Chapter 2

Vocabulary
Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space
Mass: The amount of matter the object contains
Substance: Matter that has a uniform and definite composition
Pure Substance: Contains only one kind of matter
Physical Property: A quality or a condition of a substance that can be measured or observed
without changing the substances composition. Chemical composition of a substance.
Ex. Color ~ Odor ~ Solubility ~ Hardness ~ Density ~ Melting Point
Physical Change: Alteration of a substance with no effect on its only chemical, chemical
composition of substance.
Ex. Boil ~ Freeze ~ Dissolve ~ Melt ~ Condense ~ Break ~ Bend
Chemical Property: Ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction; changing from one
state to another.
Ex. Ability of wood to burn and form carbon dioxide
Chemical Change: The changing of one substance to another.
Ex. Iron turning into rust

States of Matter
Solid: Have a definite shape and volume and cannot be compressed
Liquid: Takes on shape of its container and has a definite volume
Gasses: Takes on shape and volume of its container. Particles are far apart and can be easily
compressed. (Refers to a substance that is a gas a room temperature)
Ex. Nitrogen, Oxygen
Vapor: Gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature
Ex. Steam, water vapor

Scientific Method
Scientific Method: a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a problem.
Hypothesis: A proposed explanation or reason for what is observed.
Experiment: A means of testing a hypothesis.
Independent Variable: Variable that can be manipulated
Dependent Variable: Responding variable dependent on the independent.
Constant: Factor/variable that is not allowed to change
Control: Serves as a standard for competitions
Theory: generalization that explains a body or facts about a body
Scientific Law: Constance statements Constance statement that summaries to get results.

Mixtures
Mixture: Physical blend of two or more substances. Remember that the composition of
mixtures may vary.
Heterogeneous Mix: Not uniform in composition.
Ex. Dinner salad
Homogeneous Mix: Components are equally distributed throughout the mixture.
Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions.
Ex. Salt water
Phase: Any part of a system with uniform composition and properties. Homogeneous mixtures
only have 1 phase. Vinegar and oil create two phases.

Elements
Element: Simplest form of matter that can exist under normal laboratory conditions. Cannot be
separated.
Ex. Carbon, Hydrogen
Compound: Substance that can be separated into simpler substances only by chemical means.
Ex: Heating a substance

Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction: One or more substances change into different substances.
Reactants: The starting substances in a chemical reaction
Products: The substance formed in a chemical reaction

Law of Conservation of Mass: In a physical or chemical reaction mass is neither created nor
destroyed. That is, the mass of the reactants.