B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THNH PH H CH MINH

VIN SINH HC- THC PHM

...
TIU LUN

O NGM NG HP

GVHD: NCS. Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Nhm: 6

Tp.H Ch Minh, thng 3 nm 2017

 BNG PHN CNG NHIM V

STT H v tn MSSV Nhim v

1 V Th Cm Chi Gii thiu chung, tng hp chnh sa
14129861
2 Nguyn Th Tuyt Mai Nguyn liu chnh
14129161
3 Dip Trung Hiu Mt s yu t gy h hng v khc phc
14126071
4 Nguyn Th Yn My Kt lun
14130561
5 Phm V Tn Thun Mt s yu t gy h hng v khc phc
14130201
6 H Vn V Thuyt minh quy trnh cng on rt dch n ht
14122701
7 Nguyn Quang Hip S quy trnh sn xut o ng hp v thuyt minh t
14138881
u n xp hp
8 Nguyn Hng Vng Mt s yu t gy h hng v khc phc
9 Nguyn Th Hng Gm 14139381 Nguyn liu ph
10 Phm Nh Bch 1413731 Bao b
 DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1. Bng thnh phn dinh dng c trong 100g phn n c(ngun Bng thnh
phn thc phm Vit Nam, NXB Y Hc) ............................................................................ 4
Bng 2. Tn s dao ng in t ca cc tia ion ha...................................................... 15
Bng 3. Nhit , thi gian ca cc vi khun ................................................................. 16
Bng 4. S v hot vi sinh vt (bo t) trong qu trnh tit tng (Carla.1992) .............. 17
Bng 5. S v hot vi sinh vt (T bo sinh dng) trong qu trnh thanh trng .......... 18
Bng 6. S khng nhit ca cc enzyme trong qu trnh x l nhit ............................. 18
Bng 7. Gi tr Z i vi s v hot enzyme v cc nhn t cht lng ca mt s thc
phm 19
Bng 8. Ga tr Z ca cc nhn t thc phm (tng qut) ............................................... 19
 MC LC

1. Gii thiu chung ............................................................................................................ 1

1.1. Sn phm qu nc ngm ng ng hp............................................................ 1
1.2. Phn loi theo nng ng ................................................................................ 1
1.3. Tiu chun cht lng sn phm ............................................................................ 2
1.4. Sn phm o ngm ng ng hp( o hp) .................................................... 2
2. Nguyn liu chnh .......................................................................................................... 3
3. Nguyn liu ph ............................................................................................................. 4
4. Bao b cho o ngm ng hp ..................................................................................... 5
5. Quy trnh sn xut .......................................................................................................... 6
5.1. La chn phn loi ............................................................................................... 7
5.2. Ra lm sch ........................................................................................................ 8
5.3. Ct gt ..................................................................................................................... 8
5.4. Chn ........................................................................................................................ 9
5.5. Xp hp ................................................................................................................... 9
5.6. Rt dch ................................................................................................................. 10
5.7. Bi kh ghp m .................................................................................................. 10
5.8. Thanh trng ........................................................................................................... 10
5.9. Dn nhn ............................................................................................................... 11
5.10. Bo n kim tra sn phm .............................................................................. 11
6. Mt s yu t gy h hng v cch khc phc ............................................................ 12
6.1. Cc h hng th hin ch tiu vi sinh................................................................. 12
6.1.1. Loi hiu kh .................................................................................................. 12
6.1.2. Loi k kh ..................................................................................................... 12
6.1.3. Loi va hiu kh va k kh ......................................................................... 12
6.1.4. Loi gy bnh, gy ra ng c do ni c t ................................................. 12
6.1.5. Nm men, nm mc ....................................................................................... 13
6.2. Cc h hng th hin thnh phn ha hc ......................................................... 13
6.3. Cc h hng th hin tnh cht cm quan .......................................................... 14
6.4. Phng php khc phc ........................................................................................ 15
 6.4.1. Phng php thanh trng vt l ..................................................................... 15
7. Kt lun ........................................................................................................................ 20
8. Ti liu tham kho ....................................................................................................... 20
 LI M U
Cc sn phm rau qu ngm ng ng hp ngy cng s dng rng ri vi cc t
tnh vt tri, to v c trng, thc ung gii kht quen thuc trong i sng.
o ngm ng ng hp l sn phm ph bin c s dng rng ri trn th trng
hin nay. c s dng vi nhiu mc ch cng dng gii nhit, thc ung mt c s
dng nhiu. Bi tiu lun l s tm hiu v quy trnh sn xut ch bin sn phm o ngm
ng hp. tm hiu v c tnh , tnh cht, quy trnh sn xut, cc im kim sot mt s
vn lin quan n qu trnh sn xut o ngm.
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

1. Gii thiu chung

1.1. Sn phm qu nc ngm ng ng hp
L sn phm hp c ch bin t phn n c ca qu ngm trong dung dch nc
ng cc nng khc nhau v c th b sung hoc khng b sung thm acid thc
phm.Sn phm c hng v trng thi gn vi nguyn liu qu ti ban u, ng thi c
thi gian bo qun kh di( t 1-2 nm)
Tuy khc nhau v hm lng cht kh ca dung dch rt nhng khi lng dch rt trong
loi sn phm ny thng chim t 45-50% so vi khi lng tnh( tng khi lng ci v
dch rt trong hp)

Mt s sn phm hp trn th trng

1.2. Phn loi theo nng ng
Ty theo nng ng trong dung dch nc ng ca sn phm, ngi ta phn bit cc
loi nc ng sn phm nh sau:
Qu nc ng rt long: hm lng cht kh ca dung dch trong sn phm ln
hn hoc bng 10% loi sn phm ny t c s dng
Qu nc ng long: hm lng cht kh ca dung dch trong sn phm ln hn
hoc bng 14%, loi sn phm ny rt c u chung v thng c dng lm
mn n trng ming hoc s dng lm ung gii kht
Qu nc ng c: hm lng cht kh ca dung dch trong sn phm ln hn
hoc bng 18% loi sn phm ny ch yu c s dng lm ung
Qu nc ng m c: hm lng cht kh ca dung dch trong sn phm ln
hn hoc bng 22% loi sn phm ny ch yu c s dng lm ung nhng
hin nay t dng v qu ngt

NHM 6 1
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

1.3. Tiu chun cht lng sn phm

Mu sc
Sn phm phi c mu t nhin ging nh o c s dng.
Hng v
Sn phm c hng v t nhin ca o. Khng c c mi v l
Trng thi: o chc, dn, khng xp, khng nhn, khi lng v xt li khng c qu
% khi lng ci
ng iu ca kch thc ci
ng iu v kch thc ca phn ci yu cu i vi o ngm ct i qu cc ming
o trong hp sn phm phi tng i ng u v kch thc theo quy nh ca tng loi
sn phm
y ca hp
Mc y ti thiu tnh theo lng sn phm cha trong hp phi chim 90% dung tch nc
ct cha y tng hp ng kn 20%
Khi lng ci
Khi lng ci ti thiu ca sn phm so vi dung dch nc ct cha y trong hp ng
kn 20oC phi bng hoc ln hn 50%
Tiu chun v sinh
Sn phm phi c ch bin hp v sinh theo qui nh hin hnh.
- Sn phm khng c cha cc cht b cm.
- Sn phm khng c c vi sinh vt c th pht trin trong iu kin bo qun thng
thng.
- Sn phm khng c cha bt c cht no c ngun gc t vi sinh vt vi liu lng
c th gy hi cho sc khe con ngi.
1.4. Sn phm o ngm ng ng hp( o hp)
o hp l sn phm c ch bin t o ti, o ng lnh, o bn ch phm c
gt v, b ht v ng hp cng vi cc mi trng thch hp, ghp kn v thanh trng
Trong sn phm o ngm ng ng hp phn dch nc ng( dch rt) thng chim
45-50% phn o qu( phn ci) chim 50-55% khi lng tnh.

NHM 6 2
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

2. Nguyn liu chnh

o l loi cy c trng hoa hoc qu
Qa o l loi qu hch, c 1 ht ging to c bao
bc trong 1 lp v g cng (gi l ht), ci tht mu
vng hay nh trng, c mi v thm ngon v lp v
c lng t mm nh nhung.
o l ngun niacin, thiamin, kali, canxi tuyt vi.
o cng c hm lng cao beta caroten mt cht
chng oxy ha chuyn thnh vitamin A rt cn cho
sc khe ca tim v mt. Bn cnh , o cha hm
lng cht x cao gip gim nng cholesterol v ngn nga ung th i trng. Lng
st trong 100g o cao gp 3-4 ln so vi to hay l, do vy i vi bnh nhn thiu mu
th y l mt loi qu rt l tng. Ngoi ra, khi o chn lng vitamin C tng cao hn
rt nhiu kt hp vi cht chng oxy ha th o l la chn tt nht cho nhiu cng thc
lm p.
o thch hp ngm ng khi t chn k thut l chn cn thit ch bin 1
loi sn phm nht nh no nhm bo m cht lng yu cu c cng, gin
cao.
Hm
Thnh phn dinh dng n v
lng
(nutrients) (unit)
(value)
Nc (water) g 90.5
Nng lng (energy) Kcal 31
KJ 128
Protein g 0.9

NHM 6 3
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Lipid (fat) g 0.2

Glucid (carbohydrate) g 6.3
Celluloza (Fiber) g 1.5
Tro (ash) g 0.6
Vitamin mg 11.9
Khong mg 253.7

Bng 1. Bng thnh phn dinh dng c trong 100g phn n c(ngun Bng
thnh phn thc phm Vit Nam, NXB Y Hc)
3. Nguyn liu ph
ng, nc, acid citric
Chun b xiro nc ng (nc rt):
- Xiro nc ng c nu t ng knh trng m bo tiu chun cht lng t nht
l loi I (theo TCVN).
- Cch nu:
u tin un nc n gn si ri cho ng vo khuy u cho tan ht.
Tip tc un n si v tip tc duy tr nhit si nc bay hi n
kh cn thit, mt khc tiu dit vi sinh vt
Trong qu trnh un c th vt bt ni trn b mt dung dch.
- Nc ng un si cn lc ngay n trong v chuyn i rt vo hp ngay
khi nhit cn cao. Trng hp v l do no nhit xiro thp hn yu cu th
phi c un nng trc khi vo hp n nhit bng hoc cao hn nhit yu cu.
- Nng dung dch nc ng (cht kh theo chit quang k) cn t ph
thuc vo loi qu v sn phm. C th c 3 loi qu nc ng c chia theo nng
cht kh trong sn phm nh sau:
Qu nc ng t nhin c kh nh hn hoc bng 10%.
Qu nc ng trung bnh c kh 15 25%.
Qu nc ng c c kh 35 40%
- Nng nc ng cn c tnh ton sao cho khi rt vo hp, cng vi
lng cht kh c sn trong nguyn liu, to ra lng cht kh chung ca sn phm
ng theo quy nh.
- Khi acid trong nguyn liu thp hn yu cu, cn b sung vo lng acid
citric thch hp. Acid ny c cho vo cng vi ng khi nu dung dch nc ng.

NHM 6 4
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

- gi mu cho sn phm qu, ngi ta cn c th cho thm vo nc ng khong

0,1% vitamin C. Vitamin C c xem l cht chng oxi ha hiu qu, gip qu khng b
oxi ha, t gi mu lu hn.
4. Bao b cho o ngm ng hp
chn bao b cho sn phm th cn da vo c tnh sn phm v phng php gip
bo qun thc phm c lu, di vi sn phm ng hp phng php thanh trng l
phng php thch hp bo quan thc phm c lu.
Phng php thanh trng o
Thanh trng 1 ln 100OC trong 40-50 pht
Thanh trng 3 ln 100OC trong 5 pht
La chn bao b cho sn phm: Bao b thy tinh, bao b kim loi c trng thit, bao b
nhm,
c tnh ca tng loi bao b
Bao b thy tinh
t b ha cht n mn( S n mn sy ra rt chm v ph thuc v nng
) thng khng b n mn bi tc nhn acid hay kim trong thc phm.
Khng lm tht thot hng v nc trong thc phm.
Ngn chn s sm nhp ca su b v vi sinh vt
Chu c nhit thanh trng ca sn phm
Bo v sn phm chng li mt s tc ng ca nh sng vo sn phm
khi dng mu sc thch hp cho sn phm.
Nhng li c mt s nhc im nh: D b nc v khi va chm hay
thay i nhit t ngt, trng lng ln nn kh vn chuyn v kh in
nhn ln bao b.
Bao b kim loi c trng thit
t b ha cht n mn( S n mn sy ra rt chm v ph thuc v nng
) thng khng b n mn bi tc nhn acid hay kim trong thc phm.
Khng lm tht tht hng v nc trong thc phm.
Ngn chn s sm nhp ca su b v vi sinh vt.
Chu c nhit thanh trng ca sn phm.
C bn c hc cao nn thun tin cho qu trinh vn chuyn .
Bao b nhm
Khng lm mt hng v nc trong thc phm.

NHM 6 5
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Nh thun tin cho qu trnh vn chuyn.

Bao b do v c d bn nhit cao.
Nhm chng c tia cc tm.
Loi bao b thch hp cho sn phm o chn bao b kim loi c trng thit v cc c
tnh ca bao b thch hp cho vic cha ng v bo qun sn phm( bao b thy tinh kh
cho vic vn chuyn v d b v o nhit hay va chm, cn bao b nhm thch hp cho cc
sn phm nc cc gas hn l sn phm o).
Cu to ca bao b
Bao b c t vic ghp cc lp kim kim loi li vi nhau
Lp nn l thp vi dy 0.2-0.36mm.
Lp hp kim FeSn2 vi d dy 0.15m.
Lp thit dy 0.35m cng dy cng chng n mn tt
Lp oxyt dy 0.02m c to thnh trong qu trnh s l lp thit m bng
dung dch Na2Cr2O7 c tc dng bo v lp thit bn trong.
Lp dau DOS dy 0.02m d bi trn v che ph trnh st.
Lp Vc ni bo v bo v bn trong cng nh bn ngoi lon vi liu lng
3-9g/m2.
La chn loi bao b thit: loi bao b lon 3 mnh cng ngh ch to lon 3 mnh c
p dng cho nguyn liu thp. Lon 3 mnh gm thn, y v np. Thn hp c ch to
t 1 ming thp ch nht, cun li thnh hnh tr v c hn m thn; np v y c
ch to ring, c ghp m vi thn.
5. Quy trnh sn xut

NHM 6 6
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Chn la, phn loi Qu h hng,

khng t kch
c
H2 O Ngm, ra, lm
sch
Ct, b ht, gt v V, ht, cung

H2 O Chn
ng, nc, acid citric,
ph gia bo qun
Hp Xp hp

Rt dch Chun b dch ngm

Bi kh

Ghp m

Thanh trng

Dn nhn

Bo n kim tra

Sn phm

S quy trnh sn xut

5.1. La chn phn loi
Mc ch cng ngh: chun b, quyt nh cht lng sn phm

NHM 6 7
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Qu trnh la chn phn loi nhm b i nhng tri b h, dp, khng t kch c
theo yu cu, nh hng n cht lng cm quan ca sn phm; chn nguyn liu c
chn ph hp, khng bm dp, su thi, ti tt v c kch c ph hp vi yu cu sn
xut hay ca khch hng.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: nguyn liu tr nn ng
u v kch thc, chn, cht lng.
Thit b: nguyn liu c dn mng trn cc bng ti c
b rng 60-80 cm. Tc chuyn ng ca bng ti kh
chm, trong khong 0,1-0,15 m/s. Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th
dng nhng thit b phn loi da trn khi lng, kch
thc, hay thit b phn loi theo chn s dng t bo
quang in.
5.2. Ra lm sch
Mc ch cng ngh: chun b, quyt nh phn no cht lng v bo qun sn phm.
Qu trnh ra s lm sch t, ct, bi bn, thuc tr su, thuc ha hc cn trn b
mt nguyn liu, vi sinh vt bm ngoi v o.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: nguyn liu sch v gim bt lng vi sinh vt trn b
mt v, hn ch s ti nhim bn tr li, tp cht b loi ra l nhiu nht, ng thi lng
tn tht nguyn liu l thp nht.
Thit b: thng dng cc thit b ra, xi, ti,
dng bng ti, mng hay dng tang trng. Yu cu ca
qu trnh ra l thi gian ngm ra khng c ko di,
nguyn liu sau khi ra phi sch, khng b dp, lng
nc tn t nht.
Giai on ngm nhm nc thm t nguyn
liu, lm cht bn bm trn nguyn liu mm v mt
phn c tch ra cng vi ct, , v cc tp cht khc.
tng cng hiu qu ngm ngi ta thng s dng
dung dch kim NaOH, Na2CO3, cc dung dch c tnh
oxy ha tng cng hiu qu lm sch (KMNO4,
Chlorine,) hoc dng cnh khuy trong thit b
hoc kt hp thi kh vo trong hn hp nguyn liu v nc.
5.3. Ct gt
Mc ch cng ngh:
- Khai thc: qu trnh ny trc tin l loi b nhng phn khng s dng c ca
tri nh v, cung, ci, ht
- Hon thin: ct gt cn c mc ch to hnh cho sn phm.

NHM 6 8
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: nguyn liu thay i hnh dng v kch thc, lp v
bo v b gt b, nn tc h hp ca o tng nhanh, o mau b nhn. Dch bo tit ra
trn b mt lm tng cng cc phn ng oxy ha lm thm b mt ming o, v cng l
mi trng tt cho vi sinh vt hot ng. V vy sau khi ct gt, nguyn liu phi c
nhanh chng a qua qu trnh x l tip theo, nhm trnh h hng sn phm.
Thit b: D tin hnh th cng hay bng my th yu cu ca qu trnh ct gt l vt
ct phi sc nt, khng b dp, t phn thi b; dao phi bn, lm bng inox khng r st, c
hnh dng thay i ty theo kch c tri hay yu cu sn xut.
5.4. Chn
Mc ch cng ngh:
- Chun b: ui bt kh trong gian bo trnh phng hp trong qu trnh thanh trng.
Ngoi ra, nhit cn ph v cc lin kt trn v t bo, lm tng kh nng thm thu.
- Bo qun: cho nguyn liu vo nc nng nhm tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt, mt
hot tnh ca enzyme, nhanh chng n nh mu sc sn phm, nh ch cc qu trnh sinh
ha trong nguyn liu.
- Hon thin: hn ch s xut hin mu mi khng thch hp cho sn phm.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu: kh t cc gian bo thot ra, nc t dung dch chn s
i vo nguyn liu. Do vy, sau qu trnh chn, khi lng v m ca nguyn liu tng
ln, th tch nguyn liu gim xung phn no. Mt s cht mi bay hi, mu b phn hy.
Sn phm t b ha en do enzyme polyphenoloxydase v hot. Chn nhit , ch chn
thch hp o khng b gim cu trc cng gin, mi, gi tr dinh dng.
Thit b: dng thit b chn gin on hay
lin tc vi nc nng. Nhit chn trong
khong 75-1000C, thi gian chn khong 3-15
pht, dch chn c th l nc, b sung CaCl2,
acid citric, mui hay ng. Nguyn liu sau
khi chn cn phi c lm lnh nhanh trnh
gim gi tr cm quan.
5.5. Xp hp
Mc ch cng ngh: qu trnh xp nguyn liu vo bao b v chun b rt dch vo
hon thin sn phm.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu v yu cu: nguyn liu c xp vo hp (sau khi
ra sch v thanh trng). Khi vo hp: khoanh hoc ming phi c xp gn gng, p
mt, c kch thc ng u, mu sc ng nht, khng cho vo hp nhng ming dp, nt.
Khong trng phi nh khng lm phng hp khi thanh trng, cng nh khng vi
sinh vt cn st li sau khi thanh trng pht trin.
Sau khi y hp, phi rt dch chun b vo. Hp phi c rt y, cho php cch
ming hp 5-7 mm. Rt nhanh, nh trnh to bt kh.

NHM 6 9
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

5.6. Rt dch
Mc ch cng ngh: tng ngt, nng cao gi tr dinh dng, tng gi tr cm quan
cho sn phm
Yu cu:
- Nhit dung dch nc ng khi rt l khong 80 900C
- Phi xp nguyn liu hp l, ng u, dch rt phi ngp ht phn nguyn
liu v khong trng trong hp phi nh khng lm phng hp khi thanh trng,
cng nh khng cung cp khng kh cho vi sinh vt cn st li sau thanh trng pht
trin
- Khi rt yu cu rt cch ming hp 5-7mm
- T l ci/nc phi ng theo yu cu
Cc bin i: Qu trnh thm thu xy ra, nc t trong nguyn liu i ra dch rt, cht
ha tan trong dch rt thm li vo nguyn liu. Vi sinh vt b c ch hot ng sng do p
lc thm thu to thnh t dung dch rt
Thit b: dng bng chuyn a sn phm c xp hp chuyn n my rt dung
dch. My rt cht lng lm vic theo thng s c ci t trc.
5.7. Bi kh ghp m
Mc ch cng ngh:
- Chun b: loi ht kh trong hp trc khi ghp kn, lng kh ny s gy ra
hin tng phng hp, x m khi thanh trng
- Bo qun: hn cht cc phn ng oxy ha v s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu
kh trong qu trnh bo qun sn phm. Ghp m nhm cch ly hon ton sn phm
vi mi trng ngoi, trnh hin tng ti nhim vi sinh vt
Yu cu: loi b ht kh trong hp, to trng thi chn khng cho qu trnh ghp m.
M ghp phi kn, bn, m bo v kch thc v hnh dng.
Cc bin i: kh trong gian bo v trong bao b c loi b trit , nguyn liu gim
th tch mt t
Thit b: Dng phng php ht chn khng. Bng chuyn s a nguyn liu c
xp hp chuyn n my ht chn khng rt dch. Hp sau khi rt dch nhanh chng a
qua thit b ghp np, nu chm tr s to iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt xm nhp, tn
ti v pht trin, c th lm cho h hng sn phm. Sau khi ghp np xong, hp s c
chy theo bng chuyn ca my gh np ngang qua hai vi xi nc lm sch hp trc
khi vo thanh trng
Thng s cng ngh: nhit bi kh thng t 90 1000C, thi gian ty thuc vo
kch c hp, c hay khng qu trnh ht chn khng, dao ng t 5 15 pht
5.8. Thanh trng
Mc ch cng ngh:

NHM 6 10
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

- Bo qun: tiu dit cc vi sinh vt trong sn phm n mc ti a cho php

khng cn kh nng gy h hng sn phm, bt hot cc enzyme. Nhit cao
cn gip thc y qu trnh thm thu ca dch vo sn phm
Yu cu: Sau khi ghp np phi em i thanh trng ngay, khng nn qu 30 pht
trnh hin tng ln men v nhit cao hot ha cc bo t vi sinh vt.
- Cn lm ngui nhanh sn phm sau khi thanh trng trnh s pht trin tr li
ca vi sinh vt
Cc bin i: Do nh hng ca nhit , cu trc mng t bo thanh i nn s c s
phn b li t l khi lng phn ci/ phn nc trong sn phm. Nc s t nguyn liu i
ra dch rt, ngc li mt lng cht ha tan s t ngoi dch rt i vo nguyn liu. Nhit
cao cn lm cho protein b bin tnh, bt hot enzyme, lm ngng li tt c phn ng
ha sinh trong nguyn liu
Thit b: thng s dng thit b thanh trng dng ng hm hoc thit b thanh trng
hnh hp ch nht hoc tr ng vi cht ti nhit l nc. Nhit ti a ca qu trnh
thanh trng khng vt qu 1000C. Trong mt s trng hp, ni tit trng actoclave gia
nhit bng hi nc cng c s dng
Thng s cng ngh: Nhit thanh trng thng l 980C trong 10 25 pht. Thanh
trng xong cn phi lm ngui m bo hng v, mu sc, chc ca hp v hp
t b n mn
1 2 3
Cng thc thanh trng :

Trong : 1 thi gian tm hp t lc bt u gia nhit n khi t gi tr nhit

thanh trng. Gi tr ny ph thuc vo nng , nht v khi lng ring ca dch rt
(pht)
2 thi gian vi sinh vt b tiu dit. Gi tr ny ph thuc vo nhit thanh
trng, pH ca dch rt, hm lng cht kh v thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm, chng
loi v s lng ban u ca vi sinh vt (pht)
3 thi gian lm ngui sn phm sau khi thanh trng (pht)
t nhit thanh trng (0C)
5.9. Dn nhn
Mc ch cng ngh: phn bit tng loi hng v to gi tr cm quan cho sn
phm
Yu cu: trn nhn phi ghi y thng tin v sn phm v hn s dng. Keo dn
hoc in nhn phi cht, ng nht
5.10. Bo n kim tra sn phm
Mc ch cng ngh: cho cc thnh phn trong sn phm c n nh, pht hin
cc hp h hng, x l v tm nguyn nhn, cch khc phc

NHM 6 11
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Tin hnh: sau khi dn nhn, sn phm c chuyn n kho thnh phm, xp thnh
tng cy bo n trong khong 15 ngy v kim tra cht lng sn phm.
6. Mt s yu t gy h hng v cch khc phc
6.1. Cc h hng th hin ch tiu vi sinh
Cc loi vi khun ph bin nht thng thy trong hp.
6.1.1. Loi hiu kh
+ Bacillus mesentericus : c nha bo, khng c, trong nc v trn b mt
rau. Nha bo b ph hy 1100C trong 1 gi. Loi ny c trong tt c cc loi hp,
pht trin nhanh nhit quanh 370C.
+ Bacillus subtilis : c nha bo khng gy bnh. Nha bo chu 1000C trong 1
gi, 1150C trong 6 pht. Loi ny c trong hp c, rau, tht. Khng gy mi v l,
pht trin rt mnh 25 - 350C.
6.1.2. Loi k kh
+ Clostridium sporogenes: c nh trng thi t nhin ca mi mi trng.
N phn hy protid thnh mui ca NH3, ri thi NH3,, sn sinh ra H2S, H2 v CO2.
Nha bo ca n chu ng c trong nc si trn 1 gi. Clostridium sporogenes c
c t, song b ph hy nu un si lu. Loi ny c trong mi hp, pht trin rt
mnh 27 - 580C. Nhit ti thch l 370C.
+ Clostridium putrificum: l loi vi khun ng rut, c nha bo, khng gy
bnh. Cc loi nguyn liu thc vt khng mnh vi Clostridium putrificum v c
phitonxit. Loi ny c trong mi hp, nhit ti thch l 370C.
6.1.3. Loi va hiu kh va k kh
+ Bacillus thermophillus: c trong t, phn gia sc, khng gy bnh, c nha
bo. Tuy c rt t trong hp nhng kh loi tr. Nhit ti thch l 60 - 70oC
+ Staphylococcus pyrogenes aureus : c trong bi v nc, khng c nha bo.
Thnh thong gy bnh v sinh ra c t, d b ph hy 60 - 70oC. Pht trin nhanh
nhit thng.
6.1.4. Loi gy bnh, gy ra ng c do ni c t
+ Bacillus botulinus : cn c tn l Clostridium botulinum. Triu chng gy
bi lit rt c trng : lm c s iu tit ca mt, ri lm lit cc c iu khin bi
thn kinh s, sau ton thn b lit. Ngi b ng c sau 4 - 8 ngy th cht. Loi
ny ch b nhim khi khng tun theo nguyn tc v sinh v thanh trng ti thiu.
Nha bo c kh nng khng mnh: 100oC l 330 pht, 115oC l 10 pht,
120 C l 4 pht. c t b ph hy hon ton khi un nng 80oC trong 30 pht.
+ Salmonella: thuc nhm vi khun gy bnh, hiu kh, a m, khng c nha
bo nhng c c t.

NHM 6 12
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

6.1.5. Nm men, nm mc
+ Nm men: ch yu l Saccharomyces ellipsoides, hin din rng khp trong
thin nhin. Nm men thng thy trong hp c cha ng. Bo t ca nm men
khng c kh nng chu ng c nhit cao, chng c th cht nhanh nhit
60oC.
+ Nm mc : t thy trong hp.
Ni chung men, mc d b tiu dit nhit thp v d loi tr bng cch
thc hin v sinh cng nghip tt.
6.2. Cc h hng th hin thnh phn ha hc
Cc thnh phn ha hc ca thc phm b chuyn ha to thnh cc cht
khc lm thay i thnh phn ha hc ca thc phm. Dng h hng ny rt kh
pht hin v phi dng cc phng php kim tra ha hc mi xc nh c.
Cc kim loi nng (ch, thic, km, ng, cadmium) v kim c c th vo thc phm
bng nhiu cch:
- Chng c th l nhng thnh phn thin nhin ca mi trng bn
ngoi vo cc t chc ca ng thc vt. S lng kim loi thin nhin ny
trong t chc khng nhiu, khng gy c. Nhng nu t ngun khc xm nhp,
lng kim loi s tng thm. V vy nghin cu trng c v kim loi, cn lu
lng kim loi thin nhin c sn trong thc phm.
- Hp, chai ng thc n c kim loi c.
- Khi ty trng thc vt bng thuc st trng c kim loi c, cc cht ny cn b nhim
trn mt thc phm thc vt.
- Trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm. V d lm chua thc phm bng axit hu c c
ln ch.
+ Trng c ch: ch c tnh cht tch cha trong c th v dn dn xut hin tc
dng u c (mi ngy n phi 10mg ch, th sau khong thi gian ngn c
hin tng trng c). Lng ch gii hn trong mt ngy khong 0,2 0,5mg.
thnh ph ch xm nhp vo c th qua thc n 0,22mg, nc ung 0,20mg, t
khng kh 0, 08mg. Tng s trong mt ngy t 0,5mg.
+ Trng c Arsenic.
Liu lng c cht ca anhydrrit arsnieux (AS2O3) l 0, 06g. Liu lng c
cht trong trng hp trng c cp l 0,15g. Arsenic phn ln tp trung gan.
Nhng cht nhum thc n nhn to thng ch vi arsenic. Arsenic l thnh
phn ca nhiu thuc tr su, nn c th st li trn rau, qu. Theo tiu chun lng
arsenic ti a st li trn to l 1,4mg/Kg. Lng arsenic khng c qu 0,01% trn
l thic v 0,015% trong nhm lm dng c.

NHM 6 13
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

+ Thic: thic thng thy trong cc t chc ca ng thc vt di hnh thc thnh
phn thin nhin. Lng thic tm thy di da 6 9,5mg/Kg. Dng c m thic hoc
bng st ty trng, nn thic thng c trong thc n. c tnh ca thic cn cha r,
nn theo tiu chun cho php c lng thic 100 300mg/Kg trong thc phm.
+ ng: hin tng trng c ng xy ra rt t. ng rt d b xi ho, lp xit ng
d ho tan trong axit yu.
2Cu + O2 2CuO.
CuO + 2CH3COOH Cu(CH3COO)2 + H2O.
Tu theo yu cu ca tng nc, tng i tng tiu th, cht lng v sinh
c kim sot ht sc nghim ngt. Trn c s nhng quy nh v mt Nh nc,
thc phm c c lu thng hay khng. Bao b thc phm c vai tr quan trng,
trnh cho thc phm b nhim bn t bn ngoi hoc ngay t vt liu ca bao b (v d
chai ng, can ng ung lm bng nha PE m khng phi l PET, vv..)
Hin nay vn s dng ho cht bo v thc vt c c tnh cao phng tr
su bnh v bo qun, cc cht kch thch sinh trng, .v.v lm cho cht lng v
sinh ca thc phm khng m bo an ton s dng. Ngoi ra, ngay c khi thc phm
khng cha c t trc tip, nhng s tr thnh c hi bi ch n ung la chn.
6.3. Cc h hng th hin tnh cht cm quan
Mu sc: C s thay i chuyn thnh mu khc vi mu c trng ban u.
V d: Nm mc pht trin trn thc phm lm cho thc phm c mu ca nm mc,
nh mu xanh ca nm mc penicilium.
Hoc cc cht b bin i chuyn thnh cc cht khc. V d: polyphenol b oxy ha
to thnh mu nu sm.
Mu sc thay i c th theo chiu hng tt hn hoc xu hn so vi ban u.
Mi v: mi v c s thay i so vi ban u c th theo chiu hng tt hn hoc xu
hn so vi ban u.
Cc cht dinh dng b phn hy to ra cc cht c mi v kh chu. V d: Protein b
phn hy thnh NH3, H2S,... gy mi khai, thi. Lipit b oxy ha to thnh andehit, xeton
lm thc phm c mi hi kht.
Cu trc, trng thi: C s thay i so vi ban u c th theo chiu hng tt hn
hoc xu hn so vi ban u.
V d: bnh c th b cng ln hoc mm i.
Cc h hng th hin tnh cht cm quan rt d quan st, nhng lc thc phm
b h hng nhiu

NHM 6 14
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

6.4. Phng php khc phc

6.4.1. Phng php thanh trng vt l
6.4.1.1. Thanh trng bng tia ion ha
Nguyn l
Tc dng dit trng ca cc tia ion ha l thay i cu trc ca mt s phn t protein
ca t bo vi sinh vt v lm ion ha dung mi.
Hiu qu thanh trng ca tia ion ha ph thuc vo thi gian x l, chiu dy ca thc
phm v lng vi sinh vt nhim vo thc phm.
Cc tia ion ha
Cn c vo tn s dao ng in t, ngi ta chia tia sng lm cc loi :
Bng 2. Tn s dao ng in t ca cc tia ion ha

Tia Tn s dao ng in t (Hz)

Tia hng ngoi 1012 - 1014

Tia sng trng thy 1015
Tia t ngoi 1016 - 1017
Tia X 1018 - 1020
Tia Rongel cng, tia 1021 - 1022

(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

Cc tia c tn s dao ng cao th c lc m xuyn cao. Tia X, tia l cc tia ion ha
u c tc dng dit trng. Liu lng s dng ty thuc vo bn cht tng loi vi sinh vt.
Chiu dy ti a ca thc phm em chiu tia X v tia m cc l 127mm (nu chiu c
2 mt).
Tia hng ngoi v tia t ngoi l cc tia bc x. Tc dng ca tia hng ngoi l
lm nng sn phm dit vi sinh vt. Tia t ngoi c tc dng st trng l lm ng
t protid v ph hy h thng men ca vi sinh vt.
6.4.1.2. Thanh trng bng sng siu m
Di tc dng ca siu m, mi trng lng truyn m b x y, b p v to
chn khng lin tip, sinh ra nhiu khong trng. Lc , cc cht ha tan v hi ca
cht lng lp tc dn vo khong trng y, gy ra tc dng c hc lm cht vi sinh vt
trong mi trng. Mt khc trong qu trnh y, mt phn cht kh ha tan b ion ha
to ra nc oxy gi (H2O2), Nitrogen oxy (NO) l nhng cht c i vi vi sinh vt.
Trong cc loi vi sinh vt th vi khun d b siu m tc dng nht.

NHM 6 15
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

6.4.1.3. Thanh trng bng dng in cao tn

Thanh trng bng cch t sn phm trong in trng ca dng in xoay
chiu (c tn s cao) Cc phn t tch in trong sn phm (ion, in t) s dao ng
do tc dng ca in nng, chuyn in nng c hp thu thnh nhit nng lm
cht vi sinh vt. Kh nng hp thu in nng ty thuc vo:
Kch thc bao b ng thc phm,
in p
Tn s ca dng in.
Tn s ca dng in cng ln hay bc sng cng ngn th qu trnh thanh trng cng
nhanh (Tn s thch hp nht l 3.108 - 3.107 Hz). Thi gian thanh trng ch trong vi mi
giy n vi pht.
6.4.1.4. Thanh trng bng s dng p sut cao
p lc 300 - 600MPa c kh nng v hat cc vi sinh vt khng hnh thnh bo
t. Trong khi v hat cc vi khun sinh bo t cn p lc rt cao (1800MPa) Tuy
nhin, ti p sut thp 200 - 400MPa cng lm gim s sn sinh bo t.
6.4.1.5. Thanh trng bng xung in t
Trng xung in (p dng cho cc lai thc phm lng, thi gian x l t vi
micro ti mili giy) c th tiu dit vi sinh vt v to xp mng t bo. Lc in trng
i hi v hat vi sinh vt thay i t 0,1 - 2,5 V/m.
6.4.1.6. Lc Thanh trng
Sn phm lng, nh nc qu trong c th loi tr vi sinh vt bng cch lc.
Bn lc, thng l cc mng s xp, c nhng l nh ch cho sn phm qua, cn
gi li vi sinh vt. Sau khi lc, sn phm c rt vo bao b st trng, ri ghp kn
ngay. Qu trnh ny phi tin hnh trong iu kin v sinh cao. Bng phng php
ny, sn phm hon ton gi c tnh cht t nhin.
6.4.1.7. Phng php thanh trng bng tc dng nhit
Thanh trng bng nhit cao ca nc nng v hi nc nng l phng php thanh
trng ph bin nht trong sn xut hp.
Khi nng nhit ca mi trng qu nhit ti thch ca vi sinh vt th hot ng
ca vi sinh vt b chm li. nhit cao, protid ca cht nguyn sinh ca vi sinh vt b
ng t lm cho vi sinh vt b cht. Qu trnh ng t protid ny khng thun nghch, nn
hot ng ca vi sinh vt khng phc hi sau khi h nhit. S khng nhit ca vi sinh vt
trong qu trnh x l nhit
Bng 3. Nhit , thi gian ca cc vi khun
Nhm vi khun D (pht) z (OC)

NHM 6 16
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Sn phm khng chua v t

chua
(pH > 4,5) 2,0 - 5,0 (1) 8 - 12
- Vi khun chu nhit (bo t) 0,1 - 1,5 (1) 8 - 10
- Vi khun khng chu nhit
(bo t)

Sn phm chua (pH 4,0 - 4,5)

- Vi khun chu nhit (bo t) 0,01 - 0,07 (1) 8 - 10
- Vi khun khng chu nhit 0,1 - 0,5 (2) 7 - 10
(bo t)

Sn phm rt chua (pH < 4,0)

Vi sinh vt khng chu nhit
(vi khun khng 0,5 - 1,0 (3) 5-7
sinh bo t, nm men, nm
mc)

(Carla,1992)
Ghi ch: (1): x l 121,1OC (2): x l 100OC (3): x l 65OC
Bng 4. S v hot vi sinh vt (bo t) trong qu trnh tit tng (Carla.1992)
LOI VI SINH VT
MI TRNG z-value D121,1
(Type of o
(Medium) ( C) (min)
microorganism)
Bacillus
General 7,6-10,3 1,8-4,7
stearothermophilus
Bacillus subtilis 5230 General 7,4-13 0,3-0,76
Bacillus coagulans solution 8,2-9,0 0,2-2,5
Bacillus cereus General 9,7 0,0065
Bacillus megaterium General 8,8 0,04
Clostridium
General 10,0 /
perfringens
Clostridium
General 8,0-12,0 0,48-1,4
sporogenes
Clostridium botulinum General 9

NHM 6 17
 o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Bng 5. S v hot vi sinh vt (T bo sinh dng) trong qu trnh thanh trng

LOI VI SINH VT
MI TRNG z-value DT
(Type of o
(Medium) ( C) (min)
microorganism)
Escherichia coli / 4,9 4,5 (56oC)
Pseudomonas
/ 7,5 3,2 (60oC)
fluoresens
Streptococcus faecalis Fish 6,7 15,7 (60oC)
Staphylococcus aureus Pea soup 4,6 10,4 (60oC)
Salmonella
Pea soup 5,7 10,6 (60oC)
senftenberg
Lactobacillus
Tomato soup 12,5 11,0 (70oC)
plantarum
Listeria
Carrots 6,7 0,27 (70oC)
monocytogenes
Closstridium
botulinum Buffer pH 7,0 9,7 32,3 (82oC)
Non-proteolytic type B Water 9,4 3,3 (80oC)
Non-proteolytic type E
Bacillus cereus Buffer pH 7,0 10,5 8,0 (100oC)
Bacillus subtilis Buffer pH 6,8 9,8 0,57 (121oC
(Carla.1992)
Bng 6. S khng nhit ca cc enzyme trong qu trnh x l nhit
Enzyme D (pht) z (OC)
Peroxydase 232 (1) 28
Polygalacturonase 20 (1) 6,8
O-diphenoloxydase 0,82 (1) 5,5
Lipoxygenase 0,09 (1) 8,5
Catalase 0,02 (1) 8,3
Lipase 25 (2) 26
Protease 300 (2) 28

(Carla.1992)
Ghi ch (1): x l 80OC(2): x l 120OC

NHM 6 18
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Bng 7. Gi tr Z i vi s v hot enzyme v cc nhn t cht lng ca mt

s thc phm
ENZYME GA TR Z (oC)
Lipoxygenase (peas) 8,7
Lipoxygenase
6,9
(soybean)
Polyphenoloxidase
6,5
(mushroom)
Polyphenoloxidase
17,6
(plum)
Chlorophyllase
12,2
(spinach)
Peroxidase (potato) 35,0
NHN T CHT LNG
Thiamine (milk) 29,4 31,4
Thiamine (meat,
25,0 31,3
vegetables)
Cht lng chung
28,3
(peas)
Cht lng chung
28,8
(green beans)
Cht lng chung
31,6
(bp)

(Carla.1992)
Bng 8. Ga tr Z ca cc nhn t thc phm (tng qut)
NHN T GA TR Z (oC)
Bo t vi khun 7 12
T bo sinh dng 48
Vitamins 25 30
Proteins 15 37
Enzymes 5 50

NHM 6 19
o ngm ng hp GVHD: NCS.Nguyn Hunh nh Thun

Cht lng cm quan

25 45
chung
Cu trc 17 47
Mu sc 17 - 57

(Carla.1992)
7. Kt lun
Cuc sng ca con ngi trong thi i kinh t tri thc vi s pht trin ca khoa hc
cng ngh v trong giai on m chng ta ang tp trung mi sc lc xy dng mt x
hi phn vinh. V vy vic cung cp thc phm cho con ngi sao cho gn nh, thun tin,
an ton, v sinh v cht lng cao, l mc tiu phn u ca ngnh thc phm.
Nh vy hin nay vic ch bin v bo qun thc phm ang ngy cng pht trin vi
nhiu cng ngh v k thut ngy cng tin tin, nht l trong cng ngh sn xut sn phm
thc phm ng hp. Vi ngun dinh dng v hn, cung cp nhiu vitamin v khong
cht cho sc khe, tri cy ang l ngun thc phm an ton v ph bin vi mi ngi
mi la tui. Nhng vic cn lm l sn xut ra mt sn phm an ton, thun tin ph hp
vi cuc sng bn rn hin nay.
Vi c tnh an ton, d nguyn mi v t nhin cng nh tnh cht ca tri o ti,
sn phm o ti ngm ng ng hp ang ngy cng c a chung bi ngi tiu
dng v ang ngy cng pht trin. Nc ta l mt nc nhit i vi ngun nguyn liu
ti, di do thun tin sn xut vi s lng ln p ng nhu cu trong nc v xut
khu. Mt khc trong qu trnh sn xut chng ta cn phi ch hn v yu t v sinh an
ton thc phm cng nh vic bo v mi trng- vn cc k quan trng i vi ngnh
sn xut cng nghip thc phm hin nay- gip cho sn phm o ti ng hp ngy
cng ph bin v hon thin hn.
8. Ti liu tham kho
1. Cng ngh ch bin thc phm , L Vn Vit Mn, nh xut bn i hc
quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh 2011
2. http://giaoan.violet.vn/present/show/entry_id/8534157
3. http://khuyencongdongnai.org.vn/tien-bo-khcn-239/cong-nghe-san-xuat-do-
hop-qua-nuoc-duong-924.aspx
4. Cng ngh ch bin thc phm , L Vn Vit Mn, nh xut bn i hc
quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh 2011
5. http://shopcongnghethucpham.com/qua-trinh-lam-sach/
6. L M Hng, cng ngh ch bin thc phm ng hp,2005
7. Nguyn L H, nguyn l sn xut hp thc phm

NHM 6 20