Nhiu x tia X

Nhiu x tia X
Bi:
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Nhiu x tia X l hin tng cc chm tia X nhiu x trn cc mt tinh th ca cht rn
do tnh tun hon ca cu trc tinh th to nn cc cc i v cc tiu nhiu x. K thut
nhiu x tia X (thng vit gn l nhiu x tia X) c s dng phn tch cu trc
cht rn, vt liu... Xt v bn cht vt l, nhiu x tia X cng gn ging vi nhiu x
in t, s khc nhau trong tnh cht ph nhiu x l do s khc nhau v tng tc gia
tia X vi nguyn t v s tng tc gia in t v nguyn t.

Nguyn l ca nhiu x tia X

Hin tng cc tia X nhiu x trn cc mt tinh th cht rn, tnh tun hon dn n vic cc
mt tinh th ng vai tr nh mt cch t nhiu x

Xt mt chm tia X c bc sng chiu ti mt tinh th cht rn di gc ti . Do

tinh th c tnh cht tun hon, cc mt tinh th s cch nhau nhng khong u n d,
ng vai tr ging nh cc cch t nhiu x v to ra hin tng nhiu x ca cc tia X.
Nu ta quan st cc chm tia tn x theo phng phn x (bng gc ti) th hiu quang
trnh gia cc tia tn x trn cc mt l:

L = 2.d.sin

Nh vy, c cc i nhiu x th gc ti phi tha mn iu kin:

L = 2.d.sin = n.

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Nhiu x tia X

y, n l s nguyn nhn cc gi tr 1, 2,...

y l nh lut Vulf-Bragg m t hin tng nhiu x tia X trn cc mt tinh th.

Cng nhiu x

Cng chm tia nhiu x c cho bi cng thc:

I_\mathbf{g} = \left | \psi_\mathbf{g} \right |^2 \propto \left | F_\mathbf{g} \right |^2

Vi \psi_\mathbf{g} l hm sng ca chm nhiu x, cn F_\mathbf{g} l tha s cu

trc (hay cn gi l xc sut phn x tia X), c cho bi:

F_{\mathbf{g}}=\sum_{i} f_i e^{-2\pi i\mathbf{g} \cdot \mathbf{r}_i}

y, \mathbf{g} vct tn x ca chm nhiu x, \mathbf{r}_i l v tr ca nguyn t

th i trong n v, cn fi l kh nng tn x ca nguyn t. Tng c ly trn ton
n v.

Ph nhiu x tia X

Ph nhiu x tia X l s ph thuc ca cng nhiu x vo gc nhiu x (thng

dng l 2 ln gc nhiu x).

Cc k thut nhiu x tia X

Phng php nhiu x bt:

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Nhiu x tia X

Nhiu x bt (Powder X-ray diffraction) l phng php s dng vi cc mu l a tinh

th, phng php c s dng rng ri nht xc nh cu trc tinh th, bng cch s
dng mt chm tia X song song hp, n sc, chiu vo mu. Ngi ta s quay mu v
quay u thu chm nhiu x trn ng trn ng tm, ghi li cng chm tia phn
x v ghi ph nhiu x bc 1 (n = 1).

Ph nhiu x s l s ph thuc ca cng nhiu x vo 2 ln gc nhiu x (2). i

vi cc mu mng mng, cch thc thc hin c mt cht khc, ngi ta chiu tia X ti
di gc rt hp ( tng chiu di tia X tng tc vi mng mng, gi c nh mu v
ch quay u thu.

Phng php nhiu x bt cho php xc nh thnh phn pha, t phn pha, cu trc tinh
th (cc tham s mng tinh th) v rt d thc hin...

Phng php Laue

Phng php n tinh th quay

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