequencies higher than the critical
frequency pass through the ionized layer out into space. All radio waves directed
vertically into the ionosphere at frequencies lower than the critical frequency are
reflected back to Earth. Radio waves used in communications are generally
directed towards the ionosphere at some oblique angle, called the angle of
incidence. Radio waves at frequencies above the critical frequency will be
reflected back to Earth if transmitted at angle of incidence smaller than a certain
angle, called the critical angle. At the critical angle and all angles larger than the
critical angle the radio waves will pass through the ionosphere if the frequency is
higher than the critical frequency. When the angle of transmission becomes
smaller, the radio waves will be reflected back to Earth.
22.2. Comprehension
1. What factors is the ionosphere affected by?
2. What blocks communications when the ionosphere has irregular variations?
3. Is it all right when we call oblique angle the angle of incidence? Why that?
4. When will radio waves at frequencies above the critical frequency be
reflected back to the earth?
5. Do receivers operate well when ionosphere disturbance occurs?
6. When are radio waves reflected back to the Earth?
7. What major variations affect the ionosphere?
8. What irregular variations of the ionosphere do you know?
9. What limit is called the critical frequency?
10. When is the oblique angle called as the angle of incidence?
22.3.1. Examples
121
The movements of the Earth around the Sun and changes in the Suns
S
activity contribute to ionospheric variations.
V
S chuyn ng ca tri t quanh mt tri v s thay i hot ng ca mt
tri gp phn lm bin i tng in ly.
There are two main classes of variations: regular, which is predictable; and
S V S1 V1
irregular, which occurs from abnormal behavior of the Sun.
S2 V2
C hai loi bin i chnh: bin i thng xuyn m c th d on trc;
bin i bt thng xy ra t s hot ng khng bnh thng ca mt t.
22.3.2. Practice
abnormal behavior [b'n:ml] hot ng khng bnh thng
absorption (n.) [b's:pn] s hp th
angle of incidence gc ti
anticipate (v.) [n'tisipeit] thy trc, on trc
approximately (adv.) ['prksimitli] khong chng, chng
blasting (n.) ['bl:sti] lm tan v, bin mt
block (n,v.) [blk] khi, nghn, ngn chn
burst (n,v.) [b:st] n tung, ting n
coincide (v.) [kouin'said] xy ra ng thi, trng vi
compensate (v.) ['kmpenseit] b, n b, bi thng
contribute (v.) [kn'tribju:t] ng gp, gp phn
critical (adj.) ['kritikl] ti hn
critical angle ['kritikl 'gl] gc ti hn
degrading (adj.) [di'greidi] lm gim gi tr
determine (v.) [di't:min] xc nh, nh r
disturbance (n.) [dis't:bns] nhiu lon
entire (n,adj.) [in'tai] ton b, hon ton
flutter fading s gim m thanh khng n nh
oblique angle ['bli:k 'gl] gc nhn, gc t, gc xin
peak (n.) [pi:k] nh, chp
predictable (adj.) [pri'diktbl] c th on trc
radiation (n.) [,reidi'ein] bc x, pht x
sporadic (adj.) [sp'rdik] ri rc, lc c
122
sunspot (n.) ['snspt] chm/vt en mt tri
tend (v.) [tend] hng ti, nhm ti
unpredictable (adj.) [,npri'diktbl] khng th on trc c
unusable (adj.) [n'ju:zbl] khng dng c, khng thch hp
upward (adv, adj.) ['pwd] i ln, hng ln
variation (n.) [,veri'ein] s bin i, thay i
vertically (adv.) ['v:tikli] thng ng
a) modal verbs + be + V-pp
- The current status of the four regular variations must be anticipated when
planning a communications system.
- There are also unpredictable, irregular variations that must be considered.
- They have a degrading effect (at times blocking communications) which
cannot be controlled or compensated for loss at present. Some irregular
variations are:
- Radio waves at frequencies above the critical frequency will be reflected
back to Earth ...
- When the angle of transmission becomes smaller, the radio waves will be
reflected back to Earth.
b) the + Adj. er ..., the + Adj. er ...
- The higher the frequency, the greater the ionization density required to
reflect radio waves back to Earth.
- The upper (i.e., E and F) layers reflect the higher frequencies because
they are the most highly ionized.
c) the more .../ the mos t.../the least ...
- The D layer, which is the least ionized, does not reflect frequencies above
approximately 500 KHz.
- The more sunspot, the greater the ionization.
d) adj. ER + than ...
- Radio waves directed vertically at frequencies higher than the critical
frequency pass through the ionized layer out into space.
- All radio waves directed vertically into the ionosphere at frequencies lower
than the critical frequency are reflected back to Earth.
- Radio waves at frequencies above the critical frequency will be reflected
back to Earth if transmitted at angle of incidence smaller than a certain
angle, called the critical angle.
- At the critical angle and all angles larger than the critical angle the radio
waves will pass through the ionosphere if the frequency is higher than the
critical frequency.
22.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Match each statement with an explanation.
123
Statements
1. D layer exists only during daylight hours.
2. E layer is used during the day for high frequency radio transmission
over intermediate distances.
3. F layer exists at height up to 240 miles above the earth and is
ionized all the time.
4. Irregular variations of ionosphere cannot be predictable.
5. A sudden ionosphere disturbance coincides with a bright solar
eruption and causes abnormal ionization of the D layer.
Explanations
a. These variations can block communications so they must be
considered carefully.
b. Its intensity decreases and becomes useless for radio transmission at night.
c. Its main effect is to attenuate high frequency waves when the
transmission path is in sunlit region.
d. When it occurs all receivers seem to be not working.
e. It remains at a height of about 170 miles and is useful for long
distance radio communications.
b) Exercise 2: Match the English words to their Vietnamese meanings
1. flutter fading a. s n ca bc x
2. predictable b. b li
3. the least ionize c. cn tr lin lc
4. sunspot activity cycle d. nh chu k hot ng ca vt en
5. angle of incidence e. gc xin
6. degrading effect f. s bin i ca tng in ly
7. blocking communications g. s hp th
8. abnormal ionization h. ion ha thp nht
9. compensate i. nhiu bt thng ca tng in ly
10. in-expected propagation j. lm gim s nh hng
11. coincide k. bit/on trc
12. ionospheric variations l. truyn lan khng theo mun
13. sudden ionospheric disturbance m. chu k hot ng ca vt en
14. bright solar eruption n. gim m khng n nh
15. anticipate o. gc ti
16. absorption p. tn s ti hn
17. burst of radiation q. c th d on trc
18. the peak of the sunspot cycle r. s pht sng ca mt tri
19. critical frequency s. ion ha bt thng
20. oblique angle t. xy ra cng lc
The most predominant features of BISDN service signal are that the
distribution range of its bandwidth is very broad. While the basic configuration
124
signal of narrowband ISDN is distributed around voice signal, the signal rate
distribution of BISDN includes the other digital layers and various video signals
and high speed data signals. Accordingly, in the view of the transmission rate, the
service signals occupy the broadband ranging from several bps of the remote
monitoring signals to video signals at several hundreds of Mbps. Also, it usage
time ranges from low rate data having several second length to video service
having several hour length and telephone service having several minute length.
As has been described, BISDN is capable of providing broadband services of
several Mbps and frequencies used by it and usage time distribution are wide
ranged. The other distinguished characteristic of BISDN service signal is that the
experience of continuous signal such as voice or video and group signals such as
terminal data. Voice and video signals may become equalized bit rate signals
according to the digitalization method. However, various data signals are signals
with bit rates that vary greatly. On the other hand, voice or video signals require
real time processing. However, this is not true in the case of data.
125
Unit 23
TRANSMISSION PATHS OF SKY WAVE AND
MAXIMUM USABLE AND LOWEST USABLE FREQUENCIES
23.1. Presentation
23.1.1. Transmission paths
The distance from the transmitting antenna to the place where the sky waves
first return to Earth is called the skip distance. The skip distance is dependent on
the angle of incidence, the operating frequency, and the height and density of the
ionosphere. The antenna height, in relation to the operating frequency, affects the
angle that transmitted radio waves strike and penetrate the ionosphere and then
return to Earth. This angle of incidence can be controlled to obtain the desired area
of coverage. Lowering the antenna will increase the angle of transmission and
provide broad and even signal patterns in a large area. The use of near-vertical
transmission paths is known as near-vertical incidence sky wave (NVIS). Raising
the antenna will be lower the angle of incidence. Lowering the angle of incidence
can produce a skip zone in which no usable signal can be received. This area is
bounded by the outer edge of usable ground wave propagation and the point
nearest the antenna at which the sky wave returns to Earth. In most
communications situations, the skip zone is not a desirable condition. However,
low angles of incidence make long-distance communications possible.
When a transmitted wave is reflected back to the surface of the Earth, part of
its energy is absorbed by the Earth. The remainder of its energy is reflected back
into the ionosphere to be reflected back again. This means of transmission-by
alternately reflecting the radio wave between the ionosphere and the Earth-is called
hops, and it enables radio waves to be received at great distance from the point of
origin.
23.1.2. Maximum usable and lowest usable frequencies
There is a maximum frequency at which a radio wave will return to Earth at
a given distance when a given ionized layer and a transmitting antenna with a fixed
angle of radiation is used. This frequency is called the maximum usable frequency
(MUF). It is the monthly median of the daily highest frequency that is predicted for
sky wave transmission over a particular path at a particular hour of the day. The
MUF is always higher than the critical frequency because the angle of incidence is
less than 900. If the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is increased,
the maximum usable frequency will also increase. Radio waves lose some of their
energy through absorption by the D layer and the portion of the E layer of the
ionosphere at certain transmission frequencies. The total absorption is less and
communications are more satisfactory as higher frequencies are used up to the
level of the MUF. The absorption rate is greatest for frequencies ranging from
approximately 500 KHz to 2 MHz during the day. At night, the absorption rate
decreases for all frequencies. As the frequency of transmission over any sky wave
path is decreased from high to low frequencies, a frequency will be reached at
which the received signal just overrides the level of atmospheric and other radio
126
noise interference. This is called the lowest useful frequency (LUF) because
frequencies lower than the LUF are too weak for useful communications. The LUF
also depends on the power output of the transmitter as well as the transmission
distance. When the LUF is greater than the MUF, no sky wave transmission is
possible.
23.2. Comprehension
1. How to understand the skip distance?
2. Is it important to control the antenna to obtain the desired area of coverage?
Why that?
3. How to know the hops?
4. What frequency is called maximum usable frequency?
5. What is the difference between the critical frequency and maximum usable
frequency?
6. During the day, at which frequency is the absorption rate greatest?
7. When is a frequency called the lowest useful frequency?
8. Is it possible for sky wave transmission when the lowest usable frequency is
greater than the maximum usable frequency?
23.3.1. Examples
The distance from the transmitting antenna to the place where the
S1
sky waves first return to Earth is called the skip distance.
S2 V2 V1
Khong cch t anten pht ti v tr m sang tri u tin quay tr li
tri t c gi l khong cch nhy u tin
The skip distance is dependent on the angle of incidence, the
S V
operating frequency, and the height and density of the ionosphere.
Khong cch nhy u tin ph thuc vo gc ti, tn s hot ng, chiu
cao v mt ca tng in ly.
23.3.2. Practice
absorb (v.) [b's:b] hp th
alternately(adv.) [:l't:ntiv] lun phin nhau, ln lt
as well as cng nh
bound (v.) [baund] gii hn, qui nh gii hn
broad (adv.) ['br:d] rng, r rng
dependent on (n.) ph thuc vo, da vo
desirable (adj.) [di'zairbl] mong mun
desired area of coverage vng ph mong mun
127
hop (n,v.) [hop] bc nhy, nhy
in relation to lin quan ti
median (adj.) ['mi:djn] trung tuyn, gia, vo lc
near-vertical incidence sky wave sng tri ti hn thng ng gn
near-vertical transmission paths ng truyn thng ng gn
outer edge vin ngoi
override (v) [,ouv'raid] cao hn
penetrate (v.) ['penitreit] thm nhp, thm
raising (n.) [reizi] nng cao
rate (n.) [reit] mc, tc , t l
satisfactory (adj.) [,stis'fktri] tha mn
skip distance khong cch nhy u tin
skip zone vng nhy u tin
strike (v.) [straik] hng ti, nh, p
total absorption hp th ton phn
a) Present participle - a subject of the sentence
- Lowering the antenna will increase the angle of transmission and provide
broad and even signal patterns in a large area.
- Raising the antenna will be lower the angle of incidence.
- Lowering the angle of incidence can produce a skip zone in which no
usable signal can be received.
b) if-(conditional sentence)
- If the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is increased, the
maximum usable frequency will also increase.
23.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Look at the texts and find out the words that are suitable with
the meanings below.
1. Spreading something among or through something, e.g information.
2. It is a way or track in another word.
3. A piece of radio or television equipment that changes broadcast signal into
sound or picture.
4. A piece of equipment used for sending electronic signals such as radio or
television signals.
5. A layer of the earths atmosphere between about 80 and 1000 kilometres
above the surface of the earth, that reflects radio wave around the earth.
6. It is the part of the radio wave that travels directly from the transmitting
antenna to the receiving antenna.
7. It is the portion of the radio wave that reaches the receiving antenna after
being reflected from the surface of the earth.
128
8. It is the part of the ground wave that follows the curvature of the earth and
is affected by the conductivity and dielectric constant of the earth.
9. To throw back light, heat, sound, ect. from a surface of something.
10. To make a ray of light change direction when it goes through at an angle.
b) Exercise 2: Match the abbreviations to the phrases
1. LUF a. line of sight
2. MUF b. sudden ionospheric disturbance
3. NVIS c. maximum usable frequency
4. LOS d. lowest usable frequency
5. SID e. near-vertical incidence sky wave
The hand-off control, which makes the call to be continuous by detecting the
moved cell and transferring the cell to radio channel when the mobile which is in
calling moved cell, is important control technique when the received signal
strength is dropped at base station in analog cellular system, the base stations in
near cell measure the signal strength of mobile all at once. The strongest signal
strength of base station cell is regarded the moved cell, and the radio channel of the
base station is assigned to mobile unit.
However, the detection of this moved cell is used in frequency division
multiple access. If the number of user increases, the hand-off control process
becomes huge in base station. There is an idle slot in addition to transmitting and
receiving slot in time division multiple access. If it is used, the control process of
base station is very simplified because it can be measured the signal strength from
the near base station and be judged the moved cell.
129
Unit 24
THE RECEIVER
24.1. Presentation
24.1.1. General introduction
A receiver processes modulated signals induced into its antenna and delivers
a reproduction of the original modulating tone, audio or video. The signal can then
be amplified to drive a reproducing device such as a loudspeaker, earphone, tape
recorder or video monitor. A receiver must perform four basic functions:
reception/amplification, selection, detection, and reproduction.
Reception is the induction of electromagnetic waves into the antenna to
produce a voltage in that antenna, and amplifying it.
Selection is tuning of one particular frequency from all the signals induced
into the antenna. This is called selectivity. The better the receiver is at
differentiating between the desired and undesired frequencies, the better the
selectivity rating. This is normally accomplished by adding more tuned circuits to
reduce the bandwidth of the amplifiers.
Detection is the action of separating the low frequency audio or video
signals from the higher frequency carrier. This is also called a demodulator.
Reproduction is the changing of electrical signals into sound waves. The
sound waves will be interpreted by the ear as their speech, music, tones, etc., or by
viewing on a cathode ray tube.
Perhaps the simplest way to study receiver technology is to keep this in
mind: whatever is done to change the modulating signal at the transmitter, it must
be undone at the receiver.
24.1.2. The kinds of receivers
a. TRF receivers
The first radio receivers were Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) receivers.
These were usually quite bulky because of the technology available at the time:
large vacuum tubes, large ganged tuning capacitors and other components. In these
receivers, all the radio frequency (RF) amplification is carried out at the incoming
received frequency. Several, maybe 5 or more, of RF amplification are required to
receive weak signals, and in order to be able to tune to different signals, all of these
RF stages must be tunable in step with each other.
130
Figure 24.1. The block diagram of TRF receiver
Each stage is individually tunable (except for single channel fixed frequency
receivers). This is an advantage over the crystal radio set with one tuned circuit
because it increases the sensitivity (the ability to make a useful signal out of a
weak station) and the selectivity. The major difficulty is the constant tuning
necessary to achieve optimum performance. In order to increase sensitivity,
regeneration or positive feedback is often employed.
An operator makes a first adjustment, then a second adjustment, and a third.
But the last adjustment may have changed the characteristic of the first adjustment
so the operator often has to readjust the first and second stages again. He could
spend quite a lot of time just to tune in a normal amplitude modulation (AM)
broadcast station.
b) Super - heterodyne Receiver
A dramatic improvement was made in receiving efficiency with the
discovery and introduction of the super-heterodyne receiver. Basically, the output
from a variable local oscillator in the receiver is mixed or heterodyned with the
signals from incoming radio transmissions. Super het, or, in full, supersonic
heterodyne, implies that the oscillation is above sonic or audio frequencies, and is
mixed or heterodyned with incoming signals.
In mixing an incoming radio signal with the local oscillator signal, there will
be present at the output the original two signals plus the sum and the difference
signals.
24.2. Comprehension
1. What is a receiver used for?
2. What functions does a receiver perform?
3. How to know about the basic functions that a receiver must perform?
4. How many kinds of the receivers are there? What are they?
5. What does TRF stand for? And what is its configuration?
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the TRF receivers?
7. Do the super-heterodyne receivers more efficiently operate than the TRF
receivers? Why that?
24.3.1. Examples
A receiver processes modulated signals induced into its antenna and
S V1
delivers a reproduction of the original modulating tone, audio or video.
V2
131
My thu x l cc tn hiu c iu ch cm ng vo anten v pht li cc
m thanh, hnh nh c iu ch gc.
This is an advantage over the crystal radio set with one tuned circuit
S V
because it increases the sensitivity (the ability to make a useful signal out of a
S1 V1
weak station) and the selectivity.
iu ny c li th hn so vi my v tuyn thch anh c mt mch cng
hng bi v n lm tng nhy (kh nng a mt tn hiu hu dng ra khi
mt trm yu) v tnh la chn.
Basically, the output from a variable local oscillator in the receiver
S
is mixed or heterodyned with the signals from incoming radio transmissions.
V1 V2
V c bn, u ra t mt b dao ng ni c th thay i trong my thu
c pha trn hay c to phch vi cc tn hiu t qu trnh truyn dn v tuyn
vo.
24.3.2. Practice
Analyse and translate the text into Vietnamese.
accomplished (adj.) ['kmplit] hon ho, hon thnh
adjustment (n) ['dstmnt] iu chnh, chnh l
bandwidth of the amplifier (n) bng thng ca b
khuch i
broadcast station (n) trm truyn thng
bulky (adj.) ['blki] to ln, s
capacitor (n) [k'psitr] (ci) t in
cathode ray tube (n) ['koud rei tju:b] n chn khng
crystal (n) ['kristl] tinh th, pha l
demodulator (n) [di'mdju:leitr] b gii iu ch
desired and undesired frequency tn s mong mun v khng mong mun
detection (n) [di'tekn] s tch sng, d ra
differentiating (n) [difrni'eiti] s phn bit
dramatic improvement (n) s tin b nhanh chng
earphone (n) ['ifoun] tai nghe
electrical signal (n) [i'lektrikl 'signlz] tn hiu in
incoming radio transmission (n) truyn dn v tuyn vo
incoming received frequency (n) tn s thu vo
132
induced (adj.) [in'dju:st] b cm ng
induction of electromagnetic wave (n) cm ng ca sng in t
interprete (v.) [in't:prit] gii thch, din gii
large vacuum tube (n.) ['vkjum] n chn khng ln
local oscillator signal (n) tn hiu ca b dao ng ni
loudspeaker (n) ['laud'spi:k] loa
normal amplitude modulation (n) iu ch bin thng
oscillator (n) ['osileit] b dao ng
positive feedback (n) [poztiv 'fi:dbk] phn hi dng
process (v) ['prouses] x l
readjust (v) ['ri:'dst] iu chnh li
reproducing device (n) thit b pht li/to li
reproduction (n) [,ri:pr'dkn] pht li, lp li
selection (n) [si'lekn] la chn
selectivity (n) [,silek'tivti] tnh la chn
sensitivity (n) [,sens'tivti] tnh nhy, nhy
sonic or audio frequency (n) tn s m thanh hay sng m
sum and the difference signal (n) tn hiu tng v hiu
super-heterodyne receiver (n) my thu siu ngoi sai
tape recorder (n) [teip /ri'ko:d] my quay bng
the higher frequency carrier (n) sng mang tn s cao hn
theory (n) ['iri] nguyn l, l thuyt
to be amplified (v) c khuch i
tuned circuit (n) [tju:nd 's:kit] mch cng hng
video monitor (n) ['vidiou 'monit] mn hnh video
weak signal (n) [wi:k 'signl] tn hiu yu
a) Prepositions
- with
- This is an advantage over the crystal radio set with one tuned circuit
because it increases the sensitivity (the ability to make a useful signal out of
a weak station) and the selectivity.
- Basically, the output from a variable local oscillator in the receiver is
mixed or heterodyned with the signals from incoming radio transmissions.
- Super het, or, in full, supersonic heterodyne, implies that the oscillation is
above sonic or audio frequencies, and is mixed or heterodyned with
incoming signals.
133
- In mixing an incoming radio signal with the local oscillator signal, there
will be present at the output the original two signals plus the sum and the
difference signals.
- at
- Perhaps the simplest way to study receiver technology is to keep this in
mind: whatever is done to change the modulating signal at the transmitter, it
must be undone at the receiver.
- These were usually quite bulky because of the technology available at the time:
large vacuum tubes, large ganged tuning capacitors and other components.
- In these receivers, all the radio frequency (RF) amplifiers are carried out at
the incoming received frequency.
b) in order to + V-inf.
- Several, maybe 5 or more, of RF amplifiers are required to receive weak
signals, and in order to be able to tune to different signals, all of these RF
stages must be tunable in step with each other.
- In order to increase sensitivity, regeneration or positive feedback is
often employed.
24.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Look at the texts and find the words that have the meanings below
1. To look at something, especially when you look carefully.
2. The process by which electricity or magnetism passes from one object to
another without them touching.
3. Recognizing or showing that two things are not the same.
4. In another word of achieve.
5. To explain the meaning of something.
6. A space that is completely empty.
7. Large and difficult to carry or move.
8. A vacuum tube inside a television or computer screen, etc. from which a
beam of electrons produces images on the screen.
9. Much faster than the speed of sound.
10. To carry out something.
b) Exercise 2: Are the statements True or False?
1. A receiver processes demodulated signals then induces these signals into
its antenna and delivers a reproduction of the original modulating tone,
audio or video.
2. The amplified signals then can be transmitted to a reproducing device
such as a loudspeaker, earphone, tape recorder or video monitor.
3. Reception is the introduction of electromagnetic waves into the antenna to
produce a voltage in that antenna, and amplifying it.
4. Selection is tuning of all particular frequencies from all the signals
induced into the antenna.
134
5. Detection is the demodulating the high frequency audio or video signals.
6. In the super-heterodyne receivers, all the radio frequency amplifiers are
carried out at the incoming received frequency.
7. Each stage is commonly tunable (except for single channel fixed
frequency receivers).
8. The major difficulty is the stable tuning necessary to achieve
optimum performance.
9. In the super-heterodyne receiver, the output from a local oscillator is
heterodyned with the signals from incoming radio transmissions.
10. An incoming radio signal is mixed with the local oscillator signal in the
super-heterodyne receiver, after that there will be present at the output the
original two signals plus the sum and the difference signals.
The receiving of burst: The burst signals from each mobile do not collide
with each other according to the control of transmit timing and the guard time, the
clock timing of burst signal is not synchronous. Because of this, the burst clock
regeneration of each mobile is needed at base station.
Because the burst is transmitted periodically from mobile unit in
communication channel, the clock regeneration which needs not the preamble is
realized by holding the phase of regenerated clock until receiving the next burst
and implementing the usual clock regeneration mode when receiving the burst. On
the other hand, the channel of common control is random access and the burst
signal is added the preamble for clock regeneration. In order not to drop the frame
efficiency, the clock synchronization needs to be inserted with high speed by short
preamble. It can be the high speed synchronous by being synchronization the
initial phase of regenerated clock to received signal by force.
The monitoring of received levels at adjacent base station: The hand-off
control, which makes the call to be continuous by detecting the moved cell and
transferring the cell to radio channel when the mobile which is in calling moved
cell, is important control technique when the received signal strength is dropped at
base station in analog cellular system, the base stations in near cell measure the
signal strength of mobile all at once. The strongest signal strength of base station
cell is regarded the moved cell and the radio channel of the base station is assigned
to mobile unit. However, the detection of this moved cell is used in FDMA. If the
number of user increases, the hand-off control process becomes huge in base
station. There is an idle slot in addition to transmitting and receiving slot in
TDMA. If it is used, the control process of base station is very simplified because
135
it can be measured the signal strength from the near base station and be judged the
moved cell.
136
Unit 25
RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS
25.1. Presentation
25.1.1. Sensitivity
Sensitivity is the ability to receive weak signals and amplify them to a
usable level. Most quality receivers will be able to amplify signals (lower) than 5
micro-volts. That is, the smallest discernible signal is 5 in amplitude. Increasing
the sensitivity in a receiver can be accomplished by adding more stages of
amplification prior to demodulation.
The signal-to-noise ratio is a comparison of the signal power to the noise
power (or signal voltage divided by noise voltage, quantity squared). Obviously,
the result should be high as possible since eventually the signal will sink below the
noise level (atmospheric, or produced in the receiver) and be lost.
Noise should be kept to a minimum as it tends to cover up the weaker
signals. Although careful circuit design may reduce a large percentage of noise,
other factors may increase it. Some of these factors include atmospheric
disturbances, electrical machinery and cosmic or solar radiation.
25.1.2. Selectivity
Selectivity is the ability of a receiver to tune to a particular station without
any other signal interfering with the reception. To increase selectivity, more tuned
circuits are added prior to demodulation in order to narrow the bandwidth of the
image frequency (I.F) or RF amplifiers. Ideally, selectivity should be no wider than
the signal bandwidth demands since broader selectivity captures more noise but no
more signal, thus lowing the signal to noise ratio.
25.1.3. Image Rejection
Selection of a proper image frequency is important to image rejection. An
image frequency is an interfering signal, as described earlier.
The desired station and the local oscillator are separated by the amount of
the I.F. The image is the amount of the I.F. above the local oscillator. Since the
local oscillator produces harmonic, the image frequency of those harmonic may
137
also be interference. In most cases, the larger the I.F, the better the rejection. In
some receivers, the oscillator frequency is higher than the received signal; in some
cases, lower; it is the difference that counts. Different bands in the same receiver
may alternate from higher to lower oscillator/signal frequency. However, image
frequency is always taken into account in the design of all receivers.
25.1.4. Tracking
Since the most important aspect of a super-het receiver is the constant
intermediate frequency, tracking is a great concern. Tracking is the ability of the
local oscillator to always remain the distance of the I.F. away from antenna and
oscillator LC circuit becomes essential.
For instance, in tuning the RF stage of an FM (frequency modulation)
receiver from 88 to108 MHz, the oscillator must faithfully follow 10.7 MHz below
it, from 77.3 to 97.3 MHz at all frequencies.
25.2. Comprehension
1. Is the sensitivity important for receiving weak signals? Why that?
2. How to do to increase the sensitivity in the receivers?
3. What is the signal-to-noise ratio?
4. Why are tuned circuits added to the receiver before the received signals
are modulated?
5. What are the desired station and the local oscillator separated by?
6. Why is the image frequency of the harmonic also considered interference?
7. Is the image frequency merit of the receiving process? Why that?
8. In tuning the radio frequency of a frequency modulation receiver at
100MHz, how many MHz must the oscillator faithfully follow?
25.3.1. Examples
Increasing the sensitivity in a receiver can be accomplished by
S V
adding more stages of amplification prior to demodulation.
Vic tng nhy trong my thu c th t c bng cch thm nhiu tng
khuch i trc khi gii iu ch.
Since the local oscillator produces harmonic, the image frequency
S V S
of those harmonic may also be interference.
V
V b dao ng ni to ra sng hi, nn tn s nhiu nh ca sng hi
cng c th l sng.
138
Tracking is the ability of the local oscillator to always remain the
S1 V1
distance of the I.F. away from antenna and oscillator LC circuit becomes essential.
S2 V2
T hiu chnh l kh nng ca b dao ng ni lun duy tr khong cch
ca tn s nhiu nh vi anten v mch dao ng LC l cn thit
25.3.2. Practice
large percentage (n) [p'sentid] t l phn trm ln/ng k
accomplish (v) ['kmplit] thc hin, t c
alternate (adj.) [:l't:nt] ln lt, lun phin, kt tip
amplitude (n) ['mplitju:d] bin , ln
atmospheric disturbances (n) nhiu kh quyn
capture (v) ['kpt] bt, thu thp
concern (n,v.) [kn's:n] lin quan, quan tm
constant intermediate frequency (n) trung tn khng i/n nh
cosmic (adj.) ['kzmik] v tr, rng ln
desired station (n) [di'zaid 'stein] trm t yu cu, trm mong mun
discernible signal (n) [di's:nbl] tn hiu c th nhn c/nghe r
electrical machinery (n) nh my in
eventually (adv.) [i'ventuli] cui cng, rt cuc
harmonic (n) /h:'mnik/ sng hi
image frequency (n ['imid 'fri:kwnsi] tn s nhiu nh
image rejection (n) ['imid ri'dekn] loi b nhiu nh
prior to (prep.) ['prai] trc khi
particular station (n) [p'tikjul(r) 'stein] trm ring l
quantity (n) ['kwntti] khi lng, trng lng
signal bandwidth demands (n) cc yu cu bng thng tn hiu
signal-to-noise ratio t l tn hiu trn tp m
sink (n) [sik] b gp d liu
solar radiation (n) ['soul ,reidi'ein] bc x mt tri
tracking (n) ['trki] tnh t hiu/iu chnh
a) Prepositons
- in
+ That is, the smallest discernible signal is 5 in amplitude.
139
+ In most cases, the larger the I.F, the better the rejection.
+ In some receivers, the oscillator frequency is higher than the received
signal; in some cases, lower; it is the difference that counts.
+ Different bands in the same receiver may alternate from higher to lower
oscillator/signal frequency.
+ Image frequency is always taken into account in the design of all receivers.
- of
+ Some of these factors include atmospheric disturbances, electrical
machinery and cosmic or solar radiation.
+ To increase selectivity, more tuned circuits are added prior to
demodulation in order to narrow the bandwidth of the image frequency (I.F)
or RF amplifiers.
+ The image is the amount of the I.F. above the local oscillator.
+ Since the local oscillator produces harmonic, the image frequency of those
harmonic may also be interference.
- by
+ The signal-to-noise ratio is a comparison of the signal power to the noise
power (or signal voltage divided by noise voltage, quantity squared).
- Increasing the sensitivity in a receiver can be accomplished by adding
more stages of amplification prior to demodulation.
+ The desired station and the local oscillator are separated by the amount of
the I.F.
b) clause1 + since + clause2
Clause 1 + Since + clause 2 Or Since clause 1, clause 2
- Obviously, the result should be high as possible since eventually the signal
will sink below the noise level (atmospheric, or produced in the receiver)
and be lost.
- Ideally, selectivity should be no wider than the signal bandwidth demands
since broader selectivity captures more noise but no more signal, thus
lowing the signal to noise ratio.
- Since the most important aspect of a super-het receiver is the constant
intermediate frequency, tracking is a great concern.
25.5.2. Exercises
a) Exercise 1: Are the statements below True or False?
1. Receiving all signals and then amplifying them to a usable level is the
ability of the sensitivity.
2. Most quality receivers will be able to amplify signals about four micro-volts.
140
3. Noise should be lowered to a minimum as it tends to cover up the
weaker signals.
4. Careful circuit design may reduce a large percentage of noise.
5. Because of the selectivity a receiver can tune to a particular station with
any other signal interfering with the reception.
6. To increase selectivity, more tuned circuits are added prior to
demodulation in order to stretch the bandwidth of the image frequency or
RF amplifiers.
7. An image frequency is also called an audio signal.
8. Since the local oscillator in the receiver produces harmonic, the image
frequency of those harmonic may also be interference.
9. The same bands in the same receiver may alternate from higher to
lower oscillator/signal frequency.
10. Since the most important aspect of a super-het receiver is the stable
intermediate frequency, tracking is a great concern.
b) Exercise 2: Match the English words to their suitable meanings.

1. weak signal a. tn hiu c th nhn c
2. discernible signal b. nhiu tn hiu
3. amplitude c. cui cng
4. accomplish d. gii iu ch
5. demodulation e. phn trm
6. quantity squared f. my thu siu ngoi sai
7. eventually g. bin
8. cover up h. trung tn khng i
9. careful circuit design i. nhiu kh quyn
10. percentage j. t c
11. atmospheric disturbance k. nhiu mch cng hng hn
12. solar radiation l. bao trim ln
13. more tuned circuit m. b dao ng ni
14. image frequency n. s lng bnh phng
15. noise ratio o. vic thit k mch gi gn
16. interfering signal p. tn hiu yu
17. local oscillator q. tp trung nhiu
18. super-het receiver r. t l nhiu
19. constant intermediate frequency s. tn s nhiu nh
20. great concern t. bc x mt tri
25.5.3. Reference source: Read and translate the paragraphs below into our own language
Multiplexing means that subscribers use a transmission line commonly by
using a cable, several frequencies and time in partition. It can be classified such as
space division multiplexing (SDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), frequency
141
division multiplexing (FDM) and mixed type of the above. For example, a group
of channels can be made a channel by frequency division multiplexing and it is
bound with other channels on a transmission cable. Multiplexing is utilized to
telephone line. FM stereo and space accuracy test of telemetry system.
SDM means a multiplexing method that may subscribers use a cable
simultaneously by binding several separated transmission line into a common cable
such as telephone line which made by hundreds or thousands of pair lines.
TDM means a multiplexing method that divides data transmission of one
transmission cable by time division and assigns it to each sub-channel. These low
speed sub-channels use one high speed transmission line in partition by sending
their data when the time division is assigned periodically.
FDM means a multiplexing method that divides frequency bandwidth of a
transmission line into several sub-bandwidth and locates each signal spectrum
which sent from several low speed equipment simultaneously by multiplexing into
center frequency of each subcarrier to separate it from the others by band pass
filter. FDM uses FSK modulation generally but sometimes uses PSK since it is low
rate and has guard band to prevent interference from adjacent channels.
Unit 26
METHODS OF DEMODULATION
142
26.1. Presentation
There are some methods of demodulation. They are AM demodulation;
double size band (DSB) and single size band (SSB) demodulation; FM
demodulation and sub-carrier demodulation.
26.1.1. AM demodulation
Probably the simplest of all method of demodulation is AM. It usually
consists of a single diode and filter. The diode conducts only on half-cycle, and
passes the rectified signal to the filter network which shunts the I.F. to ground,
leaving a voltage varying at an audio frequency, which constitute the intelligence
originally transmitted.
26.1.2. DSB and SSB demodulation
For DSB and SSB demodulation, the carrier frequency from an internal
oscillator must first be introduced to the signal to replace the suppressed carrier in
the received signal. The signal will then appear as a standard AM signal which can
be easily detected by a diode-filter arrangement. This oscillator is sometimes
known as a beat-frequency oscillator (BFO), and has to be within a few cycles
(hertz) of the original carrier, or carrier as heterodyned down to I.F. Thus, the local
oscillator and BFO have to be extremely stable.
26.1.3. FM demodulation
FM demodulation is considerably more difficult, and this is the reason
why FM appeared about half a century after the advent of AM. Perhaps
explanations will exceed the amount of time allotted. Instead, we will just mention
some of the types of circuits that allow us to change varying frequency into audio.
26.1.4. Sub-carrier demodulation
Sub-carrier detection, also known as double demodulation, first must pass
through a standard AM or FM demodulator. The resulting signal may be an FM,
AM-type, or composite signal.
For FM or standard AM detection, the previous methods of demodulation
will remove the audio from the signal. For SSB or DSB detection, the carrier must
be re-inserted to form an AM signal and then detected.
If there are more than one audio input to the transmitter, the signal may be
in composite form. The original audio signals are separately modulated and then
added together. Then this composite signal modulates the main carrier. At the
receiver, the main carrier is detected and the composite must be divided by filters.
Then each sub-carrier may be detected as per its mode of modulation.
Basically, a sub-carrier signal consists of an audio frequency modulated on
to a very low frequency RF carrier (say 30 KHz). This modulates an HF or VHF
carrier. One stage of demodulation will leave the 30 KHz carrier (which is super-
sonic, or above audio frequencies) plus AF, which of course cannot be heard. A
sub-carrier station will sound like a normal station with no modulation; i.e., no
sound or music. A 30 KHz receiver (or demodulation) will, however, eliminate the
30 KHz carrier and leave the audible audio frequencies.
26.2. Comprehension
143
1. What is the simplest method of demodulation? What is more difficult?
2. What is configuration of the AM demodulation method?
3. How does AM demodulation method operate?
4. What is the similarity between DSB and SSB?
5. Which range of the original carrier does a beat frequency oscillator locate?
6. When did FM demodulation method appear?
7. Is sub-carrier detection also called as double demodulation? Why that?
8. What may a carrier with radio frequency of 30KHz do?
9. What will a 30KHz receiver do?
26.3.1. Examples
The diode conducts only on half-cycle, and passes the rectified
S V1 V2
signal to the filter network which shunts the I.F. to ground, leaving a voltage
S V
varying at an audio frequency, which constitutes the intelligence originally
S V
transmitted.
iot ny ch kim sot na chu k/hc v chuyn tn hiu c tch ti
mng lc m mng ny chuyn tn s nhiu nh ti t, gi li in p thay i to
tn s m thanh to thnh ngun tin pht ban u.
FM demodulation is considerably more difficult, and this is the

S1 V1 S2 V2
reason why FM appeared about half a century after the advent of AM.
S2 V2
Gii iu ch/iu bin FM th kh khn hn nhiu v y l l do ti sao
FM ch xut hin khong na th k sau s c mt cu AM.
A 30KHz receiver (or demodulation) will, however, eliminate the

S V1 V1
30KHz carrier and leave the audible audio frequencies.
V2
Tuy nhin, mt my thu 30KHz (hay gii iu ch) s kh sng mang
30KHz v s gi li nhng tn s m thanh c th nghe r.
26.3.2. Practice
advent (n) ['dvnt] n, ti
arrangement (n) ['reindmnt] b tr, lp rp
audible [':dbl] c th nghe thy, nghe r
144
beat-frequency oscillator (n) b dao ng tn s p
carrier frequency (n) tn s sng mng
composite signal ['kmpzit 'signl] tn hiu hn hp
conduct (v) ['kndkt] qun l, kim sot
constitute (v) ['knstitju:t] to thnh, thit lp
double size band (n) ['dbl saiz bnd] gii sng kp
eliminate (v.) [i'limineit] loi ra, kh
exceed (v) [ik'si:d] vt qu
explanation (n) [,ekspl'nein] gii thch
frequency modulation (n) iu ch tn s
half-cycle (n) [h:f -'saikl] na chu k/hc
intelligence (n) [in'telidns] tin tc, thng bo
mention (v) ['menn] cp n, ni n
original audio signals tn hiu m thanh gc
previous ['pri:vis] trc y, trc
rectified signal (n) ['rektifaid 'signl] tn hiu c tch
re-inserted [ri-'ins:tid] c chn li
remove [ri'mu:v] loi b, kh i, ly i
resulting signal (n) [ri'zlti 'signl] tn hiu cho ra/nhn c
shunt (v) [nt] chuyn, thay i hng
single size band (n) ['sigl saiz bnd] gii sng n
sub-carrier (n) [sb-'kri(r)] sng mang con
super-sonic ['sju:p'sonik] siu m
a) Prepositions
- on
+ The diode conducts only on half-cycle, and passes the rectified signal to
the filter network which shunts the I.F. to ground, leaving a voltage varying
at an audio frequency, which constitute the intelligence originally
transmitted.
- to
+ This oscillator is sometimes known as a beat-frequency oscillator (BFO),
and has to be within a few cycles (hertz) of the original carrier, or carrier as
heterodyned down to I.F.
+ A sub-carrier signal consists of an audio frequency modulated to a very
low frequency RF carrier (say 30 KHz).
- from
145
+ For DSB and SSB demodulation, the carrier frequency from an internal
oscillator must first be introduced to the signal to replace the suppressed carrier in
the received signal.
+ For FM or standard AM detection, the previous methods of demodulation
will remove the audio from the signal.
b) have to + V-inf.
+ This oscillator is sometimes known as a beat-frequency oscillator (BFO),
and has to be within a few cycles (hertz) of the original carrier, or carrier as
heterodyned down to I.F.
+ Thus, the local oscillator and BFO have to be extremely stable.
26.5.2. Exercises
1. There are some ... of demodulation. They are AM demodulation; double
size band and single size band demodulation; FM demodulation and sub-
carrier demodulation.
a. system b. means c. ways d. procedure
2. The diode ... only on half-cycle, and passes the rectified signal to the filter
network which shunts the I.F. to ground, leaving a voltage varying at an
audio frequency, which constitute the intelligence originally transmitted.
a. conduct b. guides c. leads d. leaves
3. For DSB and SSB demodulation, the carrier frequency from an internal
oscillator must first be introduced to the signal to ... the suppressed carrier in
the received signal.
a. supplant b. substitutes c. supersedes d. replaces
4. The signal will then ... as a standard AM signal which can be easily
detected by a diode-filter arrangement.
a. appears b. happens c. becomes d. present
5. FM demodulation is ... more difficult, and this is the reason why FM
appeared about half a century after the advent of AM.
a. greatly b. bigly c. largely d. considerable
6. Perhaps explanations will exceed the amount of time allotted. Instead, we
will just mention some of the types of circuit that ... us to change varying
frequency into audio.
a. authorizes b. permits c. enable d. empower
7. For FM or standard AM detection, the previous methods of demodulation
will remove the audio from the signal. If there are more than one audio input
to the transmitter, the signal may be in ... form.
a. composite b. joint c. mixed d. combinative
8. The original audio signals are ... modulated and then added together. Then
this composite signal modulates the main carrier.
a. distinctly b. separate c. discriminate d. distinguish
9. At the receiver, the main carrier is ... and the composite must be divided
by filters.
a. sought b. inquired c. sounded d. fathomed
146
10. A 30 KHz receiver (or demodulation) will, however, ... the 30 KHz
carrier and leave the audible audio frequencies.
a. deprive b. reduce c. remove d. sterilize
Exercise 2: Match the abbreviations to their proper meanings
1. AM a. tn s cao
2. DSB b. cao tn
3. SSB c. trung tn
4. FM d. iu bin
5. IF e. bin kp
6. BFO f. n bin
7. HF g. iu tn
8. VHF h. b dao ng tn s p
Communication is the process of transmitting information from a point of
time and space named signal source to another point named destination or user.
Communication system is the whole equipment that supplies information links
between signal source and destination. However, there are two physical restriction
in telecommunication when information is transmitted by the electric method: the
one is the bandwidth restriction, the other noise restriction. To put it concretely,
enough broad bandwidth is needed to transmit much information in short time,
especially for the system design to transmit information in real time. But enough
bandwidth makes signaling rate worse and needs to extend transmission time.
In the meantime, there is always noise in communication system, which
restricts signal detecting ability, especially in long distance transmission and under
the condition of severe channel variation. Therefore, the technical restriction in
transmitting information such as transmission time, transmission power,
bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio, and so on should be considered and compromised
in system design, and various modulation and coding technology should be
introduced. Coding, a technology from information theory of digital transmission,
is to add extra digital systematically to transmitted message. It makes noise
restriction diminished considerably by cutting down the receiving error probability
from noise. Modulation is systematic variation of carrier wave according to
message. It might include coding technology. By using modulation technology, the
antenna length can be shorter to propagate and radiate audio signal such as voice
and music efficiency, broad band noise can be diminished, interference among
communication stations can be excluded through frequency allocation, and much
signal can be transmitted between sending station and receiving station through
multiplexing. In transmitting information given in the broad sense, the success of
communication depends on modulation so much that it becomes a critical factor
for system design.
26.5.4. Revision
Review all the structures and sentence patterns.
Read and translate all the texts.
147
Search for texts of technology and practice to translate into both English and Vietnamese.
Practice the skills work with dictionaries.
148
ABBREVIATIONS
Cc ch vit tt
AL ATM Layer Lp thit b ATM
AAL ATM Application Layer Lp ng dng ATM
A/D Analog/Digital Tng t/ S ha
AM Amplitude Modulation iu ch bin
AMC Amplitude Modulation Channel Knh iu ch bin
AGC Automatic Gain Control iu khin khuch i t ng
APD Avalanche Photo Diode it quang kiu thc
ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit Mng tch hp chuyn dng
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Ch truyn dn khng ng b
ATDM AsynchronousTransferDigitalMode Ch truyn dn s khng
ng b
AT&T American Telephone & Telegraph Cng ty in thoi & in bo
Company Hoa k
BFO Beat-frequency Oscillator B dao ng tn s p
B-ISDN Broadband ISDN Mng thng tin s a dch v
bng rng
BS Base Station Trm gc
CATV Cable Television Truyn hnh cp
CB Citizens band Di c nhn
CCS Common Channel Signalling Bo hiu knh chung
CCIR International Radio Consultative U ban t vn v tuyn quc t
Committee
CMOS C Metal Oxided Semiconductor Cht bn dn xit kim loi b
CN Circuit Number S hiu mch (knh)
CODEC Code and Decode M ho v gii m
CPC Calling Party Category Loi cuc gi
CS Coast Cell Station Trm t bo b bin
D/A Digital/Analog 149 S ha/Tng t
GLOSSARY
absorb electromagnetic energy hp th nng lng in t
access code m truy cp
access memory b nh truy nhp
access to an enquiry centre cng vo ca mt trung tm hi thng tin
access to story s truy nhp vo b nh
access to the public telegraph network u vo ca mt mng in bo cng cng
accurate information thng tin chnh xc
acoustic absorption s hp th m thanh
acoustic jamming gy nhiu m thanh
acoustic oscillation dao ng m thanh
acoutic disturbance s nhiu m thanh
acoutic wave sng m
action information center trung tm thng tin chin thut
active material vt liu c phng
address indicating group nhm ch dn a ch
address information bn nhn thng tin( cng vn, lnh)
aerial antenna anten, dy tri
aerial balance s cn bng anten
aerial capacity in dung ca anten
aerial damping s suy gim anten
aerial input cng sut vo anten
aerial sign tn hiu anten
aerial tuning inductance in cm iu hng anten
aerophone my in thoi v tuyn
aerostation trm khng gian
air wire dy tri, anten
airborne radio relay thit b chuyn tip v tuyn trn khng
airmobile di ng ng kh
alkaline battery c qui kim
alternating current bridge cu in xoay chiu
alternating current dng in xoay chiu
ammeter ampe k
amplification constant h s khuch i
amplifier channel knh khuch i
amplifier invertor b bin i khuch i
amplitude separation s tch bin
amplitude-frequency characteristic c tuyn bin -tn s
150
amplitude-modulated sign tn hiu iu bin
amplitude-time characteristic c tuyn bin thi gian
analog simulation s m phng tng t
anode impedance tr khng ant
anodic branch nhnh ant
answer-back station i tr li
answering jack l cm/jc tr li
antenna array mng anten, anten nhiu chn t
antenna beam bp anten
antenna coupling s ghp anten
antenna gain khuch i anten
antenna impedance tr khng anten
antenna pattern th bc x anten
antenna structure kt cu anten
antenna system h thng anten
antijamming chng nhiu ch ng
antinoisy chng nhiu th ng
array antenna anten gin
array mng, chui
artery of communication huyt mch giao thng
artillery band bng tn lin lc ca pho binh
artillery communication thit b truyn tin pho binh
artillery forward communications truyn tin pho binh tuyn trc
aspirator my ht, qut ht
assault wire dy in thoi d chin
asynchronous khng ng b
at the subsatellite point ti im thng ng ca v tinh
audible sign tn hiu nghe c
audio frequency transformer bin p m tn
audio sign tn hiu m tn
audio-frequency current dng m tn
audio-frequency generator my to m tn
audio-frequency spectrometer ph k m tn
audio-indicator ci ch bo bng m thanh
automated assembly s lp rp t ng
automatic acknowledgement s bo nhn t ng
automatic check kim tra t ng
automatic switch b chuyn mch tng i t ng
automatic switchboard tng i t ng
151
automatic switching system h thng chuyn mch t ng
automatic telephone system h thng in thoi t ng
automatic welder my hn t ng
avionics thit b in t trn my bay
axis of communication trc truyn tin thng tin lin lc
axis of signal communication trc truyn tn hiu thng tin
back up d phng, d b
background noise nhiu nn
backscatter tn x ngc, nhiu nn a hnh
bare cable cp trn
bare/open wire dy trn
barrage jamming gy nhiu chn
beat frequency tn s phch
bifrequency tn s i
bilateral antenna anten hai hng
bilinear song tuyn(tnh)
black box hp en
black-white picture hnh en trng
blind circuit mch in mt hng( n cng)
blind transmission pht sng mt hng
blinker light n nhy
block diagram s khi
booster transmitter my pht ph
boosting impulse xung khuch i
boundary wave sng bin
box loop anten khung
box-switch cu dao hp
breaker cu dao, cng tc in, my pht nhiu
broad-band bng rng
broadcast transmitting station trm pht thanh, i pht thanh
bug key manip in bo
buried cable cp ngm
burried wiring t ng dy ngm
busy lamp n bo bn
busy relay rle bo bn
button switch cng tc c nt n
buzzer ring ting chung con ve
cable chamber bung phn cp(in thoi)
cable coupling khi ni cp in
152
cable inlet u cp vo
cable loop vng cp
cable socket u ni cp
cable system h thng cp
cable wire dy cp
cable yarn si cp
cable-laid t cp
call station trm in thoi
call switch ci chuyn mch gi
call(ing) key phm gi
calling jack l cm/jc gi
calling lamp n bo gi
calling relay rle gi
call-on button nt gi
camera tube ng phn tch
capacitor t in
capacity kh nng, dung lng, dung tch, in dung
carrier channel knh sng mang
carrier generator my to tn s mang
carrier sng mang
cathode ray tube(CRT) ng tia m cc
cathodic branch nhnh catt
cellular telephone in thoi t bo di ng
central-wireless station trm v tuyn trung tm
chaff b phn x lng cc, nhiu tiu cc
change-over switch cng tc chuyn mch
channel bandwidth di thng knh
channel selector b chn knh
channel separation s tch knh
characteristic impedance tr khng c trng
characteristic of channel c tnh ca knh
charging station trm np in
chopper amplifier b khuch i ng ngt
chromatic aberration quang sai n sc
circuit allocation phn knh truyn tin
circuit break ci ngt mch in
circuit diagram s mch
circuit noise m tp ca mch
circuit switching tng i truyn tin
153
circle diagram th vng trn
circular loop anten khung trn
cipher frequency table bng m tn s
cipher key kha mt m
cipher telegram in tn m ha
ciphony truyntin bng inthoi m ha
clock code m ng h
clutter noise nhiu n
coaxial cable cp ng trc
coaxial loudspeaker loa ng trc
coaxial waveguide ng dn ng trc
cochannel interference s nhiu do knh ln cn
code chart bng mt m
code division multiple access( CDMA) u vo bi phn vi s sai bit m s
code system h thng m
coefficient h s
coil/frame antenna anten khung
coin box-telephone station trm in thoi b tin
colour picture hnh mu
combined arms binh chng hp thnh
command information thng tin phc v ch huy
command net h thng truyn tin phc v ch huy
communication by infrared truyn tin bng hng ngoi
communication by sight truyn tin bng du hiu( c, khi, la )
communication by sound truyn tin bng m thanh( kn, trng..)
communication control station trm iu khin thng tin
communication facilities phng tin thng tin lin lc
communication jammer my gy nhiu thng tin
communication network mng thng tin
communications intercept hot ng thu chn thng tin
communications satellite v tinh truyn tin
communications security bo mt truyn tin
conductor vt dn, dy dn, ng nh hng
confidence factor h s tin cy
confidence tin cy, b mt, kn o
configuration dng, hnh th, cu hnh
connect sign tn hiu ni dy
connect mc, ni, lin kt, ngmch
connecting file cp lin thng, lin lc vin, giao lin
154
connecting line ng kt ni
console bng iu khin, dm, cha
consolidate return bn bo co tng hp
consolidate hp nht, st nhp
constant current dng khng i
continuous oscillation dao ng lin tc/duy tr
control button nt iu khin
control cable cp iu khin
control key phm iu khin
control system h thng iu khin
control zone vng kim sot khng lu
controliability kh nng iu khin
conversion b bin i
copper wire dy ng
cordless switchboard tng i khng dy
corps of signals ngnh thng tin
coupler socke t cm c dy ni
covered communication truyn tin b mt
credibility of source tin cy ca ngun tin
cross-talk antenna s xuyn m anten
cross-talk volume m lng xuyn m
cryptocommunication truyn tin m ha
crystal detector b tch sng bng tinh th thch anh
crystal frequency indicator tn s k tinh th
cubic capacity dung tch
current transformer my bin dng
current wave sng dng in
cut-off jack l cm/jc ngt mch
cut-off signy tn hiu ngt/ngng
cut-off switch ci ngt mch
cybernetics iu khin hc
cylinder tr, hnh tr, xilanh
damped/dying oscillation dao ng tt dn
data communication truyn d liu
data communications thit b truyn d liu
data link kt ni d liu
data processing x l d liu
data transceiver b thu pht d liu
daylight nh sng ban ngy
155
dead area khng gian cht, gc cht
dead ground vng t cht, t gic
deadline tnh trng hng hc, tnh trng sa cha
deep sea cable cp ngm di bin
defence national committee y ban quc phng
defence/defense phng th , phng ng, cng s, quc phng
defense fund ngn sch quc phng
demand assignment multiple access u vo bi phn vi s phn nh theo yu cu
description card giy chng minh th, th cn cc
desensitization kh nhy, h thp nhy
design scheme s thit k
detector set my d mn, thit b d mn
detector b tch sng, u tm, u d
dial switchboard tng i in thoi t ng
dial telephone my in thoi t ng
dialling quay s, chn s
diaphragm lp chn, mng chn, vch ngn
dielecrtic waveguide ng dn sng in mi
dielectric layer lp in mi
dielectric material cht in mi
differential positioning nh v vi sai( qua v tinh)
diffuser b khuch tn
digital communications thng tin lin lc s
digital information thng tin s
digital module mun s
direct current dng mt chiu
direct inward dialling(DID) u vo trc tip my ph
direct memory access(DMA) (u vo) b nh trc tip
direct satellite broadcasting s pht thanh trc tip qua v tinh
direction aerial anten nh hng
direction finding d hng, tm phng
direction-finding station trm v tuyn tin phng
discharge arrester b phng in, ci chng st
discharge phng, np
discontinuous jammer thit b gy nhiu xung, my gy nhiu xung
disorder ln xn, ri lon
dispatch a message gi thng bo
dispath rider giao thng vin i bng xe m t
display cosole bn hin th, bn iu khin mn hnh
156
display kit b mn hnh
display mn hnh, hin th
disrupt communication thng tin b gin on
distance control iu khin t xa
distance tables bng tnh c li
distributing channel knh phn phi
distribution cabinet t phn phi in
distribution network mng phn phi
distribution station trm bin p v phn phi in
disturbing wave sng nhiu
disversion chch hng
dolly thit b kt ni d liu trn my bay
dot- and- dash du tch t, m Morse
double break jack jc ngh kp
double interruption jack jc ngt kp
double sign tn hiu kp
double superheterodyne c thay i kp v tn s
double/dual diode it kp
double-circuit receiver my thu hai mch cng hng
doublet lng cc, b i
drag cable dy cp hm
dry battery b pin kh
dual control h thng iu khin kp
dual i, kp, lng
duplex telephone in thoi song cng
duplicate circuit mch in d phng
dynamic war game chin tranh ng dng phng tin iu khin hc
early warning cnh bo t xa
earphone/earpiece ng nghe, tai nghe
earthing tip t, ni t
echo impulse xung di
eject phng ra, y ra , nh bt ra
elastic n hi, linh hot
electric cap ht n in
electric clock ng h in
electric lock kha in
electric soldering s hn in
electric switch lock b ng ghi in
electric tension in p
157
electrical interception thu chn, nghe trm hu tuyn in
electrical watt in
electrode in cc
electrolyte in phn, dung dch in phn
electromagnetic ammeter ampe k in t
electromagnetic compatibility tnh tng hp in t
electromagnetic guidance dn in t, iu khin in t
electromagnetic homing t dn in t
electron wave tube ng sng in t
electronic barrage nhiu chn v tuyn in t
electronic clock ng h in t
electronic component linh kin in t
electronic computer my tnh in t
electronic device thit b in t
electronic intercept thu chn in t, trinh st k thut v tuyn
electronic invertor b bin i in t
electronic reconnaissance trinh st in t
electronic switch ci chuyn mch in t
electronic telephone switchboard tng i in t
electronic tracer my in t chp hnh
electronic warfare chin tranh in t
electronic/electric circuit mch in t/mch in
electrooptical guidance dn in quang
electrooptical homing t dn in quang
emission pht x
emitting site i trung tm pht tn hiu
emphasis s gia cng
encipher m ha
enciphered code mt m
encipherment vn bn m ha
encode m ha
encodement vn bn m ha
encoder thit b m ha
end-to-end communication thng tin trm u cui
engineering circuit mch thng tin d phng c bit
engineering cybernetics iu khin hc cng ngh
equalizer b b
error sign tn hiu nhm ln
error sai s, lch
158
error-detecting telegraph code m in bo pht hin sai
exciting coil cun dy kch thch
expectant life hn s dng d kin
exterior ngoi, ngoi vi
external control iu khin t xa
facsimile fax, in botruyn nh
fadinh hiu ng fadinh (tn hiu thu khng n nh)
fail-soft c s sai st phn mm
failure hng, pan
fair wear and tear hao mn do s dng
family of trajectories h qu o
fan marker beacon mc nh du v tuyn theo hnh qut
far infrared vng hng ngoi xa
feature vt chun
feedback sign tn hiu phn hi
fence posts vt nhiu
fibre glass si thy tinh
fibre optical cable cp si quang
fibre optics si quang
field cable cp in thoi d chin
field telegraph my in bo d chin
field d chin
filter pass band di thng ca b lc
fine-tuning ha mch tinh vi
fishpole antenna anten ng ch
flare pho sng
fly- by- light iu khin bay bng tn hiu quang
fly- by- wire iu khin bay bng tn hiu in
flyingspot system h thng vt quyt
focal planar array anten mng phng hi t
forecast center trung tm d bo kh tng
fortress pho i
four-way jack cm/jc bn ng
free oscillation dao ng t do
frequency characteristic c tuyn tn s
frequency code m tn s
frequency component thnh phn tn s
frequency demodulation s gii iu ch tn s
frequency departure s lch tn s
159
frequency discrimination s phn bit tn s
frequency distortion s mo tn s
frequency doubler b nhn i tn s
frequency inversion s o tn s
frequency modulation detector b tch sng iu tn
frequency modulation s iu tn, s iu bin tn s
frequency multiplier b nhn tn s
frequency range di tn
frequency relay rle tn s
frequency separation s tch tn s
frequency shift s x dch tn s
frequency transformer my bin tn
frequency tripler b nhn ba tn s
frequencychannel knh tn s
frequency-modulated jamming s gy nhiu iu bin tn s
frequency-modulated sign tn hiu iu tn
frequency-sensitive detector b tch sng nhy tn s
fringe pattern hnh dao thoa
full-wave double b bi p ton sng
fuse cu ch
gain control s iu chnh khuch i
gain-phase characteristic c tuyn bin -pha
gas warfare chin tranh ha hc
gauge thc mu, b o chun
general nuclear war chin tranh ht nhn ton cu
general chung, tng, thng thng
generating station trm pht in
geophone my thu a chn
ghost image nh chng( mn hnh)
ghost signal tn hiu o
g-loads lc gia tc
global communications net mng thng tin lin lc ton cu
global positioning system(GPS) h thng nh v ton cu
goniometer thit b tm phng
Greenwich mean time(GMT) gi GMT
ground absorption s hp th ca t
ground antenna anten trn mt t
grouped exchange switchboard tng i ph
guard channel knh thu canh( truyn tin)
160
guard receiver trm thu canh
guidance beam chm tia dn
guidance intelligence d liu mc tiu, d liu iu khin
hacker tin tc
half duplex na song cng, n cng
hammer break cng tc ba
hand adjustment s iu chnh bng tay
hand switch chuyn mch bng tay
hard radiation bc x xuyn
hardware phn cng, trang b k thut
harmonic distortion s mo sng hi
harmonic generator my to sng hi
harmonic wave sng hi
head receiver ng in thoi cm tay
headset/headphone b ng nghe chong u
heat homing device thit b t dn hng ngoi
heat seeker u tm nhit, h thng tu dn
hidden area khu vc che khut
high frequency amplifier b khuch i cao tn
high frequency channel knh cao tn
high-frequency bridge (VT) cu cao tn
high-frequency current dng cao tn
high-frequency radiation bc x cao tn
holding control s iu chnh ng b
homing device thit b t dn
hot line/ hot loop ng dy nng, tuyn lin lc thng trc
hot-wire/thermal ammeter ampe k nhit
hypersonic vt m ln, siu m cao
identification signal tn hiu nhn dng
ignition switch cng tc nh la
illuminating light n chiu tm mc tiu
image information thng tin hnh nh
image sign tn hiu hnh nh
imitative electronic deception nhiu m phng in t
impedance bridgec cu o tr khng
impulse noise nhiu xung
impulser ci cm bin xung
induced contamination nhiu x cm ng
induced radiation bc x cm ng
161
inductive interference s nhiu do cm ng
infrared lamp n hng quang
infrared vng hng ngoi
inphase operation s vn hnh cng pha
input information thng tin vo
input sign tn hiu vo
insulating transformer my bin p trn ng dy(in thoi)
integrated circuit mch t hp
integrated circuit mch tch hp
integrated circuit(IC) mch t hp, vi mch
integrated communication system h thng thng tin tch hp
inter- satellite relay system h thng chuyn tip gia cc v tinh
intercommunication system h thng lin lc ni b
interference invertor thit b chng nhiu
interference s nhiu
interfering station trm to nhiu
interlace xen k
intermediate reference system( IRS) h thng trung gian
intermediate-frequency pre-amplifier b tin khuch i trung tn
internal radiation bc x bn trong
international identification code m nhn dng quc t
interrupter cu dao, ci ngt in
interruption of communications gin on thng tin
intertelephone system h thng in thoi ni b
inter-valve linkage s ni gia cc n
inverterb b o, b bin i
iron circuit mch t
isolating switch cu dao ngt
jam- free radar rada khng b nhiu
jam ph ri, gy nhiu
jammer hunter thit b nh v ngun nhiu
jammer thit b gy nhiu
jamming coverage vng ph nhiu, di tn gy nhiu
jamming station my pht nhiu
jamming transmitter khi pht nhiu
jamming vulnearability im yu v mt nhiu
jamproof chng nhiu
joint leakage s r mi ni
key list bng kha (mt m)
162
key kha, phm, manip
keying pulse xung manp
keyway ngch n in t, cc n in t
knife switch cu dao
ladar thit b nh v bng lade, rada quang tn
lamp jack ui n
lamp socket ui n
laser range finder lade o xa, my o xa bng lade
laser lade, my pht lng t nh sng
laucher thit b phng
lauching rample shelter ch tr n ca b phng
lead battery c qui ch
lead- in u vo
leading-in tube ng dn anten u vo
leakage inductance in cm r
LED indicator ci ch bo dng it pht quang
liaison branch ngnh thng tin lin lc
liaison officer s quan thng tin lin lc
light quantum lng t nh sng
light signal tn hiu bng nh sng
light switch cng tc n
lightning arrester b chng st, thu st
lightning protector thit b chng st
light-sensitive device t bo quang in
line diagram s ng truyn tin hu tuyn
line distortion s mo dng
line distribution bng phn phi ng dy
line equalizer b b tuyn tnh
line impedance tr khng ng dy
line intercept thu chn tin
line jackjc ng dy
line wire dy dn
linear amplification hng s tuyn tnh
linear distortion s mo tuyn
linear steady acceleration gia tc tuyn tnh lin tc
linear steady acceleration s gia tc tuyn tnh lin tc
line-characteristic c tuyn ng dy
link ng truyn thng tin, ng lin kt
linking station trm truyn tin tip sc
163
listening post trm trinh st k thut v tuyn in
listening station i nghe
literal key kha m ch
lobe bp sng, cnh sng
local battery system h thng in thoi ngun ring
location nh v
lock out u vo cm, kha
lock outu vo cm
lock-out jack jc ng h
long distance antenna anten tm xa
long-distance radio station trm v tuyn tm xa
low frequency amplifier b khuch i tn s thp
low frequency channel knh h tn
low visibility kh nng quan st hn ch
low-frequency current dng thp tn
low-frequency mode ch tn s thp
low-frequency wave sng tn s thp, sng di
low-noise receiver my thu c n thp
low-voltage in p thp
machine switching s chuyn mch t ng
magnetic couse hng t
magnetic guidance dn t trng
magnetic induction cm ng t
magnetic key rle t, kha t
main switch cu dao chnh
main switchboard tng i chnh
manned satellite v tinh c ngi iu khin
manual operation vn hnh bng tay
manual switching system h thng chuyn mch nhn cng
manual telephone system h thng in thoi nhn cng
marker beacon mc dn ng v tuyn
mask area khu vc b che khut
master film bn phim gc
memory of channel b nh knh
message center trm thu pht in tn
message relay poin trm truyn tin tip sc
messenger communication thng tin vn ng
microcircuit vi mch
microcode vi m
164
microphone pre-amplifier b khuch i micr
microphone stand chn micr
microphonic noise ting n micr
microwave channel knh sng cc ngn
microwave communication truyn tin viba
microwave discriminator b tch sng vi ba
microwave pulse xung vi ba
microwave relay system h thng chuyn tip viba
microwave system h thng viba
microwave transmitter my thu pht siu cao tn
military postal center trm qun bu
modulated jamming gy nhiu bin iu
modulation generator my pht sng iu bin
module organization t chc m un
module m un
monitoring service ngnh kim tra truyn tin v tuyn in
mosre key manp moc
moving wave sng chy
multichannel control s iu khin nhiu knh
multichannel system h thng nhiu knh
multifrequency system h thng a tn
multiple access u vo b phn
multiple break s t nhiu ln
multiple switchboard tng i nhiu tng
multiplex operation truyn tin nhiu knh
multirange channel knh nhiu di
multi-slot c nhiu rnh
multistage amplifier b khuch i nhiu tng
mutual inductance h cm
mutual information thng tin tng h
mystery station in i thu pht v tuyn b mt
navigation dn ng
negative charge in tch m
negative sense chiu m
noise sign tn hiu ting n
noise ting n
non-coducting material cht(vt) khng dn in
non-linear distortion s mo phi tuyn
nuclear contaminated area vng nhiu phng x
165
nuclear radiation bc x ht nhn
nuclear ht nhn nguyn t
obscuration hin tng thin thc (nht thc, nguyt thc)
occupancy of frequency channels c tr ca cc ng knh tn s
octave of spectrum khong tm ca ph
offline link ng truyn ngoi tuyn
omindirection antenna ante ng cp
on a experimental basic da trn c s th nghim, th nghim
oneway mt chiu
on-off sensor cm bin ng ngt
open circuit mch h
open-phase relay rle ngt dng
open-wire dy m, dy trn
operating space agency c quan khai thc khng gian
operation commutator tng i vn hnh
operator holding a certificate cng ty khai thc in thoi c bng chng nhn
optical aberration quang sai
optical absorption hp th quang in
optical centre quang tm
optical communication system h thng lin lc bng quang hc
optical density mt quang hc
optical homing device thit b iu khin quang hc
optical interference s nhiu quang
optimun traffic frequency tn s lin lc ti u
optoelectronics quang hc in t
orbit qu o, bay theo qu o
orbital shift s dch qu o
order of an intermodulation component bc dao ng ca xuyn bin iu
organization chart lu t chc
orthogonally polarized wave sng phn cc thng gc
oscillation tube n pht sng dao ng
oscillator coil cun dy dao ng
oscillatory impulse xung dao ng
oscillograph my ghi sng dao ng
oscilloscope my hin sng
otput processor b x l u ra
packet b, gi
pad weight trng ti phng i
pallet cng thit b
166
parabolic antenna anten parabn
parameter circuit compability tham s k ton cc mch
parameter tham s
parasitic element phn t th ng(anten)
pass band di thng
pass of a spacecraft ng bay qua ca v tinh
peak speak power nh cng sut ting ni
peak( envelope) power cng sut nh
performance ch tiu k thut
perigee im cn a
period of pulse chu k xung
period of revolution chu k quay( ca v tinh)
periodic noise tp m tun hon
permit packet b cho php
permitivity in thm
perturbation s ri lon
phase demodulation s gii iu ch pha
phase difference hiu s pha
phase distortion s mo pha
phase inversion s o pha
phase multiplier b khuch i pha
phase of the beat frequencies pha c tn s phch
phase step s nhy pha
phased antenna array anten mng pha
phasing period chu k lm ng b pha
photo conductive effect hiu ng quang dn
photo- conductor quang dn in
photo diode it quang
photodetector b pht in quang hc
photoelectric effect hiu ng quang in
photoelectric material cht quang in
photoelectric tube t bo quang in, n quang in
photoelectron quang in t
photometer quang k
photo-signal channel knh tn hiu quang
photovoltaic solar array tm bng quang in
pick-up oscillation b cm bin dao ng
piggyback v tinh nh, ph
planetoid hnh tinh nh, tiu hnh tinh
167
plug switch phch cm chuyn mch
polarization hin tng phn cc
port cng, u vo
portable battery c qui xch tay
portable receiver my thu xch tay
positive charge in tch dng
positive sense chiu dng
post- impact burial i vo mt t sau khi va chm
post power amplifier filter loss s tiu hao trong b lc sau b khuch i
potential regulator b iu chnh in p
potential in th
potentiostat ci n p
power gain khuch i cng sut
power wiring t ng dy ti in
preamplifier b tin khuch i, b khuch i trc
precipitated particles ht kt ta
precision chnh xc
predictability c th d bo trc
pressurization s tng p sut
primary circuit mch s cp
printer outlet u ra ca my in
priority for called subscriber thu bao c gi u tin
priority of output u tin u ra
probability xc sut
programme packet b chng trnh
propagation by diffraction s lan truyn bng nhiu x
protection of the geostationary orbit s bo v qu o ca cc v tinh a tnh
pseudo noise ting n gi
pull button nt ko
pulse address multiple access( PAMA) u vo bi phn vi cc xung a ch
pulse demodulation s gii iu ch xung
pulse length di xung
pulse mode ch xung
pulse separation s tch xung
pulse switch b chuyn mch xung
pulsed frequency tn s xung
pulse-interval modulation s iu ch k xung
pulse-width modulation s iu bin rng xung
push button nt n
168
quadrature partial response system(QPRS) h thng tr li ring phn cu phng
quadrature phase detector pha k bng phng php cu phng,vung pha
quantum lng t
quarter channel phn t knh
quartz crystal thch anh
quasi- peak chun nh
quastar( QSS) ngun v tuyn chun sao
queue ui
radar console khi iu khin ra a
radiation in radiocommunication bc x trong lin lc v tuyn
radiation length di bc x
radiation source ngun bc x
radiation yield hiu sut bc x
radiation xc sut bc x
radio broadcasting s pht thanh v tuyn
radio cabin bung t my v tuyn
radio conversion b i tn s v tuyn
radio echo detector my d ting di v tuyn
radio echo ting di v tuyn
radio electronic in t hc v tuyn
radio equipment thit b v tuyn
radio frequency coil cun cao tn
radio frequency harmonic sng hi cao tn
radio interference nhiu v tuyn
radio navigation dn ng v tuyn
radio noise nhiu v tuyn, m tp v tuyn
radio relay system h thng chuyn tip v tuyn
radio shadow vng cm, vng ti v tuyn
radio spectroscopy v tuyn ph hc
radio transmitter my pht v tuyn in
radiodetermination v tuyn nh v
radio-frequency spectrometer ph k tn s radi
radio-relay station trm v tuyn chuyn tip
radiotelegraphy mn v tuyn in bo
radioteletype my in bo in ch v tuyn
radius bn knh
raster ng qut
ray reflected from layers tia phn chiu trn cc tng
ray tia
169
real radius of the Earth bn knh thc ca tri t
recalibration nh c li, ly mu li
receiver radiation bc x ca my thu
receiver-transmitter my thu-pht
receiving station trm/i thu
receiving wire dy anten thu
reception via rebroadcasting thu qua pht thanh li
recording density mt ghi (thng tin)
rectification efficiency hiu xut chnh lu
recurrent network mng lp
red shift s dch mu
redirected call cuc gi c chuyn hng li
reduction in carrier level during modulation kh nhy mc sng mang
reed relay trm chuyn tip, rle
reflector b phn x
refraction of radio waves khc x sng v tuyn
refraction s khc x
refractor b khc x
register b ghi
relay automatic system h thng t ng bng rle
relay control system h thng iu khin bng rle
relay switch rle chuyn mch
remote operation s iu khin t xa
repeater trm tng m, b lp
re-phasing iu chnh pha
reradiation from a receiving antenna bc x s cp ca anten thu
reset button nt khi ng li
resistivity in tr sut
resistor matrix li/mng in tr
responserb b p
retardation of phase s tr pha
reverse charging acceptance chp nhn cc ph n
reverse charging acceptance chp nhn cc ph (in thoi) n
rheostat ci bin tr
roaming subscriber thu bao di ng
roll in gi vo (b nh)
roll-off characteristic of out-of-band emission vic lm gim bc x ngoi di bng
roll-off network mng lm gim dao ng
rural subscriber thu bao ngun
170
safety switch cu dao an ton
samped-data system h thng iu chnh theo nhiu mu
satellite communication system h thng lin lc qua v tinh
satellite solar power station trm cung cp nng lng mt tri cho v tinh trn qu o
satellite tracking station i theo di v tinh khng gian
satellite transmitter my pht v tinh
satellite with magnetic stabilisation v tinh nh vi t trng ca tri t
saturated power amplifier output u ra ca b khuych i c cng sut bo ha
scanning element phn t quyt
scrambled television service dch v truyn hnh m ha
second carrier pulse giy xung sng mang
secondarycircuit mch th cp
selenide thermoelectric material cht nhit in selema
self- ordered access u vo theo yu cu ca ngi thu bao
self-ordered access u vo yu cu bi ngi thu bao
semiconductor electronics in t hc bn dn
send identification signal( SID) tn hiu nhn dng ca my pht
sending station trm pht sng
sensitivity nhy
sequential switching s chuyn mch tun t
serial access s truy nhp ni tip
series communication system h thng thng tin lin lc ni tip
series of correlated sinusoidal oscillations chui dao ng hnh sin tng quan
series wiring mch ni tip
service band di tn lm vic, di tn cng tc
set of fields chui cc trng
shock structure cu trc sng xung
side band di tn bin
side-to-side cross talk s xuyn m tuyn-tuyn
signal acceptability chp nhn ca mt tn hiu
signal bandwidth di thng tn hiu
signal code m tn hiu
signal frequency tn s tn hiu
signal lock kha tn hiu
signal station trm tn hiu
signalling system h thng tn hiu
simplex n cng
sine-shaped c hnh sin
single channel per carrier digital system h thng s ch c mt ng knh cho mi sng mang
171
single side- band signal tn hiu c di bng bn n
single-core mt li
single-phase mt pha
sinusoid ng hnh sin
sinusoidal modulation signal tn hiu iu bin hnh sin
sinusoidal test signal tn hiu th hnh sin
solid array b pin mt tri
solid state bng cht bn dn
sortie( into space) nhng ngy gi sng trong khng gian
sound absorption s hp th m thanh
sound cable cp m tn
sound multiplex system h thng b ghp knh m thanh
sound source ngun m thanh
sounder sequence trnh t thm trc, thm d
source of current ngun in
source of information ngun thng tin
space operation service dch v khai thc khng gian
space segment phm vi khng gian
space shuttle tu con thoi
space-communication system h thng lin lc v tr
speaking key phm m thoi
spectral absorption hp th quang ph
spectral absorption s hp th quang ph
spectral quang ph
spectrogram nh quang ph
spectroscope knh quang ph
spectrum spreading code sequence trnh t ca m s tri rng ca ph
speech volume m lng ting ni
squeak ting rt
squelch lng yn, im
standard pilot- tone system h thng tiu chun tn s ch, o tn
start button nt n khi ng
static balance cn bng tnh
static discharge phng in tnh
static power source ngun nng lng tnh
stationary satellite v tinh dng, ng mt ch
step by step operation s thao tc tng bc
step-by-step selector nm chuyn v tr tng nc
sub- basedband signal tn hiu di bng con
172
sub- carrier signal tn hiu sng mang con
sub-assembly tphp con
submarine cable cp di bin
subset my in thoi l, my thu bao
subtitling ph
super synchronous satellite v tinh siu ng b
supervisory indicator ci ch bo t ng ng dy ri, tn hiu bo xung
supervisory signal tn hiu gim st
supervisory gim st
surge t bin, siu dng
suspension cable cp treo
switch step nc cng tc
switching element phn t chuyn mch
switching input u vo chuyn mch
switching mode ch ng ngt
switching threshold ngng chuyn mch
synchronous demodulation s gii iu ch ng b
synchronous earth observatory satellite(SEOS) v tinh ng b quan st tri t
synchronous high speed multi-channel system h thng a knh ng b tc cao
synchronous telegraph system h thng in bo ng b
synchronous ng b
synchroreceiver my thu ng b
system carrying multi-channel telephony
h thng truyn dn in thoi c nhiu ng knh
T branch ng ni hnh ch T, chc ba
tabulation lp bng
talk-back communication thng tin m thoi hai chiu
tandem paths ng lin tng
tape head u bng
tee joint mi ni ch T, khp ni ba chc
telecine truyn hnh t xa
telecommand-TC iu khin t xa
teledrawing v t xa
telegram bc in tn
telegraph charge thu in bo
telegraph on radio( TOR) my in bo v tuyn
telegraph relay rle in bo
telegraph sign tn hiu in bo
telegraph switchboard tng i in bo
173
telegraph traffic lu lng in bo
telegraphy in bo
teleoperator b/ my thao tc t xa
telephone capacitor t in thoi
telephone channel knh in thoi
telephone relay rle in thoi
telephone sign tn hiu in thoi
telephone switchboard tng i in thoi
telephone traffic lu lng in thoi
telephony in thoi
telescope knh vin vng
teletraffic s giao lu thng tin t xa
teletype my in bo nh ch
television satellite v tinh truyn hnh
telewrite thit b ghi/ vit t xa
temperature- controlled oven my iu nhit bng thch anh
terminal impedance tr khng u cui
terminal voltage in p u cc
terrestrial path ng tri t
terrestrial television truyn hnh t tri t
test signal unit( TSU) b bo hiu th
thermal watt nhit
thermophototropism nhit quang tnh hng
thermosphere nhit quyn
thermostart my iu nhit
thin route ng lu thng yu
three-core cable cp ba li
three-phase system mng in ba pha
time- gating technique k thut khi ng c nh k
time jack jc bo gi
time of passage thi gian i qua
time-code technique k thut m gi
timing system h thng nh thi
tolerance on the frequency response dung hn trn s p ng tn s
toll switchboard tng i ng di
total sensitivity nhy ton phn
trajectography (php) chp nh qu o
trajectory qu o
trancducer b chuyn i, my bin nng
174
transductor b khuch i t
transequatorial path( TE) ng xuyn xch o
transfer network b chuyn i
transfer chuyn giao
transformer (my) bin p, bin th
transistor demodulator b di m iu bin bn dn
transmission band di truyn
transmission gain h s truyn
transmission of electricity s truyn in
transmissivity h s truyn
transmitting radio communication s pht sng v tuyn
transmitting wire dy anten pht
transonic cn thanh
transparent trong sut
transphasor tranzito quang
tribit b ba bit
trigger button nt khi ng
trigger invertor b o trig
triniscope tam knh
tripler b nhn ba
tripod gi ba chn
troposphere tng i lu
tube socket ui cm (n in t)
turbility vn c
twin wire dy xon, dy bn i
two-core cable cp i/hai li
ullage rocket tn la gia tc
unit distance travelled n v khong cch i c
uper leg of trajectory on trn, phn trn ca qu o
URSI- International Scientific Radio Union
hip hi khoa hc v tuyn quc t
usable envelope m lng di
vacuum burnout velocity tc cui cng ca chuyn bay
vacuum spectrograph my quang ph chn khng
vacuum chn khng, khong trng
variable inductor cun cm bin
velocity measurement php o tc
velocity vn tc, tc
vibration pick-up b cm bin rung
175
videography mn truyn hnh
videotex vn bn truyn hnh
visual band di sng th tn
vocoder b m ting ni
vocoder ghi m ting ni
vodas b ng ni chng ting n
voice channel knh ting ni
voice frequency dialling s quay s bng m tn
voltage regulator b n p
voltage sensitivity nhy in p
voltage source ngun in p
voltage tripler b nhn ba in p
volume m lng
vulnearability nhy cm, c th b tn thng
waiting traffic lu lng ch
wall socke t cm trn tng
watt ot
wave detector b tch sng
wave disturbance s nhiu lon sng
wave edge bin sng
wave interference nhiu sng
wave phase pha sng
wave sng
wave-change switch ci chuyn bc sng
waveguide ng dn sng
wave-range switch ci chuyn di sng
wire broadcasting s truyn thanh hu tuyn, s truyn thanh c dy
wire fuse cu ch dy
wireless activity hot ng v tuyn in
wireless beacon n pha v tuyn
wireless telephone communications thng tin in thoi v tuyn
wireless my v tuyn khng dy, v tuyn
wiring scheme s ni dy
wiring ng dy kim loi
working channel ng knh lu thng
workload m lng lm vic
world weather watch canh phng kh tng th gii
Y branch ng ni hnh ch Y, chc ba
zenith thin nh
176
Ti liu tham kho
1. Tng cc Bu in. Tng cng ty Bu chnh vin thng: K thut vin

thng di ng - Mobile Telecommunication Technology, NXB Khoa hc
k thut, H Ni, 1997.
2. Gii thiu chung v l thuyt vin thng - General Introduction of
telecommunication Theory, NXB Thanh nin, 1995.
3. LG Information and Communication Ltd: H thng thng tin quang / v
tuyn Optical - Radio communication system, NXB Thanh nin, 1996.
4. Tng cc Bu in, Ting Anh chuyn ngnh vin thng - English for
the Telecommunications, NXB Bu in, 2001.
5. Ting Anh cng ngh thng tin - English Information Technology, NXB
Thng k, 2002.
6. Ting Anh trong tin hc - English for Computer Science, NXB Gio dc,
1995.
7. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of current English, Oxford
University Press, 2001.
8. Ting Anh trong vi tnh - Basic English used in Informatics, NXB Thng
k, 2000.
9. Thut ng vit tt trong vin thng - Abbreviation in
Telecommunication, NXB Bu in, 1999.
10. Ting Anh CNVT, NXB gio dc Vit Nam.
11. Ting Anh CNTVT, NXB thng tin v truyn thng
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BINH CHNG THNG TIN LIN LC

TRNG S QUAN THNG TIN

BINH CHNG THNG TIN LIN LC

If two subscribers are to converse, a two-wire channel must be established

The physical path of each conversation can be clearly distinguished. As soon

b) Exercise 2. Match the following terms with a suitable explanation

a. a call is incorrectly routed.

4.5. Self-study guide

Open Radio relay links

5.2.2. Complete the sentences below

5.3. Analysis and translation

5.5. Self-study guide

Figure 6.1. Common channel

b) Exercise 2: Match the phrases to their meanings

Figure 7.1. Type of communications: satellite link

7.3. Analysis and translation

7.5.4. Preparation for next unit

8.3. Analysis and translation

9.4. Words and phrases

Composition Types Main features Quality

Glass fibre b.... c.... d.... e....

f.... g.... h....

In quality***is better than**, and ** is better than*

Types Features Applications

c.... d.... e....

Photodetectors a.... b....

10.5. Self-study guide

Low the facility cost

Reduction in the sizes Ease of installation and Difficult connection

Duct installation cost

Non-conductibility Crosstalk prevention Regeneration feed lines

Resource-sand Abundance of raw New fault corrective

Manufacturing cost cheap

Evaluation Excellent transmission route Can be solved with newly

Infrared ray absorption

Non- uniform diameter

Connection loss Axis out of alignment,

Table 13.1. Transmission loss causes of optical fiber

13.3. Analysis and translation

The dispersion characteristics of optical fiber that cause the deformation of

14.5. Self-study guide

the + Adj. + est

16.5.4. Preparation for next unit

The Public system Private system

Table 17.1. Land mobile communication

b) Exercise 2: Match the English words to their suitable meanings.

FM demodulation is considerably more difficult, and this is the

A 30KHz receiver (or demodulation) will, however, eliminate the

1. Tng cc Bu in. Tng cng ty Bu chnh vin thng: K thut vin

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In quality*is better than, and ** is better than*