1

Thomas' Calculus, Early Transcedentals

( # 51/164)

I
 THOMAS
CALCULUS
EARLY TRANSCENDENTALS
Twelfth Edition

Based on the original work by

George B. Thomas, Jr.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

as revised by

Maurice D. Weir
Naval Postgraduate School

Joel Hass
University of California, Davis

Addison-Wesley
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River

Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Munich Paris Montral Toronto

Delhi Mexico City S o Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
., ., .

Thomas' Calculus, Early Transcedentals

2014

4
1
13

18
2
2.1 18

2.2. 19

27

2.3. 29

31

2.4. 31

34

2.5. 35

41

2.6. . 44

52

56
3
3.1. 56

58

3.2. 59

62

3.3. 65

71

3.4. 74

76

3.5. 77

1
 79

3.6. 80

82

3.7. 83

85

3.8. 86

91

3.9. 94

96

3.10. 96

99

3.11. 101

106

108
4
4.1. 108

113

4.2. 114

118

4.3. 120

124

4.4. . 126

133

4.5. 135

138

4.6. 140

142

2
 4.8. 143

149

152
5
5.1. 152

155

5.2. 156

159

5.3. 160

164

5.4. 166

171

5.5. 173

176

5.6. 178

181

3
 1

-
. ,

, :
, ,
, , ,
, ,
.

, y ,
, x . , y x -
y = f ( x) . f , x
, y .

. f D Y ,
x D f ( x) Y .

D . Y -
, D - ,
.

4
 D , -
D ,
. D .

. -
.

( x) ( y )

=y x2 (, ) [0, )
=y 1x (, 0) (0, ) (, 0) (0, )
y =x [0, ) [0, )
=
y 4 x (, 4] [0, )
y=
1 x2 [1,1] [0,1]

D y = f ( x)
{( x, f ( x)| x D} .

, , ( ) , y = f ( x) --
.

x f
f ( x) .

.

, .

5
,
, - .

x, x 0
f ( x) = .
x, x < 0

x - f ( x)
, , . x -
f ( x) , ,
.

. f ( x) I
x1 , x2 I .
1. f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ) , x2 > x1 , f
I -.
2. f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 ) , x2 > x1 , f
I -.

. - (.1.9)
x, x<0

=
f ( x) x 2 , 0 x 1
1, x >1

(, 0] - [0,1] -.
[1, ) .
1.9
.

E , x E
, x E .

. f , D
x D - f ( x) =f ( x) .

6
 . f , D
x D - f ( x) = f ( x) .

y - .
, f ( x) =f ( x) ( x, y )
, ( x, y ) ( 1.12).

.
, f ( x) = f ( x) ( x, y )
, ( x, y ) ( 1.12).

( )

. f g . f g
(" f - g -")
( f g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
. f g -
x D( g ) , g ( x) D( f )

f g g f .

7
. , f ( x) = x g ( x)= x + 1 .

() ( f g )( x) () ( g f )( x) () ( f f )( x) () ( g g )( x)

() ( f g )( x)= f ( g ( x))= g ( x) = x +1 [1, )

() ( g f )( =
x) g ( f ( x=
)) f ( x) +=
1 x +1 [0, )
() ( f =
f )( x) f (=
f ( x)) =
f ( x) x =x1 4 [0, )
() ( g g )( x)= g ( g ( x))= g ( x) + 1= x + 2 [, )

(=
x)
2
, f ( x) = x 2 g ( x) = x , ( f =
g )( x) x .

f g - [0, ) (, ) , x x 0 -.

. f , p 0 ,
x D ( f ) - x p x + p D ( f ) -

f ( x + p) =
f ( x) .

, f p
x D( f ) ,
f ( x) = f (( x p ) + p ) = f ( x p ) .

f ( x + k p) =
f ( x), k .

, .

. , tan, cot
, sin, cos, sec, csc
2 .

8
 .

. f ( x) D ,
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) , D x1 x2 .

.
, , f ( x=
) = [0, ) . , D - x1 x2
x, D
x1 x2 .

,
=
. , =
f ( x) sin x, D [0, ]
, sin( 6) = sin(5 6) .
= =
f ( x) sin x, D [0, 2]
.

(
1.60) 1.60

,

,
,
( 1.60 ).
1.60

y = f ( x) ,
.

. f D ,
R . f 1
f 1 (b) = a f (a ) = b .
f 1 - R , D .

f 1 " f - ". " 1 "

. f 1 ( x) 1 f ( x) -. , f - f 1 -
.

. y = f ( x)

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

f ( x) 3 4.5 7 10.5 15 20.5 27 34.5

x = f 1 ( y ) f
:

y 3 4.5 7 10.5 15 20.5 27 34.5

f 1 ( y ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

x - f -, f ( x) - f 1
, x -, . ,
y - f - f 1 ( y ) - ,
f -, y -
, .
, :
( f 1 f )( x) = x , x D ( f ) -,

( f f 1 )( y ) = y , y D ( f 1 ) - ( f -
).

. ,
,
.

10


f - f 1 - .

1. y = f ( x) x . x = f 1 ( y ) , x
y -.
2. x y -.
y = f 1 ( x) , x .

1
. =
y x + 1 - , x - -
2
.
. 1. x :
1
=
y x +1 ; 2 y= x + 2 ; =
x 2y 2 .
2
2. x y : =
y 2x 2 .

, =
f ( x) (1 2) x + 1 f 1 ( x=
) 2 x 2 ( 1.62).

, :

1 1
f 1 ( f ( =
x)) 2 x + 1 =
2 x, f ( f 1 ( x=
)) (2 x 2) =
+1 x .
2 2

11
. =y x 2 , x 0 ,
x - .
. x :
y = x2 ; y= x 2= | x=| x .
x y - y = x.
,=y x 2 , x 0 - y = x ( 1.63).
y = x .

P1 ( x1 , y1 )
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) . :
x = x2 x1 x - , y = y2 y1 y - .
. P1 P2 .

( A7 ). -

P1 P2

y y2 y1
=
m =
x x2 x1

P1 ( x1 , y1 ) P2 ( x2 , y2 )

y y2 y1
. =
m =
x x2 x1
P1 P2 .

, -
. .

12
 1.1

1--6 .

7 8 x ?
.

9. ,
x .

10. d .
.

25--28 .

x, 0 x 1 1 x, 0 x 1
25. f ( x) = 26. g ( x) =
2 x, 1 < x 2 2 x, 1 < x 2

13
 4 x 2 , x 1 1 x , x<0
27. F ( x ) = 2 28. G ( x) =
x + 2 x, x > 1 x, 0 x

29--31 .

47--58 , ,
.

14
 1.2

10.
.

20. f (=
x) 2 x 3 4 . y = g ( x) , ( f g )( x)= x + 2 .

1.6

1--6 , .

15
 y = int x x - .

., int(3) = 3, int(3.8) = 3, int(3) =3, int(3.8) =

4

7--10 , .

19--22 y = f ( x) f
f 1 - . f 1 - .

16
25--32 y = f ( x) .
f 1 ( x) f 1 -
( f 1 ( x))
. , f= 1
f= ( f ( x)) x .

35. . f ( x) = mx - , m -
.

. y = f ( x) - ,
m
.

36. f ( x=
) mx + b , m b m 0 . ,
, 1 m ,
y b m .

39. ln 2 ln 3 .

17
 2

, ,
.
.

.

2.1
. y = f ( x) x -
[ x1 , x2 ]

y f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x1 + h) f ( x1 )
= = , h 0.
x x2 x1 h

, [ x1 , x2 ] - f -
P ( x1 , f ( x1 )) Q ( x2 , f ( x2 )) -
( 2.1).
, x1 - x2 - f -
PQ .
, Q
P -,
h .
2.1

18
 , . -
P ? (
),
P . -
. ,
, L C P ?

2.2

y = f ( x)
x0 , . ,
x0 ,
. , x0
.
x2 1
1. f ( x) = x = 1 -
x 1
?
. f x
, x = 1 . x 1
:
( x 1)( x + 1)
f ( x)= = x + 1 , x 1 .
x 1
f y= x + 1 (1, 2) .
2.7() - "".

() ()
2.7

19
 , f (1) , f ( x) -
2-, x - 1-
( 2.2).

2.2. x - 1- ,
f ( x) =( x 2 1) ( x 1) 2-

x2 1
x - 1- 1- f ( x) = = x + 1, x 1
x 1

0.9 1.9
1.1 2.1
0.99 1.99
1.01 2.01
0.999 1.999
1.001 2.001
0.999999 1.999999
1.000001 2.000001

1- .

f ( x) x0 - ,
x0 . f ( x) L ( ,
) x0 - x , f -
L x x0 -,

lim f ( x) = L .
x x0

: " f ( x) - x x0 - L -".

, 1- , f ( x) - 2, x 1-
,

x2 1
lim f ( x) = 2 , lim =2.
x 1 x 1 x 1

20
 "", "
" " " ;
. 2.3- .
.

2. , -
, .
2.8-. g 2- ,
x 1 , 2 g (1) . h( x) , x 1
x = 1 . lim x 1 h( x) = h(1) . -
2.5- -
.

2.8. x 1-, f ( x) , g ( x) h( x)
2- . , h( x) - x = 1 .

3.

(a) f ( x) = x x0 (.2.9a),

lim = =
f ( x) lim x x0 .
x x0 x x0

(b) f ( x) = k ( k ) x0 -
(.2.9b),

21
 lim = =
f ( x) lim k k.
x x0 x x0

,
=
lim x = 3 lim = 4.
(4) lim(4)
x 3 x 7 x2

3- 3- .

(a) (b)

2.9. 3- x0 .

, , 2.10-
.

(a) U ( x) (b) g ( x) (c) f(x)

2.10. , x 0 ( 4).

22
 4. , x 0 :

1 0, x0
0, x < 0 , x0
(a) U ( x) = , (b) g ( x) = x , (c) f ( x) = 1 .
1, x 0 0, x = 0 sin
x , x > 0

.
(a) U ( x) x 0 , x = 0
. x - -
U ( x) = 0 . x -
U ( x) = 1 . L , -
U ( x) x 0 (. 2.10a).

(b) g ( x) x 0 , -
x 0
(. 2.10 b).

(c) f ( x) - x 0 , -1 1-
.
, x 0 (. 2.10c ).

1 -- . L, M , c k

lim f ( x) = L lim g ( x) = M ,
x c x c

1. : lim ( f ( x) + g ( x) ) =
L+M
x c

2. : lim ( f ( x) g ( x) ) =
LM
x c

3. : lim ( k f ( x) ) =
kL
x c

4. : lim ( f ( x) g ( x) ) =
LM
x c

f ( x) L
5. : =
lim , M 0
x c g ( x) M

lim [ f ( x) ] = Ln , n
n
6. :
x c

7. : lim n f (=
x) n
=
L L1 n , n
x c

( , , lim f ( x)= L > 0 .)

x c

23
 .

5. 3- -
.

x c
3
( 2
)
(a) lim x + 4 x 3 = lim x + lim 4 x lim 3 = c + 4c 3 .
3
x c
2
x c
3 2
x c

x 4 + x 2 1 lim
x c
( x 4 + x 2 1) lim
x c
x 4 + lim x 2 lim1 c 4 + c 2 1
x c x c
(b)=
lim = =
x +5 lim ( x + 5 ) lim x + lim 5 c2 + 5
x c 2 2 2
x c x c x c

(c) xlim 4 x 2 3= lim ( 4 x 2 3)= lim 4 x 2 lim 3= 4(2) 2 3= 13

2 x 2 x 2 x 2

5a 5b - .

2 -- . P ( x)= an x n + an 1 x n 1 + + a0 ,

lim P ( x)= P (c)= an c n + an 1c n 1 + + a0 .

x c

3 -- .

P ( x) Q ( x) Q (c) 0 ,

P ( x ) P (c )
lim = .
x c Q ( x ) Q (c )

6.
x3 + 4 x 2 3 (1)3 + 4(1) 2 3 0
lim = = = 0.
x 1 x2 + 5 (1) 2 + 5 6
x2 + x 2
7. lim .
x 1 x2 x
.

x = 1 , .
x = 1 . .
( x 1) . :

24
 x 2 + x 2 ( x 1)( x + 2) x + 2
= = , x 1.
x2 x x( x 1) x

(. . 2.11):

x2 + x 2 x + 2 1+ 2
lim = lim = = 3.
x 1 x x
2 x 1 x 1

2.11. f ( x)= ( x 2 + x 2) / ( x 2 x) (a)

g ( x=
) ( x + 2) / x - (b) , x = 1 , f -
. , x 1.

1-
, .
1- .
.

2.3. f ( x) = ( x 2 + 100 10 ) x 2 - x = 0 -

x f ( x)
1 0.049876
0.5 0.049969
0.05 - ?
0.1 0.049999
0.01 0.050000
0.0005 0.050000
0.0001 0.000000
0 - ?
0.00001 0.000000
0.000001 0.000000

25
 x 2 + 100 10
8. lim .
x 0 x2
. 2.3- x = 0 -
.
1, 0.5, 0.10 0.01 , 0.05 .
x 0.0005, 0.0001,
0.00001 0.000001 , 0 -.
, 0.05 0 , ?
.
x 2 + 100 10
9. lim .
x 0 x2
. 7- ,
. ,
x 2 + 100 + 10 ( -
). -
:
x 2 + 100 10 x 2 + 100 10 x 2 + 100 + 10 x 2 + 100 100 1
= = = .
x2 x2
(
x 2 + 100 + 10 x 2 x 2 + 100 + 10) x + 100 + 10
2

x 2 + 100 10 1 1 1
lim 2
= lim = = = 0.05 .
x 0 x x 0
x 2 + 100 + 10 02 + 100 + 10 20
8-, .

, .

2.12. f - g
h

26
 4 -- . g ( x) f ( x) h( x)
x - c - ,
x = c . ,

=
lim =
g ( x) lim h( x ) L .
x c x c

lim f ( x) = L .
x c

x2 x2
10. 1 u ( x) 1 + x 0 -.
4 2
lim x 0 u ( x) , u ( x) .
.
lim(1 ( x 2 / 4)) =
1 lim(1 + ( x 2 / 2)) =
1,
x 0 x 0

lim x 0 u ( x) = 1 (. 2.13).

. 2.13. ,

y = 1 x 2 / 4 y = 1 + x 2 / 2
, 1- ,
x 0 ( 10).

2.2

2. f (t ) -
, .

a. lim f (t ) b. lim f (t ) c. lim f (t ) d . lim f (t )

t 2 t 1 t0 t 0.5

27
3. y = f ( x) -
.

a. lim f ( x) ; b. lim f ( x) = 0 ; c. lim f ( x) = 1

x 0 x 0 x 0

d . lim f ( x) = 1 ; e. lim f ( x) = 0
x 1 x 1

f . lim f ( x) x0 (1,1) -; g . lim f ( x)

x x0 x 1

12-48

x+3 3
12. lim( x 2 + 5 x 2) 14. lim ( x 2 x + 4 x + 8)
3 2
15. lim 21. lim
x2 x 2 x2 x+6 h 0 3h + 1 + 1

1 1
+
5h + 4 2 x 5 x 2 7 x + 10
22. lim 23. lim 2 26. lim 32. lim x 1 x + 1
h 0 h x 5 x 25 x2 x2 x 0 x

x 3 4 x x2 x 2 + 12 4 x+2
35. lim 36. lim 39. lim 40. lim
x 9 x 9 x4 2 x x2 x2 x 2
x +5 3
2

48. lim( x 1)(2 cos x)

2 2
43. lim(2sin x 1) 44. lim sin x 46. lim tan x
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0

54. lim x 4 f ( x) = 0 lim x 4 g ( x) = 3 .

g ( x)
a. lim x 4 ( g ( x) + 3) b. lim x 4 xf ( x) c. lim x 4 ( g ( x)) 2 d . lim
x4 f ( x) 1

55. lim x b f ( x) = 7 lim x b g ( x) = 3 .

a. lim x b ( f ( x) + g ( x)) b. lim x b f ( x) g ( x) c. lim x b 4 g ( x) d . lim f ( x) / g ( x)

x b

28

2.3

. f ( x)
x0 ,
x0 . ,
f ( x) x0 L

lim f ( x) = L ,
x x0

> 0
> 0 , x -
,

0 <| x x0 |< | f ( x) L |< .

2. , lim(5
x 1
x 3) =
2.

. x0 =1, f ( x=
) 5 x 3 L = 2 .
> 0 , 0 <| x 1|< x -

| f ( x) 2 =| | (5 x 3) 2 =| 5 | x 1|< , | x 1|< / 5 .

, = / 5 ( 2.18). 0 <| x 1|< = / 5 ,

| (5 x 3) 2=| 5 | x 1|< 5( / 5)= , , lim(5 x 3) =
2.
x 1

= / 5 , 0 <| x 1|< - -
| 5 x 5 |< . .
"" - .

29
 2.18. f ( x=
) 5 x 3 ,
0 <| x 1|< / 5 ,
| f ( x) 2 |< ( 2)

3. .

(a ) lim x = x0 (b) lim k = k ( k )

x x0 x x0

(a ) > 0 . >0, x -

0 <| x x0 |< | x x0 |< .

, -
(. 2.19). (a ) .

(b) > 0 . >0, x -

0 <| x x0 |< | k k |< .

k k =0 ,
( 2.20). (b) .

30
 2.19. f ( x) = x - 2.20. f ( x) = k -
, 0 <| x x0 |< , | f ( x) k |<

| f ( x) x0 |< -, -

( 3a ). ( 3b ).

2.3

31-34 L = lim f ( x) . >0 , x -

x x0

0 <| x x0 |< | f ( x) L |< .

31. f ( x) = 3, 0.02
3 2 x, x0 == 32. f ( x) =3 x 2, x0 =1, =0.03

x2 4 x2 + 6 x + 5
33. =
f ( x) ,=x0 2,= 0.05 34. f ( x) = 5, =
, x0 = 0.05
x2 x+5

38, 39, 43, 45

1 x2 9
38. lim(3 x 7) =
2 39. lim x 5 =2 43. lim =1 45. lim = 6
x 3 x 9 x 1 x x 3 x + 3

2.4
, x c , f c -

31
 . .
f - , -
, .. --
.

L f ( x) x0
lim f ( x) = L ,
x x0+

> 0 > 0 ,

x0 < x < x0 + | f ( x) L |< . (. 2.28)

L f ( x) x0
lim f ( x) = L ,
x x0

> 0 > 0 ,

x0 < x < x0 | f ( x) L |< . (. 2.29)

2.28. 2.29.

.
2.2- 1- .

32
 6. , f ( x) x0 ,
,
.

2.32.

. 2.32 , - 0-
y = (sin ) /
. .

7.
sin
lim =1 ( ) (1)
0

. ,
. .2.33-

. OAP < . . OAP < . OAT

1 1 1 1
sin < < tan ; 1 < < ;
2 2 2 sin cos
sin
1> > cos (2). lim 0+ cos = 1 ,

(2)-
lim 0+ (sin ) / = 1 , 0 < < / 2 . (3)

- (- )-
sin ,
2.33. lim 0 (sin ) / = 1 , / 2 < < 0. (4)

(3),(4) - (1)- .

33
 cos x 1 sin 2 x 2
5. , (a) lim =0 (b) lim =
x 0 x x 0 5x 5

. (a ) . cos x = 1 2sin 2 ( x / 2) .

cos x 1 2sin 2 ( x / 2) sin

lim = lim = lim sin =1 0 =0 ( = x / 2 ).
x 0 x x 0 x 0

sin 2 x 2 sin 2 x 2 sin 2

(b) . =
lim = =
lim lim ( = 2x ).
x 0 5x 5 x 0 2 x 5 0 5

2.4

2.
.

a. lim f ( x) = 1 b. lim f ( x)
x 1 x 2

c. lim f ( x) = 2 d . lim f ( x) = 2
x 2 x 1

e. lim+ f ( x) = 1 f . lim f ( x)
x 1 x 1

g. lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) h. lim f ( x) c - (-1, 1)-

x0 + x0 xc

i. lim f ( x) c - (1, 3)- j. lim f ( x) = 0

xc x 1

k. lim f ( x)
x3 +

| x+2| | x+2|
17. a. lim ( x + 3) b. lim ( x + 3)
x 2+ x+2 x 2 x+2

2 x ( x 1) 2 x ( x 1)
18. a. lim+ b. lim
x 1 | x 1| x 1 | x 1|

34
 sin 3 y x + x cos x x 2 x + sin x sin 5 x
23. lim 29. lim 30. lim 36. lim
y0 4y x0 sin x cos x x0 2x x 0 sin 4 x

2.5

2.35-
.

1. , 2.35-
; , .

. f [0, 4] , x = 1 ,
x = 2 x = 4 . . -
.

f :

x=0 , lim f ( x) = f (0)

x 0+

x=3 , lim f ( x) = f (3)

x 3

0 < c < 4, c 1, 2 , lim f ( x) = f (c)

x c

2.35 f :

x =1 , lim f ( x)
x 1

x=2 , lim f ( x) = 1 1 f (2)

x2

x=4 , lim f ( x) = 1 1 f (4)

x 4

c < 0, c > 4 , f -

35
 . y = f ( x)
c

lim f ( x) = f (c) .
xc

y = f ( x) -
a b ,

2.36 lim f ( x) = f (a ) lim f ( x) = f (b) ,

xa+ x b
a , b c

f c , f c -
c f - . ,
c .

f x = c -
, lim f ( x) = f (c) . c ,
xc +

lim f ( x) = f (c) . , a ,
xc

a -. , f b
, .

8. - . f g
x = c , .
1. : f g

2. : k f , k

3. : f g

4. : f / g , g (c) 0

5. : f n , n

6.: n f , , c -

, n

36
 .

9-- . y = f ( x) x0
, g ( y ) y0 = f ( x0 ) ,
G = g f x0 .

. y = f ( x) x0 , x x0 , y y0 .
y0 g ( y ) :

=
lim G ( x) lim g ( f=
( x) ) lim =
g ( y ) g=
( y0 ) G ( x0 ) .
x x0 x x0 y y0

10. g ( y ) y0 lim f ( x) = y0 ,
x x0

lim g ( f=
( x) ) g=
( y0 ) g lim f ( x) .
x x0
x x0

. > 0 . g y0 ,
1 > 0 ,

| g ( y ) g ( y0 ) |< 0 <| y y0 |< 1 .

lim f ( x) = y0 , > 0 ,
x x0

| f ( x) y0 |< 1 0 <| x x0 |< .

, y = f ( x) ,

0 <| y y0 |< 1 0 <| x x0 |< ,

| g ( y ) g ( y0 )=| | g ( f ( x) ) g ( y0 ) |< , 0 <| x x0 |< .

.

37
 9. 10- .
3 3
(a) lim cos 2 x + sin = + x cos lim 2 x + lim sin = + x
x /2
2 x /2 x /2
2

= cos( + sin 2 ) =
cos =
1 .

1 x 1 1 x 1 1
=
(b) lim sin 1 =
sin lim sin 1 lim = sin 1 = .
1 x x 1 1 x x 1 1 + x
2 2
x 1 2 6

x 0 x 0
( x 0
)
(c) lim x + 1 e tan x = lim x + 1 exp lim tan x = 1 e0 = 1 .

. f ( x) (a, b) ,
. f ( x)
[a, b] , (a, b) , a
, b .

=
y ( x) (sin x) / x , x = 0 .
f=
y = 1/ x .
y = (sin x) / x - , x 0 ( 7).
x = 0 ,
.

sin x
, x0
F ( x) = x
1, x = 0.
sin x
x = 0 , lim = F (0) ( 2.44).
x 0 x
, ,
. f (c) , lim x c f ( x) = L ,
F ( x)

f ( x), x D( f )
F ( x) =
L, x =c.

38
 F x = c . f
x = c .

2.44

10. ,
x2 + x 6
=f ( x) , x2
x2 4
x = 2 .

. f (2) ,
x 2 + x 6 ( x 2)( x + 3) x + 3
=
f ( x) = = , x 2.
x2 4 ( x 2)( x + 2) x + 2

x+3
F ( x) =
x+2
f ( x) - x 2 , x = 2 -
5/4 . , F f - x = 2 -
x2 + x 6 5
lim = =
lim f ( x) .
x2 x 4
2 x 2 4

f F 2.45- .

39
 11-()-

f [a, b] , y0
f (a ) f (b) - ,
c [a, b] , y0 = f (c) .

, , y = y0
, y f (a ) f (b) - , f -
[a, b] .

11- f ( x) = 0 .

11. , x3 x 1 =0 [1, 2] .

. f ( x) = x 3 x 1 .

f (1) =1 1 1 =1 < 0 f (2) = 23 2 1 = 5 > 0 ,

y0 = 0 f (1) f (2) - . f
, x - -
, f ( x) = 0 , .. .

40
 2.5

5-10 f ( x)
:

5. (a ) f (1) ? (b) lim x 1+ f ( x) ?

(c ) lim x 1+ f ( x=
) f (1) ? (d ) f x = 1 -?

6. (a ) f (1) ? (b) lim x 1 f ( x) ?

(c ) lim x 1 f ( x) = f (1) ? (d ) f x = 1 -?

7. (a ) f x = 2 - ? (b) f x = 2 - ?

8. x - f ?

9. f (2) - ,
x = 2 - ?

10. f (1) -, ?

x - 13-30 ?

41
39. g (3) , g ( x) =
( x 2 9) / ( x 3) -
x = 3 .

40. h(2) , h(t ) = (t 2 + 3t 10) / (t 2) -

t = 2 .

41. f (1) , f (s) =

( s 3 1) / ( s 2 1) -
s = 1 .

42. g (4) , g ( x) = ( x 2 16) / ( x 2 3 x 4)

x = 4 .

43. a -
x 2 1, x < 3
f ( x) =
2ax, x 3

44. b -

x, x < 2
g ( x) = 2
bx , x 2
?

42
45. a -

a 2 x 2a, x 2
f ( x) =
12, x < 2

46. b -

xb
, x<0
g ( x) = b + 1
x 2 + b, x > 0

47. a b -

2, x 1

g ( x=
) ax b, 1 < x < 1
3, x 1

48. a b -

ax + 2b, x0
2
g ( x)= x + 3a b, 0 < x 2
3 x 5, x>2

54. , cos x = x .

55. , x 3 15 x + 1 =0 [-4, 4] .

57. f ( x) = x 3 8 x + 10 . , c ,
f (c ) = ) ; ) 3 ; ) 5000000 .

43
 .
2.6

, L f ( x) , x
( )
lim f ( x) = L
x +
( lim f ( x) = L
x
),
> 0 M , x > M
( x < M ), | f ( x) L |< .

=
lim f ( x) =
lim f ( x) L , , L f ( x) - ,
x + x

x lim f ( x) = L .
x

,
1
lim k = k lim = 0.
x x x

,
87 88-.

1. ,
1 1
(a) lim =0 (b) lim = 0
x + x x x

. > 0 . M ,
1 1
x>M 0 = < .
x x
, M = 1/ .

(a ) .

(b) > 0 . M ,
1 1
x<M 0 = < .
x x
, M = 1/
. (b) .

44
 .

12. 1- ,

lim x c lim x , lim x+ lim x -.

2.
1 1
(a ) lim 5 + = lim 5 + lim = 5 + 0 = 5
x
x x x x
3 1 1
(b) lim 2
= lim 3 lim lim = 3 0 =
0 0
x x x x x x x

x ,
x - .

3.
5x2 + 8x 3 5 + (8 / x) (3 / x 2 ) 5 + 0 0 5
(a ) lim = lim = =
x 3x 2 + 2 x 3 + (2 / x 2 ) 3+ 0 3
11x + 2 (11/ x 2 ) + (2 / x3 ) 0 + 0
(b) lim = lim = = 0
x 2 x 3 1 x 2 (1/ x 3 ) 20

,

,

.

f ( x) = 1 x ,
, x -
, lim x (1 x) = 0 ,
, lim x (1 x) = 0 .

45
 . y = b y = f ( x)
,

lim f ( x) = b lim f ( x) = b
x + x

x3 2
4. f ( x) = - .
| x |3 +1

x 0 :
x3 2 x3 2 1 (2 / x3 )
lim= =
lim lim = 1;
x + | x |3 +1 x + x 3 + 1 x + 1 + (1/ x 3 )

x < 0 :
x3 2 x3 2 1 (2 / x3 )
lim = lim = lim = 1 .
x | x |3 +1 x ( x )3 + 1 x 1 + (1/ x 3 )

y = 1 () y = 1 ()
2.53 ( 2.53)

-
1-
,
. -
f - -

:
,
, x .

10.
x2 3
2.58 f ( x) = - .
2x 4

46
.

, x .

: , f=
( x) g ( x) + r ( x) ,

x2 3 2x 4 x
g ( x)= + 1 ,
x 2x
2
x 2 +1 2

2x 3 1
r ( x) = 0 , x
2x 4 2x 4

1 ( 2.58)

f ( x) = 1 x . x 0+ , f -
. B , f -
( 2.59). , f -
x 0+ . f - ,
f ( x) - , x 0+ .

1
lim+ f ( x) = lim+ = .
x 0 x 0 x

,
. ,
, .

x 0 , f - -
.
- B ,

(. 2.59).

2.59 1
lim f ( x) = lim =
x 0 x 0 x

47
 13. ,
.

( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2 x2
(a ) lim = lim = lim = 0
x2 x 4
2 x 2 ( x 2)( x + 2) x2 x + 2

x2 x2 1 1
=
(b) lim lim = lim =
x2 x 4
2 x 2 ( x 2)( x + 2) x2 x + 2 4

x 3 x 3
(c ) lim+ = lim+ =
x2 x 4 x 2 ( x 2)( x + 2)
2

x 3 x 3
(d ) lim = lim =
x2 x 4 x 2 ( x 2)( x + 2)
2

x 3 x 3
(e) lim = lim
x2 x 4 x 2 ( x 2)( x + 2)
2

2 x ( x 2) 1
(f) lim = lim = lim =
x2 ( x 2) 3
x 2 ( x 2)
3
x 2 ( x 2)
2

1. , f ( x) x x0 -

lim f ( x) = ,
x x0

B >0 ,
0 <| x x0 |< f ( x) > B (. 2.62).

2. , f ( x) x
x0 -
lim f ( x) = ,
x x0

- B >0 ,

0 <| x x0 |< f ( x) < B (. 2.63)

48
 2.62 2.63
x0 < x < x0 + , f - x0 < x < x0 + , f -
y = B y = B

, f ( x) = 1 x - y

( 2.64). f ( x) = 1 x x

0-,
1 1
lim+ = lim = .
x 0 x x 0 x
, x = 0 ( y -) f ( x) = 1 x -

. , x = 0 -
.

. x = a y = f ( x)

lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) =
xa+ xa

49
 2.64 2.65

x+3
15. y =
x+2
.
1
. y : y = 1+ .
x+2
x , y = 1 ; x 2 ,
x = 2 ( 2.65). , y = 1 x = 2 .
8
16. f ( x) =
x 4
2

. , x ,
x 2 (.. ). , f ,
.

(a ) , x . lim x f ( x) = 0 , y = 0 -
.
( 2.66). , x - .

(b) , x 2 . lim+ f ( x) = lim f ( x) = , x = 2

x2 x2

, .

50
 x = 2 .

17. y - ( x = 0 )
. 2.67-
(
y = x ) , x - y = e x
( 5). ,
lim ln x = .
x 0+

y = log a x , a > 1 .

2.68

51
 1 sin x
18. = =
y sec x = =
y tan x -
cos x cos x
x (2k + 1) / 2 , k ( cos x = 0 ) ( 2.68).
=

2.6

1.

2.

52
13 -- 22 : (a ) x ; (b) x

23 -- 32 (:
x - )

53--56
1
53. lim ,
x 4
2

a. x 2+ b. x 2 c. x 2+ d . x 2
x
54. lim ,
x 12

a. x 1+ b. x 1 c. x 1+ d . x 1

53
 x2 1
55. lim ,
2 x
a. x 0+ b. x 0 c. x 3 2 d . x 1
x2 1
56. lim ,
2x + 4
a. x 2+ b. x 2 c. x 1+ d . x 0

69--72 , -
. --
. ( ).

73--76 , .
. - .

78. f ( x) g ( x) , f g
, g ( x) ? .

54
80--86

87 88 x
.

87. f ( x) = k , lim f ( x) = k .
x

88. f ( x) = k , lim f ( x) = k .
x

89--92
.

99--104 .
.

55
 3

,

. , ,
.
.

.
, .

3.1

y = f ( x) P ( x0 , f ( x0 ))

Q( x0 + h, f ( x0 + h))

.
h 0 (.
3.1). ,
.

3.1 P -
.

56
 . y = f ( x) P ( x0 , f ( x0 ))

f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 )
m = lim
h 0 h
, .

P ,
.

f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 )
, h 0 f - h -
h
x0 . h ,
.

. f x0 , f ( x0 )
,
f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) = lim
h 0 h
, .

, -
, y = f ( x) P ( x0 , f ( x0 )) .
31 , f ( x=
) mx + b
x0 f ( x0 ) = m .
.

f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 )
lim :
h 0 h
1. y = f ( x) x = x0 -;
2. y = f ( x) x = x0 -;
3. f ( x) - x - x = x0 -;
4. f ( x0 ) .

57
 3.1

5-10 .

11--18 .
.

19--22 .

23--24 ,
.

23. f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x 1 24. g ( x=
) x3 3x

y mx + b ( x0 , mx0 + b)
31. , =
.

58


, y = f ( x)
lim h0 ( f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 )) =
.
, y = x1 3 x = 0 - (. () ),

f (0 + h) f (0) h1 3 0 1
lim = lim = lim 2 3 = .
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

y = x 2 3 - x = 0 - (. () ):

g (0 + h) g (0) h2 3 0 1
lim = lim = lim 1 3 ,
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

, .

() ()

35.

1, x < 0

=
f ( x) =0, x 0
1, x > 0

? .

36.

0, x < 0
f ( x) =
1, x 0

(0, 1) ? .

59

3.2

. f ( x) x

f ( x) , x
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ( x) = lim
h 0 h
, .

f - f - ,
. f x , f
( ) x .

. ,
f ( x) - , f -
d
f ( x) .
dx
x
1. f ( x) = .
x 1
x+h
. f ( x + h) = ,
x + h 1
x+h x ( x + h)( x 1) x( x + h 1) h
f ( x + h) f=
( x) = =
x + h 1 x 1 ( x + h 1)( x 1) ( x + h 1)( x 1)

f ( x + h) f ( x ) 1 1
=f ( x) lim
= lim = .
h 0 h h 0 ( x + h 1)( x 1) ( x 1) 2

:
f ( z ) f ( x)
f ( x) = lim .
zx zx

2.
(a ) f ( x) = x - , x > 0 .

60
(b) y = x x = 4 .
.
f ( z ) f ( x) z x z x 1 1
(=
a) f ( x) lim = lim = lim = lim =
zx zx z x zx z x ( z x )( z + x ) zx z+ x 2 x

(b) x = 4
1 1
(4)
f= = .
2 4 4
(4, 2) , 1/4 ( 3.5) :
1 1
y=
2 + ( x 4) , =
y x +1 .
4 4

d 1
= x ,x>0
dx 2 x

3.5

y = f ( x) .

:
dy df d
f ( x=
) y=
= = f ( x=
) D( f )( x=
) Dx f ( x) .
dx dx dx
dy dx " y - x - ".

x = a , ,
:

dy df d
f (a )
= = = f ( x) .
dx x a=
= dx x a dx=x a

, 2-

61
 d 1 1
f (4)
= =x = .
dx x=4 2 x x=4 4

y = f ( x) ,
. [a, b] ,
(a, b) - :

f ( a + h) f ( a )
lim+ a
h 0 h

f (b + h) f (b)
lim b
h 0 h

1. -

, .

. y = f ( x) x = c . h 0 ,

f (c + h ) f (c )
f (c + h)= f (c) + h ;
h
f (c + h ) f (c )
lim f (c + h=
) lim f (c) + lim lim= h f (c) + f (c) =
0 f (c ) ,
h 0 h 0 h 0 h h 0

, f ( x) c .

3.2

1-5
.

.

62
7-12

dy dr
7. , y = 2 x2 8. , r =s 3 2 s 2 + 3
dx ds

ds t dv 1
9. , s = 10. , v = t
dt 2t + 1 dt t

dp 1 dz 1
11. , p= 12. , z =
dq q +1 dw 3w 2

37-40 ,
, , P .

41 42 , -
.
2 x 1, x0 x ,
23
x0
41. f ( x) = 42. g ( x) =
x + 2 x + 7, x < 0
2 13
x , x<0

43--48 D
.
a . ?
b . , ?
c . ? .

63
53. y = 2 x 2 13 x + 5 , 1 ?
, . ,
?
54. y = x x = 1 -?
, 1 ? ,
. , ?

64

3.3
, .

df d
f ( x) = c , = = (c ) 0
dx dx

.
f ( x + h) f ( x ) cc
f ( x) lim
= = lim = 0.
h 0 h h 0 h

n ,
d n
x = nx n 1 ,
dx
x -, x n x n 1

. ( n ).

z n x n = ( z x)( z n 1 + z n 2 x + + zx n 2 + x n 1 )
.
f ( x) = x n ,
f ( z ) f ( x) z n xn
f ( x) lim = lim
= =
zx zx zx z x

n 1
= lim( z + z n 2 x + + zx n 2 + x n 1 ) =
nx n 1 .
zx

1. x -
1
(a) x3 (b) x 2 3 (c ) x 2
(d ) (e) x 4 3 ( f ) x 2 +
x4

65


u ( x) c ,

d du
(cu ) = c .
dx dx

, n ,
d
(cx n ) = cnx n 1 .
dx
.
d cu ( x + h) cu ( x) u ( x + h) u ( x )
= = c=
(cu ) lim lim
dx h 0 h h 0 h
d cu ( x + h) cu ( x) u ( x + h) u ( x ) du
= = c=
(cu ) lim lim c .
dx h 0 h h 0 h dx

2.
d
(a) (a) (3 x 2 ) =3 2 x =6 x
dx
d d d du
(b) (u ) = (1 u ) =1 (u ) = .
dx dx dx dx

u ( x) v( x) , u + v

d du dv
(u + v) = +
dx dx dx

66
 , =
y x 4 + 12 x , y u ( x) = x 4 v( x) = 12 x .

dy d 4 d
=( x ) + (12 x) =+
4 x 3 12 .
dx dx dx

.
d [u ( x + h) + v( x + h)] [u ( x) + v( x)] u ( x + h) u ( x ) v ( x + h) v ( x )
=[u ( x) + v( x)] lim = lim =
dx h 0 h h 0
h h
u ( x + h) u ( x ) v( x + h) v( x) du dv
lim + lim = +
h 0 h h 0 h dx dx

4. y =x 4 2 x 2 + 2 ?
, ?
. , dy dx
.
dy d 4
= ( x 2 x 2 + 2) = 4 x3 4 x .
dx dx
:
4 x3 4 x =
0; 4 x( x 2 1) =
0; =x 0, 1, 1 .
(0, 2), (1, 1)
(-1, 1) (. 3.11)

3.11

f ( x) = a x , a > 0, a 1.
df a x+h a x a xah a x a x (a h 1) ah 1 x
= lim = lim= lim= lim a .
dx h0 h h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
, , a x - L a x -
. ,
ah 1 x ah 1

f (0) = lim a = lim = L.
h 0 h x =0
h 0 h

67
 f ( x) = a x ,
y -. -7
, , L ln a - . -
L - =
y (a h 1) / h ,
h 0 .

3.12 =
y (a h 1) / h -
a
.
L 0.69 , a =2 ;
L 0.92 , a =2.5 ;
L 1.1 , a =3.
, L 1-
a - 2.5- 3-.
a= e 2.718281828 .
3.12

f ( x) = e x
,
eh 1 d x
f (0) lim
= = 1; (e ) = e x
h 0 h dx

u v x - , uv

d dv du
(=
uv) u + v
dx dx dx

.
d u ( x + h )v ( x + h ) u ( x )v ( x ) v ( x + h) v ( x ) u ( x + h) u ( x )
(uv) = lim = lim u ( x + h) + v( x) =
dx h 0 h h 0
h h
v ( x + h) v ( x ) u ( x + h) u ( x )
= lim u ( x + h) lim + v( x) lim .
h 0 h 0 h h 0 h

68
 h 0 , u ( x + h) 0 ,
. dv dx , du dx x .
...
7. y =( x 2 + 1)( x 3 + 3) .
. =
u x 2 + 1 =
v x 3 + 3 .
d
( x 2 + 1)( x3 + 3) = ( x 2 + 1)(3 x 2 ) + ( x3 + 3)(2 x) = 5 x 4 + 3 x 2 + 6 x .
dx

. ,
.

u v x - v( x) 0 , u v

d u vu uv
= .
dx v v2

.
u ( x + h) u ( x )

d u v ( x + h) v ( x ) v( x)u ( x + h) u ( x)v( x + h)
= = lim
lim =
dx v h 0 h h 0 hv( x + h)v( x)

u ( x + h) u ( x ) v ( x + h) v ( x )
v( x) u ( x)
= lim h h .
h 0 v ( x + h )v ( x )
...
t 2 1
8. =
(a) y = , (b) y e x
t3 +1
.
dy (t 2 1)(t 3 + 1) (t 2 1)(t 3 + 1) 2t (t 3 + 1) (t 2 1)3t 2 t 4 + 3t 2 + 2t
=
(a) = = .
dt (t 3 + 1) 2 (t 3 + 1) 2 (t 3 + 1) 2
d x d 1 e x 0 1 e x
(b) (e ) = x = x 2
= e x .
dx dx e (e )

69
 ( x 1)( x 2 2 x)
9. y = .
x4
, .
.
x3 3x 2 + 2 x
y= =x 1 3 x 2 + 2 x 3 ;
x4
dy 1 6 6
= x 2 3(2) x 3 + 2(3) x 4 = 2+ 3 4.
dx x x x

y = f ( x) , f ( x)
. f ( x) ,
f -. , f = ( f ) .
f f - ,
. :

d 2 y d dy dy
f ( x=
) =
2 = D 2 ( f )( x=
= y= ) Dx2 f ( x) .
dx dx dx dx

y = x 6 , y = 6 x 5
= y (6
= x 5 ) 30 x 4 .

y , y -
x - :
dy d 3 y
y =
= .
dx dx3

y - n - x - :
d ( n 1) d n y
=
y(n) y= = n
Dn y , ( n )
dx dx

10. y =x3 3x 2 + 2 :
y 3 x 2 6 x;
=
y =
6 x 6; y =
6; y (4) =
0.
.
.

70
 3.3

1--12

13--16 : ()
; () .

17--40 .

1 ( x + 1)( x + 2)
27. y = 28. y =
( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
2
( x 1)( x 2)
x 2 + 3e x
29.=y 2e x + e3 x 30. y =
2e x x

71
41--44

45--50 .

53. u v x

5, u (0) =
u (0) = 1, v(0) =
3, v(0) = 2.
x = 0 :

d d u d v d
a. (uv); b. ; c. ; d. (7v 2u )
dx dx v dx u dx

54. u v x
u (1) = 2, u (1) = 0, v(1) = 5, v(1) = 1 .
x = 1 :

d d u d v d
a. (uv); b. ; c. ; d. (7v 2u )
dx dx v dx u dx

72
57. ( )
(1,2) .

64. f ( x) = x 2 ( x, y ) , -
(3, 8) .

59. y = ax 2 + bx + c (1, 2) y = x .

a, b, c

69. a ,
ax, x<0
g ( x) = 2
x 3 x, x 0
.

77. T
, P V

nRT an 2
= P ,
V nb V 2
a, b, n, R . dP dV .

73

3.4
( f ( x + h) f ( x)) h , f -
x - x + h - ,
h 0 , f x .

. x - f x0

f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 ) = lim
h 0 h

, .

, .
"" , x .
. ,
.

1. A

A= D2 .
4
, 10 ?
.
dA D
= 2D = .
dD 4 2
D = 10 , ( 2) 10 = 5 15.71 2 / .

( s -)
() t :
s = f (t ) .
t - t + t -

=
s f (t + t ) f (t ) ,

74


t
, t . f -
t .

. ( ) t

ds f (t + t ) f (t )
v(=
t) = lim .
dt t 0 t
( -velocity ())

. ( s ),
. ( s ), .
70
/-, ( )
70 /- , 70 /-.
, .
.

.

ds
= | v(t ) |= .
dt
( speed (.)-- ).

. .
t s = f (t ) , t

dv d 2 s
a (=
t) = .
dt dt 2

75
 3.4

1--6
s = f (t ) .
()
.
() .
() ?

7. s - t s =t 3 6t 2 + 9t .
() , .
() , .
() t = 0 - t = 2 -.

15.
v = ds dt .

() ?
() ?
() 0 t 10 .
() , .

76

3.5

d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
.

sin(=
x + h) sin x cos h + cos x sin h .

f ( x) = sin x ,

f ( x + h) f ( x ) sin( x + h) sin( x) sin x(cos h 1) + cos x sin h

=f ( x) lim
= lim= lim =
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

cos h 1 sin h cos h 1 sin h

= lim sin x + lim cos x = sin x lim + cos x lim =
h 0
h h 0
h h 0 h h 0 h

= sin x 0 + cos x =
1 cos x . ...

1.

(a) =
y x 2 sin x : y =
2 x (sin x) =
2 x cos x

(b) y = e x sin x : y =e x (sin x) + (e x ) sin x =e x cos x + e x sin x

sin x x (sin x) sin x ( x) x cos x sin x

(c=
) y= : y =
x x2 x2

d
(cos x) = sin x
dx

cos(=
x + h) cos x cos h sin x sin h .

77
 f ( x) = cos x ,

f ( x + h) f ( x ) cos( x + h) cos( x) cos x(cos h 1) sin x sin h

=f ( x) lim
= lim = lim =
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

cos h 1 sin h cos h 1 sin h

= lim cos x lim sin x = cos x lim sin x lim =
h 0
h h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h

=cos x 0 sin x 1 = sin x . ...

2.

(a) =
y 5e x + cos x : y =
(5e x ) + (cos x) =
5e x sin x

(b) y = sin x cos x : y =

sin x(cos x) + cos x(sin x) =
sin 2 x + cos 2 x

cos x (1 sin x) (cos x) cos x (1 sin x)

=
(c ) y = : y =
1 sin x (1 sin x) 2

(1 sin x) ( sin x) cos x (0 cos x) 1 sin x 1

= = =
(1 sin x) 2
(1 sin x) 1 sin x
2

sin x cos x ,

sin x cos x 1 1
=tan x = , cot x = , sec x = , csc x
cos x sin x cos x sin x

, .

d d
(tan x) = sec 2 x (cot x) = csc 2 x
dx dx

d d
(sec x) = sec x tan x (csc x) = csc x cot x
dx dx

-.

5. d (tan x) dx .

78
 d d sin x cos x(sin x) sin x(cos x) cos x cos x sin x( sin x)
= (tan x) = = =
dx dx cos x cos 2 x cos 2 x

cos 2 x + sin 2 x 1
= 2
= = 2
sec 2 x ...
cos x cos x

, -
. ,
.

7.

2 + sec x 2 + sec 0 2 +1 3
lim = = = = 3.
x 0 cos( tan x) cos( tan 0) cos( 0) 1

3.5

1--18 dy dx .

3
1. y =
10 x + 3cos x 2. y= + 5sin x 3. y = x 2 cos x
x

1
=
4. y x sec x + 3 5. y = csc x 4 x + 7 =
6. y x 2 cot x
x2

7. y = sin x tan x 8. y = csc x cot x 9. y =

(sec x + tan x)(sec x tan x)

cot x cos x
=
10. y (sin x + cos x) sec x 11. y = 12. y =
1 + cot x 1 + sin x

79

3.6

=
F ( x) sin( x 2 4) ?
:=y (u ) sin u =
f= u g ( x=
) x 2 4 , ..=F f=
g f ( g ( x)) .

2. .

u = g ( x) x , u -
y = f (u ) ,
= y F=
( x) f [ g ( x)]
x

dy dy du
=
dx du dx

"". x x , u

=
u g ( x + x) g ( x) .

=y f (u + u ) f (u ) .

u 0 , y x
y y u
= (1)
x u x
x 0 :

dy y y u y u dy du
= lim = lim = lim lim = .
dx x 0 x x 0 u x u 0 u x 0 x du dx

"" (1) , ,
u =0.

4. y = ecos x .

. u = cos x .

dy d u d du
= (e ) = (eu ) =
eu ( sin x) =
ecos x sin x .
dx dx du dx

80
 6. .

(a )=y (5 x3 x 4 )7 ;

=
u 5 x 3 x 4 .

dy d 7 d 7 du d
= (u )= (u ) = 7u 6 (5 x 3 x 4 )= 7(5 x3 x 4 )6 (5 3 x 2 4 x3 )
dx dx du dx dx

1
(b) y= ;
3x 2

=
u 3 x 2 .

dy d 1 d du d 3
= (u ) = (u 1 ) =1u 2 (3 x 2) =(3 x 2) 2 3 = .
dx dx du dx dx (3 x 2) 2

(c) y = sin 5 x;

u = sin x .

dy d 5 d 5 du d
= (u=) (u ) = 5u 4 sin=
x 5sin 4 x cos x .
dx dx du dx dx

3 x +1
(d ) y = e ;

d 3 x +1 3 x +1 d 3 x +1 1 3
(e =) e ( 3 x +=
1) e (3 x + 1) 1 2 =
3 e 3 x +1
.
dx dx 2 2 3x + 1

9. ,
. ,
. 180 = , x = x 180 ., x
.

d d x x
=
sin( x) sin=
cos=
cos( x).
dx dx 180 180 180 180

81
 3.6

=
9--18 y f=
(u ), u g ( x) .
dy dx , x - .

23--40

71-- 78 y .

82
79-- 84 ( f g ) - -

3.7

y = f ( x) , y -
x .
. , , ,

x3 + y 3 9=
xy 0, y2 =
x 0 x 2 + y 2 25 =
0 . y
x . F ( x, y ) = 0
y = f ( x) ,
.

1. dy dx , y 2 = x .
. y 2 = x : y1 = x y2 = x , x > 0 ,

dy1 1 dy2 1
= = .
dx 2 x dx 2 x
, y 2 = x x
, x >0, .
dy dx - ?

. dy dx -
x , y - x - :

83
 d 2 d dy dy 1
( y ) = ( x) 2y =1 = .
dx dx dx dx 2 y
, y1 = x

y2 = x :
dy1 1 1 dy2 1 1
= = = = .
dx 2 y1 2 x dx 2 y2 2 x

2. x 2 + y 2 =
25 (3, -4) .

. . ,
=
y1 25 x 2 y2 =
25 x 2
( 3.30). (3, -4) y2 - ,
:

dy2 2 x 6 3
=
=
= .
dx x =3 2 25 x 2 x =3
2 25 9 4

,
x :

d 2 d d
(x ) + ( y2 ) = (25) ;
dx dx dx
dy dy x
2x + 2 y = 0; = .
dx dx y

(3, -4)
x 3
= .
y (3, 4) 4
3.30

1. x - , y -
x .
2. dy dx .

84
 3. dy dx , y=
2
x 2 + sin xy ( 3.31).

. :

d 2 d 2 d
= (y ) ( x ) + (sin xy ) ;
dx dx dx

dy d
2 y = 2 x + (cos xy ) ( xy ) ;
dx dx

dy dy
2y =
2 x + (cos xy ) y + x ;
dx dx

dy
(2 y x cos xy ) =
2 x + y cos xy ;
dx

3.31 dy 2 x + y cos xy
= .
dx 2 y x cos xy

3.7

1--16 dy dx .

85
31--35 ,
.

3.8

3.

f I -
. f ( x) 0 x - I -,
f 1 y = f ( x) f -

1
( f ) ( y) =
1

f ( x)
.

, f ( f 1 ( x)) = x ;
d
. f ( f 1 ( x)) = 1 .
dx
:
d 1
f ( f 1 ( x)) f ( x) =
1
dx
d 1 1
f ( x) = ...
dx f ( f 1 ( x))

1. f=
( x) x 2 , x 0 f 1 ( x) = x
f ( x) = 2 x ( f 1 )( x) = 1 (2 x ) .

86
, 3 f 1 ( x) -
1
. , ( f ) ( x) =
1

f ( f 1 ( x))
(1);

f ( x) = 2 x x - f 1 ( x) -, f ( f 1 ( x)) = 2 f 1 ( x) ,
(1)-
1 1
) ( x)
( f= 1
= 1
2 f ( x) 2 x
.

3
. x = 2
f (2)= 4= y . 3 ,
f - x = 2 -, ..
f (2) = 4 f 1 -

=y f=
(2) 4 -, .. ( f )(4)
1
,
.
:
1 1 1 1
)(4)
(f = 1
=
f ( f 1 (4))
= =
f (2) 2 x x = 2 4
.

. 3.36.

3.36

2.
) x 3 2 . df 1 dx
f ( x=

x= 6= f (2) f 1 ( x)

. 3:
df
= 3= x 2 x = 2 12
dx x = 2
df 1 1 1
= = .
dx x = f (2) df 12
dx x = 2 3.37
. 3.37

87


d 1
ln=
| x| , x0
dx x
d y d dy
.
= y ln x, x > 0 ey = x (e ) = ( x ) ey =1
dx dx dx

dy 1 1 d 1
= = (ln=
x) , x >0.
dx e y x dx x

x < 0 , .

4. , m ,
y = ln x . m ?

. x= a > 0 . (a, ln a )
m = 1 a ( 3.38).

,

ln a 0 ln a
=m = .
a0 a
m - ,

ln a 1 1
= ln a = 1 ; a = e; m= .
a a e

3.38

a x log a x

d x
=
(a ) a x ln a, a > 0, a 1
dx

d 1
(log=
a x) , a > 0, a 1
dx x ln a

88
 5.

d x
(a) 3 = 3x ln 3
dx

d x d
(b) 3 =3x ln 3 ( x) =3x ln 3
dx dx

d sin x sin x d
=
(c ) 3 3= (ln 3) (sin x) 3sin x (ln 3) cos x
dx dx

3.3- ,

eh 1
lim =1. (*)
h 0 h

ah 1
lim = ln a, a > 0, a 1 , (**)
h 0 h

ax 1 a x a0 d x
= lim= =
lim (a ) a=
x
ln a ln a .
x 0 x x 0 x 0 dx x =0
x =0

(**)- a = e (*) .

, ,
, -
. .

( x 2 + 1)( x + 3)1 2
6. =
dy dx , y , x > 1.
x 1

. :

( x 2 + 1)( x + 3)1/2
ln =
y ln = ln( x 2 + 1) + ln( x + 3)1/2 ln( x 1) .
x 1

x :

89
 1 dy 1 1 1 1
= 2 2x + .
y dx x + 1 2 x + 3 x 1

dy dx

dy 2x 1 1
= y 2 +
dx x +1 2x + 6 x 1

y - :

dy ( x 2 + 1)( x + 3)1 2 2 x 1 1
= 2 + .
dx x 1 x +1 2x + 6 x 1

7. =y xx , x > 0 .

. : ln y = x ln x ;

d d d d
(ln=
y) ( x ln=
x) ( x) ln x + x (ln x)
dx dx dx dx

1 dy d d 1
= ( x) ln x + x (ln x) = 1 ln x + x = ln x + 1 .
y dx dx dx x

dy dx :

dy
= y ( ln x +=
1) x x ( ln x + 1) .
dx

4. e

=e lim(1 + x)1 x
x 0

. f ( x) = ln x , f ( x) = 1 x f (1) = 1 .
,

f (1 + x) f (1) ln(1 + x) ln1 1

f (1) lim
= = lim = lim ln(1= + x)
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x

90
 = lim ln(1 + x)1 =
x
ln lim(1 + x)1 x .
x 0 x 0

f (1) = 1 ,

ln lim(1 + x)1 x =
1,
x 0

3.8

5. a. , f ( x) = x 3 g ( x) = 3
x .
b. f g x - , -
(1, 1) (-1, -1) . ,
y = x .

c. (1, 1) (-1, -1) .

d . .

6. a. , h( x) = x 3 4 k ( x) = (4 x)1 3 .

b. h k x - , -
(2, 2) (-2, -2) . ,
y = x .

c. (2, 2) (-2, -2) .

d . .

7. f ( x) =x 3 3 x 2 1, x 2 . df 1 dx - x =1 =f (3)
.

8. f ( x) = x 2 4 x 5, x > 2 . df 1 dx - x= 0= f (5)
.

91
13--40

41--52

92
 55--62 y x, t .

63--66 dy dx .

67--88

89-- 96
y
.

93

3.9

3.39- .
y = x
.

3.39

y = tan 1 x ( 2, 2) , tan y = x .
y = cot 1 x (0, ) , cot y = x .

94
 d 1 1
=
(sin x) , 1 < x < 1 (a)
dx 1 x2

d 1
(cos 1 x) = , 1 < x < 1 (b)
dx 1 x2

d 1
(tan 1 x) = (c)
dx 1 + x2

d 1
(cot 1 x) = (d)
dx 1 + x2

d d
(a) y = sin 1 x sin y = x (sin y ) = ( x) ;
dx dx

dy dy 1 1 1
cos y =1 = = = .
dx dx cos y 1 sin 2 y 1 x2

(c) y = tan 1 x . tan y = x .

:

d d 1 dy dy 1 1
(tan y ) = ( x) =1 = cos
= 2
y = .
dx dx cos 2 y dx dx 1 + tan y 1 + x 2
2

. ,
.

1
cos= x 2 sin 1 x ; 1
cot= x 2 tan 1 x

d d 1 d 1
(b) (cos 1 x) = (sin 1 x) =
sin x = .
dx dx 2 dx 1 x2

d d 1 d 1
(d) (cot 1 x) = (tan 1 x) =
tan x = .
dx dx 2 dx 1 + x2

95
 3.9

1-- 8 .

13--20
.
,

3.10

, ,
. V , V
4
, V = r3 .
3

96
V r - ,
t -
:

dV dV dr dr
= = 4 r 2 .
dt dr dt dt

, dV dt
,
dr dt - .

, , -
. dV dt -
dr dt .

1. 9 3 / .
. 10 , 5 .
6 ?

. 3.43- .
:
V = ( 3 ) t ()

x = () t

y = () t

, V, x y t
.
.
dy dt - y =6
dV dt = 9 3 / .

y=6 ()

1
V = x2 y .
3

97
 x - dx dt - ,
. (
3.43)
x 5 y
= x = .
y 10 2
,

2
1 y 3 dV 2 dy
=V = y y = y ;
3 2 12 dt 4 dt
:

dy dy 1
9= (6) 2 = 0.32
4 dt dt

0.32 / .

4. P
10 ,

. (0, 10)
y -, (10, 0) x -
. , P
x - Q
( ).

30 ,
x - ,
20 - ?
3.46
. 3.46-.

t -, x - P
- . 2
1 2 -, / . , d dt = ,
t - . - -
.

Q t x(t ) .
dx dt ,

98
 d
x = 20 = / .
dt

x 3.46- x cos = 10 ,
x = 10sec .

dx d
= 10sec tan = 10 sec tan .
dt dt

, dx dt , x ( Q ).

x =20, cos = 1 2 sec = 2 . tan

= sec 2 =
1 3 .

dx
(10 )(2)( 3) =
= 20 3 .
dt

, Q 20 3 108.8 / .

3.10

1. , r A = r 2 t - .
, dA dt - dr dt -.

2. , r S = 4 r 2 t -
. , dS dt - dr dt -.

3. y = 5 x dx dt = 2 . dy dt .

12 dy dt = 2 . dx dt = 2 .
4. 2 x + 3 y =

5. y = x 2 dx dt = 3 , dy dt , x = 1 ?

8. x 2 y 3 = 4 27 dy dt = 1 2 , dx dt x = 2 ?

11. 24 5 / . ,
x = 3 ,

() ?

() ?

99
12. 72 2 / .
, x = 3 ?

17. x y t - =s x2 + y 2
( x ,0) (0, y ) xy -.

() ds dt dx dt , y ?

() ds dt , dx dt dy dt , x
y ?

() dx dt dy dt , s ?

29. 6 3 / ,
13 . , R
=
V ( 3) y 2 (3R y ) , y .
.

()
, 8 ?

() r
, y ?

() r
, y ?

33.
1/ .
65
, 17 /
.
s (t )

3 ?

100

3.11

,
. , ,
.

dx dy ,
, -
.

3.49- , y = x 2 - -
.
y y -
. ,
.

101
 --
.

, y = f ( x) (a, f (a ))

y=f (a ) + f (a )( x a ) .

. f x = a ,
L( x) =f (a ) + f (a )( x a )
f - a .
f ( x) L( x)
f - a ,
x = a .

1. f ( x=) 1 + x x = 0 .

1
f (=
x) (1 + x) 1 2 ,
2

f (0) = 1 f (0) = 1 2 .

1 x
L( x) =1 + ( x 0) =1 + .
2 2

1 + x 1 + ( x 2) .

|. . - .|

0.2
1.2 1 + = 1.10 1.095445 <10 2
2
0.05
1.05 1 + =1.025 1.024695 <10 3
2
0.005
1.005 1 + = 1.00250 1.002497 <10 5
2

102
 .

1 + x 1 + ( x 2) x = 3 - .

2. f ( x=) 1 + x x = 3 .

1 1
2, f (3) =+
f (3) = (1 x) 1 2 = ,
2 x =3 4

1 5 x
L( x) =2 + ( x 3) = + .
4 4 4
x = 3.2
5 3.2
L(3.2) = + =2.050 ,
4 4
,

1 + 3.2 = 4.2 2.049 .

3. f ( x) = cos x x = 2 .

. f ( 2) = cos( 2) = 0, f ( x) = sin x f ( 2) =
sin ( 2) =
1 ,

L( x) =0 + (1) x = x + .
2 2

y x dy dx

. , .

103
 dy dx , ,
, .

. y = f ( x) .
x ( dx )
x ,
dx = x ( ).
y ( dy )

dy = f ( x)dx .

dx , dy
. x dx ,
.

4.
() dy , =
y x 5 + 37 .
() dy - , x = 1 dx = 0.2 .
.
() =
dy (5 x 4 + 37 x)dx

() dy = (5 14 + 37)0.2 = 8.4 .

3.54- .

3.54

104
 x = a dx = x . y = f ( x) -
y= f (a + dx) f (a ) . L

L = L(a + dx) L(a ) = f (a ) + f (a )[(a + dx) a ]

f (a ) = f (a ) dx

L ( a + dx ) L(a)

, f - dy - ,
x = a dx = x .

dx 0 , dy dx f ( x) -
,

f ( x) dx dy
dy dx =
= f ( x) .
dx dx
dy = f ( x) dx -

df = f ( x) dx

df - f .

, f (=
x) 3 x 2 6 df
= d (3 x 2 6)
= 6 x dx .

d (u + v) du dv d (sin u ) du
= + = cos u
dx dx dx dx dx

d (u + v) = du + dv d (sin u ) = cos u du .

f ( x) a ,
a + dx . dx = x ,
3.54- , y dy - .
f (a + =
dx) f (a ) + y ,

105
 f (a + dx) f (a ) + dy , dx = x .

, y dy f (a + dx) -
, f (a ) dx .

6. r a = 10 - 10.1 - ( 3.55).
A dA . -
.

. A = r 2 ,

= (a )dr 2 a (10)(0.1)
dA A= = 2 2 .

A(r + r ) A(r ) + dA ,

(10) 2 + 2=
A(10 + 0.1) A(10) + 2= 102 .

10.1 102 2 .
3.55
A(10.1) =
= (10.1) 2 102.01 2 .

0.01 2 .

3.11

1--5 f ( x) L( x) x = a

106
7--14 x0 -

a ,


.

.

19--38 dy .

64 () Q ( x) = b0 + b1 ( x a ) + b2 ( x a ) 2 f ( x) -
x = a :

i) Q (a ) = f (a ) ii) Q(a ) = f (a ) iii) Q(a ) = f (a ) .

b0 , b1 , b2 .

x) 1 (1 x) x = 0
() f (=

107
 4

,
,
,
.
,
.

4.1

. f D . f -
D - c
f ( x ) f (c ) x D
D - c
f ( x) f (c) x D .

, [ 2, 2]
f = cos x 1 (
) 0 ( ).
g ( x) = sin x
1, 1
( 4.1).

4.1

108
 ,
, -- .

, .
.
1. 4.2- . ,
,
, .

D D -

() y = x2 (, ) . max
. min =0, x = 0-

() y = x2 [0, 2] . max =4, x = 2-

. min =0, x = 0-

() y = x2 (0, 2] . max =4, x = 2-

. min

() y = x2 (0, 2)

() () () ()
4.2

1. f [a, b] ,
.
x1 , x2 [a, b] , f ( x1 ) f ( x) f ( x2 ) x -
[a, b] -.

109
 1- ,

, ,
.
4.4 ,

.

4.4

D .

. f c ,
f ( x) f (c) x - c .
, f c ,
f ( x) f (c) x - c .

f - [a, b] , f -
() x = a , f ( x) f (a ) ( f ( x) f (a ) ) x -
[a, a + ), > 0 .
.

2 (). f c
,

f (c) = 0 .

. , f c
. c - x -
f ( x) f (c) 0 . c
,

f ( x ) f (c )
lim .
x c xc

, f (c) - .

110
 f ( x ) f (c )
=f (c) lim+ 0 , x c > 0 f ( x) f (c) ;
x c xc

f ( x ) f (c )
=f (c) lim 0 , x c < 0 f ( x) f (c) .
x c xc

f (c) = 0 , ...

,
( ), :

1. , f = 0 ,

2. , ,

3. .

. f ,
f , .

,
.

1. f .

2. .

2. f ( x) = x 2 [-2, 1]
.

. f ( x= x 0
) 2=
x = 0 .

: f (0) = 0

: f=
(2) 4, =
f (1) 1 .

111
, 4- x = 2 0-
x = 0 -.

3. =
f ( x) 10 x(2 ln x)
[1, e 2 ] .

. 4.8 , x = 3 - ,
0- x = e 2 . .
1
f ( x) =10(2 ln x) 10 x =10(1 ln x) .
x
f ( x)= 0 ln x = 1 , x = e
, .
f (=
e) 10e 27.2 , f (1) = 10(2 ln1) = 20 ,

f (e 2 ) = 10e 2 (2 2 ln e) = 0 .
, 27.2-
x=e
, 0-

x = e 2 .

4.8

4. f ( x) = x 2 3 -
[-2, 3] .

2 1 3 2
f ( x)
. : = = x . ,
3 33 x
x = 0 - .

: f (0) = 0 ,

f (2) =
( 2) 2 3 =3 4 f (2) =
( 2) 2 3 =3 4 ,

= (3)=
f (3) 23 3
9 2.08 .

, 2.08 x = 3 ;

0, x = 0

112
 4.1

1--6 ,
[a, b] . ,
1- .

53--68 (
); , .

113
69--76 ,
(
).

4.2

, .
, , ?
, ?

. ,

114
 ,
-
.

, -
-
,

,

( 4.10).

4.10

3 (). [a, b] f
(a, b) , f (a ) = f (b) ,
c , f (c) = 0 .

1. f [a, b] M = max f ( x) , m = min f ( x) ;

2. M = m , f .
c (a, b) ;

3. M m , M , m ,
f (a ) = f (b) M m . , -
c . f (c) = 0 . ...

3- . ,
( 4.11)

115
 1. , x3 + 3x + 1 =0
.

f ( x) = x3 + 3x + 1 .

f (1) =3 f (0) = 1 , ( )
f - x - (-1, 0) .
( x = a x = b ) , f=
(a) f=
(b) 0
f (a, b) - . ,
f (=
x) 3 x 2 + 3 >0. .. .

-
-
"" ( 4.13).
,
.
AB .
4.13

116
 4_()_( )
[a, b] f (a, b) ,
c ,
f (b) f (a )
= f (c) . (1)
ba

. A(a, f (a )) B (b, f (b))

( 4.15)
f (b) f (a )
g ( x) =
f (a) + ( x a) .
ba

h( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( a )

f (b) f (a )
( x a) . (2)
ba
4.15
h : [a, b] -,
(a, b) -, h= (b) 0 . , h(c) = 0
(a ) h=
c (a, b) . , (1) .

(2) x - x = c :

f (b) f (a ) f (b) f (a )
( x) f ( x)
h= , f (c) = . ...
ba ba

( f (b) f (a )) / (b a ) , f -
[a, b] - , f (c) .
,
.

3. 8 -
352 . 8 352/8=
44 /. () ,
158.4 / ( 44 /) .

117
 1. f ( x) = 0 (a, b) x ,
f ( x) .

. x1 , x2 (a, b) -.
, f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) . f
, c ( x1 , x2 ) ,
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
= f (c) .
x2 x1
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
f ( x) = 0 =0,
x2 x1
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) =0, f ( x2 ) = f ( x1 ) ...

2. f ( x) = g ( x) (a, b) x ,
f ( x) g ( x) .

1 2

4.2

1--8 c - ,
f (b) f (a )
= f (c) .
ba

118
9--14
? .

21--28 ,
.

33--34
.

33. ) y = x ) y = x 2 ) y = x 3

34. ) y = 2 x ) y= 2 x 1 ) y = 3 x 2 + 2 x 1

119
43-46
v = ds dt ().
t

47--50
a = d 2 s dt 2 , ().
t

4.3

-
.

,
.

3. [a, b] f (a, b) -.

f ( x) > 0 x (a, b) , f [a, b] -.

f ( x) < 0 x (a, b) , f [a, b] -.

120
. x1 x2 [a, b] - x1 < x2 .
[ x1 , x2 ] :

) f (c) ( x2 x1 ) ,
f ( x2 ) f ( x1= c ( x1 , x2 ) .

, f (c) - .

f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ) f , f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 ) f . ...

3 .

1. f ( x) =x 3 12 x 5
- .

. f ( x) = 3 x 2 12 = 3( x 2 4) = 3( x 2)( x + 2) .

x = 2 x = 2 .
(, 2) , (-2,2) (2, ) ,
.
.
:

< x < 2 2 < x < 2 2< x<

f f ( 3) = 15 f (0)= 12 f (3)=15

f - + +

f -

.
" " " " - ,
.

4.21- , f - f > 0,
f < 0 . ( , .)
, , .
, f - f > 0,

121
 f < 0. , ,
. , .

4.21

c f f
c ,
. c

f > 0, x < c
1) , c ;
f < 0, x > c

f < 0, x < c
2) , c ;
f > 0, x > c

3) f , c .

. 1) , c - (a, b) ,

f > 0 f (c) > f ( x) a<x<c ,

f < 0 f f (c) > f ( x) c < x < b .

, f (c) > f ( x) , a < x < b , .. c .

2) 3) .

122
 2. f (=
x) x 4 3 4 x1 3 .
.
.

.
4 1 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4( x 1)
f ( x=
) x x = x ( x 1)
=
3 3 3 3x 2 3

x = 1 - x = 0 . ,
.
.
.

x<0 0 < x <1 x >1

f - +

f -

x = 1 , f (1) = 1 .
.

3. f (=
x) ( x 2 3)e x .
.
.

.
d x d 2
f ( x) = ( x 2 3) e + ( x 3) e x = ( x 2 3)e x + 2 xe x = ( x 2 + 2 x 3)e x .
dx dx

, x 2 + 2 x 3 =0 . x = 3 x = 1
.

x < 3 3 < x < 1 1< x

f - + +

f -

, x = 3 ( 0.299),

123
 ( -5.44) x = 1 .
, f ( x) > 0 , | x |> 3 .
(, 3) (1, ) , (-3, 1)

4.3

1--9 f ,
.
) f - ;
) f - ;
) f ?

17--44 :
) , ;
) .
.

124
45--60 :

) .

) ?

125
 .
4.4
, ,

. ,
-.
,
.

4.24- ,
f ( x) = x3 ,
(, 0) (0, )
.

,
-
, x -
(.. f ).
4.24
,
, x -
(.. f
).

, y = f ( x) () M ( x0 , f ( x0 ))
,
M - ().

, () ,
() .

. f () I , f
() I -.

126
 y = f ( x) , f > 0 f
, f < 0 f .

y = f ( x) I .
1. I f > 0 , f - I -.
2. I f < 0 , f - I -.

1.
6 x < 0
) y = x 3 (, 0) , y=
6 x > 0 .
(0, ) , y=
) y = x 2 (, ) , y = 2
.

. ,
, .

y = x 3 .

(c, f (c)) , f (c) = 0 , f (c) .

3. f ( x) = x5 3

=
, f ( x) (5=
3) x 2 3 0 x = 0 .

d 5 2 3 10 1 3
f ( x)
= = x x
dx 3 9
x = 0 .
, f ( x) < 0 x < 0 f ( x) > 0
x > 0 ,
x = 0 -
. 4.27-
.

4.27

127
 4.28 4.29

4. y = x 4
( 4.28). x = 0 - y = 12 x 2 ,
.

5. y = x1 3 ,

d2 13 d 1 2 3 2 5 3
2 (
y = x )= x = x
dx dx 3 9

x < 0 , x > 0 .
x = 0 - .
( 4.29).

6.

s (t ) = 2t 3 14t 2 + 22t 5, t 0 .
.
.
v(t ) = s(t ) = 6t 2 28t + 22 = 2(t 1)(3t 11) .

a (t ) = v(t ) = s(t ) = 12t 28 = 4(3t 7) .

s (t ) , ; s (t ) ,
.
, ( v = s ) t = 1 t = 11 3

128
 0 < t <1 1 < t < 11 3 11 3 < t

v = s - + +

s -

. .

[0, 1) (11 3, ) , (1, 11/3)

. t = 1 t = 11 3 . ,
t = 7/3.

0<t <7 3 7 3<t

a = s - +

s -

. t = 1
(
[0, 7/3) ). t = 7 3
,
, . t = 11 3
: ,
.

5._
f x = c - .

1. f (c) = 0 f (c) < 0 , f - x = c -.

2. f (c) = 0 f (c) > 0 , f - x = c -.

3. f (c) = 0 f (c) = 0 , -- x = c -
, .

129
. (1). f (c) < 0 , f - f ( x) < 0 , c -
I . f I -. f (c) = 0 ,
f - c - .
, c
.
(2) .
(3) - y = x 4 , y = x 4 y = x 3 . -
x = 0 -.
, . y = x 3
x = 0 - ,
.
7.
f ( x) =x 4 4 x 3 + 10
.
() .
() .
() - .
() .
() : ,
. .

. f , f (=
x) 4 x3 12 x 2 . f -
(, ) . f - (, ) ,
f - .
( x) 4 x 2 ( x 3) x = 0 x = 3 .
f=

x<0 0< x<3 3< x

f - +

f -

() x = 0 - . x = 3 - .

() (, 0] [0, 3] , [3, ) -.

() f = 12 x 2 24 x = 12 x( x 2) x = 0 x = 2 -.

130
 x<0 0< x<2 2< x

f - + +

f -

f (, 0) (2, ) ; (0, 2) -.

() :

x<0 0< x<2 2< x<3 3< x

( 4.30 ).

() (), ,
f f .
. . ,
. f - 4.30 - .

131
 y = f ( x)

1. f - .

2. y y .

3. f - .
.

4. .

5. ( )
- .

6. ( ).

7. 3-5 - ,
.

x2 + 4
9. f ( x) = .
2x

1. f (, 0) (0, ) . .
f ( x) = f ( x) , .

x 2 1 2 x2 4
2. f ( x)= + f ( x) = 2 = 2 ;
2 x 2 x 2x

4
f ( x) = ( f - ).
x3

3. x = 2 x = 2 ( f ( x) = 0 ). f (2) < 0
f (2) > 0 , x = 2 -, f (2) =2 ;

x = 2 -, f (2) = 2 .

4. (, 2) f , x 2 4 > 0 ,
; (2, 0) .
, (0, 2) - (2, ) -.

132
5. , f ( x) < 0 x < 0 ; f ( x) > 0 x > 0 . f
f - .
(, 0) (0, ) .

x 2
6. lim+ f ( x) = lim+ + = +
x 0 x 02 x
x 2
lim f ( x) = lim + = ,
x 0 x 0 2 x
y - .
, x x , f -
y = x 2 .
, y = x 2 .

4.32 7. 4.32-.

4.4

13--58

133
91--100 .

104. y = f ( x)
:

134
105. y = f ( x)
:

112. , y = f ( x)

y =( x 1) 2 ( x 2)( x 4) .

,
.

4.5

f ( x) 0
,
g ( x) 0
x c , lim
= =
f ( x) lim g ( x) 0 .
x c x c

6_ . f g
x = a - I . f=
(a ) g=
(a ) 0
g ( x) 0 I - , x a .

f ( x) f ( x)
lim = lim
xa g ( x) x a g ( x)

, .

1. 0/0 ,
.
.

135
 3 x sin x 3 sin x 3 sin x
() lim= lim = = 2
x 0 x x 0 1 1 x =0

1
1+ x 1 2 1+ x 1
() lim= lim =
x 0 x x 0 1 2

1+ x 1 x 2 (1 2)(1 + x) 1 2 1 2 (1 4)(1 + x) 3 2 1
() lim 2
= lim = lim =
x 0 x x 0 2x x 0 2 8

x sin x 1 cos x sin x cos x 1

() lim = 3
lim = 2
= lim
lim =
x 0 x x 0 3x x 0 6 x x 0 6 6

3.

sin x cos x
() lim+ 2
= lim+ =
x 0 x x 0 2x

sin x cos x
() lim 2
= lim = .
x 0 x x 0 2x

, 0,

4. .

ln x 1x 1
= lim= lim
() lim = 0
x 2 x x 1 x x x

ex ex ex ex ex ex
() lim = lim = lim = lim = lim = lim = .
x x 2 x 2 x x 2 x x 2 x 2 x x 2

5. 0 .

1 1 sin h
() lim= x sin hlim= =
sin h hlim 1 ( h = 1 x ).
x
x
0+ h 0+ h

ln x 1x
() lim+ x ln x = lim+ = lim+ = lim+ (2 x ) =0 ( 0
1 x x 0 1 2 x
32
x 0 x 0 x 0

136
 1 1
6. lim .
x 0
sin x x
1 1
. x 0 , sin x 0 () = + .
sin x x

1 1
, x 0+ , sin x 0+ .
sin x x

. ,
1 1 x sin x
= .
sin x x x sin x

1 1 x sin x 1 cos x sin x 0
lim =lim =lim =lim = =0 .
x 0 sin x x x 0 x sin x x 0 sin x + x cos x x 0 2 cos x x sin x 2

, 1 , 00 0 ,

. , .

lim x a f ( x) = L ,

= =
lim f ( x) lim eln f ( x ) e L .
xa x a

a .

7. , lim x 0+ (1 + x)1 x =
e .

. 1 . f ( x)= (1 + x)1 x
lim x 0+ ln f ( x) .

1
ln f ( x) =ln(1 + x)1 x = ln(1 + x) ,
x

137
 1
ln(1 + x) 1+ x 1.
lim= ln f ( x) lim+ = lim =
x 0 +
x 0 x x 0+ 1

lim x 0+ (1 + x) = lim x 0+ f ( x) =lim x 0+ eln f ( x ) =e1 =

1x
e.

8. lim x x1 x .

. 0 . f ( x) = x1 x
lim x ln f ( x) .
ln x
ln =
f ( x) ln=
x1 x ,
x

ln x 1x 0
lim ln f ( x)= lim = lim = = 0 .
x x x x 1 1

lim x = lim f ( x=
) lim eln f ( x= e=
1x ) 0
1.
x x x

4.5

1--6 .
2- .

7--40

138
79. c - ,

9 x 3sin 3 x
, x0
f ( x) = 5 x3
c, x=0

x = 0 .

139

4.6

1. 12 -
.
( 4.35).
, ?

. , x .

V ( x) =x(12 2 x) 2 =144 48 x 2 + 4 x3 , 0 < x < 6.

:
V = 144 96 x + 12 x 2 = 12(12 8 x + x 2 ) = 12( x 2)( x 6) .
x = 2 x = 6 . x = 2
V - V (2) = 128 .
, 2 .

2. 1
? ( 4.37)
. r h ,
r 2 h = 1000 . (*)
=A 2 r 2 + 2 rh .
" "?
.

(*) h ,
:

140
 1000 1000 2000
h= ; 2 r 2 + 2 r
A= 2
2 r 2 +
= .
r2 r r
:
dA 2000
= 4 r 2 ;
dr r
2000
4 r 2
4 r 3 =
2000 ;
r
500
=r 3 5.42 .

4.37
, r = 3 500 ?
dA 4000
4 + 3 > 0 ,
=
dr r
. h -
1000 500
=h = 2 3 = 2r .
r 2

, ,
, r 5.42 h 10.84 .

3. 2 .
?

. ( x, 4 x )
2

( 4.9).
2x ,
4 x 2 ,
A(=
x) 2 x 4 x 2 , 0< x<2.
:

dA 2 x 2
= + 2 4 x2 ;
4.9 dx 4 x 2

2 x 2
+ 2 4 x 2 =0;
4 x 2

2 x 2 + 2(4 x 2 ) =
0;

x 2 = 2; x= 2.

141
 x = 2

A(=
2) 2 2 4=
2 4.

, 4 ,
4 x 2 =2 , 2 x = 2 2 .

4.6

3. (I)-
. 2- .

) P y x - (: AB
.

) x -.

)
?

5. x -, =
y 12 x 2 .
?

12. , 3- -
( (II) ).

(I) (II)

142

4.8

. F ( x) f ( x) - I
, F ( x)
F ( x) = f ( x) .

1.
.
1
() f ( x) = 2 x () g ( x) = cos x () h( x)= + 2e 2 x .
x

. : ,
?

() F ( x) = x 2 () G ( x) = sin x =
() H ( x) ln | x | +e 2 x .

s . , 2x - x 2 + 1
.

2 ( 4.2) ,
.

8. F f - I -
, F ( x) + C , C ,
f - I -.

2. f ( x) = 3 x 2 ,
F (1) = 1 .

) x 3 + C . x = 1 -
. F ( x=

F (1) =(1)3 + C =1 + C .

143
 F (1) = 1 . C = 2 . F ( x=
) x 3 2
. ,

=
y x 3 + C ( 4.51).

4.2-
.

4.2. . k 0

4.51

144
 3. .
.
1
() f ( x) = x 5 () g ( x) = () h( x) = sin 2 x
x
x
() i ( x) = cos () j ( x) = e 3 x () k ( x) = 2 x .
2

. 4.2- .

x6
() F ( x=
) +C ( 1, n = 5)
6

() g ( x) = x 1 2 ,

x1 2
G ( x )= + C= 2 x + C ( 1, n = -1/2)
12

cos 2 x
()=
H ( x) +C ( 2, k = 2)
2

sin( x 2) x
() I (=
x) +=
C 2sin + C ( 3, k = 1/2)
12 2

1
e 3 x + C
() J ( x) = ( 8, k = -3)
3

1 x
=
() K ( x) 2 +C =
( 13, a 2,=k 1)
ln 2

.
.

4.3

1. . k f ( x) k F ( x) + C , k
2. f ( x) F ( x) + C
3. f ( x) g ( x) F ( x) G ( x) + C

145
 4.
3
f (=
x) + sin 2 x
x
.

. =
f ( x) 3 g ( x) + h( x) , g h 3-
. 3- (), () ,

1
F ( x)= 3G ( x) + H ( x) + C= 6 x cos 2 x + C .
2

-
.
f ( x) , y ( x)
,
dy
= f ( x)
dx
. . -


y ( x0 ) = y0 .

.

f ( x) F ( x) + C dy dx = f ( x)
=y F ( x) + C .

, .

5. 12 / ,
80 , .
?

v(t ) t , s (t )
.
32 / 2 . , ,

146
 dv
= 32 (,
dt
s - )

, (. 4.52):

dv
: = 32
dt
: v(0) = 12 .
.

32 - :

v=
32t + C .
C :
4.52
12 =
32(0) + C ; C = 12 .

v=
32t + 12 .
, t =0
80 , :
ds
: = 32t + 12
dt
: s (0) = 80 .
1. : ( 32t + 12 - )
s=
16t 2 + 12t + C .
2. C :
80 =
16(0) 2 + 12(0) + C ; C =80.
t
s (t ) =
16t 2 + 12t + 80 .
, ,
s (t ) 0- t - :
16t 2 + 12t + 80 =
0; 4t 2 3t 20 =
0 ;
3 329
t= ; t1 1.89 , t2 2.64 .
8
2.64 (
).

147
 . f
f x -

f ( x)dx
. ,
f ( x) - , x , f ( x)dx
.

1- :

2xdx= x +C,
2

cos=xdx sin x 2 + C ,
1
x + 2e dx =ln | x | +C .
2x

6.

(x 2 x + 5) dx .
2

. , ( x3 3) x 2 + 5 x x 2 2 x + 5 - ,
:

x3
( x 2 x + 5)dx = x2 + 5x + C .
2
(*)
3

, - ,
:

(x 2 x + 5) dx = x 2 dx - 2xdx + 5dx =
2

= x 2 dx - 2 xdx + 5 1dx =
x x
3
2
= + C1 2 + C2 + 5( x + C3 ) .
3 2
C =C1 2C2 + 5C3 , (*)
. , -
.

148
 4.8

1--10 . .

25--64
.

149
71--77 .

150
91--108 .

115, 116
( ) . .

123. =a d 2s =
dt 2 15 t (3 t )
, ds dt = 4 s = 0 , t = 1 .
:
) v = ds dt , t .

) s , t

151
 5

-

, .
,

. , ,

, .


.

5.1
5.1- R , x -
y = 1 x , x = 0 x = 1
2

. ?

152
 , -
. 5.2() ,
R .
1/2- , 1 3/4 -.
f - ,
. , R A .
5.2() -
:
1 3 1 7
A 1 + = = 0.875 .
2 4 2 8
, . , 0.875
, f - -
. 5.2() -,
, 1/4- .
R ()

1 15 1 3 1 7 1 25
A 1 + + + = = 0.78125 .
4 16 4 4 4 16 4 32
5.3()- .

1/4- , f -
.
:

153
 15 1 3 1 7 1 1 17
A + + + 0 = = 0.53125 .
16 4 4 4 16 4 4 32

A :

0.53125 < A < 0.78125 .

, , -
f - ( 5.3 () ).
. ,
:

63 1 55 1 39 1 15 1 172 1
A + + + = = 0.671875 .
64 4 64 4 64 4 64 4 64 4

. [a, b] , -
f , x = (b a ) n n f -
: -
c1 , c2 ..

f (c1 ) x + f (c2 ) x + f (c3 ) x + + f (cn ) x .

, ,
.

v(t ) . t = a t = b
. v(t ) - F (t ) ,
s=
(t ) F (t ) + C . s (b) s (a ) =
= F (b) F (a ) .
,
?
. [a, b]
t = (b a ) n n .

, t1 v(t1 )
. t ,

154
 v(t1 ) t . t2
, v(t2 ) t .

D v(t1 ) t + v(t2 ) t + + v(tn ) t .

2. f (=
t ) 160 9.8t / .
, -
3 . ,
435.9 .

. 1- .

) t = 0, 1 2 ( ..
),

D f (t1 )t + f (t2 )t + f (t3 )t =

= [160 9.8(0)](1) + [160 9.8(1)](1) + [160 9.8(2)](1) =
450.6

) t = 1, 2 3 (..

),

D f (t1 )t + f (t2 )t + f (t3 )t =

= [160 9.8(1)](1) + [160 9.8(2)](1) + [160 9.8(3)](1) =
421.2 .

5.1

1--4

) ;
) ;
) ;
) .

1. f ( x) = x 2 , x = 0 x = 1 - .

155
2. f ( x) = x 3 , x = 0 x = 1 - .

3. f ( x) = 1 x , x = 1 x = 5 - .

4. f ( x)= 4 x 2 , x = -2 x = 2 - .

5--8
, ,
.

5. f ( x) = x 2 , x = 0 x = 1 - .

6. f ( x) = x 3 , x = 0 x = 1 - .

7. f ( x) = 1 x , x = 1 x = 5 - .

8. f ( x)= 4 x 2 , x = -2 x = 2 - .

13. . ,
. ( / 2 )
5 1 .

t 0 1 2 3 4 5

a 32.00 19.41 11.77 7.14 4.33 2.63

) , t = 5

) , t = 5

) , t = 3.

14. 400 / .

)
5 . g=32 / 2 .

) 5 .

156

5.2

a
k =1
k = a1 + a2 + a3 + + an .

( "") "".

, . ,

n n n

=
k =
a
i =
k 1 =i 1 =j 1
a
= a j

, 1- .

1
,
k -

5

k
k =1
1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 15

(1)
k =1
k
k (1)1 (1) + (1) 2 (2) + (1)3 (3) 1 + 2 3 =2

2
k 1 2 1 2 7
k +1
k =1
+
1+1 2 +1
+ =
2 3 6

5
k2 42 52 16 25 139

k =4 k 1
+
4 1 5 1 3
+
4
=
12

2. 1+3+5+7+9 .

. , k = 0 k = 1 -,
.

157
 4
k = 0 -: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7=
+9 (2k + 1)
k =0
5
k = 1 -: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7=
+9 (2k 1)
k =1
6
k = 2 -: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7=
+9 (2k 3)
k =2
1
k = 3 -: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7=
+9 (2k + 7)
k = 3

n n n
1. :
=k 1
(ak bk )=
=k 1=k 1
ak bk
n n
2. :
=k 1=k 1
cak = c ak
n
3. : c=
k =1
cn

, [a, b] f ( x) . [a, b]

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < < xn 1 < xn = b .
P = {x0 , x1 , x2 , , xn 1 , xn } [a, b] - .

P [a, b] [ x0 , x1 ], [ x1 , x2 ], ,[ xn 1 , xn ] n
. [ x0 , x1 ] , -- [ x1 , x2 ] .. k - -- [ xk 1 , xk ] ,
k 1- n -. k -
xk = xk xk 1 .

P
||=
P || max xk .
k

158
 ck [ xk 1 , xk ]
(ck , f (ck )) x -
, f (ck ) ( 5.9).

5.9

f (ck ) xk ,
( f (ck ) >0 ) (
f (ck ) <0 ). ,
n
=Sp f (c ) x
k =1
k k .

S p f [a, b] . ,
P ck .

5.2

1--6 , .
2
6k 3
k 1 4
1. k +1
k =1
2. k =1 k
3. cos k
k =1
5 3
4
4. sin k
k =1
5. (1)
k =1
k +1
sin
k
6. (1)
k =1
k
cos k

159
9. ?

11--16 .
1 1 1 1
11. 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 12. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 13. + + +
2 4 8 16
1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5
14. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 1 + +
15. 16. + +
2 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
33--36 f ( x) - .
.
, ck : () ,
() , () ( -).

5.3
. f ( x) [a, b] . J

f (ck ) xk , > 0
n
=
Sp k =1

> 0 , [a, b]
P = {x0 , x1 , , xn } , || P ||< , ck [ xk 1 , xk ]
| S p J |< .

. [a, b] f ( x)
lim S p = J ,
|| P|| 0

f ( x) [a, b]
b

f ( x) dx
a
. : " a - b -

" . a b
.

160
 [a, b]
. .

1_ . f ( x) -
b
[a, b] ,
a
f ( x) dx
f [a, b] -.

.
.

2. f g ,
5.4-
.

5.4.
b a a
1.
a
f ( x) dx = f ( x) dx
b
2. f ( x) dx =0
a
b b b b b
3. k f ( x) dx =k f ( x) dx 4. ( f ( x) g ( x)) dx = f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
a a a a a
b c c
5. f ( x) dx + f ( x) dx =
a b
f ( x) dx
a

6. m M f
[a, b] -,
b
m (b a ) f ( x) dx M (b a )
a
b b
7. f ( x) g ( x) , x [a, b] ,
a
f ( x) dx = g ( x) dx
a
b
f ( x) 0 , x [ a, b] , f ( x) dx 0
a

161
 6- . [a, b]
ck
n n n n n
m (b a ) = m xk = m xk f (ck ) xk M xk = M xk = M (b a ) .
=k 1=k 1 =k 1 =k 1 =k 1

, f - [a, b] -
n
m (b a ) f (ck ) xk M (b a ) .
k =1

( ) . ...

, , .
,
:
b b b

=
a
f ( x) dx =
f (t ) dt =
a
f (u ) du
a

[a, b]
f .
, y = f ( x)
, x = a , x = b Ox .
.

: -
?

. y = f ( x)
[a, b] , f -
b
A = f ( x) dx .
a

, -
. ,
.

162
 4.
b
0
xdx A , y = x [0, b]
.
. ( 5.12).
.

() [0, b]
b 2b 3b .
nb
P = 0, , , , ,
n n n n
kb b
ck = . xk =
n n
n
kb b b 2 n n
b 2 n(n + 1)
=

k 1 =

k 1=
n2 2 =
f (ck ) xk =
=
n n n2 k 1
k =

b2 1
= 1 + .
2 n 5.12

n || P || 0 , b 2 2 .
b b2
0
x dx =
2
.

()
, , b
b
- : =
A (1 2)b=
b b 2 2 . 0
xdx = b 2 2 .
4 [a, b] .

b b2 a 2

a
x dx =
2

2
, a<b (1)

,
b 0 b a b a 2 b2
a a
x dx = x dx + 0 x dx =
0 x dx + 0 x dx =

2 2
+ .

b
a
= c(b a ),
c dx c (2)

b b3 a 3
a
x 2 dx = ,
3 3
a<b (3)

163
 . f [a, b] -,
[a, b] -
1 b
b a a
( f )= f ( x) dx .

5. -.
. ,
2- ( 5.15). -
:
1 1
. = r 2 = (2) 2 =2 .
2 2
f ,

2
2
2 .
4 x 2 dx =

1 2 1
5.15
( f ) =
2 (2) 2
4 x 2 dx = 2 = .
4 2

5.3

1--5 .
n
1. lim
|| P|| 0
c
k =1
k
2
xk , P [0, 2]- .
n
2. lim
|| P|| 0
2c
k =1
3
k xk , P [-1, 0]- .

n
3. lim
|| P|| 0
(c
k =1
k
2
3ck ) xk , P [-7, 5]- .

n
1
4. lim
|| P|| 0
c xk , P [1, 4]- .
k =1 k

n
1
5. lim
|| P|| 0
1 c
k =1
xk , P [2, 3]- .
k

164
9. f g
2 5 5
1
f ( x) dx = 4 , 1
f ( x) dx = 6 , 1
g ( x) dx = 8 .

2 1 2
() 2
g ( x) dx () 5
g ( x) dx () 1
3 f ( x) dx

5 5 5
()
2
f ( x) dx ()
1
[ f ( x) g ( x)] dx () [4 f ( x) g ( x)] dx
1

29--40 (1), (3)

41--50 5.4- (1)-(3)

.

165

5.4

.
,
, , .
,
.

5.16 -
:

c [a, b] , f ( x) -

b a f (c )
.
5.16

3_
f [a, b] -, c ,

b
1
b a a
f (c ) = f ( x) dx .

. 5.4- 6-

b
1
b a a
min f f ( x) dx max f .

( 2.5), f
min f max f . [a, b]
b
c (1 (b a ))
a
f ( x)dx . ...

166
 , 1

.
f (t ) I ,
a I - x I
x
F ( x) = f (t )dt . (1)
a

, f x a - , F ( x)
a - x - ( 5.18).

f ( x) - F ( x + h) F ( x) -
x - x + h - ( 5.19) . h ,
f ( x) h
, 5.19- . ,

F ( x + h) F ( x) hf ( x) .
h - h 0 ,

F ( x + h) F ( x )
=F ( x) lim
= f ( x) .
h 0 h

4_ , 1.
x
f [a, b] -, F ( x) = a
f (t )dt [a, b] - ,
(a, b) - f ( x) :
x
d
dx a
F ( x)
= = f (t )dt f ( x) . (2)

167
 2. dy dx ,
x 5
() =y a
(t 3 + 1)dt () y = x
3t sin t dt
x2 4 1
() y = cos t dt () y = dt
1 1+ 3 x 2
2 + et
.

dy d x 3
() = (t + 1)dt =x3 + 1 ;
dx dx a
()
dy d 5
=
dx dx x
d
3t sin t dt =
dx 5
x
(
3t sin t dt =

d x
dx 5
3t sin t dt =)
3 x sin x ; ( )
() x 2 x . y
u
y = cos t dt u = x 2 ,
1

dy dy du d u du du
= = cos t dt = cos u = cos( x 2 ) =
2 x 2 x cos x 2 .
dx du dx du 1 dx dx

d 4 1 d 1+3 x2 1 1 d 6x
()
dx 1+ 3 x 2
2+e t
dt =
4
dx 2+e
t
dt =

2+e (1+ 3 x 2 )
dx
(1 + 3 x 2 ) =
2
2 + e(1+3 x )
.

4- . , F ( x)
F ( x + h) F ( x )
, h 0 .
h

F ( x + h) F ( x ) 1 x+h 1 x+h
= lim f (t ) dt f (=
t ) dt lim f (t ) dt .
x
=
F ( x) lim
h 0 h a
h 0 h a h0 h x

3-
1 x+h
h x
f=
(t ) dt f (c), x c x + h .

h 0 , c x .

f lim f (c) = f ( x)
h 0

1 x+h
h 0 h x
F ( x) lim
= = =
f (t ) dt lim f (c ) f ( x ) .
h 0

x = a b , h 0+ h 0 .
3.2- 1- F ( x) [a, b] . ...

168
 , 2 ( )

4 () _ , 2

F [a, b] - f ,

b
a
f (t=
) dt F (b) F (a ) . (3)
x
.
a
f (t ) dt f ( x) - ,
x
a
f (t=
) dt F ( x) + C , x [a, b] ,
C . x = a -
a
a
f (t=
) dt F (a ) + C C = F (a ) .
,
x
a
f (t=
) dt F ( x) F (a ) .
x = b - .

(3) F (b) F (a ) =
b
F ( x) a
( :" - -" ):

f (t ) dt = F ( x) |ba .
x
a

3. .

() 0
cos x dx = sin x 0 = sin sin 0 = 0 0 = 0
0 0

()
4
sec x tan x dx =sec x
4
=sec 0 sec =
4
1 2

4
4 3 4 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 4
() 1
2
x 2 dx =
x
x + = (4) + (1) + = [8 + 1] [5] = 4
x 1 4 1
1
dx
= ln | x + 1|] = ln 2 ln1 = ln 2
1
() 0 x +1 0

1 dx
1

() 0 x +1
2
= tan 1 x = tan 1 1 tan 1 0 = 0 = .
0 4 4

169
 , y = f ( x) [a, b] ,
. Ox
, [a, b] , -
f .
.
.

7. 5.21- f ( x) = sin x - x = 0 x = 2 -
. : () f ( x) - [0, 2 ] - .
() f ( x) - Ox [0, 2 ] -.
.
2 2
() 0
sin x dx =
cos x
0
=

= [ cos 2 cos 0] =[1 1] =0 .

() sin x dx = [ cos cos 0] =
cos x = 2,
0 0

2 2

sin x dx = [ cos 2 cos ] =

cos x = 2

5.21
.= |2|+|-2|=4.

8. Ox f ( x) = x 3 x 2 2 x, 1 x 2
.

. f - .

f = x( x 2 x 2)= x( x + 1)( x 2) ,

x= 0, 1 2 (
5.22).
: [-1, 0] , f 0
[0, 2] , f 0 . f -

.
5.22

0
0 x 4 x3 2 1 1 5
1 = 4 3 x = 0 4 + 3 1 = 12 ,
3 2
( x x 2 x ) dx
1

170
 2
2 x 4 x3 2 8 8
0 = = 4 4 0 = .
3 2
( x x 2 x ) dx x
4 3 0 3 3
5 8 37
= + = .
12 3 12

5.4

1--34 .

171
 2 s2 + s 8 ( x1 3 + 1)(2 x 2 3 ) sin 2 x
23. 1 s2
ds 24. 1 x1 3
dx 25. /2 2sin x
dx

/3 4 1
26. 0 (cos x + sec x) 2 dx 27. 4 | x | dx 28. 0 2
(cos x + | cos x) dx

45--56 dy dx .

172
57--60 Ox
.

5.5

1. (x
3
+ x)5 (3 x 2 + 1) dx .

= x 3 + x .
. u
du
=
du =dx (3 x 2 + 1) dx ,
dx
= x 3 + x .
. u
du
=
du =dx (3 x 2 + 1) dx ,
dx

u6 ( x3 + x)6
( x + x) (3x + 1) dx = u du = +C = +C.
3 5 2 5

6 6

2. 2 x + 1 dx .
. =
u 2 x + 1 .
du
=
du = dx 2 dx ,
dx

1 1 12 1 u3 2 1
2 x + 1=
dx
2 2 x + 1 2=
dx
2 u =
du
232
+=
C
3
(2 x + 1)3 2 + C .

6_ . u = g ( x)
I f I -,

f ( g ( x)) g ( x) dx = f (u ) du .

173
.
d
F ( g ( x))= F ( g ( x)) g ( x=
) f ( g ( x)) g ( x) ,
dx

F ( g ( x)) f ( g ( x)) g ( x) - . u = g ( x) ,

d
f ( g ( x)) g ( x) dx= dx F ( g ( x)) dx= F ( g ( x)) + C= F (u ) + C= F (u) du= f (u) du .
3. sec2 (5t + 1) 5 dt .
. u= 5t + 1 du = 5dt .

sec (5t + 1) 5 dt= sec u du= tan u + C

= tan(5t + 1) + C .
2 2

4. cos (7t + 3) dt .
. u= 7t + 1 du = 7 dt .

1 1 1 1
cos(7t + 3)=
dt
7 cos(7t + 3) 7=
dt
7 cos u =
du
7
sin u +=
C
7
sin(7t + 3) + C .

5. x e
2 x3
dx .
. u = x 3 du = 3 x 2 dx .

1 x3 1 u 1 1 3
x e
2 x3
dx= e 3 x 2 dx= e du= eu + C= e x + C .
3 3 3 3

dx
6. () e ; () sec x dx .
x
+ e x
. () e x -
u = e x , du = e x dx :

dx e x dx du
e x + e=
x e2 x =
+1 u 2
= tan 1 u +=
+1
C tan 1 (e x ) + C .

()

sec x + tan x sec 2 x + sec x tan x

sec x dx
= sec x
sec x + tan x
dx sec x + tan x dx .
=

=u tan x + sec x , =
du (sec 2 x + sec x tan x) dx :

174
 du
sec x dx= u
= ln | u | +C= ln | sec u + tan u | +C .

7. x 2 x + 1 dx .
. =
u 2 x + 1 . du = 2dx , =
x (u 1) 2 , dx = (1 2)du .

u 1 1 1 1
x 2 x + 1 dx = 2
u du =
2 4 (u 1)u1 2 du = (u 3 2 u1 2 )du =
4

12 52 2 32 1 1
= u u +=C (2 x + 1)5 2 (2 x + 1)3 2 .
45 3 10 6

2 z dz
8. .
3
z2 +1
1. = z 2 + 1.
u

2 z dz du u2 3 3 2
u1 3 = u du=
1 3
= + C= ( z + 1) 2 3 + C .
3
z2 +1 23 2

2. =
u 3
z 2 + 1 . u 3 =
z 2 + 1, 3u 2 du =
2 z dz

2 z dz 3u 2 du 3 2 3 2
= u = 3 u du= 2 u + C= 2 ( z + 1) + C .
23
3
z2 +1

9.

1 cos 2 x 1 1 1 sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x

() sin x dx = dx = (1 cos 2 x) dx = x +C = x +C
2

2 2 2 2 2 2 4

1 + cos 2 x 1 1 1 sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x

() cos x dx = dx = (1 + cos 2 x) dx = x+ +C = x+ +C
2

2 2 2 2 2 2 4

175
 5.5

1--14 .

2(2 x + 4) dx, u=
2x + 4 7 7 x 1 dx, u =
7 x 1
5
1. 2.

4 x3
3. 2 x( x
2 4
+ 5) dx, u =
x +5 2
4. 4 dx, =
u x4 + 1
( x + 1) 2

(1 + x )1 3
5. (3x + 2)(3x
2
+ 4 x) dx, u =
4
3x + 4 x
2
6. dx, u = 1 + x
x

sin 3x dx, u = 3x x sin (2 x ) dx , u = 2 x 2

2
7. 8.

2
t t t
9. sec 2t tan 2t dt , u = 2t 10. 1 cos 2 sin 2 dt , u =
1 cos
2

17--48

176
71--76 .

177

5.6

7_ . g ( x) [a, b] -
f g ( x) = u - ,
g (b )
b
a f (u ) du .
f ( g ( x)) g ( x) dx =
g (a)

. F f - .
g (b )

f ( g ( x)) g ( x) dx = F ( g ( x)) ] = F ( g (b)) F ( g (a )) = F (u ) ]

b=x b=

u g (b )
= f (u ) du .
a=x a=u g (a)
g (a)

1
1. 1
3 x 2 x3 + 1 dx .

1_( ). u =
x 3 + 1, du =
3 x 2 dx ;
x =1 u =(1)3 + 1 =0 ;
x =1 u =(1)3 + 1 =2 .

2
1 2 2 2 4 2
x + 1 dx= u du= u 3 2 = [23 2 03 2 ]=
2 3
3x .
1 0 3 0 3 3

2_( ).
, u =
x 3 + 1, du =
3 x 2 dx
2 32 2 3
3x x3 + 1 dx
= = u + C= ( x + 1)3 2 + C ;
2
u du
3 3
1
1 2 3 2 4 2
x + 1 dx
= ( x + 1)3 2 = ((1)3 + 1)3 2 ((1)3 + 1)3 2=

2 3
3x .
1 3 1 3 3

4 4 sin x
2. = tan x dx = dx . u = cos x, du = sin xdx
4 4 cos x
2 2 du 2

= = x= u =
2 2 u 4 2

2 2 du 2
22 u = ln | u |] 2 2 =
2 2
= 0 . x= u =
4 2

178
 8 f [ a, a ] .

a a
() f , a
f ( x) dx = 2 f ( x) dx .
0
a
() f , a
f ( x) dx = 0 .

8- 5. 24-.

. f ( x) g ( x) [a, b] -,
a - b -
b
=A [ f ( x) g ( x)] dx .
a

4. ,
=y 2e x + x y = e x 2 ,
x = 0 - x = 1 - ( 5.28).

179
 .
1
1 1 1 1
A = (2e x + x) e x dx = 2e x + x 2 e x =
0
2 2 2 0
1 1 1 2 e
= 2e 1 + e 2 + 0 = 3 0,9051 .
2 2 2 e 2

5. y= 2 x 2 y = x
.
. ( 5.29).
:
2 x 2 = x; x 2 x 2 =0; x =1, x =2 . a=
1, b =
2.

2 2
=
A
1
[(2 x 2 ) ( x)]dx
=
1
(2 + x x 2 )dx
=

4 8 1 1 9
=4 + 2 + + = .
2 3 2 3 2

6. ,
y = x , x -
y= x 2 .
. ( 5.30) , g ( x) = 0 , 0 x 2
g ( x)= x 2 , 2 x 4 ( x = 4 x= x 2 ).

5.30

, , A B .

0 x 2 : f ( x) g ( x)= x 0= x;

180
 2 x 4 : f ( x) g ( x)= x ( x 2)= x x+2.

2 4
2 4 2 2 x2 10
= 0
x dx + ( x x +=
2
2) dx x3 2 + x3 2 +=
3 0 3 2
2x
2 3
.

5.6

1--46 ( 7) .

181
63--70
.
63. =
y x 2 2 y = 2 64. =
y 2 x x 2 y = 3
65. y = x 4 y = 8 x 66. =
y x 2 2 x y = x
67. y = x 2 y = x2 + 4x 68. y= 7 2 x 2 =
y x2 + 4
69. y =x 4 4 x 2 + 4 y = x 2 70. y = x a 2 x 2 , a > 0 y = 0

182