B - Lxy 'Uxn-Ix Ckvemw: Ckvem-Aniv) N-JNWKV Lukv

B-lXy ùXnI
- X Ckvemw
ssiJv apl-Zv Imc-Ipv
Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv lukv

tImgn-tmSv, Xncp-h\-
- ]- p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq, Iq
{]km-[-I-p-dnv
imkv{Xw ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-p. kmt-XnIhnZy kar--am-bn. `mcn
tPmen-I-sfmw b{- Gs-Sp-p. AXn-\m sapw ssIbp-a-
\-msX Imcy- t\Sm-sa-m-bn. AtXmsS hn`-h- kpe-`-
ambn. PohnX kuI-cy- KWy-ambn h[n-p. \psS apKm-an-
Iv kz]v\wImWm t]mepw km[y-a-m-Xn-cp kpJkuI-cy--
fmWv \man--\p-`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv.
Fnpw Gsd-t-cp-anv Akz--cm-Wv. a\-ns imnbpw
Pohn-X- ns kam-[m-\hpw \jvSs- -h
- . AXp-sIm-p-Xs B-
l-Xy-I A\p-Zn\w h[n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. IpSpw-_--fpsS
IqacWw t]mep-anv hm-b-m-Xm-bn-cn-p-p. e`y-amb Ghpw
Ah--km-\s IW-\p-k-cnv Hmtcm hjhpw ]v en-
tesd t] kzbw Poh-s\m-Sp-pp. bp--fnepw av AXn-{I-a--
fnepw h[n--s-Sp--Xn-s\-m IqSp-X-em-Wn-Xv. ap-v hb-n-
\p-Xm-sg-bp--h-cn Ghpw apJy -a-c-W-Im-cWw B-l-Xy-bm-Wv.
temIm-tcmKy kwL-S-\-bpsS IW--\p-k-cnv, Hmtcm \m]Xv
sk nepw Hcp B-lXy\S--pp.
kqW km-c-Xv tIfn-tI kwm-\-amWv tIc-fw.
cmjv{Sob {]_p-Xbnepw \msampw ]nn-e. kmlnXy kmwkvIm-
cnI cwK--fnse nXnbpw An[w Xs. PohnX \ne-hm-ctam,
Xmc-X-tay\ sa-s--Xpw. AtXm-sSmw B-lXybpsS Imcy-
nepw \mw amscmfpw Gsd apn-em-Wv. tZiob icm-i-cn-sb-
m aqn-c-n-bn-te-sd-bmWv Chn-Ss B-lXym \nc-v. CsX-
p-sImv? Cu tNmZyw Fp-\npw DbptIp-p; a\m-
kv{X-s - cbpw kmaqly imkv{Xscbpw th-bm-Sp-p. PohnX
5
kuI-cy--fpsS h[-\hpw ùXnIhn`-h--fpsS B[n-Iyhpw a\-
ns\ imhpw Pohn-Xs `{Z-hp-am-p-sa [mcW Xopw
sXm-sWv sXfn-bn--s-n-cn-p-p.
at\m-tcmKw, el-cn--Sn-s-S, IS-_m-[y-X, Zmcn-{Zyw, kmaq-ly-
amb HsS, DhcpsS th]m-Sv, sXmgn {]iv\ - XpS-nbh
B-l-Xyv Imc-W-am-Im-dp-v. Fm, B-l-Xym-\n-cv h[n-
m-\p bYmY ImcWw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-chpw hnizm-k-]-c-hp-
amb {]Xn-k-n-bm-Wv.
B-l-Xy-bpsS Imc-W- hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn hne-bn-cpn
bYmY ]cn-lmcw \ntZ-in-p eLp-Ir-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXv a\-n-
cpn hmbn-p Bcpw ]noSv B-l-Xysbp-dnv Btem-Nn-
p-I-t]mepansv R Dd-p-hn-iz-kn-p-p. AtXm-sSmw Cu
sImp-IrXn hmb-\-mv Znim-t_m[w \In a\-n\v imnbpw
Pohn-X-n\v hnip-nbpw \Ip-sav {]Xo-n-p-p. AXp-sIm-
p-Xs sNdp-sX-nepw al--c-amb ZuXyw \nh-ln-m ]cym-
]vX-am-Wn-Xv. Fm Xe--fn-ephscbpw ]cn-K-Wnv `mj Gsd efn-
X-am-n-bn-p-v.
kh-i--\mb {]]--\m-Y CXns\ hmb-\-mv {]tbm-
P-\I
- c
- hpw \apv ]c-tem-Iv {]Xn-ê
- ml-amb kahpamn-
op-am-dm-I-s.
B-lXy ùXn-IX Ckvemw
6
D-Sw
11
Fp-sImv B-lXy?
15
apncnm-dp-t]m-epsmco PohnXw
18
aZy-ns Ipsm-gpv
23
IS-s-Wn-bn IpSpp-h
-
27
Bq-
- nse GIm-X
32
am-[y-a
- f
- psS ]v
36
hnjm-Zw, Dm-Zw, B-lXy
42
B-lX
- yv Adp-Xn-hc- p-p hnizm-kZ- i\w
48
A\p-`h
-
- , ]mT-
55
ImgvNh
- -
- nse hyXym-khpw at\m-\n-eb
- nse amhpw
59
]cn-lm-ca- n-m ]m]w
7
ssiJv aplZv ImcIpv

1950 Pqsse 15\v atcnSp ImcIpnse ]pev P\np. ]nXmhv
]pev aplZv lmPn. amXmhv Ban\. ]pev ss{]adn kvIq, ImcIpv
F.bp.]n kvIq, atcn Kh. sslkvIq, ^dqJv duZXp Deqw Ad_nIv
tImtfPv, tImgntmSv F.Sn.Sn sk FnhnSfn hnZym`ymkw.
samdbq hn.Fv.Fw sslkvIqfnepw FSh Ckvemlnb Hmdnb
sslkvIqfnepw A[ym]I\mbncpp. ZoL-Imew Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv
lukv Ub-d-IvSdmbn tkh\a\p-jvTnp. Ctm PamAs Ckveman
tI{ {]Xn\n[n k`bnepw tIcf IpSn-bm-tem-N\ kan-Xn-bnepw AwK-am-b-
tXm-sSmw tIcf Akn- v Aao, Ub-temKv sk tIcf Ub-d-IvS
Fo m\-fpw hln-p-p. hnh\ DssS Adp]nbmdv
IrXnIfpsS ImhmWv. Ghpw anI cN\p Av AhmUpI
t\Sn-bnpv. `mcy: PamAs Ckveman h\nXm hn`mKw kwm\
sk{Idn Ban\ Dp Abva. a: A\okv aplZv, tUm. Aeo^v
aplZv, tUm. _mkna, Abva aplZv.
8
Hv
Fp- s Imv B- l Xy?
_nem P\m A-\m-Wv. IpSpw_w hfsc Zcn-{Z-am-Wv. hon
hr-cmb amXm-]n-Xm--fp-v. IqSmsX `mcybpw aqv a-fpw. Cfb
aI \n-Xy-tcm-Kn-bm-Wv. -{]-`mXw s]mn-hn-S-cp--tXmsS _nem ]-
W-n-se-pw. ]noSv sshIp-tcw Ccpfp]S-cp--Xp-hsc _kv
mn-em-bn-cn-pw. AhnsS hpt]mIp _kp-I-fn-semw Ib-dn-
bn-d-pw. Hcp ssIbn Dup-h-Snbpw adp-ssI-bn `nm-]m-{X-hp-
ambn. Fmepw apJv ZpxJ-ns AS-bm-f-an-. kZm {]k--h-Z-
\\m-Wv.
Ac-hn- Npa-p-sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-bn-cp-p. hml-\m-]-I-S-n s]v
cv Imepw \jvS-s-p. At-l-nsbpw ]I-ep-I ]-W-a-[y-
nse _kvmnX-s. cv ssIbpw \ne-qn \nc-n-
\o-n-bmWv _kp-I-fn Ib-dn-bn-d-p--Xv. sshIp-tcwhsc bm{X-
m-cpsS apn ssI\on Inp ]Ww-sIm-mWv Bdw-K--fp
IpSpw_w t]mpXv.
Ccw _nem-ep-amcpw Ac-hn--mcpw tIc-fo-bv Hpw A]-cn-
Nn-X-a-. GXv \K-c-nepw \ap--hsc ImWmw. ]nWnbpw {]mcm-
_v[-hp-ambn Ah PohnXw Xn-\o-p-p.
tIc-f-n Zn\w-{]Xn \qdn-te-sd -t] B-l-Xyv {ian-p-
p. ap-Xn-tesd t] B-l-Xy-bn-eqsS ]c-temIw {]m]n-p-p.
IpSpw-_--fpsS Iq-a-cWadnv Cv Bcpw sRm-dn-. IpSpw_
B-lX - y-I A{X-tbsd km[m-cW - a
- m-bn-cn-p-p. Krl-\m-Y `mcy-
sbbpw Ipn-Is- fbpw sImv kzbw Poh-s\m-Sp-nb hm-If - n-m
\mfp-I hfsc hnc-f-am-Wv.
9
Fm, Ctmfw GsX-nepw bmN-I B-l-Xy -sNbvX
hm hmbn-t-n-h-n-n-. tIn-p-an-. _nem-en-s\-tm-ep
A-mcpw Ac-hn--s\-tm-ep hnI-emw-Kcpw IpSpw-_-sf Iq-
sme sNbvXv kzbw Poh l\n-m-dn-.
]ns BcmWv B-lXy sNm-dp-Xv? tUmIvSamcpw Fn-
\o-bamcpw _mv Poh-\-mcpw A[ym-]Icpw Ij-Icpw I-h-S-
m-cp-samw B-lXy sNm-dpv. a-[y-h-ns-h
- c
- mWv IqSp-
X-embn B-lXy sNm-dp--Xv. ]ns ]W-m-cpw. Ghpw Ipdhv
Iqen--Wn-m-cm-Wv.
Fp-sImv?
imkv{Xw ]ptcm-K-an-p. kmt-XnI hnZy kar--am-bn. Imcy--
sfmw b{- Gs-Sp-p. AtXmsS hn`hw kpe-`-am-bn. PohnX-
ku-I-cy- KWy-ambn h[n-p. ]g-b-Im-es ]W-mp-
t]mepw k]n-mt\m kz]v\w ImWmt\m km[y-a-m-Xn-cp
PohnX kuI-cy--fm-Wnv Zcn-{Zt]mepw A\p-`-hn-p--Xv. CXv
hnh-c-Ww Bh-iy-an-m--hn[w hy-am-Wv. kphn-Zn-Xhpw A\n-tj-
[y-hp-am-Wv.
Fnpw Fp-sImv B-l-Xy-I h[n-pp? a\x-im-
nbpw kzmyhpw \jvS-s-Sp-p. AXpw ]W-m-cn-epw CS--c-
m-cnepw; Imc-Ww, hfsc hyw. bmN-Ipw sXmgn-em-fn-Ipw
]cn-an-X- tam-l--tf-bp-q. Ah ]qo-I-cn--s-m Ah kwXr-
]vX-cm-bn. Cs-nepw Ah-cpsS Akz--Xbpw \ncm-ibpw \s
\nm-chpw \nb-{n-X-hp-am-bn-cn-pw.- Hcp t\cs Blmcw e`n-m-
Xn-cp-tXm acp-p-hm-m ]W-an-msX tcmKn-bmb Ipn {]bm-k-
s-Sp-tXm ]mh-s--hs\ Hcp ]cn-[n--pdw Aim--\m-p-I-bn.
AXv, {]mYan-Im-h-iy-v Hpw apn-m Hcn-S-cw IpSpw-_-
nse sNdp--m-c\v sNn \S-m Ccp-N-{I-hm-l\w Inm--
Xns Akz--X-sb-m \s \nm-c-am-bn-cn-pw.
]cn-an-X-tam-l-ap-h tbip-sh-tms-e-bm-bn-cn-pw. tbip ]d-
p: ""tcma-am-sWs hkv{Xw. _men-bm-Wm-lm-cw. N{-\m-sWs
hnf-v. Imep-I-fm-sWs hml\w. Xe-b-W-bmbn IW--pw. kz-
am-sbm-p-an-msX DW-cp-p. Fs-m sFiz-cy-hm-\mbn Bcp-
an-.''
{]apJ ]WvUn-X-\mb Camw im^n ]mSn: "Pohn-p-I-bm-sW-n
10
F\nv Blmcw e`n-m-Xn-cn-n-. acn-m Bd-Sn-apw Inm-Xn-cn-
n-.- Fs sscyw cmPm--m-cp-tS-Xn\v kaw. a\-tm, kzX-
{hpw kz-hpw.'
\p-tSXv Itmf kwkvIm-c-ns Ime-am-Wv. AXns IS-
p-Ib-
-
- n\nv IpX-dn-am-dm Ign-bp-h - \s Ipd-hm-Wv. AXn-
\m \s \bn-p-Ibpw \nb-{n-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv em`-sm-Xn-
b-m-smcp aqeyhpw ssIap-X-em-bn-m hhyh-km-bn-I-fmWv.
Ah A\p-Zn\w ]pXp-]p- D]-- ]pd-n-d-p-p. s]men-
a-bp ]c-ky--fn-eqsS Ah-bpsS t]cp-I \psS akvXn-jvI--
fn-tev ASn-p-Ib
-
- p-p. Zn\-]{- X-, hmcn-II
- , amkn-II
- , tdUn-
tbm, sSen-hn-j, kn\na, Cs\-v, ]c-ky--e-I-I Cs\ ]e-
Xn-eqsSbpw Ah \psS apn {]Xy--s-Spp. \nXy-Po-hn-X-n-
tev A\p-hmZwt]mepw tNmZn-msX IS-p-h-cp-p.- ]-ckyw \s
AXn-bmbn {]tem-`n-n-p-p.- \-psS At_m[ a\-n-t]mepw {]Xn-
I-c-W- krjvSn-p-p. Ah-p-]n-nse D]-- \psS
Pohn-X-n-tev \pg-p-I-b-dm {i-an-p-p.
]c-ky- ]nSn-Iq-Sm-dp-Xv \psS hnIm-c--sf-bm-Wv. Ah
a\-n ]e ]pXnb taml--fpw hfn-sb-Sp-p-p. Nnv
Ahkcw \ImsX Ah kmmXvcn-m-\p sh krjvSn-
p-p. A-s\-bmWv a\p-jy ]pXnb ]pXnb Bh-iy-f - psS ASn-
a-bmbn amdp--Xv. Ir{Xn-ahpw hymP-hp-amb ]cn-th-j- krjvSnv
\s \mi-n-tep \bn-p D]- - t]mepw hmm \s
\n_-n-p--Xv.
D]-t`m-K-kw-kvImcw \psS hyn-Xzs Xopw A\y-
hXvIcn-p-p. Nnsb sISp-p-p. ]mc--cy--fn\nv \s
]ngp-sX-Sp-p-p. \mw Fp Xn-Ww, Fs\ Xn-Ww, GXv IpSn-
-Ww, GXv ]m{X-n IpSn--Ww, GXv [cn--Ww, Xe-bn-sep
tX-Ww, GXv t]p-sImv ]p tX-Ww, Ipfn-t--sX-s\,
t\mhpw Nncnbpw D]-Nm-c-hp-sams Fn-[-am-IWw Fs-m-anv
Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv \-f - ; Itm-fk - w-kvm-c
- ns Imh-m-cmb
hhyh-km-bn-Ifpw Ip-II - f
- p-am-Wv. B{K-l - s
- fbpw C-Is - fbpw
\nb-{n-p-Xv Ah-cm-Wv. Ah-cpsS hn]-W-\-X{w \psS t`mK-
Xr- j v W sb Xn- b p- W p- p. taml- v Xo]n- S n- n- p- p.
As\ B`m-SP - o-hn-X- n-\m-hi - y-amb BUw-_c - h
- k
- vXp- A\n-
hm-cy-am-sW [mcW krjvSn-p-p. Ah kz-am-m Ign-bm-Xn-
cp-m AsXmcp \yq\-X-bm-sW tXm-ep-m-p-p. bYmY-
11
n D]fnv \s tkhn-p-I-b-, \mw Ahsb tkhn-
p-I-bm-Wv. Ah \psS ASn-a-I-f-. \mw Ah-bpsS ASn-a-I-fm-hp-
I-bm-Wv. CsXmpw Xncn--dn-bmsX Gsd-tcpw hyh-km-b-tem-I-
ns hn]-W-\- X-{-n Xe-sh-p-p.
Fm, _nem-en-s\bpw Ac-hn--s\bpw t]mep--h Ccw
]c-ky- ImWp-Itbm {in-p-Itbm Ah-bn-em-Ir-jvS-cm-hp-Itbm
sNm-dn-. AXn-\m-e-hv Npcp-nb B{K-l--tf-bp-q. Ah
]qo-I-cn-m-\m-bn-s-n-ep-m-hp \ncm-ibpw Aim-nbpw
t]mepw \nm-c-am-bn-cn-pw. AXp-sIm-pXs B-l-Xyv km-
n-Im-h--sb-m _w am\-kn-Im-h--tbm-Sm-Wv. AXns
taml--tfmSpw Ah-bpsS \nb-{-W-tm-Sp-am-Wv.
12
cv
apncnm-dp-t]m-epsmco PohnXw
ùXnI ho-W-n a\pjy tIhew Hcp Pp-hmWv. CXc
Poh-Pm-e--fpsS `mKhpw XpSbpw. ]cn-Wm-a-n-eqsS Cncn
]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-n-p-sv am{Xw. tPm hmvks A`n-{]m-b-
n "a\p-jy-s\bpw {Iqc-ar-K-sbpw thXn-cn-p AXnh-c-
n'.
s{Û-dnIv GwKkv Xs The Influence of work in the Evolution of
man F {K-n-se-gp-Xn: "ssI tPmen sNm\p Hcp-]-I-cWw
am-{X-a; tPmen-bpsS Hcp]w IqSn-bmWv. sXmgn-en-eqsS AXv
htXm-Xn-ep ]qW-X- t\-Sn. AXn\v dmt^-ens Nn{X-fpw
tXmSv hmSvks in]-fpw ]Km-\n-bpsS kwKo-Xhpw cNn-m
km[n-p.' a\p-jy CXc Poh-Pm-e--fpsS XpSbpw ]Ibpw
GXm\pw ùXnI ]Zm--fpsS kwLm-Xhpw BsWv ùXn-I-
hm-Zn-I {]N-cn-n-p. P\-\-tmsS XpS-nb PohnXw ac-W-tmsS
HSp-p-sa-pw. AtXmsS PohnX ey-n hn amw hp.
a\p-jys ]c-a-amb eyw ]c-am-h[n kpJn--em-sW ImgvN-mSv
kaq-ls AKm-[a - mbn kzm[o-\n-p. Xnp-I, IpSn-p-I, t`mKn-pI,
kpJn-p-I, D-kn-p-I, CXn-e-pdw asmcp eyhp-an-m-Xm-bn.
ae-bm-f Ihn ]mSn:
"Fp-h-m-ep-sa-\n-m-kz-Zn-o-SWw
ap-ncn-m-dp-t]m-ep-smco PohnXw
Fp-an-Xns el-cnbnem-\
Xpn-e-saa\w aqfn--d-Ww'
13
Pohn-X-eyw ]c-am-h[n kpJn--em-sWv h-tXmsS a\p-
jys apgp-h {ibpw {iahpw AXn-\m-h-iy-amb ùXnI hn`-h-
-fpsS tiJ-c-W-n-embn. hnP-b-n-sbpw hf-bp-sSbpw am\-
Zw ùXnI hn`-h--fpsS h-\-bm-sWp hp. ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-
sSbpw ]cn-jvIm-c-n-sbpw ASn-m\w Pohn-X-ku-I-cy--fp-sS
B[n-Iy-hpw. As\ kaq-l-n kpJ-k-qW-amb Pohn-Xs
kw_-n kpc kz]v\-fpw k]-fpw hf-s-p. AXn-
cp-I-fn-m B{K-l-fpw A\n-b-{n-X-amb taml-fpw ]nd-hn-
sb-Sp-p. D]-t`mK kwkvIm-chpw AXn\v ]m--e-sam-cp-nb apX-
em-fn ho-Whpw cq]wsImXv A-s\-bm-Wv.
kpJ-k-qW-amb Pohn-X-n\v Bh-iy-amb kuI-cy--fn-m-
-h ]cm-Pn-Xcpw Hn\pw sImm--h-cp-ambn IW-m--s-p.
A-c-m \nXy-\n-cm-i--Sn-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]co--bn ]cm-
P-b-s-Sp hnZymYn-sb Xm\n\n Fn\p Pohn--W-sa tXm
]nSn-Iq-Sp-p. ISp Zmcn-{Zy-n Ign-bph\v PohnXw \ncY-I-
ambn tXmp-p. amdm-tcmKw _m[n--h\v XpSPo-hn-X-s-p-dnv
aSp-p-m-Ip-p. As\ PohnXw Bthmfw Bkz-Zn-m-\p--Xm-
sWv hniz-kn-p a\p-jys\ AXn\v h hnLm-Xhpw hcp-tm
Cm-bva-bp-sS hm-bvabpw thZ-\bpw thh-em-Xnbpw hnlz-e-Xbpw
]nSnIqSpp. ISp COm-`w-Khpw \ncm-ibpw _m[n-p-p. AX-
hs\ B-l-Xy-bn-tev \bn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
PohnXw Bkz-Zn-m-\p--Xm-sWv hniz-kn-p--h AXns
]mc-ay-X-bn-se-p--tXmsS Ae-y-cm-Ip-p. AXns A\n-hm-cy-
X-tbm, AXn-cp-I-fn-m Aim-n-bpw.
ZoL-Imew ae-bm-f-nse D]-]mT ]pkvX-I-am-bn-cpp "HmS-
bn\nv'. AXnse {][m\ IYm-]m{Xw ]p-hm-Wv. ]p-hns Pohn-
X-e-ytam evan F s]Ip-nsb t]mn-h-fepw. evan
hfp hep-Xmbn; hnhm-ln-X-bm-bn. AtXmsS ]p-hn\v ey-an-m-
Xm-bn. Ae-y-\mb ]p Aim--\m-bn.
Fw. apIp-s "a-gnpg-bpsS Xoc-f
- n' apJy-IY - m-]m{Xw Zmk-
\m-Wv. Abm-fpsS eyw a-gn-bpsS kzmX-{y-am-bn-cp-p. agn kzX-
{-ambn, AtXmsS Zmk Ae-y-\m-bn. `mc-ambn amdnb PohnXw
Xn-\o-m shn-bm--n A`bw tXtS-n-h-p.
B-l-Xy-bn-te-p hgn
14
eyw ]ng--hv PohnXw \nc-I-am-bm-W-\p-`-h-s-Sp-I.
im]hpw iey-hp-am-bmWv tXmp-I. sImen hnk ]d-bp-p:
""a\p-jy FXv Hcp Xo{h-hn-Im-cm-th-i-a-s{X, \mw Pohn-p-p-
sh-Xv A-iq-\yw. acn-p-p-sh-Xv AXn-tesd A-iq\yw.''
apIp-s IYm-]m-{X-amb chn Pohn-Xs t\mn-m-Wp-Xv C-
s\-bm-Wv: ""h-te, Rm hy`n-N-cn-Xv ]m]-a-. tamjvSn-Xv ]m]-
a-. ]c-Zq-jWw ]d-Xv ]m]-a-. Cu `qan-bn P\n--XmWv ]m]w.''
At-l-ns Xs asmcp IYm-]m{Xw tNmZn-pp: "cp Ipw
Imepw HcpSepw Hcp Xe-bp-ap Rm\n-hnsS Fpt\Sm-\mWv?'
"A\-a - mb BIm-i- n Nph-n, A-a `qanv apI-fn Pohn-
p--Xn-sem-c-hp-an-s' hn[non-se-p--h B-l-
Xysb al-Xz-hXvIcn-p-p. "a-b Rm\nXm apt t]mIpp'
shs-gp-Xnshv Pohn-X-ns Xnc-oe kzbw henp Xmgvnb
o^ sskzKv CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. "Fp-sImv B-l-Xy-bn-
e-`bw tXSp-n-' F tNmZy-ap-b- n-p- gmMvt]m kms{X-bpsS
\ne-]mSpw `n-a-. GXm\pw sImw-apv, Fs\ B-lXy sN-
W-sav hni-Z-ambn hnh-cn-p Hcp ]pkvXIw Ata-cn--bn {]kn-
o-Ir-X-am-bn. sUdnIv lw {ô cNn "ss^\ FIvknv' (Ah-km-
\s hgn) F IrXn NqSw t]mse hn-gn--s-p. cm-gvN-Iw
]pkvX-I-ns Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bncw tImn-I hn-\-bm-bn.
Fp hne-sIm-Sppw Poh \ne-\np-Is - b sshZy-imkv{X
Xzs \ncm-I-cnv acn-m-\p Ah-Im-i-n-\p-thn s]mcp-
Xp- "slweIv' skmssk-n-bpsS m]-I-\mWv {K-Im-hmb
sUdnIv lw {ô. cm-bncw sImw apv {Kov Zmi-\n-I tkm{I-
okv D]-tbm-Kn hnj-s-Sn-bpsS t]cmWv kwL-S-\v \Inb
"slweIv' F-Xv. 1980-em-WnXv m]n-Xa
- m-bX
- v. Ctm-gX
- n \m]-
Xn-\m-bn-cn-tesd AwK--fp-v.
B-lXy sNm Xm-dnm Ata-cn--mcpw AXns\ al-
Xz-hXvIcn-p-Ibpw AXn\v {]bm-k-c-ln-X-amb amK- hni-Zo-I-
cn-p-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp "ss^\ FIvknv' hmbnv \nhr-Xn-
b-S-bp-p.
15
aqv
aZy-ns Ipsm-gpv
PohnXn BZy-ambn tImS-Xn I-b-td-n-h-Xv Hcp sIme-t-
kn kmn- b m- b m- W v . Zn- W - t I- c - f - n \ns- nb Hcp
IpSpw_w Ab]-v Xma-kn-n-cp-p. Fm sshIp-t-c - f- nepw
A\pw aI\pw Htc-t]mse aZy-]n-pw. AXn-\m cm{Xn-bn-sepw
Ie-lhpw tImem-l-e-hp-am-bn-cp-p. Hcp cm{Xn aZy-]nv iWvT IqSsh
A In-sb-Spv aIs\ Ipn. AtXmsS aI ]c-tem-I-s-
n. A Pbn-en-epw. kXyw ]d-m B IpSpw_w c-s-p.
\mw hoSp-hn-n-d-p-tm IpSpw-_n-\n-I kvt\l-]qhw tNmZn-
pw: "Ftm-gmWv hcn-I.' {]Xy-mi-tbm-sS-bp tNmZy-am-WXv. Hw
"Fs {]nb-s--hs\mpw kw`-hn-msX thKw aS-n-sbt-
Wta'sb {]m-\b - pw. hon Xncn-s-p-tm {]khZ-\c
- mbn
\s kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw.
Fm Xsbpw Ipn-I-sfbpw t]mm IS-s IpSpw-_-\m-
Y honse sNe-hn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-t ]Ww aZy-jm-n sImSpv
\mdp hmbbpw Ie-nb Ip-Ifpw BSn-p-g-bp ssIIm-ep-
Ifpw \mhp\ndsb sXdn-bp-ambn Ib-dn-h-cp-tm hmXn Xpd-p-
sIm-Sp-m Fgp-tpt]mIp Hcp s]ns am\-kn-Im-h Fm-
hn[ k]-pw IW-p-Iq--ep-Ipw AXo-X-am-Wv. AX-f-
m temI-sm-cp-]-I-c-W-hp-an-. tIc-f-nse e--W-n\v
ktlm-Z-cn-am-cnv Ccw Zpcn-X-]q-amb PohnXw \bn-p--
h-cm-W-v.
C{]-Imcw Xs e-W- - n\v sImp-Ip-n-I X-fpsS ]nXm-
-m-cpsS Imsem tIp-tm In-en-\S- n-bn t]mbn Hfn-t
16
Ah--bn-em-Wv. tIc-f-nse ]Xn-\m-bn-c--W-n\v IpSpw-_-sf
\nXy-Zm-cn-{Zy-nepw Zpcn-X
- nepw AI-s-Sp-p-Xv aZy-am-Wv. ChnsS
\S-p alm-`q-cn-] - w- Ip-Spw-_Ie-l
- pw ssiYn-ey-pw
ImcWw AXm-Wv. an sIme-]m-X-I--fp-sSbpw B-l-Xy-I-fp-
sSbpw ]nn {]hn-p-Xpw asm--.
XpSw sIme-bn\nv
{Kov ]pcm-W-a-\p-k-cnv temIv BZy-ambn aZy-ap-m-n-bXv
Cm-dntbmkm-Wv. Abm aI FdntKm-tWm-sSm-nv Hcp apn-
cn-tm--n sskzcy-ambn Ign-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. IqsS sabvdm F
hfp-\m-b-bp-ap-v.
Cm-dn-tbmkv s]en-qkv ]-X-n\v kao]w Hcp `c-Wn-
bn apn-cn--g-ap-]-tbm-Knv hop-m-n. Hcp Znhkw aIsf hnh-
c-a-dn-bn-msX Abm Xs Iqp-Im-cmb CS-b-_m-e-m-tcm-sSm-nv
`c-Wn--cn-In-se-n. CS-b-m Atmfw AXv In-cp-n-. kz-
\n-d-n-ep hov Ah-cn hm hnkva-b-ap-Wn. Ah-cXv
Bn-tbmsS AI-m-n. AtXmsS Ah el-cn-S- n-s-p. \rw
shm\pw ]mp-]m-Sm\pw XpS-n. elcn h[n--tXmsS CS-b-m-cpsS
ImgvNbvv `wKw t\cn-p. Hv cmbn ImWm XpS-n. Imev \ne-
p-d-m-Xm-bn. Nne {`m--m-sc-t]mse s]cp-am-dn. thsd Nne
s]mn-n-cn-p. Ah BXn-tY-b-\mb Cm-dn-tbm-knt\mSv s]mn-
s-dn-p. sXdn hnfn-p. Ah-km\w Ah-c-bmsf ASnp sImp.
Cu {Kov IY-b-\p-k-cnv aZy-ns XpSwXs sIme-]m-X-
I-n\nm-Wv. Cpw AXv Ahn-cmaw XpS-cp-p. AXn-\m-emWv
apl-Zv \_n AXns\ "\oN-hr-n-I-fpsS amXm-sh'v hntijnn-
Xv. Ad-_n-`m-j-bn Hcp sNmp-v. "aZyw Gw No ZqX-\mWv,
Ab-p-Xv hb-n-te-mWv. t]mIp-Xv Xe-bn-te-pw.'
aZy-ns Ipsm-gpv
aZy-ns D]-t`m-K-n Cy-bnse samw kwm-\--
fn cmw m\-s-n-bn-cn-pp tIc-fw. ]sm-Xv iX-
am\w aZy-]-sc-bp-ambn alm-cmjv{S Hmw m\v \np-p.
tIc-fo-b-cn ]Xn-aqv iX-am-\hpw aZy-n\v ASn-s--h-cm-Wv. tI{
kmaq-lnI \oXn a{me-bhpw sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` Kth-jWhn`mKhpw
tNv \S-nb ]T\w ]pdpsImp-h--XmWv Cu hkvXpX.
Imhpw AXns Dt]m]--fpw D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn aqmw-
17
m-\hpw \ap-p-X-s. (am-Xr-`qan 2004 Pq 26)
Fm 2006 Bb-tm-tgv tIcfw Hmw m\-s-n-bn-cn-
p-p. ]o-cm-bncw tImSn-cq-]-bpsS aZyw {]Xn-hj-an-hnsS hn-
s-Sp-p. Hmtcm-cp--cp-w icm-icn 11 en hoXw AI-m-p-p-sh-
w. tIc-f-nse 60 iX-am\w ]pcp-jmcpw aZy-]m-\n-I-fm-Wv.
40 iX-am\w nc-ambn AXp-]t- bm-Kn-p-h - cpw 13 iX-am\w AXns
ASn-a-I-fp-am-Wv. Ign HmW-m-ev am{Xw 250 tImSn cq]-bpsS
aZyw hn]-\-bm-bn. hymP-a-Zy-ns Ipsm-gpv CXn-\p-]p-d-sa-bm-
Wv. (A-h-ew_w: tZim-`n-am\n hmcn-I. 2006 \hw-_ 19)
Ign sImw tIhew HXv amk-n-\Iw _oh-td-Pv tIm-
tdj aptJ\ am{Xw 13 tImSn Ipn aZyw tIc-fo-b IpSnp Xo-
Xmbn As a{n hw ]pcp-tjm--a \nba\k`sb Adn-bn-
p-I-bp-m-bn. (N-{nI 2005 s^{_p-hcn 2)
2006s ]pXp-hj-p-ecn BtLm-jn-m tIc-fo-b IpSnp
Xpe hntZ-i-aZyw 14 tImSn cq]-bp-tS-Xm-sWv IW-p-I hy-
am-p-p. (am-Xr-`qan 2006 P\p-hcn 2)
tIc-f- n-env Ghpw \of-ap Iyq ImW-s-Sp-s - X-hn-sS-sbv
At\z-jn-p Bcpw Ap-X-kvX_v[-cmbn aqv hnc shm-
Xn-cn-n-. AXv as-hn-sS-bp-a: hntZi aZy-jm-p-Iv apn-emWv.
hntij Znh-k--fn Iyq \nb-{n-m \nb-a-]m-e-I thnhcp
e-t]mepw hnc-f-a-.
tIc-f-n Bdm-bn-c-n-tesd hymP-hmp tI{--fp--Xmbn
IW-m--s-Sp-p. Acw A\-[n-IrX tI{--fn-eqsS e--
W-n\v en hymP-Nm-cmbw hn-s-Sp-p. hymPaZyw hn-Xn\v
FIvsskkv hIpv 19,028 tIkp-I cPn- sNp-I-bp-m-bn. Bdp
amk-n-\Iw 1,60,535 en kv]ncnv FIvsskkv hn`mKw ]nSn-s-Sp-
p-I-bp-m-bn. 74 tIkp-I dPn- sNp-Ibpw 53 hml-\-
]nSn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Atm, ]nSn-Iq-S-s-Sm hymP Nmcm-
bhpw kv]ncnv ISpw F{X-bm-bn-cn-p-sav Duln-m-hp--tX-
bpq.
hnt\mZkmcw t{]mm-ln-n-s - -Sm XpS-n-bt- XmsS bphm-
-fnse aZy-]m\ ioew KWy-ambn h[n--Xmbn ]T-\- hy-
am-p-p. tIc-f-n hnt\mZkmcw t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xns
`mK-ambn XpS-nb 64 _nb ]me-dp-I-fn 37 Fs tI{o-I-
cnv Xncp-h-\--]p-cs "AUnIvSv Cy' \S-nb ]T-\-ns
18
ASn-m-\-n AXns Ub-d-IvS tPmk sP CS-bm-d-pf
]d-bp-p: ""Xncp-h-\--]pcw apX ]me-mv hsc tZiob ]mX--
cn-In-ep 37 _nb ]me-dp-I ]cn-tim-[n--tm Fp hntZ-in-
Isf am{Xta R Is-n-bp-q. tImtfPv s]Ip-n-I
BIp-n-Ism--san aZy-]n-p e-ambn Ah amdn-bn-cn-
p-p.''(Cym SpsU 89-04)
1986 aZy-]m-\-{]mbw 19 hb-m-bn-cp-p-sh-n 1990 AXv
17 hb-mbpw 2000 14 hb-mbpw 2002 ]Xn-aq-c hb-mbpw
Npcp-n-bn-cn-p-p. tIc-fo-b-cn 50 ew t]cpw IpSn-b-m-cm-Wv.
Ah-cn aqn-semv aZy-an-msX Hcp Znhkwt]mepw Ign-bm
]m Ah--bn-em-Wv.
hnhn[ hgn-I
1996 Nmcmbw \ntcm- [ npsImv As apJy- a {n
F. sI. BWn ]d-p: ""hynPohnX-sbpw IpSpw__--
sfbpw kmaqly acym-Z-I-sfbpw Xmdp-am-dm-p-Ibpw At[m-KXnbnse-
n-p-Ibpw sNp aZy-]m\ ioe-n\v hncm-aan-Sp-n-s-n Fm
Xe--fnepw XI-bm-bn-cnpw êw.''
]noSv aZy-ap-m-p-Ibpw hnp-Ibpw sNp Ghpw henb
s]mXp-ta-Jem m]-\-ns ta[m-hn-bmbn BWn hn-p-sh-
nepw Atlw aZysn ]d-Xv Bcpw \ntj-[n-p-I-bn.
aZyw a\p-jys\ ]e hgn-bn-eqsS B-l-Xy-bn-tev \bn-p-
p. tIc-f-n kzbw acWw hcn-p kv{XoI-fn Gsd-t]cpw
aZy-]m-\n-If
- psS `mcy-am-cm-Wv. ]I-e
- n-tbmfw ]Wn-sb-Spv oWnv
Dd-m InS-p-Xv aZy-]m-\n-bpsS IqsS-bm-sW-n Pohn-X-tmSv
aSpp tXmp--Xnepw AXn-s Xnc-oe henp Xmgvp--Xnepw
Ap-X-an-. IpSn-b-m-cn \smcp hn`mKw PohnX ]m-fn-Isf
]pe`yw ]dv sskzcyw sISp-p--h-cm-Wv. imco-cnI ]oU-\-n-
hsc Cc-bm-p--hcpw Ipd-h-. IpSpw-_n-\n-I-fn Nnesc B-
l-Xy-bn-se-n-p-Xv Cu Zpcn-Xm-h--bm-sW-n apNne Poh-
s\m-Sp-p-Xv aZy-]m\w krjvSn-p ISp Zmcn{Zyw Imc-W-am-
bm-Wv.
hb-\m-nse IjI B-l-Xy-I-fn Gsdbpw kw`hnXv aZy-
]m\w Imc-W-am-bm-Wv. Imjn-Im-h-iy-v IS-sa-Sp-p-Ibpw
AsXms IpSnpXop-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\m Zpcn-X-n-e-I-s--
19
h- c mWv AhnsS Poh- s \m- S p- n- b - h - c n `qcn- ] - - h p- s a- - X mWv
hkvXpX. Iq-n Imjn-tIm---fpsS hne-bn-Sn-hpw.
aZy-]m\w hcp-p- -Ip-Spw_ssiYn-eyhpw tIc-fo-b-cn ]e-
scbpw B-l-Xy-bn-se-n-n-p-v. aZy-n-\-Sn-sv _pn-{àw
_m[nv kzbw acWw hcn-phcpw Ipd-h-. A{]-Imcw Xs
el-cn-bpsS D]tbmKw ImcWw ITn-\-amb tcmKw _m[nv \ncm-i-
cmbn B-l-Xy-bn-e-`bw tXSp--h-scbpw ImWmw.
aZy-ns Ipsm-gpv sIme-]m-X-I--fpssS Fm Ip
IrXy-pw Imc-W-am-Ip--t]mse B-l-Xy-I-fpsS Ahn-iz-k-
\o-b-amb h[-\-hnepw hn ]p-h-ln-p-p. am\-kn-Im-kzmyw
ImcWw kw`-hn-p-h Ign-m tIc-f-n \S-p B-l-
Xy-If- n GXm-s-m-nepw aZyw aW-m-\p km[yX A[n-Ia - mcpw
Xn--f-bp-I-bn-. IpSpw-_--fpsS Iq B-l-Xy-I-fpsS Ah-
bpw hyXy-kvX-a-. B-lXy sNp at\m-tcm-Kn-I-fn Nne-
sc-sb-nepw A-c-samcp ]X-\-n-se-n-Xpw aZy-]m-\w-X-s.
HmSp s{Sbn-\n\p apn NmSn acn {]apJ ^pSv_m Xmcw
hn. ]n. kXy Xs B-l-Xym-Ip-dn-n FgpXn: " ^pSv_m-f
F \ne-bn kaq-l-n\nv AI-a-gn kvt\lhpw BZ-chpw
F\n-p e`n-n-p-v. Fm Ctm Fmw \jvS-s-p. aZy-]m-
\hpw NqXm--hp-amWv kv apgp-h \in-n-Xv'' (D--cWw: h-
am-\w 2006 Pqembv 19)
""hniz-kn--h-tc, aZyhpw NqXpw {]Xn-jvT-Ifpw `mKy-]-co--W-n-
\p Ap-Ifpw ss]im-NnI hrn-I-fn s] amen-\y--fm-Wv.
AXn-\m \n-fh hnp-I. \n hnPbw hcn-tmw''(Jp-
B 5:90)
20
\mev
IS-s-Wn-bn IpSpp--h
Fs ]nXm-hns hnZym-`ymk tbmKyX \memw mkm-Wv. amXmhv
\nc--c-bm-bn-cp-n-s-nepw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw e`n-n-cp-n-.
R-fpsS N-ew at-cn-bm-Wv. NZnhkw _p[-\m-gvNb -- pw.
]nXmhv Nv ]pd-s-Sp--Xn\v apv Fsms hmn-sm-p-h-
c-W-sa-p amXm-hn-t\mSv tNmZn-pw. an, apf-Iv, i-c, Dv XpSn
AXym-hiy km[-\--fpsS t]cp-I D ]d-bpw. D N-bn
t]mbn Ah-sbms hmn-h-cpw. {_nojv Cy-bnepw kzX-t{y-
bnepw Cu ]Xn-hn am-sam-p-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. AY-hm, hon
Fsms thW-sapw GsXmw hkvXp- hm-W-sapw
Xocp-am-\n-n-cp-Xv ]d-b- Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymkwt]mepw
e`n-n-n-m amXmhpw ]nXm-hp-am-bn-cp-p.
Fm-env nXn-bmsI amdn-bn-cnp-p. tUm-IvS-amcpw Fn-
\o-bamcpw s{]m^-kam-cpapssS Fm-h-cp-anv Itm-f-ns
ASn-a-I-fm-Wv. hon Fsms thW-sapw Am-Sn-bn\nv
Fsmw hm-W-sapw Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv \-f-. hfsc {]mYan-
I-amb Cu kzmX{yw t]mepw \n\nv IhsSp--s-n-cn-
p-p. Cv Bsc-nepw t_dn IS-I-fn t]mIp--Xn\v apv
Fsms hm-Ws - av Xocp-am-\n-m-dptm? AhnsS sNp-tm
Hmtcm `c-Wn-bnepw ASpnsh at\m-l-c-amb ]e-lmcw \tmSp
hnfnp ]d-bp-p: ""Fs t\mq! Fs hmq.'' Cu Ww
kzoI-cnv Hmtcmpw hmn-q-pp
hkv{X--S, B`-c-W-o-Sn-I, ^Wn-tjm-v, kqam-v,
ssl]- amv Fhn-sS-s-mepw CXp-X-s-bm-W-h-. \mw
21
Fsms hm-W-sav Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv \-f-; Itm-f-amWv.
CXv kaq-l-nse Fm Xn-ep--h-cp-sSbpw s]mXpnXn-bm-Wv.
CXv, hcp-am-\
- n-\\pkcnv sNe-hg - n-p-Is
- b ]c-c
- m-KX coXnsb
]qW-ambpw An-ad - n-n-cn-p-p. hchv Fsv t\mmsX tXmp-
-sXms hmn-q-p--h-cmWv Gsd-t-cpw. AXp-sImpXs
henb ]W-m-c-m--h-scmw Cv IS-m-cm-Wv. Cu IS-s-Wn-
bn IqSp-X-embpw IpSp-p--h CS--c-m-cm-Wv.
ISw thtWm ISw
Cv Fm-n\pw Ah-ew_w IS-am-Wv. hnZymYnv ]Tn-m
ISw. sNdp--m-c\v sNn-\-S-m Ccp-N-{I-hm-l\w hmm ISw.
A[ym-]-Ipw _mv Poh-\-mpw- Imdv kz-am-m ISw. hoSv
tamSn-Iq-m ISw. Iym-Whpw kmchpw tIa-am-m-\pw -ISw.
Irjn-bp-sSbpw I--h-S-n-sbpw Imcyw ]d-bp-Ibpw th. Fm-
n\pw _mv tem. ]en-i-b-[n-jvTn-X ISw.
\psS \mn- \S-p B-l-Xy-I-fn alm-`q-cn-]-hpw
km-nI Imc-W--fm-emWv kw`-hn-p--Xv. Ah-bn-te-sdbpw IS-
s-Wn-bn IpSp-n-bpw. hfsc emLh _pn-tbmsS ISw hmp-
Ibpw Imew Ign-bp--tXmsS ]eni ImcWw ISw IqSn-h-cn-Ibpw
sNp-p. Ah-km\w ISw Xncn--S-m-\m-ImsX A]-am\w `bv
sImep-cp-n-e-I-s-Spp.
IS-s-Wn-bn IpSpn Poh-s\m-Sp-p-h - c
- n alm-`q-cn-]
- hpw
km DtZym-K-tcm Ij-Itcm Ih-S-mtcm av CS--c-
mtcm BWv. hfsc A\n-hm-cy-amb {]mY-an-Im-h-iy- ]qo-
I-cn-m-\m-hmsX {]bm-k-s- ]-e-cp-anv ISw hmp--Xv. ]pXnb
PohnX coXn krjvSn ]p Bh-iy--fpsS \nh-lW-n-\mbn
IS-sa-Spv Xncn--S-m-\m-hmsX hnj-an-p--h-cm-Wnv Gsdt-cpw.
D]-t`mK kwkvImcw B`mSPohn-X-n-\m-h-iy-amb BUw-_c
hkvXp- A\n-hm-cy-am-sW [mcW krjvSn-p-p. AXn-\m
Ghcpw Ah hmm sh ImWn-p-p. ISw hmnbpw Ah-
sbms kz-am-p-p. êtam kmam\yw t`Z-s hcp-am-\-
ap CS--c-mhsc IS-s-Wn-bn IpSp-p-p.
HmSn hon Ign-bp-tm AXv s]mfnv ]pXpn ]Wn-bm\pw
D hoSv tamSn-Iq-m\pw, Htm H-ctbm Intem-ao- \S-t--h
AsXm-gn-hm-m hml\w hmm\pw sSen-hn-j\pw {^nUvPpw
22
hmjnwKvsajo\pw apw kz-am-m\pw IymWw tIa-ambn \S-m-
\p-samw ISw hmn-qpp. hfsc auen-Ihpw A\n-hm-cy-hp-amb
Bh-iy- ]e-cp-anv IS-m-c-\m-hp--sX-w.
]W-m-c\pw ISmc
tIc-f-nse IpSpw_\mY-m-cn IS-sam-p-an-m--h hfsc
hnc-f-am-bn-cn-pw. IS-n\nv tamN\w t\Sm Bscbpw A\p-h-
Zn-m kmaq-lnI LS-\bpw km-nI hyh--bp-am-Wn-p-
Xv. \mSpXs tImSn-I-fpsS IS-s-Wn-bn-em-Wtm, AXn-\m
{]k-hnp hogp ]npss]X-t]mepw Bbn-c--W-n\v cq]bp-
sS ISm-c-\m-Wv.
cmPyw `cn-p km \n-bn, Hcn-epw ]men-m-\m-
hm \nIpXn\nb-afpw hyh--Ifpw ImcWw sImp sImp
Imcy- sNp--h- t]mepw _mp-Isf kao-]nv ISw hmm
\n_-n-Xc - m-Ip-p. hoSp-sh-m ]v sk v ew hmp-Itbm
sNdp-InS hyhk-mb kwcw-`--fn-tes-Sp-Itbm hym]m-c-am-cw-`n-p-
Itbm hml\w hmp-I-tbm BsW-n t]mepw hcp-am-\-ns
t{kmXv ImWn-W - w. `c-WI
- qSw \n-bn hcp-am\ \nIpXn HSpn
IW-n ImWn-m-hp ]Ww BcpsSbpw hi-ap-m-hn-. AXn-
\m ]Ww apS-n GXp kwcw-`-n-tes-Sp-tmgpw \nb-a-p-cp-
n-\nv c-s - -Sm _mn\nv IS-sa-Sp-tn hcp-p. Xqew
aqe-[\w ssIh-i-ap--hcpw hym]m-c--hy-h-kmb kwcw-`--fn-tes-
Sp-tm ISw hmp-p. ISw hmn--gn-m ]ns kmh-Imiw
hom-sav GXmsm-hcpw Xocp-am-\n-p-p. êtam ]eni
ImcWw ISw IqSn-sm-t-bn-cn-p-p. As\ ]W-m-c t]mepw
IS-m-c-\m-Ip-p.
`c-W-IqSw ISw \ncp-m-l-s-Sp-p-I-b-: t{]mm-ln-n-p-I-
bmWv sNp--Xv. sImp sImp Imjn-Im-h-iy-pw hyhkmb
kwcw-`-pw km-dn-\nv Fs-nepw B\p-Iqeyw e`n--
W-sa-n _mn\nv IS-sa-Sp--Ww. _mp-I-fpw- I-S-sa-Sp-m
\nc-cw t{]cn-n-p-p. ISw ASp Xom-\; ASp ]pXp-m-
\mWv _mp-I CS-]m-Sp-Im-tcmSv kZm Bh-iy-s-Sm-dp--Xv. _mp-
Iv thXv ]en-i-bm-W-tm.
hb-\m-n IS-s-Wn-bn IpSpn Poh-s\m-Sp-phcn `qcn-
]-hpw Irjn-bpsS t]cn IS-sa-Spv av Bh-iy-mbn
hn\n-tbm-Kn-p--h-cm-Wv. aZy-]m\w sXmv {^nUvPpw hmjnwKv
23
sajo\pw hmm hsc Imjn-Im-hiyw ImWn-s-Sp ISw D]-
tbm-Kn-p--h hf-sc-sbm-pw -hn-c-f-a-.
ISw sISp-Xn-Xs
ISw ISp sISp-Xnv Imc-W-am-bn-o-cp-p. AXv Pohn-X-
ns sskzcyw sISp-p-p. Bm-`n-am\w X-s-Sp-p-p. a\-
ns kzmyw \inn-p-p. Fnpw Gsd-tcpw IS-ns
t\sc Kuch ]qW-amb kao-]-\-a kzoI-cn-p--Xv. hf-sc emL-
h-tmsS Bh-iy-n\pw A\m-h-iy-n\pw IS-sa-Sp-p-p. ]eni
sImSpv apSn-bp-p. IS-s-Wn-bn\nv c-s-Sm-\m-ImsX IpSp-
p-p.
IS-sa-Sp-pXns\ aXw ]c-am-h[n \ncp-m-l-s-Sp-p-p. IS-
m-c-\mbn acn-tn hcn-I-sb-Xv AXyw \n`m-Ky-I-c-am-sWv
AtXma-s-Sp-p-p. ac-W-a-S hyn-bpsS ISw Bsc-nepw
Gs-Sp-msX {]hm-N-I Abmv thn-bp ac-Wm-\-c
{]m-\-bm-b \akvImcw \nh-ln-n-cp-n-. Pohn-Xmyw hsc IS-
_m-[y-X-bp-ambn Ignv acWtijw ap--h AtX-s-Sp-tn
hcp-Xv Bim-kytam A`n-e-j-Wo-btam A. AXn-\m AXym-
h-iyw, Bh-iyw, A\m-hiyw Fn-s\ Imcysf aqmbn `mKnv
AXym-h-iy-v A\n-hm-cy-amb kml-N-cy--fn am{Xta ISw
hmm- h q. Fn C- s - t mse Fm- h cpw IS- m- c m- h p
Ah Ah-km-\n-pw. IS-s-Wn-bn IpSpn kzmyw \jvS-
sv ZpcnXw t]dp \ne-hn-ep kmaqly kml-N-cy-n kmc-
amb amw kw`hn-pw. B-lXym \ncv KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-Ibpw
sNpw.
24
Av
Bq- - nse GIm- X
sshIp-tcw Hmô-kn tPmen-bn hym]r-X-\m-bn-cns ae-p-
dp\nv Hcp ktlm-Zcn sSe-t^m-Wn hnfn-p. apm aWn-q-
tdmfw kwkm-cn-p. CS-bvv, ]e-tmgpw kwkmcw \nm {ian-
s-nepw \n_--]qhw XpS-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. hntZ-ip `m-
hn\npw \mn-ep `XramXm-hn\npw ktlm-Zc - n-am-cn \npw
A\p-`-hn-p Ah-K-W-\-sbbpw ]oU-\--sfbpw Ipdn-m-bn-cpp
]dpsImn-cp--Xv. Ahv amXm-]n-Xm-fpw ktlm-Z-c-m-cp-
apv. Ah-tcmSv CsXms ]d-bm-dptm Fv tNmZn--tm
"Ahv Fs {]bm-khpw ]cm-Xnbpw tIm-s\-hn-sS kabw?'
Fm-bn-cpp {]Xn-I-c-Ww. t^m Xmsg shpwaps B ktlm-
Zcn ]dp: "Ctm kam-[m-\-am-bn. hm Bizmkw tXmp-
p. Fs hnjaw Hcm-tfm-sS-nepw ]d-bm Ign-tm.'
Ccw A\p-`-h- Cv Akm-[m-c-Wtam A]qhtam A.
kzw {]bm-k- Btcm-sS-nepw Dp-Xp-dv ]d-bmt]mepw
Ah-kcw e`n-m--h-cmWv Gsd t]cpw.
Xocm Xncv
b{ kwkvIm-c-ns kzm[o-\-an-m Ip{Km-a-t]mepw
tIc-f-n-en-. IpSn-ep-I-fn t]mepw shw Smn Inp-p. akme
IS-bn\nv. Achv anIvkn \nh-ln-p-p. Aev b{hpw. ]e
IpSpw-_--fnepw sapw Ip-a-\-msX Imcyw \n-ln-m-hp
Ah-b - m-Wv. Fnpw Bpw ka-ba - n-. Fm-hcpw Xnc-n-emWv.
ho-pt]mepw kzw a-tfmSp kwkm-cn-m ka-b-an-. Ahsc
{in-m Ah-k-c-an-. Ftmgpw [rXn-bm-Wv.
25
IpSpw-_n\n Inp ka-b-sams sSen-hn-js apn Ignp
Iqp-p. X\n-n-jvS-s-Xv Ipw tIp-an-cn-p-tm Acn-In-en-cpv
Ic-bp Ipn-tbmSpt]mepw shdp-m-Wv. AsXmcp iey-ambn IcpXn
i]n-p sImm-bn-cnpw Ic-n amm {ian-p-I. a\-n kZm
Xncpw XnSp--hp am-b-Xn-\m Ia--sfms Xopw bm{nI-
ambn amdp-p. \nhn-Im-chpw. sSen-hn-j Ip-sIm-n-cn-p
amXmhv Ipns\ ape-bq-p-Xv F{X-am{Xw hnImccln-X-ambmbn-
cn-p-sav Duln-m-hp--tXbp-q. Xn Xm]-cy-ap-Wnb
kocn-b-en\v `wKw hcp-pw-hn[w `mhv IS-p-h-cp--Xp-t]m-epw
`mcyv sskzcy-t-Sm-bmWv A\p-`h - s
- -Sp-I. Xncnpw An[w Xs.
kv{Io\n Ip-\-n-cn-p {]nb-X-as Nmcv tNp \np
kl-[anWn Xosc {in--s-SmsX t]mIp-p. Xncp ]nSn
PohnXw Fm-h-scbpw H-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. `mcyv `m-hns\
{in-mt\m Abm ]d-bp-Xv tImt\m t\c-an-. `m-hns
nXnbpw AXp-Xs - . Ipn-Iv amXm-]n-Xm-t- fmtSm ]c-kv]c- tam
kwkm-cn-m ka-ba - n-m hn[w ]T-\`- mcw Ahsc s]mdpXnapnp-
p. CXn-s-sbms ê-ambn hoSp-I-fn kZm au\w XfwsIn
\np-p. Hmtcm-cp-cpw X-fpsS hnIm-c Dn-sem-Xpn
Ign-bp-p. a\-ns `mcw eLq-I-cn-m Ign-bpamdv AXns hnIm-
c- ]p-sh-m Ign-bm Ah Aklyw Xs.
Cv Fm-hpw [mcmfw Iqp-Imcpw IpSpw-_mw-K--fp-ap-v.
]g-b-Im-ev Hcmp-m-bn-cp--Xn-s\-m kplr-p-fpw
_p-fpw Gsd t]p-ap-v. Fnpw GIm--X-bpsS hyY A\p-
`-hn-p--h-cmWv ]e-cpw. Xm H-m-sW tXm Ahsc
Xfp-p; XIp-p. Bn-c-n-e-\p-`-h-s-Sp GIm-X
Gsd-Zp--lhpw Zpc- ]qW-hp-a-s{X. kplrZvhebw hf-cp-Ibpw
]cnNnXhrw hnI-kn-p-Ibpw sNbvXnpw a\p-jy-\nv Xs hnIm-
c- ]n-Sm\pw thZ-\I - f
- d
- n-bn-m\pw Bscbpw Inp-n-s-X
- mWv
IjvSw. ka-Im-eo\ kaq-ls Ip-I Ipp-Iq-Sn-n-S-p
X]ms]-n-tbm-Sp-]-an-mw. AXnse Hmtcm Ipw ]e-hn[ hnIm-c-
-fpsm-p-p. Hmtcm Ipw ap--h-tbmSv sXmp-cp-n-bm-Wp-
-Xv. Fnpw Hcp-I-pw asm-p-ambn AXns hnImcw ]-p-sh-
p-n-. CXp Xs-bm-Wtm \psS kaq-l-ns n-Xn-bpw.
AIw Aim--am-Ip BIpe Nn-Iv A]-sa-nepw
AdpXn e`n-pI Ah Bcp-sSsbnepw apn-e-h-X-cn-n-p-tm-gm-
W-tm. a\-ns\ aYn-p apgp-h hyY-Ifpw Dn-sem-Xpn Ign-
26
tbn hcp--h a\ws\mv \odn-\odn \in-p-p. AtXm-sSmw
{]bm-k- ap--h-cp-ambn ]p-sh-p-tm a\-ns kw
Ipd-bp-p. Ah-cpsS Bizmk hN-\- tIpI IqSn sNp--
tXmsS Ic-fn\v Ipfna e`n-p-p.
Cv Ghcpw ]p \mK-cn-IX krjvSn ]pXnb ]pXnb Bh-
iy- ]qo-I-cn-m-\p ]cw]mn-en-em-Wv. AtXm-sSmw
]ecpw ]c-am-h[n Dh-en-bm\pw X-fn-tep Xs Npcp-n-q-
Sm\pw {ian-p-p. As\ kzbw Xo XS-h-d-I-fn hop apn-
p hyY-Ifpw hymIpe Nn-I-fp-ambn Ign-bp-p. A[n-I-t]cpw
C-\p-`-hn-p AXn-cp-I-fn-m A-w-Lj-p ImcWw
DpXpdv kwkm-cn-m Ah-kcw e`n-m--X-s{X. Nne-sc-sb-
nepw B-l-Xy-bn-tev Xn-hn-Sp-Xpw AXp-X-s.
"Rm\nkw'
Sn.hn. sImp _mh-bpsS "Xot-i-bn-tev \ne-hn-fn-I-tfmsS'
F IrXn-bn {it-b-amb Hcp IY-bp-v. AXnse {][m\ IYm-
]m{Xw I_o-dm-Wv. Btd-gp-sImw K^n tPmen sNbvXp Innb
e- Abm ho-p-Imv AbpsImSp-p. B ]Ww sImv
\mn \smcp hoSv ]Wn-Xp. hoSns ]Wn ]qn-bmb hnh-c-a-
dn I_o \mn-tev hcm-s\m-cp-n. Atm-gmWv `mcy-bpsS Iv.
Ab]-s _me-Ir-jvW Hcp Pov hmn-bn-p-spw AXn-
\m Hcp amcpXnhms\-nepw hmn-bn-s-n AsXmcp Ipd-n-em-
sW-p-am-bn-cpp In-se D-S-w. I_o bm{X amn-sh-p. cp
sImw IqSn tPmen sNbvXp. amcp-Xn-hm hmm-\m-h-iy-amb ]Ww-
\m-n-te--b-p. XpSv hon-tev aS-m-s\m-cp-sh I_o lrZ-
bm-LmXw aqew ac-W-a-S-p. Abm-fpsS arX-i-cocw sImphcp-
Xv tImgn-tmSv hnam-\-m-hfw hgn-bm-Wv. `mcybpw Ipn-Ifpw
anv Gp-hm-m t]mIm Hcp-n-\ns ]pXnb amcpXn-
hm\ns ss{Uh Jmknw, I_o-dns `mcy ]mp F ^mXzn-a-
tbmSv tNmZnp : "C GXm-bmepw acnp. AXv Am-lp-hns
hn[n-bm-Wv. C\n \n\pw Ipn-Ipw Pohn-tt? Rm\-Xn\p
ImWp amKw Cu amcpXn hmS-Iv Hm-em-Wv. ]t, CXn
anv Ib-n-bm Bfp-I AsXmc]i-Ip-\-ambn Icp-Xpw. AXn-
\m \apv Cu hn-bn t]mImw. C-bpsS anv hmSI hn-
bn sImphcmw AXt \Xv?'
""AsX, AXmWv \Xv'' I_o-dns sIn-b-h s]sp Xs
27
adp-]Sn ]d-p. As\ `mcybpw Ipn-Ifpw IpSpw-_hpw amcp-Xn-
bnepw anv hmSI hn-bn-ep-am-bn-cns I_o-dns B-KXw
Ipdn-n-Spp: ""F\nv Fs {]nb-s--h-fp-sSbpw Ipn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-
bn In-S-m-\m-bn-cpp tamlw. Fmepw Ah _pn-a-Xn-bm-Wv.
Pohn-m ]Tn--h-fm-Wv. Ime-n-s\mv \om Ah-dn-bm-
atm.''
hn tImgn- t ms Imbn ]me- n- \ - S p- s - n- b - t m
ss{Uh Jmknw hopw tNmZn-p: "Cm, \obpw Ipn-I-fp-at
]pXnb ho-n Xma-kn-p-Xv? Cu anv AhnsS Ib-n-bn-d-p-
Xv Hcp Zp-Ip-\-at? AXn-\m anv \apv Xd-hm-n-tev
sImpt]m-Ip--Xt \Xv?
I_o-dns ]nXmhv Jmkn-ans\ XS--s-Sp-m {ian-s-nepw
Abm hnpsImSp-n-. Jmknw ]d-p: ""F\npw \np-
sams AXp ]d-bmw. cp-aqp Znhkw Ign-m Rm\pw \n-
fp-sams ]ncnpt]mIpw. ]ns Cbpw Ipn-I-fp-amWv AhnsS
Xma-kn-t--Xv. AXn-\m C Xs ]d-bs.''
""GXm-bmepw anv \app Xd-hm-n-tep sImpt]mImw''
I_o-dns `mcy ]d-p. Itmf kwkvIm-c-ns ISpIb--
n t`mKm-k-nv ASn-sv kzm-aqn-bmbn amdnb
icmicn tIc-fo-b-s\-bmWv sImp-_m_ ChnsS hc-p-sh-n-cn-p-
-Xv.
\p-tSXv Hcp ]Wm-[n-]Xy kaq-l-am-Wv. [\-am-Wn-hnsS tZh-X.
]W-amWv ]qPm-h-kvXp. \psS `mj-bnepw kwkvIm-c-nepw tImSn-
bpsS DSa tImSo-iz-c-\m-W-tm. km[m-cWKXn-bn \psS IpSpw_n-
\n-I "s]m'sWn \ t{]a-ap--tm "s]mm'bn amdpp.
s]n-s\-m{]nbw s]mp-X-s. a Ghpw CjvS-shcm-
Ip-tm "s]mp-tam\pw' "s]mp-tamfpw' Bbn-o-cp-p.
t`mKm-k-n-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ùXnI kwkvImcw a\p-jy-_--
-sf-tmepw I-h-S-h-cn-n-cn-p-p. Imcy--sfm-s-bp-anv
ImWp-Xv I-h-S--tm-sS-bm-Wv. Htc IpSpw-_n Agn-a-Xn-bn-
eqsS ]W-m-c-\mbno DtZym-K-\pw kXy-k-\pw Zcn-{Z-
\p-amb Iqen-W
- n-m-c\
- p-ap-s-n amXm-]n-Xm-p-t]mepw Gsd
{]nbhpw ASp-hpw Btcm-Sm-bn-cn-p-sav Duln-m-hp--tX-bp-q.
hnhm-l--tm-f-n thKw hcs\ Inp icoc ku-cy-ap
aIfpw ImgvNm-cn IuXp-I-ap-Wm tImewsI Ipn-bp-ap-
28
s-n amXm-hn\pt]mepw IqSp-X aaX apJ-Im-n-bp--h-tfm-
Sm-bn-cn-pw. A\njvSw IqSp-X A\p-I Aln-p hncq-]-
tbmSpw.
Iqn-n-gnv hc-hp--sN-ehpIfpw em`--tN-X-fpw t\mn-bmWv
Imcy-s - fm-sbpw Xocp-am-\n-p-X- v. AXn-\m Fpw B[n-]Xyw
A-m-Wv. ]mSpw ]d-nepw ]Wn-sb-Sp-m-\m-hm {]mbm-
[n-Iy-ap amXm-]n-Xm- {]tbm-P\ - a- n-m ]mgvhkvXp-f
- mbn ]cn-
K-Wnv Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp-p. `mcy-tbmSpw a-tfm-Sp-ap kao-]-\-
ns am\-Z-hpw ]Ww Xs.
apsms kzmn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-m "Rm\pw Fs
`mhpw Hcp Xm\p'samWv ]d- n- c p- - X v . Fm- e nv
`mhpw X-m\pw sh-nam--s-n-cn-p-p. "Rm' tI{o-Ir-X-amb
PohnX ho-W-amWv Gsd t]scbpw \bn-p--Xv. "Ah-\-h-\nkw'
asm Ck-sfbpw tXm]n-n-cn-p-p. Hmtcm-cp-cpw H-s--h-
cmbn amdm-\p Imc-Whpw CXpXs. Bn-c-nepw Hmtcm-cp-
-\p-an-hnsS X\n-m-W-tm.
AXn-\m B-lXybntev \bn-p "B-q- - nse GIm-
-X'pw AXns A\n-hm-cyX-bmb at\m-hy-Ypw AdpXnhc-W-
sa-n a\pjy_--fpsS am\-Zw amdpI Xs thWw. aX-a-
\p-im-kn-p `{Z-amb IpSpw_LS-\bpw kvt\l-nepw Imcp-Wy-
nepw kua-\-ky-nepw kmtlm-Z-cy-nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb
kmaqly_-fpw cq]-s-S-Ww.
29
Bdv
am-[y-a--fpsS ]v
B-l-Xysb \nyhpw \oN-hp-am-bmWv kaqlw hon-n-cp-
Xv. ssZh-tm-sS--t]mse kaq-l-tm-Sp-ap Ip-ambn ImWp-
Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs B-l-Xy-bn-eqsS acWw
kw`-hn-mepw Cs-nepw AXv inml-ambn Icp-X-s-n-cp-p.
1670 {^mkn \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp \nb-aa\pk-cnv B-lXy
sNbvX hyn-bpsS kzv km Ip-sI-n-bn-cp-p. B-lXy
sNbvXbmfpsS arX-i-cocw apJw \ne--an \nc-n-eqsS hen-
n-g-p- k{-Zm-bhpw \ne-\n-n-cp-p. ihw Xe-Io-gmbn s]mXp-
-ev sIn-qn {]Zi-\-n-\p-sh-p coXnbpw km[m-c-W-
am-bn-cp-p.
B-lXym{iahpw B-lXymt{]c-Wbpw Cy inm \nb-
a-nse 306-309 hIp-p-I-f-\p-k-cnv inml-am-Wv. Fm ]e
]Sn-m-d \mSp-I-fn-ep-anv B-lXy Ip-Ir-Xy-a-. aXm-\p-jvTm-
\-sa \ne-bnt]mepw Ata-cn--bnepw Pm-\nepw Iq B-l-
Xy-I t]mepw \S-p-I-bp-m-bn.
]mmXy \mSp-I-fn B-l-Xy-I al-Xz-hXvIcn-m XpS-
n-bnv ]Xn-m-p-I-fm-bn. Fs\ B-lXy sNm-sav hni-Z-
ambn hnh-cn-p ]pkvXIw GXm\pw sImw apv Ata-cn--bnse
s_v sk-dm-bn-cp-p.
B-lX - yv Hcp-p-b
- mv Ah-ew-_n-m-hp Htsd am-
\nti- lw{^n-bpsS ]pkvX-I-n-ep-v. hnhn[ hnj-Kp-fn-I-I-
fpsS KpW-tZm-j-, B-l-Xyv Fs\sbms klmbw
\Imw, Ghpw ê-{]-Zhpw thZ-\m-c-ln-X-hp-amb B-lXym
30
amw GXmWv, CXp-t]m-ep Imcy- {Kw hni-Z-ambn hnh-
cn-p-p. Av A[ymb tUmIvSampw t\gvkpamp-ap
am- \ nt- i - - f mWv . B- l Xy sNm\m{Kln- p- - h v
tUmIvSam-cpsS klmbw e`n-p-ns-n "ss^\ FIvknv'
Ahv Da amZin-bm-sWv {K-Imhv Ah-Im-i-s-
Spp.
tIc-f-nepw
ASpImew hsc-bpw tIc-fo-b B-l-Xysb ]m]hpw lo\-
hp-am-bmWv hon-n-cp--Xv. Fm-env s]mXp-k-aq-l-ns kao-
]-\-n KWy-amb amw hn-cn-p-p. am[y-a- B-l-Xysb
al-XzhXvIcn-m XpS-n-b-Xm-Wn-Xn\p Imc-Ww. sImp-IpnIfp-
ssS IpSpw-_mw-K-sf apgp-h {Iqc-ambn sIme-s-Spn kzbw
Poh-s\m-Sp-pXns\ BZi-hXvIcn-m\pw alXvIrXy-ambn
hmgvm\pw am[y-a- ]c-kv]-cw a-cn-p AXyw A]-I-S-
Ichpw A]-lm-ky-hp-amb AhbmWnv ChnsS \ne-\np-Xv.
Zriy--{imhy am[y-a-fpw ASn am[y-a-fpw B-l-Xy-I
BtLm- j n- p- I - b m- W v . CXv sImp- I p- n- I - f nt]mepw B-
lXym{]h-W-X-I KWy-ambn h[n-m Imc-W-am-bn-p-v. ]co-
-bn tXm-Xn\pw amv Ipd-X - n\pw sSen-hn-j ImWm A\p-
h-Zn-m--Xn-\p-sams aqnepw \menepw ]Tn-p Ipn-I Poh-
s\m-Sp-pXv \mep sImw-apv k-]m-Xo-X-am-bn-cp-p. Fm-
en-Xv \psS \mnepw bmYmyam-bn-on-p-v. ]{X-fpw
Nm\-ep-Ifpw B-l-Xym-hm-Iv \Ip hn {]Nm-c-W-
am-Wn-Xns\mcp Imc-Ww.
kmln-Xy-Im-c-m, Iem-Im-c-m, kn\nam \So-\-S-m t]mep
{]apJ hynI B-lXy sNp-tm am[y-a - kzoI-cn-p
kao-]-\-fpw B-l-Xy-I-fpsS h[-\hn kmc-amb ]p-h-ln-
p-p. Pohn-Xs [oc-ambn t\cn-Sm sI]pw Icp-p-an-m
A]-mcpw t]Sn-sm--m-cp-amWv B-l-Xy-bn-e-`bw tXSp-I.
Fnpw AXns\ [oc-Ir-Xy-ambpw alXvkw`-h-hp-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-
p kao-]-\-am-Wnv kzoI-cn--s-Sp--Xv.
Fkv. imc-Z-p-n-bpsS \nco-Ww Gsd {]k--a-s{X. ""B-
l-Xysb Im]-\nIhXvIcn-pw al-Xz-sSp-nbpw sImm-Snb
\psS Fgp-p-Imcpw Hc-f-hp-hsc Cu kmaq-lnI hn]-n\v D-
c-hm-Zn-I-fm-Wv. CS--n-bpsS B-l-Xysb "ac-W-ns kucy'-
31
sav sI.]n. A\pw cmP-e-van-bp-tSXv "Ncn{X ZuXy-am-Ip B-
l-Xy'-sbv Un. hn\-b-N-{\pw hnti-jn-nn-p-v. ]nn-cn-tm-Sp-
-hc - psS A[o-cX
- sb hmgvnm-Sp-X
- n-eqsS {]Xn-tem-aI
- c
- a
- mb Bi-
b--fmWv Fgp-p-Im {]N-cn-n--Xv. CS--n-bp-tS-Xm-bmepw cmP-
e-van-bp-tS-Xm-bmepw B-l-Xy-I B-_-e-an-m--h-cpsS
tXmtmS-ep-I am{X-am-sW kXys ad-p-sh-p-sImv "kzw
]oU-\m-\p-`-h--fn\n-p kucyw krjvSn--'sepw ap-ap
]mcm-b-W- Ab-Ymm-\p-`-h--fn A`n-c-an-p Acm-jv{Sob
kz`m-h-ns \nZi-\--fm-Wv. Pohn-X-nse {]Xn-k-n-I-tfmSv
Gp-ap-m-\p sI]n-m-bva-Isf "kvt^mS-\m--I-amb kmwkvIm-
cnI kaky'Isfv sXmbn [cn-n-p-I-bm-Wn-h sNbvX-Xv. s]mXp-
[m-c-W-I-fpsS \nb-a-kw-ln-X-I-fn Hcp Ihn-bpsS B-l-Xy-bpsS
Imc-W- At\z-jn--cp-sXv CS--nbpsS B-l-Xy-sb-p-
dnv sI.]n. A ]d-bp-p-v. AXn-ù-Xn-I-amb Ip-Ir-Xy-am-bmWv
Imap B-l-Xysb ImWp--Xv. B-l-Xy sNbvX kplr-p--
sf-p-dn-p Hm-p-dn-p-I `mjm-em-h-Wyhpw Ir{Xn-am{Z-Xbpw
\ndv ih-n Nhn-n-sp \r--fm-bmWv ]e-tmgpw A\p-
`-h-s-Sp--Xv.
""B-lXyI Im]-\n-I-am--s-Sp-tm òcpXzw hn{K-l-
hXvIcn-s - -Sp-Ib
- mWv sNp-X- v. P t\mh-en-mb sKsY-bpsS
"Zn tkm-tdmkv Hm^v bMv shX' F ]pkvXIw {]Wbw XI
Hcp bphm-hns B-l-Xysb Bkv]-Z-am-n-bp--Xm-bn-cp-p.
bqtdmv apgp-h Im]-\nI B-l-Xy-I s]cp-Im Cu ]pkvX-
Ihpw CS-bmn. Poh-s\m-Sp-n-b-h-cpsS arX-tZ-l-smw B
t\mh-ens ]Xn-p-Ifpw Is-n-bn-cp-p-h-s{X. i{Xp- Iog-S-
p-sap h L-n B-l-Xy sNbvX thep--n-Z-h-f-bp-
sSbpw ]g-n-cm-P-bp-sSbpw ]cm-P-b-ò-Xnsb tZim-`n-am-\-ambn hmgvn-
m-Snb Ncn-{X-Im-c-mcpw AtX sXp-I Bhn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
ap--h-sc-p-dnv Hmp--Xn-\p-apv Ah-\-hs\pdn-tmp-I-
sb- B-l-Xy-bpsS s]mXp-\n-baw Cu [oc-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-Ifpw ad-
n-. kzw hn[n-tbmSv cmPn-bm-bn-sm-p im-X-I-f-, Ie-
ln-p-sIm-p Aim--X-bmWv AwKo-I-cn--s-tS-Xpw ]np-S-
tc--Xpw. \nhp-\nv s\n Gp-hmt shSn-bp--Isf
]rjvT-n-te-p-hm-p-Xv òcp-Xzhpw \mWwsI tXmhn-bp-am-Wv.''
(am-Xr-`qan BgvN--Xn-v. 2006 \hw-_ 19)
32
cmjv{Sob ]mn-I-fpsS ]v
B-l-Xy-I `c-W-Iq-S-n-s\-Xnsc D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp i-
amb Bbp-[--sf \ne-bn Ahsb Dbn-m-Wn-m\pw
Ahbvv hn {]Nm-cWw \Im\pw {]Xn-]--p cmjv{Sob
]mn-I Fpw {ian-m-dp-v. hnZymn-I km-nI Imc-W-
-fmtem, Ij-I IS-_-m-[y-X-I-fmtem BWv B-lXy sNp-
-sX-n hnti-jnpw. CubnsS tIc-f-n Ij-I-cp-sSbpw
hnZymn-I-fp-sSbpw B-l-Xy-I h[n-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xn
cmjv{Sob ]mn-I-fpsS Ccw kao-]-\-p ]v \ntj-[n-
m-\m-hn-.
\psS \mn-env B-l-Xy-I Hcp {]Xn-Im-cm-bp-[-am-bn-
on-cn-p-p. {]tXy-Inpw kv{Xo kaq-l-n `m-hn-t\mtSm
Am-bn-b--tbmtSm \mq-t\mtSm atm ]nW-n-bm Ahsc Hcp
]mTw ]Tn-n--W-sa Dt-iy-tmsS Poh-s\m-Sp-p--hcpw Cv
hf-sc-sbmpw hnc-f-a-. s]mdp--s-Sm Ip-amWv X-f-Xn-eqsS
sNp--sX Imcyw Gsd-t]cpw Hmm-dn-.
B-l-Xy-bn-tes-Sp--h-tcmSv henb kl-Xm-]w {]I-Sn-n-
pXpw An[w hm-I {]kn-o-I-cn-p-Xpw Cu Xn-bpsS
h[-\-hn\v Imc-W-am-Im-dp-v. ac-Wm-\-c kl-Xm]w {]Xo-nv
kzbw acWw hcn-phcpw \psS kaq-l-n IqSn-sm-n-cn-
p-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\m B-l-Xy-Isf kw_-n kaq-l-ns
kao-]\w amdp-Ibpw am[y-a- Ah BtLm-jn-p-Xv Ah-km-
\nnp-Ibpw sNt-Xv B-l-Xy-I-fpsS h[-\hv XS-bm A\n-
hm-cy-am-bn-cn-p-p.
B-l-Xysb al-XzhXv-cn-p--h imc-Z-p-n-bpsS hmp-
I Hms: ""Hcm--l-Xybpw kaq-l-n sRtem tNmZy-Nn-
tam t]mepw Ah-ti-jn-n-p-n-. Nne-cn-se-nepw Bizmkw
P\nn-p-p-sh--XmWv B-l-XyIfpsS ]cn-lm-ky-X. Cs\
tNmZy- Ah-ti-jn-n-msX, D-c- \ImsX IS-p-t]m-
Ip \ncI ac-W-v hn{i-an-m Ncn{Xw Hcp sXm-Sn-
p-gn-t]mepw Hcp-p-I-bn-.'' (am-Xr-`qan BgvN--Xnv 2006 \hw-
_ 19)
33
Ggv
hnjm-Zw, Dm-Zw, B-lXy
tUm. bqkp-^p JdZm-hn Fgp-Xpp: ""hj-p- apv
Aap-JvXm amknI Hcp hnZKv[ Ata-cn- `nj-Kz-cs\ D-cn-p-
sImv FgpXn: Fs bph-Xz-n Rm Pohn-X-nse kpk--
X-amb ùXn-Im-\p-{K-l--fpsS Hcp ]nI Xm-dm-n. AXn-{]-Im-c-
am-bn-cpp: Btcm-Kyw, kvt\lw, kmaYyw, in, k-v, {]i-
kvXn. Cu ]nI Hcp hr-]-n-X\v kan-p.
B ]nX kplrv ]dp: "at\m-l-c-amb ]n-I. Fmw
{Ia-{]-Imcw ASp-n-bn-cn-p-p. ]t, Hcp kp{]-[m\ LSIw
Xm Ah-K-Wn--Xmbn tXmp-p. AXn-m-n-S-tmfw Xm-fpsS
]nI Xmm-\m-hm Hcp `mc-am-bn-cn-pw.' Fntlw t]\-sb-
Spv ]n-I-bn apgph Ipn-h-cv AXn cp ]Z--sf-gpXn:
"a\mn.' XpSv ]d-p: "CXmWv ssZhw Xs {]nb-s--hp
thn kqn-p-sh-p I\n. A[n-I-t]pw Ah _pnbpw
Btcm-Kyhpw \Ip-p. kv \nm-cw. {]i-kvXn-bm-Is [mcmfw.
]t, a\-mn Ah IW-m-ntb \Iq.'
""AXv kzoIcn-m F\np {]bmkw tXmn-bn-cp-p. ]t,
Cv Ac \qmpImes A\p-`-h-pw \nco--W-pw
tijw Pohn-X-ns icn-bmb eyw a\-mn Bbn-cn--W-sav
F\np a\-n-embngn-p. ]n-I-bnse ap Imcy- a\-mn
ssIh-cp-m AXym-h-iy-a-spw F\nv t_m[y-s-p. k-
ns ]n_-etam Btcm-Ky-ns ]np-Wtbm Cs-nepw a\-
mn tim`-hn-X-dp-sav Rm Ip. IpSnens\ sImm-c-am-m
AXn-\p- I-gn-bpw. AXns A`m-h-n sImmcw Infn-qtSm XS-h-
34
dtbm Bbn-am-dpw.'' (hn-izm-khpw Pohn-Xhpw. ]pdw : 88, 89)
\psS \mSpssS temI-sapw \S-p B-l-Xyp
ImcWw a\-mn \jvS-s-Sp--Xm-Wv. AY-hm, a\-ns Akz--
Xbpw hnjm-Z-hp-am-Wv. apgp-{`mpw B-l-Xyv \nan--am-hm-dp-v.
a\-ns Aim-npw hnjm-Z-n\pw Dm-Z-n\pw Adp-Xn-h-cp-
m k-n-t\m m\-am-\-tm {]Xm-]-nt\m {]i-
kv X ntm imkv { X- nt\m Zi- \ - nt\m kmln- X y- nt\m
Iebvtm km[y-a-. Ctm-f-ap Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h- CXn-\p-
kmn-bm-Wv. Fw.- F. jm\-hmkpw F.-]n. kPojpw tNp cNn
Dm-Zs- bpw B-lX - y-sbbpw kw_-n IrXn-I Cu hkvXpX
Akn-Kv[-ambn sXfn-bn-p-p. Cu ]pkvX-I--fn ]cm-ain--
s-Sp Fm-hcpw Gsd hnJym-Xc - mWv. Ah-cn kmln-Xy-Im-c - mcpw
Iem-Im-c-mcpw XzNn-Icpw im-kv{X--cp-ap-v. GXm-s-m-
hcpw A[manI PohnXw \bn-h - . hnjm-Zt- cm-K
- n-\S- n-s-h
- . Nne-
sc-nepw apgp-{`m--mcpw. kzbw Poh-s\m-Sp-n-b-hcpw hnc-f-a.
Ghpw henb a\p-jym-h-Im-i-hm-Zn-bmbmWv _{S v d IW-
m-s - -Sp-X
- v. At-l
- ns injy-\mWv hnJymX Cwojv kmln-
Xy-Im-c-\mb Sn.-Fkv Fen-b-v. Atlw 1915 Pq 25 \v hnhn-b
sslhpUv F kp-cnsb hnhmlw Ign-p. Fen-b-v Xs Kpcp-
hmb d-ens\ `mcy hnhn-b-\p-ambn ]cn-N-b-s-Sm hon-tep
Wnp. As IqSn-m-gvN-tbmsS Zmi-\n-I-\mb depw
injys `mcybpw AI-em-\m-hm hn[w ASp-p. XpSv aqp-
sImw XpS-bmbn d Fen-b-ns `mcy hnhn-b-\p-ambn ssewKn-
I-_--n-tesp. Xs `mcy d-ep-ambn imco-cn-I-_w
]pep-Xv Adn-npw Fen-bv au\w ]men-p. kmlnXy
tkm]m-\-n-tev Nhn-n--b-dm d-ens klmbw Bh-iy-am-
bn-cp-p-sh-Xpw, BUw-_-c-{]n-b-bmb hnhn-bs\ Xr]vXn-s-Sp-m-
\m-hi - y-amb km-n-It- i-jn-bn-m-Xn-cp-X
- p-am-bn-cp-p-hs{X CXn\v
Fen-bns\ t{]cn-n-n-cp--Xv. 1918 hsc _{S v d hnhn-b-\p-
am-bp Ahn-ln-X-_w Ahn-cmaw XpSp.
d AI--tXmsS hnhn-b at\m-hn-{`m-n--Sns-p. Fen-bv
Biz-kn-n-m {ian-s-nepw hnP-bn-n-. AtXmsS hnhn-b ab-
p-a-cp-p-I-fpsS ambn-I-h-e-b-nepw A\y-]p-cp-j-m-cpsS Ic-h-e-
b-nepw A`bwtXSn. sXcp-hp-th-iy-sb-tmse Pohn hnhn-b
1938 {`mm-ip-]{- Xn-bn {]th-in-n-s-Sp-Ibpw 1947 P\p-hcn 22\v
ac-W-a-S-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
35
-Zmi-\n-I\pw lyqa-\n-p-amb _{S v d hnhn-b-s PohnXw
am{X-a XI-Xv. \nc-h[n kv{XoIsf D]-tbm-Knv Dt]-n-p-I-
bpmbn. Hmtm-en tamen F d-ens BZy Imap-Inv Fen-
bv FgpXn: "hnhn-bs am\-kn-Im-tcmKyw XIXv d-em-Wv.
ss]im-Nn-I-amb {]hr-n-bm-bn-cpp AXv.'
Fen-bpw Hcp hnjm-Z-tcm-Kn-bm-bn-cp-p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs `mcy
hnhn-bs\ Xr]vXn-s-Sp-m Abm Ai--\m-bn-cp-p. cp-X-
hW ]qW-amb Dm-Zm-h--bnepw Fen-bv Fp-I-bp-m-bn.
slWn-b-bm-bn-cpp At-ls th-bm-Sn-sm-n-cp hnjm-Z-
n\p- Im-c-Ww.
"ssZhw acnp'shv DZvtLm-jn Zmi-\n-I- \oXvtj 1889 P\p-
hcn 3\v apgp-{`m--\mbn amdn. Pa-\n-bnse Sqdn-\n shmWv
Atlw Xncn-p-h-cm-\m-hm--hn[w Nn-{`-a-n-\-Sns--Xv. 11 hj-
n-\p-tijw 1900 BKv 25\mWv \oXvtj ac-W-a-S--Xv. hnhn[
\mSp-I-fn Ae-p-\-S At-ls kn^n-enkv F amc-I-
ssewKn-I-tcm-Khpw Iogvs-Sp-n-bn-cp-p.
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-nse amIvknv sskm-n-I-cn- A-{K-
KWy\mb Ayq-k ]Xn-m-p-I-tfmfw hnjm-Z-tcm-Kn-bmbn Ign-
bp-Ibpw Ah-km\w apgp-{`m--\mbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1980 \hw-
_ 6\v Atlw Xs `mcy sles Igp-n ssIhn-c-ep-I-f-
an. ap-Xp- hj-mew Xgp-Ip-Ibpw XS-hp-Ibpw sNbvX B
Igp-n {`m-amb Bth-i-tmsS Abm ]nSnapdpn. sXm-
bn Ipcp-nb \ne-hnfn Abm-fnse {`m- tIn-. sles
\nizmkw \ne-Xpw Ne-\-a-Xpw Dm-Z-ns Ccpp ]pXp\np-
tm Ayq-k Adn-n-. `mcy-sb sImv Ap-sImw Ign-
mWv Abmv t_m[w Xncn-p-In-n-b-Xv. hopw Nn-{`-a-n-\-
Sns B Iayq-Wnv Zmi-\n-I 1990 HIvtSm-_ 22--\mWv temI-
tmSv hnS-]-d--Xv.
{]ikvX IYm-Irv KbvsZ tam-kmMn\v amc-I-amb ssewKn-I-
tcmKw _m[n-p. Xm kn^n-enkv tcmKn-bm-sW--dn--tXmsS
Atlw Nn-{`-a-n-\-Sn-sp. 1892 P\p-hcn 2\v B-l-Xyv {ian-
s-nepw hnP-bn-n-.
hnJymX kmln-Xy-Im-c Nmkv Unkv hnjm-Z-tcm-Kn-bm-bn-
cp-p. [qv krjvSn ISp Zmcn-{Zy-am-bn-cpp tcmK-Im-cWw. ]v
a-fpsS A-bm-bn-cp ImX-dn tlm Kmns\ 22 hjs
36
ZmXyPohn-Xn\p tijw Nmkv hnhm-l-tam-N\w \S-n.
"bphpw kam-[m-\hpw', "Am-I-cn-\o\m'Fo hnJymX IrXn-
I cNn entbm tSmtmbn Acm-PI Pohn-X-amWv \bn-n-cp-Xv.
At\Iw kv{XoI-fp-ambn ssewKn-I-_w ]pen-bn-cp At-l-
ns ZmXyw XnI ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cp-p. at\m-hn-{`mn _m[n
tSmtmbn 1910 HIvtSm-_ 28-\v Ae-y-\mbn hoSp-hn-n-d-n.
AXn\v Hcp-hjw apmWv `mcy tkm^nb t_kv B-l-Xyp
{ian--Xv. 1879 {]kn-o-I-cn "Ip-k-Xw' F IrXn-bn
Atlw Ipdn-np: "Fs PohnXw F{X henb Akw-_ - a
- m-sWv
Ctm-gs am\-kn-Im-h Fs t_m[y-s-Sp-p-p. Fs Cu
temI-tv hnp-sImv Btcm ss]im-Nn-Ihpw Akw-_--hp-amb
Hcp Xami Imp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Pohn-X-n\v HcY-hp-an-sv Rm
Xncn--dnncn-p-p. ]pd-t-p hgn-bn-sv Adn-p-sImv
sImSp-wIm-n Pohn-p Hcm-fmWv Rms\-n Cu Zpcn-XIm-es
Rm AXn-Po-hn-p-am-bn-cp-p. Fm hgn-b-dn-bmsX Imn-e-I-sv
]pd-t-p ]mX tXSp Hcm-sf-tm-se-bmWv Rm. Hmtcm
NphSpw Xs IqSp-X Bi-b-p-g--n-em-p-Xv Abm-f-dn-bp-p-
v. Fm hgnXnc-n \nm Abmp Ign-bp-n-. C-
c-sam-c-h òI-c-am-Wv. Cu òXn-b-I-m F\nv B-lXy sN-
W-sap tXmn. Ayw hsc a-tbmsS Imn-cn-m F\np
Ign-bn-. AXp-sIm-mWv Rm kzbw Ah-km-\n-n-p--Xn-s\-p-
dnv Nnn-Xv.'
DZ-c-tcm-K-n\pw ssewKn-I-tcm-K-n\pw ASn-s {]ikvX Ihn
tPm Iovkv hnjm-Z-n-sbpw Dm-Z-n-sbpw ]nSn-bn-e-a
tij-amWv Cu temI-tmSv hnS]d--Xv. Pms kmlnXy Ncn-
{X-n sIm-Sp-mv krjvSn bpIn-tbm-anjna hbdp ]nfv B-
lXy sNp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. hnJymX BwKe kmln-Xy-Imcn shPo-
\nb hp^v CS-nsS ISp Nn-{`-a-n-\-Sn--s-p. 1941 amv 28\v
Ah A- s m- - X m- a s hb- n ]pg- b n NmSn B-
lXysNbvXp.
t\m_ km-\-tP-Xm-hpw "Ing-h\pw ISepw' F hnJymX
IrXn-bpsS Im-hpamb GWv slanwKvth XnI at\m-tcm-
Kn-bm-bn-cpp. 1961 Pqsse 21\v hmbn-tev kzbw shSn-shmWv
Atlw acn--Xv. aI tPm slanw-Kv-th-tbmSv sNbvX IcmdmWv
Cu IrXy-n-eqsS Atlw ewLn-Xv. ]m-f-n\nv ]ncnphn-
tm Xmm-\m-hm a\x-{]-bm-k-n\Sn-s Abm aI-t\m-Sp
37
]dp: "kzbw shSn-shp acn-n-sv \man-cp-hcpw ]c-kv]cw hmp
\I-Ww. Hcn-epw As\ sN-cp-Xv. AXv hnUvVn--am-Wv.
Rms\m-cn-epw As\ sNn-sv hmpX-cp-p.'
"]mh-' F {]ikvX IrXnv Pw\Inb hnIvS lyqtKm
At\Iw kv{XoI-fp-ambn ssewKn-I-_-w ]pen, Xopw
A[man-I- Pohn-X-amWv \bn-n-cp--Xv. hfsc hnNn-{X-amb ]e Indp-
p- I - f pw ImWn- n- c p Abm ]e- t mgpw apgp{`mn- t ev
hgpXnhoWn-cp-p. 1885 sabv 22-\v acWw kw`-hn-p--Xp-hsc Cu
Ah XpSp.
kzhK-cXn BZy-ambn kmln-Xy-n {]ta-b-am-nb sSkn
hneyw-kv, aZy-]m-\-nepw hy`n-Nm-c-nepw apgpIn PohnXw \bn
Une tXma-kv, temUv ss_d FkvKm Ae t]m, bq-Po
Hm\o, imkv{X--cmb sFo, sFkIv \yq XpSn hniz-
hn-Jym-Xc
- mb \m]-tXmfw hyn-If - psS {`mns IY jm\-hmkpw
kPojpw Dm-Zs kw_-n IrXn-bn-eqsS ]dpXcp-p. Ch-
cn alm-`q-cn-]-hpw hfsc hrn-sI ssewKn-I-Po-hnXw \bn--
hcpw el-cn-]Z- m-Y-fp-]t- bm-Kn-h
- c- p-am-bn-cp-p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs
Zm-Xy-Po-hn-X-n ]qW ]cm-Pbw t\cn--h-cpw.
t{]a-ss\-cm-iy-n-\-Sn-sv apgp-{`m--\mbn amdnb {]ikvX Nn{X-
Im-c hnk v hmtKmKv 1890 Pqembv 27\v kzw hb-n-tev
shSn-shv B-lXysNbvXp. t\m_ km\ tPXmhv bkp\mcn-
Imhm-_-bpw hnjm-Z-tcm-Kn-bmbn amdp-Ibpw 1972 G{]n 16\v
kzbw Poh-s\m-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnJymX {_nojv Fgp-p-Imcn
shPn-\n-Iv hp^v 1941 amv 28\v ]pg-bn NmSn-bmWv acWw hcn-
-Xv. {^v Zmi-\n-I KnsZ-eyqkv 1995 A_p-Z-tcm-Kn-bm-sW-
-dn--tXmsS sIn-S-n\nv NmSn B-lXysNbvXp. {]apJ
a\p-jym-h-Imi {]hI s]t{Sm-sIn Imap-I sKv _my-
t\m-sSm-nv Poh-s\m-Sp-n.
tIc-f-n \S-Xpw \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xp-amb B-l-Xy-
Ifpw AXn-\p- h-gn-sbm-cp-p at\m-hn-jm-Zhpw Aim-nbpw At\z-
jW hnt[-b-am-p Bpw t_m[y-am-Ipw, a\p-jy-a-\-p-Iv
kam-[m\w km-\n-mt\m B-l-Xyv Adp-Xn-h-cp-mt\m ùXn-
I-amb Hn\pw km[ya-s.v AtXm-sSmw bYmY aXhnizm-k-
n\v AXv km[y-am-sW-pw.
Dm-Zs kw_-n IrXn-bn sshw apl-Zv _jo-dn\v
38
{`mv _m[n--Xns\ kw_-nv sI.-]n. A\pw Infn-cq cm[m-Ir-
jvW\pw ]p\-eq cmP\pw ktlm-Z-c-m-cmb l\o-^bpw A_q-_-
dpw `mcy- ^m-_nbpw aI jmln-\bpw hnh-cn-p-p. Fm
APbv ]n. amv _jo-dns\ ]n Ipdn-n hcn-I-fn Cu IrXn ]cn-
N-b-s-Sp-p {]K`-cpsS Dm-Z-ns thcp-I sXmp-Im-Wn-
p-Ibpw ]cn-lm-c-n-tev kqN\ \Ip-Ibpw sNp-p. APbv
Fgp-Xpp: "ssZh-aptm F tNmZy-amWv Aep \S \mfp-I-
fn-semw sshw apl-Zv _jo-dns Bm-hns\ Ii-n-b-Xv.
ssZh-ns AkvXnXzw kw_-n B[n-Ip \Sp-hn {]]-
-ns A\--amb iq\y-Xsb `mh-\-sNbvXv _jo Ipg-n-
tmbn. acn-p-I-gn-m a\p-jy\v Fp kw`-hn-p-sa Ctm-
_ns tNmZyw _jo-dns \mb-I-m \nc-cw tNmZnpsImn-cp-
p. Cs\ Ccn-p-d-m-, Hcn-Spw IqSn-bn-cn-m Hcm-fmWv
BZy-Im-ev IY-I-sf-gp-Xn-bn-cp _jo. Cu _jo-dn-emWv DmZw
apfps]mn-bX - v. AXns {]` _jo-dn\v kln-m-\m-hp-am-bn-cp-n.
cm{Xn-bn Hcp hnfs-nepw ASp-n-msX Dd-m-\m-hn-sv
_jo ]d-Xv Ccp-fns A-X-p-n\nv ss]im-Nn-I-amb
Hcp iq\y-X- Xs Xpdnp t\mp-p-sh òXn-bn\n-m-Wv. acW-
t_m-[-ap Hcmv Dm-Zn-bmbn XpS-cmw. As-n hnizm-kn-bmbn
AS-mw. _jo-dn\v aXw \In-bXv Cu AS--am-bn-cp-p. As\
hoSn-\p-n-te-p-h-v, hnizm-k-ns {]Im-i-n-tev P\m-e-I
Xpd-p _jo-dn-s\-bmWv Nmcp-I-tk-c-bn-en-cn-p \ne-bn \mw
]noSv Is-p-Xv.'
39
Fv
B-l-Xyv Adp-Xn-h-cp-p hnizm-k-Zi\w
P\m A-cmb a\p-jy-c-\p-`-hn-p thZ-\-Ifpw {]bm-k-
fpw ap--hv k-]n-m-\m-hn-. amXm-]n-Xm-fpw `mcym
km-\--fp-apssS X-fpsS {]nb-s--h-cpsS apJwt]mepw
ImWmt\m Cu {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kucyw Hcn--se-nepw Bkz-Zn-
mt\m Ah-kcw e`n-n-n-m- \n`m-Ky-hm-m-cm-W-h. In-m-
-h-sc-tmse IjvS-s-Sp- ]ecpw Chn-sS-bp-v. cp Ip-an-m-
-h, Imen-m--h, a-_p-n-I, \nXy-tcm-Kn-I As\
]e-cpw... Bsc{X {ian-mepw Ch-sc-m-a-\p-`-hn-p Zpcn-X-v
AdpXn hcp-m-\m-hn-. Zmcn-{Zyhpw Nqj-Whpw Ah-km-\n-n-m
kaq-l-n\pw `c-W-Iq-S-n\pw Ign-t-mw. Fm AwK-ssh-
I-eyhpw P-ssh-Ir-Xhpw apw Imc-W-ambn hyn-I-f-\p-`-hn-p
{]bm-k- Bpw ]cn-l-cn-m-\m-hn.
a\p-jy-sc krjvSn-Xv ssZh-am-sW-n B ssZhhpw AX
{]Ir-Xn-bmWv Ahs\ c-- q-]-s-Sp-n-b-sX-n B {]Ir-Xnbpw Ah-
tcmSv sNbvXXv ISp A\o-Xnbpw {Iqc-Xbpw hnth-N-\-hp-at? ac-
W-tmsS PohnXw Ah-km-\n-p-sa-n Xo-bmbpw AX--s\-
-s-bm-Wv. In-m--h-tcmSpw Ipw Imep-an-m--h-tcmSpw apw
sNbvX-Xv sImSnb {Iqc-Xbpw AXn-{Iahp-am-Wv.
Fm aXw ]d-bpp: a\p-jy `n {]Ir-X-cm-Wv. shfp--
h, Idp--h, \o-h, Ipdn-b-h, kp-c-m, hncq-], Btcm-Ky-
hm-m, \nXy-tcm-Kn-I, {]Xn-`m-im-en-I, kmam\y _pn-I, a-
_p-n-I, Icp--m, Zp-e-m, ]q-Im-b, hnI-emw-K, ]W-
m, ]mh-, ]pcp-j-m, kv{XoI Fmw Ah-cn-ep-v. Cu
sshhn[yw ssZh-\n-n-X-am-Wv. Hmtcmcp-cp-sSbpw Ign-hp-I hyXy-
kvX-am-Wv. Fnepw Fmw ssZh-Z-w. AXn-\m Hmtcm-cp-pw
40
e`y-amb km[y-X-I\p-k-cn _m[y-X-bm-Wp-m-hp-I. Ip-
hs _m[yX AXn-m--h-\n. Ipw-Im-ep-ap--h-sXv hnI-
emwK\n-. {]Xn-`m-im-en-bpsS _m[yX kmam-\y-_p-n-n-. a-_p-
nv A{X-bp-an-. Btcm-Ky-hms _m[yX tcmKn-n-. BWns
_m[yX s]n-\n-. s]ns _m[yX BWn-\p-an-. Hmtcm-cp-
pw \I-s km[yXIf-\p-k-cnmWv _m[y-X. AXv ]qo-
I-cn-m ac-W-tijw ssZh-ns {]oXnbpw {]Xn-^-e-amb imizX
kzhpw, ewLn-m ssZh-tIm-]hpw inbmb \c-I-hpw. AXn-
\m BtcmSpw A\o-Xntbm hnth-N-\tam C.
`qan-bnse a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Hcp ]co--W-am-Wv. CXv Ia--fpsS
CS-am-Wv. Ia-êw ac-Wt- i-jw adp-tem-I - m-Wv. a\p-jys Ignhpw
Ign-hp-tISpw inbpw Zu-eyhpw ssZh\nn-X-am-Wv. AXn-\m
e`y-amb A\p-{K-l-fpw Ign-hp-Ifpw Fs\ hn\n-tbm-Kn-p-p-
sh-X - mWv {][m-\w. ssZh-ln-X - n-s\mtm ssZh-[n-m-c - ntem?
]cn-tim-[n--s-Sp-Xpw ]co-n--s-Sp-Xpw AXp-X-s. Znhy-sh-
fn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS shfn--n-eqsS \S-p--h hnP-bn-p-p. AX-h-K-
Wnv A-Im-c-n-e-e-bp--h A]-I-S-n-e-I-s-Sp-p. Cu hnizm-
k-Zi\w AwKo-I-cn-p--tXmsS Pohn-X-ns eyw \n-bn-
-s-Sp-p. ssZh-{]o-Xnbpw {]Xn-^-ehpw t\S-em-W-Xv. \c-I-in--
bn\nv c {]m]n-epw kzw km-Zn-epw. AtXmsS a\p-
jy- P o- h n- X - nse Fm- n\pw Zni e`n- p- p. hnZym- ` ym- k hpw
sXmgnepw Irjn-bpw I-h-Shpw Xo\pw IpSnbpw DssS Fmw
ey-km-mXvm-c-n-\p am-ambn amdp-p. AXp-sIm-p-
Xs Ae-y-Xbpw AXp-m-p Aim-nbpw hnizm-kn-Iv
Xopw A\y-am-bn-cn-pw.
hn[n-hn-izmkw
a\p-jys apgp-h taml-fpw ]qh-Wn-bm-dn-. Fm AXp-
sIm-p-am{Xw Bcpw Hpw B{K-ln-m-Xn-cn-m-dn-. Ia-v
ChnsS Ah-bn-tes--h eyw-sh êw-Xs Dm-h-W-sa-
n-. em`-a-`nejn-p hym]mcn \jvSw kln-t-n-h-cp-p. sa-
s hcp-am\w {]Xo-nv hb-te-e-I-fn the sNp Ij-I\v
hnf \jvS-ap-m-Ip-p. Fnepw Acw km[y-X-I Bscbpw
\njv{In-b-cm-m-dn-. Bm-h-Xp-a-. hnP-bhpw t\hpw {]Xo-nv
I--fn-tes-Sm-dmWv ]Xn-hv. a\p-jy sImXn--X InpI;
ssZhw hn[n--Xm-Wv.
41
ssZh-hn-[n-I-fn hnizm-k-an-p--h A{]-Xo-n-X-amb A]-
I-S-sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-tmgpw sImSpw hn]-p-Isf t\cn-Sp-
tmgpw hn{`m--cm-hp-I-bn-. Fmhn[ IjvS-\-jvS-fpw ssZh-hn-
[n-bm-sWv hniz-knv kam-iz-kn-p-p. Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-n {]Xo-
-bnv kz-Nn--cmbn ]pXnb {]h-\--fn hym]r-X-cm-
Ip-p.
{]]--\m-Y-\n {]Xo--I-fn-pIbpw A`bw tXSp-Ibpw
sNp--h kpJhpw ZpxJhpw Ffp-hpw {]bm-khpw tcmKhpw
Btcm-Kyhpw P\-\hpw ac-W-hp-samw Am-lp-hn\nm-sW--dn-
bp-p. AXn-\m A\p-Iq-em-h--I-fn Aan-X-ambn ktm-jn-p-
Itbm {]Xn-Iq-e-]-cn-Xx-n-Xn-bn ]cn-[n-hnv ZpxJn-p-Itbm C.
Fm ùXnI Pohn-X-nse kpJ-ku-I-cy--fp-ambn _n-
nv kz]v\ km{am-Py-fpw k] ku[-fpw ]Wn-bp-h - Ah
\new-s]m-p--tXmsS \ncm-i-cm-hp-p. A-c-m-cmWv B-l-Xy-
sb-p-dnv Btem-Nn-p--Xv. adnv apgp-h taml--sfbpw ac-Wm-
\-c Pohn-Xh- p-ambn _n-n-p-h- Chn-sS-bp-m-hp AXnKpcp-
X-c-amb B]-p-I-sfbpw BLm-X--sfbpw [oc-ambn t\cn-Sp-p.
Ah-sbms hfsc Xmm-en-I--fm-sWpw Ahsb kl\-
tmsSbpw a-tbm-sSbpw t\cnv, hcm-\p imiz-X-amb kz-e-
_v[nv D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-I-bmWv th-sXpw Xncn--dn-bp-p.
AXp-sIm-p-Xs ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-nepw ssZh-hn-[n-bnepw
hniz-kn-p--h ISp \ncm-i--Sn-s-Sp-Itbm B-l-Xy-sb-p-
dnv Btem-Nn-pItbm C.
Xm Cuizc hnizm-kn-bsv kzbw shfn-s-Sp-p sI.C.-
F. Ip-l-Zv ]d-bpp: ""hnizm-kn-Iv henb tXmXn a\-
mn t\Sm km[n-pw. Hcp ac-W-ho-n sNm F\nv a\-
w-Ljw hcp-p. A]-IS acWw kw`-hn bphm--fpsS _p-
sf Fp-]-d-mWv Rm Biz-kn-n-pI? Fs kplrv
sI.Sn. kqn-bpsS Ipn ]pgbn apn-a-cn-p. ]noSv At-ls
I-tm F\nv Bizm-k-hm-p-I-sfmpw ]-bm km[n-n-.
"Fs Ipnsb F\n- n\n kz- n shp- I mWmw' Fp
kqnamjv ]d-bp-p. Atlw As\ hniz-kn-p--Xn F\npw
ktm-j-ap-v. Fs aI Kpcp-X-c-amb A]-I-S-ns-p. Poh
Xncn-p-In-n-b-tm Fs kplr-p ]ecpw ]dp, ssZhw
cn--Xm-sW-v. ssZh-amWv cn--sX-n F\n--p hfsc ktm-
jw. ]ecpw Fs aI-\p-thn {]mn-n-p-v. Pohn-X-nse {]bm-
42
k--fn ]ecpw ssZh-n A`bw {]m]n-p-p. Ah Bizmkw
ssIh-cn-p-p. A-c-sam-cm-izmkw e`n-p-n F-Xn Nne-
tm-sgms Rm ZpxJn-m-dp-v. Pohn-X-n-s\mcp {Iahpw Nn-bp-
ap-m-m ssZh-hn-izm-k-n\p Ign-bpw. "Fs ]mm-c ssZh-
hn-izm-kn-bm-hp--XmWv F\n-njvSw' Fv thmb ]d-n-pv.
As-n Abm ]men shw tNpw.'' (i-_m_v hmcnI
2006 Pqembv 14).
sI.-C.F. hopw ]d-bpp: ""A-\mb Fs Hcp hnZymn-
tbmSv kwkm-cn--tm, ISp \ncm-im-t_m[w Ahs\ ]nSn-Iq-Sn-b-
Xmbn F\np a\-n-em-bn. apkvenamb Ah ]n-bn t]mhmdn
Fp ]d-p. Rm\-h-t\mSv ]n-bn t]mbn IrXy-ambn \akvIcn-
-W-sa-mWv D]-tZ-in--Xv. kzbwt_m[-ns Bg-n \np
hnizmkw Pohn-X-\n-cm-i-bns]-hv henb Bizmkw ]I-cpw.
A-hpw Bm-hp-am-bn-cn-Ww AsX-p-am-{Xw. A-c-
n hynsb kzm[o-\n-m hnizm-k-n\p km[n-pw. CXp-X-
s-bm-bn-cpp aX-tm-Sp amIvkns kao-]\w. bpn-hm-Zn-bm-
bn-cp `KXvknwKv Xqp-a-c-n-se-p-tm ]d-bp-pv; Xms\mcp
hnizm-kn-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-n F{X \m-bn-cp-p-sh-v.'' (ibid)
\oXnt_m[hpw \ncm-ibpw
a\p-jy-Ip-e-nse BZy-sIme-bmfn Jm_o ]nSn-Iq-S-s-n-.
Imcm-Kr-l-n-e-S--s-n. h[n--s--Xp-an-. Cpw Fpw Fpw
CXp-XsbmW-h-. sIme-bm-fn-I sskzc-hn-lmcw \S-p-p.
sIm-m cwKw I-S-p-p. Nqj-I-m am\yX Na-bp-p. Agn-
a-Xn-m kkpJw hmgp-p. A{I-an-I B[n-]Xyw \S-p-p.
hI \mn-sepw hnl-cn-p-p. \oXn \S-t \ymbm-[n-]-
m A\o-Xnv Iqp-\np-p. ]W-n\pw ]Z-hn-p-ambn ]cm-{I-
an-I-fpsS ]w tNcp-p. A{Iaw Aa sNt--h Acm-P-IXzw
krjvSn-p-p.
s]mXp-P\w Fpw Fhn-sSbpw ]oUn-X Xs. Ah A{I-a-
n\pw A\o-Xnpw ASn-s-Sp-p. \oXnmbp Ah-cpsS A-
\-I-sfm-sbpw hyam-Ip-p. X {Iqc-ambn NqjWw sN-
s-Sp--Xp-t]mepw Ah-c-dn-bp-n-. AXn-\m \oXn ]e-tmgpw aco-
Nn-I-t]msebm-bn-o-cp-p. km[mcW P\-n\v A{]m-]y-hpw.
\ \S-p--h-cn-hnsS sImSnb IjvS-\-jvS-nc-bm-hp-p.
AIm-c-W-ambn A{I-an--s-Sp-p. \mSns t\-pw kaq-l-
43
ns kpJ-n\pw temI-ns ta-n\pw kzs kan-
-h Gh-cp-sSbpw Bt-]i - I
- m-c
- n-cb
- m-hp-p. Fm hnt{Zm-
l-hr-n-I-fn hym]r-X-cm-hp-h hn]-p-I-sfm-p-tam-sX
kkpJw hmgp-p.
B F{X hnNm-cn-mepw \njvT-amb \oXn-bn-hnsS \S-m-m-\m-
hn-. Hcmsf sIm-hs\ ]Icw sImm Ign-t-mw. Fm
]pw \qdpw Bbn-chpw ]Xn-\m-bn-chpw t]sc sImp-h- sc Bm-
Wn-hnsS inn-m Ign-bp-I. \oXn Akm-[y-sa Cu Ah
kpk--X-a-s{X. CXv \oXn-t_m-[hpw \-bn XmXv]-cy-hp-ap Gh-
tcbpw Akz-cpw \ncm-i-cp-am-p-p.
Fm, sFlnI Pohn-X-nse Fm I-pw \oXn-
]q-I-amb {]Xn-êw ac-W-tijw ]c-temIp-shv e`n-p-sav
ZrV-t_m-[y-ap--h-cmWv aX-hn-izm-kn-I. AX-h-cpsS \oXn-t_m-
[s Xr]vXn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw ISp A\o-Xn-n-c-bm-Ip-tmgpw
kz-Xbpw kam-[m-\hpw {]Xym-ibpw km-\n-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
sI.-C.-F. Cmcyw Xpd-p-k--Xn-p-p: ""XnI Bm-
X-tbmsS \ sNbvX Hcp Imcyw AXv Fm A-nepw \oXn-
bp--am-bn-pw {Iqin--s-Sp-tm hm am\-knI kwLjw
Dm-hm-dp-v. Fm-W-Xn\p ]cn-lmcw? A]-cn-lm-cy-amb {]iv\-
p "saUn-kn-\mWv' ]e-tmgpw aXw.'' (ibid)
tUmIvS bqkp-^p JdZmhn Fgp-Xpp: "hm\-tem-I-p-\nv
Hgp-In-h-cp- -sXemWv imn. P\- N-e-a-\-kvI-cm-Ip-tm
hnizm-kn-I ZrV-Nn-c - m-Ip-hm, P\ kwi-bn-p-tm hnizm-
kn-I-fn ZmVyw ]I-cp-hm, P\- sh{]mfw ImWn-ptm
hnizm-kn-Iv kl-\-i-n-bcpfphm, P\- AXn-{Iaw ImWn-
p-tm hnizm-kn-I kln-jvWpX ]men-p-hm, ssZhw hnizmkn-
I-fn-tev a\-m-n-bpsS Cfw sX-e-b-p-p.'' (hnizm-khpw Pohn-
Xhpw ]pdw:89)
""Cu a\mn Znhy ssNX\y-ns `mK-am-Wv. AXns {]Im-
i-am-Wv. AXn ]cn-{`m- Bizmkw Is-p-p. Akz-
kz-\m-hp-p. ZpxJnX Biz-kn-p-p. oWn-X hn{i-an-p-p.
- hgn-Im-Wp-p.'' (ibid. ]pdw:90)
Zp_-e in-t\-Sp-p. hgn-sX-n-bh
Cy kzmX{yka- c - nse [oc- \ mb hn- h - I m- c n- b mWv
`KXvknw-Kv. {_nojv `c-W-IqSw At-l-n\v h[-in hn[n-p. Igp-
a-c-ns Nmc-p-\nv Atlw ]dp: ""hnizmkw sshj-ay-
44
ns ImTn\yw Ipd-p-p. Nne-tm AXns\ kpJ-I-c-am-n-
sbpw hcmw. ssZh-n a\p-jy\v hfsc i-amb Bizm-khpw
Bew-_hpw Is-m-\mIpw. sImSp-m-p-I-fp-sSbpw Npg-en-m-p-
I-fp-sSbpw \Sp-hn kzw Imen\np-I-sb-Xv Ipn--fn-b-...
]t, F\n-s-mWv {]Xo-n-m\p-Xv? sIme--b Igp-n-
en-Sp-Ibpw Imph-n\nv ]e-I X - n\op-Ibpw sNp \nanjw
Fs Ay-\n-an-j-am-bn-cn-p-sa-v AXmhpw Ah-km\\nan-j-sav
F\n--dn-bmw. Rm IqSp-X IrXy-ambn B[ym-nI `mj-bn
]d-m Fs Bmhv AtXmsS Xocpw. Ap-ds - am-p-an-. A{X
al--c-sam-p-am Ay-tm-Sp-Iq-Snb lrkz-amb Hcp ka-c-
Po-hnXambn-cnpw AXns\ B shfn--n ImWm-\p- ss[cyw
F\n-p-s-n F\n-p ]mcn-tXm-jn-Iw A{X-am-{Xw.''
(D-c-Ww. sI.-C.Fns sXc-s-Sp {]_--, ]pdw:
590, 591)
Xo{h CS-Xp-] {]h-I s]mys cma-Ir-jvWs
B-l-Xy-sb-p-dnv Fgp-Xsh AXp- \-S-Xns ]nt-m-fs
A\p-`hw F. tkma C-s\- Ip-dn-np:
""Amlp AIv_....
Rm\p-Wp; ASp ]n-bnse _mp-hn-fn-tI-p-sImv. B
kz-c
- nse Aù-a[
- mc s]mSps\ Fs kz-Nn-\ - m-n. B-
l-Xypw AXn-Po-h-\-n-\p-an-S-bn B ssZ-h-kvXp-Xn-bn-e-S-nb
XcfX, ]nd-Xpw ]nd-m-\n-cn-p--Xp-amb alm-Im-e-ns Hma-
I Npcn Fn. ]noSv Gsd-mew Fn L\o-`q-X-ambn
InSp B _mp-hn-fn. ]e B]ZvL--fnepw sskzcw \in-p-
tm Fs D]-t_m[w F\n--b-m-dp ktiw.'' (D--cWw:
B-lXy: jm\-hmkv Fw.-F, kPojv F.-]n. ]pdw: 180)
ISp \ncm-i-pw AXn\np-S-se-Sp-p B-l-Xypw
AdpXnhcp-p hnizm-k-Zi-\-amWv aX-sav ]d-bm-\p Imc-
Whpw AXp-X-s.
45
HXv
A\p- ` - h - , ]mT-
PohnXw kpJ-ZpxJ kn-{i-am-Wv. AXn Ibv]pw a[p-chpw Ffp-
hpw {]bm-khpw Fm-ap-v. `n hncp--amb Cu c-h--Ifpw
A\p-`-hn-m Bcp-ap-m-hn-.
GI-a-Is amXm-]n-Xm-. ImWn-I-fn IuXp-I-ap-Wp
Btdgp hb-p--tm B Ipv ac-W-a-S-bp-p. Ccw A\p-`-
h-n-c-bm-hp hyn-I-f-\p-`-hn-p hyY hnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-am-Wv.
GI-a-Is sImp {]mb-n-ep th]mSv hcp-p thZ-\-b-I-
m tIh-e-amb Bizmk-h-N-\-mh-n. Fm Atmgpw
hnizm-kn-bpsS a\v a{n-pp: ""X\nv Ipns\ I\n-t-In-
bXv Icp-Wm-ab-\mb Am-lp-hm-Wv. aIs\ aS-n-hn-fn-Xpw Ah
Xs. AXn-\m Xs-m kvt\lhpw Icp-Wbpw hm-ey-hp-
ap {kjvSm-hns hiw aIs\ Xncn-t-]n-p-I-bmWv Xm
sNbvXXv. Aa ImWnpXv Am-\-mWv. a-b-h-ew-_nv
ssZh-]mX ]np-Sm e`n-m-\p-Xv imizX kz-am-Wv.
AXns Ihm-S-n Xs aI a-kvan-X-\mbn Xs kzmKXw
sNm Imp-\np-p-m-Ipw.''
Fm Cu hnizmkw km-\n-p kz-Xbpw kl-\hpw
AXn-m--hv A{]m-]y-ambncnpw. Acw k`--fn F{X
henb {]Xn-`m-im-en-Ifpw hn-h-Im-cn-Ifpw Aim--cm-Ipw.
tIcfw I ssZh-\n-tj-[n-I-fn {]ap-J-\mWv ]h-\. bpn-
hmZn kwL-ns t\Xm-hm-bn-cp At-l-ns `mcy ]mhXn
]h-\ Fgp-Xnb B-IY - mWv ]h-\]
- b - hw. Hma \jvSs
- v sIm-
-tfmfw Pohn ]h-\-t\m-sSm-np Ign \mfp-I-fnse lrZ-b-
th-Z\ hmb-\-m-cn s\m-c-ap-Wpwhn[-amWv B-I-Y-bn
hnh-cn-p--Xv. ]noSv ]h-\s hntbmKw krjvSn GIm-Xbn
46
Ah-c-\p-`-hn-p BIp-e-X-Ifpw kt-l-fpw hmb-\-m-cp-ambn
]p-sh-p-p ("DW-cm Dd--s-p-dnv Nne hnNm-c-'
am[yaw BgvN--Xnv 2007 BKkvXv 10). AXn-eqsS ISp-t]mIp
Ghpw Ah-c-\p-`-hn-p Ax-kw-Lj-ns Bgw t_m[y-
am-Ipw. Ah-sc-gp-Xp-p: "Rmt\sd kvt\ln--h, Fs Gsd
kvt\ln--h Fmw Cs-dn-p-t]m-b-tm Pohn-X-sbpw ac-W-
sbpw Ipdnv Ipd-sms ]Tn-m Fs t{]cn-n-p-p. acn--
h Hcp-cpw kz]v\-n t]mepw Fs ASp-s-p-n-. acn-
p-I-gn-m Hcp iq\y-X-bn-se-p-sa \nK-a-\-n-emWv Rm\nv.
ac-W-sbpw Pohn-X-sbpw A]-{K-Yn-m Rm\m-cp-a- Fv
F\nv \m-b-dnbmw. Cs Fs am\-kn-Im-h--bn Dcp-n-
cn-bp Imcy- ChnsS ]IpI am{X-amWv. GI-bm-bn-cn-p-
tm Rmt\sd Nnn-p-Xv ac-W-s-p-dnpam{Xw. PohnX-
ns Fm apJ-tmSpw Ctm F\nv Xm]cyw tXmm-dp-
an. kvt\lhpw Bizm-khpw Xcp Hcm IqsS Dm-bn-cp-s-
n Fv Rm\n-tm Bin-pp.'
Imew I alm-\mb Zmi-\nI\mWv Imd amIvkv. 1855
At- l - ns Cjv S - ] p- { X FUv K mdn\v Kpcp- X - c - a mb tcmKw
_m[np. Fp-h-b-p AXn-k-a-\mb B Ipn "apjv' F
Hma-\-t-cn-emWdnb-s-n-cp--Xv. ap BIp-n-I t\cs ac-W-
a-S
- n-cp-X
- n-\m ]p{X-\mbn apjv am{Xsa Dm-bn-cp-p-q. aIs
i-c - n-In Dd-s - am-gnv Ign-p-Iq-nb amIvkv B L-n Xs
B-an-{X-amb s{Û-dnIv GwKkn-s\-gpXn: ""lrZbw \odp-I-bmWv,
Xe ]pI-bp-I-bmWv'' ]noSv apjv ac-W-a-S-p. Atm hopw
FgpXn: ""]mhw apjv acn-p... Fs ZpxJw F{X hep-Xm-sW--dn-bm-
a-tm. Htsd IjvS-m-Sp-I A\p-`-hn-n-p--h-\mWv Rm. ]t,
bYm ZpxJ-sa-m-se-m-sWv Ctm-gm-sW-\np a\-n-em-bXv.''
{]kn ]n-X\pw hnip Pohn-X-ns DS-a-bp-am-bn-cpp
Dh-Xp_v\pkpss_. At-l-ns Imen\v ]gpp _m[n-p.
apn-\p-ap-I-fn apdnp amWsa-m-bn-cpp tUmIvS-dpsS \nt-iw.
thZ\ Adn-bm-Xn-cn-m tUmIvS At-l - n\v t_m[w sISp-p
acpp \In. ]t, Atlw AXp-I-gn-m k--\m-bn-cp-n.
At_m-[m-h Dm-bm Am-lpsh Hmpw {]mnpw
Ign-bm km[n-p-I-bn-s--Xm-bn-cpp Imc-Ww. DhXv \nhn-Im-
c-\mbn Xs Im \on-sm-Sp-p. tUmIvS AXp apdnp amn.
AtX Znh-kw-Xs Hma-\-a-I ap-m-hn\nv hoWp ac-W-a-S-p.
47
hnh-c-a-dn--tm DhXv ]dp: ""Am-lp-th, \n\p kvXpXn.
F\nv Ggp-a--fp-v. Hcmsf \o Xncn-p-hn-fn-p. Bdp-t]sc F\n-
p-Xs Xncnp Xn-cn-p-p. Ah-scbpw aS-n-hn-fn-m Ign-hp-
-h-\tm \o. Fnpw \o As\ sNbvXn-. Fs \mev Ah-b-
h--fn Hv \o FSp-p. AsXm-sbpw X-h \o Xs. aqv
Ah-b-h- _mn-shn-cn-p-p. \o Cn-n-cp-p-sh-n Ahbpw
Fn\ns-Sp-m Ign-hp--h-\t, \o. Fnpw \o As\
sNbvXn-. \o F{X DZm-c! Icp-Wm-a-b!''
hyn-]-c-amb Hc-\-p-`hw Hmp-p. tke-p-sh-p-mb Hcp
hml-\m-]-I-S-n Xriq-cnse hym]m-cn-bmb bqkp^v Aen-bpsS
IpSpw-_-nse Aw-K- Hscm Znh-kw ac-W-a-S-p. Krl-\m-
Ys\ Biz-kn-n-m-\mbn Iqp-Im-c ilo-Zn-t\m-sSm-nv B hon
sNp. bqkp^v Aen ]Xn-hp-t]mse Rsf kzmKXw sNbvXp.
Bizmkhmp- I ]dbpwaps Atlw ]dp: ""Amlp
\Inb Ipn-Isf Ah Xncn-s-Sp-n-cn-p-p. Ah A\p-{K-ln-
s-n kz-n shp ImWmw. Xmfpw {]mn-p-a-tm.''
Imd amIvkn\v Inm imnbpw kz-X-bp-amWv Xriq-
cnse km[m-c-W-m-c-\mb Cu I-h-S-m-c\v e`n--Xv. ]c-temI
hnizmkw km-\n ip`-{]-Xo-bpw kzmy-hp-am-Wn-Xv.
hmX-tcm-K
- n-\S- n-s-h
-
kplr-p-n-Sb - n ktm-jt- msS Pohn-p-sIm-n-cns
BI-kvan-I-ambn hmX-tcm-K-n-\-Sn-s-Sp-p. ]e-hn[ NnIn--Ifpw
\Snt\mp-p. ]t, Hpw ê-s-Sp-n-. Ah-km\w Atem-
-Xnbpw Bbpth-Zhpw tlman-tbm--Xnbpw DssS Fmhn[
sshZyhnZy-Ifpw tcmKw t`Z-am-hp-I-bn-sv hn[n-sb-gp-Xn. AtXmsS
tcmKn Xm\n\n Hcn-epw In-en\nv \ne-n-dn \S-p-Ib - n-sv
a\-n-em-p-p. Fn Abm AXy-[nIw Akz--\m-bn-s-nte
Ap-X-ap-q. Ccw kml-N-cy--fn B tcmKnsb Biz-kn-n-
m temI-smcp ùXnI imkv{X-n\pw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-n\pw
km[y-a-. Fm {]] \mY-\n Fmw kan ZrV-hn-izmkn
Gsd {]bm-k-I-c-amb Cu Ah--bnt]mepw {]k--h-Z-\-\m-bn-
cn-pw. Hpw \ncm-i-\m-hp-I-bn-. Abm a\--am-[m-\-tmsS B-
KXw sNpp: ""F\nv Ipw Imepw Ipw ImXpw \mpw aqpw
Bbppw Btcm-Kyhpw Poh\pw Pohn-Xhpw \In-bXv ssZh-am-Wv.
Ah I\n-t-Inb BtcmKyw Xmew Xncn-s-Sp-n-cn-p-p.
48
CsXmcp ]co--W-am-Wv. ]X-dn ]n-bm ]cm-Pbambn-cnpw
êw. an-m hnP-b-hpw. hmXhpw tcmKhpan-m kzw km-
\-ambn e`n-pw. AXn-\m \mbn an-p-I-X-s.''
Ccw abpw kam-[m-\hpw hnizm-kn-Ipam{Xw Ah-Im-
i-s--Xm-Wv. Ah-c-m--hv e`n-p-p-sh-n AXv AXy-km-
[m-c-Whpw A]qhp-a-s{X.
1972 A-cn {]kn tkmhn-bv kmln-Xy-Im-c AeIvkm-
s_ns kzImcy kqn-p-I-fn\np Is-Sp tcJ-I-
fn hn.sF. se\n tcmK-i--bn-em-bn-cns kJmhv men-\-b
Ipw Ds-n-cp-p. HIvtSm-_ hn-h-ns s\Sp-\m-b-I-\mb
se\n B In Ipdn-np: ""icocw Xfp Ign-p. C\n kwkm-
c-tijnIqSn \in-m Rm hnjw Ignv Pohn-X-a-h-km-\n-n-pw.
F\nv F{Xbpw thKw kb-ss\Uv Fn-p-X-cn-I. AXv Fs
ASp-p-X-s-bn-cn--s. F\n--sXm-cm-izm-k-am-Wv.''
se\ns Ins\ kw_-nv men Xs kplr-mb Ae-
Ivkm- s_n-t\mSp kwkm-cn-p. se\ns B{Klw ]qo-I-
cn-p-sIm-Sp-m Atlw men-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s-p. men BZyw
k-Xn-s-nepw ]noSv ths-p-sh-p. ImamIvkns aIfpw
Pmam-Xmhv e^mKpw Zp-la - mb Pohn-X
- n\v Ayw Ipdn-Xv hnjw
Ign-m-Wv. AXm-bn-cnmw se\ns\ B-l-Xyv t{]cn-n--sXv
Ae-Ivkm- s_v A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.
knv t{^mbn-UmWv B[p-\nI a\x-im-kv{X-ns ]nXm-hmbn
Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv. sNIv dn-n-n Bkv{SnblwK-dn-bnse samdm-
hn-bp kao]w {ô_Kn-emWv 1856- t{^mbnUv P\n--Xv. hnb-
-bn-em-bn-cpp hnZym-`ym-kw. \nc-h[n a\x-imkv{X {K--fpsS
Im-hmb Atlw A_pZtcmK-n-\-Sn-s-p. thZ-\ k-ln-m-
\m-hmsX, Xs hnjw Ipn-shv h[n-m tUmIvS amIvkv jqdn-
t\mSv Atlw tIW-t]-n-p. AX-\p-k-cnv tUmIvS amc-I-amw-
hn[w tam^n Ipn-sh-p. A-s\-bmWv 1939 sk]vXw-_ 23\v
knv t{^mbn-Uns PohnXw Fcn-sm-Sp-n-b-Xv.
CXns adp-`m-Kv \mw tUmIvS apkvX^
-
- n-_m-Csb ImWpp.
kndn-b-bnse CJvhm\p apkvenaqs t\Xmhpw {]apJ ]n-X-
\p-am-bn-cpp At-lw. XfhmXw _m[nv apkvX-^n-_m-C-bpsS
CS-Xp-`mKw \n-e-am-bn. Fnpw Atlw Xs tPmen-I XpS
p. tImf-Pn t]mbn A[ym-]\w \Sn. s]mXp-tbm-K--fn
49
{]kw-Knp. ]pkvX-I-c-N-\-bn apgpIn. tcmK-_m-[n-X-\mbn Ign
Ggp-hj-n-\n-S-bn-emWv Atlw {it-b-amb aqp {K--sf-
gp-Xn-b-Xv.
1962 Bip-]-{Xn-bn-em-bn-cns Biz-kn-n-m-s\-nb Iqp-
Im-c-t\mSv Atlw ]dp: ""Rm tcmKn-bmWv kwi-b-an-. Fs
ssIpw Imen\pw thZ-\b - pv. Fnepw Fs Imcy-n Amlp
sNbvXp-X A\p-{Klw t\mq. Ah Fs Xopw Xfm
i-\m-bnpw Fs Hcp `mKta Xfp-q. AXpw CS-Xp-h-iw.
XfXv heXv Im-bn-cp-p-sh-n F\nv Fgp-Xm km[n-p-
am-bn-cptm? Fs ImgvNin \in-n-m Ign-hp Amlp
F\nv AXym-hi - y-amb B Ignhv FSp-p-If-
- n-n-. Fs akvXn-
jvIs ac-hn-nm Am-lp-hn\v Hpw {]bm-k-an-. Fnpw
F\nv a\-n-em-m\pw Nnn-m\pw Ah-\Xv hnp-X-n-cn-p-p.
Fs \mhns BtcmKyw Ah \ne-\nn-bn-cn-p-p. CsXmw
Ahs HuZmcyhpw hnim-e-X-bp-at? A]m-c-amb A\p-{K-lhpw
AXnc Imcp-Wy-hp-at? ]ns Rms\-n\p ]cm-Xn-s-SWw? kSw
]d-bWw? FtmSp ImWn Imcp-Wy-n\v \n ImWn-p-I-bt
thXv?''
Pohn-X-km-bm--n A-\mbn amdnb C_v\p Amkns
\ne-]mSv hnizmkZmVy-X-bpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-a-s{XA-tlw ]dp:
""Fs Ccp-I-p-I-fn\npw Amlp {]Im-is ]nSn-s-Sp-p-
sh-nepw Fs \mhn\pw tIhnpw Ah cn-s\-m {]Im-i-
ap-v. Fs a\v i-am-Wv. _pnv sshIeyw _m[n-n-n-.
\mhn\v Xnf-p hmfp-t]mse aq-bp-v.''
\s-n\p Xw ]n icocw Xfv Gsd {]bm-k-s-Sp \nc-
h[n kplr-p--fp-v. ImbwIpfs Fkv.Fw. kmZn-Jv, ]tm-fn-
bnse Ip-_vZp-, s]cn--q-cnse _io, Iq-cnse lmdq
XpS-n-b-h. Chcmcpw Pohn-X-n Hcn-t]mepw B-lXysb
kw_-n-v Nnn-n-p-Iq-Sn-bpmhn. Amlp \Inb BtcmKyw
Xncn-s-Spv Xsf ]co-n-p-I-bm-sWv Ah Xncn--dn-bp-p.
tcmKhpw thZ-\b- p-an-m ]c-temIw {]Xo-nv abpw kl-\hpw
]men-pp.
]co--Ws Xncn--dn-bp--h
I-h-S-nepw Irjn-bnepw \nI-m-\m-hm \jvSw kw`-hn-p-
-h, A]-I-S--fnsv AwK-ssh-Ieyw _m[n-p--h, hnI-emw-
50
Ktcm a-_p-n-Itfm Bb km-\--f-p-m-hp--h, s]sv Kpcp-
X-c-amb tcmK-n--Sn-s-Sp--h--C-s\ ]e-Xcw {]bm-k--f-\p-
`-hn-p ]e-scbpw ImWmw. F; GsX-nepw hn[-n hnj-
a-a-\p-`-hn-m Bcpw temI-p-m-hn-. kz`m-h-nepw tXmXnepw
hy-Xym-k-ap-m-Ip-sa-p-am-{Xw. Nne-tm \nc--c-amb \mi-\-jvS--
fmWv \s tXSn-sb-p-I. hfsc {]Xo--tbmsS sNp ]eXpw
hn]-co-X-^-e--fp-f-hm-n-tb-mw. I-v Ah-bn-tes-Sp--
h eyw-sh êw Xs Dm-h-W-sa-n--tm.
hn]-p-I hcp-tm Gsd-t]cpw Ak-ly-amb Akz--Xbpw
A-abpw {]I-Sn-n-p-p. thh-em-Xn-s-Sp-Ibpw ]cm-Xn-]d
-
- p-sIm-
n-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Ah {ItaW sImSnb \ncm-i-bn-tepw
Ah-km\w kzbw \mi-n-tepw \op-p. Fm bYm-hn-
izm-kn-I Fmw Am-lp-hns ]co--W--fm-sWv Xncn--dn-
bpp. an-mepw A-a-Im-Wn-mepw ùXn-I-êw Hp-X-s.
Aa Akzmyw h[n-n-pw. abpw kl-\hpw imn-tb-Ipw.
ssZh-k-n-[n-bn an-p--hv AXn-a-l-mb {]Xn-^-e-ap-v.
a-tISv ImWn-p--hv sImSn-b -in-bpw.
""`bw, ]n-Wn, Poh-[-\m-Zn-I-fpsS \jvSw, hnf\miw Fn-h-bn-
eqsS \mw \nsf ]co-n-p-I-Xs sNpw. Atm-sgms an-
p--hsc ip`hm Adn-bn-p-I. GsXmcp hn]p hcp-tmgpw
Ah ]dbpw: R Am-lp-hnsXmWv. Ah-\n-te-p-Xs
Xncnp sNt--h-cpw. Ahv X-fpsS \mY-\n\nv AXn-c
A\p-{K-l-fpw Imcp-Wy-hp-ap-v. Ah Xs-bmWv t\hgn {]m]n-
-h. (Jp-B 2:155-157)
tIc-f-nepw Cy-bpsS CXc `mK--fnepw Cv Ghpw IqSp-
X B-lXy sNp-Xv Ij-I-cm-W-tm. AXn-\p -Im-c-W-am-
IptXm Irjn-\m-ihpw Imjn-tIm]---fpsS hne-bn-Sn-hpw.
Fm Ccw Fm {]IrXnhn]-p-I-sfbpw XnI ka-Nn--
X-tbmsS t\cn-Sm hnizm-kn-Ip km[n-pw. ]mm-Xy {K-
Im-c-\mb F^v.kn. t_mZen "Rm ssZh-ns ]dp-Zo-k-bn
Pohnp' F Xe-s-n-se-gpXn: "1918 apX ]Sn-m-d B{^n--
bnsemcnSv acp-`q-an-bn A]-cn-jvIr-X-cmb Hcp P\-hn-`m-K-n-\n-S-
bn Ggp-hj-tmfw Rm IgnpIqn. Am-e - n-\n-Sbvv Rm\-
h-cpsS `mj- h-i-m-n. Ah-cpsS coXn-bn hkv{Xw [cn-p-Ibpw
Blmcw Ign-p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-I A\p-I-cn-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Bn]--tfm-sSmw AXn-cm-hnse Rm t]mIpw.
51
Ah-sc-tmse Xp-I-fn-ep-d-pw. apl--Zv \-_n-sb-p-dnv "Ad-
kq' F Hcp {K-sa-gp-Xm am{Xw Ckv-em-an-s\-p-dnv Rm
AKm-[-ambn ]Tn-p. acp-`q-hm-kn-I-fmb Cu kmcnhK-tm-sSmw
IgnpIqnb hj- Fs Pohn-X-nse Ghpw kam-[m-\-
]qWhpw imn-Zm-b-Ihpw Bkzm-Zy-I-chpamb Ime-L--am-bn-cp-p.
"Akz-X - I
- sf Fs\ Iog-S - W
- s- av acp`qan-bnse Cu Ad-
_n-If- n\nv Rm ]Tn-p. Ah apkve - nw-If - m-bn-cp-X
- n-\m ssZh-
\n-b-nepw hn[n-bnepw hniz-kn-p-h - c- m-bn-cp-p. hn-izmkw kam-
[m-\-]qW-amb PohnXw \bn-m Ahsc klm-bn-p. PohnXw
kpJ-I-c-hpw kpK-a-hp-amb ]m-hn-eqsS \on. Hcp Imcy-nepw
Ah Jn-X-bp-sSbpw hnjm-Z-n-sbpw Zwjv{S--fn Pohn-Xs
Ipcp-n-bn-n-. hn[n--s--sXtm AXp kw`-hn-p-sapw ssZhw
\n-bn-- hn-]-p-I-f-msX Xsfsbmpw _m[n-p-I-bn-s-pw
-A-h hniz-kn-p. Ah {]b-Xv\-c-ln-X-amb ssZhmWw \S-p-
Itbm Zpc--sf ssIsIn t\mn-\np-Itbm Bbn-cp-p-shv
CXn-\Y-an-. sXfn-hmbn Hcp kw`-h-ap--cn--s:
"HcpZnhkw in-bmb sImSp-m--Sn-p. AXv acp-`q-an-bnse aW-
ens\ a[y-[-c-Wym-gn--p-d-tv sImp-t]m-bn. NqSv AXn ITn-\-
am-bn-cp-p. Fs apSn-bn-g-I ]ngp-sX-Sp--s--t]mse tXmn. Zp-
l-amb AXypjvWw aqew F\np {`mp]nSn-ptam Fp-t]mepw
Rm `b-s-p. ]t, Ad-_n-Iv AsXmcp {]iv\ta Bbn-cp-
n-. Npa Ipep-n-smv Ah ]c--cm-KX {]tbmKw Dcp-hn-Sp-
I-am{Xw sNbvXp: \n-bn-s - hn[n! sImSp-mv ian DSs\ Ah
km[m-cW an AXypkm-l-tmsS tPmen XpS-n. DjvWm-Lm-
X-m Npt]mIm km[y-X-bp BnIpn-Isf ]nSn--dp-p.
]ns Ipn-I Bn ]-sf sXp-`m-K-p Pem-i-b-n-\-
Sp-tv \bn-p. CsXms sNp-tm XnIpw im-cm-bn-cpp
Ah. Bpw Hcm-h-em-Xnbpw Dm-bn-cp-n-. tKm{X--e-h ]-
dp: \ap-p -h-enb \jvS-sampw ]n-bn-n-. Fmw \jvS-s-tS-
Xm-bn-cp-p. ssZh-n\p kvXpXn! \psS Ip-Im-en-I-fn 40 iX-
am-\-tmfw tijn-n-p-v. \app tPmen XpS-cm C{Xbpw sImv
km[npw.' (D--cWw: hnizm-khpw Pohn-Xhpw tUm. bqkp-^p
JdZm-hn. ]pdw: 138,139)
52
]v
ImgvN-h--nse hyXym-khpw
at\m-\n-e-bnse amhpw
]nm-ev {io_p--\mbno knm Hcp Znhkw
]hXns {]m-{]-tZ-i-n-eqsS \S-p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. hgn-
bnshv hmhn-p-I-c-bp Hcp kv{Xo At-ls kao-]n-p. Ah-
fpsS Npaen Hcp Ipns Icp-hm-fn arX-tZ-l-ap-m-bn-cp-p.
Ah hnXp-n-smv ]dp: "Atbm ]pWym-m-th, Av
FtmSv IcpW ImWn-t-W-ta, ac-W-a-S Fs Cu Ipn\v
Poh Xncnp \tI-W-ta.'
Ipn-bpsS ac-W-Im-c-W-a-t\z-jnv a\-n-em-nb knm B
kv{Xosb kmz-\n-n-p-sImp ]dp: ""\ns B{Klw ]qo-
I-cn-m ]p-tam-sbv Rm {ian-p-t\m-mw. AXn\v A]w ISpIv
thWw. \obXv hmn-sm-p-h-c-Ww.''
CXp-tIv ktmjw tXmnb kv{Xo ISpIv hmm t]mIm-
s\m-cp-n. Atm knm ]dp: "\o ISpIv hmpXv
GsX-nepw IS-bn\n-m-h-cp-Xv. hon\n-m-bn-cn--Ww. AXv
apsm-cn-epw acWw \S-n-n-m hoSp-am-bn-cn--Ww.'
kv{Xo Ipn-bpsS arX-tZ-lhpambn {Kma-n-tev IpXn-p. Ah
sN Fm hoSp-I-fnepw ISpIv Dm-bncpp. ]t, acWw \S-
m Hcp hoSp-t]m-ep-a-hv ImWm Ign-n-. B kv{Xo \ncm-
i-tbmsS Xncn-p-hv knm-t\mSv kw`-hnsXmw hni-Zo-I-cn-
p-sIm-Sp-p. Atm Atlw ]dp: ""ktlm-Z-co, \ns aIs\
cn-m-\p acp-n-\p-thn \ns Rm ]d--b-p. ]t,
\n\v FhnsS\np-aXv Inn-bn-. \ns tam\p-am-{Xta ac-W-ap-m-
bn-cp-p-qsh-n Ahs\ cn-m-s\-\np Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-p.
53
Fm acWw kh-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. \msamw acn-t--h-cm-Wv.
ap-h
- c
- psS acWw hcp-p th]m-Sn thZ\ kln-t-hcpw.''
PohnXw ktmjkm] kn- { i- a m- W v . Ftm- s g- nepw
A]w B\--a-\p-`-hn-m Bcp-ap-m-hn-. \s \n`m-Ky-hm-
mp-t]mepw \nhrXn e`n-p Nne \nanjfp-m-Ipw. A{]-
Imcw Xs h-tm-gp-sams hnjaw kln-m Bcpw temI-
p-m-hn-. kpJ-ku-I-cy--fpsS \Sp-hn Ign-bphcpsS AIw
]e-tmgpw Aim--am-bn-cn-pw.
aph-cpsS _pn-ap-p-Ifpw IjvS-m-Sp-Ifpw ImWm Iqm-
msX kzw hnj-aX - I
- s
- f-p-dnv am{Xw Nnn-p-h
- kZm Akz-
-cm-bn-cn-pw. Ah kzw {]Xn-k-n-Isf ]h-Xo-I-cn-p-p.
A\y-cpsS B]-p-I-fpsS t\sc AX \Sn-p-p. AtXmsS
ISp \ncm-i-v ASn-s-Sp-p. X\n-n-\n-sbmpw t\Sm-\m-hn-s
tXm-en\v Iogvs]-Sp-p. As\ Aip` Nn-I-fm Xocm-Zpx-J-
ns XS-hd ]Wn-bp-p. AtXmsS Ahsc iq\y-Xm-t_m[w _m[n-
p-p. Nppw Ccpp ]c-p-p. AY-hm, {]Im-i-In-c-W- ImWm
Ign-bm-Xm-hp-p. Xs Xpdnpt\m-p Xnm-\p-`-h- am{Xw
{in-p--Xn-\m a\-amsI X]vX hnIm-c--fm Xnf-p-a-dn-bp-p.
A-s\-b-h kzbw ]WnX IZ-\-ns Imcm-Kr-l-n Ipcp-n-
-gn-bp-p. \njv{In-bXzw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bmbn amdp-p. êtam; Fm-
n-t\mSpw aSp-v. ac-Wta tamN-\-ta-Iq F m\-Nn-. B-l-Xy-
bn-e-`bw tXSp Gsd-tcpw A-s\-bm-Wv.
Fm aph-cpsS {]bm-k- ImWp-Ibpw {in-p-Ibpw
sNp--h GXp {]Xn-k-n-bnepw {]Xymi ]pep-p. Fm
]mXn-cm-hp-Ip ]nm-sebpw {]`mXw s]mn-hn-S-cp--t]mse hnja-
k-n-Isf kpJm-h-I Xn-am-p-sav {]Xo-nv ]Wn-sb-Sp-
p-p.
t\mw Xmtgm-m-Ip-tm
kndn-b-bnse {]apJ ]n-X\pw ]cn-jvImhpw {K-Im-c-
\p-amb tUmIvS apkvX-^m-n-_mC ]d-bpp: ""Pohn-X-n-sem-cn-
Imcm-Krlw ImWpI; Amlp XmtInb kzmX-{y-
ns hne-b-dn-bmw.''
""Bbp-n-sem-cn- tImS-Xn-bn sNp-I. Amlp Xmp
\Inb \oXn-\n-jvT-bpsS alXzw a\-n-em-Ipw.''
54
""amk-n-sem-cn- BXp-cm-ebw kin-p-I. Amlp
Xm-cp-fnb Btcm-Ky-ns A\p-{Klw {Kln-mw.''
""Bgv N - b n- s em- c n- ]qtm- n t]mhp- I . {]]- - \ m- Y
Xmsm-cp-nb {]Ir-Xn-ku-cyw ImWmw.''
""Znh- k - n- s em- c n- {Km- e bw kin- p- I . Amlp
Xmt-Inb Nnm-i-n-bpsS ssNX-\y-a-dn-bmw.''
""A\p-\n-anjw Am-lp-hpambn _-s-Sp-I. Ah Xmp
\Inb Pohn-Xm-\p-{K-l- t_m[y-am-Ipw.''
ssZh-ns A\p-{K-l- A]m-c-am-Wv. ]t, Ah-sb-p-
dnv Btem-Nn-p--hcpw Ah-b-dn-bp--hcpw A]q-a-s{X. Gh-
cpsSbpw Ip-I X-sf-m aosX-bp-hcn-te-m-Wv. Nn Ah-
c-\p-`-hnp Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-sf kw_-npw. {ibpw {iahpw
Ah-tcm-sSm--sa-m-\pw. AXn-\m kzw nXn Bcpw Adn-bp-
n-. Xp Innb t\- ImWp-n-. AXn-\m A\p-{K-l-
Hmm Ah-kcw e`n-p-n-. êtam \nXy-\n-cm-i-bpw.
hncq-]-\mb hyn kp-c-msc kw_-nv Btem-Nn-p-sIm-
n-cn-p-tm-sgmw Ah-sc-tm-se-bm-hm--Xn At-bw Akz-
-\m-bn-cn-pw. Fm-e-h hon-p-Xv hnI-emw-K-s\-bm-sW-
ntem, Xopw kwXr-]vX\pw. sNdp-hn-c-en-m--h AXp--h-sc-
p-dnv Nnn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-tm-sgmw AIw An-]-Xw-t]mse
Aim--am-bn-cn-pw. Fm-e-h t\mn-m-Wp-Xv In-m--h-
sc-bm-sW-n Iv Ipfnpw. HmSn hoSp-I-fn Xma-kn-p--
hscs {in-p-sIm-n-cn-p ]pp-ta ]pc-I-fn ]mp-
-h-cpsS a\v kZm Akw-Xr-]vX-am-bn-cn-pw. adnv sImp-Iq-c-I-
fn ]n-Wn-bp-ambn Ign-p-Iq-Sp ]mh--sf-bmWv {in-p--
sX-n \nd kwXr-]vXn-bn-ep-am-bn-cn-pw.
apI-fn-tem-p-X-s-bmWv t\m-sa-n ]mh-v ]W-m-tcmSv
]-Ib
- m-bn-cnpw. ]ma-c- mv ]n-X - m-tcmSv shdppw tcmKn-Iv
Btcm-Ky-hm-m-tcmSv Akq-bbpw Idp--hv shfp--h-tcmSv hntZz-
j-hp-am-bn-cn-pw. êtam Ahn-cm-a-amb Akz--Xbpw Akw-Xr-
]vXnbpw.
adnv Xs-m Xmsg-bphsc-s t\mn-sm-n-cn-p-
-h e`y-amb \n`m-Ky-sf kw_-nv kZm kp-jvSc
- m-bn-cnpw.
ssZh-ta-Inb A\p-{K-l- A\p-kva-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw. AYhm,
55
h hn]pw hp-`-hn-m Ah-scmpw hn{`m-tcm hnlz-etcm
Bhp-I-bn-. AXn- s\- m ISp B]-p-ISn-s--h -sc-
tbmv X\nv An[w kw`-hn-m--Xn ktm-jhpw kwXr-
]vXnbpw {]I-Sn-n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
AXn-\m ktm-j--k-m-]--tf-sdbpw kzbwIrX-am-Wv. hn[n
ssh]-co-Xy-tamv hyYbpw thh-em-Xnbpw hnlz-e-Xbpw hnem-]-
hp-ambngn-bp-Xv \nc-Ihpw \mi-\n-an--hp-am-Wv. AsXmpw
hn[nsb amn-a-dn-n-. `mK-t[bw Xncp-n-p-dn-p-I-bp-an-. AXn-
\m e`y-amb A\p-{K-l--tfmmsX Db-c--fn-ep--hsc t\mn
s\Sp-hon-Sph \n`m-Ky-hm-m-cm-Wv. Innb t\--tfmv
AXns ZmXm-hmb ssZh-tmSv \n ImWn-p--h-cmWv ku`m-
Ky-hm-m. `qan-bn-e-hv kz-Xbpw kwXr]vXnbpw e`n-p-p.
ac-Wt- i-jw ssZh-ns {]oXnbpw {]Xn-ê- a
- mb kzK-hpw. ""\n
\n-fpsS Xmsg-bphcn-tep t\mp-I. apI-fn-ep--h-cn-tev
t\m-cpsX''v \_n Xn-ta\n \nt-in-m-\p Imc-Whpw CXp-
Xs.
ktm-j-ns t{kmXv
a\-ns kwXr-]vXnv km-n-Im-h--I-fp-amtbm PohnX
kuI-cy--fp-amtbm Hcp _-hp-an-. ]e-tmgpw ]nWn InS-p
]mh--f-\p-`-hn-p ktm-j-ns ]n-sem-cw-iw-t]mepw ]W-
mp e`n-s-p-h-cn-. kZm Xs-m apI-fn-ep--hsc am{Xw
t\mp-Ibpw sa-s PohnX kuI-cy--fp--h-tcmSv Akqb
]pep-Ibpw sNp--h F{X Inn-bmepw Akw-Xr-]vX-cm-bn-
cnpw.
Pohn-X-nse kpJ-ku-I-cy--fpsS Imcyw-t]mepw Bt]-n-I-
am-Wv. a\p-jys am\-kn-Im-h-pw PohnX ho-W-n\pw
AXn A\-]-amb ]p-v. AXn-\m kp`n--X-sbbpw kpJ-
ku-I-cy--sf-bpw kw_-n k-]-nse hyXymkw Ah-bn-
eqsS e`y-am-Ip ê-nepw {]Xn-^-en-pw. Xs-m Xmsgbp-
-hsc {in-p-Ibpw taml-v ]cn-[n-sh-p-Ibpw sNp--
hv ]cn-an-X-amb PohnXhn`-h- Xs [mcm-f-ambmW-\p-`-h-s-
Sp-I. Ah-scm-cn-epw B-l-Xy-sb-p-dnv Btem-Nn-p-I-t]m-ep-
an-.
56
]Xns\mv
]cn-lm-c-an-m ]m]w
\qdpw Ccp-qdpw sImw apv \mw Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cpp? F-
s\-bm-bn-cpp? Bp-a-dn-bn-. ]ns \mw ChnsS Cu `qan-bn
hp; Bcpw kzbw B{K-ln-; {ian-p-a-. Bbn-cp-p-sh-n \mw
ChnsS tIc-f-n-em-Ip-tam P\n-pI? km[yX Ipd-hm-Wv. \psS
ico-c-{]-Ir-Xntbm? AXv \nW-bn-Xpw \ma-. \psS \mSpw hoSpw
tZihpw `mjbpw Imehpw tImehpw Ipehpw enwKhpw \n-bn--
Xn \ap-smcp ]p-an-. Fmw ssZh-ln-X-a-\p-k-cn-m-Wv. Cuiz-
c-\n-n-Xw.
Iv, Imev, Iv, ImXv, \mv, aqv, Bbp-v, BtcmKyw Fmw
ssZh-ns Zm\-am-Wv. AXn-\m Ahs \nb-{-W-v hnt[-
bhpw. Ah \p-tS-Xm-sW-Xv a\p-jys sXmb Ah-ImihmZ-am-
Wv. Bbn-cp-p-sh-n Ahbvv tcmKtam thZ-\tbm btam ac-
Wtam _m[n-p-am-bn-cp-n-. As\ kw`-hn--W-sav B{K-ln-
p Bcp-an-. AtXm-sSm-w A\n-hm-cy-ambpw AsXm-sbpw kw`-
hn-p-p. Ah \p-tS-Xm-sW Ah-Im-i-hmZw Xopw sXm-Wv.
Xncp--stS A_--am-Wv. DS-am-h-Imiw ssZh-n-\m-Wv. D]-tbm-
Km-\p-a-Xntb \ap-p-q. AXpw A\n-b-{n-X-am-b-; ssZhnI \ntZ-
i-\p-k-cn-p-am-{Xw. ""A\n-b-{n-X-amb kzmX-{y-ns ]dp-
Zo-k-bn-e Bcpw ]nd-p-ho-gp-Xv; _--fp-sSbpw _m[y-X-I-fp-
sSbpw IS-a-I-fp-sSbpw IS-m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw Cc-p IS-en\p \Sp-hn-
em-Wv'' Fv ssZh-hn-izm-kn-Ifm--ht]mepw ]d-tb-n-h-cp-Xv
AXn-\m-em-Wv.
Poh\pw Pohn-Xhpw Bbppw Btcm-Kyhpw Fs\ D]-tbm-Kn-
-W-sav Xocp-am-\n-t-Xv Ah-bpsS ZmXmhpw DS-a-bp-amb ssZh-
am-Wv. Ah ]d-bpp: ""Adn-bpI: krjvSn-m\pw I]n-m\pw
57
Am-lp-hn\v am{X-amWv A[n-Im-cw.'' (Jp-B 7:54) ""hn[n--[n-
Imcw Am-lp-hn\p am{X-am-Wv. Ahs\bmsX Hn\pw \n
hgn-s-S-cp-sXv Ah-\m-m-]n-n-cn-p-p.'' (12:40)
BXy-n-Ihpw ]c-ahp-amb Cu kXyw AwKo-I-cn-p--h B-
lXy sNpIbn-. adnv ico-chpw Poh\pw Pohn-Xhpw Xt-Xm-
sWpw Xm\Xv tXmn-b-Xp-t]mse D]-tbm-Kn-p-sapw Xocp-am-\n-
p--h-cmWv kzbw Poh-s\m-Sp-p-I. AXp-sIm-pXs B-lXy
ISp ssZh-[n-m-chpw sImSnb ]m]-hp-am-Wv.
sImSn-b- Ipw
krjvSn-I-fn t{ijvT-\mWv a\p-jy. Ah BZ-c-Wo-b-\m-Wv.
`qan-bnse ssZh-ns {]Xn-\n-[n-bpw. Amlp Adn-bn-pp:
""Xo-bmbpw a\p-jy-a-sf \mw BZ-cn-n-cn-p-p.'' (Jp-B
17:70)
AXn-\m a\p-jy-Po-h Gsd hne-s--Xm-Wv. AXns\ l\n-
p-Xv AXn-Kp-cp-X-c-amb A]-cm-[hpw. \nc-]-cm-[n-bmb Hcmsf
sImp-Xv apgp-h a\p-jy-scbpw sImp--t]msebmsWv Jp-
B ]d-bp-p.
""Bsc-sb-nepw sIm-Xnt\m `qanbn Ipg--ap-m-n-b-Xnt\m
AmsX h-h\pw Hcmsf h[n-m Ah apgp-h a\p-jy-scbpw
sIm-h-s\-tm-se-bm-Wv. Hcm-fpsS Poh cn-m apgp-h a\p-
jy-cpsSbpw Poh cn--h-s\-tm-se-bpw.'' (5:32)
kzw ico-cs ]oUn-n-p--Xp-t]mepw Kpcp-X-c-amb Ip-am-
sWv Ckvemw ]Tn-n-p-p. Bcm-[\m I-p-thn
t]mepw B- ] o- U \w Acp- X m- - X m- Wv. cm{Xn apgp-h \nv
\akvIcn-p-Xpw Pohn-XImew apgp-h t\m-\p-jvTn-p-Xpw
ssZh-{]oXn {]Xo-nv kzi-co-cs {]bm-ks - -Sp-p-Xpw aplZv
\_n hne-n-bXv AXn-\m-emWv. kzbw \mi-n-tev \op-X - ns\
Amlp i-ambn hntcm-[n-pp:
""\n \n-fpsS ssII-fm \n-sf-s \mi-n-e-I-s-
Sp--cp-Xv. \ sNpI. Xo-bmbpw \ sNp--hsc Amlp
kvt\ln-p-p.'' (Jp-B 2:195)
{]-hm-N-I ]dp: ""Ccp-m-bp-[-ap-]-tbm-Knv kzbw lXy-\-S-
nb GsXm-cmfpw AtX Bbp[wsImv \c-Im-n-bn inn--
58
s-Sp--XmWv.'' (_pJmcn)
\_n ]d- p: ""Hcm ae- a p- I - f n\nv NmSn B- l Xy-
sNbvXm, Ah \c-I-nepw A{]-Imcw \nXyhpw hoWp-sIm-t-
bn-cn-pw. hnjw Ignv B-l-Xy-sN-bvXh \c-I-n Fspw
hnjw Ign-p-sIm-t-bn-cnpw. Ahs ssIbn Ahs hnjw
Ftmgpw Dm-bn-cn-pw. Hcm Bbp[w D]-tbm-Knv kzi-co-cs
h[n-m Ah Imem-Im-ehpw \c-I-n shv Bbp[w-sImv
Xs hbdv Ipn-o-dn-sm-t-bn-cn-pw. B Bbp[w Ahs
ssIbn Ftmgpw Dm-bn-cn-pw.'' (_pJm-cn)
B-lXy sImSnb Ipw; Atm sImp-Ip-n-Isf sImv
B-lXy sNp-tXm? AXns Kuc-hhpw ]m]hpw inbpw
Fm-hn[ k-]pw IW-p-Iq--ep-Ipw AXo-X-a-s{X.
AXn-\m ac-Wm-\--c-ap imiz-X-Po-hnXw \jvS-sSpn \c-Im-
h-Im-in-bm-Im Xocp-am-\n-p-dh am{Xta B-lXy sNp-I-bp-
q. B-lXy sNp-, at\m-tcm-Kn-If - - m Bpw B sImSnb
in-bn\nv c-s-Sm-\m-hn-. kzbw Poh-s\m-Sp-p--h \c-
Im-hI
- m-in-If
- m-sWv aXw kwi-bm-Xo-Xa - mbn hy-am-n-bn-cn-pp.
]cn-lm-c-an-m ]m]w
B-lXy ]m]-am-sWv Fm ssZh-hn-izmkn-Ifpw AwKo-I-
cn-pp. sjbvIvkv]nb-dns hnizhnJym-X IYm-]m-{X-amb lmwsev
sImSnb \ncm-i--Sn-s--tm B-l-Xysb kw_-nv Nnn-p.
AXv Acp-Xm--Xm-sW t_m[-amWv Abmsf XS-p-\np--
Xv. acWw sImXn lmwsev kzbw DcpIn Cm-Xm-sb-n Fm-
{K-ln-p-p. ssZhw B-lXy hne-n-bn-m-bn-cp-s-n F{X
\m-bn-cp-p-shv hne-]n-p-p. B-lXy sNbvXm ac-Wm-\-
c PohnXw ]cm-P-b-am-Ip-sa hnizm-k-am-Wv Abmsf Pohn-X-n-
ep-d-n-p-\np--Xv. ]c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-n hniz-kn-p Bpw
B-l-Xy-sb-p-dnv Btem-Nn-p-I-t]mepw km[y-a-.
at-Xp-sX-n\pw ]m]-tam-N\ {]m-\pw {]mb-n--n\pw
]m-m-]-n\pw ka-bhpw Ah-k-c-hp-ap-v. Fm, B-l-
Xy-bn-eqsS acWw hcn-phv ]m]-tam-N-\-nt\m ]m-m-]-
nt\m Ah-kcw InmsX ]m]n-bmbn ]c-temIw {]m]n-t-n-h-cp-
p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs B-l-Xy-bn-eqsS Pohn-X-ah-km-\n-n-p-
-h \c-I-n \nc-cw AtX acWw Bhn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-
59
sav \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n XmoXv \Ip-p. ssZhn-I-am-n
]Sshn apdn-thv thZ\ kln-m-\m-hmsX B-lXy sNbvX Xs
A\p- N - c \v thn- b p acWm\c {]mY- \ - b n (P- \ mk
\akvImc-n) ]s-Sp-msX {]hm-N-I Xncp-ta\n hnp-\n-p-
sh hkvXpX AXns Kuchw hnfn-tm-Xp-p. AXn-\m B-
l-Xy-sb-p-dnv Btem-Nn-p--h-tcmpI: Wn-I-amb Cu Pohn-
X-nse {]bm-k--fn\nv c-s-Sm-\p {iaw imiz-X- \mi-
nepw ITn-\-amb \c-I-in--bn-ep-amWv sIms-n-p-I.

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