1

www.ParsBook.org
2

www.ParsBook.org
 3

( )
.


.

.
.
( )9
.
.
.


.
.

.
.
:( )3199 3199
FARHAD_HOOSHANGY@YAHOO.COM

www.ParsBook.org
 4

6
8
8
11
16 ( )
18
11
11
12
18
22
26
28
04
01
02 To Be
04
62
66
70
76
79
84 () so-enough-too-very
82 ( ) such
84 Question Tag
86

www.ParsBook.org
 5

88
96
141
127

www.ParsBook.org
 6

a-b-c- .

(gre ) :) ( ( Big, Large, Great

( fem) :( Female

. ) Male .( )an

( .)an-

In collaboration with ) col ( .

" .

"

www.ParsBook.org
 7

Noun

.
-1 :
. ...
(: () a student ) Three cars
-1 :
.
( : (-) sugar )water
:
s

.
( : ) three glasses of water
)So many medicen (
:
( ) ( coffee ) ( - money ) ( - news ) ( - paper ) light
()( -medicine(-homework))( -food) ( -advice) sugar
-2 :
.
) ( a book
. ( : ( -) books ) pencils

www.ParsBook.org
 8

-0 :

.:
{( ) : late } man
{( ) : advice {) kindness
-4 :
.
. . :
{( ) : furniture } girl
{ ( ) ( : ) brother-in-law ){) bedroom

www.ParsBook.org
 9

( )1 ( )1 ( )2

"

they you we She/he/it - you - I : .

}=Subject+aux verb+ frequency adverb+principle verb +
direct object + indirect object+adverb of manner+adverb
{of place+ adverb of time.
+ + + + +=}
{ + + +
:
+ + + + =
He has learnt English well.
+ + + +=
They studied every lesson carefully at home.
+ + +=
I will give you an English book.

www.ParsBook.org
 10

-1 " :
( ).
I speak English very well.
-1 " :
( ) .
I gave him the money.
-2 :
( ).
We stayed there all day.
-0 always,often,never,hardly,scarcely
.
( ).
I never see that man.
( ).
I have never seen that man.
:
to be .
( ).
He is never late.
-4 .
( ).
I want to know where they went.
-6 not .
( ).
He could not have been there.

www.ParsBook.org
 11

-7 not to .
( ).
I told him not to go there.
.

www.ParsBook.org
 12

Infinitive

.
( ) .
. ( -) ( - -) () . :
( - - - --
- -).
()
( ) to
.
.
" want like .
( ).
I like to drink some cold water.
( ).
I want to speak with your father.
:
like
( ) ing + .
( ).
I dont like smoking cigarette.
:
- ) (glad-easy-hard-possible. .
It is possible to meet him.
A hard man to live with.
It is easy to speak English.
I am glad to see you.

www.ParsBook.org
 13

( when-whom-which-what-where) -
. " .
I dont know where to go.
When I got there, I didnt know what to do.
He cant decide which one to buy.
He dose not know whom to phone to him.
They do not know when they should to go.
. how -
She showed them how to open the safe.
. its time -
He came here last night to speak with my father.
I met him at university to discuses some issues.
He opened the door slowly not to awake the baby.
I think its time you to go your home.
. the last - the second - the first -
He was the first to leave the meeting.
He was the second to leave the meeting.
He was the last to leave the meeting.
:

.
He was the first person that left the meeting.

.
promise( ) make a decision)(
forget( ) plan) (
want( ) determine )(

www.ParsBook.org
 14

) (like ( ) undertake
) (swear ( )seem
) (agree ( - )manage
) (refuse ( )try
) (fail ( ) attempt
) (hope ( )expect
) - (hesitate ( ) be afraid
) (would like ( - ) wish
) (pretend ( )afford
) - (learn ( )permit
) (decide ( ) allow
.
) (order ( )forbid
) (expect ( )teach
) (tell ( )allow
) (ask ( )persuade
) (want ( )recommend
) (advise ( )beg
)- (tempt ( )command
( ).
I want you to listen to him.
( ).
He asked me to come here.
( ).
I allowed him to go with you.
( ).
He persuaded me to fight with Ahmad.

www.ParsBook.org
 15

"
.
( ).
I want you not to listen to him.
( ).
He asked me not to come here.

to
) (bare infinitive :
-1 to
)+ing ) :
) (see
()hear
) (watch
( )feel
) (observe
()know
) (notice
( ) I saw him go.
( I saw him going. ).
I heard him come. ( /).
I heard him coming. ( ).
I felt his hand touch me. ( ).
( ).
I felt his hand touching me.
( / ).
I have never known him laugh (laughing).

www.ParsBook.org
 16

-1 to
. :
) (let
()have
)- (make
( )help
( ).
I let him go.
( ).
I made him answer the letter.
( ).
I had him finish it.
( ).
I helped him pass the examination.
:
- help to .
( ).
He helped us to build this house.
- smell "
) +ing ) .
{ !( !)}
?I smell something burning

www.ParsBook.org
 17

Verbal Noun) (
: ) +ing)
. -1
). (
He worked without stopping.
). (
She played instead of working.
: -1
Fond of Insist on Tired of Succeed in
).(
I am tired of doing the work again.
). (
He succeeds in killing the tiger.
: -2
Avoid enjoy finish stop risk - excuse
). (
Boys enjoy playing football.
worth busy -0
). (
He was busy writing a book.
). (
The date is worth remembering.
: -4
Its no use - its no good I cant help would you mind look forward to
). (
I think its no use trying again.

www.ParsBook.org
 18

( ).
I cant help feeling angry about it.
-6 :
Begin like dislike hate love prefer
( ).
He began to talk.
He began talking.

www.ParsBook.org
 19

Verb
."
( ) eat .
{( } I eat dinner. ).
-1 :

. .
- : ( )to :
( -) Past Participle ( -) Past ( ) Present() Infinitive
to be am/is/are was/were been
to have have/has had had
to do do/does did done
- : .
() Infinitive () Past () Present
can could ______
shall should ______
will would ______
may might ______
______ must ______
need ______ ______
dare ______ ______
ought to ______ ______
______ used to ______
:
-
.
) ( to have

www.ParsBook.org
 20

( ) to do
) ( to need
( ) to dare
- s .:
He speaks . :
He must go . :
- to .
He wants to go . :
He must go . :
- do does did don't doesn't
didn't not .
to be " not .
He doesn't go . :
He ought not to go. :

-1 :
.
-2 :
d ed
.
:
.
-0 :
( ) ( )
. .
{ (: -). - } Arash saw Anita .
{ (: - ). } The train left at five.

www.ParsBook.org
 21

-4 :
.
:
( ).
Shiva wrote her letter yesterday.
wrote Shiva .
( ). ( ) .
The letter is written . is written The letter.
-6 :
( )to . :
( to go go )
-7 :
.
( - ) : ( + )
. :
( ) ( your hands (them) up. ) =Put
( ) : ( + )
. :
) the book (it( . ) at (( =Look
-8 :

. .
.
+ + + + + =
=My brother entered the room quietly last night.
.
=The children played carefully into street yesterday.

www.ParsBook.org
 22

Modal Auxiliary
:
can- could- may- might- must- Ought- shall- should - will- would
. :
(-- )used to
( )need
( ) dare
:
-1 S .
He can speak three languages.
-1 To .
You must find a job.
Ought :
You ought to stop smoking.
-2 Do .
( !)
?Should I apologize to him
-0 not nt Do .
?Why couldnt he listen to her
:
We might not be home before midnight.

www.ParsBook.org
 23

Object
.
. .
-1 :

. .
+ + + =
=The teacher corrects our compositions everyday.
-1 ( :)

.
:
+ + + + =
=His trip depends on weather.
-2 :
( )
( ) .
:

.
+ + + =
) last night. ( ) a letter ( =I wrote my friend
+To/For+ + + =
). ( ) to him ( =He explained something

www.ParsBook.org
 24

Pronouns

.
:
.
.
-1 :
:
I we
you you
She/he/it they
-1 :
:
me us
you you
her/him/it them
-2 :
:
mine ours
yours yours
hers/his/its theirs
:
.
It is my book.
It is mine.

www.ParsBook.org
 25

-0 :
:
my our
your your
their her/his/its
:
.
It is my book.
-4 :

.

myself ) ( ourselves ) (
yourself (( (( yourselves
) ( ) themselves( himself/herself/itself
by ( ) .
.
I will do this work by myself (alone).
:
.
I hurt myself.
.

.
-6 :
.
I myself saw the Ali.

www.ParsBook.org
 26

:
:

. :
{ ) . (}
Sara cut herself.
{ ) . (}
Shiva cut the meat herself.
.
.
.
.
:
by + self ( ) .
-7 :
:

this these
that those
8 :
.
: :

no one nothing/none
no body
neither
none /nothing

www.ParsBook.org
 27

:
not . :

some
any
much
little/a little
more/less

one - each
few - a few
every body/thing/one
many - all - both - either
-9 ( -) Relative Pronouns
- who (. " ) :
( ).
The boy who is coming is Arash.
( ).
The man, who ran away, was a burglar.
whom (. " ).
( ).
The girl, whom you see, is Anita.
( ).
The people, whom we meet, are often busy.
which .:
( ).
The books ,which are on the desk ,are mine

www.ParsBook.org
 28

( ).
The story, which he told, was very interesting.
which . :
()In which
()on which
() for which
()by which
/ ()during which
whose .
( ).
The boy whose father is clinical psychologist.
( ).
The Lady whose fathers name was Amir Mansour.
:
who
.
( ) + +=By whom +be
? = Who opened the door
? = By whom was the door opened
? =Who teaches them
? = By whom are they taught

www.ParsBook.org
 29

Adjectives
.
.
-1 ) Simple Adjectives( :
:
(.) ) woman A wise (
:
.
) ( + as + + as + ) = (+ 1
) ( + as + + so + ) = (- 2
1/He is as old as she.
2/He isn't so old as she.
-1 (Comparative degree of the adjective) :
.

.
( ) ( )
.
)+er+than / : (on-ow-le-er-y 1
)+than / ( : more+ 2
1/The boy is wiser than his sister.
2/My book is more interesting than yours.
er .
Cold colder
warm warmer

www.ParsBook.org
 30

y y I + er .
easy easier
funny funnier
more .
careful more careful
beautiful more beautiful
valuable more valuable
than .:
( ).
His house is larger than ours.
( ).
He is more serious than the other pupils.
.:

Good-well - better
Bad, ill worse
Much ,many more
little less
far farther
( ) .
This book is better than that.
( ) .
He drinks less tea than we.
:
very much .
Very cold much colder
Very easy much easier

www.ParsBook.org
 31

Very much much more
:

.
+ the + + =the +
= T he longer you work, The more you will learn.
-2 (Superlative degree of the adjective):
.
.
( ) ( )
.
)+ est / : (on-ow-le-er-y 1
) / ( : the most+ 2
1/It is the longest river in our country.
2/The most comfortable chair.
- y est ."
y I . :

easy easiest
Cold coldest
warm warmest
hot hottest
most .

Important most Important
Famous most Famous

www.ParsBook.org
 32

" )the ( .
( ) The most comfortable chair.
( ) The shortest way .
of in .
Tehran is the biggest city in (of) Iran.
.:

Good-well best
Bad, ill worst
Much ,many most
little least
far farthest

.

far farther farthest
far further furthest
up upper upper most
good better best
well better best
many more most
much more most
bad worse worst
badly worse worst
ill worse worst
little less least
late later latest

www.ParsBook.org
 33

:
of the
.
+ of the two + (am,is,are) + the + =
=He is the latter of the two.
:
.

www.ParsBook.org
 34

Adverb

(. ). .
- ly .

Quick Quickly
Slow Slowly
quit Quietly
( ) to be, to get .
( ) to be, to get .
Please write carefully.
He was careful.
.
Hard fast much
late straight low
.
I have learnt my lesson well.
:-
.
He came home late.
-1 :
.
to be . .
He often travels by bus.
:
:
( ( -)rarely" ( - )frequently (-) always")usually

www.ParsBook.org
 35

( ( - )seldom (-) never ) sometimes
.
-1 :

.
He works hard.
:
ly .
) quiet(= ) quietly(
) easy(= )easily(
:
well good well ()to be + well
" " .
He is well today.
-2 :



.
+ + + + = 1
+ + + + = 1
1/He is studying there until five o'clock.
2/they are going to come here.
:

.
Anita went to shopping last night.

www.ParsBook.org
 36

-0 :
" .
.
Arash went to Europe on last week.

www.ParsBook.org
 37

.
.
-1 :
- : in
" " "" .
)=in 1998,summer,march ( in +
)=in short - ( in +
)=in second ( in +
)=in English ( in +
In .
( ).
In summer the weather is warm.
- : on .
=on Sunday On +
=on 21 May On +
= On Hafez Street. On +
= On morning of the first may. On +
On .
( ).
On Sunday we go to cinema.
( 1994 ).
My birthday is on the 24th of July 1953.
- : At .
( ).
He came at 8 oclock in the morning.

www.ParsBook.org
 38

-1 :
- : To .
( ).
I walk to school every day.
- : At .
( ).
He is waiting at the door.
- : In .
( ).
The pencil is in the box.
- : Into .
( ).
They walk into the room.
:
- arrive + in
arrive + at .
- at
.

- at .
)=at +(night/midnight/sunset/down at +
( )at +home= Armita is at home

www.ParsBook.org
 39

an a .
( )a,u,e,i,o a an . :
hour - honour honest apple- umbrella-orange - impression-error-
:
-1 the :
His my that this .
I bought new car. .
I bought a new car. .
-1 thousand hundred - :
( ).
A hundred soldiers were in the camp.
-2 to be :
( ) .
Marys father is a lawyer.
-0 :
To make a noise To make a mistake To make a fortune
To make an impression to have a pain To have a headache
To have a cold - To have a cough .
. :
-1 :
Advice information Work furniture bread .
( ).
He gave good advice.
-1 kind of sort of :
( )
?What kind of pen do you want

www.ParsBook.org
 40

:
( ) One
( A ) An :
One man went into one shop.
:
One man went into a shop.
One :
( ).
One swallow dose not makes a summer.
( ).
One flower dose not makes a spring.

www.ParsBook.org
 41

.
:

-1 :
( ).
Horses are strong animals.
( ).
The horses in the field belong to the farmer.
-1 :
( ) .
Wisdom is a great virtue.
( ).
The wisdom of Solomon was famous.
-2 :
( ) .
Water is necessary to life.
( ).
The water in the kitchen is hot.
-0 :
( ).
Summer is a hot season.
( ).
The summer of the last year was very hot.

www.ParsBook.org
 42

-4 :
( ).
English is spoken all over the world.
( ).
The English spoken by him is not correct.
-6 :
( ).
Breakfast is at eight oclock.
( ).
The breakfast I had this morning was heavy.
-7 :
( ).
Blue is my favorite color.
( ).
The blue in that picture has faded.
-the book :
the books The teacher- The milk :
. :
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

( ) .
:
( )-
.

www.ParsBook.org
 43

.
.
:
- 2 ( ) by +

. ( ) by +
.
-1 ( )1
.
-2 .
( + be+)P.P = Let +
=Let him be talking.
.

www.ParsBook.org
 44

To Be
Main Verb:
( To Be)
( ):
- .
I am you are (he-she-it) is- {we you they } are
( :
.
(I- you ) have been (he- she it ) has been {we-you they }have been
( ):
- - -.
I was you were (he she it ) was {we you they } were
**( ):
- - -
{I-you -(he-she it)} had been- { we -you they} had been
( ) :
.
I shall be { you ,(he-she-it )} will be-we shall be-(you they ) will be
** :

- .
I shall have been-{you (he-she it)}will have been-
we shall have been -{you they}will have been
:
** To Be"
. "
.

www.ParsBook.org
 45

:
To Be :
- .
To be +
( ).
The sun was shining in the sky.
- .
To be +
( ).
The letter was written by John.

www.ParsBook.org
 46

Tenses
.
.: - - .

Past
-1 Past simple tense
.

. used to :
( ).
I went (used to go) to the cinema every week last year.

+=
+ didnt = ( + ) to
( + ) to = did +
( + ) to = Didn't +
You ate my appel.
You didn't eat my appel.
?Did You eat my appel
?Didn't You eat my appel
{ ( ) }
?Did he live in Tehran
ago (when, before, after) .
I ate my food an houre ago.
-1 Past continuous tense
.
.

www.ParsBook.org
 47

) I was going(

:
). (
I was going to the cinema when I met him.

= + was / were+ )ing (

= +wasnt/ werent+ )ing (
= were/was + + )ing (
= werent/Wasn't + + )ing (
He was writing.
He wasn't writing.
Was he writing?
Wasn't he writing?
= I was teaching when they arrived.
= I wasnt teaching when they arrived.
= Was I teaching when they arrived?
= Wasn't I teaching when they arrived?
:
.
= when + +
When we were playing Volleyball ,he arrived.
= + while, as +
He arrived, while we were playing Volleyball.
He arrived, as we were playing Volleyball.
= + when +
We were playing Volleyball , When he arrived.

www.ParsBook.org
 48

:
( )Passive
.
( ) + was/were + ( )=
=We finished the book yesterday.
=The book was finished yesterday.

2 Past perfect tense

.
( + had + )P.P=
( ) + hadnt + =
( ) + = Had +
( ) + =Had + not +
He had gone home early.
He hadn't gone home early.
?Had he gone home early
?Hadn't he gone home early
She had gone when I come.
:
( ) .
+ = (when, before, as soon as, by the time) +
When I came , He had gone home early.
Before I saw him I had done my homework.
+ (yet, already) + =when +
When I came , yet he hadn,t gone home.

www.ParsBook.org
 49

-" ( before )
.
( ).
I had done my homework before I saw him.
- after .
+ =After +
( ).
After he had begun his daily work I entered his room.
- hardly when
. " ( ) .
+ when+ ( ) + had +hardly+=
( ).
They had hardly built the bridge when the flood destroyed it.

- no sooner.than
. "
.
( ).
1/He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to return.
?2/No sooner had he arrived home than he was asked to return

0 Past perfect continues tense

.
( + had been + )ing=
( + hadnt been+ )ing =
( + been +)ing = Had +
) + been +(ing =Had + not +

www.ParsBook.org
 50

He had been going....
He hadn't been going ...
?Had he been going...
?Hadn't he been going...
:
.
+ for + + = )before, when( +
Before he arrived, I had done my homworke for one weak.
+ + for+ = after +
After I had done my homworke for one weak, he arrived.
:

.
( ) +had been + ( )=
( . ).
=They had forgotten our names.
( ).
=Our names had been forgotten.

www.ParsBook.org
 51

Present
-1 Simple Present Tense
.
.
:



If
:
s
x,sh,ch,s,o es .
:
Does do .
( + ) to=
( doesnt + ) to + dont =
( + ) to does + = do
( + ) to doesnt + = dont
He goes home everyday.
He doesn't go home everyday.
?Does he go home everyday
?Doesn't he go home everyday
( ).
I read the newspaper every day.
( ).
I am reading English now.

www.ParsBook.org
 52

:
.
( ).
The sun rises in the east.
( ).
The earth goes round the sun.
:

( ) .
( ).
I wrote my exercise last night.
( ).
I have written my exercise.
:
when .
I will be sitting here when they arrive.
:
(: ) Once a week
( )Twice a year .
:
from time to time= once in a while
() " .
( ).
1/Once in a while she goes to school on foot.
2/From time to time she goes to school on foot.

www.ParsBook.org
 53

:
. :
Mind , look , be careful , help
+ + + =
Look , This school clean by workers.
:
.
}( = ){ + am,is,are + ( )=
( ).
=I see them at school every day
( ).
=They are seen at school every day.
1 Present Continues Tense
.
I am writing.
- .
Shiva is staying in a hotel.
( ).
He is leaving Tehran to night.
( +)am,is,are( + )ing=
( +)am,is,are( +not+ )ing =
( + )ing = )am,is,are( +
) +(ing =(am,is,are)+ not +
He is going home now.
He isn't going home now.
?Is he going home now
?Is not he going home now

www.ParsBook.org
 54

:
.
+ + =
Be careful , she is sleeping at home now.
:
.
this(week,year,century)-next week-today-tomorrow-just now-right now-now.
He is leaving Tehran just now.
-2 Present perfect tense

( ) .
.
( ) has+ +have=
( ) hasnt+ +havent =
( ) + has+ = have
( ) + has not+ = have not
He has gone.
He hasn't gone.
?Has he gone
?Hasn't he gone
:
(Just ) Have/Has .
( ).
The plan has just taken off the runway.
( ).
He has just left the house.
( ).
They have just begun the lesson.

www.ParsBook.org
 55

:
Since
I havent seen him since last night.
.
He hasnt phoned since they came.
:
(Once(Twice ) (Three times ) )
.
( ).
He has red this book twice.
:
Has .
:
.
++ (after,if,when,as soon as( + =
They want talke to you when you have just begun the lesson.
:
:
twice-once-for-since-before-never-yet-already
:
.
( ) have + +Has ( )=
( ).
= They have just begun the lesson.
( ).
= The lesson have just begun.

www.ParsBook.org
 56

-0 Present perfect Continues tense
.
.
( has been+ )ing + have been=
( hasnt been+ )ing + havent been =
( + been +)ing has+ = have
( + been +)ing has+ not + = have
He has been studying since eight o'clock.
He has not been studying....
?Has he been studying...
?Hasn't he been studying...
:
:
) + (today, now for-since-for...now-for+
{ (. )}.
I have been working for two hours.
( ).
I have been in this class for two months.
:
.
( ) have been + +Has been ( )=
( ).
= I have been in this class for two months.
( ).
= In this class for two months has been.

www.ParsBook.org
 57

future
-1 Simple future tense
.
" shall
will .
will shall .
( + shall / will +) to=
( + shant / wont + ) to =
( + ) to /(shall/will (+ =
( + ) to /(shall/will (+ not + =
He will go home tomorrow.
He will not/won't go home tomorrow.
?Will he go home tomorrow
?Won't he go home tomorrow
:
:- - .
= I shall finish this work next week.
= I shall not finish this work next week.
? = Shall I finish this work next week
? =Shall not I finish this work next week
:
in
(+from now ) . :
( / / / ).
1/ I shall come back in ten days.
2/I shall come back in ten days time.
3/ I shall come back ten days from now.

www.ParsBook.org
 58

:
.
+ = by the time +
By the time he read newspaper without he will finish his homeworke.
= in +
In one day he read newspaper without he will finish his homeworke.
:
.
( +shall / will + ) to ( )=
( ).
=He will finish this book tomorrow.
( ).
=This book will finish tomorrow.
- 1 Future Continuous
.
tomorrow next : .
( + shall / will +be+)ing=
( + shant / wont +be+ ))ing =
( +be+ )ing /(shall/will (+ =
( + be+ )ing /(shall/will (+ not + =
He will be running tomorrow.
He will not running tomorrow.
?Will he running tomorrow
?Won't he running tomorrow
:
- all .
I shall be working all next summer.

www.ParsBook.org
 59

You will be working all next summer.
He/She /It/ will be working all next summer.
We shall be working all next summer.
You/They / will be working all next summer.
- When :
( ).
I will be sitting here when they arrive.
:
.
+ if, when, by the time, before +

:
.
(+shall be / will be + )ing ( )=
( ).
=He will be finishing this book tomorrow.
( ).
=This book will be finishing tomorrow.
-2 Future Perfect Tense
.
.
by next .
( ) + shall / will +have+=
( ) + shant / wont + have+ =
( ) + have+ /(shall/will (+ =
( ) + have+ /(shall/will (+ not + =
He will have taken this book by tomorrow.
He will have not taken this book by tomorrow.

www.ParsBook.org
 60

?Will he have taken this book by tomorrow
?Won't he have taken this book by tomorrow
:

by () .
( ).
I shall have done this work by tomorrow.
( ) .
We shall have done this work by tomorrow.
( ).
He will have taken his exam by the end of the week.
( ).
He will have taken their exam by the end of the week.
:
.
+ from now =within +
=within +
=in +
Within this weak from now We shall have done this work.

-0 Future Perfect continues Tense

.

.:
( ).
Today when you arrived I will have been studing for two hours.

www.ParsBook.org
 61

= + shall / will +have been+)ing(+
= + shant / wont + have been+ )ing(+
= /(shall/will (+ + have been+ )ing(+
= /(shall/will (+ not + + have been+ )ing(+
He will have been teaching for two hours by four o'clock.
He will not/won't have been teaching for two hours by four o'clock?
Will have been teaching for two hours by four o'clock?
Won't have been teaching for two hours by four o'clock.
:
:
= when, before + ) (+ ......... + for +
=by the time + + ......... + for +
When I ate my lunch, you have been teaching for two hours .
:
" shall will to be going to
.
) (
When are you going to travel?
). (
I am going to leave tomorrow.
:
.
=) (+will have been + )ing(
.
= I shall have been taking all my exams by the end of the week.
.
= All exams shall have been taking by the end of the week.

www.ParsBook.org
 62

-4 Future in the Past Simple
"

.
+ ( +would /should + ) to=
+ ( + would /should + not+ ) to =
+ ( + ) to / would /should + =
+ ( + ) to / would /should +not + =
I would see you at the cinema.
I wouldn't see at the cinema.
?Would you see at the cinema
?Wouldn't you see at the cinema

6 Future in the Past Continues

.
.
( ).
I had not idea that I would be writing the letter when you arrived.

+( + would be +)ing=
+( + would + not+ be +)ing =
+(+ be +)ing = would+
+(+ be +)ing = would+not +
You would be teaching.
You wouldn't be teaching.
?Would you be teaching
?Wouldn't you be teaching

www.ParsBook.org
 63

. :
Future in the Past Perfect 7
= + would +have+) ( +
= + would + not + have+ ) ( +
= / would + + have+ ) ( +
= / would + not + + have+ ) ( +
I would have swum in the river.
I would not swum in the river.
Would I have swum in the river?
Would not I have swum in the river?
Future in the Past Perfect Continues 8

= + would +have+been +)ing( +

= + would + not + have+been+ )ing( +
= / would + + have+been+ )ing( +
= / would + not + + have+been+ )ing( +
I would have been swiming in the river.
I would not have been swiming in the river.
Would I have been swiming in the river?
Would not I have been swiming in the river?

www.ParsBook.org
 64

(
) ( ) .
( )2 :
-1 :

( +will+ ) to+( + ) to=If+
=If I go there, I will meet them.
If we make effort, we will succeed. = We will succeed, if we make effort.
IF



If you study, you will learn.
If you are going, you will see him.
If you see him, tell him anything about it.
:
- .
- should
. .
Should you work hard, you will finish it.
-1 :
would
.
( +would+ ) to+( ) +=If+
=If you came early, you would see him.
If you asked, I would do this. = I would do this, if you asked.

www.ParsBook.org
 65

IF


If you went home now, you would see him.
If you were going home now, you would see him.
:
.
would might,could,should .
-2 :
would have
( ) .
( ) +would have++( ) + had+=If+
=If you had helped him, he would have succeeded.
I would have forgotten all these words; if I had not read them last week.
If I had not read them last week; I would have forgotten all these words.
IF


( ) had + been + P.P
If you had studied, you would have learned.
If .
Had you price of gone down; I would have bought a bigger car.
:

.

www.ParsBook.org
 66

:

.
( ).
I shall visit the Parthenon Sanctuary when I go /if I go/ to Athens.

www.ParsBook.org
 67

(" )"..... .

.
.
-1 :
:
.
: .
"( : ") ( ) - that .
:
.

.
.
.
.
.
He has told me, "I am very sorry." :
He has told me that he is very sorry.
:
.
. .
:
.

www.ParsBook.org
 68

(Indirect ) (Direct )

:"( ") ( ) that

: .
.
.
.
.
.
: .
He said, "I will answer the phone tomorrow." :
He said that he would answer the phone next day.
-1 :
.
"( : ") ( ) if whether
.
: .

www.ParsBook.org
 69

He asked me, "which book are you reading?" :
He asked me which book I was reading.
:
No Yes .
-2 :
.
"( : ") ( )
.
: .
"He advised, "Don't close the windows. :
He advised us not to close the windows.
:
please, could you
. politely kindly .
:
Next week the day after .
Now then .
Here there .
This that .
These those .
Thus so .
:

" .
:
- " ".
- .

www.ParsBook.org
 70

.
:
:
- (said)Say .
- ) Say(Said ) Tell(told
(. ) He said ( . ) He tolled me
- That () .
( ) He said that ( .) He told me that
- :
-1 .
=He said, live in Abadan.
= He said that he lived in Abadan .
-1 .
=He said to me, I am writing now.
= He told me that he was writing then.
-2 .
=She said, I was at home yesterday.
= She said that she had been at home the day before.
= He said ,I have finished this lesson.
=He said that he had finished that lesson.
-0
.
=She said to me, I was writing a letter.
=She told me that she had been writing a letter.
-4 Shall Will would .
=They said ,We will do this tomorrow.
= They tolled that they would do that the next day .

www.ParsBook.org
 71

: . -

Now Then
This That
These Those
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The day before
Ago before
Last Previous
Here There
( )
.
= +asked++ ) if ( + + ) (
= He said to me, where do you live?
= He asked me where I live ?
= Do you know her?
= He asked me if I knew her?
= She said to me ,Did you mail my letter?
= She asked me if I had mailed her letter.
.
= ) = ( Leave here .
=(told-ordered-asked) + + +)(
= ) = ( Leave here .
= Arash told me to leave there
= She said to them ,Open your books
= She ordered them to open their books.
= I said to him, Write your name please
= I asked him to write his name.

www.ParsBook.org
 72

:
:.
-1 not .
:
Am is are was were have has had shall should
will would can could may might must need dare
ought used -
( ).
I am not ready.
( ).
You must not do that.
( ).
He can not write well.
( ).
He ought not to go.
-1 do dose did not to
.
.
+ do (dose did ) + not +to=
( ).
I do not go there very often.
( ).
He dose not teach English.
( ).
They did not see the game.
" nt . do not

www.ParsBook.org
 73

dont dose not doesnt did not didnt had not
hadnt would not wouldnt shall not shant
will not wont can not cant .

. .
They know nothing.
They do not (dont) know anything.
:
.
-1 .
. .
)(Am - is are ) (was were) (have has had
)(shall should - Will - would)- (can could) (may might
)(must need dare ought used
( )
?Are you ready
( )
?Can you write well
( )
?Will he comes tomorrow
( )
?May I go now
-1 did , dose ,do . to

. :
+to =Do (dose did ) +
( )

www.ParsBook.org
 74

?Do you come here every day
( )
?Does the boy learn English
( )
?Did they go to the theatre
-2 .
.
( )
?Why are you late
( )
?When did you come
( ).
?Where is it
( )
?Whom did you see
( )
?Which book do you want
:
. :
( )
?Who wrote the letter
( )
?Whose dog bit the men

www.ParsBook.org
 75

-1 ( ) he she - it
s es .
( He works. ).
( She sings. ).
( It stops. ).
( The sun rises.).
-1 ch -s -sh -x - o es .
I watch He watches
I finish He finishes
I fix He fixes
I go He goes
-2 -y
-y -ies .
I carry He carries
I study He studies
I fly He flies
I sleepy He sleepiest
:
y ( ) a-e-i-o-u-
s :
he plays-he enjoys he obeys
-0 :
I am He is
I have He has

www.ParsBook.org
 76

I do He does
I say He says
-4 :
Shall will can may must ought -
I shall He shall
I will He will
I can He can
I may He may
I must He must

s es .

www.ParsBook.org
 77

-1 f fe ves :

) ) A wife ( )wives
) ( A wolf ()wolves
) (A leaf ()leaves
) A knife( ()knives

es . : -1 z x

) ( A box ( )boxes
( (A fez ( )fezzes
:
ox en .
) ( Ox ( )Oxen
-2 O es :
) ( Hero ()Heroes
:
. S .
OO S .

) ( Radio ) (Radios
((Piano ((Pianos
) (Studio ) (Studios
)( Photo ) ( Photos

www.ParsBook.org
 78

) (Dynamo ) (Dynamos
( (Zoo ( (Zoos
-0 .

) ( A man ( )men
((A woman ( )women
) ( A foot ( )feet
((A tooth ( )teeth
) ( A goose ( )geese
((A mouse ( )mice
((A louse ( )lice
((A child ( )children
((A ox ( )oxen
:
: S .
) (belief ( )beliefs
) (safe ( )safes
) (roof ( )roofs
) (cliff ( )cliffs
) (dwarf ( )dwarfs
) (proof ( )proofs
) (chief ( )chiefs
) (handkerchief ( )handkerchiefs
4 :
) - (advice
() information
) (knowledge

www.ParsBook.org
 79

( -)news
) (progress
()work
) (money
( )luggage
) (furniture
( )scenery
) (machinery
:
Piece of .
.
-6 .
) - (people
()riches
()wages
) (trousers
()scissors
) (spectacles
:
" Pair of
.:
( ) A pair of trousers
-7 :
) (sheep
( -)deer
) (salmon

www.ParsBook.org
 80

1 .
) ( A roommate ( )roommates
) ( A classroom ( )classrooms
) {} (A landlady ( {})landladies
1 " (hyphen)"- .
) ( A brother in - law ( ) brothers in - law
) ( A passer by ( ) passers by
-2 man woman
.
) ( A man - servant ( ) ( mans - servants
) ( A man - teacher ( ) mans - teachers

www.ParsBook.org
 81

()So enough too very

-1 very .
.
( ) .
He is very clever.

( ).
He drives very carefully.

-1 too .
. :
+ =too +
{ (. )}
1/ The coffee are too hot to drink.
2/ The coffee is too hot (for me) to drink.
so that .
( ).
The coffee is so hot that I cant drink it.
( ).
She is too young to go to school now.
.
She is so young that she cant go to school.
:
too
.
so that

www.ParsBook.org
 82

( " ) .

:
and too, so
enough very quite .
She is..and knows what to do.
1-too old 2-so old 3-old enough 4-very old=quite old
-2 enough ( ) . .
.
+ enough +=
( ).
She is old enough to go to school now.
( ) .
She is clever enough to realize what we say.
( ).
The coffee is cold enough to drink.
( ).
We got there quickly enough to help them.
( )enough .
enough .
:
too enough .
too ( )
enough (
) .
.
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 83

1/It was too cold to go out.
2/It was so cold that we couldnt go out.
( ).
It was warm enough to go out.
enough
.
( ).
I have not enough time to do it properly.

:
as .
+ as +( ) =So+
( ).
He was so foolish as to hit the children.

( ) .
He spoke so impolitely as to annoy everybody.

( ) .
( ).
To speak English needs practice.
( ).
To obey the laws is very ones duty.

www.ParsBook.org
 84

Such
such ( )
.
( such ).
Such a such
.
=Such a +
+=such a +
+ =Such +
=Such +
( ).
I have never seen such a child.

( ).
I have never seen such a beautiful view.

( ) .
I can not stand hearing such things.

( ).
He has never bought such beautiful flower.

( ).

It was such a day that I can hardly forget it.

:
Such as ( ) .
( ).
People such as these = Such people as these

www.ParsBook.org
 85

:
such as .
( ).
His illness is not such as to cause anxiety.

www.ParsBook.org
 86

Question Tag
Question Tag .
() , () +=
( )
?He is writing, isnt he
( )
?He can read well, cant he
( )
?They have forgotten all these words, havent they
( )
?They are coming here, arent they
( )
?He goes to a kindergarten, doesnt he

www.ParsBook.org
 87

. ion

revise revision
object objection
correct correction
express expression
invent invention
connect connection
attend to attention
permit permission
congratulate congratulation
divide division
provide provision
destroy destruction
describe description
elect election
select selection
protect protection
introduce introduction
suggest suggestion
act action
omit omission
produce production
educate education

www.ParsBook.org
 88

direct direction
imitate imitation
suspect suspicion
decide decision
explode explosion
ation ition

add addition
compose composition
compete competition
oppose opposition
inform information
explain explanation
prepare preparation
satisfy satisfaction
admire admiration
organize organization
civilize civilization
converse conversation
pronounce pronunciation
combine combination
imagine imagination
invite invitation

www.ParsBook.org
 89

PREFIX and SUFFIX

.
- :
.
:
-1 .
em-en .
)en (
Chain enchain
courage - encourage -
large enlarge
able enable
)em (
boss emboss
power - empower
brace - embrace -
-1
:
il -ir -im -mis -un- dis .
appear disappear
honest dishonest
agree disagree
agreement disagreement
arm disarm

www.ParsBook.org
 90

obey disobey

)un (
believable unbelievable
kind unkind
known - unknown -
lucky unlucky
fortunately unfortunately
acceptable unacceptable
comfortable uncomfortable
)mis (
guide misguide
understand misunderstand
manage mismanage
trustful mistrustful -
lead mislead
)in (
accurate inaccurate
capable - incapable
sufficient - insufficient
complete incomplete
dependent independent
)im (
possible impossible
mortal - immortal
perfect imperfect
patient - impatient

www.ParsBook.org
 91

)ir (
relevant - irrelevant
regular irregular
responsible irresponsible
)il (
-legal illegal
literate illiterate
licit - illicit -
-:

.
-1 .
y ing al enceancetion ation- ment:
)ment (

state statement
arrange arrangement
arrest arrestment -
invest investment
improve improvement -
move - movement
) ation (
examine examination -
consideration conceder -
inform information

www.ParsBook.org
 92

) tion (
invent invention
protect protection
translate transplantation
describe -- description
) ance (
- connive connivance
appear - appearance
assure assurance
) ence (
exist - existence
- refer - reference
differ - difference
insist - insistence
) al (
- array arrayal
- arrive arrival
propose proposal
- approve - approval
) ing (
build building
begin - beginning
fasten fastening
Happen happening
)y (

www.ParsBook.org
 93

unit - unity
discover discovery
-1 .
dom-ity-hood-ship-ness:
.

blind blindness
- faint faintness
white whiteness
fat - -fatness
hard hardship -
false falsehood -
- maiden - maidenhood
- Timid - timidity
- scarce scarcity -
torpid torpidity
free - freedom
wise wisdom
-2 "
.
ist-dom-ship-hood: .

neighbor neighborhood
child childhood
man - manhood
member membership
- leader leadership

www.ParsBook.org
 94

- citizen - citizenship
friend friendship
king kingdom
botany botanist
geology geologist
biology biologist
psychology psychologist
-0 .
able-ful-like-ish-some-less:
.

- faith faithless
- care careless
hope hopeless
sense senseless
- child childless
trouble - troublesome
child childish
fool - foolish
sense - sensible
man manlike
law lawful
care - careful
- doubt - doubtful
- faith - faithful
comfort - - comfortable

www.ParsBook.org
 95

-4 .
ive able less: .

rest restless
tire tireless
fear - fearless
amend amendable
read readable
change changeable
eat - eatable
aggress - aggressive
- except exceptive
act active
-6 .
or er : .

play player
vanquish - vanquisher
lecture -lecturer
torture torturer
violate - violator
translate translator
ventilate ventilator
- valuate valuator

www.ParsBook.org
 96

-7 .
ify-en-ize: .

-legal legalize
familiar familiarize
rational - rationalize
short shorten
- loose loosen
- fast fasten
less lessen
- tight tighten
intense intensify

www.ParsBook.org
 97

- SYNONYM and ANTONYM

:

.

:
.

"
.

www.ParsBook.org
 98

Above over below
absent away present
able capable - unable
absent-minded forgetful attentive -
abundant plentiful - scarce=rare - -
according to accordance with - - -
actual real=true - virtual=unreal (untrue=artificial) -

almost nearly " - -

alive living - dead
allow let=permit forbid=prohibit
alone lonely together
amuse entertain - -
amusing entertaining tedious=boring
amusing entertaining tiresome=tiring
ancient old, historical - new, modern -
answer reply - - ask, question -
approve confirm reject=refuse -
approximately nearly=almost " - -
argument discussion - - -
arrest catch, capture - release -
artificial unreal - real -true actual -
assist help, aid - - -
bad wicked ,evil - good
battle war peace
beautiful pretty, nice - ugly
begin start - end
benefit profit ,interest - lose
big large small
bold brave timid
busy engaged - free
buy purchase sell
careful watchful careless

www.ParsBook.org
 99

captivate fascinate repulse -
cheap inexpensive expensive=dear

cheat deceive guide
compulsory obligatory voluntary
conquer overcome surrender
correct accurate - wrong =inaccurate
crazy mad sane -wise -
curious(1) inquisitive indifferent
curious(2) odd, unusual common -
dark black light
decide make a decision - -
desperate disappointed - hopeful
destroy demolish create, build
difficult hard - easy
dirty filthy clean
disappear vanish appear
dislike hate - like ,love
district area, region - -
educated literate illiterate-uneducated
elect choose=pick out - -
enemy foe friend, ally
enormous huge, immense - insufficient -
error mistake - right , truth, correct -
expert specialist-experienced - inexperienced -
fable myth, tale - fact - -
fertile fecund - barren
fair just unjust-cruel - -
famous known, famed - unknown -
fresh new old -
gain get, obtain lose, miss
glad happy, cheerful - sad, sorry
harmful hurtful useful
have own, posses need
healthy sound - ill, sick -

www.ParsBook.org
 100

heat warmth - cold -
heavy weighty light
humid wet-moist dry

impolite rude polite- gentle
inaccurate wrong correct - accurate
increase enlarge decrease
intelligent discerning- smart dull, stupid -
keen sharp - blunt
kind affectionate - unkind
last final first
lazy sluggish industrious -
let allow - permit stop , prevent
light bright - dark
lose miss find
lucky fortunate unfortunate
marry wed divorce
mean stingy - generous -
mercy pity harshness
mix mingle separate
more further less
naked bare - clothed -
necessary essential - not needed
neat clean - dirty
obey comply disobey
obvious apparent , clear obscure
paradise heaven hell -
particular special - general -
peasant villager - townsman citizen
pleasure enjoyment = joy - pain -
power strength , force - weakness -
precious valuable - worthless
probably likely " certainly ""
proud arrogant - humble -
public general private -
queer strange ordinary

www.ParsBook.org
 101

rapidly quickly , fast - slowly
raw uncooked cooked
refuse reject , decline accept -

remain stay leave
remember recollect, recall forget
revenge avenge forgive -
revolve go round - circle - fix
reward prize - -
reveal disclose conceal , hide
rival competitor friend - ally
same similar different -
shade shadow light -
silent quiet , still - noisy
sorrow grief joy -
suit match , fit misfit -
talkative garrulous - taciturn
teacher instructor - student , pupil -
terrible dreadful=awful ordinary -
testimony witness ,evidence - - -
thick condensed - thin
tight firm loose
timid cowardly ,shy bold , brave -
tiresome t tedious - tiring pleasant ,interesting
top summit ,peak - bottom -
travel take a trip settle
trust have confidence in distrust
vale valley hill
vast wide - narrow
victory conquest defeat
walk take a walk run
weak faint strong
willing eager loath
young youthful old

www.ParsBook.org
102

www.ParsBook.org
103

www.ParsBook.org
 104

*************************** *************************** abr

( abroad ) .
( ).
He went abroad last year.
( ( ).
My friend is abroad.
*************************** *************************** ach
( Ache) Belly- Ear- Heart- Tooth -Face :
Head- Stomach . () Pain .
I suffer from headaches.
I feel a pain in my leg.
*************************** *************************** adv
AD ( Advertisement)
AD .
*************************** *************************** aff
advice-advise-effect-affect .
advise Affect ( ) ( )
. advice effect ( -)
( ) .
{ " ( )} .
The medicine affected him quickly.
( ).
He soon felt the effect of the medicine.
( ).
He advised me not to behave like that.

www.ParsBook.org
 105

( ).
Your advice made me pass the examination.
*************************** *************************** afr
( Afraid) : :
( (The Afraid Girl .
{: (.) }.
(The frightened girl.) The girl is afraid.
*************************** *************************** agr
(agree) :
I agree. I agree with you.
:
I am agree with you.
:
I dont agree with you
I disagree with you.
:
I am not agree with you .
*************************** *************************** ali
( Alive )
The alive fish. :
The fish is alive.:
*************************** *************************** all
( EveryAll -) . all .
( ).
All towns have post office.
every .
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 106

Every town has post office.
Not all .
( ).
Not all villages have hospital.
not every .
( ).
Not every village has hospital.
*************************** *************************** all
all the = the whole
All .
. :
( ). all .
All the money is spent.
( ). all .
All of them came here.
The whole .
( ).
We searched the whole city for the lose child.

( ) .
The whole wall was dirty.

On the whole () .
( ) .
On the whole, he has made a good decision.
*************************** ************************** als
too Also () .
.
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 107

He is busy too.
He is also busy.
too ( )
.
( ).
It is too hot to go out.
( ).
He is too small to begin the school.
.
1/I am very tired. I cant run.
2/I am too tired to run.
Either ( - ...
" ) .
( //" / / ... / ).
He wont go there either.
************************** *************************** amo
( Between Among -) .
among .
( ).
She divided the cake among the four children.
between .
( ).
She divided the cake between the two children.
****************************************************** an-
An ( H UOIEA ) .
( U /ju ) A .
An Apple, An hour- A university

www.ParsBook.org
 108

************************** *************************** and
144 and ." 1144 .

One thousand two hundred and fifty five.

and .
{" "( )"}.
)What is the time please?(The time is seven thirty.
( )seven and thirty .
*************************** *************************** any
any ,anybody, anything, anyone,
( ) . :
( ).
I didnt see anyone.
( )
?Do you know anybody here
( )
?Do you know anything about music
*************************** *************************** arr
( To arrive ) .
In At .
{ / / / / ( }).
He arrived in / London/Tehran/New York.
{ / / / / ( }).
They will arrive at the/ cinema/school/Library.
( arrive in :).
( ).
The plan arrives in Tehran at 4 oclock.
arrive at :.

www.ParsBook.org
 109

( ).
She arrived at the hotel after her husband had left.
************************** *************************** awa
( Awake )
:
( The awake baby .).
:
( The baby is awake. ).

www.ParsBook.org
110

www.ParsBook.org
 111

*************************** *************************** bac

( bacteria ) bacterium
Bacterias : this bacteria : a bacteria
These bacteria : a bacterium this bacterium
.
*************************** *************************** bea
. " Pretty Beautiful
( ).
She is very pretty girl.
( ).
She is a very beautiful woman.
" :
Good-looking Handsome .
He was tall, dark and handsome. ( ).
( ).
She noticed him because he was very good-looking.
*************************** *************************** bee
been ( to be ) .
( ).
He has never been hospitalized.
gone ( )
to go .
{ (. }).
I have never been to Paris.
*************************** *************************** bet

www.ParsBook.org
 112

( between ) us them - him- her-me
Between you and I. :
Between you and me. :
*************************** *************************** bil
Billion
.
*************************** *************************** bit
( Bit ) Bite
Piece ( ) . .
( : - )
( / / / ) .
?Cant you stay for a bit
( / / / !)
You were a bit late.
*************************** *************************** bit
Bite ( ) . Bit ( )
Bitten . :
( ).
That dog bit my brother yesterday.

*************************** *************************** bor

To be born .
( 1940 ).
I was born in 1950.
( ).
My parents were born in USA.

www.ParsBook.org
 113

to be . .
I am born in 1952.
My parents are born in USA.
*************************** *************************** bot
( Both -) .
Both children go to school. ( ) .
{ neither () -( )} .
( ).
Neither child goes to school.
*************************** *************************** bre
()uncountable
. a an .
() bread . a bread breads
:
Some bread -A loaf of bread- A piece of bread A slice of bread.
*************************** *************************** bur
BurntBurned ( burn )

.
( " ).
The wood had burned completely.
The wood had burnt completely.
burnt " :
( ).
This is the smell of burnt toast.
****************************************************** by-
( by car : ) ":
I go to work by car.
with car by a car :

www.ParsBook.org
 114

By plan - By bicycle -By buss - By boat- By train - By car -
) (on foot":
( ).
I went home on foot.
a bus his car in
:
( - ) in a train- in a taxi - in her car
on . :
On a bicycle On foot On a donkey On horseback-On a horse
( - )

www.ParsBook.org
115

www.ParsBook.org
 116

*************************** *************************** cal

( Call -
) ( ) .
( ) . :
( ).
Anita called while you were out.

!
/ / /
?You mean she came round or she phoned
" . " .
{" ( } ).
Please call me tonight.
*************************** *************************** cat

( ) ( cattle. )
:
( / ).
The cattle are grazing.
:
Many cattle, a few cattle cattle .
three cattle :
( ) Three head of cattle. .
*************************** *************************** cat
Catch cold" have a cold ( ) .

www.ParsBook.org
 117

{( ( = ). }).
I have caught cold today. =I have a cold today.
*************************** *************************** cer
( Certain - ) ( sure -
- ) .
( / / ).
I am certain shell come.
Im sure shell come.
certain .
." :
( // ).
It is certain that many people died.
:
( / / ).
It is sure that many people died.
*************************** *************************** cha
( Chance- - -) () of
-ing .
( )
?Dose he has any chance of wining
chance () for .
( ).
Im waiting for a chance to speak to the manager.
*************************** *************************** cha

change :
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 118

Im thinking of changing my job.
( ).
We changed place.
*************************** *************************** clo
Oclock
. :
( ) . 11
The eleven oclock train.

*************************** *************************** clo

A.M." Oclock .
I get up at 6 a.m. every day.
I get up at 6 oclock every day.
*************************** *************************** clo
( Shut Close)" :
Shut your eyes. Close your eyes.
shut Close to be .
( ).
The post office is closed on Saturday afternoon.
The post office is shut on Saturday afternoon.
closed
:
(closed eyes ) ( A closed door ) --
A shut door Shut eyes : .
*************************** *************************** col
( )
In collaboration with .

www.ParsBook.org
 119

( ).
Armita wrote the book in collaboration with her sister.
:
Armita wrote the book with the collaboration of her sister.
with the collaboration of
( - ) .
************************** *************************** com
compare ( )
To .
( ).
Poets have compared sleep to death.
compare ( ) "
with .
( ) .
He always compares his income with mine.
*************************** *************************** con
Congress () " the .
( ).
He has been elected to congress.
*************************** *************************** con
( Continual) continues ( )
continual .
(" ).
Please stop these continual questions.
continues :
( )
Learning is a continues process.

www.ParsBook.org
120

www.ParsBook.org
 121

************************** *************************** dad

Daddy Dad .
( ).
Come over here, Dad, and look at my book.
( )
?Will you let me have a dog, Daddy
*************************** *************************** dat
(Data - ) datum "
.
(/ / ).
The data are still being analyzed.
" .
The data is still being analyzed.
*************************** *************************** dat
Date ":
April 5 :
April the five , April fifth , The fifth of April
*************************** *************************** day
The other day" ( a few days ago ).
( ).
He Saw his lost child the other day/ (a few days ago).
*************************** *************************** dep
height-length width depth :
Depth ( ) width ( ) length
( ) height ( )

www.ParsBook.org
 122

( deep ( wide ) ) ( long )
( high-) :
{ 444 (. 444 }).
The depth of this sea is 500 feet =This sea is 500 feet deep.
{ 14 (. 14 }).
The width of this street is 20 meters. = This street is 20 meters wide.
{ 044 (. 044 }).
The length of this ship is 400 yards. =This ship is 400 yards long.
{ 244 ( . 244 } ).
The height of this tower is 350 meters. = This tower is 350 meters high.
*************************** *************************** dif
( different ) "
from.
( ).
Their tastes are different from mine.
from To .

( ).
Their tastes are different to mine.
fromthan .
( ).
She looked very different than / (from) what Id expected.
*************************** *************************** din
supper- lunch- dinner .
. "lunch
. dinner lunch .
dinner.

www.ParsBook.org
 123

Supper" .
( ).
After the theater we had a quick supper and vent to bed.
*************************** *************************** dis
( / )
:
I discussed the problems with him.
:
I discussed about the problem with him.
discussed
about :
We had a discussed about the problems.
*************************** *************************** dol
$ .
This book costs $20. ( ).
$ :
This book costs twenty dollars.
This book costs 20 dollars.
.
( ).
He gave me a 20 dollars bill.
( ).
He gave me a $20 bill.
************************** *************************** dow
( downstairs ) ( upstairs )
.
He is downstairs. ( ) .

www.ParsBook.org
 124

He went upstairs. ( ).
*************************** *************************** doz
(Dozen -) ":
( ) .
I want three dozen eggs.
Dozens of (
") .
( / / ).
Ive told him dozens of times.
*************************** *************************** due
due to to be .
( ).
Our late arrival was due to the heavy traffic.
(Owing to Due to - ) .
(// / ).
Due to /owing to the heavy traffic, we were late.
due to
( ) .
( ).
Accident due to drinking and driving increased over Christmas.

www.ParsBook.org
125

www.ParsBook.org
 126

*************************** *************************** eac

(Each) .
Each .
( ).
Each child has a notebook.
each .
( ).
Each student wrote what he/she liked best.
Each student wrote what they liked best . :
Each .
{ ( / ) }.
We each have a different point of view.
{ ( / ) }.
We each have different point of view.
each one of each of .
( ).
Each of /each one of the houses is slightly different.
*************************** *************************** ear
soil land ,ground , floor, earth , ()
.
earth ,the earth ,to earth ( ) :
( ).
Earth looks very beautiful from space.
( " 263 ).
The earth takes approximately 365 1/4 days to go round the sun.

www.ParsBook.org
 127

( ).
The space Shuttle Atlantis returned safely to earth.
( ).
The moon goes round the earth.
.
Earth () ( Sky) .
( ).
The parachute gently down to earth.
Land ()
.
( ).
The bought some land and built there own house.
Land () Water.
( 11 ).
After 21 days at sea we finally reached land.
(The ground )
.
( " ).
It had been raining and the ground was wet.
The floor .
( ).
He was sitting the floor, watching T.V.
earth Soil ( ) :
( ).
He covered the seeds with earth.
( ).
This soil is very good for growing Rose.

www.ParsBook.org
 128

()
.
*************************** *************************** eld
elder ( older)
eldest (oldest ) .
.
My elder /older brother has just got married.
( / / ).
My eldest /oldest daughter is an engineering student.
( / / )
oldest older .:
( ).
My brother is three years older than me.
:
My brother is three years elder than me.
*************************** *************************** els
else every-no-any-some .
someone else ) ) ( )everything else
) ( no one else ( )every one else
) (anybody else ( )nowhere else
( )
?Did you buy anything else yesterday
( ).
Ask someone else to help you.

*************************** *************************** emi

Immigrant Emigrant ( ) .

www.ParsBook.org
 129

Emigrant .
. :
( ).
The number of emigrants from Indian to Europe increasing.
Immigrant
.
( ).
New York has a large number of immigrants.
emigrant ( ) immigrant ( )
.
*************************** *************************** enj
enjoy . ( ) .
I enjoy this class. ( ).
I enjoy teaching English. ( ).
I enjoy this view. ( ).
enjoy Have a good time
.
( ).
I enjoyed myself at the celebration last night.
I had a good time at the celebration last night.
*************************** *************************** eno
enough ( ) .
Time . ( enough time : )
Cold . cold enough :

*************************** *************************** ent

Enter in into .

www.ParsBook.org
 130

( ) .
( ).
When the teacher entered the classroom, all the students rose.

*************************** *************************** equ

Equals ( ) .
" 2+4=6 .
Two and four equals six
" 10-2=8 .
Two from ten equals eight.
" 20:4 =5 .
Twenty divided four equals five.
" 4 . 4=20 .
Five multiply four equals twenty.
*************************** *************************** esp
(Specially Especially " )
.
( ).
She made the dress especially /specially for the party.
( ).
He wrote the song especially /specially for his daughters.
specially especially .
specially .
(" ).
The swimming pool has been specially designed for children.
(" ).
She had her cloths specially made in Paris.

www.ParsBook.org
 131

*************************** *************************** eve
Every other day ( ) even days ( )
odd days ( ) .
( ( ) ).
He comes to English class every other day.
( ) .
Saturday, Monday and Wednesday are even days.
( ).
Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday are odd days.
*************************** *************************** eve
( Everywhere )( Everything ) ( Every body )
( Everyone ) .
( ).
Everybody has gone home.
.
Everybody have gone home.
" . :
( ) Their - Them- They:
( )
?Dose everybody know what they want
( )
?Has everybody got their tickets
( ).
I hope everybody has brought their passports with them.

*************************** *************************** exa

i.e. e.g.

www.ParsBook.org
 132

. e.g.:
( )for example i.e. :
That is to say. That is.
*************************** *************************** exc
Except apart from ( ). apart from
except for
for .:
( / / ).
Apart from this book, I have ten others at home.
(/ / ).
1/I chose all the shirts except the red one.
2/Except for the red shirt, I chose all of them.
*************************** *************************** eye
( Eyed )
"
. :
( ).
The blue eyed boy is Alis brother.
( )blue eyed ( ) boy .
"
:
One eyed man * absent-minded person
* Long-heeled shoe Cold blooded animal
White haired man *Good-tempered man
Soft headed fellow ( ) * Soft-hearted person

www.ParsBook.org
133

www.ParsBook.org
 134

*************************** *************************** fac

, Plant , Works , Mill , Factory ( )
.
Factory
":
( ).
A car factory a chocolate factory
Plant .
( A chemical plant ).
( A nuclear weapons plant ).
Works ":
(A steel works ) (Mill
" ." (A paper mill : )
*************************** *************************** fai
(Fairly -") (Quite -" )
(rather " ) ( Pretty ")
( ) : (" ) .
( " / ).
The weather was fairly /quite/rather/pretty/ cold.
Rather ." :
(" ).
It feels rather cold with temperatures around 2o C.
*************************** *************************** fat
( Fat - - ) :
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 135

Those this dress makes me look fat.
You are fat .:" Fat
( Large ) .
( )
?Do you see the large lady In the red dress
Plump ( ) .
). (
She is a plump, pleasant faced woman.
************************** *************************** fem
Male Female
. :
( ) a female cat
( ) a female vocalist
( ) a male university student
( ) .
There are ten males in the herd.
Male Female ()
()
Man Woman .
*************************** *************************** fir
(Fire ) .
( ).
Thirty people died in the fired.
Arson ( )
( ).
( ).
They have started a new wave of rioting, theft and arson.

www.ParsBook.org
 136

*************************** *************************** fis
Fishes Fish Fish .
Fish
( ).
The number of fish in the river has decreased.
Fishes .
( ).
He studies mainly the fishes of the Indian Ocean.
*************************** *************************** flo
Floor ( )
. ( )Ground floor ( )
(First floor )
First floor
Second floor .
*************************** *************************** foo
Inch Foot Inch
Feet Foot .
He is six feet tall. ( ).
Inch Foot )Feet ( :
( )
She is five feet/foot three inches tall.
Foot .
She is five foot three inches tall.
*************************** *************************** for
for leave ( ) .
( ).
The prime Minister left Tehran for England last night.
*************************** *************************** for

www.ParsBook.org
 137

A forth 1/0 Forth :
A quarter" :
( ).
The letter is a page and a forth.
" ( : ).
The letter is a page and a quarter.

www.ParsBook.org
138

www.ParsBook.org
 139

*************************** *************************** gay

Gay ( ) . Gay
. Gayness .
( )
(gaiety
) .
( ) .
The gaiety of the wedding ceremony.
*************************** *************************** get
Approach-reach get () . get
to reach
approach to .:
( )
?When did you get to the station
( )
?What time did you reach the town
( ).
When you approach some crossroad, you should drive slowly.
****************************************************** go-
go ( ) bell
( ) . :
( ).
The bell hasnt gone yet.
( ).
The bell went on time yesterday.

www.ParsBook.org
 140

*************************** *************************** goo
Well Good ( ) .
Good Well . :
Our teacher is good.
He teaches well. :
He teaches very good. :
good well .
*************************** *************************** gra
Thankful Grateful ( )
.
grateful to :
( (.
I am extremely grateful to you.
Grateful for
thankful for :
{ ( . ) }.
I am grateful for/thankful for your help.
grateful tofor
( ...... ) :
( ).
I am grateful to him for repairing my car.
*************************** *************************** gre
Big, Large, Great () .
Large Big.
( ). Big
.
( / / ).

www.ParsBook.org
 141

Her husband is a big man.
( : / / ).
A large family needs a large house.
Great " ( .
) .
( ).
You are making a great mistake.

www.ParsBook.org
142

www.ParsBook.org
 143

****************************************************** had
( Had better: - ) "
d better :
) + had better+(to=
( / /" Wed better leave here at once. ).
) + had better+not +(to=
( / / Youd better not go with him. ).
) ( + had better+have +=
( / / Youd better have hurried. ).
) ( + had better+ not +have +=
( / / Youd better not have helped him. ).
*************************** *************************** hai
Hair ( ) :
( )
She has three white hairs.
Hair .
( ).
She has a long hair.
hair (wear) . .
( ) ( ).
She wears her hair long. = She has long hair.
*************************** *************************** har
Hard .
( ) Its raining hard . :

www.ParsBook.org
 144

( ) She has been working hard.
( ) This stone is hard. :
( Hardly - ) ( Hard )
. " :
( ).
Its raining hardly.
( : ).
She has been working hardly.
hard hardly .
( ).
He can hardly speak English.
{( ) = ( )}
I hardly know him.
*************************** *************************** har
harmful ( ) ( useful )
to (( for .
( ).
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.
( ).
This book is very useful to us.

******************************************************hav
(Have ) .
have have got . :
( ).
I/ have/have got/ one son and two daughters.
.

www.ParsBook.org
 145

have got
.
have have
.
?Have you any sister ( )
( : ).
I have not any sister.
Do
. .
?Do you have any sister
I dont have any sister.
*************************** *************************** her
( here) .
. :
Here comes my husband. ( ).
Here comes the bus. ( ).
. :
Here it comes. ( ).
( Here we are. ).
*************************** *************************** hid
Hide ( ) . hid
Hidden . :
( ).
He hid himself from us.
****************************************************** hig
High . :
( )

www.ParsBook.org
 146

?Which is the highest mountain in the world
High ." :
( ).
The room has high ceiling.
Tall" . :
( ).
She is a tall girl.
tall .
( ).
Tall trees have surrounded the house.
High Tall .
.
( / ).
The building is/higher /taller/than the other one.
*************************** *************************** hir
Hire ( ) .
( ).
Lets hire a car for the weekend.
Rent .
( )
?Is that your own Fax or do you rent it
Rent .
( )
Lets rent a car for the weekend.
*************************** *************************** hit
( Strike, Beat, Hit , )
Hit . .

www.ParsBook.org
 147

( ).
I felt like hitting him.
Hit .
( ).
The children shouldnt hit the dog.
( ) .
He hit his brother on the head.
Strike Hit .
( ).
He admitted striking the man with an Iron bar.
Beat ( ) .
( / ).
In those days children were often beaten at school.
************************** *************************** hom
there here home
to . :
( 8 ).
He went home at 8 oclock, last night.
( ).
They arrived here in time.
( 14 ).
I got there before 10 oclock.
************************** *************************** hop
Wish Hope (; )Clause " .
( ) .
I hope; I can go with them.
Wish :

www.ParsBook.org
 148

I wish; I could go with them.
( : ) . Hope
( ) Wish ( ) .
************************** *************************** how
How ( ) .
How long ) (
How often ) (
How many ) (
How fast ) (
How far ) (
************************** *************************** hum
( )

." Man ,Mankind ( ) ( )
.
( ).
This book is about the evaluation of man.
Man :
Humanity ,the human race, human beings, People
:
( %24 ) .
30% of humanity lives in conditions of terrible poverty.
Man
SpokesmanChairman ,Policeman : .
Man
." :
Police Officer, Chair Person, Spokes Person Chair

www.ParsBook.org
 149

He .
( ).
If student is ill, he must send his medical certificate to the college office.
:
He( or) She ,He/she , )He(s .
If student is ill (He or She)/ (He(s)/ must send (His or Her) - certificate medical to the college office.

www.ParsBook.org
150

www.ParsBook.org
 151

****************************************************** if-
Yes /No. ( If-)
( Whether-- ) . :
( ).
She asked/ if/whether/ I wanted a cup of tea.
( (.
He didnt know/ if/whether/ we should write or phone.
To "
Whether .
( )
Im not sure whether to buy the car or not.
. .
( ).
Im not sure if to buy the car or not.
*************************** *************************** ill
Disease, Ailment, Condition, Illness ()
. .
Illness .
( ).
She died unexpectedly after a short illness.
Disease .":
( ).
Measles is one of the major childhood diseases.
Disease . :

www.ParsBook.org
 152

A kidney diseases Heart disease ( Ailment
) .:
( / : " // /) .
Common winter ailment such as: cold, coughs and sore throats can usually be treated with home remedies.

( ).
The old woman talked of nothing but her ailment.
Condition
" .
( ).
Asthma can be a very frightening condition, especially in a child.
****************************************************** in-
In ( )....... .
{ (. )} .
That sergeant is in green, suit.
( ).
The girl, who is in blue, is my daughter.
*************************** *************************** int
Interesting Interested .
.
Interested .
( ) .
Im not very interested in Politics tired to tell him about it, but he just want interested.

( // / ).
Ill be interested to see what happens.
Interesting
.
( ).
She is quite an interesting woman.
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 153

I found his talk very interesting.
( ).
Its interesting to hear all your news.
( : ).
I am interesting in his story.
( : ).
I am interested in his story.
*************************** *************************** inv
( ) In( ) Less" .
( - = )Indefinite ( = )meaningless
. Invaluable .
( )
( ) .
( ).
Your advice has been invaluable to us.
Valuable ( ) Less .
( Valueless ) . :
( " ).
Such attitudes are really valueless.
****************************************************** it-
ItsIt .
( ).
He threw the baby high in the air and it stopped crying.
( ).
The baby was sucking its thumb.

www.ParsBook.org
154

www.ParsBook.org
 155

*************************** *************************** jur

( Jury ) .
( ).
The jury/ has/have/ been unable to return a verdict.
*************************** *************************** jus
( Yet - ) Already ( : )
) Just ) .
( )
?Did you eat yet
( ).
I already saw him.
( ).
The bell just rang.
.
.
( )
?Have you eaten yet
( ).
I have already seen him.
( ).
The bell has just ringed.

www.ParsBook.org
156

www.ParsBook.org
 157

*************************** *************************** kee

keep ( ) On
On . .
( " ).
After a few second he (kept on /kept) talking again.
keep .
(" ).
Please keep that child quiet; I want to study my lessons

( ).
They will keep the school closed; for three month.

*************************** *************************** kil

Murder Kill ( ) .
" Kill . ()
( ) .
( ) .
The car hit the man and killed him.
( ).
He killed his enemy with a knife.
Murder ( ).
( / ).
The thief murdered the old woman for her money.
*************************** *************************** kin
( Sort of Kind of ) .

www.ParsBook.org
 158

( ).
?What/ kind of /sort of/ tree is that
sorts of Kinds of
.
( ).
There are different /kinds of/sorts of /snake in south America.
.
( ).
I saw all/ kinds of /sorts of/ snakes in south America.
.
( ).
Snakes of many/ kinds of /sorts of/ are found in south America.
************************** *************************** kno
(Know ) . Know
How To .
( ).
I know how to swim.
( ).
She knows how to cook.
How .
.
I know to swim.
She knows to cook.

www.ParsBook.org
159

www.ParsBook.org
 160

*************************** *************************** lan

The "
language .
In English = in the English language. ( )
In French = in the French language . ( )
*************************** *************************** lat
Latest ,Last ,Latter . Latest
Last ( ) .
Latest ( ) . :
( / / / )
?Have you read her latest novel
Last ( ) .
( ).
This is the last novel she wrote before she died.
The latter ( )
.
( ) .
If I had the choice of traveling by ship or plane, I would choose the latter.
*************************** *************************** lay
Lie Lay .
Lay ( )
Laid.
( ).
I laid the papers on the table.
( ).
Several proposals have been laid before the committee.

www.ParsBook.org
 161

( ) ing Laying .
( ).
She was laying her dress on the bed.
Lie ( ) . Lay
Lain .
( ).
After I had lain for an hour my headache went.
( ).
He lay on bed and went to sleep.
( )
:
I lay down and closed my eyes.

I laid down and closed my eyes.
*************************** *************************** les
Fewer Less () Fewer .
( )countable . :
( ).
There are fewer cars parked outside than yesterday.
Less ( )uncountable . :
( ).
I received less money than the others did.
Less .
Fewer .
( )
There have been less accidents on this road since the speed limit was reduced.
*************************** *************************** lie

www.ParsBook.org
 162

(To lie ) (To lie ) To lay
( ) .
To Lie Lied Lied
To Lie Lay Lain
To Lay Laid Laid - -
( ) .
Dont lie to me.
(" ).
Please lay the table, Im very hungry.
( ).
The hen laid two eggs this morning.
( ).
The carpet is lying on the floor.
( ).
Iran lies between the former Soviet Union and the Persian Gulf.
*************************** *************************** lig
( Light- ) " Lit .
( ).
He lit a candle.
( ).
He has lit a match.

Lighted .
( / ).
Someone dropped a light match on the floor.
( )
A young boy was holding a lighted chandelle.

www.ParsBook.org
 163

A lit match --- A lit candle .

*************************** *************************** loo

To ( Look forward to )
. ing . :
( ).
We are looking forward to hearing from you.
( ).
I am looking forward to seeing you.
:
We are looking forward to hear from you.
I am looking forward to see you.
*************************** *************************** loo
tighten-tight-loosen-loose . loose ( )
( -) loosen ( ) .
( ) .
One of your bottoms is loose.
(" ).
Loosen the screw please.
tight ( ) ) Tighten (ed
( ) .
( ).
I cant get the cork out of the bottle, because its too tight.
(" // /).
Please tighten the ropes of the tent.
*************************** *************************** lov
Love .

www.ParsBook.org
 164

.
Children are loving to play.
He is loves his wife.
.
Children love to play.
He loves his wife.
*************************** *************************** lug
Baggage Luggage ( )
. .
. :
( / / / ).
I have three/baggages / luggages/.
( : / / / ).
I have three pieces of/ baggage / luggage/.

www.ParsBook.org
165

www.ParsBook.org
 166

************************** *************************** mac

Machinery ( ) . ( )
Machinery (. ).
( ).
The Factory has imported new machinery.
Piece .
( ).
This is a very useful piece of machinery.
************************** *************************** man
many ( ) ()
:
(- -(few- ((several-
( - ( a few ( (a large number of -
an a much many
no not .
no not
.
( ).
Not many flowers are left.
( ) .
Not much money he has spent.
( ) .
Not a person voted for him.
( ) .
Not an umbrella was his hand.

www.ParsBook.org
 167

************************** *************************** mar

)Marry ) . :
( ).
He married a friend of his sisters.
( : ).
He married with a friend of his sisters.
Marry ( )
to with .
to () . :
( ) .
I married her last year.
( ).
His sister is married to a teacher.
be/get/ married to someone . :
( ).
He is getting married Anita next week.
( : )
?How long have you been married to Anita
(: ).
I have been married to her, for six years.
(: ).
She is married, for six years and now she has two daughters.
************************** *************************** mea
( ) measurement
. :

www.ParsBook.org
 168

( ).
That girl is six years old.
( ).
She is a six-year-old girl.
(" ).
Please give me a ten-dollar note.
( ) A three bed room.
( ) Two three bed rooms.
************************** *************************** med
Media Medium . The
( - ) " .
( ).
The media are very influential.
. Media
.
( ).
The media is /are /to blame for starting rumors.
************************* *************************** mem
Memory ( ) "( ) .
( ) .
He lost his memory in an accident.
( " ).
No one knows exactly which parts of brain are responsible for memory.
Memory ( ) " ( ) .
( ).
He has happy memories of her childhood.
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 169

This song brings back the sad memories of the war.

************************** *************************** mig

May Might ( ) .
Might May .
( ).
Who knows, England might win the world cup.
( ).
I may be late, so start without me.
May Might
.
( ).
We/ may / might/ go away for the weekend if the whether is nice.
************************** *************************** muc
Many Much ( ) .
Much . .:
)( Much sugar
) ( much time
) ( Much money
) ( Much water
( ).
This plant dose not need much water.
many .
( ).
There were many children in the corridor.
.
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 170

Not much bread is left.
( ).
Not many chairs were in the classroom.
************************** *************************** mus
have to must
( ) .
( ).
I must wash the car today.
( ).
You have to do what policeman says.
must
had to will have to .
( ).
I had to wait half an hour for a bus.
( )
Well have to borrow the money we need.

www.ParsBook.org
171

www.ParsBook.org
 172

************************** *************************** nam

First Name ( )
.
First Name .Christian Name
First Name Forename
( ) . ( ) Surname Family name Last name
. Miss., Ms. Mrs., Mr.,
." John Green
Mr. Green Mr. John Green Mr. John
First Name
( ) Middle Name . Full Name
( ) . John Fitzgerald Kennedy
: John Fitzgerald Kennedy .
*************************** *************************** nea
Close Near () . By
.
By Close .
( ) .
We live near the sea .
( // / ).
We live by the sea.
( / / / ) .
We live close the sea.
************************** **************************** nee
need :

www.ParsBook.org
 173

She needs to know.
She doesnt need to know.
?Dose she need to know
.
She need know.
She need not know.
?Need she know
.
*************************** *************************** nei
(Neither - - ) (Either )
.
( / ) .
Neither candidate is suitable for the job.
( : / / / ).
Either candidate is suitable for the job.
Neither of , Either of , None of , Any of , :
.
.
( ).
Neither of my friends/ has/have/ a car.
( )
?Dose /Do/ either of you like strawberries
( ).
None of the girls/ speak/speaks /a foreign language.
( ).
?Dose/ Do/ any of the children play a musical instrument
( )Neither ..nor .
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 174

Neither the Television nor the Video works/work properly.

************************** *************************** new

news ( ) .
The news are interesting. .
The news is interesting. .
*************************** *************************** nig
At night - By night - In the night - During the night
On a ..night :
At night /1 "
( ) .
( / / ).
Bats and Owls only come out at night.
By the night/1 at night " ( )
.
( / ).
I dont like driving by night.
In the night /2"
( ) .
( / ).
The baby woke up three times in the night.
During the night/4 In the night .
( ).
It was raining hard during the night.
On a night /4 .
( ).
On a night in May.

www.ParsBook.org
 175

( ).
On a cold winters night.
************************ *************************** num
The number of A number of
.
( ).
The number of books missing from the library is large.
( ).
A number of books are stolen from the library.

www.ParsBook.org
176

www.ParsBook.org
 177

****************************************************** of-
( )
" Of " ( )
(. ( )The cover of the book )The end of film
( ( )The first of June )The door of the room
( ) ( )` S (` ) S
" ( ) .
( () The students` grade ) Women`s rights
( . ) My daughter`s car
( ) S`( )` S ) Three weeks`vacation (.
( ) A day`s work() A month`s unlimited train travel around Europe
( ) `S
) China`s Recent History ( ) Chicgo`s Skyscrapers(.
*************************** *************************** onc
Once ( )

( ).
I met her once in Venezuela.
Sometimes Once day
.
( / )
Once day, Ill get my revenge.
( )
Come up and see me sometimes.
Once ( ) .

www.ParsBook.org
 178

(" )
Please pay attention; Im going say this subject only once.
*************************** *************************** one
One ()
() .
( ).
One can do what one like here.
You One
You can do what you like here. :
One .
" ( : " ).
The reason is basically an economic reason.
( : " ).
The reason is basically an economic one.
Ones .
( " ).
He buys German cars rather than British ones.
*************************** *************************** oug
should ,Ought to () :
) +ought to +(to =
= I ought go. .
= I should go. .
= I ought to go there tonight. .
= I should see him tomorrow. . .
) ( +ought to +have =
= I ought to have gone. .
= I should have gone. .

www.ParsBook.org
 179

=You ought to have come here yesterday.

(. )
= They should have finished this book last year.
(. ).

www.ParsBook.org
180

www.ParsBook.org
 181

*************************** *************************** pai

Pair "
.
(: )....... .:
( ( )A pair of Scissor )A pair of binoculars
( () A pair of pants ) Two pairs of Scissors
( () A pair of Glasses . ) A pair of trousers
Pair ( ) .
( ()Two pairs of Socks )A pair of earring
( . )A pair of shoes A pair
.:
( ).
There is a pair of glasses on the table.
( ).
Those trousers are black.
( () ).
A pair of binoculars is a good instrument for an engineer.
( )
?Where are my binoculars
( )
?Whose scissors are these
Couple ( ) .
( )
I have found a couple of socks, but they are not a pair.
( )

www.ParsBook.org
 182

?Can you lend me a couple of dollars
Couple Pair ( ) .
Couple .
( ).
The couple has no children.
( ).
The/ pair/couple/ admitted that their marriage was going through a difficult time.
*************************** *************************** pay
Pay () .
( ).
I paid my bill.
( )
?Will they pay my traveling expenses
Pay For . ) Pay for) .
( ) .:
( 144 ).
He paid $200 for the repairs
Pay By )) Pay by
( - ) .
( ).
I paid the rent by cheque.
( )
?Can I pay the cost by credit card
*************************** *************************** per
Person ( ) " People
. .
( -1 ).
Only one person has lost his home.

www.ParsBook.org
 183

( -1 ).
Thousands of people have lost their home.
Person ( )Persons
.
( 18 ).
Persons under the age of 18 are not admitted.
( 8 ).
The elevator may only carry 8 persons.
People" .
( ).
People think you have gone mad.
People ( )Peoples ( ) .
( / / ).
The English speaking peoples of the world.
(/ / ).
The native peoples of central America.
*************************** *************************** pla
Where Position, Location, Spot, Place ( )
Place . .
( / ).
Alaska is one of the coldest places in the world.
Position .
( ).
These mirrors show the position of everything in the room.
Location .
( ).
The company has found a new location for its office.

www.ParsBook.org
 184

Spot .
( ).
This part of the beach is my favorite spot.
:
Where - anywhere - somewhere - someplace .
( ).
1/Ill show you where I was born.
( ).
2/She looked anywhere, but still couldnt find the letter.
( / / ).
?3/Can we put the TV. Somewhere else
( ).
4/Someplace have good honey.
************************** *************************** pou
spill Pour () Pour.
spill . :
( ).
Armita carefully poured the tea into the cup.
( ).
She carefully spilled the milk on the carpet.
*************************** *************************** pre
Pretty .
( " ).
Youd better wear a coat; its pretty cold out.
. a an :
( " ).
Its a/ fairly /rather /pretty/ long road.

www.ParsBook.org
 185

a an
Quite :
Its quite a long road.
*************************** *************************** pre
(Presently ) . Presently" .
( ).
Youll feel better presently.
( ).
Youll meet her presently.
( Presently" ) .
Presently To be .
( ).
The Island is presently uninhabited.
( " )
She is presently developing many projects.
( 14444 ).
) The train service presently carries 20000pasenger daily.
*************************** *************************** pri
Price () . cost (
) cost .
( ).
The price is increasing day after day.
( ).
He built the house without regard to cost.
{ ( . }).
It cost too much.
( )

www.ParsBook.org
 186

?How much does this car cost

*************************** *************************** pri

Minister Priest () .
Priest Minister .
The clergy (
) .
"() .
( ).
He was rumored to be an enemy of the English clergy.
*************************** *************************** pro

Professor . ( ) . Professor
.
( / / / ).
Professor Anita is in charge of the department here.
. Lecture
Senior Lecture Full lecture
Reader Professor .
( Assistant Professor )
Associate Professor : Full Professor.

www.ParsBook.org
187

www.ParsBook.org
 188

*************************** *************************** que

Question ( ) ( )uncountable .
( / / ).
There is some question about his honesty.
( / / ).
Her sincerity is beyond question.
*************************** *************************** qui
( Quick - - - ).......-
. Quick :
Low- high-near- long- hard- late- early- fast
( )a quick walk
( )She has a quick mind
( )A quick worker
( )The quick and the dead
( ).
Planes are quicker than busses.
*************************** *************************** qui
Quite . (") ("
") .
.
.
( " ) .
1/His work is quite good, but it can be better.
( " ) .
2/Its quite impossible to finish this difficult work in one day.

www.ParsBook.org
 189

( : " ).
The film was quite good.
quite (" " )
Really .
The film was really good.

www.ParsBook.org
190

www.ParsBook.org
 191

****************************************************** rai
Rain ( ) It.
( ).
It was raining hard, and she hadnt umbrella.
( ).
It rained the whole weekend.
*************************** *************************** rar
( Rarely "(
.
( / /" / ).
Rarely has the president looked so ill at ease.
( ).
Rarely dose he publicly disagree with his father.
*************************** *************************** rat
Rather than ( ) "
.
instead of ( )
instead ( ) "
.
( ).
I will do it myself rather than ask him to do it.
( ).
Instead of watching television do your homework.
( ).
The water here is not good, so we are drinking mineral water instead.
*************************** *************************** rea

www.ParsBook.org
 192

Read .
." .
( " ).
Their teacher usually reads them a story.
.
( " ).
Their teacher usually reads a story to them.
.
( ).
1/ I can lend you the money.
( ).
2/ I can lend the money to you.
*************************** *************************** rea
( Really" " - )
( ) .
( ).
He is a really nice man.
( ).
I know her really well.
Real .
(" ).
Thats real nice car.
Really " (") .
( " ) .
She pretends she is very smart, but really she is stupid.
Really" .
To be .

www.ParsBook.org
 193

( " ).
1/ It is really cold in here.
( " ).
2/ She doesnt really know what to do.
*************************** *************************** rec
- Not long ago - lately -Recently
H (" )
.
Recently
.
( ).
1/Until recently they were living in London.
(" )
?2/Have you seen him recently
(" ).
3/She hasnt been feeling well recently.
Not long ago .
( ).
They moved house not long ago.
( ).
Not long ago we went to Amsterdam.
Lately .
( ).
?1/Have you talked to her lately
( ).
2/Dads health hasnt been too good lately.
Recently Not long ago

www.ParsBook.org
 194

Lately .

************************** *************************** rem

Remember ( )
Remind ( )
. .
( ).
I remember seeing you somewhere before.

( ) .
I reminded him to telephone his father.

: remember ( ) .
( ).
Remember me to your father.
************************** *************************** rem
remind of .
( ).
Let me remind you of your duty.
( ).
He reminds me of his brother.
*************************** *************************** res
The reset ( ) . The rest
. :
( )
?1/wher is the rest of the milk
( ).
2/we only use three rooms; the rest of house is empty.

www.ParsBook.org
 195

The rest
.
( ).
1/Here are the rest of the children.
( )
?2/ where are the rest of the books
( ) The rest
" The remains of .
( ).
We visited the remains of an ancient Mosque.
*************************** *************************** ris
: arise raise - rise
Rise -
. rose risen .
( ).
The sun rises in the East.
( ).
He rose to welcome me.
( ).
The river has risen ten inches, because of the rain.
Raise .
Raised .
( ).
If you dont know the answer raises your hands.
arise ( ) .
arose arisen .
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 196

A new difficulty has arisen.

*************************** *************************** roa

Road ( ) "
.
( ).
This is a road map of Iran.
Highway . ( )
Road .
( /// ).
The police arrested him for obstructing the highway.
( ) .
( 42 48 ) .
My car gets 53 mils per gallon in the city and 58 miles on the highway.
Expressway ()
.
Freeway ( )
" .
Expressway-Freeway -High way Motorway .
*************************** *************************** rob
Burgle -Steal- Take- Rob ( )
.
Rob .
Rob .
( ).
1/The gang tried to rob the bank using a shotgun.
( ).
2/Police said he had robbed woman just hours earlier.

www.ParsBook.org
 197

Rob Of . :
( ).
He was robbed all his money and clothes.
Steal
. .
( ).
Someone stole his passport while he was asleep.
( ).
My bike has been stolen.
Take Steal .
( ).
Someone has taken my wallet.
...
Burgle Burglarize . Burgle
" . :
( ).
Two teenagers/ burgled/burglarized/ the office.
burgle .
( ) .
They have been/ burgled/ burglarized/ three times in year.
*************************** *************************** roo
Space Room ) )uncountable ()
.
( )
?1/Is there any/ room /space/ for me to sit down here
( )
?2/Is there /room /space/ for more books on this shelf

www.ParsBook.org
 198

( ).
3/There is not enough/ room /space/ to move in here.
A space A place ( )
.
( . : - )
1/I need a place to work = (an office, a study, or desk).
( . : )
2/I need a space to work = (a part of room, or table, etc).
Place Space .
( )A public place
( )A parking space
( Somewhere )Anywhere :
( !)
!I cant find anywhere to park
) ).
Hes looking for somewhere to park.
Place ( )Places ( ) .
( )
We visited a lot of places.
( ) Public places.
*************************** *************************** rou
(Around Round )
Around .
. Round" .
( ).
1/The earth goes/ round /around/ the sun.
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 199

2/ They live/ round / around/ the corner.

). (
3/We traveled /round /around/ India.

www.ParsBook.org
200

www.ParsBook.org
 201

************************** *************************** sam

(Same- ) -" the , that ,those .
( ).
Ill never make the same mistake again.
( ).
That very same day, Anita phoned him.
( ) .
It is those same people who voted for the Democrats.
Same the .
{"( )" "( )" !}
{}) I think the game was really good( ) same here( .
{"( )" "(" )"}
{}What would you like? same again please
*************************** *************************** say
Tell Say () . .
Say .
To .
( ).
1/She didnt even say goodbye.
( ).
2/She didnt even say goodbye to us.
( ).
1/Id like to say a few words before I leave.
( ).
2/Id like to say a few words to him before I leave.

www.ParsBook.org
 202

( ": " )
?1/Anita said to them What do you need
( ": ").
2/She once said to me That she hated her job.
Tell" .
( ": ").
1/Armita told me that she was tired.
( ": ").
2/Arash told the children to go to bed.
Tell .
( ).
1/Armita told her parents the truth.
( ).
2/Armita told them the story.
.
1/Armita told a story to them.
2/She told the truth to her parents.
*************************** *************************** sho
,beach bank, coast, Shore, ( ) .
.
Shore .
( ) We swam from the boat to the shore .

Coast .
( ).
Genoa is on Italys Mediterranean coast.
Bank .

www.ParsBook.org
 203

( ).
They live on the west bank of the Thymes.
Beach
.
( ).
It was a hot day, and the beach was very crowded.
************************** *************************** sic
To be sick ( ) .
( ).
She was sick in the washbasin.
( ).
The cat has been sick on the carpet.
To feel sick ( ) .
( ).
The sight of accident makes him feel sick.
Throw up ( )
.
( / ).
The babe threw up all its clothes.
Vomit (
) .
( ).
The patient vomited up all he had eaten.
( ).
Symptoms of food poisoning may include diarrhea and vomiting.
*************************** *************************** sle
sleep . asleep .

www.ParsBook.org
 204

He is still asleep. .
(Asleep) :
The asleep cat. :
The sleeping cat. : The cat is asleep. :
************************** *************************** som
Somehow ( ) .
( ( ) ).
We must find money for the rent somehow.
************************** *************************** som
Some what ( )
.
He answered somewhat hastily ( ) .
{ ( }).
He was somewhat disappointed. = He was to some extent disappointed.
************************** *************************** som
Sometimes ( ) sometime
( ) .
( ).
He sometimes makes a lot of mistake.
( ).
I will speak to him about it sometime.
*************************** *************************** ste
Steal ( ) Rob (
) .
( ) .
They robbed the bank.
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 205

The thief stole their money from their house.
( Steal someones heart.).
*************************** *************************** sto
( Stop ) To
ing . .
" ing Stop .
( ).
He is trying to stop smoking.
( ).
Stop telling me what to do.
To .
( ).
I stopped to mail the letter.
( ).
He stopped to rest.

www.ParsBook.org
206

www.ParsBook.org
 207

*************************** *************************** tak

Last- Take ( ) . .
Take
.
( ).
It took me for hours to write this article.
( ).
It takes a long time to get home in the evening.
Last
.
( " / " ).
The movie lasted nearly three hours.
( / ).
The strike did not last very long.
*************************** *************************** tea
Teach ( ) .
( ).
Arash teaches history at a secondary school.
Teach How to .
( ).
Arash thought me how to swim.
( ).
Farhad thought me how to drive.
Teach Lecture
.

www.ParsBook.org
 208

( ).
Farhad lecture in psychology.
( Train ) .:
( ).
The staff needs more training in how to use computer.
( ).
The dog is training to guard the house.
Train ( ) .
( ).
Top athletes train for several hours a day.
*************************** *************************** tel
Phone Telephone to .
( ) .
( ).
I will telephone you tomorrow.
I will phone you tomorrow.
*************************** *************************** tel
Television TV. ( )
On :
( () ).
?Is there anything interesting on television /TV/ tonight
( ).
Toy manufacturers have begun promoting some of their products on TV.
On the radio :
( ).
I heard the news on the radio last night.
television In .
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 209

Armita works in Television.

*************************** *************************** tel

Say Tell .
Say . :
{ ": (". )}
He said to me, I am happy.
{ : (. )}
He said that he was happy.
say to ( .
) tell .
( ": ").
I said to him, I will phone you tomorrow night.
( / / ).
I have something to tell you.
tell say .
( ) To say good night
( ) To say hello=to greet
( )To say good by
)To say something
( ) To say nothing
) ) To tell a lie
) ( To tell the truth
To tell a story ) (
) ( To tell something to someone
) ( He told the news to everyone
To tell the time ) (

www.ParsBook.org
 210

( : )
?Can you tell me what time it is
*************************** *************************** thi
( ) .
Thin . .
( ).
John is a thin boy with black hair
Thin ( ) .
( (.
Mother looks thin and tired after her long illness.
( ) Slim Slender .
( / / ).
Anita has a beautiful slim figure.
( ) .
I wish I were as slim as you.
Bony .:
( / ).
He was and old man with a bony face and white hair.
( Skinny) .
( / / ).
He was a skinny little boy.
*************************** *************************** thi
expect be friend hope suppose think no
not Not . .
( !) =
!Dont think too much about money
( !) =

www.ParsBook.org
 211

!I think not

( ) =
?Can I eat this medicine
( / !) =
!I suppose not
( ) =
?Will it rain this afternoon in Tehran
( !) =
!I hop not
( ) =
?Can you come next week
( / / / = ).
I am afraid not.
( 8 ) =
?Can you wait till 8 oclock
( = ) .
I expect not.
*************************** *************************** thi
that this those these
.
) ( = This box .
) ( = These boxes.
) ( = that man.
) ( = Those men.

*************************** *************************** tim

time " at ,in ,on

www.ParsBook.org
 212

. at .
( " 9 ).
I usually start my work at nine oclock.
morning ,afternoon , evening
in .
( ).
I work best in the morning.
( 2 ).
They arrived at three oclock in the afternoon.
( " ).
We usually go out in the evening.
on
.
( ).
Ill ring you on Monday.
on .
( ).
I am seeing her Sunday morning.
.
( / / / ).
The shop is closed on Fridays.
*************************** *************************** tir
Tired () To be .
( ).
She cant come tonight; shes tired.
Tired () .
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 213

It is said that cucumber is good for soothing tired eyes.
Tired of .
( ).
She is tired of listening to your criticisms.
Sick and tired of tired of .
( = ).
Im sick and tired of politicians lies.
*************************** *************************** tra
( Interpret Translate ( ) .
Interpret
Translate .
( ).
She didnt speak English, so her husband came with her to interpret her words for us.

Translate () ( ) .
( ) .
Sara doesnt speak German, so Ill have to translate.
Translate ( ) ( ) From
Into .
( ).
We translated the text from Italian into English.

From .
( ).
I have translate this article into France
*************************** *************************** tra
" . .
( = ).
}) {Advanced students= (students who have advanced to high level

www.ParsBook.org
 214

( = ).

{) } A fallen leaf = ( a leaf that has fallen

Traveled
Much - traveled .
{ =( . }).
He is a much traveled man.
*************************** *************************** try
Try To - ing .
( ( ) ) .
I tried to change /changing/ the wheel, but I couldnt.
Try and .
( ).
Try and eat something; youll feel better.
( ).
Ill tray and phone you tomorrow morning.
Try .
Tries, Tried .
I tried ate something. .
I tried to eat something. :
*************************** *************************** twi
Twice () "
Twice asas .
( ).
The figure of seventy-million ponds is twice as big as we expected.

www.ParsBook.org
 215

( " ).
There are twice as many houses in this area as there used to be.
( -.......... ) .:
( ).

The project took three times as long as I had anticipated.

( ).
You are not half as clever as you think you are.

www.ParsBook.org
216

www.ParsBook.org
 217

************************** *************************** und

beneath- under- underneath ( )
.
.
Under .
( ).
I pushed the letter under the door.
( ).
I found it under the table.
( ).
The police all wear bullet proof vest under their shirts.
under underneath .
( ).
I wonder what is underneath that cover.
( ).
Many creatures make their nests underneath the earth.
underneath under .:
( ).
She is still under 18.
Beneath under
.
( ).
She found pleasure in sitting beneath the trees.
*************************** *************************** uni
The University .

www.ParsBook.org
 218

university The .
( ).
Tehran University is the oldest university in Iran.
University The .
The university of Tehran is the oldest university in Iran.
university
The .
( ).
.He goes to university
at
.
( ).
She is studying medicine at Tehran University.
From
.
( ).
She graduated in engineering from Tehran University.
at university" at the university :
( ).
She was unhappy at university.
She was unhappy at the university.
.
*************************** *************************** unt
Till Until () .
Till .
( ).
Ill wait until/till hear from you.

www.ParsBook.org
 219

( / ).
Dont start until / till I arrive.
until /till To .
To From .
I usually work from nine to twelve.
I usually work from nine until/till twelve.
until ( ) .
( ) .
You drive until Liverpool and then Ill take car.
( ).
Stay on the train until Birmingham, and then change for Peterborough.
until /till ( )
.
:
( ).
We walked until/till the edge of the forest.
( : / ).
We walked as far as edge of the forest.
*************************** *************************** use
used to be used to get used to - .
Be used to ( ) .
( ).
The people of this island are used to tourists.
( " ).
I am not used to catching bus; I usually drive everywhere by car.
( ).
He wasnt used to people disagreeing with him.

www.ParsBook.org
 220

get used to ( ) . :
( ).
I do not think I could ever get used to living a big city.
( ).
The work of Assaloueh seemed very hard first, but I get used to it after a while.
Used to
. " .
( " ).
I used to smoke, but I gave it up five years ago.
( ).
When I was, a kid there used to be a school over here.
would used to . :
( ).
When we were children, we would /used to go skiing.

www.ParsBook.org
221

www.ParsBook.org
 222

*************************** *************************** val

value ( ) .
( " ).
The property is going up in value all the time.
{ (. }).
He valued the house at five hundred million rials.
worth ( ) .
).
This film is not worth seeing.
*************************** *************************** ver
Very .
( ) .
( ).
He is very interested in music.
( ).
We enjoyed staying with you very much.
( ).
I am very hungry.
very
( )......... .
( ).
He is very man who can do the job.
( ).
This is the very book I want.
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 223

At that very moment the phone rang.
). (
Before our very eyes he took it.
*************************** vit ***************************
) ........... ( Vital
.
. Vital
). (
The kidney plays a vital role in the removal of waste products from the blood.
. For To Vital
). (
Such measures are vital to national security.
). (
Regular exercise is vital for your health.
. That Vital
). (
It is vital that the teacher could get on well with her students.
. Be of vital importance
). (
His presence was of vital importance.
). (
The industry is of vital importance to the nation economy.
). (
It is of vital importance to get medical supplies to the area as soon as possible.
*************************** voi ***************************
Voice . . ( ) Sound voice
.
). (

www.ParsBook.org
 224

He recognizes her voice instantly.
). / (
She has a good singing voice.
). (
She has a sweet voice.
). (
You could tell from her voice that she wasnt pleased.
.) In a .voice( Voice
)." " : (
I dont know what you mean said Anita in a quiet voice.
). (
. Stop talking to me in such a loud voice.
. Sound
). (
We could hear the sound of bell in the distance.

www.ParsBook.org
225

www.ParsBook.org
 226

************************** *************************** wea

Wear ( -
) .
( ).
She was wearing a blue dress.
( ).
I have been wearing glasses for ten years.
( ).
She wore a gold ring.
wear Have .on . .
( ).
She had a pair of pretty earrings on.
( ).
He has a tie on today.
( ).
He ran outside without having any shoes on.
************************** *************************** whe
Wheel ( ) The .
(" ).
Keep your hands the wheel, please.
( ) At the wheel Behind the wheel
.
{( ).
}).
I never feel safe with Farhad at/behind the wheel.

www.ParsBook.org
 227

( = )
?Who was at the wheel when the accident happened
Take the wheel ( ) .
( = )
?Do you like to take the wheel for one or two hours
*************************** *************************** whi
While ( )
. :
{ " ( )"}.
When you did hear the news? While dinner .
.
While in London, he studied music.
************************** *************************** who
Whom .
( ) .
( )
?Whom did he invite to the party
Who . whom
?Who did he invite to the party
Whom .
( )
?To whom should I address the letter
.
?Who should I address the letter to
To .
Whom" Who That .
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 228

The family (whom/who/that) we stayed with were very kind.

Whom ) That ( Who
.
( ).
The doctor, whom/who we liked very much, retired last week.
*************************** *************************** wid
Broad Wide () . "
Wide . .
( ).
He was wearing a hat with a wide.
Wide .
( ).
There are wide differences between the two parties.
Broad .
( ) A broad nose
( ) A broad forehead
( ) Broad shoulders
Broad .
( ).
The hills rise green and sheer above the broad river.
( ).
A broad expanse of green lawn was in sight.
*************************** *************************** win
win ( ) won
beat ( )
beaten . beat

www.ParsBook.org
 229

win (The prize) ( The mach) .
( ).
We won the mach
( ).
We won the prize.
beat
. :
{ (. }).
We beat them in football match
*************************** *************************** wis
Wish To . Wish
" ( - -) .
( " ).
If wish to reserve ticket, please telephone before five oclock.
Wish Want .
( ).
I want to write to him but I dont know his address.
Wish That (
) .
Wish That .
( ).
I wish you hadnt said that.
( ).
Now she wishes she had gone with them.
( ).
I wish I knew what was going to happen.
Wish Wish .
( ).

www.ParsBook.org
 230

I wish you a merry/happy Norooz.

( " ).
We wish you a speedy recovery.
( I wish ) " .
- 1 ( -1 ) would +to( ) -2 ( )
= I wish I would see them tomorrow.
= I wish I saw them now.
= I wish I had seen them yesterday.
*************************** *************************** wit
With ( )
.
{( (=). }).
}{The man with black hair is my friend =The man who has black hair is my friend.
{( (=). }).
}{The boy with blue eyes is sitting in front of class =The boy, who has blue eyes, is sitting in front of class.

( (= ). ).
}{The man with long hair is a poet = The man who has long hair is a poet.
************************** *************************** wou
would rather( ) .
)+than+(to) +would rather+)to=
= I + would rather+ go+ than + stay.
{( ( = ). }).
) (+than+ ( ) +would rather+have+=
= I would rather have gone than stayed.
************************** *************************** wou
? Would you like ..
( ) .

www.ParsBook.org
 231

( )
?Would you like a cup of coffee
( )( )
?Would you like to come to lunch
? Would you care. .
( )
?Would you care for another slice of cake
( )
?Would you care to come with me
? Do you want " .
( )
?Do you want another slice of cake
( )
?Do you want to com with me

www.ParsBook.org
232

www.ParsBook.org
 233

*************************** *************************** yet

Still Yet () . .
Still" " . .
( 9:24 ).
It is past ten oclock and the 9:30 train still hasnt arrived.
( )
?Do you still work for him
( )
?Do you still play tennis
( !)
!I havent had breakfast yet
( !)
!Jap colonel hasnt arrived yet
Yet ( ) . :
( )
?After thirty lessons, can you drive yet
Yet . :
( )
?Has Arash arrived yet
( )
?Have you had lunch yet
Yet . :
( ).
We do not yet know the answer.
(
) . :

www.ParsBook.org
 234

( ).
We dont know the answer yet.
:
We dont know yet the answer.
yet ( - )not .
( ).
I am not ready yet.
( ) .
I have not yet decided.
still - to be
yet .
( ) .
I still havent seen him.
( ) .
He is not still ready.
Still ( ) .
( ).
They are still asleep.
Still ( ) .
1/She still isnt ready.
2/They still dont know.
3/A solution still havent been found.
4/A solution have still not been found.
Still" .
I can still remember.
He may still be there.

www.ParsBook.org
 235

To be Still . :
Shes still asleep.
Hes still eating.
?Is it still raining
Still .
( ).
I still love her.
( ).
We still have time.

www.ParsBook.org
236

www.ParsBook.org
 237

*************************** *************************** zer

Nought , 0 -nil ,Zero , .
Zero
( ).
The government wants to achieve zero inflation.
( ).
The temperature here rarely falls below zero.
Nought () .
A million is 1 followed by six noughts (1000000).
"
( ) (-O ) .
)The code is four, seven, double O, five(47005
( ) nil.
(2 ) ( ) ( ) ( )3-0 ( . )Three- nil
Nil () .
( ).
The prospect of getting work was nil.
Zero .
*************************** ***************************
*************************** ***************************

www.ParsBook.org
238

Irregular Verbs

www.ParsBook.org
 239

Main Verb
( to Put)
Present Tense
( ) put { S } - -
.
( * ) Past
) )Put - .
( ) Past Participle
) (Put - - .

Main Verb
( To Eat)
Present Tense
) (Eat { S }
.
( * ) Past
) (ate .
( ) Past Participle
) (Eaten .

www.ParsBook.org
 240

-1 d ( ) (
) d t .
() Past Participle () Past ()Verb
(Sent ) (Sent) (to Send)
Bent Bent ( to Bend )
Mended Mended ( to Mend )
Lent Lent ( to Lend )
Built Built ( to Build)
Spent Spent ( to Spend )
-1 () ai n
I O .
() Past Participle () Past ()Verb
Written Wrote ( to Write)
Ridden Rode ( to Ride )
Driven Drove ( to Drive)
Risen Rose ( to Rise )
Arisen Arose ( to Arise)
Striven Strove ( to Strive)
risen rose ( to rise )
-3 (-)) (I ()) (a
()) (A.
() Past Participle () Past ()Verb
Begun Began ( to Begin )
Swum Swam ( to Swim )
Rung Rang ( to Ring )

www.ParsBook.org
 241

Drunk Drank ) (to Drink
Sprung Sprang ) (to Spring
Sung Sang ) ( to Sing
Shrunk shrank ) ( to Shrink
Sank Sunk )( to Sink
) A() ( )i() (-0
. "
) Past Participle( ) Past( )Verb(
Clung Clung ) (to Cling
Stuck Stuck ) (to Stick
Won Won ) (to Win
Swung Swung ) ( to Swing
Dug Dug ) (to Dig
Spun Spun ) (to Spin
Wrung Wrung )( to Wring
Stung Stung ) ( to Sting
. ) ( -4
) Past Participle( ) Past( )Verb(
Put Put ) (to Put
Shut Shut ) (to Shut
Cut Cut ) (to Cut
Hit Hit ) (to Hit
Set Set ) ( to Set
Let Let ) ( to Let
Burst Burst ) (to Burst
Bet Bet ) ( to Bet
Cost Cost ) (to Cost

www.ParsBook.org
 242

Hurt Hurt ) ( to Hurt
Spread Spread ) ( to Spread
. n -6
) Past Participle( ) Past( )Verb(
Blown Blew ) (to Blow
Drawn Drew ) (to Draw
Fallen Fell ) (to Fall
Given Gave ) (to Give
Forgiven Forgave ) (to Forgive
Grown Grew ) (to Grow
Known Knew ) (to Know
Mistaken Mistook ) ( to Mistake
Shaken Shook ) ( to Shake
Shown Showed ) ( to Show
Taken Took ) (to Take
Thrown Threw ) ( to Throw
. n -7
) Past Participle( ) Past( )Verb(
Born Bore ) ( to Bear
Bitten Bit ) ( to Bite
Broken Broke ) (to Break
Chosen Chose ) ( to Choose
Forgotten Forget ) ( to Forget
Hidden Hid ) ( to Hide
Spoken Spoke ) ( to Speak
Stolen Stole ) (to Steal
Sworn Swore ) ( to Swear

www.ParsBook.org
 243

Torn Tore ) ( to Tear
Woken Woke ) ( to Wake
Worn Wore ) (to Wear
Woven Wove ) (to Weave
. gh ou au - 8
) Past Participle( ) Past( )Verb(
Taught Taught ) ( to Teach
Caught Caught ) (to Catch
Bought Bought ) (to Buy
Brought Brought ) (to Bring
Sought Sought ) ( to Seek
Thought Thought ) ( to Think
. ) e() (( I:)) (-9
) Past Participle( ) Past( )Verb(
Fed Fed ) ( to Feed
Led Led ) ( to Lead
Bled Bled ) ( to Bleed
Read Read ) (to Read
Found Found ) ( to Find
Wound Wound ) ( to Wind
Ground Ground ) ( to Grind
. () () 14
) Past Participle( ) Past( )Verb(
Slept Slept )(To Sleep
Felt Felt )( To Feel
Kept Kept )(To keep
Wept wept )( To weep

www.ParsBook.org
244

Knelt Knelt )( To kneel
Dealt Dealt )( To Deal
Meant Meant ) (To Mean
Dreamt Dreamt )( To Dream
Crept Crept )(To Creep
. "

arisen arose )( To Arise
awoke-awaked awoke )( To Awake
been was were )) (am-is-are(To Be
born bore )( To Bear
beaten beat )( To Beat
become became )( To Become
befallen befell ) ( To Befall
begun began ) - ( To Begin
bent bent ) -( To Bend
besought besought ) ( To Beseech
bet bet )( To Bet
betaken betook )( To Betake
bound bound ) -( To Bind
bitten bit )-( To Bite
bled bled )( To Bleed
blown blew ) ( To Blow
broken broke ) -( To Break
bred bred ) -( To Breed
brought brought )( To Bring
broadcast(ed) broadcast (ed) ( ) To Broadcast

www.ParsBook.org
 245

built built )( To Build
burn(burned) burnt(burned) )- ( To Burn
burst burst ) ( To Burst
bought bought )( To Buy
caught caught ) -( To Catch
chosen chose ) -( To Choose

clung clung )( To Cling

come came )( To Come

cost cost )( To Cost
crept crept )( To Creep
cut cut )-( To Cut
dealt dealt ) ( To Deal
dug dug ) -- ( To Dig
done did )( To Do
drawn drew )( To Draw
dreamt dreamt ) ( To Dream(ed)
drunk(en) drank )-( To Drink
driven drove )( To Drive
eaten ate )( To Eat
fallen fell )( To Fall
fed fed ) - ( To Feed
felt felt ) ( To Feel
fought fought ) ( To Fight
found found )-( To Find
fled fled ) ( To Flee
forbidden forbade ) - ( To Forbid

www.ParsBook.org
246

forecast(ed) forecast(ed) ) ( To Forecast
foretold foretold ) ( To Foretell
forgotten forgot ) ( To Forget
forgiven forgave ) (To Forgive
frozen froze ) - ( To Freeze
got- gotten got ) - ( To Get

given gave )( To Give
gone vent )( To Go
ground ground ) - ( To Grind
grown grew ) - ( To Grow
hung hung )( To Hang
hanged hanged )( To Hang
had had ) - ( To Have
heard heard )( To Hear
hidden hid ) ( To Hide
hit hit )( To Hit
held held )( To Hold
hurt hurt )( To Hurt
kept kept ) ( To keep
knelt knelt ) ( To kneel
known knew ) - (To Know
laid laid ) ( To Lay
led led ) ( To Lead
leant leant ) ( To Lean (ed)
learnt learnt ) - ( To Learn(ed)
left left ) ( To Leave

www.ParsBook.org
247

lent lent ) ( To Lend
let let ) ( To Let
lain lay ) ( To Lie
lit lit - ( )To Light(ed)
lost lost ) ( To Lose
made made ) ( To Make

meant meant ) (To Mean
met met ) (To Meet
ment ment ) ( To Mend
misled misled )( To Mislead
mistaken mistook )( To Mistake
misunderstood misunderstood ) ( To Misunderstand

mown mowed )( To Mow

outdone outdid ) ( To Outdo
outshone outshone ) ( To Outshine
overcome overcame ) ( To Overcome
overeaten overate )( To Overeat
overseen oversaw ) ( To Oversee
overset overset ) ( To Overset
paid paid )( To Pay
Put Put ) - ( To Put
read read ) ( To Read
rebuilt rebuilt )( To Rebuild
retold retold )( To Retell
ridden rode )( To Ride
rung rang ) ( To Ring

www.ParsBook.org
248

risen rose ) ( To Rise

run ran )( To Run

sawed-sawn sawed )( To Saw
said said )( To Say
seen saw )( To See
sought sought )( To Seek

sold sold )( To Sell
sent sent )( To Send
Set Set ) ( To Set
sewed sewn sewed ) ( To Sew
shaken shook )( To Shake
Shed Shed ) - ( To Shed
shone shone ) - ( To Shine
shod shod ) ( To Shoe
shot shot )( To Shoot
showed showed )( To Show
shrunk -shrunken shrank )( To Shrink
shut shut )( To Shut
sung sang ) - ( To Sing
sunk sank ) -( To Sink
sat sat )( To Sit
slain slew ) ( To Slay
slept slept )( To Sleep
slid slid )( To Slide
slit slit ) ( To Slit
smelt smelt )( To Smell(ed)

www.ParsBook.org
249

sowed - sown sowed ) - ( To Sow
spoken spoke ) ( To Speak
sped sped ) ( To Speed
spelt spelt )( To Spell(ed)
spent spent )( To Spend
spilt spilt )( To Spill(ed)

spun span ) - ( To Spin
split split ) ( To Split
spoilt spoilt ) ( To Spoil
spread spread )( To Spread
sprung sprang ) - ( To Spring
stood stood )( To Stand
stolen stole ) - ( To Steal
stuck stuck ) - ( To Stick
stunk stank ) (To Stink
stung stung )( To Sting
struck - stricken struck )( To Strike
striven strove ) ( To Strive
sworn swore ) ( To Swear

sweat sweat ) ( To Sweat(ed)

swelled - swollen swelled )( To Swell
swum swam )( To Swim
swung swung )( To Swing
taken took ) - ( To Take
taught taught ) - ( To Teach
torn tore )( To Tear

www.ParsBook.org
250

told told ) ( To Tell
thought thought ) ( To Think
thrown threw ) - ( To Throw
trod - trodden trod )( To Tread
undertaken undertook ) (To Undertake
undone undid ) ( To Undo

upset upset ) (To Upset
waken woke ) ( To Wake
worn wore )( To Wear
woven wove ) - (To Weave
wept wept ) - ( To Weep
won won ) - ( To win
wound wound )( To Wind
wrung wrung )( To Wring
written wrote )( To write

www.ParsBook.org