LGS ]co-£Ifn¬-

Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS 1500 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-

16. ameXoam[hw cNn®Xmcv

17. DØccma-N-cn-X-Øn-s‚- I¿-Øm-hv-
Ãmen≥ 52.- -{]m-No-\- Im-e-sØ- _m-Iv-{Sn-b- G-Xv- cm-
Py-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-?-
18.- -{io-cm-a-]-´m-`n-tj-Iw- h-sc-bp-≈- cm-a-N- 36. sF-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k`- - cq-]h
- X
- vI
- c
- W
- Ø
- n-s‚- 53.- -Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-em- {I-a-Øn¬- B-
cn-Xw- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈- a-lm-ho- N¿-®-bn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- tkm-hn-b-‰v- `-c- Zy- cm-Pyw-
c-N-cn-Xw- F-gpXnbXmcv Wm-[n-Im-cn- 54.- -Up-dm-‚ v- sse-≥ {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-sb- G-
37.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- k-a-b- Xv- cm-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- th¿-Xn-cn-®n-cp-
kp{_aWy`mcXn sØ- tkm-hn-b-‰v- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- ∂-Xv-?-
38.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w- \-S-°p-tºmƒ- 55.- -{]m-No-\-C-¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂- Km-
19. Xan-gv-\m-´n-se- tZ-io-b-I-hn-
tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-≥ `-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xm-cv- ‘m-cw- C-t∏mƒ- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-?-
20.- -Hm-Sn-hn-f-bm-Sp-]m-∏- F-∂- {]-i-kv-X-am-b-
39.- s- e-\n-s‚- ]n-≥Km-an-bm-bn- tkm-hn-b‰
- v- bq- 56.- -km¿-°n-se- F-´m-a-sØ- Aw-Kw-
tZ-i-`-‡n-Km-\-Øn-s‚- I¿-Øm-hv-
Wn-b-\n¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- h-∂-Xm-cv- 57.- -Im-‘-lm¿- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-?-
21.- -h-tµ-am-X-cw- X-an-gn-te-°v- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-
40.- -]p-tcm-K-Xn-°m-bn- ]-©-h-’-c- ]-≤-Xn- 58.- -_m-_-dp-sS- i-h-Ip-So-cw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-
Sp-Øn-b-Xm-cv-
22.- -B-\-bp-sS- N-hn-t´-‰v- ]-cn-°p-I-sf-Øp-S¿- Wv-?-
∂v- a-c-W-a-S-™- X-an-gv- Ihn 59.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- bp.Fkv.˛{_n´ojv
tk\Iƒ Operation Enduring
`qa[ytcJ Freedom \S∏m-°n-b-Xv-
60.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- `m-j-b-I-fm-Wv- Zm-cn,-
23. ]qPyw- Un-{Kn- A-£mw-iw- G-Xp- t]-cn¬- ]m-jv-tXm- F-∂n-h-?-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p- 61.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tZ-io-b-Km-\-am-Wv- an-
AÆmZpssc 24.- `- u-tam-]c - n-Xe
- Ø
- n¬- h-kvX - p-°ƒ-°v- G- √n- X-cm-\-?-
1. AÆm F∂ A]c\maØn¬ Adnb- ‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- `m-cw- A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-
s∏-´- t\-Xm-hv- Xv- G-Xv- `u-a-im-kv-{X-tc-J-bn-em-Wv- B{^n°
2.- -{Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-I-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]- 25.- -G-Xv- `q-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv- tUmƒ-{Uw-kv-
D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv- 62. sFIy-cm-jv{- S-k` - b
- n¬- Aw-KX
- z-ap-≈- cm-
I-≥ Py-߃- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- `q-J-Wv-
3.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-cp-sS- i-h-kw-kv-Im-c-®-S- 26.- G- X- v- `u-ai - m-kv{- X-tc-Jb - n-em-Wv- G-‰h
- pw-
Ip-d-hv- Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿-j-W-_-ew- A-\p-`- Uw-
ßn-em-Wv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-t]¿- ]-s¶- 63.- -G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-Wv- lp-Xp,- Sp-Sv-kn- P-
Sp-Ø-Xv- h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
27.- D- Ø
- c - m¿-[t- Km-fs - a-∂pw- Z-£n-Wm¿-[t- Km- \-hn-`m-Kw- A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂-Xv-
4.- -1967˛¬- a-{Zm-kv- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xm-cv- 64.- -{Sm-≥kv-hmƒ- bp-≤-Øn-\p- (H-∂mw- t_m-
5.- -sN-ss∂- a-do-\m- _o-®n¬- Fw-Pn-B-dn- f-sa-∂pw- `q-an-sb- hn-`P - n-°p-∂- tc-J-
28.- -G - ‰ - h pw- h- e n- b - t{K- ‰ v - k¿- ° nƒ- G- b¿- bp-≤w-)- th-Zn-bm-b- `q-J-Wv-Uw-
t‚-Xp-Iq-Sm-sX- G-Xv- ap-≥ X-an-gv-\m-Sv- ap- 65.- -In-fn-a-Rv-Pm-tcm- ]¿-h-Xw- ÿn-Xn- sN-
Jy-a-{¥n-bp-sS- i-h-Ip-So-c-am-Wp-≈Xv Xm- W v - Iƒ- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- B-Zy-sØ- cm-Pyw-
29.- -cm-{Xn-bp-sS-bpw- ]-I-en-s‚-bpw- \o-fw- Xp- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\m-W.v- B-cm-Wv- A-
BKam\µ kzmanIƒ ey-am-Ip-∂-Xv- kq-cy-≥ G-Xv- tc-J-bv-°v- Xn-s‚- D]⁄mXmhv?
ap-I-fn¬- h-cp-tºm-gm-Wv- 41. Ioseb Besarionis dze Jugashvili GXv
6. Im-e-Sn- A-ssZz-Xm-{i-a-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]- 30.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- A-£-mwitcJ t]-cn-em-Wv- tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- {]-kn-
I- ≥ ≤≥?
7.- -]q¿-hm-{i-a-Øn¬- Ir-jv-W-≥ \-ºym-Xn- sImssU°\m¬
cn- F-∂p-t]-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- B-flo-bm-Nm-
cy-≥ 31. C¥y-bn¬- tkm-fm¿- H-_v-k¿-th-‰-dn- Sqdnkw
8.- -Im-e-Sn-bn¬- {io-i-¶-c- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- 42. tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-Xv- h-Ip-∏n-s‚- ]-c-ky-
]n-®-Xm-cv- 32.- - { ]n-≥k-kv- Hm-^v- ln¬-tÃ-j-≥kv- F- hm-Iy-am-Wv- ssZ-h-Øn-s‚- kz-¥w- \m-Sv-
9.- -k-\m-X-\- [¿-a- hn-Zym¿-Yn- kw-L-Øn- ∂- d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v - 43.- - \ n-im-K-‘n- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-
s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥ bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xv- h-Ip-∏m-Wv-
10.- -{]-_p-≤-tI-c-fw- F-∂- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- 44.- -G-Xv- h-Ip-∏m-Wv- {Km-≥Uv- tI-c-f- tjm-
B-cw-`n-®Xv ∏nw-Kv- s^-Ãn-h-en-s‚- kw-L-mSI¿ øp-∂- `q-J-Wv-Uw-
66.- -ss\¬- \-Zn- H-gp-Ip-∂- h-≥I-c-
B\n akv{Io≥ Im¿_¨ 67.- -G-Xv- `q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- `m-j-bm-Wv- kzm-
45. `qanbn¬ Poh\Snÿm\amb aqeIw ln-en-
11. XncphnXmwIqdnse Qm≥kndmWn
46. F¥ns‚ hIt`ZamWv Nm¿t°mƒ 68.- - s _¿-s_¿- P-\-X- A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂- h-
F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv
47. F√m Hm¿Km\nIv kwbp‡ßfnepw ≥I-c-
12. Xncp˛sIm®n Ncn{XØnse GI
ASßnbn´p≈ aqeIw 69.- -lp-Sp,- Sp-Sv-kn- P-\-X- A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂-
h\nXm a{¥n
48. {Kmss^‰v F¥ns‚ hIt`ZamWv h-≥I-c-
13. a{¥nÿm\w hln® BZy aebmfn
49. AWpkwJy Bdv Bb aqeIw 70.- - H -´-I-∏-£n-bp-sS- P-∑-tZ-iw-
h\nX
14. tIcfØn¬\n∂p≈ BZy h\nX 33.- - s X- t °- C- ¥ y- b n¬- A- t a- c n- ° - ° m¿- 50. h{Pw GXns‚ G‰hpw ip≤amb 71.- H - f
- n-ºn-Ivk - n-\v- C-Xp-hs
- c- th-Zn-bm-Im-Ø-
cq]amWv `q- J - W v - U - w
temIvk`mwKw ÿm-]n-®- kp-J-hm-k-tI-{µw-
`h`qXn 34.- -]-f-\n- ln¬-kn¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- kp- A^vKm\nÿm≥ AIv_¿
J-hm-k-tI-{µw-
15. I\ymIp_v P Ønse btimh¿as‚ 35.- -tUmƒ-^n-≥kv- t\m-kv- F-∂- ]m-d- ÿn- 51. GXv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv- Im- 72. GXv- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- k-Z- n-
Xn-sN-øp-∂- ln¬- tÃ-j-≥ _qƒ- em-Wv- Xm-≥sk-≥ Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv-
Bÿm\ kZky≥

001

73.- G- X- v- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Im-eØ
Wv- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- C-¥y-bn-te-°v-
]p-I-bn-e- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-
74.- -kz-¥w- i-h-Ip-So-cw- cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-
X- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
75.- -hn-[-h- kz-ta-[-bm- B-{K-ln-°m-Ø-]-
£w- k-Xn- A-\p-jv-Tm-\w- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv-
hn-e-°n-b- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
76.- -k-_v-Zn- F-∂- `q-\n-Ip-Xn- k-{º-Zm-bw- \-
S-∏m-°n-b- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
77.- -1583˛¬- C-em-ln- I-e-≠¿- B-cw-`n-®- ap-
Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
78.- -1579˛¬- A-{]-am-Zn-Xz- {]-Jym-]-\w- \-S-
Øn-b- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
79.- -B-cp-sS- hn-iz-kv-X- kp-lr-Øpw- k-Z-ky-
\p-am-bn-cp-∂p- _o¿-_¬-
80.- B- c - p-sS- [-\a
- {- ¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- cm-Pm- tXm-
U¿-a¬-
81.- -G-Xv- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv- U-°m-
¨- Io-g-S-°p-∂-Xn¬- B-Zyw- {i-≤- sN-
ep-Øn-b-Xv?
Ael_mZv
82. -D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w-
83.- -\m-j-W¬- A-°m-Z-an- Hm-^v- k-b-≥k-
kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
84.- -A-√m-lp-hn-s‚- \-K-cw- F-∂¿-Yw-h-cp-∂-
t]-cv- A-Iv-_¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn- \¬-In-b- \-
K-cw-
85.- -A-an-Xm-`v- _-®-≥ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv- tImw-π-
Iv-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-?-
86.- -1910˛¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- \yq-an-kv-am-‰n-Iv- 113.- -]-\m-a- I-\m¬- ]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-sØ-
skm-ssk-‰n- Hm-^v- C-¥y- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-
87.- -C-¥y-bn-se- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬- G-‰-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-߃- A-[n-Im-c-]-cn-
[n-bn¬- h-cp-∂- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-
88.- -C-¥y-≥ Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- k-a-bw- I-W-°m-
°p-∂- 82.-5 Un-{Kn- tc-Jmw-iw- I-S∂
- p-t]m- 116.- -tem-I-Øn-se- {]-ap-J- hn-I-kn-X- cm-Py-
Ip-∂- \-K-cw-
89.- -t\m¿-Øv- sk-≥{S¬- sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS-
B-ÿm-\w-
90.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- N-´-߃-
ew-Ln-®p- F-∂v- hn-[n-®- (1975)- tIm-S-Xn- 118.- -{Ko-\n-®v- tc-J-bpw- `q-a-[y-tc-J-bpw- kw-
G-Xv-
91.- -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- 1923˛¬- sN-b¿-
am-\m-b- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-
A-em-hp-±o-≥ Jn¬-Pn
92.- -ÿn-cw- ssk-\yw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- B-Zy- 121.- -Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-e-bn-se- F-kv- B-
sU¬-ln- kp¬-Øm-≥
93.- -1305˛¬- amƒ-h- Io-g-S-°n-b- sU¬-ln-
kp¬-Øm-≥
94.- -am-en-Iv- Im-^¿- B-cp-sS- hn-iz-kv-X- tk- 122.ap-Kƒ- cm-Pk
\m-\m-b-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-
95.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- `-cn-®- Jn¬-Pn- 123.- -G-Xv- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- A-¥y-
`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
96.- -Pp-\m- Jm-≥ Jn¬-Pn- G-Xp- t]-cn-em-Wv-
C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- {]-i-kv-X-≥
97.- N
- t- µ-e≥
- am-cp-sS- cm-Pyw- sU¬-ln- kp¬-
Øm-t\-‰n-t\m-Sv- tN¿-Ø-Xm-cv- 125.- -U¬-ln-bn¬- tam-´n- a-kv-Pn-Zv- \n¿-an-®-Xv-
98.- -Ip-‰-a-‰- co-Xn-bn¬- `q-\n-Ip-Xn- hy-h-ÿ-
126.- -km-{am-Py-hn-kv-Xr-Xn- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-
B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- B-Zy- sU¬-ln- kp¬- ≠m-bn-cp-∂- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
Øm-≥ 127.- -in-h-Pn-bp-sS- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- ap-Kƒ- N-
99.- -P-em-ep-±o-≥ Jn¬-Pn-bp-sS- ]n-≥Km-an- {I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
128.- - t Km¬- s °m- ≠ - s b- ap- K ƒ- km- { am- P y-
100.- -am-en-Iv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- P-bv-kn-bp-sS- ]-Zv-am-h-
Xv- F-∂- Ir-Xn-bn¬- hn-h-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- tØm-Sp- tN¿-Ø-Xv-
sU¬-ln- kp¬-Øm-≥ 129.- ]
- n-Xm-hv- a-cW
- s
- Ø-Øp-S¿-∂√ - m-sX- knw-
101.- -sX-t°- C-¥y- B-{I-an-®- B-Zy-sØ- lm-k-\-ÿ-\m-b- G-I- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-
sU¬-ln- kp¬-Øm≥ Øn-
130.- -1658˛-se- [¿-a-Sv- bp-≤-Øn-epw- k-ap-K-Vv-
B mw bp-≤-Øn-epw- Zm-c-sb- tXm¬]n®Xmcv
102.\mwcq-]v,- N-{µ-∏q¿- sX¿-a¬- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- 131. ]nXmhns\ XShnem°n A[nImcw
ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w- ]nSns®SpØ apKƒ N{Ih¿Øn(1658)
103.- -\-ta-cn- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-
∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
am¿°v Szbn≥
104.- -_n-lp- {]-[m-\- D¬-k-h-am-b- kw-ÿm- 132.kmaph¬- e-Mv-tlm-¨- ¢-a-≥kv- G-Xp-
\w- t]-cn-em-Wv- {]-kn-≤-\m-b-Xv-
- m- 105.- -{]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- Im-a-cq-]w- F-∂-dn-b- 133.- -G-‰-hpw- a-lm-\m-b- A-ta-cn-°-≥ lyp-a-
s∏-´n-cp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w- dn-Ãm-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- km-ln-Xy-
106.- -am-\-kv- _-tbm-kv-^n-b¿- dn-k¿-hv- ÿn- Im-c-≥
Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w- 134.- -Z- A-Uz-t©-gv-kv- Hm-^v- tSmw- kzm-b¿-
107.- -A-tlmw- cm-P-hw-iw- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn- B-cp-sS- c-N-\-bm-Wv-
cp-∂- {]-tZ-iw- 135.- B- c- m-Wv- Z- A-Uz-t©-gvk
- v- Hm-^v- l-°nƒ-
108.- -bm-¥-t_m- D-S-º-Sn-bn-eq-sS- (1826)- {_n- s_-dn- ^n-≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-
´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-am-b- {]-tZ-iw- 136.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-
109.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tX-bn-e- F-∂v- hn-eyw- t^m-Iv-\¿- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-
Xm-sc-bm-Wv-
137.- -Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass F-∂- Xq-
en-Im-\m-aØ - n¬- km-ln-Xy-cN - \- - \-SØ
- n-
b-Xm-cm-Wv-
138.- -Rm-≥ 1835˛¬- lm-en-tbm-sSm-∏w- h-∂p,-
A-Sp-Ø-h¿-jw- A-Xv- h-cp-tºmƒ- Rm-
≥ H-∏w- t]m-Ipw.- A-√m-Ø-]-£w- F-
s‚- Po-hn-X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \n-
cm-i- A-Xm-bn-cn-°pw-˛- F-∂v- {]kv-Xm-
hn-® km-ln-Xy-Imc\mcv
t^ymZ¿ ZkvXtbhvkvIn
D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
110.- -GX - v- kw-ÿm-\Ø - n-eq-sS-bm-Wv- {_-“] - p-
{X- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Zq-cw- H-gp-Ip-∂X
- v-
111.- -H-‰-s°m-º-≥ Im-≠m-ar-K-Øn-\p- {]-kn-
≤-am-b- Im-kn-cw-K- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-
ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
AXvem‚nIv kap{Zw
112. \yq-tbm¿-°v- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚- Xo-c-
Øm-Wv-
G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-
114.- -sl-dnw-Kv- t]m-≠v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- k-
ap-{Zw-
115.- -t^m-Iv-em-≥Uv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-
Øn-em-Wv-
139.Ip‰-hpw- in-£-bpw- F-∂- t\m-h¬- c-Nn-
߃- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- ®-Xv-
117.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-f-ap-≈- ]¿-h- 140.- -sk-‚ v- ]o-t‰-gv-kv-_¿-Kn-se- hn-π-h-k-Jy-
X-\n-c-bm-b- A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- dn-Uv-Pv- F-hn- Øn¬- tN¿-∂-Xn-\p- a-c-W-in-£- hn-[n-
sS-bm-Wv- °-s∏-s´-¶n-epw- A-h-km-\-\n-an-jw- in-
£-bn¬- C-f-hv- e-`n-®v- ssk-_o-cn-b-bn-
K-an-°p-∂- t]m-bn-‚ v- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn- te-°v- \m-Sp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´- d-jy-≥ km-ln-
em-Wv- Xy-Im-c-≥
119.- -B-{^n-°,- A-ta-cn-°- h-≥I-c-Iƒ-°n-S- 141.- -Z- {_-tZ-gv-kv- Im-c-a-tkm-hv- F-∂- Ir-Xn-
- bn¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- k-ap-{Zw-
120.- -B-a-tkm-¨- \-Zn- ]-Xn-°p-∂- k-ap-{Zw-
B-cm-sW-gp-Xn-b-Xv-
142.- -s]-cp-º-S-hw- {io-[-c-≥ c-Nn-®- H-cp- k-
¶o¿-Ø-\w-t]m-se- F-∂- t\m-h-en¬- I-
Ir-Xn-bn¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ kap{Zw Ym-]m-{X-am-b- d-jy-≥ t\m-h-en-Ãv-
143.- -C-Un-b-‰v- F-∂- I-rXn cNn®Xmcv
HudwKko_v
- Z-  
- n¬- kw-Ko-Xh - pw- \r-Ø-
Hmkvt{Senb
hpw- \n-tcm-[n-®- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn- 144.G‰hpw ]c∂ h≥Ic
145.At°jy tZiob hr£amb cmPyw 175.- -Z-£n-tW-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-
hn- { i- a - ÿ m- \ - a m- W v - Hu- d w- K - _ m- Z n¬- 146.XpS¿®bmbn aq∂p {]mhiyw
ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv- temII∏v {In°‰n¬ tPXm°fmb 176.- -Z-£n-tW-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-
124.- -G-‰-hpw- \n-jv-Tp-c-\m-b- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿- cmPyw
Øn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- 147.Bjkv {In°‰v ]cºcbn¬
002
Cw•≠nt\mSv G‰pap´p∂ cmPyw
148.temIØmZyambn _me‰v t]∏¿
D]tbmKn® cmPyw
149.G‰hpw- hn-kvX - o¿-Ww- Ip-d™
- - h-≥I-c-
150.- -A-·n-]¿-h-X-ß-fn-√m-Ø- h-≥I-c-
151.- -k-©n-ar-K-߃- s]m-Xp-th- G-Xv- h-≥I-
c-bn-em-Wv- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
152.- -ap-´-bn-Sp-∂- k-kv-X-\-ß-sf- km-[m-c-W-
am-bn- Im-Wp-∂- h-≥I-c-
153.- -Pq-en-b- Kn-em¿-Uv- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- {]-
Y-a- h-\n-Xm- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-b-mWv
_w•mtZiv
154.]pgIfp-sS-bpw- ssI-h-gn-I-fp-sS-bpw- \m-
Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
155.- -C-¥y- ]n-∂n-´v- Kw-K- {]-th-in-°p-∂-Xv- G-
Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
156.- -C-¥y-bp-am-bn- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Zq-cw-
A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
157.- C- ¥ - y-bp-sS- k-lm-bt- Øm-sS- 1971˛¬- kz-
X-{¥-am-b- cm-Pyw-
158.- - C - ¥ y- s b- ° q- S m- s X- c- _ o- { µ- \ m- Y v - Sm-
tKm¿- tZ-io-b-Km-\w- c-Nn-®- cm-Pyw-
159.- -C-¥y-sb-°q-Sm-sX,- tdm-b¬- _w-Kmƒ-
ssS-K¿- tZ-io-b-ar-K-am-b- cm-Pyw-
160.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- 1946˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn- k-
am-[m-\-Zu-Xy-Øn-\p-t]m-b- \-h-Jm-en-
161.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-\m-Wv- am-\p-jn-I- ]-cn-K-
W-\-bp-sS- t]-cn¬- C-¥y- Xo-≥ _n-K-
tIm-dn-tUm¿- hn-´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv-
162.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hm-Wv-
ap-Po-_v- d-“m-≥?-
163.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\m-bn-
{]-h¿-Øn-®- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- ap-‡n-_m-
ln-\n.-
164.- - G - X v - cm- P y- Ø p- h - ® m- W v - k- ® n- ≥ sS-
≥Up¬-°¿- \q-dm-a-sØ- sk-©z-dn- Xn-
I-®-Xv-
165.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-am-Wv- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-°v- a-c-
Wm-\-¥-c- _-lp-a-Xn-bm-bn- kzm-[o-\-Xm-
k-Ω-t\m-\- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- \¬-In-b-Xv.-
166.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- ]m¿-e-sa-‚m-Wv- Pm-Xn-
b- k-Mv-k-Zv-
167.- -km¿-°n-s‚- B-Zy- D-®-tIm-Sn-°v- th-Zn-
bm-b- cm-Pyw-
168.- -km¿-°n-s‚- B-Zy- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-em-
bn-cp-∂- A-_v-Zpƒ- A-lv-k-≥ G-Xv- cm-
Py-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p-
169.- -Nn-‰-tKmw-Kv- Xp-d-ap-Jw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-
Wv-
170.- -sh-≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
t]¿- a-c-W-a-S-bp-∂- cm-Pyw-
171.- -ssa-{Xn- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- C-¥y-sb- G-Xp-
cm-Py-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-
172.- -ssa-t{Im- ^n-\m-≥kn-s‚- ]n-Xm-sh-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\- tP-Xm-
hm-b- (2006)-ap-l-Ω-Zv- bq-\p-kv- G-Xv- cm-
Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-
173.- -tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- N-Ww- D¬-
]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-
174.- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-SØ
XvI- c
- p-∂X - n-\m-bn- cq-]h
- n-°p-∂- Im-h¬- k¿-°m¿- Xn-cs - ™-
- -
Sp-∏v- \-SØ- m-≥ hy-hÿ - b
- p-≈- cm-Pyw-
d-™- cm-Pyw-
X- Iq-Sn-b cmPyw
 s_¬Pnbw 202.- -G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d-™- km-ln-Xy-
s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hv-
b- km-º-Øn-I- i-‡n-
240.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ^p-Sv-
269.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- A-
Xn¿-Øn- A-ta-cn-°-bv-°pw- G-Xp- cm-Py-
177.\mt‰m-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm- 203.- -Pw-Knƒ- _p-°v- B-cp-sS- c-N-\-bm-Wv- t_mƒ- tÃ-Un-bß - f
- n-sem-∂m-b- a-c° - m- Øn-\p-an-S-bv-°m-Wv-
Wv- 204.- -Inw- F-∂- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv- \- tÃ-Un-bw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- 270.- -tem-I-Øv- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬- c-≠mw-
178.- -^v-sf-an-jv- {]-tZ-iw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- 205.- -au-Kv-fn- F-∂- I-Ym-]m-{Xw- B-cp-sS- kr- 241.- -tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-∏n- D¬- ÿm-\-ap-f-f- cm-Pyw-
179.- -A-t‰m-an-bw- F-∂- kv-am-c-Iw- G-Xv- cm- jv-Sn-bm-Wv- ]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw- 271.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-ew- kz-¥-am-b- cm-
Py-Øm-Wv- 206.- -C-^v- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-cm- 242.- t- Z-io-b- ]-Xm-Ib - n¬- ^p-Svt- _m-fn-s‚- Nn- Pyw-
180.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- ]-S-°-fw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp- Wv- {X-ap-≈- cm-Pyw- 272.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- X-Sm-I-ß-fp-≈- cm-
∂- cm-Pyw- 207.- - 1 865˛¬- apw- s s_- b n¬- P- \ n- ® - s\m-243.- -X-]m¬- Ãm-ºv- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b- c-≠m-a- Py-w
181.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- ]-Wn-∏p-c- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp- t_¬- tP-Xm-hv- sØ- cm-Pyw-
∂- cm-Pyw- 208.- -B-cp-sS- B-fl-I-Ym-]-c-am-b- c-N-\-bm- 244.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hy- sdmWmƒUv tdmkv
182.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- tIm-°v-]n-‰v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏- Wv- kw-Xn-Mv- Hm-^v- ssa-sk¬-^v h-km-b-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b- cm-Pyw- 273. ate-dn-b-bp-sS- ]-cm-Z-Po-hn- sIm-Xp-Im-
Sp-∂- cm-Pyw- 245.- -t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°-s∏-Sp- sW-∂v- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xm-cv-
183.- -B-Un-hv- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- c-l-kym- Idp∏v ∂- G-I- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw- 274.- -1857˛¬- D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Un-se- A¬-tam-
t\z-j-W- hn-`m-K-am-Wv- 246.- t- em-IØ - n-s‚- Im-∏n-°S- h - v- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-
209. ]php-Iƒ-°v- s]m-Xp-th- Im-Ws - ∏-Sm-Ø- d-bn¬- H-cp- {_n-´o-jv- Hm-^o-k-dp-sS- a-
184.- -dp-hm-≠- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tIm-f-\n- Sp- ∂ - km- t ‚m- k v - Xp- d - a p- J w- G- X v - cm- Py-
\n-dw- I-\m-bn- P-\n-®- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hv-
bm-bn-cp-∂p- Øm- W v -
210.- _
- l - n-cm-Im-i- k-©m-cn-°v- B-Im-iw- G- 275.- -c-≠m-a-sØ- ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X- s\m-t_-
185.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- hn-am-\-k¿-ho-km- 247.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tdm-a-≥ I-tØm-en-
Xp- \n-d-Øn¬- Im-W-s∏-Spw- en-\v- A¿-l-\m-b-Xm-cv-
Wv- k-_o-\- °-cp-≈- cm-Pyw-
211.- -{]-]-©-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- 276.- -s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\-Øn-\v- A¿-l-\m-b-
186.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- h-S-°-≥ {]-tZ-i-am-Wv- 248.- G- X
- -v cm-Py-sØ- \r-Øc - q-]a - m-W-v kmw-_?
212.- -{]-Xn-tj-[w- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn- B-Zy-sØ- Cw-Kv-fo-jp-I-mc≥ (1902)
^v-fm-≥tU-gv-kv-
°p-∂- sIm-Sn-bp-sS- \n-dw-
187.- -hm-´¿-eq- G-Xv- cm-PyØv
213.- -A-®-Sn- cw-K-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D-]-
Im\U ]pcn
sFIycmjv{S k` tbm-Kn-°p-∂- \n-dw- 249. GXv- cm-Py-Øm-W-v {_n-´n-j-v sIm-fw-_n-b-
214.- -A-¥-co-£-an-s√-¶n¬- B-Im-i-Øn-s‚- 250. Iyq-_-Iv- F-∂- {^-©v- kw-km-cn-°p-∂-
277. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- tKm-h¿-[-\-a-Tw- ÿm-]n-
®-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
188. eoKv- Hm-^v- t\-j≥ - kn-s‚- ]n-≥Km-an- F- \n-dw- {]-hn-iy- Cw-•o-jv- ap-Jy-`m-j-bm-b- H-cp- 278.- -P-K-∂m-Y-t£-{Xw- F-hn-sS- ÿn-Xn-sN-
∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- {]-ÿm-\w- 215.- -C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv- I-W-£-\n¬- F¿-Øv- h-b- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-Wv.- G-Xm-Wv- cm- øp-∂p-
189.- -26 cm-Py-߃- H-∏p-sh-®- sF-Iy-cm-jv{- S- dn-s\- s]m-Xp-th- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- \n-dw- Pyw-?- 279.- -P-b-tZ-h-I-hn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- P-\n-®-Xv-
{]-Jym-]\ - w- G-Xv- kw-LS- \ - b
- p-sS- cq-]- 216.- -F-√m- \n-d-ß-sf-bpw- B-Kn-c-Ww- sN-øp- 251.- -\n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bv-°v- G-‰-hpw- i-‡- 280.- c
- t- Ym-¬khØn\p {]kn≤amb \Kcw
h-XvI - c
- W
- h - p-am-bn- _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p- ∂- {]-X-ew- G-Xv- \n-d-Øn¬- Im-W-s∏- am-b- D-]-cn-k-`-bp-≈- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv-
190.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- cm-Pym-
¥-c- kw-L-S-\-
Sp-∂p-
217.- -F-en-hn-j-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- kn-¶v-
amß
191.- 1- 945 H-Ivt- Sm-_¿- 24\v- \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - - kw- t^m-kv-ss^-Un-s‚- \n-dw- 281. C¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-^-ew- F-∂p- hn-ti-
L-S-\-tb-Xv- 218.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Xm-]w- B-Kn-c-Ww- jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
192.- c- ≠- mw- tem-Ia - l
- m-bp-≤Ø- n-s‚- A-hk - m- sN-øm-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- \n-dw- 282.- ]- g
- ß- f - p-sS- cm-Pm-hv- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- v-
\-tØm-sS- \n-eh - n¬-h∂- - kw-LS- \ - - 219.- -N-{µ-\n¬-\n-∂v- t\m-°n-bm¬- B-Im-iw- 283.- -G-Xn-s‚- k-ky-im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv- am-
193.- -A-‰v-em-‚ n-kv- Nm¿-´¿- G-Xv- kw-L-S-\- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- \n-dw- ≥Pn-s^-d- C-≥Un-°-
bp-sS- cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏- 220.- s
- a-em-\n-s‚- km-∂n-[yw- X-ea- p-Sn-°v- \¬- 284.- a
- ¬-tKm-h,- A¬-t^m-≥k,- _-¶-\-∏-≈n-
´n-cn-°-p∂p Ip-∂- \n-dw F-∂n-h- G-Xv- hr-£-Øn-s‚- C-\-ß-
fm-Wv-
^tØ]q¿ kn{In {_ko¬ 285.- -ln-µp-ÿm-s‚- X-\-Xm-b- ^-ew- F-∂v-
ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn- _m-_¿- hn-ti-jn-
194. AIv-_¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn- \n¿-an-®- X-e- 221. ]m‚\m¬- N-Xp-∏p-\n-ew- G-Xv- cm-Py- ∏n-®-Xv- G-Xn-s\-bm-Wv-
ÿm-\w- Øm-Wv- 286.- -GX - -v hn-fb- p-sS- C-\a
- m-W-v tIm-´p-t°-mWw
195.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- I-
222.- -^p-Sv-t_mƒ- cm-Pm-hv- s]-se-bp-sS- cm-
cm-Pyw-
hm-S-am-b- _p-e-µv- Z¿-hm-k- G-Xn-s‚- I-
hm-S-am-Wv-
Pyw-
223.- -`q-a-[y-tc-J-bpw- Z-£n-Wm-b-\-tc-J-bpw- 252.- -]-cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-L-S-\-bm-b- {Ko-≥]o-kv- U¬ln
196.- -P-lmw-Ko¿- P-\n-®-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂- G-I- cm-Pyw- B-ÿm-\w- (hm-≥Ip-h¿-)- G-Xv- cm-Py- 287. ]pcmW- {]-kn-≤-am-b- C-{µ-{]-ÿw- C-
197.- A
- I- v_
- d - p-sS- B-cm-[y-]p-cp-j\ - m-bn-cp-∂-
224.- -aq-ey-h¿-[n-X- \n-Ip-Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-b- B- Øm-Wv- t∏mƒ- G-Xv- t]-cn-em-Wv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
sj-bv-Jv- k-enw- Nn-Ãn-bp-sS- i-h-Ip-So- Zy-sØ- em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw- 253.- -]-›n-am¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en- ∂-Xv-?-
cw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- 225.- -B-a-tkm-¨-\-Zn- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Zq- b- cm-Pyw- 288.- -]p-cm-X-\- C-¥y-bn-se- tem-l- km-t¶-
198.- -sdm-am-≥kv- C-≥ tÃm-¨- F-∂-dn-b-s∏- cw- H-gp-Ip-∂- cm-Pyw- 254.- -`q-an-bp-sS- D-Ø-c- Im-¥n-I- {[p-hw- ÿn- Xn-I- hn-Zy-°v- \n-Z¿-i\- a
- m-b- C-cp-ºv- Xq-
Sp-∂- \-K-cw- 226.- -B-Zy-sØ- `u-a- D-®-tIm-Sn-°v- th-Zn-bm- Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-\v- k-ao- Wv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v-
199.- -A-I_ v- ¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn- 1575˛¬- C-_Z- Ø - v-
b- cm-Pyw- ]-am-Wv- 289.- -]r-Yzn-cm-Pv- Nu-lm-≥ F-hn-S-sØ- A-
Jm-\- ]-Wn-Ig- n-∏n-®X - v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
227.- -cm-Pym-¥-c- Zm-cn-{Zy- ]-T-\- tI-{µw- G-Xv- 255.- -a-™n-s‚- \m-Sv- h-km-\- ln-µp- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂p-
200.- -P-e-Zu¿-e-`yw-Im-c-Ww- 1585˛¬- A-Iv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- 256.- A
- t- a-cn-°≥ - sF-Iy-\m-Sp-Is - f-°q-Sm-sX- 290.- -^n-tdm-kv- jm- tIm-Sv-e- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
_¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn- D-t]-£n-®- X-e-ÿm- 228.- -D-Ø-cm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-epw- Z-£n-Wm¿-[- aq-∂p- k-ap-{Z-ß-fp-am-bn- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]- 291.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- kn.-F-≥.-Pn.- _-kv-
\- \-K-cw tKm-f-Øn-ep-am-bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- G- ¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- ]-ªn-Iv- {Sm-≥kv-t]m¿-´v- \-
‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw- 257.- -A-ta-cn-°-bv-°pw- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-\p-an- S-∏m-°n-b- \-K-cw-
dpUvbm¿Uv InπnwKv 229.- -d-∫-dn-s‚- P-∑-tZ-iw- S-bv-°m-Wv- \-bm-{K- sh-≈-®m-´w-
258.- C
- S- p-°n- A-Ws - °-´n-s‚- \n¿-am-WØ
- n¬-
292.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B¿-°n-tbm-f-
Pn-°¬- ]m¿-°v- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- \-K-cw-
201. s\m-t_¬- km-ln-Xy- k-Ωm-\-Øn-\v- 230.- -em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°-≥ \r-Ø-cq-]-am-b- kmw- k-l-I-cn-®- cm-Pyw-
_- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- 293.- -1192˛-se- c-≠mw- X-ssd-≥ bp-≤w- F-hn-
B-Zy-am-bn- A¿-l-\m-b- Cw-Kv-fo-jv- km- 259.- -en-√n-bp-sS- \m-Sv-
231.- -F-√m- tem-I-I-∏v- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- Sq¿-W- sS-bm-Wv- ap-…nw- `-c-W-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-
ln-Xy-Im-c-≥ 260.- -F-hn-S-sØ- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS- h-k-Xn-
sa-‚ n-epw- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- G-I- cm-Pyw- d-bn-´-Xv-
232.- G- ‰ - h
- pw- h-en-b- em-‰n-\t- a-cn-°≥ - cm-Pyw- bm-Wv- 24 k-k-Iv-kv- ss{U-hv- 294.- -1857˛-se- hn-πh- I
- m-eØ
- v- _-lZ- q¿-jm-bp-
233.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-h-iyw- tem-I-I- 261.- -G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- tIm-a-¨- sS- ]p-{X-≥am-sc- h-[n-®t- i-jw- i-co-cw-
∏v- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- kz-¥-am-°n-b- cm-Pyw- sh¬-Øv- Aw-K-cm-Pyw- P-\ß - ƒ-°v- Xm-°o-sX-∂h - Æ- w- {]-Z¿-in-
234.- H- f
- n-ºn-Ivk- n-\v- B-Xn-tY-bX - zw- h-ln-°m- 262.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈- hn- ∏n-®- Jp-\n- Z¿-hm-k- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
≥t]m-Ip-∂- B-Zy-sØ- sX-t°- A-ta- I-kn-X- cm-jv-{Sw- 295.- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv- h-[n-
cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw- (2016)- 263.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈- cm-
235.- -hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-Øn-epw- P-\-kw-Jy-bn- Pyw-
epw- H-tc- dm-¶p-≈- (5)- tem-IØ - n-se- G- 264.- -h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-
I- cm-Pyw- Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw-
236.- -Nn-en-bpw- C-Iz-tUm-dpw- H-gn-I-bp-≈- a- 265.- -i-‡-am-b- tI-{µ-tØm-Sv-Iq-Sn-b- s^-U-
s‰-√m- cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]- td-j-≥ F-∂- B-i-bw- C-¥y- kzo-I-cn-
¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw- ®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv-
237.- -ss{I-Ãv- Z- sd-Uo-a¿- {]-Xn-a- G-Xv- cm- 266.- -Pq-\n-b¿- A-ta-cn-°- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Py-Øm-Wv- cm-Pyw-
238.- -sXt°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en- 267.- -t{K-‰v- t…-hv- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-
b- cm-Pyw- Wv-
239.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en- 268.- -ta-∏n-fn-s‚- \m-Sv-

003
 °-s∏-´-Xv-
296.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Un-Ã-≥kv- F-Uyp-t°-j-≥
B-cw-`n-®- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-
297.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C- m-an-I- kv-
am-c-I-am-b- Ip-h-Øv- D¬- C-…mw- tam-
kv-Iv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
298.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Iq-
Sn-b- tI-{µ- `-c-W- {]-tZ-iw-
299.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w- sIm¬-°-Ø-
bn¬-\n-∂v- F-hn-tS-°p-am-‰p-sa-∂m-Wv-
tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥ cm-Pm-hv- 1911˛¬- {]-
Jym-]n-®-Xv-
300.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv- h-[n-°-
s∏-´-Xv-
301.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- ayq-kn-bw-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
302.- -C¬-Øp-an-jv- G-Xv- \-K-c-am-Wv- em-tlm-
dn-\p-]-I-cw- X-e-ÿm-\-am-°n-b-Xv-
303.- -Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m¿- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
304.- -jm-P-lm-≥ ap-Kƒ- km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- X-
e-ÿm-\w- F-hn-tS-°m-Wv- am-‰n-b-Xv-
305.- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-X-bn¬- Bƒ-
C-¥ym- Jn-em-^-Øv- tIm-¨-^-d-≥kv- \-
S-∂- ÿ-ew-
306.- -kz-¥-am-bn- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-≈- G-I-
tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-iw-
307.- -lp-a-bq-Wn-s‚- i-h-Ip-So-cw- F-hn-sS-bm-
Wv-
308.- -Nm-µv-\n- Nu-Iv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
309.- -tem-´-kv- sS-ºnƒ- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
310.- -Xn-lm¿- P-bn¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
311.- -Xp-•-°m-_m-Zv- tIm-´- FhnsSbmWv
P¿a\n
312. \ho-I-c-Ww- B-cw-`n-®- cm-Pyw-
313.- -_o-tYm-h-≥ P-\n-®- cm-Pyw-
314.- -{^m-¶v-^¿-´v- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
315.- -{In-kv-a-kv- {So- D-Zv-`-hn-®- cm-Pyw-
316.- -ªm-°v- t^m-d-Ãv- a-e-\n-c-Iƒ- G-Xv- cm-
Py-Øm-Wv-
317.- -A¬-tk-jy-≥ (P¿-a-≥ sj-t^¿-Uv-)-
\m-bv-°-fp-sS- D-Zv-`-hw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-
Wv-?-
318.- -am-Pn-t\m-´v- sse-≥ {^m-≥kpw- G-Xp- cm-
Py-hp-am-bp-≈- A-Xn¿-Øn-bm-Wv-
319.- -ap-ºv- {]-jy- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-
320.- -A-tUmƒ-^v- ln-‰v-e¿- F-hn-Sp-sØ- `-c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
321.- -bp-≤-Øn¬- a-Ãm¿-Uv- Kym-kv- D-]-tbm-
Kn-®- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-
322.- -C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-Xm-°ƒ,-
A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-°m-e-Øv- au-en-Im-h-
Im-i-߃- d-±p- sN-øp-I- F-∂- B-i-
bw- kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-
Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv-
323.- -C-¥y-bp-tS-Xm-b- H-cp- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-
349. Ip≠d hn-fw-_-cw- (1809)- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-
350.- -{_n-´o-jp-Im¿-s°-Xn-sc- t]m-cm-Sp-I-bpw-
351.- X
Ã-Uv-K¿-´n¬- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv- 1907˛¬- am-
Uw- `n-°m-Pn- Im-a-bm-Wv.- G-Xv- cm-Py-
Øm-Wv- Ã-´v-K¿-´v-?-
324.- -dq¿-t°-e- Ão¬- ]v-fm-‚ n-s‚- \n¿-am-W-
Øn¬- k-l-I-cn-®- cm-Pyw-
325.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- hn-am-\-°-º-\n-bm-
Wv- ep-^v-Xm-≥k-
326.- G
- X- v- cm-Py-sØ- Im¿- I-º\ - n-bm-Wv- _n.-
Fw.-U-ªyp-
327.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- Im¿-\n¿-am-Xm-°-fm-Wv-
Hm-Un-
328.- -Im-d¬- am¿-Iv-kv- P-\n-®- cm-Pyw-
329.- -km-ap-h¬- l-\n-am-≥ G-Xp- cm-Py-°m-c-
\m-bn-cp-∂p-
330.- -sF-≥Ão-≥ P-\n-®- cm-Pyw-
331.- -sI-]v-f-dp-sS- kz-tZ-iw-
332.- -t^m-Iv-kv- hm-K-¨- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- hm-
l-\- \n¿-am-Xm-°-fm-Wv-
333.- -tem-I-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- a-\-»m-kv-{X- ]-
co-£-W-im-e- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- ÿm-
]n-®-Xv- ?-
334.- -tUm-_¿-am-≥ \m-bv-°-fp-sS- D-Zv-`-hw- G-
Xv- cm-Py-Ø-mWv?
FhdÃv ]¿hXw
335. temI-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b-
sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-
336.- -{_n-´o-jp-Im¿- ]o-°v-˛-15 F-∂p- t]-cn-´n-
cp-∂- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-tb-Xv-
337.- -t\-∏m-fn¬- k-K¿-am-Xm- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-tb-Xv-
338.- -G-Xp- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-sb-bm-Wv- Sn-_-‰p-Im¿-
tNm-tam-ep-Mv-a- F-∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv-
339.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- k¿-th-b¿- P-\-
d-em-bn-cp-∂- k¿- B-≥{Up- thm-Kv- t]-
cp- \¬-In-b- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- G-Xm-Wv-
]-›n-a-L-´w-
340.- -\o-e-Kn-cn- G-Xn-s‚- `m-K-am-Wv-
341.- -k-lym-{Zn-sb-∂- t]-cn-epw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- a-e-\n-c-
342.- -C-¥y-bn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-en-b- ]¿-h-
X-\n-c-
343.- -A-d-_n-°-S-en-\p- k-am-¥-c-am-b- ]¿-h-
X-\n-c-
344.- -tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- In-g-°p-`m-K-Øp-≈- a-e-
\n-c-
345.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ssP-h-
ssh-hn-[y-ap-≈- {]-tZ-iw-
346.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- {]-[m-\- \-Zn-Iƒ- D-Zv-`-hn-
°p-∂- ]¿-h-X-\n-c-
347.- -Im¿-U-a-aw- ln¬-kv,- B-\-a-e- F-∂n-h-
G-Xv- a-e-\n-c-I-fp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv-
348.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ]¿-
h-X-\-nc
thepغn Zfh
®-Xm-cv-
H-Sp-hn¬- i-{Xp-°-fp-sS- ]n-Sn-b-I-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- a-Æ-Sn- t£-{X-Øn¬-h-®v-
B-fl-l-Xy- sN-øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- tZ-
im-`n-am-\n-
- n-cp-h\
- ¥
- ]- p-cØ
- v- Fw.-Pn.-tdm-Un-\p- k-
ao-]w- sk-{I-t´-dn-b-‰v- h-f-∏n-\p-≈n¬-
004
ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂- {]-Xn-a- B-cp-tS-Xm-
Wv-
352.- -A-hn-´w- Xn-cp-\mƒ- _m-e-cm-a-h¿-a- a-lm-
cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Im-eØ
- v- P-\I- o-b- {]-t£m-
`-Øn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xm-cv-
353.- -B-cp-sS- ar-X-tZ-l-am-Wv- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-
Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- I-Æ-Ωq-e-bn¬- ]-
c-ky-am-bn- Xq-°-nbn´Xv
KpPdmØv
354. A¶te-iz¿- F-Æ-∏m-Sw- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-
\-Øm-Wv-
355.- -C-¥y-bn¬- ]m-gv-kn- (skm-cm-jv-{S-a-X-
°m¿-)- A-`-bm¿-Yn-Iƒ- B-Zy-sa-Øn-b-
ÿ-e-am-b- k-≥Pmw- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
kw-ÿm-\w-
356.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- G-‰h- pw- ]-Sn-™m-dm-bn- ÿn-
Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
357.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \n-e-°-
S-e- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
358.- -C-¥y-bn¬- kz-¥-am-bn- td-Un-tbm- tÃ-
j-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-h-I-em-
im-e-bm-b- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬- k¿-h-I-em-
im-e- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- kw-ÿm-\w-
359.- C- ¥- y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- {]-tXy-I- km-ºØ- n-
I- ta-J-e- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- Xp-d-ap-J-am-
b- Im-≠v-e- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-
\w-
360.- -C-¥y-bn-se- 15a-sØ- kw-ÿm-\w-
361.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- a-ssd-≥ \m-j-
W¬- ]m¿-°m-b- ]n-tdm-´-≥ F-hn-sS-bm-
Wv-
362.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- Xp-d-
ap-J-am-b- ]n-]-hm-hv- \n¿-an-°-∏-´- kw-
ÿm-\w-
363.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Xp-d-ap-J-am-b-
tem-ج- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-
\w-
364.- -cp-{Z-Zm-a-≥ tI-Sp-]m-Sp-Iƒ- Xo¿-Ø- kp-
Z¿-i-\- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øv-
365.- -cq-]w-sIm-≠-\mƒ- ap-X¬- a-Zy-\n-tcm-[-
\w- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-
366.- -C-Xn-lm-k-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
367.- -D-∏n-s‚- D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬- H-∂mw-ÿm-
\-ap-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-
368.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈- kw-
ÿm-\w- (1596 In.-ao.- )-
369.- -k-]p-X-c- ln¬- tÃ-j-≥ G-Xv- kw-ÿm-
\-Øm-Wv-
370.- -Km¿-_- F-∂- \r-Ø-cq-]w- {]-Nm-c-Øn-
ep-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-
371.- -knw-l-߃-°p- {]-kn-≤-am-b- Kn¿- h-\y-
Po-hn-k-t¶-Xw- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- kw-
ÿm-\w-
372.- s- Im-bm-en- F-Æi - p-≤o-Ic
- W
- i- m-e- ÿn-
Xn-sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
373.- -X-]vX
- n- \-Zn-bn-se- I-{Im-∏m-d,- D-Im-bv- ]-405.- s- X-ep-¶p-kn-\n-am-hy-hk
≤-Xn-Iƒ- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
374.- -X-t±-i- ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-te-°p-≈- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p-sN-øp-∂X - v- \n¿-_-
‘n-Xa - m-°n-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm- 406. \nt°m-_m¿- Zzo-]p-I-tfm-Sv- G-‰-hpw- A-
\w-
sslZcm_mZv
375. kem¿-PMv- ayq-kn-bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
376.- -\m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- \p-{Sn-j-
≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
377.- -\-c-kn-l-dm-hp- A-¥y-hn-{i-aw- sIm-≈p-
∂- ÿ-ew-
378.- -\m-j-W¬- dn-tam-´v- sk-≥kn-Mv- G-P-
≥kn-bp-sS- B-kv-Ym-\w- F-h-n-sSbm-Wv
379. \mj-W¬- dq-d¬- dn-k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-
´v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
380.- -\m-j-W¬- t]m-eo-kv- A-°m-Z-an- F-hn-
sS-bm-Wv-
381.- -]n.-hn.- \-c-knw-l-dm-hp- F-en-th-‰-Uv- F-
Iv-kv-{]-kv- th- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv.-
382.- -ap-kn- \-Zo-Xo-c-sØ- {]-[m-\- \-K-cw-
383.- -B-Zy-sØ- B-t{^m-˛-G-jy-≥ sK-bnw-
kn-\p- th-Zn-bm-b- \-K-cw-
384.- -C-¥y- kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- G-‰-hpw-
Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap-≈- \m-´p-cm-
Pyw- I-iv-ao-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬,- P-\-
kw-Jy-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- \m-´p-cm-Pyw- G-
Xm-bn-cp-∂p-?-
385.- C- ¥ - y- kz-X{- ¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- G-‰h - pw- k-
º-∂-am-b- \m-´p- cm-Py-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
386.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- kp-\m-an- ap-∂d- n-bn-∏v- tI-{µw-
ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
387.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {Ko-≥^o¬-Uv-
hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw-
388.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Hm-∏-¨- bq-Wn-
th-gv-kn-‰n-bm-b- tUm.-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-
Zv-I¿- Hm-∏-¨- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w-
389.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ^n-enw- Ãp-
Un-tbm-bm-b- cm-tam-Pn- ^n-enw- kn-‰n- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-
390.- -C-¥y-bn-se- ssl-sS-Iv- kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
391.- -C-≥jp-d-≥kv- d-Kp-te-‰-dn- B-‚ v- U-h-
e-]v-sa-‚ v- A-tXm-cn-‰n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-
392.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- \n-e-bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
393.- -F-b¿- t^m-gv-kv- A-°m-Z-an- F-hn-sS-bm-
Wv-
394.- -F-hn-Sp-sØ- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
ss\-kmw-
395.- -Hm-∏-td-j-≥ t]m-tfm- F-∂- ssk-\n-I-
\-S]- S- n-bn-eq-sS- C-¥y-tbm-Sv- tN¿-Ø- \m-
´p-cm-Pyw-
396.- -Jp-en- Ip-Xv-_v- jm- ÿm-]n-®- X-e-ÿm-
\- \-K-cw-
397.- -jw-jm-_m-Zv- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- C-‚¿-\m-
j-W¬- F-b¿-t]m¿-´v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
398.- -K-®n-_u-fn- tÃ-Un-bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
399.- -k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-
400.- -Nm¿-an-\m¿- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
401.- -Pn-{_mƒ-´¿- ]m-d- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
402.- s- \-{lp- kp-thm-fP - n-°¬- e-b¨ - - k-^m-
cn- ]m¿-°v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
403.- -sa-°m- a-kv-Pn-Zv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
404.- -ssk-_-cm-_m-Zv- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
\-K-cw-
- m-bØ - n-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w
Ct¥m\ojy
Sp-Øm-bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- cm-Pyw-
407.- -`q-a-[y-tc-J- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂- G-I- G-
jy-≥ cm-Pyw-
408.- -1945˛¬- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kn¬-\n-∂v- kzm-
X-{¥yw- {]-Jym-]n-®- cm-Pyw-
409.- -1999˛¬- kz-X-{¥-am-Ipw-ap-ºv- Cu-Ãv- Xn-
tam¿- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- \n-b{- ¥-WØ
em-b-ncp∂p
410. alm-dm-Wn- Kp-l- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
411.- -B-kn-b-≥ F-∂- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
412.- -Cu-Ãv- Xn-tam¿- F-∂- cm-Pyw- kzm-X-
{¥yw- t\-Sn-bX - v- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂m-
Wv-
413.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- k-ap-{Z- A-Xn¿-Øn-
I-fp-≈- cm-Pyw-
414.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-ap-≈- G-
jy-≥cm-Pyw-
415.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- \yq-kv- G-P-≥kn-
bm-Wv- A-‚m-d-
416.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øp-h-®m-Wv- 1955˛¬- _m-
µp-Mv- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂-Xv-
417.- -G-Xp-cm-Py-Øn-s‚- hn-am-\- k¿-ho-km-
Wv- K-cp-U-?-
418.- -H-dm-Mv- D-´m-≥ F-∂- P-¥p-hn-`m-Kw- Im-
W-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
419.- -kp-°¿-tWm- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-‚- cm-jv-{S-
]n-Xm-hm-Wv-
420.- -sa¿-tU-°- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- ]-{X-am-Wv-
421.- s- a-dm-]n- A-·n- ]¿-hX - w- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-
Wv-
422.- -sX-°p-In-g-°-≥ G-jy-bn-se- cm-Py-ß-
fn¬- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b-Xv-
423.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Zzo-]-k-
aq-lw-
424.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-
kw-Jy-bp-≈- Zzo-]m-b- Pm-h- G-Xv- cm-
Py-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-Wv-
425.- -U-®v- Cu-Ãv- C-≥Uo-kv- F-∂v- ap-º-dn-
b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw
kn.hn.cma≥]n≈
426. aebm-fØ - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- N-cn-{Xm-Jym-
bn-I-bm-b- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- (1891)- c-
Nn-®-Xm-cv-
427.- -[¿-a-cm-P- F-∂- t\m-h-en-s‚- I¿-Øm-
hv-
428.- -t{]-am-ar-Xw- B-sc-gp-Xn-b- G-I- km-aq-
ln-I- t\m-h-em-Wv-
429.- -a-e-bm-f-Øn-s‚- kv-tIm-´v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xm-cv-
430.- -cm-a-cm-Pm- _-l-Zq¿- F-∂- t\m-h¬- F- 450.- -F-√m- h¿-j-hpw- B-K-kv-Xn-se- c-≠mw-
gp-Xn-b-Xm-cv-
431.- a- e
- b
- m-fn- sa-tΩm-dn-be
- n-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- ]- 451.- -ap-ºv- ss{]w- an-\n-tÃ-gv-kv- t{Sm-^n- F-
I¿-∂-h-cn-sem-cm-fm-b- km-ln-Xy-I-mc≥
aqß
432. hn-⁄m-\-Øn-s‚- {]-Xo-I-am-bn- I-W-
°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-£n-
433.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-gp-Øv- Xn-cn-°m-≥
I-gn-hp-≈- ]-£n-
434.- -c-≠p- I-Æp-I-fpw- ap-J-Øn-s‚- ap-≥`m-
K-Øp-≈- ]-£n-
435.- -Im-e-t¶m-gn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- G-Xn-
\w- ]-£n-bm-Wv-
436.- -G-‰-hpw- an-I-®- tIƒ-hn-i-‡n-bp-≈- Po-
hn (Barn Owl)
]\º≈n
tKmhnµtat\m≥
437. kzmX{¥yw- In-´p-tºmƒ- sIm-®n-bn¬-
- n-
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
438.- -_m-¶v- tZ-i-km-Xv-I-c-W-k-a-b-Øv- \n-b-
Iaem kpcø hm-em-_m-Kn¬- Iq-´s
ssh-t{km-bn-
- °m-e- \-S∂- t- ∏mƒ-
a-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- a-e-bm-fn- 464. Fs‚- I-Y- F-∂- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv- 490.- -{]-hn-iy-If - n¬- Zzn-`c
- W- - kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-
439.- -sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c-s‚- cm-jv-{So-b-Kp-cp- 465.- -B-sc-gp-Xn-b- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv- \o¿-am-X- hn¬-h∂ - t- ∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂X - v-
440.- -Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- ap- fw- ]q-Ø-Im-ew- 491.- -B-\n- _-k-‚pw- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I-
Jy-a-{¥n- 466.- s
- I.-F¬.-tam-l\ - h
- ¿-ab
- p-am-bn-t®¿-∂v- A- \pw- tlmw-dqƒ- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-
441.- - B - c p- s S- {]- k w- K - Ø n¬- \n- ∂ m- W v - am-hm-kn- F-∂- t\m-h¬- F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-cv- t∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn-
1959se- hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-\v- B- t]- 467.- -C-…mw-a-Xw- kzo-I-cn-®- a-e-bm-f- km-ln- 492.- -C-¥y-bn-se- sXm-gn-em-fn-h¿-K-Øn-s‚-
cp- e-`n-®-Xv- Xy-Im-cn- B-Zy-sØ- kw-L-S-\-bm-b- A-Jn-te-
442.- -sIm-®n-sb- `-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k- 468.- -am-[-hn-°p-´n- F-∂- t]-cn-epw- {]-kn-≤- ¥ym- t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-b≥ - tIm-¨{- K-kv- (F-
`-bn¬- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-X- G-I- a- bm-b- km-ln-XyImcn sF-Sn-bp-kn-)- 1920 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 31\v-
e-b-mfn t_mw- s _- b n¬- cq- ] w- s Im- ≠ - t ∏mƒ-
H.F≥.hn. Ipdp∏v ssh-t{km-bn- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p-
ae_m¿ 469. h-b-em¿- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- D-∏v- F-∂- 493.- -du-e-‰v- \n-b-aw- ]m-km-°n-b-t∏mƒ- ssh-
443. tIcf kwÿm-\- cq-]o-Ic - W- k- a- b- Ø- v- Ir-Xn- F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-cv- t{km-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
\n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- C-√m- 470.- -tI-{µ- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an- A-hm¿-Un- 494.- -G-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS- k-a-b-Øm-Wv-
Xm-b-Xp-am-b- G-I- Pn-√- \¿-l-am-b- A-£-cw- F-∂- Ir-Xn- c-Nn- a-Z-≥tam-l-≥am-f-hy- _-\m-d-kv- ln-µp-
444.- -1793˛¬- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn- ®-Xm-cv- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- (1916)-ÿm-]n-®-Xv-
s‚- `m-K-am-bn- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- Pn-√- 471.- -Im-fn-Zm-ks - ‚- Po-hn-Xw- ap-≥\n¿-Øn- D-÷- 495.- -H-∂mw- tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\v- Xn-c-io-
445.- t- I-cf- - kw-ÿm-\- cq-]o-Ic - W- k- a- b- Ø- v- bn-\n- F-∂- Zo¿-LI - m-hyw- c-Nn-®X
- m-c-v e-ho-W-Xv- (1918)-G-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-
G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Pn-√-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv- 472.- -`q-an-°v- H-cp- N-c-a-Ko-Xw- F-∂- Ir-Xn- B- sS- k-a-b-Øm-Wv-
446.- -hm-K-¨- {Sm-P-Un- G-Xp- I-em-]-hp-am-bn- cp-tS-Xm-Wv- 496.- -hn-Zym-`m-k-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°m-≥ km-
_-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p- 473.- -⁄m-\-]o-Tw- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\¿-l-\m- Uv-e¿- I-an-j-≥ \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ-
447.- -{io-cw-K-]-´-Ww- D-S-º-Sn- (1792)- {]-Im-cw- b- A-©m-a-sØ- a-e-bm-fn- ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-≥ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°v- hn- 474.- -⁄m-\-]o-Tw- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\¿-l-\m- 497.- -Jn-e-^-Øv- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-t∏mƒ-
´p-sIm-Sp-Ø- tI-c-f-Øn-se- {]-tZ-i-ta- b- c-≠m-a-sØ- a-e-bm-f- I-hn B-cm-bn-cp-∂p- ssh-t{km-bn-
Xv 498.- -Km-‘n-Pn- \n-k-l-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\w-
kpKXIpamcn (1920˛-22)- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- G-Xv- ssh-t{km-
s\{lp t{Sm^n h≈wIfn 475. kwÿm-\- h-\n-Xm- I-Ωo-j-s‚- B-Zy-
bn-bp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv-
499.- -Km-‘n-Pn- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k-
448. tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-kn-≤-am-b- h- sØ- A-[y-£- Xy-{K-lw- _o-lm-dn-se- N-ºm-c-\n¬- \-
≈w-I-fn- 476.- -h-b-em¿- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- A-º-e-a- S-Øn- (1917)-b-t∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn-
449.- -tI-c-f-Øn-te-°v- G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw- hn-tZ-i- Wn- F-∂- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv- 500.- P
- m-en-b≥ - hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´s - °m-es - b-°p-
477.- -C-¥ym- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-s‚- hr-£-an-{X- A- dn-®-t\z-jn-°m-≥ l-≠¿- I-an-j-s\- \n-
hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- b-an-®t- ∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p
478.- -B-cp-sS- Ir-Xn-bm-Wv- ]m-Xn-cm-∏q-°ƒ-
479.- -a-W-se-gp-Øv- F-∂- Ir-Xn-bn-eq-sS- k-
c-kz-Xn- k-Ωm-\-Øn-\v- A¿-l-bm-b-Xv- a’c∏co£Ifnse
480.- -cm-{X-a-g- F-∂- Ir-X-n cNn®Xmcv tIcfw
* `mcX-Øn-s‚- hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏v- sI-´n-
_memaWnbΩ ∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬- kp-{]-[m-\- ]-¶p-h-ln-®-
481. kckz-Xn- k-Ωm-\-Øn-\¿-l-bm-b- B- a-e-bm-fn- \-b-X-{¥-⁄-≥˛- sI.-]n.-F-kv.-
Zy- a-e-bm-fn- ta-t\m-≥
482.- - F-gp-Ø-—-≥ A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- *- -`m-jm-Z¿-∏-Ww- F-∂- {K-\v-Y-Øn-s‚- I¿-
sØ- h-\n-X- Øm-hv-˛- B-‰q¿- Ir-jv-W-∏n-jm-c-Sn-
k-©m-cn-I-sf- B-I¿-jn-°p-∂- h-≈w- 483.- -B-cp-sS- I-hn-Xm- k-am-lm-c-am-Wv- Iq- *- -{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp- A-cp-hn-∏p-dw- in-h-{]-
I-fn- ∏p-ssI- Xn-jv-T- \-S-Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1888
484.- t- I-cf- - km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Za - n- A-hm¿-Upw- *- -sN-Ωo-≥ kn-\n-a-bp-sS- kw-hn-[m-b-I-≥˛-
i-\n-bm-gv-N- \-S-°p-∂- P-tem-’-h-ta-Xv- tI- {µ- km- l n-
X y- A-
° m- Za
- n- A-hm¿-Upw- cm-ap- Im-cym-´v-
t\- S n- b - ap- Ø - » n- F- ∂ - Ir- Xn- F-gp-Xn- *- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- U-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- P-tem-’-h-ta-Xv- b-Xm-cv- ]yq-´n- kv-]o-°-dm-b-Xv-˛- B¿.-F-kv.- D-Æn-
452.- -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- 485.- -B-cp-sS- c-N-\-bm-Wv- k-c-kz-Xn- k-Ωm-
t{Sm-^n- k-Ωm-\n-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xv- P-tem- \-Øn-\¿-l-am-b- \n-th-Zyw-
*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- hm-b-\m-hm-c-am-bn- B-tLm-
jn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- Pq-¨- 19˛-25
’hØnse hnPbnIƒ°mWv 486.- -\m-e-∏m-´v- \m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m-s‚- \n-cym- *- -{_n-´o-jv- a-e-_m¿- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv- G-
W- Ø n¬- A- \ p- t im- N n- ® p- s Im- ≠ v - Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1793
abn¬ *- -{`m-¥-≥ Nm-∂m-≥ G-Xv- Ir-Xn-bn-se- I-
453. ]mthm- {In-Ãm-‰-kv- G-Xp- ]-£n-bp-sS- Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv- ˛- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a-
im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv- *- -{io-\m-cm-b-W- [¿-a- ]-cn-]m-e-\-tbm-Kw-
454.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-]-£n- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1903
455.- -Nq-e-∂q¿- k-t¶-Xw- G-Xv- ]-£n-bp-sS- *- - tI-c-f-Øn¬- D-∏p- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚-
kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv- (1930)- {]-[m-\- th-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂X
- ˛v- - ]-ø∂
- q¿-
456.- -`m-c-Xo-b-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- kp-{_-a-Wy- *- -tIm-´-bw- ]-´-W-Øn-s≥d- kv-Ym-]-I-\m-b-
s‚- hm-l-\w- h-S-°-≥ Un-hn-j-s≥d- t]-jv-Im¿-˛- Sn- cm-
457.- -a-g-hn-√v- Im-Wp-tºmƒ- \r-Øw-sN-øp-∂- a-dm-hp- (1878)-
Xv- G-Xv ]£nbmWv *- -{`m-¥m-e-bw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- tI-i-h-tZ-hv-
*- -{io-i-¶-c- kw-kv-Ir-X- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-
kokn-bw sS- B-Zy- ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿-˛- B¿.-cm-a-
N-{µ-≥ \m-b¿-
458. At‰m-an-Iv- t¢m-°p-I-fn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn- *- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-b¿- ^m-Iv-S-
°p-∂- aq-e-I-ta-Xv- dn-bm-b- Um-dm-kv- sa-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-
459.- -G-‰-hpw- C-e-Iv-t{Sm- t]m-kn-‰o-hv- B-b- sP-bnw-kv- Um-d-
tem-Im-¥-c-ß-fn¬- F-∂- hn-em-]-Im-
tÃ-_nƒ- aq-e-Iw- *- -C-c-hn-Ip-fw- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-X-sØ- \m-j-
hyw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-cv-
460.- -kv-s]-Iv-{Sw- A-\m-en-kn-kn-eq-sS- I-s≠- W¬- ]m¿-°m-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1978
487.- -{]-i-kv-X- km-ln-Xy-Im-cn- am-[-hn-°p-´n-
Øn-b- B-Zy- aq-e-I-ta-Xv- *- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-b¿-{Km-aw-˛-
bp-sS- am-Xm-hv-
461.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- B-‰-ap-≈- aq-e-Iw-
488.- a
- m-Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚- I-hb - n-{Xn- F-∂d
- n-bs
- ∏- h-b-em¿-
462.- -J-cm-h-ÿ-bn-ep-≈- tem-l-ß-fn¬- G- *- -{ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛-Im-e-Sn-
´-Xmcv
‰-hpw- ar-Zp-hm-bXv *- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- K-h¿-W¿-˛- cm-a-Ir-
463. Pollucite, Lepidolite F∂n-h- G-Xn- sNw-kv- t^m¿-Uv- {]`p- jv-W-dm-hp-
s‚- A-bn-cp-I-fm-Wv- * -{io- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- Du-∂¬- \¬-In-b- am¿-
489. ]©m-_n-se Aar-Xv-kdn-se Pm-en-b≥- Kw-˛- ⁄m-\-am¿-Kw-
005
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv-˛-
sI.-Sn.-tIm-in-
* -{In-kv-Xp- `m-K-h-Xw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-
]n.-kn.-tZ-h-ky-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-Xp- h¿-jw- \-S-∂- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]m-
fn-Mv- i-X-am-\w- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-
Xv-˛- 1960
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- H-cp- a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬-\n-∂p-
X-s∂- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-h-iyw- hn-P-
bn-®-Xv-˛- sI.-Fw.-am-Wn-
* -a-e-bm-f-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- D¿-h-in- A-hm¿-Uv-
B-Zy-am-bn- t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛- im-c-Z-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- e-b-¨- k-^m-
cn- ]m¿-°v-˛- s\-øm¿- Umw-
* {- io-i¶ - c
- m-Nm-cy-cp-sS- Kp-cp-˛- tKm-hn-µ]
- m-Z¿-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- H-fn-ºy-≥˛-
kn.-sI.-e-£v-a-W-≥
*- F-en-∏-Øm-bw- F-∂- kn-\n-a-bp-sS- kw-
hn-[m-b-I-≥˛- A-Sq¿- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-≥
* -tZ-io-b- _-lp-a-Xn- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy-sØ- a-
e-bm-f- Nn-{Xw-˛- \o-e-°p-bn¬-
*- X-I-gn-bp-sS- G-Xv- t\m-h-em-Wv- B-Zy-am-
bn- N-e-®n-{X-am-b-Xv-˛- c-≠n-S-ß-gn-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- {Kq-
∏v-˛- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- eo-Kv-
* -{Ko-°v- tdm-a-≥ \m-hn-I-\m-b- ln-∏m-e-kv-
sIm-Sp-ß-√q-cn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- F.-Un.-45
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ssP-h-ssh-hn-[y-
ap-≈- h-\w-˛- ssk-e-‚ v- hm-en-
*- ^m¬-t°- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- a-e-
bm-fn-˛- A-Sq¿- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-≥
* -{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s≥d- P-∑-kv-Y-ew-˛-
sN-º-g-¥n-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-Xp- h¿-jw- \-S-∂- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv- H-cp- I-£n-°pw- hy-‡-
am-b- `q-cn-]-£w- e-`n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬- \n-
b-a-k-`- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°m-≥ I-gn-bm-sX-
t]m-b-Xv-˛- 1965
* -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew-
\n-b-a-k-`mw-K-am-b- h-\n-X- ˛-
sI.-B¿.-Ku-cn-b-Ω-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- h-c-bm-Sp-Iƒ-°v- {]-kn-≤-am-
b- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-˛-C-c-hn-Ip-fw-
* -{Sm-h-≥Iq¿- kn-a-≥dv-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-
\m-´-Iw-
* -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Un.-Sn.-F-kv.-
N-e-®n-{Xw-˛- an-t√-\n-bw- Ãm¿-kv-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-X-ß-fn¬-
a-c-Øn-s‚- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- G-I-
k-t¶-Xw-˛- sN-¥p-cp-Wn-
* -1744 ¬- sIm-®n-bn-se- t_mƒ-Km-´n- sIm-
´m-cw- \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- U-®p-Im¿-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- No-^v-
sk-{I-´-dn-˛- ]-flm- cm-a-N-{µ-≥
* t- I-cf - Ø- n-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\y-Po-hn-kt- ¶-
Xw-˛- tX-°-Sn-
*- 1904˛¬- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-®- hn-th-
tIm-Z-b-Øn-s‚- B-Zy- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- F-Un-
‰¿- B-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- Fw.-tKm-hn-µ-≥
*- ]-Xn-s\-´-c-°-hn-Iƒ- B-cp-sS- k-Z- n-s\-
bm-Wv- A-e-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv-˛- am-\-hn-{I-a-tZ-
h-≥
*- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- G-‰-hpw- sX-t°-b-‰-sØ-
\-Zn-˛-s\-øm¿-
*- ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy-sØ-
tI-c-f- K-h¿-W¿-˛- kn-°-µ¿- `-‡v-
* -_m-em-a-Wn-b-Ω-bv-°v- tI-{µ- km-ln-Xy-
A-°m-Z-an- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø- Ir-
Xn-˛- ap-Ø-»n-
*- 1917¬- k-a-kv-X- tI-c-f- k-tlm-Z-c-kw-Lw-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- sI.-A-ø-∏-≥
*- ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®,- tI-c-f-Øn-
se- B-Zy-sØ- \n-b-a-k-`mw-Kw-˛- tUm.-F.-
B¿.- ta-t\m-≥
* t- Im-´b- w- Pn-√b
- n-se- {]-ik
- vX
- a
- m-b- ]-£n-
k-t¶-Xw-˛- Ip-a-c-Iw- - *- 99se- sh-≈-s∏m-°w- F-∂- {]-kn-≤-am-
* -{io-aq-ew- Xn-cp-\mƒ- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-
Pm-hm-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1885
*- _m-em-a-Wn-b-Ω-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- Im-hy-
k-am-lm-cw-˛- Iq-∏p-ssI-
*- ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®,- tI-c-f-Øn-
se- B-Zy-sØ- a-{¥n-˛- hn.-sI.-th-e-∏-≥
* -1921¬- \-S-∂- {]-Y-a- A-Jn-e- tI-c-f- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-
ln-®-Xv-˛- Sn.- {]-Im-iw-
*- _m-e-N-{µ-ta-t\m-s\- `-c-Xv- A-hm¿-Un-\¿-
l-\m-°n-b- Nn-{Xw-˛- k-am-¥-c-߃-
*- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Un-Pn-‰¬- kn-
\n-a-˛- aq-∂m-a-sXm-cmƒ-
*- 1934¬- G-Xp-ÿ-e-Øp-sh-®m-Wv- Iu-ap-
Zn- F-∂- s]-¨-Ip-´n- X-s‚- B-`-c-W-߃-
Km-‘n-Pn-bv-°p- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- h-S-I-c-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- ]-£n- k-t¶-X-߃-˛- X-
t´-°m-Sv- ,-aw-K-f-h-\w-
* t- I-cf- Ø
- n-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- Nm-≥k-
e¿-˛- tPym-Xn- sh-¶n-Sm-N-ew-
*- 1921se- a-e-_m¿- e-l-f- \-bn-®- ]-Wv-Un-
X-≥˛- B-en- ap-k-en-bm¿-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- in-ip- ku-lr-
Z- ]-©m-b-Øv-˛- sh-ßm-\q¿-
* -1948¬- sIm-®n- \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS- {]-Y-a- Xn-
c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- kv-]o-°-dm-b-Xv-˛- F¬.-
Fw.-ss]-en-
*- G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S-_-lp-a-Xn-
Iƒ- t\-Sn-b- C-¥y-≥ kn-\n-a-˛- ]n-d-hn-
*- Xn-c-°-Y-bv-°v- tZ-io-b- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-
b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn-˛- F-kv.-F¬.-]p-cw- k-
Zm-\-µ-≥
* -1957 se- B-Zy- tI-c-f- a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se- hy-
h-km-b- a-{¥n-˛- sI.-]n.-tKm-]m-e-≥
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Im-gv-N-_w-•m-
hv- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1857
* -1949 Pq-sse- H-∂n-\v- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- kw-
tbm-P-\w- \-S-°p-tºmƒ- sIm-®n-bn¬- {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- C-°-≠-hm-cy¿-
*- A-ø-\-Sn-Iƒ- Xn-cp-h-Sn-Iƒ- X-cn-km-∏-≈n-
sN-t∏-Sv- F-gp-Xn-sIm-Sp-Ø- h¿-jw-˛- F.-
Un.-849
* -a-ø-gn- Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛- sF.-sI.-
Ip-am-c-≥ am-ÿ-
*- A-∏-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥ kv-am-c-Iw- F-hn--sS-bm-
Wv-˛- A-ø-t¥mƒ-
*- a-ø-gn-bp-sS- tam-N-\-Øn-\m-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-
®- kw-L-S-\-˛- am-ln- a-lm-P-\-k-`-
* A- ´- ∏
- m-Sn- G-Xv- Pn-√b- n-em-Wv˛- - ]m-e°- m-Sv-
*- bp-K-]p-cp-j-≥ F-∂- kn-\n-a- B-cp-sS- Po-
hn-Xw- B-kv-]-Z-am-°n-bm-Wv-˛-{io-\m-cm-b-
W-Kp-cp-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- ]-£n-Iƒ- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-
Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- sI.-sI.-\o-e-I-Wv-T-≥ (C-
µp-Nq-V-≥)-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- K-h¿-
W¿-˛- tPym-Xn- sh-¶n-Sm-N-ew-
*- B-Zn-hm-kn-`m-jb - n¬- \n¿-an-®,- tI-cf- Ø
- n-
006
se- B-Zy-sØ- kn-\n-a-˛- Kp-U-
*- A-´-∏m-Sn-bn¬-°q-Sn- H-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn-˛- in-
cp-hm-Wn-
* -a-´m-t©-cn-bn¬- b-lq-Z-∏-≈n- ÿm-]n-°-
s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1567
*- A-£-cw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- H.-F-≥.-hn.-
*- A-©p-sX-ßn¬- tIm-´- \n¿-an-°m-≥ B-
‰n-߬- dm-Wn- Cw-•o-jp-Im-sc- A-\p-h-Zn-
®-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1684
b- sh-≈s - ∏m-°w- D-≠m-bs - X-t∏mƒ-˛- 1924
*- A-ºe - a- W
- n-Iƒ- c-Nn-®X - v˛- - kp-KX
- I
- p-am-cn-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-sI- \-Zn-Iƒ-˛-44
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- \n-b-a- k¿-h-I-em-
im-e-˛- \p-bm¬-kv-
* -A-Ω- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛- am-Iv-knw- tKm¿-°n-
* -1957˛-se- C.-Fw.-F-kv.-a-{¥n-`-bn-se- X-t±-
i-`-c-W- h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n-˛- ]n.-sI.-Nm-Ø-≥
*- a-\p-jy-≥ a-X-ß-sf- kr-jv-Sn-®p- F-∂- Km-
\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- h-b-em¿- cm-a-h¿-a-
*- A-∏p-°n-fn- F-∂- I-Ym-]m-{Xw- G-Xv- t\m-
h-en-em-Wv-˛- J-km-°n-s‚- C-Xn-lm-kw-
*- A-·n-km-£n- c-Nn-®X - v˛- - e-fn-Xmw-_n-I- A-
¥¿-P-\w-
*- A¿-Pp-\- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- a-e-
bm-fn-˛- kn.-_m-e-Ir-jv-W-≥
*- a-e-_m¿- am-\z¬- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- hn-eyw- tem-
K-≥
*- a-¨-kq-¨- Im-‰p-I-fp-sS- K-Xn- I-≠p-]n-Sn-
®- ln-∏m-e-kv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- F-Øn-b- h¿-
jw- ˛- F-Un-45
* -874 Zn-h-kw- sIm-≠v- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- a-e-bm-
f-Øn-te-°v- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- sIm-
Sp-ß-√q¿- Ip-™n-°p-´-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥
* -a-e-_m¿- I-em-]-Øn-\p-ti-jw- e-l-f-
°m¿- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn- hm-gn-®-Xv-˛- B-
en- ap-k-en-bm¿-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- \r-Xy-˛-\m-Sy- ]p-c-kv-
Im-c-Øn-\v- A¿-l-bm-b-Xv-˛- I-em-a-Wv-U-
ew- k-Xy-`m-a-
* Kp-P-dm-Ø v- `q-I-º-Øn-s‚- ]-›m-Ø-e-
Øn¬- C-dß - n-b- a-eb
- m-f- kn-\n-a˛- - Im-gvN - -
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv-
˛- ]n.-Sn.-Nm-t°m-
*- a-e-_m¿- I-em-]w- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1921
*- a-e-_m¿- kn-a-≥dv- ^m-Iv-S-dn- F-hn-sS-bm-
Wv-˛- hm-f-bm¿-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- {K-Ÿ-im-em- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-
\v- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-´-Xv-˛- ]n-F-≥ ]-Wn-°¿-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛- C.-Fw.-
F-kv.-
* -`m-kv-I-c- c-hn-h¿-a-≥ H-∂m-a-\p-am-bn- _-
‘-s∏-´- im-k-\w-˛- 1000 F.-Un-bn-se- Pq-
X-im-k-\w-
*- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-s°-Xn-sc- \m-´p-Im¿- \-S-
Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- kw-L-Sn-X- I-em-]w-˛-
B-‰n-߬- e-l-f-
* -`q-X-cm-b¿- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- A-∏-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥
* -{]-hm-kn-I-fp-sS- Po-hn-Xw- B-kv-]-Z-am-°n-
_-\ym-an-≥ c-Nn-®- Ir-Xn-˛- B-Sp-Po-hn-Xw-
* {- ]m-No-\- tI-cf
- Ø
- n¬- ar-Xm-hi- n-jvS- ß
- ƒ-
A-S-°w- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- \-∂-ßm-Sn-I-
fn¬-
* -a-e-_m¿- I-em-]w- A-c-tß-dn-b- Xm-eq-°v-
˛- G-d-\m-Sv-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- a-ø-gn- G-Xv- hn-tZ-i-°-º-
\n-bp-sS- A-[-\n-th-i-{]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂p-˛-
{^-©v-
*- a-e-_m¿- I-f-Iv-S¿- sIm-t\m-fn- h-[n-°-s∏-
´-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1855
* {- io-\m-cm-bW - K
- p-cp-hn-s‚- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ-
˛- am-S-\m-im-\pw- Ip-´n-b-Ω-bpw-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se- d-h-
\yq,- F-Iv-ssk-kv- a-{¥n-˛- sI.-B¿.-Ku-cn-
* {- io-aq-ew- {]-Pm-k` - - ÿm-]n-Xa - m-b- h¿-jw-
˛- 1904
* {- ^m-≥kn-kvt- Im- Un- A¬-sa-bvU - - (t]m¿-
´p-Ko-kv-)- I-Æq-sc-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-
Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1505
* a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \n-»-_v-Z-kn-
\n-a-˛- hn-K-X-Ip-am-c-≥
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- {]-Y-a- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- Fw.-
F¬.-F.-˛- C.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- ta-t\m-
≥(1949)-
* -{_n-´o-jp-Im¿- a-ø-gn- ssI-h-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1779
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- {_n-´o-jv- hn-cp-≤-I-
em-]w-˛- B-‰n-߬- I-em-]w-(1721)-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- ssh-kv-
Nm-≥k-e¿-˛-tUm.-Pm-≥kn- sP-bnw-kv-
* -{_n-´o-jp-Im¿- ]m-en-b-Ø-®-s\- sIm-®n-
bn¬-\n-∂v- \m-Sp-I-S-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-
Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1809
* - { ]- P m- a - W v - U - e - Ø n- s ‚- ÿm- ] - I - ≥ ˛-
hn.-B¿.-Ir-jv-W-s\-gp-Ø-—-≥
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Iw-]yq-´¿-h-Xv-
Ir-X- s]m-eo-kv- tÃ-j-\m-b- t]-cq¿-°-S-
G-Xv- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-
* -kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-N-cn-{Xw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-
°n- \n¿-an-®- tam-l-≥em¬- Nn-{Xw-˛- Im-
em-]m-\n-
* a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-f¿- kn-\n-a-
˛- I-s≠- s_-®- tIm-´v-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- K-Xm-K-X-˛-sXm-
gn¬- h-Ip-∏p- a-{¥n-˛- Sn.-hn.-tXm-a-kv-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-°m¿- B-
ip-]-{Xn- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- {]-h¿-Ø-\-
am-cw-`n-®X - v- G-Xv- h¿-jØ - n¬-˛- F.-Un.-1864
*- tI-cf - Ø
- n-se- B-Zy-sØ- km-aq-ln-It- £-
a- kw-L-S-\-bm-b- s]m-∂m-\n- Du-\-Øn¬-
C-kv-emw- k-`- kv-Ym-]n-X-am-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-
j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1900
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- sa-Un-
°¬- tIm-tf-Pv-˛- Sn.-Un.-sa-Un-°¬- tIm-
tf-Pv,- B-e-∏p-g-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- lr-Z-b-am-‰- i-
kv-{X-{In-b-bv-°p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛-
tPm-kv- Nm-t°m- s]-cn-b-∏p-dw-
*- Ip-Ωm-´n- F-∂- a-e-bm-f- Nn-{Xw- kw-hn-[m-
\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- Pn.-A-c-hn-µ-≥
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬- ap-≥`-
c-W-]-cn-N-bw- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂- G-I- hy-‡n-
˛- tUm.-F.-B¿.-ta-t\m-≥
* -H-cp- kv-{Xo- t]m-epw- A-`n-\-bn-°m-Ø- a-
e-bm-f- N-e-®n-{Xw-˛- a-Xn-ep-Iƒ-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-e-tk-N- Ip-cy-≥
\- ]-≤-Xn-˛- I-√-S- * -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- I-hn-X-˛- cm-a-N-cn-
*- tI-cf - Ø - n-se- G-‰h Xw- ]m-´v-
- pw- h-en-b- tIm-´˛- - t_-
°¬- * -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- e-£-W-sam-
* tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kn-\n-am-Ãp-Un- Ø- t\m-h-em-b- C-µp-te-J- H- N-¥p-ta-
tbm-˛- D-Z-b-(B-e-∏p-g-)- t\m-≥ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-
*- a-e-_m¿- kv-s]-jy¬- s]m-eo-kn-s‚- B- Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1889
ÿm-\w-˛- a-e-∏p-dw- *- A¬-t^m-≥tkm- A¬-_p-°¿-°v- t]m¿-
*- a-e-_m-dn-se- B-Zy- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X-]-≤-Xn- ´p-Ko-kv- ssh-t{km-bn- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-
˛- Ip-‰ym-Sn- ˛- F.-Un.-1509
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Im-b¬-˛- *- tI-cf - Ø
- n-se- B-Zy- D-]a - p-Jy-a{- ¥n-˛- B¿.-
th-º-\m-Sv- i-¶¿-
* -\-S-\p-≈- tZ-io-b- A-hm¿-Uv- B-Zy-am-bn-*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- No-^v- sk-
t\-Sn-b- a-e-bm-fn-˛- ]n.-sP.-B-‚-Wn- {I-´-dn-˛-]-flm- cm-a-N-{µ-≥
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- Im- *- A-b¬-°m¿- F-∂- t\m-h¬- c-Nn-®X
W-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-£n-˛- Im-°- i-h-tZ-hv-
*- a-e-bm-f- hym-I-c-W-sa-gp-Xn-b- B-Zy-sØ-*- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- bm-{Xm-hn-h-
{In-kv-Xy-≥ an-j-\-dn-˛- B-Rv-P-tem- {^m- c-W-{K-Ÿ-am-b- h¿-Ø-am-\- ]p-kv-X-Iw- c-
≥kn-kv- sa-{Xm-≥ Nn-®-Xv-˛- ]m-d-Ωm-°¬- tXm-am-°-Ø-\m¿-
*- A-bn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- C-¥y-bn¬- \-S-∂-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- a-g-°m-Sv-˛-
ssk-e-‚ v- hm-en- B-Zy- kw-L-Sn-X-k-a-cw-˛- ssh-°w- k-Xy-
* -a-e-bm-fw- G-Xp-`m-jm-tKm-{X-Øn¬-s∏-Sp- {K-lw-
∂p-˛- {Zm-hn-Uw- *- a-bq-c-k-tµ-iw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- tI-c-f-h¿-a- h-
* t- I-cf - Ø - n-se- G-‰h en-b-tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm-≥
- pw- h-en-b- `q-K¿-`s - sh-
Zyp-Xn-\n-e-bw-˛- aq-e-a-‰w- *- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Hm-Un-tbm-
*- \yq-kv- t]-∏¿- t_m-bv- F-∂- a-eb t\m-h¬-˛- C-Xm-sW-s‚- t]-cv- (k-°-dn-b-
- m-f- kn-
\n-a- kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-bvX - X c-Nn-®p-)-
- v˛- - ]n.-cmw-Zm-kv-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ip-≤-P-e-*- B-Zy-sØ- F-gp-Ø-—-≥ ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-
X-Sm-Iw-˛- im-kv-Xmw-tIm-´- \¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛- iq-c-\m-Sv- Ip-™-≥ ]n-≈-
*- a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬- D-≠m-b- B-Zy-sØ- K- * -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn-em-]- Im-
Zy-Ir-Xn-˛- `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bw- hyw-˛- H-cp- hn-em-]w- (kn.-Fk - v.k
- p-{_-aW
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- `q-ta-J-e- ≥ t]m-‰n-)-
˛- C-S-\m-Sv- *- A-cp-hn-∏p-dw- hn-π-hw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-
*- a-e-ºp-g- A-W-s°-´v- G-Xv- h-Ip-∏n-s‚- {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p-cp-hn-s≥d- in-he - nw-K{- ]-Xn-
ta¬-t\m-´-Øn-em-Wv-˛- P-e-tk-N-\w- jv-T-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- B¿-°n- *- B-Zy-sØ- h-b-em¿- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b-
tbm-f-Pn-°¬- ayq-kn-bw-˛- Xr-∏q-Wn-Øp-d- Xv-˛- e-fn-Xmw-_n-I- A-¥¿--P-\w-
ln¬- ]m-e-kv- *- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- cm-jv-{So-b- \m-
*- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS- kz¿-W-sa-U¬- t\-Sn-b- S-Iw-˛- ]m-´-_m-°n-
B-Zy- a-e-bm-f-Nn-{Xw-˛- sN-Ωo-≥ *- A-d_ - n-hym-]m-cn- kp-sse-am-s‚- tI-cf
*- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- i-_v-Z-kn-\n- µ¿-i-\w- G-Xp- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-851
a-˛- _m-e-≥ *- a-d-°p-S-bv-°p-≈n-se- a-lm-\-c-Iw- c-Nn-®-
*- ]n-d-hn- F-∂- N-e-®n-{X-Øn-s‚- kw-hn-[m- Xm-cv-˛- Fw.-B¿.-_n.-
b-I-≥˛- jm-Pn- F-≥.-I-cp-¨- * -a-e-_m¿- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Øn-≥ Io-gn-em-
* -a-e-bm-f-Øn¬- A-®-Sn-®- B-Zy-sØ- ]p- b- h¿-jw-˛- 1792
kv-X-Iw-˛- kw-t£-]-th-Zm¿-Yw- * -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- a-lm-Im-
* t- I-cf- Ø - n¬- G-Xp- `q-{]-tZ-iØ hyw-˛- tI-i-ho-bw- (sI.-kn.-tI-i-h-]n-≈-
- n-em-Wv- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-km-{µ-X-bp-≈-Xv-˛- Xo-bp-sS-)-
c-{]-tZ-iw- *- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se,- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- I-hn- F-
*- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- a-lm-Im-hy-am- ∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- C-S-t»-cn-
*- A-Jn-e- tI-c-f- _m-e-P-\- k-Jyw- cq-]-h-
b- cm-a-N-{µ-hn-em-kw- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛- A-g-I-
Øv- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-°p-dp-∏v- Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- sI.-kn.- am--Ω-≥ am-∏n-f-
*- a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-se- `o-a-s‚- hn-Nm-c-߃-
*- tI- c - f - Ø n- s e- B- Z y- s Ø- k- º - q ¿W
ssPh {Kmaw˛ DSpº∂q¿ (CSp°n Pn√) A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂- Fw.-Sn.-bp-sS- Ir-Xn-˛- c-
* aebmfØns‚ BZnIhn F∂p ≠m-aq-gw-
hntijn∏n°s∏´Xv˛ Nocma≥ *- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- N-cn-{Xm-Jym-
* 2007se ⁄m\]oTØn\¿l\mb bn-I-˛- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a-
aebmf kmlnXyImc≥˛HF≥hn *- A-lm¿-Uv-kv- G-Xp- {]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚- hn-I-
Ipdp∏v k-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv-˛-
*- -B-Zy-sØ- h-≈-tØmƒ- A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l- A-´-∏m-Sn-
*- a-lm-Xv-am-Km-\v-[n- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS-
B-kv-Ym-\w-˛- A-Xn-c-ºp-g-bn-se- {]n-b-Z¿-
in-\n- ln¬-kv-
*- B-Zy-sØ- Hm-S-°p-g¬- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-
b-Xv-˛- sh-Æn-°p-fw- tKm-]m-e-°p-dp-∏v-
*- am-\-hn-{I-a-tZ-h-≥ km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- k-Z-
 n-s\- A-e-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂- ]-Xn-s\-´-c-°-hn-
I-fn¬- A-c-°-hn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- ]p-\w-
\-ºq-Xn-cn-
*- am-\-th-Z-≥ F-∂- km-aq-Xn-cn- cm-Pm-hv- cq-
]w- \¬-In-b- I-em-cq-]w-˛- Ir-jv-W-\m-´w-
*- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- F-∂- t\m-h-se-gp-Xn-
b-Xv-˛- kn.-hn.-cm-a-≥ ]n-≈-
*- a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-f-an-Ãv-˛-
Un.-kn.-In-g-t°-ap-dn-
*- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- U-®p-Im-sc- tXm¬-]n-
®- bp-≤w-˛- Ip-f-®¬- (1741)-
\m-b-Xv-˛- ]m-em- \m-cm-b-W-≥ \m-b¿- *- am-¶p-fw- hn-jv-Wp-\-ºq-Xn-cn- G-Xv- I-em-
* -a-Kv-k-tk- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy-sØ,- cq-]-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- I-Y-
C-¥y-≥ ]u-c-\m-b- a-e-bm-fn-˛- h¿-Ko-kv- I-fn-
*- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- A-¥-cn-®-Xv- G-Xv- h¿- Wv- N-ß-ºp-g- c-a-W-≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- C-S-∏-
j-Øn¬-˛-F.-Un.-1758 ≈n- cm-L-h-≥]n-≈-
*- tI-cf - - ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI - - bq-Wn-b≥ - {]-kn- *- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- C-t°m-˛-Sq-dn-kw- ]-≤-
U-‚m-bn-cp-∂- I-hn-˛- F-≥.-hn.-Ir-jW -v h - m-cy¿- Xn-˛- sX-∑-e-
* -a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- ]-{X-Øn-s‚- k-Ym-]- * -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-∫¿- ]m¿-°v-˛-
I-≥˛- I-≠-Øn¬- h-dp--Ko-kv- am-∏n-f- s]-cp-ºm-hq-cn-\-Sp-Øv- sF-cm-]p-cw-
*- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- `- *- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ]-{Xw-
c-W-ta-‰- h¿-jw-˛- 1729 ˛- Zo-]n-I-
*- am¿-t°m- t]m-tfm- tI-c-f-Øn-se-Øn-b- * -1905¬- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- ]-{Xw- B-cw-`n-®-
h¿-jw-˛- 1292 Xv-˛- h-°w- au-e-hn-
*- am-b∂ - q¿- ]m-ew- tI-cf - Ø
- n-se- G-sX-√mw- *- tI-c-f- Iu-ap-Zn- ]-{Xw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- sI.-
Pn-√-I-sf-Ø-Ωn-em-Wv- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- kp-Ip-am-c-≥
˛- Xr-»q-cpw- ]m-e-°m-Spw- *- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- I¿-j¿-°m-bn- tI-c-
*- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- Xr-∏-Sn-Zm-\w- \-S-Øn- f- k¿-°m¿- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- s]-≥j-≥ ]-
- v˛- - tI- b- h¿-jw-˛- 1750 ≤-Xn-bp-sS- t]-cv-˛- In-km-≥ A-`n-am-≥
* -am-am-¶-sØ-°p-dn-®v- hn-i-Z-am-bn- {]-Xn-]m- *- B-Zy-sØ- a-e-bm-f- ]-{Xw-˛- cm-Py-k-am-Nm-
Zn-°p-∂- Ir-Xn-bm-Wv- am-am-¶w- In-fn-∏m-´v.- cw-
C-Xv- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛- Im-Sm-t©-cn- \-ºq-Xn-cn- *- B-cp-sS- a-cW
- Ø- n¬- A-\p-tim-Nn-®p-sIm-
*- am-en- F-∂- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-s‚- b-Ym¿-Y-
t]-cv-˛- am-[-h-≥\m-b¿- -
*- am-en-Iv-_n-≥ Zn-\m¿- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]-≈n-
Iƒ- ]-Wn-Xv- C-…mw-a-Xw- kv-Ym-]n-®- h¿-
jw-˛-F.-Un.-644
*- am-ln-jv-a-Xn-bn¬-h-®v- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- hm-
Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn¬- tXm¬-]n-®- ao-amw-k-I-
≥˛- a-Wv-U-\-an-{i-≥
*- ap-f¶ - m-Sp-Iƒ-°v- {]-kn-≤a - m-b- a-e∏ - p-dw- Pn-
√-bn-se- ÿ-ew-˛- \n-e-ºq¿-
*- ap-Ip-µ-am-e- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- Ip-e-ti-J-c- B-gv-
hm¿-
- y- *- a-e-bm-fn- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- {io-aq-ew- Xn-cp-
\mƒ- cm-Pm-hn-\p- k-a¿-∏n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-
˛-1891
*- a- e - b m- f n- b m- b - kn.- _ m- e - I r- j v - W - \ v -
1965˛¬- A¿-Pp-\- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-s°m-
Sp-Ø- Im-bn-I- C-\w-˛- ]¿-h-Xm-tcm-l-Ww- ≠m-Wv- Ip-am-c-\m-im-≥ {]-tcm-Z-\w- c-Nn-
*- A-Xp-e-≥ B-cp-sS- k-Z-ky-\m-bn-cp-∂p-˛- ®-Xv-˛- F.-B¿.-cm-P-cm-P-h¿-a-
h-√-`-≥ c-≠m-a-≥ *- B-Zy-sØ- kw-ÿm-\- h-\n-X- I-Ωn-j-≥
* a - yq-d¬- ]-tKm-U- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏- A-[y-£-˛-kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn-
- - k- Sp-∂- sIm-´m-cw-˛- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-]p-cw- *- B-Zy-sØ- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- a-{¥n-k-`-bv-°p-
*- B-[p-\n-I- Im-e-sØ- A-¤p-X- kw-`-hw- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- ]-d-hq¿- Sn.-sI.-\m-
F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- t£- cm-b-W-]n-≈-
{X-{]-th-i-\- hn-fw-_-cw- *- C.-Fw.-Fk - v.B
- Z- y-sØ- tI-cf - - ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-
*- B-\-°q-Sn-\v- {]-kn-≤-am-b- ÿ-ew-˛- tIm- bm-bn- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1957 G-
∂n- {]n¬- 5
*- tI-c-f-Z¿-∏-Ww,-tI-c-f- ]-{Xn-I,- a-e-bm-fn- *- C-Sp-°n- Pn-√b - n¬- C-t¥m-˛k - zn-kv- t{]m-P-
F-∂o- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬- F-gp-Xp- IvS- v- ÿm-]n-°s - ∏-´- ÿ-ew-˛- am-´p-s∏-´n-
tºmƒ- sI.-cm-a-Ir-jv-W]n-≈- D-]-tbm-Kn- *- cm-tP-{µ-tNm-f-s‚- tI-c-fm-{I-a-Ww- G-Xv-
®n-cp-∂- Xq-en-Im-\m-aw-˛- tI-c-f-≥ h¿-j-Øn¬˛- F.-Un.-1019
*- U¬-ln-bn¬- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ ssSw-kv- F- *- -c-≠mw- ]-g-»n- I-em-]w- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-
∂- ]-{Xw- B-cw-`n-®- tI-c-fo-b-≥˛- k¿-Zm¿- ˛- F.-Un.-1800˛-1805
sI.-Fw.-]-Wn-°¿- *- -C.-sI.-\m-b-\m-cp-sS- ]q¿-W-\m-aw-˛- G-d-
*- F-kv.-F-≥.-Un.-]n.- tbm-K-Øn-s‚- ap-J-]- ºm-e- Ir-jv-W-≥ \m-b-\m¿-
{X-am-bn-cp-∂- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W- w-˛- hn-th-tIm- *- -B-Zy-sØ- A-Jn-e- tI-c-f- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
Z-bw- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\p- th-Zn-bm-b-Xv-˛- H-‰-∏m-ew-
*- B-\a - p-Sn-bp-sS- D-bc - w-˛- 2695 ao.- (8841 A-Sn-)- (1921)-
*- b-£n- F-∂- t\m-h¬- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- a-e-bm- *- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hy-h-lm-c- hn-ap-
‰q¿- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-≥ ‡- ]-©m-b-Øv-˛- h-c-hq¿-
*- B-bp¿-th-Z- Nn-In¬-km-co-Xn- e-`y-am-°n- *- -cm-P-cm-P-tNm-f-≥ tI-c-f-am-{I-an-®- h¿-jw-
bn-´p-≈- C-¥y-bn-se- G-I- am-\-kn-Im-tcm- ˛- F.-Un.-1000
Ky-tI-{µw-˛- tIm-´-bv-°¬- *- c-m-Pm-tI-i-h-Zm-k-s≥d- a-c-Ww- G-Xv- h¿-
*- B-cp-sS- \m-hn-I- tk-\m-ta-[m-hn-bm-bn-cp- j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1799
∂p- Ip-™m-en- a-c-bv-°m¿-˛- km-aq-Xn-cn- *- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn¬- Aw-
*- B-d-∑p-f- I-Æm-Sn- \n¿-an-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn- K-Xz-sa-Sp-Ø- B-Zy-sØ- a-e-bm-fn-˛- Pn.-]n.-
°p-∂- ]-Zm¿-Yw-˛- tem-l-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ- ]n-≈-
*- B-e-∏p-g- Pn-√b - n¬- {]m-No-\I - m-eØ - p-≠m- *- -BZ- y-sØ- a-eb - m-f- t\m-h¬-˛- C-µp-te-J-
bn-cp-∂- _p-≤a - X- t- I-{µw-˛- {io-aq-eh - m-kw- *- -]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-sØ- A-[n-I-cn-®v- a-e-bm-
*- B-gv-hm-t©-cn- X-{ºm-°-fp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- f-Øn-ep-≠m-b- B-Zy- Ir-Xn-˛- hr-Øm-¥-
˛- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-bv-°v- A-Sp-Øp-≈- B-X- ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w-
h-\m-Sv- {Km-aw- *- a
- e
- b - m-fa
- t- \m-ca - b
- p-sS- kvY
- m-]I - ≥
- ˛- I-≠-
* B - j - m-ta-t\m-≥ F-∂- Xq-en-Im-\m-aØ - n¬- Øn¬- h-dp-Ko-kv- am-∏n-f-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- sI.-{io-Ip-am¿- *- -C-¥y-≥ sS-e-t^m-¨- C-≥U-kv-{So-kv- ]m-
*- b-lq-Z¿- tI-c-f-Øn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- F.- e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- I-©n-
Un.-68 t°m-Sv-
* -bp.-Pn.-kn.-ssh-kv- sN-b¿-am-\m-b- B-Zy- *- -am-S-ºv- Ip-™p-°p-´-s≥d- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv-
a-e-bm-fn-˛- hn.-F-≥.-cm-P-ti-J-c-≥ ]n-≈- ˛- ]n- i-¶-c-≥\-ºq-Xn-cn-
*- B-cp-sS- {]-kw-K-Øn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- 1959se- *- -ap-\n-b-d-Iƒ-°p- {]-kn-≤-am-b- ÿ-ew-˛- a-
hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-Øn-\v- B- t]-cp- e-`n-®-Xv- d-bq¿-
˛-]-\-ºn-≈n- tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-≥ *- -a-e-bm-fw- A-®-Sn-°m-≥ tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-
*- B-cp-sS- B-fl-l-Xy-bn¬- a-\w-s\m-¥m- Zy-am-bn- {]- v- ÿm-]n-®-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-
007
 tIm-´-bw-
*- -A-h-≥ ho-≠pw- h-cp-∂p- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛- kn.-
sP.-tXm-a-kv-
*- -hn-em-kn-\n- F-gp-Xn-b- A-h-Im-in-Iƒ- F-
∂- t\m-h-en-s‚- ]-›m-Ø-ew- G-Xp- cm-
Pyw-˛- a-te-jy-
*- -A-h-km-\-sØ- Ip-e-ti-J-c- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
˛- cm-a-h¿-a- Ip-e-ti-J-c-≥
*- - t I- k - c n- ]- { X- Ø n- s ‚- ÿm- ] - I - ≥ ˛-
_m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈-
*- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- 1923¬- B-
cw-`n-®- ]-{Xw-˛- am-Xr-`q-an-
*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- a-W¬- A-
W-s°-´v- ˛- _m-Wm-kp-c-km-K¿-
*- a
- I- c
- s
- °m-bvØ- v- c-Nn-®X- v- ˛-ssh-tem-∏n-≈n-
*- aq-eq¿- kv-am-c-Iw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- C-e-hpw-
Xn-´-
*- aq-jn-I-hw-i-Øn¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
tI-c-f-Øn-se- ÿ-ew-˛- tIm-e-Øp-\m-Sv-
*- C-¥y-bn¬- (sIm-®n- cm-Py-Øv-)- A-hn-izm-
k-{]-ta-bw- h-gn- ]p-dØ - p-t]m-b- B-Zy-sØ-
Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- a-{¥n-˛- tUm.-F.-B¿.-
ta-t\m-≥
*- C-¥y-bn¬- C-Yw-{]-Y-a-am-bn- H-cp- h-\n-X-
sb- \m-a-\n¿-tZ-iw- sN-bv-Xv- Aw-K-am-°n-
b- \n-b-a-k-`- G-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-
Iq¿-
*- cm-Pm-tI-i-h-Zm-kv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Zn-hm-
\m-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1789
*- Zo-]n-I- am-∂m-\-Øp-\n-∂p- (tIm-´-bw-)- {]-
kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`-`n-®-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-
Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.- 1887
*- C-Sp-°n- Pn-√b - p-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- ss]-\m-hv-
*- cm-Py-k-`m- D-]m-[y-£-\m-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-
fn-˛- Fw.-Fw.-tP-°-∫v-
*- cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-b- B-Zy- tI-c-fo-b- h-\n-
X-˛- `m-c-Xn- D-Z-b-`m-\p-
*- a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a- ]-{Xw- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-
am-cw-`n-®X
- v- G-Xv- h¿-jØ - n¬-˛- F.-Un.-1890
*- cm-Py- k-am-Nm-cw- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p- Xp-S-
ßn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1847
*- c-≠mw- _¿-tZm-fn-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- ÿ-ew-
˛- ]-ø-∂q¿-
*- C-t¥m-˛t- \m¿-ho-Pn-b≥ - ^n-jd - o-kv- I-Ωyp-
Wn-‰n-t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- \-S-∏m-°n-b- ÿ-ew-˛-
\o-≠-I-c-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S-
hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw-˛-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-
*- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- B-Zy- sd-bn¬-th-
sse-≥˛- sIm-√w-˛-Xn-cp-s\¬-th-en-(1904)-
*- C-t∏m-g-sØ- tI-c-f- sk-{I-t´-dn-b-‰v- a-µn- W-Kp-cp- A-cp-hn-∏p-dw- in-h-{]-Xn-jv-T- \-S- iz-cw-
cw- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-ø-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛-1869 Øn-b-Xv-˛- s\-øm¿- *- h-≈-tØmƒ- c-Nn-®- a-lm-Im-hyw-˛- Nn-{X-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- So- ayq-kn-bw-˛- aq- * -s\-Sp-ºm-t»-cn- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- G-Xp- Pn- tbm-Kw-
∂m¿- tI-c-f- So- ayq-kn-bw- √-bn¬-˛- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- *- h-b-\m-´n-se- B-Zy- P-e-tk-N-\-]-≤-Xn-˛-
* -C-µp-te-J- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛- H.-N-¥p-ta-t\m-≥ *- Fw.-sI.- ta-t\m-s‚- Xq-en-Im- \m-aw-˛- hn- Im-cm-∏p-g-
*- c-a-W-≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- N-ß-ºp-g- em-kn-\n- *- tI-c-f- hp-Uv- C-≥U-kv-{So-kn-s‚- B-ÿm-
*- cm-a-cm-Pm- _-lm-Zq¿- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- kn.-hn.-cm- *- kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- a-e- \w-˛- \n-e-ºq¿-
a-≥]n-≈- bm-fn- P-Uv-Pn-˛- ]m-d-°p-f-ß-c- tKm-hn-µ-ta- *- tI-cf - Ø- n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-hi - yw-
*- cm-a-N-cn-X-am-\-kw- a-e-bm-f-Øn¬- hn-h¿- t\m-≥ a-{¥n-bm-bn- k-Xy- {]-Xn-⁄- sN-bv-X- t\-
Ø-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- sh-Æn-°p-fw- tKm-]m- *- tI-c-f- am¿-Iv-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- sI.- Xm-hv-˛- sI.-Fw.-am-Wn-
e-°p-dp-∏v- Zm-tam-Z-c-≥ *- h-b-\m-´n-se- F-S-bv-°¬- Kp-l-I-sf-°p-dn-
*- cm-jv{- S-]X
- n- {]-Ya - - C.-Fw.-Fk - v- a-{¥n-k` - - *- tI-c-f- an-\-d¬-kv- B-‚ v- sa-‰¬-kv- en-an- ®v- B-Zy-am-bn- B-[n-Im-cn-I- ]-T-\w- \-S-
sb- ]n-cn-®p-hn-´- Xo-bX - n- ˛-1959 Pq-sse- 31 ‰-Uv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- N-h-d- Øn-b-Xv-˛- ^m-sk-‰v- (1901)-
* -Cw-•o-jp-Im¿- X-e-t»-cn-bn¬- tIm-´- \n¿- *- km- a q- X n- c n- a m¿- tc- h - X n- ]- ´ - Ø m- \ w *- G-Xp- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-
an-®-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1708 am-Wv- tX-™n-∏-e-Øv- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv-
*- tI-c-f- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- tem-°¬- A- ˛- Im-en-°-‰v-
Uv-an-\n-kv-t{S-j-≥ F-hn-sS-≠-bm-Wv-˛- ap- * -G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- \m-
f-¶p-∂-Øp-Im-hv- W-bw-˛- I-en-bp-K-cm-b-≥ ]-Ww-
*- C-Sp-°n-bn¬- ssh-Zyp-tXm¬-]m-Z-\w- B- *- c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤m-\-¥-cw- P-bn¬-
cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1976 tam-Nn-X-\m-b,- tI-c-f-Øn-≠-se- A-h-km-
* -Cw-•o-jv- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n-°v- th-Wm- \-sØ- cm-jv-{So-b- X-S-hp-Im-c-≥˛- ap-l-Ω-
´n¬- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- Zv- A-_v-Zp- d-“m-≥ km-ln-_v-
]-≠-I-»m-e-˛- A-©p-sX-ßv- *- G-Xp- ÿ-e-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b- t]-cm-Wv- sh-
*- D-Ø-cm-kz-bw-h-cw- B-´-°-Y- F-gp-Xn-b- ¶-S-tIm-´-˛- tIm-´-bv-°¬-
Xv-˛- C-c-bn-Ω-≥ X-ºn- *- tI-cf - Ø- n¬- kz¿-W\ - n-t£-]w- Iq-Sp-Xe - p-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- H-cp- sd-bn¬-th- tÃ-j-≥ am- ≈- kv-Y-ew-˛- \n-e-ºq¿-
{X-ap-≈- Pn-√-˛- ]-Ø-\w-Xn-´- *- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ \yq-kv- {]n-‚ v-
*- D-Æm-bn- hm-cy¿- kva - m-cI- I- e- m-\n-eb - w- F- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- X- ^m-Iv-S-dn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- sh-≈q¿-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- C-cn-ßm-e-°p-S- fn- t£-{Xw- *- H-∂mw- tI-cf - - \n-ba - k
- `- b- n-se- h-\n-XI - ƒ-
* -D-Ωm-®p- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- D-dq-_v- *- c-≠mw- tN-c-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm- ˛- 6
*- tI-cf - Ø
- n-se- B-Zy-sØ- sd-bn¬-th- sse- \w-˛- Xn-cp-h-©n-°p-fw- *- H-∂mw- tI-c-f- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se- Xn-c-s™-
≥˛- Xn-cq¿-˛-t_-∏q¿- *- C-Sp-°n- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- ÿm-]n-X-ti-jn-˛- Sp-°-s∏-´- Aw-K-߃-˛- 126
*- D-dq-_n-s‚- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv-˛- ]n.-kn.-Ip-´n- 780 sa-Km-hm-´v- *- h-b-\m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se,- k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-
Ir-jv-W-≥ *- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `m-j-I-fn-te-°v- sam-gn- ∂pw- D-b-c-Øn-em-bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- X-
*- F-s‚- k¿-ho-kv- tÃm-dn-˛- B-cp-sS- B- am-‰w- sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p-≈- a-e-bm-f- t\m-h¬- Sm-Iw-˛- ]q-t°m-Sv-
fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛- a-e-bm-‰q¿- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-≥ ˛- sN-Ωo-≥ *- tI-c-f-Øn¬- N-µ-\-°m-Sp-≈- {]-tZ-iw-˛- a-
* -Fw- kn- tdm-Un-s≥d- ]-Wn- Xo¿-∂-Xv- G- *- G-Xp- a-e-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-em-Wv- C-Sp-°n- A- d-bq¿-
Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1877 W-s°-´v-˛- Ip-d-h-≥˛-Ip-d-Øn- a-e-Iƒ- *- tI-c-f-Øn¬- Np-Æm-ºp-I-√v- Im-W-s∏-Sp-
*- Cu-iz-c≥ - ln-µp-h√ - ,- {In-kvX - ym-\n-b√ - - F- *- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-_-ssd-kv-Uv- ∂- ÿ-ew-˛- hm-f-bm¿-
∂- Km-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- h-b-em¿- cm-a-h¿-a- tdm-Uv-˛- tIm-´-bw-˛-Ip-a-fn- *- h-b\ - m-Sv- Pn-√b - p-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- I¬-∏‰ - -
* -C¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-≠¬- K-th-jW - - *- G-Xp- D-Sº - S- n- {]-Im-ca- m-Wv- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- *- H-cp- h¿-j-Øn¬- F-{X- Rm-‰p-th-e-bp-≠v-
tI-{µw-˛- B-bn-cw- sX-ßv- (sIm-√w- Pn-√)- - °v- Sn-∏p-hn¬-\n-∂v- a-e_ - m¿- e-`n-®X - v˛- - {io- ˛- 27
*- C-¥y-bn-se- H-tc-sbm-cp- tX-°v- ayq-kn-bw- cw-K-]-´-Ww- D-S-º-Sn- *- H-cp- Xo¿-Ym-S-\w- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- \n-e-ºq¿- *- G-Xp- h¿-jw- s]-cn-bm-dn-ep-≠m-b- sh-≈- jn-∏n-®- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- A-h-km-\-sØ-
*- sa-bn-≥ sk-≥{S¬- tdm-Uv- X-Ωn¬- _-‘n- s∏m-°-am-Wv- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- Xp-d-ap-J-Øn- tI-c-f-bm-{X- G-Xp-h¿-j-am-bn-cp-∂p-˛-1937
∏n-°p-∂-Xv-˛-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-˛- A-¶-am-en- s‚- \m-i-Øn-\p- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv-˛- 1341 * -tI-c-f-Øn¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- ssS-‰m-\n-bw-
*- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-sI- hn-kv-Xo-≠¿-W-Øn- *- c-≠mw- tN-c-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- [m-Xp-˛- C¬-a-ss\-‰v-
s‚- F-{X- i-X-am-\-am-Wv- tI-c-fw-˛- 1.-18 ≥˛- Ip-e-ti-J-c-h¿-a- *- tI-c-f-Øn¬- k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- P-ea - yq-kn-bw-˛- Ip- *- G-Xp- Im-b¬- A-d-_n-°-S-ep-am-bn- tbm- øp-∂- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-Xw-˛- aw-K-f-h-\w-
∂-aw-K-ew- Pn-°p-∂n-S-Øm-Wv- \o-≠-I-c- A-gn-˛- A-jv- *- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv- ss^-\-en-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- a-
*- Fw.-]n.-`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚- Xq-en-Im-\m-aw-˛- S-ap-Sn-°m-b¬- e-bm-fn- h-\n-X-˛- ]n.-Sn.-D-j- (1984,- tem-kv-
t{]w-Pn- - *- G-Xp- i-X-I-Øn-em-Wv- {In-kv-Xy-≥ an-j- B-©-e-kv-)-
*- tZ-io-b- P-e-]m-X-˛-3 G-sXm-s°- ÿ-e- \-dn-am¿- C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv-˛- F.-Un.-H- *- Hm-a-\-Øn-¶ƒ-°n-Sm-thm- F-∂- Km-\w- c-
ß-sf- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-˛- tIm-´∏ - p-dw-˛- sIm- ∂mw- i-X-Iw- Nn-®-Xv-˛- C-c-bn-Ω-≥ X-ºn-
√w- *- D-Z-bw-t]-cq¿- kp-∂-l-tZm-kv- G-Xv- h¿-j- *- h-b-em¿- Ãm-en-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- kn.-
*- Fw.-Pn.-k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ssh-kv- Nm-≥k- Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1599 sI.-Ip-am-c-∏-Wn-°¿-
e-dm-bn-cp-∂- ⁄m-\-]o-T-tP-Xm-hv- ˛-bp.- *- e-£w-ho-Sv- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-b- a-{¥n-˛- *- F.-Un.- 644¬- tI-c-fw- {]-Z¿-in-®- A-d-_n-
B¿.-A-\-¥-aq¿-Øn- Fw- F-≥ tKm-hn-µ-≥\m-b¿- k-©m-cn-˛- am-en-Iv- Zn-≥ _n-\m¿-
*- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-h-iyw- tI-c-fw- k- *- F.-sI.-tKm-]m-e-s‚- ]-´n-Wn-Pm-Y-bn¬- ]- *- F-≥.-F-≥.-]n-≈-bp-sS- B-fl-I-Y-˛- Rm-≥
µ¿-in-®- a-[y-Im-e- A-d-_n- k-©m-cn-˛- C- s¶-Sp-Ø- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-˛- 32 *- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- Pn-√-bn-se- hm-g-°p-fw- {Km-
_v-≥ _-Øq-Ø- *- F-kv.F - ≥ - .-Un.-]n.-tbm-KØ - n-s‚- ap-≥Km-an- aw- F-¥v- D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn-em-Wv- {]-kn-≤n-
*- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- tI-c-f- K-h¿- sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- kw-L-S-\-˛- hm-hq-´p- bm¿-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- ssI-X-®-°-
W-dm-b-Xv-˛- hn.-hn-iz-\m-Y-≥ tbm-Kw- *- D-j- kv-Iqƒ- Hm-^v- A-Xv-e-‰n-Iv-kv- F-hn-
*- G-jym-Un¬- hy-‡n-K-X- C-\-Øn¬- kz¿- *- tI-cf - - hym-k≥ - F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-´X
- v˛- - sIm- sS-bm-Wv-˛- sIm-bn-em-≠n-
Ww- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-X-˛- Fw.- ≠-Sp-ß√ - q¿- Ip-™n-°p-´≥ - X-º- p-cm-≥ *- d-jy-≥ ]-t\m-c-a-bp-sS- I¿-Øm-hv-˛- sI.-
Un.-h¬-k-Ω-(1982)- *- tI-c-f- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- {]-hm-kn- Im-cy-h- ]n.-F-kv.-ta-t\m-≥
*- G-sX-√mw- `m-j-Iƒ- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- a-Wn- Ip-∏n-s‚- t]-cv-˛- t\m¿-°- *- d- m-Wn- e-£va - n-`m-bn- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- A-
{]-hm-fw-˛- a-e-bm-f-hpw- kw-kv-Ir-X-hpw- *- F-kv.-sI.- s]m-‰-°m-´n-\v- ⁄m-\-]o-Tw- e- Sn-a-°-®-h-Sw- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-
*- G-Xp- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv- Ip-dp-h-Zzo-]v-˛- I-_-\n- `n-®- h¿-jw- ˛- 1980 j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1812
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hm-l-\- *- tI-c-f- C-_v-k-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- F- *- h-cb - m-Sp-If - p-sS- ho-Sv- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂- tI-
߃- c-Pn-ÿ- sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p-≈- Pn-√-˛- F- ≥ Ir-jv-W-]n-≈- c-fØ - n-se- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-˛- C-ch - n-Ip-fw-
d-Wm-Ip-fw- *- tI-cf - Ø - n-se- Z-£n-WI - m-in-sb-∂d - n-bs - ∏- *- tI-c-f-Øn¬- Ip-cp-ap-f-Ip- K-th-j-W-tI-
* -C-Sp-°n- Pn-√-bn-se- G-I- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en- Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Xn-cp-s\-√n- {µw- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- ]-∂n-bq¿-
‰n-˛- sXm-Sp-]p-g- *- F-kv.s - I.- s]m-‰° - m-´n-s‚- ]q¿-W\ - m-aw-˛- * -tI-c-f-Øn¬- k-`-bv-°p-]p-d-Øv- k-Xy-{]-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- Im-em-h-[n- ]q¿- i-¶c - ≥ - Ip-´n- Ip-™n-cm-a≥ - s]m-‰° - m-´v- Xn-P-R- sN-bv-X- G-I- \n-b-a-k-`mw-Kw-˛- a-
Øn-bm-°n-b- \n-b-a-k-`-˛-\m-emw- \n-b-a-k- * G
- X- p- k-ac - Ø
- n-s‚- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-am-bn-cp-∂p- Øm-bn- Nm-t°m-
`- (1970˛-77)- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dp-Im¿-°v- *- h-cn-I- h-cn-I- k-l-P-sc...- F-∂- Km-\w- c-
*- tI-c-f- C-≥em-≥Uv- \m-hn-tK--j-≥ tIm¿- ˛- a-e-bm-fn- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- Nn-®-Xv- ˛- Aw-in- \m-cm-b-≠-W-]n-≈-
∏-td-j-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- sIm-®n- *- H-∂mw- tI-cf - \
- n-ba- k
- `- b- n¬- C.-Fw.-Fk - v.- *- hm- g - ∏ - ≈ n- im- k - \ w- ]p- d - s ∏- S p- h n- ® -
*- G-Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- {io-\m-cm-b- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-X- a-Wv-U-ew-˛- \o-te- `cWm[nImcn˛ cmPtiJch¿a
008
* hmK¨ {Sm-P-Un- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1921
*- -hm-K-¨- {Sm-P-Un- G-Xp- I-em-]-hp-am-bn-
_-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- a-e-_m¿- I-em-]w-
*- -hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a- ssh-t{km-bn- B-bn-
tI-cf - Ø - n¬- F-Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- F.-Un.-1524
*- -G-Xp-\-Zn-bn-em-Wv- A-cp-hn-°-c- Umw-˛-I-
c-a-\-bm¿-
*- t- I-cf - Ø - n¬- hn-tam-N\ - - k-ac - w- \-S∂
jw-˛- 1959
*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- I¿-j-I-Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-®p-
t]m-cp-∂-Xv-˛- Nn-ßw- H-∂v-
*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- \-S-Øn-
b- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- k-a-cw-˛- ]p-∂-{]-˛-h-b-
em¿-
*- G- X- p-h¿-am-Wv- kw-t£-]t- h-Zm¿-Yw-{]-kn-
≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- 1772
*- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- tIm-´-bw-˛-
ao-\-®n¬-
* -hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a- B-Zyw- C-¥y-bn¬- h-
∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1498
*- H.-hn.-hn-P-b-s‚- J-km-°n-s‚- C-Xn-lm-k-
Øn-se- \m-b-I-≥˛- c-hn-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- P-tem¬-k-h-߃-°p- Xp-S-
°w- Ip-dn-°p-∂- h-≈w-I-fn-˛- N-º-°p-fw-
aq-ew- h-≈w-I-fn-
*- tI-cf - Ø - n-s‚- ]-Sn-™m-dv- `m-Ks - Ø- I-S¬-
˛- A-d-_n-°-S¬-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- G-‰-hpw- h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ-
Im-b¬-˛- D-∏-f-°m-b¬-
*- H-∂m-a-sØ- ]-g-»n-hn-π-hw- G-Xv- h¿-j-
Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1793˛-97
* -hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a- tIm-gn-t°m-s´-Øn-b-
I-∏¬-˛- km-thm- K-{_n-tb¬-
*- G-Xv- Im-b¬- A-d-_n-°-S-ep-am-bn- tbm-
Pn-≠-°p-∂n-S-Øm-Wv- \o-≠-I-c- A-gn-˛- A-
jv-S-ap-Sn-
*- I-en-°-‰v- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- \n-e-hn¬- h-
∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1968
*- I-en-°‰- -v k¿-hI - e- m-im-eb - p-sS- {]-Ya - - ssh-
kv- Nm-≥k-e¿-˛- s{]m-^.- Fw.-Fw.-K\
*- I-Æq-cn-se- sk-‚ v- B-©-tem- tIm-´- \n¿-
an-®-Xv-˛- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-
*- I¿-j-I- _-‘- _n¬- G-Xv- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-
s‚- Im-e-sØ- ]-cn-jv-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-˛- C.-
Fw.-F-kv.-
*- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- tI-c-f-Øn¬- cq-]-h-
Xv-Ir-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1939
*- I-hn-bp-sS- Im¬-]m-Sp-Iƒ- B-cp-sS- B-
fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛- ]n.-Ip-™n-cm-a-≥ \m-b¿-
*- tI-c-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv-
thm-´n-Mv- sa-jo-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-®- a-Wv-U-ew-
˛- ]-d-hq¿-
*- hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a- C-¥y-bn-te-°p- ]p-d-
s∏-´- t]m¿-®p-K¬- Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛- t_-ew-
*- G-Xv- I-em-cq-]-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- I-Y-I-fn-
cq-]w- sIm-≠-Xv-˛- cm-a-\m-´w-
*- I-ip-h-≠n- C-¥y-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-˛-
t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-
*- tI-cf - Ø - n¬- P-\I - o-bm-kq-{X-Ww- D-ZL
\w- sN-øs - ∏-´- Xo-bX - n-˛- 1996 Hm-Kk
*- tI-cf - Ø - n¬- P-\I - o-bm-kq-{X-Ww- Xp-Sß
b-Xv- F-{Xmw- ]-©-h¬-k-c-]-≤-bn¬-˛- 9
*- i-Iv-X-≥X-ºp-cm-≥ sIm-®n-bn¬- cm-Pm-hm-
b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1790
*- Im-°\ - m-Ss - ‚- b-Ym¿-Yt- ]-cv˛- - tPm¿-Pv- h¿-
Ko-kv-
*- Im¿-Øn-I-Xn-cp-\mƒ- ([¿-a-cm-Pm-hv-)- Xn-cp-
hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- A-[n-Im-cØ - n¬- h-∂X
Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1758
*- H.-N¥ - p-ta-t\m-s‚- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Im-Ø- t\m-
h¬-˛- im-c-Z-
*- Im-‰n¬- \n-∂pw- ssh-Zyp-Xn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-
°p-∂- ]-≤-Xn- tI-c-f-Øn-se-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
B-Zy-am-bn- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- I-©n-t°m-Sv-
*- Im-bn-I-tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-X-˛- tI-W¬- tKm-Z-h¿-a-cm-P-
* -hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a-sb- B-Zyw- kw-kv-I-
cn-®- sk-‚ {^m-≥kn-kv- ]-≈n- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-˛- t^m¿-´v- sIm-®n-
*- Hm-S-bn¬-\n-∂v- F-∂- t\m-h¬- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-
]n- tI-i-h-tZ-hv- Z-ba- p-≠m-bX - m-sW-≥ ]-cm-Pb - w- F-∂p- ]m-* -K-Zy-hpw- ]-Zy-hpw- C-S-I-e¿-Øn-bp-≈- km-
* -I-Æq¿- Pn-√-bn¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- \m-hn- Sn-b-Xv-˛- N-ß-ºp-g- ln-Xy-cq-]w-˛- N-ºp-
I- A-°m-Z-an-˛- G-gn-a-e- *- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- {]-N-cn-∏n-®- X-Øzw-˛- A- *- ln-µp-kv-Ym-≥ t]-∏¿- tIm¿-]-td-j-s≥d-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- tem-´-dn- B-cw-`n-®- [-\-a-{¥n- ssZz-Xw- B-kv-Ym-\w-˛- sh-≈q¿-
˛- ]n.-sI.-Ip-™v- *- I-øq¿- k-a-cw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1941 *- N-µ-\-a-c-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- tem-´-dn- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- *- I-´-°-bw- F-∂- Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn¬- A- tI-c-f-Øn-se- ÿ-ew-˛- a-d-bq¿-
1967 dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- sN-dn-bm-≥ am-∏n-f- *- Kp-cp-km-K-cw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- H.-hn.-hn-P-b-≥
- - h¿- * -I-em-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s‚- {]-Y-a- sk-{I-´-dn- *- I-Æq¿- k¿-hI - e- m-im-eb- p-sS- B-Zy- ssh- *- kp- K - ‘ - h y- R v - P - \ - ß - f p- s S- D¬- ] m- Z - \ -
bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- ap-Ip-µ-cm-P- kv- Nm-≥k-e¿-˛- A-_v-Zp-≠ƒ- d-“m-≥ Øn¬- ap-∂n-´p-\n¬-°p-∂- tI-c-f-Øn-se-
*- hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a-bp-sS- a-c-Ww- G-Xv- h¿- * -Ip-µ-e-X- F-gp-X-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1887 Pn-√-Iƒ-˛- C-Sp-°n,- h-b-\m-Sv-
j-Øn¬-˛-F.-Un.-1524 *- Ip-™m-en- a-c-bv-°m¿- B-cp-sS- \m-hn-I- *- Kp-l-I-fn¬- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂- tI-c-f-Øn-se-
*- I-en-°-‰v- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm- tk-\m-Ø-e-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p-˛- km-aq-Xn-cn- G-I- B-Zn-hm-kn-h¿-Kw-˛- tNm-e-\m-bv-°-
\w-˛- tX-™n-∏-ew- *- Ip-e-ti-J-c- B-gv-hm-cp-sS- `-c-W-Im-L-´w- ≥am¿-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- Xp-S¿-∂p-h-cp-∂- km-ap-Zm-bn- ˛- -F.-Un.-768˛-834 *- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°p-th-≠n-am-{X-am-bp-≈- \r-
I- kw-h-c-Ww- G-Xp- {]-t£m-`-Øn-s‚- ^- *- Ir-jv-W-\m-´-Øn-\p- cq-]w- \¬-In-b- km- Øw-˛- tam-ln-\n-bm-´w-
e-am-Wv-˛- \n-h¿-Ø-\- {]-t£m-`-Ww- aq-Xn-cn- cm-Pm-hv-˛- am-\-th-Z-≥ *- kq-cn- \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- G-Xp- Ir-Xn-bn-em-
*- Im-bw-Ip-fw- Xm-]-\n-e-b-Øn-se- C-‘-\w- *- Ir-jW v- K - m-Yb - p-sS- I¿-Øm-h˛v- - sN-dp-t»-cn- Wv-˛- C-µp-te-J-
˛- \m-^v-X- *- I-S-h-√q¿- A-t\ym-\yw- G-Xp- hn-`m-K-hp- *- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ sa-jo-≥ Sqƒ-kv- ÿn-Xn-sN-
*- Im-°m-cn-»n- \m-S-I-Øn-s‚- P-\n-bn-Xm-hm- am-bn- _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- \-ºq-Xn-cn-am¿- øp-∂-Xv..........- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛- F-d-Wm-Ip-
bn- I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- sIm-√-I- tI- *- Iv-\m-bn- sXm-Ω-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- H-cp- fw-
i-h-]n-≈- B-im-≥ kw-Lw- {In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ- tI-c-f-Øn¬- h- *- -lyq-bm-≥kn-ßn-s‚-d- tI-c-f-k-µ¿-i-\w-
*- Im-®n-°p-dp-°n-sb-Sp-Ø- I-hn-X- F-∂p- hn- ∂- h¿-jw-˛- F.-Un.-345 G-Xp- h¿-j-Øn¬- -˛- F.-Un.-630
*- I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛- sIm-´m-c- *- N-{µ-Kn-cn-t°m-´- \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- _n-Z-\q-cn-se-
°-c-Ø-ºp-cm-≥ in-h-∏-\m-b-Iv-
*- Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚- ho-W-]q-hv- G-Xp- ]-{X- *- k-Rv-P-b-≥ F-∂- Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn¬- A-
Øn-em-Wv- B-Zyw- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv- ˛-an- dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Fw.-cm-ap-Æn- \m-b¿-
X-hm-Zn- *- N-c¬-°p-∂v- hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-c- tI-{µw- G-
*- kp¬-Øm-≥ _-tØ-cn-bp-sS- ]-g-b- t]-cv- Xp- Pn-√-bn¬-˛- ]-Ø-\w-Xn-´-
˛-K-W-≠-]-Xn-h-´w- *- Nm-Ø-≥tIm-X- F-∂- ÿm-\-t∏-cn¬- A-
*- Kp-≠¿-´n-s‚- \n-L-≠p- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn- dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv-˛- h-≈p-h-\m-Sv- cm-Pm-hv-
b- h¿-jw-˛- 1872 *- tlm¿-Øq-k-v a-e_ - m-dn-°k - -v F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-
*- Kp-cp- tKm-]n-\m-Yv- 1963˛¬- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p- am-Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- A-®S- n-®X - ˛v- - Bw-ÿ-Umw-
c-Øv- B-cw-`n-®- I-em-tI-{µw-˛- hn-iz-I-em- *- kz-¥-am-bn- ssh-Zyp-Xn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-®v- hn-
tI-{µw- X-c-Ww- sN-bv-X,- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- B-Zy-
*- Ip-e-ti-J-c-≥am-cp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp- sØ- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øv-˛- am-¶p-fw-
∂-Xv-˛- a-tlm-Z-b-]p-cw- *- kz-X{- ¥- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- c-≠m-as - Ø-
*- Iq-\-≥Ip-cn-iv- k-Xyw- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- ]-d-hq¿- Sn.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W-
˛- F.-Un.-1653 ]n-≈-
*- Iq-dp-am-‰- \n-tcm-[\ - - \n-ba- w- A-\p-kc *- tlm-kv-Zp¿-Kv- tIm-´- \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- C-t°-
- n-®v-
- n- A-tbm-Ky-X- I¬-]n-°s - ∏-´- B-Zy- tI-cf - -cn-hw-i-Øn-se- tkm-a-ti-J-c- \m-b-Iv-
\n-ba - k - `- mw-Kw-˛- B¿.-_m-eI - r-jvW- ]
- n-≈-* -tI-c-f- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- {]-hm-kn-
fn- ° p- ∂ - X v - B- c p- s S- c- N - \ - s b- b m- W v - ˛ - *- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-{K-lw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw- km-ln-Xy- A-hm¿-Un-\v- A¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛-
ssh-tem-∏n-≈n- ˛-1931 F.-Fw.-ap-l-Ω-Zv-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬,- hy-`n-Nm-c-°p-‰w- B-tcm-]n- *- K-tP-{µ-tam-£w- Np-h¿-Nn-{Xw- F-hn-sS- *- kzm-an- Nn-∑b - m-\µ - s- ‚- ]q¿-hm-≠{- i-aØ - n-
®n-cp-∂- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc- kzo-I-cn-®n- se- t]-cv-˛- _m-e-Ir--jv-W-ta-t\m-≥
cp-∂- \-S-]-Sn-˛- kv-am¿-Ø- hn-Nm-cw- *- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- a-e-
* -tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂p- e-`n-®n-´p-≈- G-‰-hpw- _m-dn-se- Im¿-jn-I- I-em-]-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v-
]-g-b- im-k-\w-˛- hm-g-∏-≈n- im-k-\w- A-t\z-jn-°m-≥ \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´- I-f-Iv-
*- Im-≥s^-Un-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- ]n.-F-≥.- ]- S¿-˛- hn-eyw- tem-K-≥
Wn-°¿- * -kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈- \m-Sp-
*- Im-em-h-[n-bm-b- A-©p-h¿-jw- Xn-I-®,- I-S-Ø-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1910
tI-c-f- \n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B- *- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- sI.-cm-a-Ir-jv-W- ]n-≈-
Zy- kv-]o-°¿-˛- Fw.-hn-P-b-Ip-am¿- sb- \m-Sp-I-S-Øn-b- Zn-hm-≥˛- ]n.-cm-P-tKm-
* -tI-c-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- lr-Z-bw- am-‰n-h-bv- ]m-em-Nm-cn-
°¬- i-kv-{X-{In-b- \-S-Øn-b- ÿm-]-\w- *- tI- c - f - K- h ¿- W - d m- b - G- I - a- e - b m- f n- ˛ -
˛- sa-Un-°¬- {S-Ãv- hn.-hn-iz-\m-Y-≥
*- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- ]-Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-Øv- ÿn- *- U-®p-Im-cp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- I-∏¬- k-aq-lw-
Xn-sN-øp-∂- I-S¬-˛- A-d-_n-°-S¬- sIm-®n-bn¬- F-Øn-bX - v- G-Xv- h¿-jØ - n¬-
v- m-S- *- Ip-µ-e-X- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- A-∏p- s\-Sp-ßm-Sn- bm-Wv-˛-Ir-jv-W-]p-cw- sIm-´m-c-Øn¬- ˛- F.-Un.-1604
- X v- v- 17 *- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ssk-\n-I- kv-Iqƒ- ÿn-Xn- * -kw-ÿm-\- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j-≥ *- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- C-t∏m-g-sØ- sk-{I-
- n- sN-øp-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- I-g-°p-´w- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1998 t´-dn-b-‰v- a-µn-cw- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-ø-s∏-´-Xv-
*- Hm-Wm-tLm-js - Ø-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p- *- Ip-∂-e-t°m-\m-Xn-cn- F-∂- ÿm-\-t∏-cp- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1869
∂- X-an-gv-Ir-Xn-˛- a-[p-ssc-°m-©n- kzo-Ic - n-®n-cp-∂- cm-Pm-hv˛- - tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- cm-
*- hn.-Sn.-`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚- ]q¿-W-\m-aw-˛- sh- Pm-hv-
≈n-Øn-cp-Øn- Xm-g-Øp-a-\-bv-°¬- cm-a-≥ *- Ip-a-c-Iw- G-Xv- Im-b-en-s‚- Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-
`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- th-º-\m-Sv-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n-bn-eq-sS- \n-b- * -kw-t£-]-th-Zm¿-Yw- 1772˛¬- F-hn-sS-\n-
- v- G- a-k-`mw-K-Xzw- e-`n-®- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- hn.- ∂p-am-Wv- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- tdmw-
B¿.-Ir-jv-W-ø¿- *- Ip-™m-en- a-c-bv-°m-sc- h-[n-®-Xv-˛- t]m¿-
* t- I-cf
- Ø- n¬-\n-∂pw- D¬-`h - n-°p-∂- Im-th- ®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-
cn-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-˛- I-_-\n- * -hn-cn-∏q- Ir-jn- sIm-øp-∂-Xv- G-Xv- am-k-
*- hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy-h-c-Kp-W-s‚- im-k-\-Øn-s‚- Øn-em-Wv-˛- I-∂n-
t]-sc-¥v-˛-]m-en-bw- im-k-\w- *- hn-S- F-∂- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®X - ˛v- - ssh-tem-∏n-≈n-
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- Xp-em-h¿-jw- A-\p-`-h-s∏- *- Ip-dn-Ny-cp-sS- e-l-f- G-Xv- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛-
Sp-∂-sX-t∏mƒ- H-Iv-tSm-_¿-˛-\-hw-_¿- F.-Un.-1812
*- tI-c-f-Øn¬- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- ÿm-]n- *- kzm-X-{¥yw- In-´p-tºmƒ- sIm--®n--bn¬- {]-
®- B-Zy-sØ- sk-an-\m-cn-˛- hm-cm-∏p-g- [m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- *- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- Pn-√-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-
* -h-S-°p- In-g-°-≥ a-¨-kq-Wn-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- ]-\-ºn-≈n- tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-≥ b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛-A-K-kv-Xy-Iq-Sw-
t]-cv-˛- Xp-em-h¿-jw- *- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ- A-¥-cn-®-Xv- G-Xv- h¿- * -tUm.- sI.-F-≥.-cm-Pv- G-Xv- \n-e-bn-em-Wv-
*- I-]-S-tem-I-Øn-em-flm¿-Y-am-sbm-cp- lr- j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1846 {]-kn-≤-≥˛- C-°-tWm-an-kv-‰v-
009
 LG S ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS
kky-temIw
1. At°-jy-bn¬\n-∂mWv h{P-∏i ( - Gum
Arabica)e`n-°p-∂X - v. CXv W attle Tree
F∂padnbs∏Sp∂p.
2. At°-jy-bp-sS- kz-tZ-iw- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-
bm-Wv.- B- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tZ-io-b- ]p-jv-
]w- A-t°-jy-∏q-hm-Wv.-
3.- i
- zm-kt- Im-it- cm-Kß
- f- p-sS- Nn-In-’b - v°
- v-
D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- k-ky-am-Wv- B-S-tem-
S-Iw.- im-kv-{X--\maw Adathoda vasika.
4. Hcne- am-{X-ap-≈- k-ky-am-Wv- tN-\.- im-
J-If - n-√m-Ø- ]q-¶p-eb- p-≈- G-‰h - pw- h-en-
b- k-ky-amWv Amorphophalus titanum.
5. tN\-bnse (Elephant Yam)sNm-dn-®n-en-
\p- Im-c-W-am-b- cm-k-h-kv-Xp- Im¬-kyw-
Hm-Iv-k-te-‰v- B-Wv.
6. _Zm-ans‚ (Almond) kztZiw anUn¬
CuÃpw sX°-t\-jy-bp-am-Wv.
7. _Zm- a neS- ß n- b n- c n- ° p∂ Aæ- a mWv
Oleic acid.
8. B¬-]o-\n-b- Im¬-°-td-‰- F-∂- im-kv-
{X-\m-a-ap-≈- Nn-‰-c-Ø-bp-sS- `q-Im-Wv-Uw-
D-]t- bm-Kn-®m-Wv- cm-kv\ - m-Zn- Nq¿-Ww- \n¿-
an-°p-∂-Xv.-
ssakq¿
* shmU-b¿- hw-iw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- `-c- * kz¥ambn- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ÿm-]n-®-
Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
*- -G-Xp- \m-´p-cm-Py-sØ- k¿-°m¿- k¿-
ho-kn-em-Wv- tUm.-]¬-]p- tk-h-\-a-\p- *- -F-hn-Sp-sØ- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-am-bn-´m-
jv-Tn-®-Xv-
*- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-d-
≥kn- t\m-´v- {]n-‚ nw-Kv- {]-kv- ÿm-]n-
®-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -\n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`- ÿm-]n-®- B-Zy-
sØ- \m-´p-cm-Pyw- (1881)-
*- -Bƒ- C-¥y- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- kv-]o-
®v- B-‚ v- ln-b-dnw-Kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -hr-µm-h-≥ ]q-t¥m-´w- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -Un-^-≥kv- ^p-Uv- dn-k¿-®v- e-t_m-d-´-
dn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv
* sk≥{S¬ C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v C¥y≥
emwtKzPkns‚ Bÿm\w
1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
9.- -G-‰-hpw- I-tem-dn-I-aq-ey-ap-≈- ^-e-amWv
Avocado.
10. I∂pImenØo‰bmbn D]tbmKn°p∂
Hcn\w ]mbemWv Atkmf.
11. Pssa-°≥ s]∏¿ F∂-dn-b∏ - S- p∂ kpK-
‘-hy-RvP\ - mWv k¿h-kp-K‘n (All-
- a
spice). CXn-s‚- ]m-Ia - m-Im-Ø- Im-bvI
D-W° - n-sb-Sp-Øv- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂p.- I-
dp-h∏- ´- ,- Pm-Xn-°,- {Km-ºq- F-∂o- aq-∂v- kp-
K-‘-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬- {_n-´o-jp-Im-cm-Wv-
Bƒ-kvs - s]-kv- F-∂- t]-cp- \¬-In-b-Xv.
12. Painter’s Pallette F∂- d n- b - s ∏- S p∂
kkyw B¥q-dn-b (Anthurium) -am-Wv.
13. B¥q-dn-b-ß-fpsS dmWn F∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv htdm-Izn-bm-\w.
14. B∏n-fn¬\n∂v D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ]m\o-
b-amWv Cider.
15. B∏n-fn-se- B-kn-Uv- am-en-Iv- B-kn-Uv.-
16.- -B-∏n-fn-s‚- hn-Øn¬- sN-dn-b- A-f-hn¬-
k-b-ss\-Uv- A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.-
17.- -]-›n-ta-jy-bm-Wv- B-∏n-fn-s‚- kz-tZ-iw.-
18.- -am-lm-fn- tcm-Kw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- I-ap-In-
s\-bm-Wv- (A-b-Sv-°m-a-cw-).-
19.- I- ap-In-s‚- im-k{v- X-\m-aw- Araca catechu.
Iap-In-s\ Betel Tree F∂pw- hn-fn-°m-
dp-≠v.-
20.- -_p-≤-≥ P-\n-®-Xpw- a-lm-ho-c-≥ A-¥-cn-
®-Xpw- A-tim-I-a-c-®p-h-´n-em-Wv.- im-kv-
{X-\m-aw Saracca indica. C¥y-≥ ^-
b¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- k-ky-am-Wn-X-v.
21. _nb¿, hnkvIn F∂n-hb - psS \n¿am-W-
Øn\v D]- t bm- K n- ° p∂ [m\y- a mWv
_m¿en (Barley)
22. _o‰vdq-´n\v (Beet root) \ndw \¬Ip-∂Xv
_o‰m-k-b-\n≥.
23. ]mh-s∏-´h - s‚ XSn F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂Xv
apf -(Bamboo)bm-Wv.
24. ]p¬h¿K-Ønse k-ky-ßf - n¬ G‰hpw
C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \m-´p-cm-Pyw-
(1916)-
Wv- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- 1792˛¬- {io-cw-K-]-´-
Ww- D-S-º-Sn- H-∏psh®Xv
- ƒ-
thK-Øn¬ hf-cp-∂Xv apf-bm-Wv.
25. apf ]pjv]n-°p-∂Xv £ma-Im-e-Øns‚
ap∂-dn-bn-∏m-sW∂ Hcp hnizm-k-ap-≠v.
26. Ae-¶mc kky-ambn hf¿Øp∂ apf-
bn-\-amWv _p≤mkv s_√n.
27. No\he-I-fpsS \n¿am-W-Øn\v apfbpw
tX°p-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
28. {][m-\a - mbpw apf-bn-eI - ƒ am{Xw Xn∂p-
Po-hn-°p∂ P¥p-hmWv `oa≥ ]m≠
(Giant Panda).
29. Po-hn-XI - m-eØ
- n-s‚- A-hk - m-\w- H-cn-°¬-
am-{Xw- ]q-°p-Ib - pw- Xp-S¿-∂v- ]-´p-Wß
I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- k-ky-am-Wv- ap-f.-
30. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS tSmWnIv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv GØ- ∏ gw (Banana). CXns‚
A]-c-\m-aamWv kz¿K-Ønse B∏nƒ.
31. sFtkms]ss‚¬ Akt‰‰v BWv
hmg∏gØns‚ K‘Øn\p ImcWw.
32. hnØpapfbv°m≥ XobpsS km∂n[yw
Bhiyamb kkyamWv Banksia.
33. t_mK-bn≥hn-√-bpsS kztZiw sXt°
Ata-cn-°bm-Wv. IS-emkv ]qhv F∂pw
Nne-t∏mƒ t_mK-bn≥hn-√sb hn-fn-°m-
dp-≠v.
34. _p-≤n-hn-Im-k-Øn-\v- k-lm-b-I-am-b-
Hu-j-[-am-Wv- {_-“n- A-Y-hm- io-X-Im-
an-\n.- _m-t°m-]m- sam-Wo-c-bm-Wv- im-
kv-{X-\m--aw.
35. ]®-°-dn-I-fpsS cmPmhv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv hgp-X-\-ß (Brinjal).
36. Eggplant F∂padn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hgp-X-\-
ß-bpsS kztZiw C¥y-bm-Wv.
37. Ce-If - n¬\n∂v ]pXnb kky-ßf - p-≠m-
Ip-∂-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv {_tbm-^n-
ew (Bryophyllum).
38. Ce- I - f n¬ Blmcw tiJ- c n- ° p∂
kky-amWv Imt_Pv (Cabbage).
39. I≈n-s®-Sn-bn¬ (Cactus) {]Im-i-kw-iv-
tf-jW - w- \-S°- p-∂X - v- Im-WvT- Ø
- n-em-Wv.-
40.- I- ≈- n-s®-Sn-bp-sS- kz-tZ-iw- A-ta-cn-°b
Wv.-
41.- -tUm-tUm-∏-£n-bp-sS- hw-i-\m-iw- Im-c-
Ww- hw-i-a-‰- hr-£-am-Wv- Im¬-th-cn-b-
taP¿ (Calvaria major).
42. kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-ß-fpsS dmWn F∂-
dn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂Xv Gew (Cardomom). P∑-
tZiw C¥y.
010
43. ]dp- Z o- k - b nse [m\yw (Grains of
Paradise) F∂-dn-bs
44. ]® Gew (Elettaria cardamomum),
- ∏-Sp-∂Xv Ge-am-W.v
IdpØ Gew F∂n-ßs\ c≠n-\-ß-
fp-≠v.
45. ]q¿h-Zn-°nse G-etØm´w F∂-dn-b]-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv tIc-f-am-Wv.
46. DW-ßnb ImbvIf - mWv GeØns‚ D]-
tbm-K-tbm-K-amb `mKw.
47. K-cw- a-km-e-bn-se- {]-[m-\- L-S-I-am-Wv-
G-ew.-
48.- -B-e-∏n- {Ko-≥ F-∂-Xv- H-cn-\w- G-e-am-
Wv.-
49.- -G-e-Øn-s‚- ln-µn- \m-aw- F-em-®n.-
50.- t- em-Is - a-ºm-Spw- h-fc - p-∂- H-cp- sh-Pn-‰_ - n-
fm-Wv- Imc-‰v (Carrot).
51. Xmbvth-cmWv Imc‰ns‚ `£y-tbm-Ky-
amb `m-Kw.
52. Imc-‰n¬- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- h¿-W-h-kv-
Xp- _o-‰m- I-tcm-´n-≥.- C-Xv- t{]m-˛-hn-‰m-an-
≥ F- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
53.- -bq-tdm-∏pw- sX-°p- ]-Sn-™m-d-≥ G-jy-
bp-am-Wv- Im-c-‰n-s‚- kz-tZ-iw.-
- p- 54.- -I-ip-h-≠n (Cashew)C¥y-bn¬- sIm-
≠p-h-∂-Xv- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- (]-d-¶n-
Iƒ-).- A-Xn-\m¬- ]-d¶ - n-b≠
- n- F-∂pw- A-
dn-b-s∏-´p.-
55.- - I - i p- h - ≠ n- b p- s S- im- k v- { X- \ m- a w
Anacardium occidentale. shfp- Ø -
kz¿-Ww- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂- \m-Wy-hn-f-
bm-Wn-Xv.-
56. I-ip-h≠ - n-bp-sS- tXm-Sn¬- A-Sß - n-bn-cn-°p-
∂- B-kn-U-v A-\m-Im¿-Un-I-v B-kn-U.v -
57. tKmh- b nse {]ikv X ]m\o- b - a mb
s^∂n Iip-am-hn¬\n-∂mWv D¬]m-Zn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
58. Iip-h-≠n- Ir-jn-°v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
`o-j-Wn-bm-b- Io-S-am-Wv- tX-bn-e- sIm-
Xp-Iv.-
59.- -F≥ - tUm- kƒ-^m-≥ F-∂- Io-S\ - m-in-\n-
I-ip-am-hv- Ir-jn-bn¬- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂p.-
60.- W onder Nut F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv
Iiph≠nbmWv.
- m-
 ∂-Xv- sIm-t°m- sN-Sn-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.-
75.- - s X- ß n- s ‚ (Coconut tree) imkv { X-
\maw Cocos nucifera F∂m-Wv.
C¿-hn≥- {]`p
76. tIc-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Ir-jn- * {InkvXy-≥ ssh-t{km-bn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-
sN-øp-∂- \m-Wy-hn-f- sX-ßm-Wv.- Xv-
77.- -]Xn-s\-´mw-]-´,- tIm-am-S-≥,- e-£-Zzo-]v- *- -Zo-]m-h-en- {]-Jym-]-\-ap-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´-
ssa-t{Im,- Ku-fo-Km-{Xw- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- hn- ssh-t{km-bn-
hn-[-bn-\w- sX-ßn-\-ß-fm-Wv.- *- D- ∏ - p-\n-Ip-Xn-bvs - °-Xn-sc- {]-t£m-`a- m-cw-`n-
78.- -sX-ßn-s\- _m-[n-°p-∂- tcm-K-ß-fm-Wv- °m-\p-≈- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Xo-cp-am-\-sØ-
Im-‰p-ho-gv-N,- a-Wv-U-cn,- Iq-ºp-No-b¬- Xp- Nm-b-t°m-∏-bn-se- sIm-Sp-¶m-‰v- F-∂p- hn-
S-ßn-b-h.- ti-jn-∏n-®- ssh-t{km-bn.-
79.- -sX-ßn-s‚- P-∑-tZ-iw- G-jy-bm-sW-∂v- *- -sam-t≠-Kp-˛- sNw-kv-t^m¿-Uv- `-c-W-]-cn-
s]m-Xp-th- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.- jvI - m-cß - s - f-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-®v- \n¿-tZ-iß - ƒ-
61. IWn-s°m∂bpsS imkv{X-\m-aw Cas- 80.- I - ¬-]h - r-£w- F-∂p- hn-fn-°m-dp-≈X - v- sX- k-a¿-∏n-°m-\m-bn- {_n-´o-jv- k¿-°m¿-
siafistula . CXv tIc-f-Øns‚ HutZym- ßn-s\-bm-Wv.- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-s\- \n-tbm-Kn-®-t∏mƒ-
KnI ]pjv]hpw Xmbve≥Uns‚ tZio- 81.- G
- ‰
- h
- pw- h-e n-
b - hn-
Ø p-
≈ - k- k
- yw Coco ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
b-]p-jv]-hp-am-Wv. de mer. *- -Nn-‰-tKm-Mn-se- {_n-´o-jv- B-bp-[-∏p-c- kq-
62. Blm-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]pjv]- 82. tlm¿Øqkv ae-_m-dn-°kv F∂ IrXn- cy-ssk-∂n-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- C-¥y-
bn¬ ]cm- a ¿in- ° - s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p∂ ≥ dn-∏ª - n-°≥ - B¿-an- ssI-tb-dn-bX - v- G- ∂v- B-h-iy-߃- D-∂-bn-®v- I-sØ-
amWv tImfn- ^ v f - h ¿ (Cauliflower).
BZysØ hr£w sXßm- W v . Xv - ssh- t {km- b n- b p- s S- Im- e -Ø m-W v- gp-Xn-b-Xv-
CXns‚ t]cv Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ F-gp-
*- -tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- e-£yw- ]q¿-W- kzm-X- *- - "-Rm-≥ ap-´p-Ip-Øn-\n-∂p-sIm-≠v- A-
Xp-tºmƒ A©p kzcm-£-c-ßfpw D]- 83. Bbncw Bhiy߃°p≈ acw F∂v
hntijn∏n°p∂Xv sXßns\bmWv . {¥y- a m- s W- ∂ v - {]- J ym- ] n- ° p- ∂ - {]- t a- b w- ß-tbm-Sv- A-∏w- tNm-Zn-®p.- F-∂m¬-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
84. Mother of Herbs F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv 1929 Un- k w- _ ¿- 31\v - em- t lm- d n¬- P- h m- I-√m-Wv- A-ßv- F-dn-™p-X-∂-Xv-'-˛-
63. sNdn, B{]n-t°m-´v, B∏nƒ F∂o ]g-
Coleus Amboinicus (]\n°q¿°). l¿- e m¬- s\- l vd
- p-
h n-s ‚- A- [ y- £ X
- b
- n¬- G-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn-sb- D-t±-in-®m-Wv-
ßfpsS Ipcp-hn¬ t\cnb tXmXn¬
Km-‘n-Pn- C-Xp- ]-d-™-Xv-
AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ hnjamWv ssl{U- 85. a√nbpsS (Coriander) imkv{X-\maw tN¿-∂- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w- ]m-km-
sImdn- b m≥{Sw kss‰- h w. °n- t ∏mƒ- ssh- t {km- b n- B- c m- b n- c p- ∂ p- *- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Z-Wv-Un-bm-{X- k-a-b-
P≥ kb-ss\-Uv.
*- -kn-hn¬- \n-b-a-ew-L-\w- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn- Øv- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p- ssh-t{km-bn-
64. apf-In\v (Chillies)Fcnhp \¬Ip-∂Xv 86. Z£nW bqtdm-∏v-˛- DØc B{^n°
{]tZ- i - a mWv a√n- b psS P∑- t Z- i w. DW- \p- ap- º v- k- a m- [ m- \ Ø
- n-
s ‚- H-c p- am¿- K w- Xp- *- D
- ∏ - p-kX
- y-{K-la- k- a- c- w- A-hk - m-\n-∏n-
Im]vk-kn≥ (Capsaicin).
ßnb ImbvI-fmWv D]-tbmK tbmKy- d-∂p-In-´pw- F-∂- B-{K-lt- Øm-sS- Km-‘n- °m- ≥ Km-‘ n-
P n-bpw- G- X v- ssh- t{km-
65. apf-Ins‚ kztZiw Ata-cn-°-bm-Wv.
amb `mKw. Xmbv e m≥Un¬ thcpw D]- Pn- G- X v- ssh- t {km- b n-° m-W v- ]- X n- s \m- bn-bp-am-Wv- I-cm-dn-te¿-s∏-´-Xv-
66. _ln- c m- I m- i - b m- { X- b n¬ Blmcw,
HmIvkn-P≥ F∂n-h-bpsS kvt{Xm-X- tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. kmºm¿, ckw F∂n
 mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ B¬K-bmWv Idn-I-fnse {][m\ tNcp-h-bm-Wn-Xv.
t¢md-√ (Chlorella). 87. _m®n-tegvkv _´¨ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ 90. Poc-I-Øns‚ (Cumin) imkv-{X-\m-aw- £n-®v- Po-hn-°p-∂- ar-K-am-Wv- sImhm-e
67. ate-dnb tcmK-Øn\v {]Xn-hn-[n-bmbn ]pjv]-amWv Cornflower. bqtdm-∏mWv Ip-an-\w- ssk-an-\w.- Ip-cp-ap-f-Ip- I-gn- (Koala).
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Iznss\≥ e`n-°p-∂Xv kztZ-iw. ™m¬- G-‰-hpw- P-\-{]n-b-am-b- kp-K-‘- 108.G‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn¬- h-f-cp-∂- k-]p-jv-]n-
knt¶m-W-(Cinchona) bn¬\n-∂m-Wv.- 88. ]cp-Øn-(Cotton)bpsS \mcp e`n-°p∂ hy-Rv-P-\-ß-fn-sem-∂m-W-n-Xv. bm-Wv Eucalyptus regnans.
68.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bm-Wv- kn-t¶m-W-bp- kky-`mKw AXns‚ ^e-am-Wv. 91. tdm-a-°m¿- Ip-cp-ap-f-In-\p- ]-I-c-am-bn- Po- 109.G‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t{]m-´o-≥ A-S-ßn-bn-
sS- kz-tZ-iw.- c-Iw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.- ´p-≈- kp-K-‘-hy-Rv-P-\-am-Wv- D-e-ph
69.- -a-\p-jy-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-®- B-Zy-sØ- kp- 92.- C- ¥- y-≥ Izn-ss\-≥ F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- Hu- (Fenugreek). K¿`-\n-tcm-[-\- a-cp-∂p-I-
K-‘-hy-Rv-P-\w- I-dp-h-∏-´- (Cinnamon) j- [ - a m- W v - Nn- ‰ - a r- X v . - fn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- U-tbm-kv-P-\n-≥
bm-Wv.- a-cØ - n-s‚- sXm-en-bm-Wv- D-]t- bm- 93.- I- m-∏n-bp-sS- P-∑t- Z-iw- F-tXym-]y-bm-Wv.- D-ep-h-bn¬- A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.-
K-tbm-Ky-am-b- `m-Kw.- 94.- - I m- ∏ n- b p- s S- im- k - v { X- \ maw Coffea 110.- -s]-cp-¶m-bw- e-`n-°p- ∂ - Xv Ferula foetida
70.- -sX-°p-In-g-°-t\-jy-bm-Wv- I-dp-h-∏-´-bp- arabica. Im∏n- D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬- H-∂mw- F∂ kky- Ø n¬\n- ∂ m- W v . Devil's
sS- P-∑-ÿ-ew.- ÿm-\w- {_-ko-en-\m-Wv.- dung, stinking gum, food of the gods,
71.- -\m-c-ßm-h¿-K-Øn-se (Citrus plants) 95.- -Im-∏n- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv- giant fennel F∂o- t]-cp-If - n-ed
- n-bs
- ∏-Sp-
kky-ßf - n¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ Bkn- _m-_m- _u-[-≥ F-∂- A-d-_n- ]p-tcm- ∂- s]-cp-¶m-bw- k-ky-ßf - p-sS- th-cn¬-\n-
UmWv kn{SnIv BknUv. ln-X-\m-Wv.- ∂p- In-´p-∂- I-d- D-W-°n-sb-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv.-
72. \mc-I-Øns‚ P∑-tZiw Gjy-bm-Wv. 96.- I
- m-∏ n-
b n¬- A- S ß
- n- b n-
´ p- ≈ - D- t Ø- P I
- - h- 111.- Prop root Iƒ°v {]kn-≤-amb kky-
73. sImt°m (Cocoa) sNSn-bn¬\n∂v e`n- kv-Xp- I-^o-≥.- amWv Ac-bm¬. imkv{X-\maw Ficus
°p∂ DtØ- P I ]Zm¿Y- a mWv Co- 97.- -sh-≈w,- Nm-b- F-∂n-h- I-gn-™m¬- G- religiosa.
caine. imkv{X-\maw Theobroma cacao. ‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- ]m-\o- 112. C¥y-bpsS tZiob hr£-amb t]cm-
ssZ-h-ß-fp-sS- `-£-Ww- F-∂v- t]-cn-\¿- b-am-Wv- Im-∏n.- D-W-°n- h-dp-Ø- Im-bv-I- ens‚ imkv{X-\maw Ficus bengalensis.
Y-ap-≈- Cu- k-kyw- ]n-d-hn- sIm-≠-Xv- fm-Wv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.- 113. lnµp, ssP\, _p≤-a-X-߃ ]mh-\-
A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- D-jv-W-ta-J-em- {]-tZ-i- 89. temIØv G‰hpw IqSp- X ¬ Irjn 98.- -Nn-°-dn- sN-Sn-bp-sS- th-cv- D-W-°n-s∏m-Sn- ambn IW-°m-°p∂ ac-am-Wv B¬.
Øm-Wv.- sNø-s∏-Sp∂ hymh-km-bnI hnf-bmWv ®-Xm-Wv- Im-∏n-tbm-sSm-∏w- tN¿-°p-∂- Nn- 114. AØn,- C-Øn,- A-c-bm¬,- t]-cm¬- F-
74.- -sIm-°-bv-≥ F-∂- a-b-°p-a-cp-∂v- e-`n-°p- ]cp-Øn. °-dn.-
99.- -C-e-tbm- th-tcm- C-√m-Ø- k-ky-am-Wv-
aq-Sn-√m-Ø-mfn (Cuscuta).
aUKmkvI¿ 100.Um-en-bb - p-sS- kz-tZ-iw- sa-Ivk - n-t°m-bm-
Wv.- sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]p-jv-]-
* Id≥kn Z-imw-i- k-{º-Zm-bw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-X-√m-Ø- cm-Pyw- am-Wn-Xv.-
*- -{Km-ºp-hn-s‚- Zzo-]v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
101.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- tZ-io-b- hr-£w- tZ-h-Zm-
*- -a-e-Km-kn- dn-∏-ªn-°v- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cm-Wv-
cp(Deodar)-hm-Wv. Iiv-ao-cn-s‚- ]-Xm-I-
*- -F-´m-a-sØ- h-≥I-c- F-∂v- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw- bn¬- Im-Wp-∂- a-c-hpw- tZ-h-Zm-cp-hm-Wv.-
*- -sam-kw-_n-Iv- Nm-\¬- B-{^n-°-≥ sa-bn-≥em-≥Un-s\- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øv-\n-∂v- th¿-
102.--ssZ-hß - f - p-sS- hr-£w- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂-
Xn-cn-°p-∂p-
Xv- tZ-h-Zm-cp-hm-Wv.- sd-bn¬-th- …o-∏-dp-
*- -C-¥y-≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se- Iƒ- \n¿-an-°m-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- a-c-
G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-
ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wn-Xv.-
b- Zzo-]v-
103.--G‰ - h- pw- th-KØ - n¬- h-fc - p-∂- k-ky- amWv
*- -G-Xv- cm-Py-am-Wv- en-a¿- F- Dinossaur plant. ∂n-h- \m¬-]m-a-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
∂- Po-hn-bp-sS- kz-tZ-iw-
104.{]m-Wn-I-sf- ]n-Sn-°p-∂- k-ky-am-Wv- C-tXm-sSm-∏w- I-√m¬- Dƒ-∏-sS- A-©p-a-
*- -C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- 88 an-ey-¨-
s{Um-kn-d,- bq-{Sn-°p-te-dn-b- F-∂n-h.- C- c-ß-fp-sS- sXm-en-bm-Wv- ]-©-h¬-°-
h¿-jw-ap-ºv- A-S¿-∂p-am-dn-b- ß-s\-bp-≈h - s - b Insectivorous plants ߃- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- C-Xv- c-‡-
`q-hn-`m-Ks - a-∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°-
F∂mWv ]dbmdp≈Xv. ip-≤n- h-cp-Øm-≥ D-Ø-a-am-Wv.
s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
105.bq°m-en-]v‰-kns‚ (Eucalyptus) P∑- 115. {InkvXp-akv ac-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv
*- -hn-j-∏m-ºp-I-fn-√m-Ø- B- tZiw Hmkvt{S-en-b-bm-Wv. ^n¿a-cw (Fir Tree).
{^n-°-≥ Zzo-]v-
106.G‰-hpw- th-K-Øn¬- h-f-cp-∂- a-c-am-Wv- 116. en\≥ \m-cp-I-fp-sS- \n¿-am-W-Øn-\v- D-
*- G
- X - v- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-eÿ - m-
bq-°m-en-]v‰ - k - v- .- C-eI - f - n¬-\n-∂v- bq-°m- ]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- N-W-hn-`m-K-Øn¬-
\-am-Wv- A-‚-\m-\m-cn-t_m- en-]v-‰-kv- Hm-bn¬- e-`n-°p-∂p.- s∏-´- k-ky-a-mWv Flax. CXv en≥koUv
107.--bq-°m-en-]v-‰-kv- a-c-Øn-s‚- C-e-am-{Xw- `- F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

011
 ^vfh¿, ssN\m tdmkv F∂o t]cp-I-
fnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. a™
Igvk¨ {]`p 145.ate- j y (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis),
Z£nW sImdnb (Hibiscus syriacus) * AtbmtUm-t^m-an-s‚- \n-dw-
* Fs‚ ]q¿hnIsct∏mseXs∂ Rm\pw tXm°psIm≠pw hmƒsIm≠pw F∂o cmPy-ß-fpsS tZiob ]pjv]-am- *- -se-Uv- t{Im-ta-‰v- d-∫¿- D¬-]-∂-
C¥ysb `cn°pw˛ F∂p ]d™ ssht{kmbn Wv sNºcØn. Ing-°≥ Gjy-bmWv ߃-°v- G-Xv- \n-dw- \¬-Ip-∂p-?-
* {_n´ojn¥ybnse HudwKko_v F∂dnbs∏´Xv kztZ-iw. *- -^p-Sv-t_mƒ- a-’-c-Øn¬- \n-b-aw-
* _wKmƒ hn`Pn® (1905) ssht{kmbn 146.Pe- Ø n¬ hf- c p∂ kky- ß - f mWv ew-Ln-®m¬- d-^-dn- B-Zyw- Im-Wn-
* 1902˛¬ B≥{Uq t{^k¿ sNb¿am\mbn C¥y≥ s]meokv IΩnjs\ Hydrophytes. °p-∂- Im¿-Un-s‚- \n-dw-
\nban® ssht{kmbn 147.G‰hpw henb Imbv D≈ acw πmhm- *- -{Sm-^n-Iv- kn-·-en¬- a-[y-Øv- Im-
* In®v\¿ {]`phpambp≈ A`n{]mb hyXymksØØpS¿∂v cmPnh® Wv (Jack Fruit Tree). Wp-∂- \n-dw-
ssht{kmbn 148.sX°p-In-g-°-≥ G-jy-bm-Wv- πm-hn-s‚- *- -Np-h-∏pw- ]-®-bpw- Iq-Sn-t®-cp-tºmƒ-
* Be∏pgsb Ing°ns‚ sh\okv F∂p hntijn∏n® {_n´ojv P-∑-tZ-iw.- D-≠m-Ip-∂- \n-dw-
ssht{kmbn 149.- -ho-W,- Xw-_p-cp- ap-X-em-b- kw-Ko-tXm-]- *- -bq-tdm-t{Im-an-s‚- km-∂n-[yw- aq-{X-
* XncphnXmwIq¿ kµ¿in® BZysØ ssht{kmbn I-cW - ß- f - p-sS- \n¿-am-WØ - n-\v- πm-hn-s‚- Øn-\v- G-Xv- \n-dw- \¬-Ip-∂p-
* ]pcmX\ kvamcI kwc£W \nbaw \nehn¬h∂t∏mƒ X-Sn-bm-Wv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.- *- -]n-Ø-c-k-Øn-‚- \n-dw-
ssht{kmbnbmbncp∂Xv 150.- -_w-•m-tZ-in-s‚- tZ-io-b- ^-ew- N-°- *- H
- f- n-ºn-Iv- Nn-”Ø
- n¬- G-jy-sb- {]-
* B¿°ntbmfPn°¬ k¿th Hm^v C¥y ÿm]n°s∏´t∏mƒ bm-Wv.- Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂- h-f-b-Øn-s‚-
ssht{kmbnbmbncp∂Xv 151.- -N-S-ßp-I-fn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°p-tºmƒ- ]p-tcm- \n-dw-
* XmPvalens‚ tISp]mSpIƒ Xo¿°m≥ \S]SnsbSpØ ssht{kmbn ln-X-≥am¿- C-cn-°p-∂- B-h-Wn-∏-e-I- *- -tkm-Un-bw- th-∏¿- em-ºn-s‚- \n-
\n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv- πm-hn-s‚- X-Sn- D-]-tbm-Kn- dw-
®m-Wv.- *- -c-‡-Øn-se- πm-kv-a-bp-sS- \n-dw-
117. en≥koUv Hmbn¬ Nn{XcN\bv ° v sem-∂m-Wv- s\-√n-°.- 152.- -tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp-hn-s\- Ip-cn-in-te-‰n-b-
D]tbmKn°p∂p. hpUv ^n\njnepw 129.--Nq-Sm-°n-bm-tem- D-W-°n-bm-tem- t]m-j- t∏mƒ- X-e-bn¬- A-Wn-bn-®- apƒ-°n-co-
en≥koUv Hmbn¬ D]tbmKn°mdp≠v. I-aq-eyw- \-jv-S-s∏-Sm-Ø- ^-e-am-Wv- s\- Sw- P-dp-k-tew- tXm-¨- F-∂p- sN-Sn-bp- ep≈ Ce-If - p≈ kky-amWv IpS-߬.
118. A√nbw kss‰hw F∂ imkv{X-\m-a- √n-°.- tS-Xm-Wv.- CXv {`m¥v, A]-kvamcw XpS-ßn-b-h-
ap≈ shfp-Øp-≈n-bn¬ (Garlic) AS- 130.--A-kv-tIm¿-_n-Iv- B-kn-Un-s‚- km-∂n- 153.- -_-tbm-Uo-k¬- e-`n-°p-∂- k-ky-am-Wv- bpsS NnIn-’bv°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- A-√n-kn-≥ F-∂- F-Æ- [y-am-Wv- s\-√n-°-bp-sS- N-h¿-∏n-\p-Im-c- sP-t{Sm^ (Jetropha). 159.sh≠-bv°-bpsS(Lady’s Finger) P∑-
i-co-c-Øn-se- A-[n-I- sIm-gp-∏n-s\- A- Ww.- 154.C¥y-bp-sS- kp-h¿-W- \m-c-v ( Jute) F∂ tZiw B{^n-°-bm-Wv.
131.- s
- \-√n-°,- - I-Sp-°,- Xm-∂n-°- F-∂o-h- {Xn- dnbs∏Sp∂Xv NWamWv. ImWvUØn-se- 160._wKvfm-tZ-ins‚ tZiob ]pjv]-amWv
^-e- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂p.- {Xn-^e
- b
- °
v- v- B- ^vt- fm-bw- ss^-_d- p-If - m-W-v D-]t- bm-Kt- bm- Bº¬ (Lily).
t·-b- {K-Ÿn-bn-se- A¿-_p-Zw- i-an-∏n-°m- Ky-am-b- `m-Kw.- 161. Xmac (Lotus) C¥y-bp-sSbpw hnb-
≥ I-gn-hp-s≠-∂v- ]-T-\-߃- sX-fn-bn-®n- 155.Ip™p-ß-fpsS ape-IpSn am‰m≥ D]- ‰v\mans‚bpw tZiob ]pjv]-am-Wv.
´p-≠v.- tbm-Kn-°p∂ sN∂n-\m-bIw I‰m¿hm- 162.CuPn-]vXns‚ tZiob Nn”-amb CuPn-
132.--sS¿-an-t\-en-b- sN-_p-e- F-∂- im-kv{X- g-bpsS t]mf-bnse kØn¬\n-∂mWv ]vjy≥ tem´kv bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Hcn\w
\m-aa - p≈ ISp-°b - n¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Bº-em-Wv.
Aæ-amWv sN_q-en-\nIv Bkn-Uv. 156.a™-∏n-Ø- Nn-In-’b - n¬- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p- 163.en®n (Lychee)bpsS kztZiw ssN\-
133.ISp-°-bpsS tXmSn-\mWv Huj-[-Kp-W- bm-Wv.
ap-≈-Xv. Kmtem-Sm-\nIv Bkn-UmWv 164.tNm-f-Øn-s‚- (Maize) P∑-tZ-iw- sa-Iv-
Xm∂n-°b - psS Huj-[K - p-WØ - n\p Imc- kn-t°m-bm-Wv.- C-Xn-s\ Corn F∂pw
Ww. hnfn-°p-∂p.
134.sS¿an- t \- e nb s_√- d n° F∂mWv 165.amhns‚ (Mangifera indica)P∑-tZiw
Xm∂n-bpsS imkv{X-\m-aw. C¥y-bm-Wv. amß D¬]m-Z-\-Ønepw
en-bn-®p- I-f-bp-∂p.- A-Xn-tcm-kv-¢o-tdm- 135.{Kmºq-hn\v (Grampoo) Fcn-hp-\¬Ip- C¥y°v H∂mw ÿm\-ap-≠v.
kn-kv,- D-b¿-∂- c-‡-k-Ω¿-±w,- D-b¿-∂- ∂Xv bqPn-t\mƒ. 166.^e-ßf - psS cmPmhv F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂Xv
sIm-f-kv-t{Smƒ- F-∂n-h-sb- {]-Xn-tcm-[n- 136.{Kmºp (Syzygium aromaticum) -hns‚ amß-bm-Wv.
°m-≥ sh-fp-Øp-≈n-°v- I-gn-hp-≠v.- D-Z- D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amb `mKw ]qsam-´m-Wv. 167.amºg-ßf - n¬- cm-Pm-hv- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂-
cm-ib- Ø- n-se- Im-≥k-dn-s\- {]-Xn-tcm-[n- 137.SqØv t]Ãns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn\v {Kmºq- C-\w- A¬-t^m-≥tkm-bpw- am-º-g-ß-fn-
°m-\pw- C-Xv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- hns\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. se- dm-Wn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- a¬-tKm-
119.- King of Herbs F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv 138.ap¥n-cn-Ir-jn-bpsS imkv{X-\maamWv ∂- k-ky-am-Wv- Io-gm¿-s\-√n.- ^-e-߃- h-bp-am-Wv.- A¬-t^m-≥tkm-bv-°v- B-
Ganoderma F∂ Hcn\w ^wKkmWv. hn‰n-Iƒ®¿. C-e-bp-sS- Xm-sg-bm-bn- sR-´n¬- ]-‰n-∏n- t]-cp- e-`n-®-Xv- A¬-t^m-≥tkm- A¬-
120.C©n-bpsS (Ginger) P∑-tZiw C¥y- 139.ap¥n-cn -(Grapes)bn¬\n∂v D¬]m-Zn-∏n- Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv- B- t]-cp- e-`n- _p-°¿-°n-s‚- t]-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.
bm-Wv. C©n DW-°n-bmWv Np°v \n¿an- °p∂ aZy-amWv {_m≥Un. ®-X-v. 168.]g-ß-fpsS dmWn F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
°p-∂-Xv. 140.temIØv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ap¥n-cn- 157.Iq¿°-bpsS P∑-tZiw B{^n-°b - m-Wv. amwtKm-ssÃ≥ (Mangosteen).-
121. Np°v,- Ip-cp-ap-f-Iv,- Xn-∏-en- F-∂n-h- tN¿- bpsS 70 iX-am-\-Øn-e-[nIw D]-tbm- CXv ssN\okv s]m´t‰m F∂- d n-b-s∏- 169.- Marygold s‚ kztZiw saIvkn-t°m-
∂-Xm-Wv- {Xn-I-Sp- F-∂- Hu-j-[w.- Kn-°p-∂Xv ho™v \n¿am-W-Øn-\m-Wv. Sp-∂p. bm-Wv.
122.--B-bp¿-th-Z-Øn-se- an-°- Hu-j-[-ß-fn- 141. aÆn\Snbn¬ ^ew ImWs∏Sp∂ 158.a\pjy akvXn-jvI-Øns‚ BIr-Xn-bn- 170.Fbv-Uv-kv- tcm-K-Nn-In-’-bn-se- Hu-j-[-
epw- tN-cp-h-bm-b-Xn-\m¬- Np-°n-s\- a- kkyamWv \ne°Se -(Ground nut).
lu-j-[n- F-∂pw- hn-fn-°p-∂p.- 142.t]c-bv°-bpsS -(Guava) kztZ-iw- A-
123.--kn-©n-s_¿- H-^n-kn-t\¬- F-∂- im-kv- ta-cn-°-bm-Wv.- Hm-d-©n-s\-°mƒ- \m-en-
{X-\m-a-ap-≈- C-©n-bn¬- A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈- AcntÃm´n¬
kp-K-‘-ssX-e-am-Wv- Pn-©-tdmƒ.- * s]mfn‰n°¬ kb≥kns\ amÿ
124.--t^m-kn¬- k-kyw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Hm^v kb-≥kv- F-∂p- hn-fn-®-Xv-
Pn-t¶m(Gingko)-bm-Wv.- D-Zv-`-h-Im-ew- ap- *- -⁄m-\n-I-fn-se- B-Nm-cy-≥ F-∂-dn-
X¬- C-∂p-h-sc- Im-cy-am-b- cq-]- ]-cn-h¿- b-s∏-´-Xm-cv-
Ø-sam-∂pw- Iq-Sm-sX- \n-e\ - n¬-°p-∂X - p- *- -Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-
sIm-≠m-Wv- Po-hn-°p-∂- t^m-kn¬- F- dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- A¬-sj-ta-gv-kv- tcm- *- -cm-jv-{S-X-{¥- im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-
K-Øn-\p-≈- a-cp-∂v- Cu- k-ky-Øn¬-\n- Xm-hv-
∂v- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.- *- -a-lm-\m-b- A-e-Iv-km-≠-dp-sS- Kp-cp-
125.--sse-Knw-tIm-±o-]\ - t- i-jn- h¿-[n-∏n-°p-∂- *- -X-Øz-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-
Xn-\v- ssN-\-°m¿- Pn-≥skw-Kv- F-∂- k- *- -sse-kn-bw- F-∂- hn-Zym-e-bw- ÿm-
ky-Øn-s‚- In-g-ßv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- ]n-®-Xv-
126.--In-gß
- p-h¿-Kß - f
- p-sS- dm-Wn- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏- c-´n- hn-‰m-an-≥ kn- A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈- ^-e- *- -_-tbm-f-Pn- (Po-h-im-kv-{Xw-)-bp-sS-
Sp-∂-Xv- Kv-fm-Un-tb-m-e-kv (Gladiolus). am-Wn-Xv.- Np-h-∏v,- ]-®- F-∂o- c-≠p-X-cw- ]n-Xm-hv-
127.{]IrXn Xcp∂ hn‰m-an≥ kn KpfnI t]-c-bv-°-Iƒ- e-`y-a-mWv. *- -X¿-°-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-
F∂mWv s\√n° (Gooseberry) Adn- 143.acn-Pp-hm\ F∂ elcn ]Zm¿Yw e`n- *- -a-\p-jy-≥ {]-Ir-Xym- H-cp- k-aq-l-Po-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- °p-∂ kky-amWv slºv (Hemp). hn-bm-Wv- F-∂p- ]-d-™-Xv-
128.--Ny-h-\-{]m-i-Øn-s‚- ap-Jy- tN-cp-h-I-fn- 144.sNº- c - Ø n- (Hibiscus)bmWv jq

012
 am-bn- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - v- I-dp-Ø- aƒ-s_-
dn (Mulberry) b - m-Wv. an°-bn\w aƒs_-
dn-I-fp-sSbpw P∑--tZiw Gjy-bm-Wv.
171. tlm°n Ãn°v , sS∂okv dm°- ‰ v
F∂nh \n¿an-°m≥ aƒ_dn XSn-bmWv
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
172.\mc-ßm-h¿K-Øn¬s∏´ kmØp-°pSn
AYhm apkw-_n (- Musambi)bpsS P∑-
tZiw Gjy-bm-Wv.
173.hfsc i‡n-Iq-Snb IoS-\m-in\n AS-
ßn-bn-´p≈ ac-amWv th∏v (Neem).
174.{]Ir-Xn-bp-sS- Hu-j-[-im-e,- F-√m- tcm-
K-߃-°pw- H-‰-aq-en,- {Km-a-Øn-s‚- Hu-
j-[-im-e- F-∂n-ß-s\- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
th-∏n-s‚- im-k{v- X-\maw Azadirachta in-
dica. Gjy-bmWv P∑-tZ-iw. ths∏Æ
tImkvsa-‰nIv D¬]-∂ß - ƒ \n¿an-°m≥
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
175.amwk-t`m-Pn-bmb kky-߃°p-Zm--l-
W-amWv s\∏-¥-kv (Neppenthes).
176.G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ sImgp∏v AS-ßn-bn-
´p≈ kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-amWv PmXn°
(Nutmeg).
177.samfp°kv- Zzo-]p-I-fm-Wv- Pm-Xn-°-bp-sS-
P-∑-tZ-iw.- an-cn-Ãn-°- {^m-{K-≥kv- F-
∂-Xm-Wv- im-kv-{X-\m-aw.- Pm-Xn-°-bpw-
Pm-Xn-]-{Xn-bp-am-Wv- D-]-tbm-Ky-am-b- `m-
K-߃.- B-¨,- s]-¨- a-c-߃- hy-Xy-
kv-X-am-bn- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p.
178.tIm¿°v e`n-°p-∂Xv Hm°v (Oak)ac-
Øn¬\n-∂m-Wv.
179.Henhv (Olive) inJcw kam-[m-\Ø - ns‚
{]Xo-I-am-Wv. kam-[m-\-Øns‚ acw
F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Hen-hm-Wv.
180.t__n-tkm-∏p-If - n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv
Hen-sh--Æ-bm-Wv.
181. D≈n-bpsS (Onion) imkv{X-\maamWv
Allium cepa. CXns‚- a-W-Øn-\p- Im-c-
hnb‰v\mw
* {InkvXpa-kv- t_mw-_nw-Kv- F-∂- t]-
cn¬- A-ta-cn-°- t_mw-_m-{I-a-Ww-
\-S-Øn-b-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- I
- m-thm-tUm-bn-kw- F-∂- a-Xh - n-izm-
kw- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- cm-Pyw-
*- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- B-`y-¥-c- I-em-]-
Im-e-Øv- ]-em-b-\w- sN-bv-X-h-cm-Wv-
t_m-´v- ]o-∏nƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
*- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-
Wv- lm-t\m-bv-
*- -tlm- Nn- an-≥ kn-‰n- (]-g-b- t]-cv-
sk-bv-tKm-¨-)- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
*- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hm-
Wv- tlm-Nn-an-≥
*- -A-ta-cn-°- G-P-‚ v- Hm-d-©v- {]-tbm-
Kn-®-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
*- -k-am-[m-\-Øn-\p-≈- s\m-t_¬- k-
Ωm-\-Øn-\v- A¿-l-\m-b- B-Zy-Ø-
G-jy-°m-c-\m-Wv- se- Up- tXm.-
A-t±-lw- G-Xv- cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-
*- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- I-d-≥kn-bm-Wv-
tUm-Mv-
*- A
- t- a-cn-°≥
- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰h - pw-
ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b- an-en-´-dn- t]m-cm-´w-
G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-
sh\okv
* {][m\ `m-K-Øv- H-cp- tdm-Up-t]m-
ep-an-√m-Ø- bq-tdm-]y-≥ \-K-cw-
*- -tj-Iv-kv-]n-b-dp-sS- sa¿-®-‚ v- Hm-
^v- sh-\o-kv- F-∂- \m-S-I-Øn-
s‚- ]-›m-Ø-ew-
*- -A-{Un-bm-‰n-°n-s‚- dm-Wn-
*- -P-e-Øn-s‚- \-K-cw-
*- -am¿-t°m- t]m-tfm- F-b¿- t]m¿-´v-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -am-kv-Ip-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw-
*- -]m-e-ß-fp-sS- \-K-cw-
*- -I-\m-ep-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw-
*- -^v-tfm-´nw-Kv- kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-
*- -am¿-t°m- t]m-tfm-bp-sS kztZiw
W-am-b- h-kv-Xp- A-sse¬- s{]mss]¬
ssU kƒss^Uv.
182.Hmd-©ns‚ kztZiw sX°p Ing-°≥
Gjy-bm-Wv. CXv ssN\okv B∏nƒ
F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
183.Irjn sNøp∂ ^eßfn¬ G‰hpw
]g°ap≈Xv Hmd©mWv.
184.G‰hpw sNdnb hnØp≈ kkyw
Hm¿°nUpIfmWv.
185.Atam-Wnb t\cn´v BKn-cWw sNøm≥
Ign-hp≈ kky-amWv s\√v (Paddy).
C¥y- b nse G‰hpw {][m- \ - s ∏´
Jmcn^v hnf-bm-Wn-Xv.
186.s\¬Ir-jn°v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-
amb aÆv F°¬ aÆv.
187.tIc-f-Ønse Huj-[-s\√v \h-c.
188.s\√n-\ß - f - p-sS- dm-Wn- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂-
Xv- _-kv-a-Xn.-
189.--Palm Tree bn¬\n∂p e`n-°p∂ ]mtam-
bn-en¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ BknUv
]m¬an-‰nIv Bkn-Um-Wv.
190.s]mbv°m¬ thcp-Iƒ°v {]kn-≤-amb
kky-amWv ssIX (Pandanus), Icn-ºv.
191. ]∏m-b( - Papaya)bpsS- P-∑t- Z-iw- sa-Ik
t°m-bm-Wv.-
192.--]-∏m-b-bn¬- A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈- F-≥ssk-
am-Wv- ]-∏m-bn-≥ (Papain).
193.]≠p-Im-eØ - v- K¿-`\ - n-tcm-[\ - Ø- n-\pw- K¿-
`-—n-{Z-Øn-\pw- ]-∏m-b- D-]t- bm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.-
I-cn-°- ]-∏m-b- F-∂m-Wv- im-kv{- X-\m-aw- .
194.]b-dp-h¿K-Ønse (Pea) kky-߃°v
ss\{S-P≥ ^nIvtk-j≥ \S-Øm-\p≈
Ign-hp-≠v. CXv aÆns‚ ^e-]pjvSn
h¿[n-∏n-°pw.
195._o≥kv, sNdp-]-b¿, h≥]-b¿, Dgp∂v
F∂nh ]b-dp-h¿K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.
196.tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Ir-jn-sN-
ø-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-b-dp-h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-´- k-
kyw- tkm-bm-_o-≥ B-Wv.-
197.--G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- amw-kyw- A-S-ßn-bn-
´p-≈- k-kym-lm-c-am-Wv tkmbm-_o≥.
198.]o®v (Peach)ac- Ø ns‚ kztZiw
ssN\-bm-Wv. CXv t]¿jy-bn¬\n∂v
bqtdm- ∏ n- s e- Ø n- ® Xv Ae- I v k m- ≠ ¿
N{I-h¿Øn-bm-Wv.
199.Huj-[-ß-fpsS cm⁄n F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv s]\n-sk-en≥ (Penicillin). CXv-
H-cn-\w- ^w-K-km-Wv.- Cu- Hu-j-[w- I-
≠p-]n-Sn-®X - v- A-eI - vk
- m-≠¿- ^vs
h-≠¿-{U-Kv- F-∂pw- C-Xv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂p.- B-Zy-am-bn- I-s≠-Øn-b- B-‚ n- _-
tbm-´n-Iv- B-Wn-Xv.-
200.-kp-K‘ - h - y-RvP - \- ß
- f - p-sS- cm-Pm-hv- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Ip-cp-ap-f-Iv (Pepper).
201.tIc-fØn-s‚- I-dp-Ø- s]m-∂v- F-∂v- hn-
ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Ip-cp-ap-f-Im-Wv.-
tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-
b-‰p-a-Xn- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂- kp-K-‘-hy-Rv-
P-\-am-Wn-Xv.- P-∑-tZ-iw- C-¥y-.- im-kv-
{X--\maw Pepper nigrum. bh-\-{]n-b-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.-
202.- ]- c- m-KW - Ø- n-\v- a-gs
- b- B-{i-bn-°p-∂- k-
ky-am-Wv- Ip-cp-ap-f-Iv- .- C-Xn-s\- _m-[n- bpdm\kv
°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- hn¬-‰v- A-Y-hm- hm-´- * hneyw- tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿,- A-e-Iv-km-
tcm-Kw.- ≠¿- t]m-∏v- F-∂n-h-cp-sS- Ir-Xn-I-fn-
203.- -Xn-∏-en,- Ip-cp-ap-f-Iv,- Np-°v,- Xn-∏-en-aq-ew- se- I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS- t]-cp-Iƒ-
F-∂n-h- tN¿-∂- Hu-j-[-am-Wv- N-Xp-`q- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂- {K-lw-
j-Ww.- *- -]-®- {K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- {K-lw-
204.- -Ip-cp-ap-f-In¬- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- B¬- *- -1781˛¬- hn-eyw- sl¿-j¬- I-s≠-Øn-
°-tem-bv-Uv- B-Wv- ]n-∏-ssd-Un-≥.- b- {K-lw-
205.- t- em-IØ - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- k-¶c - b- n-\w- Ip- *- {- [p-h{- ]-tZ-iw- kq-cy-\v- A-`n-ap-Ja- m-bn-
cp-ap-fI
- m-b- ]-∂n-bq¿-˛1- hn-Ik - n-∏n-s®-Sp- ]-cn-{I-a-Ww- sN-øp-∂- {K-lw-
Ø-Xv- I-Æq¿- Pn-√-bn-se- ]-∂n-bq-cn-se- *- -sS-en-kv-tIm-∏n-s‚- k-lm-b-tØm-sS-
Ip-cp-ap-f-Iv- K-th-j-W- tI-{µ-Øn-em-Wv.- I-s≠-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- {K-lw-
206.- -Piperin BWv IpcpapfIns‚ Fcnhn\p *- G- X- v- {K-lØ- n-s‚- D-]{- K-la- m-Wv- ssS-
ImcWw. ‰m-\n-b-
207. _me≥tIm-´, Icn-ap-≠, sIm‰-\m-S-≥, *- -D-cp-fp-∂- {K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
I√p-h≈n F∂nh Nne \mS≥ Ipcp- *- -In-S-°p-∂- {K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
ap-fIv C\-ß-fm-Wv. {K-lw-
208. ss]\m-∏nƒ (Pine apple) AYhm ]pdp- *- -A-cp-W-≥ F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- {K-
Øn-®° C¥y-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h∂ - Xv lw-
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-Wv. sXt° Ata- *- -A-®p-X-≠n-\v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- N-
cn-°b - mWv kztZ-iw. {InÃ-^¿ sImfw- cn-hp-≈- {Klw
_-kmWv bqtdm-∏n¬ ]cn-Nb - s - ∏-Sp-Øn-
b-Xv.
209. kz¿Kob ^ew F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
ss]\m-∏n-fmWv (ssI-X-®-°). ^nen-
ss∏≥kp- I m¿ ss]\m- ∏ nƒ Ce-
bn¬\n∂v \mcp \n¿an-°p-∂p-≠v.
210. CussY¬ _yqss´td‰ns‚
km∂n[yamWv ss]\m∏nfns‚
aWØn\pImcWw. CXnse
t{_msaen≥ (Bromelain)F∂ F∂
cmkm·nbmWv Zl\sØ
DtØPn∏n°p∂Xv.
211. S¿s]-ss‚≥ e`n-°p-∂Xv ss]\kv
(Pinus)ac-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wv. hnØp-s≠-
¶nepw Imbv I - f n- √ mØ kky- a mWv 216. Dcp- f - ° n- f - ß ns‚(Potato) kztZiw
ss]\-kv. CXv Pnwt\mkvt]w F∂ Ata- c n- ° - b m- W v. imkv{X- \ maw
hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ k-ky-am-Wv. Solanum tuberosum. s\√v , tKmX-
212. hmg-bmWv (Plantain) G‰hpw henb ºv, tNmfw F∂nh Ign-™m¬ G‰hpw
Hmj-[n. ImbvI-fp-s≠-¶nepw hnØn- D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ `£y-hn-f-bm-Wn-
√mØ kky-amW-n-Xv. Xv.
v- n- 213. hmgsb _m[n- ° p∂ tcmK- a mWv 217. temI- Ø nse G‰hpw henb ]qhv
Bunchy top. Hcn- ° ¬am{Xw d^vfo-jy-(Rafflessia)bmWv.- Cu- ]q-hn-
Imbv ° p∂ kky- ߃°p- Zm- l- c- W - \v- cq-£-am-b- Zp¿-K-\v-[-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- sX-
amWv hm-g. °p-In-g° - ≥- G-jy-bn¬- Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂p.-
214. amX-fØ - ns‚ (Pomegranate) kztZiw C-Xv "corpse flower" F∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
Cdm≥ ]oT-aq-anbpw lnam-e-b≥ \nc-I- ∂p.- 11 In-tem-{Km-tam-fw- `m-cw-h-cpw- H-
fp-am-Wv. cp- ]q-hn-\v.- C-Xv- ]-cm-∂-t`m-Pn-bm-b- H-
215. tam¿^n≥ e`n- ° p- ∂ Xv t]m∏n- cp- k- k y- a m- W v . Tetrastigma F∂
(Poppy)bn¬\n-∂m-Wv. \oe t]m∏n- kkyØn¬\n∂mWv d^vfojy
bmWv `q´ms‚ tZiob ]pjv]w. Blmcw hens®Sp°p∂Xv.
sshIpWvT kzmanIƒ
* Z£ntW¥ybnemZyambn IÆmSn
{]Xn-jv-T- \-S-Øn-b-Xm-cv-
*- - "-Pm-Xn- H-∂v,- a-Xw- H-∂v,- Ip-ew- H-∂v- ssZ-
hw- H-∂v-'- F-∂- k-tµ-iw- \¬-In-b- km-
aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-
*- a
- p-Sn-Nq-Spw-s]-cp-amƒ- (In-co-Sw-Nq-Sn-ba
- l
- m-
hn-jv-Wp- F-∂¿-Yw- )- F-∂v- am-Xm-]n-Xm-
°ƒ- t]-cn-s´-¶n-epw- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I-cp-
sS- F-Xn¿-∏p-aq-ew- t]-cp-am-t‰-≠n-h-∂-
km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-
- f-anw-Kv.- *- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hv- P-bn-en-e-S-®- \-
thm-∞m-\- \m-b-I-≥
*- -{_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-sØ- sh-¨-\o-N-≥ F-
∂pw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- `-c-W-sØ- A-\-
¥-]p-c-sØ- \o-N-≥ F-∂pw- hn-fn-®-Xm-cv-
?-
*- -ta¬-ap-≠v- k-a-c-Øn-\v- {]-tNm-Z-\w- \¬-
In-b- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv- cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-
*- -A-øm- ssh-Ip-Wv-T¿- F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-´- \- *- -k-a-Xz-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-
thm-∞m-\- \m-b-I-≥ *- -B-cp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cm-Wv- ap-Øp-
*- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- km-aq-ln-I- ]- °p-´n-
013

kzn‰vk¿e‚v
* -^p-Sv-t_mƒ- kw-L-S-\-bm-b- ^n-^-
bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-(kq-dn-®v-)- G-Xp- cm-
Py-Øm-W-v
*- -{]-Xy-£- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- kw-hn-[m-\w-
\n-e-hn-ep-≈- bq-tdm-]y-≥ cm-jv-{Sw-
*- -bq-tdm-∏n-se- I-iv-ao¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
*- -{]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- sl¬-th-jy- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-
*- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- I-fn-ÿ-ew- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
*- -Ip-cn-in-s‚- Nn-{X-ap-≈- ]-Xm-I-bp-≈-
cm-Pyw-
*- -ssd-≥ \-Zn- D¬-`-hn-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-
*- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- km-º-Øn-I- X-e-ÿm-
\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- kq-dn-®v- G-Xv-
cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
*- C
- ‚- ¿-\m-jW - ¬- H-fn-ºn-Iv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-
sS- B-ÿm-\-am-b- tem-sk-bv-≥ G-
Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
*- H
- f
- n-ºn-I-v ayq-kn-bw- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv
218. C¥y≥ sSe-{Km^v sNSn F∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv cma-\m-Y-∏-®.
219. dnk¿ss∏≥ F∂ acp∂p e`n-°p-∂Xv
k¿∏- K - ‘ n- ( A- a ¬s∏m- c n)bn¬\n-
∂mWv (Rauwolfia). CXv c‡- k -
Ω¿±Øns‚ NnIn- ’ bv ° pw at\m-
tcmK NnIn’bv°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
220. dnkn-\kv Iayp-Wnkv F∂ imkv{X-
\m-a-ap≈ Bh-W°v F√m hmX-tcm-
K-߃°pw DØa Huj-[a - m-bX
- n-\m¬
hmXmcn F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Bh-
W-s°-Æbpw Cu kky-Øn¬\n∂v
e`n-°p-∂p.
221. Bh- W - ° ns‚ (Castor)kztZiw
CuPn-]vXm-Wv.
222. ]q°-fpsS dmWn F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂Xv
tdmkv BWv. Cw•-≠nsebpw Ata-cn-
°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Ifnsebpw tZiob
]pjv]-am-Wn-Xv.
223. Cu´n- (Rose W ood)bpsS imkv{X-\m-
a-amWv Dalbergia latifolia.
224. d∫-dns‚ P∑-tZiw {_ko¬. imkv{X-
\maw Hevea braziliansis.
225. d∫¿ C¥y- b n¬sIm- ≠ p- h - ∂ Xv
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-Wv.
226. d∫-dns‚ IdbmWv em‰Ivkv.
227. shPn-‰-_nƒ tKmƒUv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv Ip¶p-a-am-Wv (Saffron). temI
hn]- W n- b nse G‰hpw hne ]nSn®
kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-am-Wn-Xv.
228. Ip¶p-a-Øn-\v- \n-dw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv- ss•-
t°m-ssk-Uv- t{Im-kn-≥ F-∂- ]-Zm¿-Y-
am-Wv.- k-ky-Øn-s‚- D-W° - n-b Stigma,
Style F∂o- `m-Kß - f - m-Wv- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xv.
229. sdbn¬th …o∏-dp-Iƒ \n¿an-°m≥ D]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂ ac-ßf - n-sem-∂m-Wv km¬
(Sal).
230. Nµ\a-c-߃- A-Sp-Øp-≈- hr-£-ß-fp-
sS- th-cn¬-\n-∂v- t]m-jI - ß - ƒ- h-en-s®-
Sp-°m-dp-≠v.-
231.- -N-µ-\-a-c-߃-°v- {]-kn-≤-am-b- tI-c-f-
Øn-se- ÿ-ew- aq-∂m-dn-\-Sp-Øp-≈- a-d-
bq¿.-
232.- -Nyq-bnw-Kv- Kw (Chewing Gum)e`n-°p-
∂Xv a[y-At- a-cn-°b - nse kmt]m-Un√
(Sapodilla) AYhm- k-t∏m-´- a-cØ - n¬-
\n-∂m-Wv.- Nn-°p- F-∂pw- C-Xv- A-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p.- {In-°‰
- v- t_mƒ- F-∂- t]-cn¬-
H-cn-\w- k-t∏m-´-bp-≠v.-
233.- -tem-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- D-bc - w- h-en-b- a-c-
am-Wv- A-ta-cn-°≥ - sF-Iy-\m-Sp-If - n-se
General Sherman. CXv- sk-Iz-b- hn-`m-K-
Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂- a-ca- m-Wv (Sequoiadendron
giganteum). hn-Øp-s≠-¶n-epw- Im-bv-I-
fn-√m-Ø- k-ky-ß-fm-Wv- Pnw-t\m-kv-t]-
ap-Iƒ.-
234. sN¥p-cp-Wn- a-cß - ƒ- [m-cm-fa- p-≈X- n-\m-
em-Wv- sIm-√w- Pn-√-bn-se- sN-¥p-cp-Wn-
h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-X-Øn-\v- B- t]-cp- In-
´n-b-Xv.-
235.- -kn-U- tIm¿-Un-t^m-fn-b- F-∂- im-kv-
{X-\m-a-ap-≈- Ip-dp-t¥m-´n- B-bp¿-th-Z-
Hu-j-[-ß-fm-b- _m-em-cn-jv-Sw,- _-em-
ssX-ew,- [m-\z-¥c - w,- £o-c_
- e- - Xp-Sß
- n-
b-h-bn¬- A-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.- hm-X-tcm-K-
߃-°v- ^-e-{]-Z-am-b- Hu-j-[-am-Wn-Xv.-
236.- -K¿-`n-Wn-Iƒ-°v- kp-J-{]-k-h-Øn-\p- k-
lm-b-I-am-Wv- Ip-dp-t¥m-´n.-
237.- -a-\p-jy-≥ B-lm-c-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂- B¬-K-bm-Wv- kv-ss]-dp-en-\.- G-‰-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- amw-kyw- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-
∂- k-ky-t{km-X- m-Wn-Xv- (60 i-X-am-
\w-).- tkm-bm-_o-\n¬- 40 i-X-am-\w- amw-
ky-am-Wp-≈-Xv.-
238.- -]-{¥-≠v- h¿-jØn-sem-cn-°¬- ]q-°p-
∂- k-ky-am-Wv- \o-e-°p-dn-™n.- kv-t{Sm-
_n-em-¥k - v- Ip-¥n-bm-\- F-∂X - m-Wv- im-
kv-{X-\m-aw.- {Zm-hn-U- tZ-h-\m-b- ap-cp-I-
s‚- C-jv-S- ]p-jv-]-am-Wn-Xv.
239. Ipdn- ™ n- b psS ]cn- c - £ - W m¿Yw
CSp°n Pn√-bn¬ tZio-tbm-Zym-\a - p-≠v.
240. ImWvT-Øn¬ AYhm XmbvØ-Sn-bn¬
Blmcw tiJ-cn-°p∂ kky-amWv
Icn- º v (Sugarcane). imkv { X- \ maw
Sacharrum officinarum.
241. ]pjv]n-®m¬ hnf-hp-Ip-d-bp∂ hnf-bm-
Wv Icnºv.
242. C¥y- b n¬ lcnX hnπ- h - Ø n- e qsS
G‰hpw sa®-ap-≠mb \mWy-hnf (cash
crop) Icn-ºm-Wv.
243. G‰hpw kmh[m\Øn¬ hfcp∂
kkyamWv Suguaro F∂p t]cp≈
Hcn\w I≈napƒs®Sn.
244. ]cm- K - W - Ø n\v tX\o- ® sb am{Xw
]pXpt®cn
* ]Xn\mem-a-sØ- `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-
Z-KX- n-bn-eq-sS- C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-bt- \m-
Sv- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-s∏-´- {]-tZ-iw-
*- -hn-π-h-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- A-h-km-\n-
∏n-®v- A-ch - n-µt- Lm-jv- k-∂ym-kP - o-
hn-Xw- \-bn-®-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -`m-c-Xo-bm¿- k-am-[n- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -C-¥y-≥ C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- C-t¥m-
f-Pn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -A-c-hn-µ- k-am-[n- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -C-¥y-bn¬- {^-©p- kw-kv-Im-cw- \n-
e-\n¬-°p-∂- {]-tZ-iw-
*- -C-¥y-bn¬- sPm-hm-≥ Hm-^v- B¿-°v-
kv-Iz-b¿- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -aq-∂v- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bn- A-Xn¿-
Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- tI-{µ-`c - W
- - {]-tZ-iw-
G-Xm-Wv-
*- -C-¥y-bn¬- {^-©p-`m-j- kw-km-cn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂- tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-iw-
*- P
- n-]vs
- a¿- (P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- C-
≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- t]m-Ãv- {Km-tPz-‰v-
sa-Un-°¬- F-Uyp-t°-j-≥ B-‚ v-
dn-k¿-®v-)- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
014
kqdØv
* C-¥y-bn-se- {_n-´o-jv- km-∂n-[y-Øn-
\p- Xp-S-°-an-´- \-K-cw-
*- -Jw-`m-Xv- Dƒ-°-S-en¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-
∂- Xp-d-ap-Jw-
*- -k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬- \m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-
*- -C-¥y-bn-se- h-{P-\-K-cw-
*- -k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬- ayq-kn-bw- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-
*- -C-¥y-≥ U-b-a-≠v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -Cw-•o-jv- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n- C-¥y-
bn¬- B-Zy-sØ- ^m-Iv-S-dn- B-cw-`n-
®- ÿ-ew-
*- -C-¥y-bp-sS- Fw-t{_m-bn-U-dn- X-e-
ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
*- -tem-I-sØ- 70 i-X-am-\w- c-Xv-\-ß-
fpw- ap-dn-°p-I-bpw- t]m-fn-jv- sN-øp-
∂-Xpw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- t- _mw-s_-bv° - p-ap-ºv- ]-›n-aX
- o-cØ
- v-
{_n-´o-jp-Im-cp-sS- {]-[m-\- Xm-h-f-am-
bn-cp-∂- \-K-cw-
B{i-bn-°p∂ kky-amWv kqcy-Im¥n
(Sun Flower).
245. Ata-cn-°b - m-Wv kqcy-Im¥n (Helianthus
annuus) bpsS kztZiw. CXn¬\n∂v
kqcy-Im¥n FÆ e`n-°p-∂p.
246. ac®o\nbn¬ (Tapioca or Cassava)
AS- ß n- b n- c n- ° p∂ Bkn- U mWv
{]qknIv BknUv AYhm sslt{Um-
k-bm-\nIv Bkn-Uv.
247. ac-®o-\n-bpsS P∑-tZiw {_ko-em-Wv.
248. imJIfp≈ ]q¶pebp≈ G‰hpw
henb kkyamWv- Talipot Palm (Um-
brella Palm).
249. C¥y≥ Cu¥-∏gw (Indian Dates)F∂-
dn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂Xv ]pfn ( - Tamarind)bm-Wv.
Ad-_n-If - m-W-v Cu- hn-ti-jW - w- Nm¿-Øn-
b-Xv.
250. B{^n° P∑-tZ-ia - mb ]pfnsb C¥y-
bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-∂Xv Ad-_n-I-fm-
Wv.
251. ]pfn-bnse BknUv Sm¿Sm-dnIv Bkn-
Uv.
252. tXbn- e (Tea)- b psS imkv { X- \ maw
Camelia sinensis. tXbn-eb - n¬- A-Sß- n-
bn-cn-°p-∂- B¬-°-tem-bv-Uv- tX-bo-≥.-
253.- -ssN-\-bn-se- bp-\m-≥ {]-hn-iy- tX-bn-
e-bp-sS- P-∑-tZ-iw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
254.- -Im-´p-a-c-ß-fp-sS- N-{I-h¿-Øn- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂X - v- tX-°v (Teak). imkv{X-\maw
Tectona grandis.
255. I∏¬\n¿am-WØ - n\v tX°p-XS- n-bmWv
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Np≠≥
h≈- ß ƒ \n¿an- ° m≥ B™n- e n-
bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
256. _oUn \n¿an-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv
Tendu ac-Øns‚ Ce-I-fm-Wv.
257. XgpXm-a- A-Yh - m- ]p-\¿-\h - - lr-Zb - s - Ø-
bpw- hr-°-sb-bpw- H-cp-t]m-se- D-tØ-
Pn-∏n-°p-∂- Hu-j-[- k-ky-am-Wv.-
258.- -]p-I-bn-e-bn¬ (Tobacco) AS-ßn-bn-cn-
°p∂ hnj-hkvXp \nt°m-´n≥.
259. ]p-I-bn-e-bn-se- Im-≥k¿- D-≠m-°p-∂-
L-S-I-am-Wv- ss\-t{Sm-km-an-≥.-
260.- Golden Leaf of India F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv- ]p-I-bn-e-bm-Wv.-
261. ]mh-s∏-´-hs‚ B∏nƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv X°m-fn -(Tomato)bm-Wv.
262. X°m-fn-bnse BknUv HmIvkm-enIv
Bkn-Uv. P∑-tZiw sXt° Ata-cn-°.
263. X°mfn ]mIamIptºmƒ Nph∏v \ndw
\¬Ip∂ ]ns‹‚mWv sset°m∏n≥.
264. Love Apple F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xpw
X°mfnbmWv
265. sXm´m- h m- S n- b psS (Touch-me-not)
imkv{X-\maw Mimosa pudica.
266. Huj[ kky-ß-fpsS amXmhv F∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Xpf-kn-bm-Wv.
kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ tZh-Zp-µp`n F∂-dn-
b-s∏--Sp∂ Cu kky-Øns‚ imkv{X-
\maw Ocimum sanctum.
267. Xpf-kn,- s]-∏¿-an-‚ v- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- au-
Øv- hm-jn-se- L-S-I-߃.-
268.- Golden Spice F∂- d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ Xv
a™-fmWv (Turmeric).
269. a™-fn\p \ndw \¬Ip-∂ cmk-hkvXp
Ip¿°p-an≥ (Curcumin).
270. ImWvT-Øn¬ Blmcw tiJ-cn-®p-h-
bv ° p∂ kky- a mWv a™ƒ. P∑-
tZiw C¥y.
271. a[y-Ime bqtdm-∏n¬ CXv Ip¶p-a-
Øn\p hne IqSp-Xe - m-bX- n-\m¬ ]Icw
D]- t bm- K n- ° m- d p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬
C¥y≥ Ip¶paw F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.
272. a™ƒ hn]-W-\-Øn¬ ap∂n-em-bn-cp-
∂-Xn-\m¬ a™ƒ \Kcw F∂-dn-bs - ∏-
´ncp∂ \K- c - a mWv Xan- g v \ m- ´ nse
CutdmUv.
273. temI- Ø nse G‰hpw anI- ® - b n\w
a™-fmbn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Be∏n
a™-fm-Wv.
274. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Ccpºv AS-ßnb
kpK- ‘ - \ y- R v P \w F∂ {]tXy- I -
Xbpw a™-fn--\p-≠v.
275. kuµ- c y- k w- h ¿[I ]Zm¿Y- a mbpw
a™ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
276. a™-fns‚ D]-tbm-Kt- bm-Ky-amb `mKw
`qIm-WvU-am-Wv.
277. A¥-co-£-Øn¬\n∂v Cu¿∏w t\cn´v
hen-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ kky-amWv
ac-hmg (Vanda).
278. ]® kz¿Ww F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ hm\n-
e(Vanilla)- b psS kztZiw saIv k n-
t°m-bm-Wv. kzbw ]cm-KWw km[y-a-
√mØ kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-am-Wn-Xv.
279. `£ytbm-Ky-am-b- G-I-bn-\w- Hm¿-°n-
Um-Wv- h-m\ne. Princess of Spices
F∂mWv CXdnbs∏Sp∂Xv.
280. Ip¶paw Ign™m¬ G‰hpw hne
]nSn∏p≈ kpK‘ hyRv P \amWv
hm\ne.
281. G‰hpw henb Ce-bp≈ kky-amWv
hnIvtSm-dnb doPn-b (Victoria regia)
AY-hm- B-\-Øm-a-c.- C-Xn-s‚- C-e-bv-
°v- c-≠p-ao-‰¿-h-sc- hym-k-ap-≠m-Ipw.-
km-[m-c-W- Xm-a-c-bn-e-t]m-se- sh-≈-
Øn¬- s]m-ßn-°n-S° - p-∂- C-Xn-\v- 20 In-
tem-{Kmw- h-sc- `m-cw- Xm-ßm-≥ I-gn-bp- w.
282. hn¶m-ssÃ≥ F∂ B¬°-tembvUv
e`n-°p-∂Xv ihw-\m-dn (Vinca rosea)-
bn¬\n-∂m-Wv. Cu acp∂v c‡m¿_pZ
NnIn-’bv°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. \nXy-
I-eym-Wn, ih-t°m-´-∏®, Dj-a-ecn
F∂o t]cp-I-fnepw Cu kkyw Adn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
283. tKmX-ºns‚ (Wheat) imkv{X-\maw
Triticum aestivum F∂m-Wv.
 sh≈n
* sshZyp-Xn-bp-sS- an-I-®- Nm-e-Iw-
*- -G-Xn-s‚- A-bn-cm-Wv- A¿-P-‚m-ss\-‰v-
*- -Xm-]-Øn-s‚- an-I-®- Nm-e-Iw-
*- -C¬-Øp-an-jn-s‚- X-¶- F-∂- \m-W-
bw- F-¥p-]-tbm-Kn-®v- \n¿-an-®-Xm-bn-
cp-∂p-
*- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- ]p-cm-X-\- \m-W-b-am-b-
I¿-jm-]-Ww- F-¥p-]-tbm-Kn-®v- \n¿-
an-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-
*- -sj¿-jm-bp-sS- dp-∏n-b- F-∂- \m-W-
bw- F-∂- \m-W-bw- F-¥p-]-tbm-Kn-
®v- \n¿-an-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-
*- -G-Xv- tem-l-Øn-\v- £m-aw- t\-cn-´-Xp-
sIm-≠m-Wv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- _n-≥ Xp-•-Iv-
sN-ºv- sIm-≠p-≈- A-S-bm-f- \m-W-b-
kw-hn-[m-\w- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-
*- -t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-sS- F-kv-s]-c- F-
∂- \m-W-bw- F-¥p-]-tbm-Kn-®v- \n¿-
an-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-
*- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- A-\-¥-cm-b-≥]-
Ww- F-∂- \m-W-bw- F-¥p-]-tbm-Kn-
®v- \n¿-an-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-
*- -A¿-P-‚w- F-∂pw- t]-cp-≈- aq-e-Iw-
284. C¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- dm-
_n- hn-f-bm-Wv- tKm-X-ºv.-
285.- -C-¥y-bn¬- l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-eq-sS- G-‰-
hpw- sa-®-ap-≠m-b- `-£y-hn-f- tKm-X-ºm-
Wv.-
286.- -A-ta-cn-°-bn¬- tKm-X-ºp-]m-S-߃-°p-
{]-kn-≤a - m-b- {]-bd- n- ]p¬-ta-Sp-Iƒ- tem-
I-Øn-s‚- A-∏-sØm-´n- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-
s∏-Sp-∂p.-
287.- -{In-°-‰v- _m-‰v- \n¿-an-°m-≥ hn-t√m- a-c-
Ø-ns‚ XSn (Willow tree) D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂p.
288. G-‰h - pw- sN-dn-b- ]q-hp-≈- k-kyw- hqƒ-
^n-b- (Wolfia) BWv.- G-‰h - pw- th-KØ
- n¬-
{]-Xyp¬-]m-Z\ - w- \-SØ- p- ∂ seeded plant
BW-v W olfia microscopica. hpƒ-^n-b-
sb-- W atermeal F-∂p- hn-fn-°m-dp-≠.v -
289. Zi-aq-e-߃ Ch-bm-Wv˛ Ipºnƒ, Iqh-
fw, ap™, ]mXn-cn, ]e-I∏ - ø
- m-\n, Hmcn-
e, aqhn-e, IdpØ Np≠, shfpØ
Np≠, sRcn™n¬. Ch Zi-aq-em-cn-
jvS-Øns‚ \n¿am-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂p.
290. Zi-]p-jv]-߃ Ch-bm-Wv˛ ]qhmw-Ip-
dp- ¥ - e , ap°p- ‰ n, Dgn- ™ , sNdq- f ,
Itøm-∂n, apb¬s®-hn-b≥, hnjvWp-
{Im-¥n, \ne-∏-\, Xncp-Xm-fn, IdpI.
291. C¥y-bn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- am-ÿ- I-¨-
djy
* G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- h-\-hn-kv-Xr-Xn-
bp-≈- cm-Pyw-
*- 2- 018se- tem-II- ∏- v- ^p-Svt- _m-fn-s‚-
B-Xn-tY-b¿-
*- -tSmƒ-tÃm-bn-bp-sS- `-h\ - a - m-b- bm-
kv-\-bm- t]m-fn-bm-\- G-Xv- cm-Py-
Øm-Wv-
*- -t\-hm- \-Zn- H-gp-Ip-∂- cm-Pyw-
*- -a-Z¿-em-≥Uv- {]-Xn-a- G-Xv- cm-Py-
Øm-Wv-
*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kn-\n-am- Xn-tb-
‰-dp-Iƒ- D-≈- cm-Pyw-
*- -G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-
Pyw-
*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- X-Wp-∏v- A-\p-
`-h-∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
*- -_-ln-cm-Im-i-hm-l-\w- hn-t£-]n-
®- B-Zy- cm-Pyw- (1957)-
*- -a-\p-jy-s\- _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øv- F-
Øn-®- B-Zy- cm-Pyw
kzmX{¥ `mcXw
t{Smƒ- s^-kn-en-‰n- sk-‚¿- sF.-F-kv.-
B¿.-H.-F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- A-
tbm-[y-\-K¿-
292.- -\m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- t^m¿- bp-\m-
\n- sa-Un-kn-≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛-_mw-•q¿-
293.- -\m-j-W¬- te-_¿- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- B-cp-
sS- t]-cn¬- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-
∂p-˛- hn.-hn.-Kn-cn-
294.- -\m-W-b-Øn¬- Nn-{Xw- ap-{Z-Ww- sN-ø-
s∏-´- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- P-
hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
295.- -]n-∂m-°- hn-`m-K-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- cm-jv-
{S-]-Xn-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- Kym-\n- sk-
bn¬- kn-Mv-
296.- 1- 956˛¬- kw-ÿm-\- ]p-\  - w-LS- \- b
- n-eq-
sS- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- kw-ÿm-\-߃- ˛- 14
297.- -1971˛-se- C-t¥m-˛- ]m-Iv- bp-≤-k-a-b-Øv-
{]-Xn-tcm-[- a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- P-Kv-Po-
h-≥ dmw-
298.- -1998˛¬- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- F.-_n.-
hm-Pv-t]-bn-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ {]-[m-\-
a-{¥n- \-hm-kv- sj-co-^pw- {]-Jym-]-\-
Øn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- \-K-cw-˛-em-tlm¿-
299.- -2005 H-Iv-tSm-_-dn¬- hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-
aw- \-S-∏n¬- h-cm-Ø- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- P-
Ωp- Im-iv-ao¿-
300.- -a-{Zm-kv- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s≥d- t]-cv- X-an-
gv-\m-Sv- F-∂m-°n-am-‰n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1969
301.- -A-Æm- l-km-tc- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-°m-
c-\m-Wv-˛- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-
302.- -A-º-Xp- h¿-jw- ]m¿-e-sa-‚w-K-≠-am-bn-
≠-cp-∂- kzm-X-{¥y- k-a-c- tk-\m-\n-˛-
F-≥.-Pn.-cw-K-
303.- -A-h-km-\-am-bn- C-¥y- hn-´p-t]m-b- hn-
tZ-io-b¿- B-cv- ˛- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-
304.- -A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-se- A-`-b-L-´n¬- A-
¥y-\n-{Z- sIm-≈p-∂- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-
a-{¥n-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-
305.- -a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn¬- s]-\n-sk-en-≥ ^m-Iv-
S-dn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- ]nw-{]n-
306.- -am-cp-Xn- D-tZym-Kv- G-Xv- P-∏m-\o-kv- I-º-
\n-bp-am-bn-´m-Wv- k-lI - c- n-°p-∂X- v˛- - kp-
kp-In-
307.- -B-cy`-´- D-]-{K-l-sØ- _-ln-cm-Im-i-
Øv- F-Øn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- (ap-≥)-tkm-hn-b-
‰v- bq-Wn-b-≥
308.- -C-¥y- F-Uyp-km-‰v- hn-t£-]n-®- Xo-b-
Xn-˛- 2004 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 20
309.- -C-¥y-≥ C-≥Ãv-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- s]-t{Sm-fn-
bw- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- sU-dm-Uq-¨-
310.- -C-¥y-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- K-h¿-W¿-
P-\-d¬- ˛- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-
311.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- ]p-I-bn-e- hn-ap-‡-
\-K-cw-˛- N-Wv-Un-K-Vv-
312.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sS-Ãv- Syq-_v- in-
ip-˛- Zp¿-K-
313.- -cm-tI-jv- i¿-a-bp-sS- _-ln-cm-Im-i-bm-
{X- \-S-Øn-b- h¿-jw- ˛-1984
314.- -N-{µ-bm-≥˛-c-≠v- ]-≤-Xn-bn¬- G-Xp- cm-
Py-hp-am-bn- k-l-I-cn-°m-\m-Wv- C-¥y-
e-£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- d-jy-
315.- -an-kv- thƒ-Uv- B-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-cn-
˛- do-Ø- ^-cn-b-
316.- -\m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- kw-tbm-P-\-Øn-\v-
t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬-
317.- -\m-f-µ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- bp-sS- ]p-\-cp-
≤m-c-W-Øn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-Im-≥ \n-
tbm-Kn-°-s∏´Xv˛ Aa¿Xy sk≥
318. \mjW¬ A kvsa‚ v B‚ v
A{IUnt‰j≥ Iu¨knens‚
(\mIv) Bÿm\w˛_mw•q¿
319. \mj-W¬- Iu-¨k - n¬- t^m¿- So-®¿- F-
Pyp-t°-js - ‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- \yq-U¬-ln-
015
QUESTION BAG
320.- -\yq-\] - £
- k - ¿-°m-cn-s‚- X-eh - \
- m-b- B-
Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-˛- N-c¨- k - n-Mv-
321.- -]-©m-b-Øv- cm-Pv,- \-K-c-]m-en-I- _n-√p-
Iƒ- cm-Py-k-`-bn¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xv- G-
Xv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv-˛- cm-Po-
hv- Km-‘n-
322.- -]-hv-\m-dn¬- ]-cw-[m-a- B-{i-aw- ÿm-]n-
®-Xv-˛- hn-t\m-_m- `m-sh-
323.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s\- A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m-Ø-
G-I- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- N-c-¨-
kn-Mv-
324.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp- k-
`-bn¬- Aw-K-a-√m-sX- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-
b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- \-c-knw-l-dm-hp-
325.- -]n-∂m-°- hn-`m-K-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- {]-[m-
\-a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- tUm.-a-
≥tam-l-≥ kn-Mv-
326.- -]p-\-cp-≤-cn-®- \m-f-µ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-
bp-sS- {]-Y-a- hn-kn-‰¿- ÿm-\w- \n-cm-I-
cn-®-Xv- ˛-F.-]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw-
327.- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy- tI-
{µ-a-{¥n-˛- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬-
328.- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- D-]-{]-[m-
\-a-{¥n-˛- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬-
329.- -1959˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- \m-j-W¬- kv-
Iqƒ- Hm-^v- {Um-a- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- \yq-
U¬-ln-
330.- -ap-Jy-a-{¥n- ]-Zw- h-ln-®- B-Zy- Z-fn-Xv-
h-\n-X-˛- am-bm-h-Xn-
331.- a- p-Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-bt- i-jw- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-
b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-
332.- -apw-ss_-bn-se- Zm-Z-dn-\p-k-ao-]w- B-cp-
sS- k-am-[n-ÿ-e-am-Wp-≈-Xv- ˛-_n.-B¿.-
Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
333.- -A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-sb- A-®-S-°-Øn-s‚-
bp-K-∏n-d-hn- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- hn-
t\m-_m-`m-sh-
334.- -C-¥y- B-Zy-am-bn- tdm-°-‰v- hn-t£-]n-
®- ÿ-ew-˛- Xp-º- (Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-)-
335.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- A-t‰m-an-Iv- dn-
bm-Iv-S¿-˛- A-]v-k-c-
336.- -G-Xp- kw-L-S-\-bv-°m-Wv- Xp-º- tdm-°-
‰v- hn-t£-]-W- tI-{µw- k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv-˛- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-kw-L-S-\-
337.- G- X - -v cm-Py-am-W-v A-‚m¿-´n-°- ]-cy-S\ - Ø- n-
\m-bn- C-¥y-°-v Fw-hn- t]m-fm¿- k¿-°nƒ-
i\n
* GXv- {K-l-Øn-s‚- D-]-{K-l-߃-°m-
Wv- {Ko-°p-]p-cm-W-ß-fn-se- I-Ym-]m-
{X-ß-fp-sS- t]-cv- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
*- -ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se- {K-l-ß-fn¬- h-ep-
∏-Øn¬- c-≠mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈- {K-lw-
*- G
- X - v- {K-lØ- n-s‚- D-]{- K-la- m-Wv- ssS-
‰-≥
*- B
- I - ¿-jI - a- m-b- h-eb
- ß
- f- p-≈- {K-lw-
*- -{Um-K-¨- tÃmw,- t{K-‰v- ssh-‰v- kv-t]m-
´v- F-∂o- sIm-Sp-¶m-‰v- ta-J-e-Iƒ- D-
≈- {K-lw-
*- -G-Xv- {K-l-sØ-bpw- D-]-{K-ß-sf-bpw-
Ip-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°m-≥ hn-t£-]n-®-Xm-Wv-
Im-kn-\n-˛-ssl-P-≥kv- Zu-Xyw-?-
*- -tdm-a-≥]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- Ir-jn-bp-sS-
A-[n-tZ-h-s‚- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
{K-lw-
*- -G-‰-hpw- km-{µ-X- Ip-d-™- {K-lw-
*- -P - e - s Ø- ° mƒ- km- { µ- X - Ip- d - ™ -
{K- l w-
*- -sS-en-kv-tIm-∏n-s‚- k-lm-b-an-√m-sX-
I-s≠-Øn-b- G-‰-hpw- A-I-se-bp-≈-
{K-lw
F-∂- hm-l\ - w- \¬-In-bX - ˛v- t- \m¿-th-
338.- -Iq-Sw-Ip-fw- B-W-h-]-≤-Xn-bp-am-bn- k-
l-I-cn-°p-∂- cm-Pyw- ˛- d-jy-
339.- -km-lm- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- \yq-¢n-b¿-
^n-kn-Iv-kn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- I¬-°-´-
340.- -Nm-{µ-bm-≥ ]-≤-Xn-°m-bn- C-¥y- D-]-
tbm-Kn-® _-ln-cm-Im-i-hm-l-\-Øn-s‚-
\m-a-t[-bw-˛- ]n-F-kv-F¬-hn- kn-˛-11
341.- -sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H.- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- h¿-
jw-˛- 1969
342.- -sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H.-bp-sS- hm-Wn-Py-hn-`m-
K-am-b- B-≥{Un-Iv-kv- tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w-˛-_mw-•q¿-
343.- -Xp-º- tdm-°-‰v- tem-©n-Mv- tÃ-j-≥ {]-
h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1963
344.- - _ m- ¶ v - tZ- i - k m¬- ° - c - W - Ø n- \ p- ap-
≥ssI-sb-Sp-Ø- a-eb - m-fn-bm-b- tI-{µ-\n-
b-aa - {- ¥n-˛- ]-\º - n-≈n- tKm-hn-µt- a-t\m-≥
345.- -\m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- kw-tbm-P-\-Øn¬-
k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-s\- k-lm-bn-®- a-e-bm-
fn-˛- hn.-]n.-ta-t\m-≥
346.- -\m-j-W¬- t]m-eo-kv- A-°m-Z-an- B-cp-
sS- t]-cn¬- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-
∂p-˛- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬-
347.- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy-sØ-
C-¥y-≥ ssh-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- Ir-j-
≥Im-¥v-
348.- -_p-≤-≥ Nn-cn-°p-∂p- F-∂- t]-cn-ep-≈-
\yq-Iv-fn-b¿- t_mw-_v- ]-co-£-Ww- C-
¥y- \-S-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv- ]-©-h-’-c- ]-
≤-Xn-°m-e-Øm-Wv-˛- \m-emw- ]-≤-Xn-
349.- _- w-•m-tZ-in-s‚- cq-]h - ¬-°c - W- h - p-am-bn-
_-‘-s∏-´- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- C-
µn-cm-Km-‘n-
350.- -`m-c-Xo-b- P-\-kw-L-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-
≥˛- iym-a-{]-km-Zv- ap-J¿-Pn-
351.- -1948˛¬- tUm.- im-c-Zm- I-_o-dn-s\- ]p-
\¿-hn-hm-lw-sN-bvX - - t\-Xm-hv˛- _ - n.-B¿.-
Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
352.- -2009˛-se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-\p-ti-jw- \n-e-
hn¬-h∂ - X- v- F-{Xm-as - Ø- tem-Ivk - `- b
- m-
Wv-˛- 15
353.- -B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in¬- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b-ti-
jw- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-≠m-b- hy-Iv-Xn-˛-
\o-ew- k-Rv-Po-h-sd-Uv-Un-
354.- B- c - p-sS- P-∑Z- n-\w- I¿-jI - Z- n-\a - m-bn- B-
N-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p- ˛- N-c-¨-kn-Mv-
355.- -B-Iv-Snw-Kv- {]-kn-U-‚m-b-ti-jw- {]-kn-
U-‚m-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- hn.-hn.-Kn-cn-
356.- -B-Zy-sØ- G-jy-≥ sK-bnw-kv- 1951˛¬-
D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- tUm.-cm-tP-{µ-
{]-km-Zv-
357.- -B-Zy-sØ- tIm-¨-{K-kn-X-c- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-
358.- -C-¥y- B-Zy- A-‚m¿-´n-°-≥ ]-cy-S-\w-
\-S-Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1982
359.- C- ¥- y- kzm-X{- ¥y-Øn-s‚- c-PX - P - q-_n-en- B-
tLm-jn-®t- ∏mƒ- {]-kn-U‚ - ˛-v - hn.-hn.-Kn-cn-
360.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- tZ-io-b- A-Sn-b-¥-
cm-h-ÿ- {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- 1962
361.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Hm-∏-¨- bp-Wn-
th-gvk - n-‰n-°v- (B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv)- - G-Xv- t\-
Xm-hn-s‚- t]-cm-Wv- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-
Xv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
362.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- lr-Z-b-am-‰- i-
kv-{X-{In-b-bv-°p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv-
˛- ]n.-th-Wp-tKm-]m¬-
363.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sa-Un-°¬- k¿-
h-I-em-im-e-˛- hn-P-b-hm-U-
364.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- tN-cn-˛- [-
cm-hn-
365.- -`q-Zm-\-{]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®- ÿ-ew-˛-
t]m-®-º-≈n-

]qs\
* \mjW¬- sI-an-°¬- e-t_m-d-´-dn-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- k¿-
h-I-em-im-e-bm-b- {io-a-Xn- \m-Yn-`m-
bv- Xm-°¿-kn- hn-a-≥kv- bq-Wn-th-gv-
kn-‰n- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- s
- ]-jz-am-cp-sS- B-ÿm-\a - m-bn-cp-∂X
- v-
*- -t_mw-s_- {]-kn-U-≥kn-bp-sS- a-¨-
kq-¨- X-e-ÿm-\w-
*- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚-
B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-Øm-≥ \n-›-
bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- Cu- \-K-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-¶n-epw- tπ-Kv-_m-[- s]m-´n-∏p-
d-s∏-´-Im-c-Ww- th-Zn- apw-ss_-bn-te-
°v- am-t‰-≠n-h-∂p.- G-Xm-Wv- Cu- \-
K-cw-?-
*- -C-¥y-≥ B¿-an-bp-sS- k-tX-¨- I-am-
≥Un-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-
*- -Bw-Uv- t^m-gv-k-kv- sa-Un-°¬- tIm-
tf-Pv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
*- -In-g-°n-s‚- Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
*- -a-dm-Tn-`m-j-bp-sS- I-ev-]n-X- B-ÿm-
\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
*- -a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bp-sS- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- X-
e-ÿ-m\w
366.- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy- {]-
[m--\-a-{¥n-˛-P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
367.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- a-µn-c-Øn¬- {]-Xn-a- ÿn-
]n-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- t\-Xm-hv-
˛- F.-sI.-tKm-]m-e-≥
368.- -`m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- kw-
ÿm-\- ]p-\- w-L-S-\- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛-
1956
369.- -{]-kn-U-‚m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- B-
Zy-sØ- kz-X-{¥- kv-Ym-\m¿-Yn-˛- tUm.-
cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-≥
370.- -{]-kn-U-‚p- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- ]-cm-P-b-
s∏-´,- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-
ÿm-\m¿-Yn-˛- \o-ew- k-Rv-Po-h-sd-Õn-
371.- -{io-\n-tI-X-≥ F-∂- {Km-ao-W- ]p-\-cp-
≤m-c-W- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛-
c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-Kq¿-
372.- -{Km-a-hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- \o-
tem-t°-cn- ]-≤-Xn-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-
In-b-Xm-cv-˛- F-kv.-sI.-tU-
373.- 1- 956˛¬- kw-ÿm-\- ]p-\  - w-LS- \ - b
- n-eq-
sS- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-
߃-˛- 6
374.- -1966 P-\p-h-cn- 10\v- D-kv-_-°n-ÿm-\n-
se- Xm-jvs - I-‚ n¬-h® - v- ]m-In-kvX - m-≥ {]-
kn-U‚ - v- A-bq-_vJ - m-\p-am-bn- Xm-jvs - I-
‚ v- I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛- em¬- _-lm-
Zq¿-im-kv-{Xn-
375.- -1971˛-se- C-t¥m- ]m-Iv- bp-≤-Im-e-Øv-
C-¥y-bp-sS- k¿-h-ssk-\ym-[n-]-≥˛- hn.-
hn.-Kn-cn-
376.- -1984 Pq-Wn¬- ]-©m-_n-se- A-ar-X-k-
dn-se- kp-h¿-Wt- £-{X-Øn¬-\n-∂v- kn-
°p-`o-Ic - s
- c- ]p-dØ - m-°m-≥ Hm-∏t- d-j≥ - *- -G-Xv- cm-Py-am-Wv- eq-kn-‰m-\n-b- F-∂-
ªq-Ãm¿- ]-≤X - n-°v- A-\p-aX - n- \¬-In-b-
C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-˛- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-
377.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- Un.-]n.-C.-]n.- B-cw-
`n-®- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv-
378.- -C-¥y-bn-se- [-h-f- hn-]v-f-h-Øn--s‚- ]n-
Xm-hv- F-∂-dn--b-s∏-Sp--∂-Xv-˛- tUm.-h¿-Ko-
kv- Ip-cy-≥
379.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- e-b-¨-kv- ¢-
_v- 1956˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-sX-hn-sS-˛-apw-
ss_-
380.- -C-¥y-bn-se- [m-Xp- ]-cy-th-j-W-Øn-\v-
Np- a - X - e - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b n- ´ p- ≈ - k¿- ° m¿-
ÿm-]\ - w-˛- Pn-tbm-fP - n-°¬- k¿-th- Hm-
^v- C-¥y-
381.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- _-tbm-kv-^n-b¿- dn-
k¿-hv- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1986
382.- -]-Z-hn-en-cn-s°- h-[n-°-s∏-´- G-I- C-¥y-
≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- C-µn-cm- Km-‘n-
383.- -^-{Ip-±o-≥ A-en- A-l-Ω-Zv- A-¥-cn-®-
h¿-jw-˛- 1977
384.- -1977¬- \-S-∂- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- C-µn-cm-
Km-‘n-sb- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- cm-
Pv- \m-cm-b-¨-
385.- -1984 Pq-¨- 5se- ªq-Ãm¿- Hm-∏t- d-j\ - n¬-
sIm-√s - ∏-´- kn-°-v t\-Xm-h˛-v - `n-{µ-≥ hm-e-
386.- -A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy-
C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U‚ - v˛- - tUm.- k-°o¿- lp-
ssk-≥
387.- -A-kw-ªn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p-sN-
bv-X- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- F.-]n.-sP.- A-
_v-Zpƒ- I-emw-
388.- -A-t¥ym-Z-b- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- e-£yw-˛- G-
‰-hpw- ]m-h-s∏-´-h-cp-sS- D-∂-a-\w-
389.- -A-tkm-kn-tb-‰v- tÃ-‰v- ]-Z-hn-bp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- kn-°nw-
390.- -a-Wv-U¬- I-Ωn-j-≥ dn-t∏m¿-´v- X-øm-dm-
°n-b-Xv-˛- _n-tµ-iz-cn- {]-km-Zv- a-Wv-U¬-
391.- -a-Z¿- sX-tc-k- A-¥y-\n-{Z- sIm-≈p-∂-
Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
392.- -B-\-I-fp-sS- kw-c-£-Wm¿-Yw- t{]m-P-
Iv-Sv- F-en-^-≥dv- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- h¿-jw-
˛- 1992
393.- -B-\v-{[m- kw-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s≥d- B-Zy- ap-
Jy-a-{¥n-˛- Sn- {]-Im-iw-
394.- -C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- kp-h¿-W- Pq-_n-
en- B-tLm-jn-®- h¿-jw- ˛- 2002
395.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B¿-°n-tbm-f-
Pn-°¬- ]m¿-°v- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- \-K-cw-
˛- U¬-ln-
396.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-∫¿- A-W-
s°-´v- \n¿-an-®- kw-ÿm-\w-˛-B-{‘-{]-
tZ-iv-
397.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Hm-∏¨ - - kvI - qƒ-
˛- kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C.-
398.- -_-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-t]m-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-
°m-c-≥˛- cm-tI-jv- i¿-a-
399.- -\m-f-µ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-sb- ]p-\-cp-≤-
cn-°-W-sa-∂v- B-Zy-am-bn- B-h-iy-s∏-
´-Xv-˛-F.-]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw-
400.- -_p-≤-≥ Nn-cn-°p-∂p- F-∂- t]-cp- \¬-
In- C-¥y- B-W-h- ]-co-£-Ww- \-S-Øn-
b- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- cm-P-ÿm-≥
401.- -_w-•m-tZ-in-se- P-\-߃- kzm-X-{¥y-
Øn-\m-bn- s]m-cp-Xn-b-t∏mƒ- A-h¿-°v-
]n-¥p-W- \¬-I-W-sa-∂v- ]-d-™- B-
Zy- C-¥y-≥ t\-Xm-hv-˛- P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-
t]m¿´pK¬
* IÆqcn-se- sk-‚ v- B-©-tem- tIm-
´- \n¿-an-®-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv-
*- -I-ip-h-≠n- C-¥y-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-∂-
Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv-
*- -C-¥y-bp-am-bn- k-ap-{Z-am¿-Kw- \m-hn-
I- _-‘w- ÿm-]n-®- B-Zy-sØ- bq-
tdm-]y-≥ i-‡n-
*- -`q-an-sb- h-ew-sh-®- B-Zy- \m-hn-I-]-
cy-S-\-Øn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b- a-
K-√-≥ G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- P-\n-®-Xv-
dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv-
*- -ip-`-{]-Xo-£-ap-\-ºv- Np-‰n-k-©-cn-®-
(1487˛-88)- B-Zy- bq-tdm-]y-\m-b- _¿-
Ø-tem-ay- U-b-kv- G-Xv- cm-Py-°m-c-
\m-bn-cp-∂p-
*- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew-
tIm-f-\n-`-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- bq-tdm-]y-
≥ cm-Pyw-
*- -tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- ]-d-¶n-Iƒ- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv-
*- -sIm-®n-bn-se- U-®p-sIm-´m-cw- \n¿-an-
®-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv-
*- -Ip-™m-en- a-c-bv-°m-sc- (Ip-™m-en-
\m-em-a-≥)- h-[n-®-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-°m-
c-mWv
016
cm-b-¨-
402.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 35mw-t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-
kn-°n-an-\v- A-tkm-kn-tb-‰v- tÃ-‰v- ]-Z-
hn- \¬-Ip-I-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- 36mw-t`-Z-K-Xn-
bn-eq-sS- C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-\n-se- H-cp-
kw-ÿm-\a - m-°p-Ib
- pw- sN-bvX
- X
- v- G-Xp-
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛- C-µn-
cm-Km-‘n.-
403.- -`m-c-Xv- `-h-≥ F-∂- aƒ-´n- B¿-´v- sk-
‚¿- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- \-K-cw-˛- t`m-∏m¬-
404.- -`q-Zm-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-
˛- B-Nm-cy- hn-t\m-_m- `m-sh-
405.- -{]-kn-U-‚p- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- F.-]n.-sP.-
A-_v-Zpƒ- I-em-an-s\-Xn-sc- a¬-k-cn-®-
Xv-˛- e-£v-an- sk-Kmƒ- -
406.- -{]n-hn- ]-gv-k-kv- (\m-´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿-°v-
\¬-In-h∂ - n-cp-∂- B-\p-Iq-eyw-)- \n¿-Ø-
em-°n-b- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- C-µn-cm-Km-\v-[n-
407.- -{]-Xn-`m- ]m-´n¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- F-{X-m-a-
sØ- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv-˛- 12
408.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Im¿-jn-I- k¿-
h-I-em-im-e-˛- tKm-hn-µv- h-√-`v- ]-¥v- bq-
Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n- Hm-^v- A-{Kn-°ƒ-®¿- B-
‚ v- sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn- (1960)-
409.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
˛- kp-tN-X- Ir-]-em-\n-
410.- -{]-Xn-tcm-[-a-{¥n-bp-sS- im-kv-{X- D-]-tZ-
jv-Sm-hm-b- ti-jw- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-
b-Xv-˛- F.-]n.-sP.-A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw-
411.- -1952 Pq-sse-bn¬- tj-Iv- A-_v-Zp-≈-
bp-am-bn- Im-iv-ao¿- I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-sh-®-
Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
412.- -1954˛¬- B-Zy-sØ- s\-{lp- πm-\-t‰-dn-
bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- ]q-sW-
413.- -a-Z¿- sX-tc-km- h-\n-Xm- k¿-h-I-em-im-
e-bp-sS- B-kvY - m-\w-˛s - Im-ssU-°\ - m¬-
414.- -B-[p-\n-I- `m-c-X-Øn-s‚- in-ev-]n-˛- P-
hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
415.- -B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in¬- tdm-°-‰v- hn-t£-]-
W-tI-{µw- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- kv-Y-ew-˛-
{io-l-cn-t°m-´-
416.- B- k - q-{Xn-Xa
- m-b- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\- X-
e-ÿm-\ß - ƒ-˛- N-WU -v n-KV
- ,v - Km-‘n-\K- ¿-
417.- -bp.-Pn.-kn.-cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-t∏mƒ- tI-{µ-
hn-Zym-`ym-k- a-{¥n-˛- au-em-\m- A-_pƒ-
I-emw-
418.- -C-¥y- c-≠m-a-sØ- A-Wp-hn-kv-t^m-S-
\w- (Hm-∏-td-j-≥ i-‡n-)- \-S-Øn-b-sX-
t∏mƒ-˛- 1998 sa-bv- 11,- 13
419.- -C-¥y- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚- kp-h¿-W-Pq-
_n-en- B-tLm-jn-®-t∏mƒ- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
˛- sI.-B¿.-\m-cm-b-W-≥
420.- -C-¥y- X-t±-io-b-am-bn- \n¿-an-®- B-Zy-
D-]-{K-lw-˛- C-≥km-‰v- 2F-
421.- -C-¥y-°p-sh-fn-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- C-¥y-
≥ t]m-tÃm-^o-kv- ÿm-]n-®-sX-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
422.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚-
G-Xv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv- tkm-jy-en-
k-Øn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- hy-h-ÿn-Xn- Xo-
cp-am-\n-®-Xv-˛- B-h-Un-
423.- C- ¥- y-≥ \m-jW - ¬- tIm-¨{- K-kn-s‚- N-
cn-{X-Øn¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-hi - yw-
A-[y-£-]-Z-hn-bn-te-°v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-
s∏-´- h-\n-X- ˛-tkm-Wn-bm- Km-‘n-
424.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- cm-Pn-h-®- D-]-
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-
-
425.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- s]m-Xp- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1952
426.- -k-ºq¿-W-hn-π-h-Øn-\v- B-lzm-\w- sN-
bv-X- t\-Xm-hv-˛- P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-¨-
427.- -D-]-{K-lw- Xn-cn-®n-d-°p-∂- km-t¶-Xn-I-
hn-Zy- I-c-ÿ-am-°p-∂- F-{Xm-a-sØ- cm-
Py-am-Wv- C-¥y-˛- 4
428.- -F-Uyp-km-‰v- F-∂- D-]-{K-lw- hn-t£-
]n-®-Xv- F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-am-Wv-˛- {io-l-cn-
t°m-´-
429.- -1975 Pq-¨- 25\v- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- H-
∏p-sh-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬-
H-∏p-sh-®- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- ^-{Ip-±o-≥ A-
en- A-l-Ω-Zv-
430.- -1993se- apw-ss_- I-em-]w- A-t\z-jn-®-
Xv-˛- {io-Ir-jv-W- I-Ωn-j-≥
431.- -B-Zy-sØ- ]-©-h¬-k-c- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-
`n-®- h¿-jw- ˛- 1951
432.- -C-¥y-≥ _-ln-cm-Im-i- im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚-
]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- hn-{Iw-
km-cm-`m-bn-
433.- -C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-\n¬- G-‰p-hp-sam-Sp-
hn¬- e-bn-®- aq-∂v- \m-´p-cm-Py-߃-˛-
ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv,- Pp-\-K-Vv,- Im-iv-ao¿-
434.- -C-¥y-bn¬- A-t‰m-an-Iv- F-\¿-Pn- I-Ωn-
j-≥ cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1948
435.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- im-kv-{X-\-K-cw-
˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
436.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- Im-em-h-ÿm- D-
]-{K-lw-˛- sa-‰v-km-‰v-
437.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-kv-Ym-\-tØ-°v- ho-≠pw- Xn-
c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- G-I- hy-Iv-Xn-˛- tUm.-
cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zv-
438.- -cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- h-[w- kw-_-‘n-®- {]-
tXy-I- A-t\z-j-W-kw-L-sØ- \-bn-®-
Xv-˛- Un.-B¿.-Im¿-Øn-tI-b-≥
439.- -hn-Zym-`ym-km-h-iy-߃-°p- am-{X-am-bn-
H-cp- D-]-{K-lw- hn-t£-]n-®- B-Zy-sØ-
cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y-
440.- I
- m-an-\n- dn-bm-IvS- ¿- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛- I¬-
∏m-°w- (X-an-gv-\m-Sv-)-
441.- -C-µn-cm- B-hm-kv- tbm-P-\- G-Xp-am-bn-
_-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- ]m¿-∏n-Sw-
442.- -1956 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 14\v- B-bn-c-°-W-°n-
\v- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-s°m-∏w- \m-Kv-]q-cn¬-
h-®v- _p-≤-a-Xw- kzo-I-cn-®- t\-Xm-hv-˛-
_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
443.- -61˛mw- t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-(1989)- thm-´n-Mv-
{]m-bw- 21¬- \n-∂v- 18 B-bn- C-f-hp-sN-
bv-X- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- ˛-cm-Po-hv-
Km-‘n-
444.- -A-cn-bm-eq¿- Xo-h-≠n-b-]-I-S-(1956)-Øn-
s‚- [m¿-an-I- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw- G-s‰-Sp-
Øv- a-{¥n-ÿm-\w- cm-Pn-h-®-Xv-˛- em¬-
_-lm-Zq¿-im-kv-{Xn-
445.- -a-e-bm-fn-bm-b- e-£v-an- F-≥ ta-t\m-≥
tI-{µ-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-
\-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv- A-h¿- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se-
Øn-b-Xv-˛- _o-lm¿-
446.- -B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v - Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1952
447.- C
- ¥- y-bn¬- C-Xp-hs - c- {]-[m-\a
- {- ¥n-ÿm-
\-a-e-¶-cn-®-h-cn¬- F-{X-t]-cm-Wv- h-[n-
°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- 2
448.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- h-\y-Po-
hn- k-t¶-X-ß-fp-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- a-lm-
cm-jv-{S-
449.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Im-em-h-[n- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-
b,- tIm-¨-{K-kp-Im-c-\-√m-Ø- G-I- {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- F.-_n.-hm-Pv-t]-bn-
450.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Iym-_n-\-‰v- a-{¥n-bm-b- B-
Zy- kn-°p-Im-c-≥˛- k¿-Zm¿- _¬-tZ-hv-
kn-Mv-
451.- -C-¥y-bn¬- kv-]o-Uv- t]m-Ãv- B-cw-`n-®-
h¿-jw-˛- 1986
452.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- N-c-a-Zn-\w- B-N-cn-
°p-∂-Xv-˛- tZ-io-b- ]p-\-c¿-∏-W-Zn-\w-
453.- -cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- h-[n-°-s∏-´- ÿ-ew-˛-
io-s]-cpw-]p-Xq¿-
454.- -F-√m- thm-´¿-am¿-°pw- Xn-cn-®-dn-b¬-
Im¿-Uv- hn-X-c-Ww- sN-bv-X- B-Zy- kw-
ÿm-\w-˛- l-cn-bm-\-
455.- F
- a - n-\≥ - dv- C-≥Uy-≥kv- c-Nn-®X - v˛- - i-¶¿-
Z-bm¬- i¿-a-
456.- -F-h-d-Ãv- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- 17 X-h-W- I-b-dn-
sd-t°m¿-Uv- kr-jv-Sn-®- ]¿-h-Xm-tcm-l-
I-≥˛- A-t∏- sj¿-∏-
457.- -F-Xn-cn-√m-sX- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- B-
Zy-sØ- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛- tUm.- cm-[m-
Ir-jv-W-≥
458.- G
- ‰ - h - p-sam-Sp-hn¬- C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-bt- \m-
Sp- tN¿-°-s∏-´- `-c-W-L-S-Iw-˛- kn-°nw-
459.- -B-`y-¥-c A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-kv-Y- {]-Jym-]n-
®- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-≠v-˛- ^-{Ip-Zo-≥ A-
en- A-l-Ω-Zv-
460.- -C-¥y- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1950
461.- C
- ¥ - y-≥ \m-jW - ¬- tIm-¨{- K-kn-s‚- N-
cn-{X-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew-
A-[y-£-]-Z-hn- h-ln-®- t\-Xm-hv-˛- tkm-
Wn-bm- Km-‘n-
462.- C
- ¥- y-≥ B-Wt- hm¿-PI - Ω- o-js - ‚- B-Zy-
A-[y-£≥ - ˛- tlm-an- P-lmw-Ko¿- `m-`-
463.- -C¥ - y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- kz-Im-cy-h - ¬-° - -
cn-°s - ∏-´- jn-tbm-\m-Yv- ]p-g- G-X - p- kw-
ÿm-\Ø - m-Wv˛- - O-Øn-kvK - V
- v-
464.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Io-gm-f-h¿-K- ]-T-\-߃-°v-
Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xm-cv-˛- c-W-Pn-Xv- Kp-l-
465.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sk-≥{S¬- A-
{Kn-Iƒ-®¿- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-˛- Cw-^m¬-
466.- -C-¥y-bn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-\n-Xm- ap-Jy-
a-{¥n-˛- \-µn-\n- km-Xv-]-Xn- (1972˛-76)-
467.- -C-¥ym- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- 2005˛¬- B-cw-`n-
®- `m-cX - v- \n¿-am-¨- ]-≤X - n-bp-sS- e-£yw-
˛- {Km-a-hn-I-k-\w-
468.- C
- µ - n-cm-Km-‘n- tIm-¨{- K-kv- {]-kn-U‚
b- h¿-jw-˛- 1959
469.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-h-[w- A-t\z-jn-®- I-Ωn-
j-≥˛- Xm-°¿- I-Ωo-j-≥
470.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-ÿm-\w- h-ln-®-ti-jw- D-]-
cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b-Xv-˛- P-Ãn-kv- Fw.-ln-Zm-
b-Øp-≈-
471.- -cm-Pn-sh-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-
472.- c
- m-Po-hv- Km-‘n- h-[Ø - n-\p- ]n-∂n-se- kp-
c-£m- ]m-fn-®-sb-°p-dn-®v- A-t\z-jn-®-
Xv- ˛-P-bn-≥ I-Ωo-j-≥
473.- -cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n-bp-sS-k-am-[n-˛- ho¿-`q-an-
474.- -D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b-ti-jw- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n- ˛-sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-
im-bn-
475.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- G-Xp-
h¿-jw- \-S-∂- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ko-‰p-Iƒ- t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛-
1984 (542¬- 415,- ]-sØ-Æw- t\-Sn-b-Xv-
1985se- D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv- )-
476.- -B-\v-{[m- kw-kv-Ym-\w- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-
W-sa-∂- B-h-iy-ap-∂-bn-®v- \n-cm-lm-c-
k-a-cw- \-S-Øn- a-c-Ww- h-cn-®- hy-Iv-Xn-˛-
t]m-‰n- {io-cm-a-ep-
477.- -B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in-s≥d- ap-≥ X-e-kv-Ym-
\w-˛- Ip¿-Wq¬-
478.- B
- c - p-sS- _-lp-am-\m¿-Yw- \yq-U¬-ln-bn¬-
B-cw-`n-®X - m-Wv- an-j≥- Hm-^v- sse-^v- ayq-
kn-bw-˛F - .-]n.-sP.- A-_Zv- pƒ- I-emw-
479.- -C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- Aw-K-am-b- G-
I- _n-j-∏v-˛- tPm-¨- dn-®m¿-Uv-k-¨-
480.- -C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b- ti-jw- {]-
Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- cm-
Po-hv- Km-‘n-
481.- -C-¥y-≥ X-]m¬- Ãm-ºp-Iƒ- A-®-Sn-°p-
∂-sX-hn-sS-˛- \m-kn-Iv-
482.- -C-¥y-≥ X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-
´- c-≠m-a-sØ- C-¥y-≥ h-\n-X-˛- Qm-
≥kn- dm-Wn-
483.- -C-¥y-bn¬- ]-©m-b-Øv- cm-Pv- kw-hn-[m-
\w- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1959
484.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-gp-≥ {Km-a-ß-
fn-epw- sS-e-t^m-¨- e-`y-am-°n-b- Pn-√-
˛- Z-£n-W- Im-\-d-
485.- -C-¥ym- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- P-\-kw-Jym-\-bw-
{]-Jym-]n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1976
486.- -cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n-h-[-Øn-\p-]n-∂n-se- Kq-
Vm-tem-N-\-sb-°p-dn-®v- A-t\z-jn-®- I-
Ωn-j-≥˛-h¿-a- I-Ωn-j-≥
487.- -cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 80 {]-
Im-cw- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-
hy-‡n-˛- tUm.- k-°o¿- lp-ssk-≥
488.- -cm-Py-k-`m-[y-£-\m-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn,-
cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn-˛- sI-
B¿- \m-cm-b-W-≥
489.- -cq-]w-sIm-≠-\mƒ- ap-X¬- a-[y-\n--tcm-[-
\w- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- Kp-P-dm-
Øv-
490.- C- S- X
- p-]£
- Ø - n-s‚-bpw- _n.-sP.-]n.-bp-sS-
- m- bpw- ]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS- `-cn-®- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-˛- hn.-]n.-kn-Mv-
491.- -G-‰-hpw- A-h-km-\w- kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-
am-bn- Iq-´n-t®¿-°-s∏-´- hn-tZ-i- tIm-f-
\n- ˛-tKm-h-
492.- -C-Z-b-°-\n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- P-b-
e-fn-X-
493.- -C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- ]-Øp-X-h-W-
_-Uv-P-‰v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-≥ `m-Kyw- e-
`n-®- [-\-a-{¥n-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-
494.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sS-en-hn-j-≥ tI-
{µw- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1959
495.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ssk-_¿- s]m-
eo-kv- tÃ-j-≥ F-hn-sS- ÿm-]n-X-am-
bn-˛- _mw-•q¿-
496.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- h-[-t°-kn¬- in-£n-°-
s∏-´-h¿-˛- k-Xv-h-¥v- kn-Mv,- tI-l¿- kn-
Mv,- _¬-_o¿- kn-Mv-
497.- -cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 80 {]-
Im-cw- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-
ap-gp-h-≥k-a-b- Im-bn-I-Xm-cw-˛- k-®n-≥
sS-≥Up¬-°¿-
498.- -D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-\p- ]p-d-Øv- kw-kv-I-cn-°-
s∏-´- B-Zy- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn-
tZ-im-bn-
499.- -D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- k-ºq¿-W-
km-£-c-X- t\-Sn-b- Pn-√-˛- A-Pv-ao¿-
500.- -em¬- _-lm-Zq¿- im-kv-{Xn- A-¥y-hn-{i-
aw- sIm-≈p-∂-Xv-˛- hn-P-bv-L-´n¬-
501.- -em-tlm¿- {]-Jym-]-\-Øn¬- H-∏p-h-®-Xv-
˛- A-S¬- _n-lm-cn- hm-Pv-t]-bn-
502.- -F-≥.-Un.-F.- k¿-°m-cn-s‚-bpw- tIm-¨{- K-
kn-s‚-bpw- ]n-¥p-Wt- bm-sS- {]-kn-U‚ - m-
b- hy-‡n-˛F - .-]n.-sP.- A-_Zv- pƒ- I-emw-
503.- -F-≥kn-U-_v-fyp-hn-s‚- ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛-
\m-j-W¬- I-Ωn-j-≥ t^m¿- hn-a-≥
504.- -F-hn-sS- h-®m-Wv- tUm.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- A-
\p-bm-bn-I-tfm-sSm-∏w- _p-≤-a-Xw- kzo-
I-cn-®-Xv-˛- \m-Kv-]q¿-
505.- -G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d-™- C-¥y-≥ {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n-
506.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- thm-´p-I-fp-sS- `q-cn-
]-£-Øn¬- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b-Xv-˛- sI-
017
B¿- \m-cm-b-W-≥
507.- -G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-bn¬-˛-
Xn-lm¿-
508.- -G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-
Øv- K-h¿-W¿- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®- B-Zy- a-e-
bm-fn-˛- hn.-]n.-ta-t\m-≥
509.- -h-\-a-tlm-’-hw- \-S-Øp-∂- am-kw-˛-
Pq-sse-
510.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-¨-{K-kn-X-
c- D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- N-c-¨-kn-Mv-
511.- -FX - n-cn-√m-sX- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´- G-I-
{]-kn-U‚ - v˛- - \o-ew- k-RvP - o-hs - d-UvU
- n-
512.- -C¥ - y- B-Zy- Ir-{Xn-tam-]{- K-la - m-b- B-cy-
`-´- hn-t£-]n-®- Xo-bX - n-˛- 1975G-{]n¬- 19
513.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- B-Iv-Snw-Kv- {]-
kn-U-‚ v- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xm-cv- ˛- hn.-hn.-
Kn-cn-
514.- -cm-P-ÿm-≥ I-\m¬- C-t∏mƒ- B-cp-sS-
t]-cn¬- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p-˛- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-
515.- -cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 80 {]-
Im-cw- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-
I-hn-˛- ssa-Yn-en- i-c-¨-Kp-]v-X-
516.- -cm-Py-k-`m-sN-b¿-am-\m-b- \ym-bm-[n-]-
≥˛- Fw.-ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈-
517.- c- m-Py-k` - mw-Ka - m-bn-cn-s°- {]-[m-a{- ¥n-bm-
b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- C-µn-cm- Km-‘n-
518.- -cm-Py-sØ- F-√m- ]u-c-≥am¿-°pw- G-
Io- I r- X - Xn- c n- ® - d n- b ¬- Im¿- U pw- \-
º- d pw- \¬- I p- ∂ - B- [ m¿- ]- ≤ - X n- B-
Zyw- \- S - ∏ m- ° n- b - kw- ÿ m- \ w- ˛ - a- l m-
cm- j v - { S-
519.- -cm-tI-jv- i¿-a- _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-t]m-
b- t]-S-Iw-˛- tkm-bp-kv- Sn-˛-11
520.- c- ≠
- mw- ]-©h - ¬-kc - ]- ≤ - X - n- F-¥n-\m-Wp-
{]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In-bX - ˛v- - hy-hk - m-bw-
521.- D- Ø- ¿- {]-tZ-in-s‚- ]-gb - t- ]-cv˛- - bp-ssW-
‰-Uv- s{]m-hn-≥kv-
522.- -D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-s‚-bpw- D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Un-
s‚-bpw- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b- hy-‡n-˛- F-
≥.-Un.-Xn-hm-cn-
523.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- I-∏¬-\n¿-
am-W-im-e-˛- apw-ss_-
524.- -C-¥y-≥ I-d-≥kn- Z-imw-i- kw-hn-[m-\-
Øn-te-°v- am-dn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1957
525.- -C-¥y-bn¬- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-
b- B-Zy-sØ- sF.-F.-F-kp-Im-c-≥˛- A-
Pn-Xv- tPm-Kn-
526.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Ip-Sn-sh-≈-Øn-s‚- Kp-W-\n-
e-hm-cw- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xv- B-cm-Wv-˛-
_yq-tdm- Hm-^v- C-¥y-≥ Ãm-t‚¿-Uv-kv-
527.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- kz-Im-cy-
I-º-\n-˛- dn-e-b-≥kv-
528.- kz- X {¥ C¥y- b n¬- F{X XhW
B`y-¥c ASn-b¥-cm-hÿ {]Jym-]n-
®p--˛- 1 XhW
529.- -C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- P-\n-®-h-cn¬- `m-
c-X-c-Xv-\w- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- em¬-
_-lm-Zq¿- im-kv-{Xn-
530.- -C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-se- Xm-Pv-a-l¬- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- tem-´-kv- sS-ºnƒ-
531.- -c-≠p- {]m-h-iyw- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Iv-Sn-
Mv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv-˛- Kp¬-k-cn-
em¬- \-µ-
532.- D- ]- c- m-jv{- S-]X - n-bm-bt- i-jw- cm-jv{- S-]X
bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- tUm.- F-kv.- cm-
[m-Ir-jv-W-≥
533.- -D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-\p- ]p-d-Øp-≈- a-Wv-U-e-
Øn¬-\n-∂p-P-bn-®v- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-
im-bn-
534.- -D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-\p- ]p-d-Øp-P-\n-®- B-Zy-
C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-
im-bn-
535.- -D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Un-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- sU-
dm-Uq-¨-
536.- -e-Øq¿- `q-I-ºw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1993
537.- -em-tlm¿- I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- C-¥y-≥
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- F.-_n.-hm-Pv-t]-bn-
538.- -Fw.-F-kv.-kzm-an-\m-Y-≥ {]-kn-≤n- t\-Sn-
b- a-Wv-U-ew-˛- Ir-jn-im-kv-{Xw-
539.- -Fw.-Pn.-B-dn-s‚-bpw- A-Æm-Zp-ssc-bp-sS-
bpw- k-am-[n-ÿ-ew-˛-sN-ss∂-bn-se- a-
do-\m-_o-®v-
540.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-am-sc-
kw-`m-h-\- sN-bv-X- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-
\w-˛- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv-
541.- -G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\w- hn-`-Pn-®m-Wv- a-lm--
cm-jv-{S-bpw- Kp-P-dm-Øpw- cq-]w- sIm-≠-
Xv-˛- t_mw-s_-
542.- -H-cp- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-se- B-Zy-
sØ- h-\n-Xm- K-h¿-W¿-˛- k-tcm-Pn-\n-
\m-bn-Up-
543.- -C-¥y-bn¬- {^-©p- kw-kv-Im-cw- \n-e-
\n¬-°p-∂- {]-tZ-iw-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn-
544.- -en-_¿-lm-≥ I-Ωn-j-≥ F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-
®m-Wv- A-t\z-jn-®-Xv-˛- _m-_v-dn- a-kv-Pn-
Zv- X-I¿-°¬-
545.- -C-¥y- B-Zy-am-bn- A-Wp-hn-kv-t^m-S-\w-
\-S-Øn-b- ÿ-ew-˛- s]m-{Jm-≥
546.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-]-
Zw- cm-Pn-h-®-Xv-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bv-
547.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-Xp- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv- sk-
√p-em¿- t^m-¨- k¿-ho-kv- B-cw-`n-®-
Xv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
548.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ,- B-kq-{Xn-X- kw-
ÿm-\- X-eÿ - m-\
- w-˛- N-WvU - n-KV
- v-
549.- C- µ - n-cm-Km-\v[- n- h-[n-°s - ∏-´s- X-∂v˛- - 1984
H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 31
550.- -C-cp-]-Xn-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®v-
cm-Py-Øn-s‚- km-ºØ - n-I] - p-tcm-KX - n-°v-
B-°w- Iq-´n-b- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛-
C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-
551.- F- .-]n.-sP.-A_ - vZ- pƒ- I-em-an-s\-Xn-sc- {]-
kn-U-‚p- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- a¬-k-cn-®-Xv-
˛- Iym-]v-‰-≥ e-£v-an-
552.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-h-iyw- tIm-¨-
{K-kv- {]-kn-U-‚m-b- hy-‡n-˛- P-hm-l¿-
em¬- s\-{lp-
553.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-
bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zv-
554.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- tem-Iv-k-`-
bn¬- Bw-t•m-˛- C-¥y-≥ {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-
bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- {^m-¶v- B-‚-Wn-
555.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-
\-≠-a-{¥n-˛-P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
556.- -G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\w- hn-`-Pn-®m-Wv- N-Øo-
kv-K-Vv- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-˛- a-[y-{]-tZ-iv-
557.- -h-\m-©¬- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-
kw-ÿm-\w-˛- Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv-
558.- -H-∂mw- [-\-Im-cy- I-Ωn-j-s‚- A-[y-£-
≥˛- sI.-kn.-\n-tbm-Kn-
559.- -Hm-∏-td-j-≥ _v-fq-Ãm¿- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛-
1984
560.- -Im-em-h-ÿ- hy-Xn-bm-\- h-Ip-∏v- B-cw-
`n-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- Kp-P-
dm-Øv-
561.- -Im-fn-L-´v- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- C-t∏m-f-sØ-
t]-cv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
562.- -im-kv-{X-tem-I-sØ- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-
F-∂v- hn-{Iw- km-cm-`m-bn-sb- hn-ti-jn-
∏n-®-Xm-cv- ˛-F.-]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw-
563.- -Im-th-cn- \-Zo-P-e-X¿-°-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-
´-Xv-˛- tI-c-fw,- X-an-gv-\m-Sv,-I¿-Wm-S-Iw,-
- n- t]m-≠n-t®-cn-
564.- -C-¥y-bn¬- h-\-a-tlm¬-k-hw- B-cw-`n-
®-Xv-˛- sI.-Fw.-ap-≥jn-
565.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-\m-Wv- am-\p-jn-I- ]-cn-
K-W-\-bp-sS- t]-cn¬- C-¥y- Xo-≥ _n-
K- tIm-dn-tUm¿- hn-´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛- _w-
•m-tZ-iv-
566.- -hn-Zym-`ym-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p- ]-Tn-°m-≥
tIm-Øm-cn- I-Ωn-j≥ - \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - - h¿-
jw-˛- 1964
567.- -C-¥y- B-Zy-am-bn- hn-t£-]n-®- D-]-{K-
lw-˛- B-cy-`-´-
568.- -C-¥y-≥ X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-
´- B-Zy- hn-tZ-in-˛- sl-≥dn- Up-\m-‚ v-
569.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- P-\X - m-]m¿-´n- A-[n-Im-cØ - n-
te-dn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1977
570.- -C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Ym-\pw- knw-e- D-S-º-
 Sn- H-∏p-sh-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1972
571.- C
- ¥- y-bv° - p-sh-fn-bn¬-h® - v- A-¥c- n-®- G-
I- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- em¬- _-lm-Zq¿-im-
kv-{Xn-
572.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- h-[n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛-
1984
573.- -c-P-X- hn-π-hw- F-¥p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-
cn-°p-∂p-˛- ap-´- D¬-]m-Z-\w-
574.- F
- ∂ - p-ap-Xe - m-Wv- tUm.-cm-[m-Ir-jvW - s - ‚-
P-∑-Zn-\w- A-[ym-]-I-Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-
°p-∂-Xv-˛- 1962
575.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-
∂-Xv-˛- tUm.- k-°o¿- lp-ssk-≥
576.- G
- ‰ - h- pw- Iq-Sn-b- {]m-bØ - n¬- C-¥y-≥ {]-
[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bX- v˛- - sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-
577.- G
- ‰ - h- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- thm-´p- t\-Sn- D-]c - m-
jv{- S-]X - n-bm-bX- ˛v- - sI.-B¿.-\m-cm-bW - ≥ -
578.- -Hmƒ- C-¥ym- td-Un-tbm- \n-e-hn¬- h-
∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1936
579.- -hn-`-P-\-tØm-sS- G-Xv- Xp-d-ap-Jw- ]m-In-
kv-Xm-\p- e-`n-®-Xn-\m-em-Wv- Im-≠v-e- Xp-
d-ap-Jw- C-¥y- hn-I-kn-∏n-®-Xv-˛-I-dm-®n-
580.- -I-¨-ky-aq¿- s{]m-´-£-≥ \n-b-aw- C-¥y-
bn¬- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1986
581.- -i-‡n-ÿ-en¬- A-¥y-\n-{Z-sIm-≈p-∂-
C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- ˛-C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-
582.- -I-iv-ao¿- I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- cm-Pm-hv-˛-
l-cn-kn-Mv-
583.- -im-¥n-h-≥ B-cp-sS- k-am-[n-kv-Y-ew-˛-
s\-lv-dp-
584.- -Im¿-jn-I- B-Zm-b-\n-Ip-Xn- G¿-s∏--Sp-
Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-kv-Ym--\w-˛- ]-
©m-_v-
585.- -In-g-°-≥ ]m-In-kv-Xm-\v- _w-Kv-fm-tZ-si-
∂-t]-cn¬- kz-X{- ¥-cm-Py-am-bn-Øo-cm-\m-
h-iy-am-b- k-lm-b-߃- \¬-In-b- C-
¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-
586.- -k-am-[m-\-Øn-s≥d- a-\p-jy-≥ F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- em¬- _-lm-Zq¿- im-kv-{Xn-
587.- -G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d-™- `m-c-X- c-Xv-\w-
tP-Xm-hv-˛- k-®n-≥ sS-≥Up¬-°¿-
588.- -C-¥y-bn¬- sF.-F.-F-kv.-D-tZym-K-ÿ¿-
°p- ]-cn-io-e-\w- \¬-Ip-∂- ÿm-]-\w-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- a-kq-dn-
589.- -G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\w- hn-`-Pn-®m-Wv- Pm¿-
J-Wv-Uv- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-˛- _o-lm¿-
590.- -G-Xv- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bv-°m-Wv-
1983¬- H-fn-ºn-Iv- Hm¿-U¿- e-`n-®-Xv-˛- C-
µn-cm-Km-‘n-
591.- -G-Xv- ssh-kv-{]-kn-U-‚ v- cm-Pn-h-®-t∏m-
fm-Wv- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv- ln-Zm-bØ- p-≈- B-
Iv-Snw-Kv- {]-kn-U-‚m-b-Xv-˛- hn.-hn.-Kn-cn-
592.- -h-[n-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- tI-{µ-a-{¥n-˛- F¬.-
F-≥.-an-{i-
593.- -hn-h-cm-h-Im-i- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-
kw-ÿm-\w-˛- cm-P-ÿm-≥
594.- -hn-izm-k-{]-ta-b-Øn¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´- C-
¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- hn.-]n.-kn-Mv-
595.- -hn-P-b-L-´n¬- A-¥y-\n-{Z- sIm-≈p-∂-
Xv-˛- em¬- _-lm-Zq¿-im-kv-{Xn-
596.- -Iq-dp-am-‰- \n-tcm-[-\n-b-aw- B-cp-sS- Im-
e-Øm-Wv- \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n-
597.- -I-Sp-h- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ar-K-am-Ip-
∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- tZ-io-b-ar-Kw-˛-knw-lw-
598.- -k-a-Xm-ÿ¬- B-cp-sS- k-am-[n-bm-Wv-˛-
P-Kv-Po-h-≥ dmw-
599.- -k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬- ayq-kn-bw- F-hn-sS-bm-
Wv- ˛-kq-d-Øv-
600.- -k¿-Zm¿- h-√-`v-`m-bn- ]-t´¬- \m-j-W¬-
s]m-eo-kv- A-°m-Z-an- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-
ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv-
601.- -K-co-_n- l-Tm-thm- F-∂v- B-lzm-\w- sN-
bv-X- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- C-µn-cm-Km-
‘n-
602.- -Km-‘n-\-K¿- cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛-
se- tIm¿-_p-kn-sb-
603.- -knw-e- I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛- kp¬-^n-
°¿- A-en- `q-t´m-bpw- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-bpw-
604.- k- p-h¿-Wt- £-{X-Øn¬-\n-∂pw- `o-Ic - s
- c-
Xp-c-Øm-≥ Hm-∏-td-j-≥ ªq-Ãm¿- \-S-
Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1984
605.- -Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- tKm-{[- kw-`-hw- \-S-∂-
h¿-jw-˛- 2002
606.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-
[y-£-bm-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-\n-X-˛-tkm-
Wn-bm- Km-‘n-
607.- -kz-X-{¥-`m-c-X-Øn¬- B-`y-¥-c- A-Sn-b-
¥-cm-h-ÿ- {]-Jym-]n-®-Xv- F-t∏mƒ-˛-
1975 Pq-¨-
608.- -Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈- Im¿-jn-I- D-]-I-c-
W-߃-°v- \¬-In-h-cp-∂- ap-{Z-˛- A-Kv-
am¿-°v-
609.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- Nn-°p-≥ Kp-\n-
b- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-bvX - X - v- F-hn-sS-˛- sIm¬-
°-Ø-
610.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- ap-…nw- cm-jv-{S-
]-Xn-˛- k-°o¿- lp-ssk-≥
611.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-Km-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-
Sm-tKm¿-
612.- -C-Kv-ss\-‰-Uv- ssa-≥Uv-kv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-
F.-]n.-sP.-A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw-
613.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- \n-hm-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-
ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv-
614.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b- B-Zy-
sØ- kz-X-{¥-ÿm-\m¿-Yn-˛- tUm.- F-
kv.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-≥
615.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- C-¥y-≥ No-
^v- P-Ãn-km-bn- Xp-S-cm-≥ `m-Kyw-e-`n-®-
No-^v- P-Ãn-kv-˛- ssh.-hn.-N-{µ-Nq-Uv-
616.- -G-I-Xm-kv-Y-en¬- A-¥y-\n-{Z-sIm-≈p-
∂- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- Kym-\n- sk-bn¬-kn-Mv-
617.- -H-∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`- bn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
]m¿-´n- t\-Sn-b- ko-‰p-Iƒ-˛- 364
618.- -H-cp- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ap-Jy-
a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-X- Pm-
\-In- cm-a-N-{µ-≥(Fw.-Pn.-B-dn-s‚- ]-Xv-
\n-bm-bn-cp-∂- A-h¿- ssh-°w- kz-tZ-in-
\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-)-
619.- -hn-Øu-´v- ^n-b¿- Hm¿- t^-h¿- c-Nn-®-Xv-
˛- \o-ew- k-Rv-Po-h- sd-Uv-Un-
620.- -I-Sp-h-I-fp-sS- kw-c-£-Wm¿-Yw- `m-c-X-
k¿-°m¿- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- ssS-K¿- \-S-∏m-°n-
b- h¿-jw- ˛-1973
621.- -k¿-hi - n-£m- A-`n-bm-s‚- e-£yw-˛- Kp-W-
\n-eh - m-ca- p-≈- A-Sn-ÿm-\- hn-Zym-`ym-kw-
622.- k- v]- o-°¿- ÿm-\w- h-ln-®t- i-jw- cm-jv-
{S-]X - n-bm-bX - v˛- - \o-ew- k-RvP - o-hs- d-Õn-
623.- -kw-kv-Ym-\- ]p-\x-kw-L-S-\m- I-ao-j-
s≥d- A-[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- ^-k¬-
A-en-
624.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-
[y-£-]-Z-hn- h-ln-®- hn-tZ-i- hw-i-P-˛-
tkm-Wn-bm- Km-‘n-
625.- -Kp-cp- \m-\m-Iv- sX¿-a¬- ]-h¿- πm-‚ v- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- `-´n-≥U-
626.- -kp-h¿-W-t£-{X-Øn¬- 1984¬- C-¥y-≥
]-´m-fw- \-S-Øn-b- \o-°w-˛- Hm-∏-td-j-≥
ªq-kv-‰m¿-
627.- C- ¥- y-bn¬- D-]c - m-jv{- S-]X- n-bm-Im-sX- cm-
jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- ^-{Ip-
±o-≥ A-en- A-l-Ω-Zv-
628.- -C-¥y-bn¬- l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-eq-sS- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t\-´-ap-≠m-b- Im¿-jn-
I- hn-f-˛- tKm-X-ºv-
018
629.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-
˛- F-kv- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-≥
630.- -Ip-S¬- I-Ωo-j-≥ F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv-
A-t\z-jn-®-Xv-˛- Km-‘n- kv-am-c-I- \n-[n-
bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\w-
631.- -I-Sp-h-bv-°p-ap-ºv- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-
ar-Kw-˛- knw-lw-
632.- -k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚- a-\p-jy-≥ F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-´n-cp-∂- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-˛- em¬-
_-lm-Zq¿- im-kv-{Xn-
633.- -k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬- \m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-
´v- Hm-^v- sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛-
kq-d-Øv-
634.- -Km-‘n-h-[-t°-kn¬- {]-Xn-I-sf- Xq-°n-
te-‰n-b- P-bn¬-˛- Aw-_m-e- P-bn¬-
635.- k- n.-_n.-sF.-bp-sS- ]q¿-Wc- q-]w-˛- sk-≥{S¬-
_yq-tdm- Hm-^-v C-≥sh-Ãn-tK-j≥ - 668.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- D-cp-°p- h-\n-X- F-∂-dn-b-
636.- -kz-X-{¥-`m-c-X-Øn-se- B-Zy- hn-Zym-`ym-
k-a-{¥n-˛- au-em-\m- B-km-Zv-
637.- -tUm.-k-°o¿- lp-ssk-≥ D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-
Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Im-ew-˛- 1962˛-67
638.- -Xm-jv-sI-‚ v- I-cm¿- B-scm-s°- X-Ωn-
em-Wv- H-∏n-´-Xv-˛- C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-
\pw-
639.- X- n-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬- ]-cm-Pb - s
- ∏-´- B-Zy- C-
¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- C-µn-cm- Km-‘n-
640.- -tZ-io-b-Km-\-Øn-s‚- tjm¿-´v- th¿-j-
≥ ]m-Sm-\m-h-iy-am-b- k-a-bw-˛- 20 sk-
°-‚ v-
641.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- c-Xv-\w- F-∂v- P-hm-l¿-
em¬-s\-{lp-hn-ti-jn-∏n-®- kw-ÿm-\w-
˛- a-Wn-∏q¿-
642.- -B-cp-sS- P-∑-Zn-\-am-Wv- in-ip-Zn-\-am-bn-
B-Nc - n-°p-∂X
- v˛- - P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
643.- -C-¥y-≥ Ip-Spw-_m-kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚- ]n-
Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- B¿.-Un.-
Im¿-sh-
644.- C- ¥ - y-≥ l-cn-Xh - n-πh - w- \-S∂- - k-ab - Ø - v-
tI-{µ-Ir-jn-a-{¥n-˛- kn.-kp-{_-a-Wyw-
645.- -C-¥y-≥ U-b-a-≠v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- F-hn-
sS-bm-Wv- ˛-kq-d-Øv-
646.- -C-¥y-bn¬- H-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øv- A-[n-
Im-c-Øn¬- h-∂- B-Zy-sØ- {]m-tZ-in-
I- ]m¿-´n-˛- Un.-Fw.-sI.-
647.- C- ¥ - y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- D-]{- ]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-
˛- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬-
648.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d-™-
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n- ˛-cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n-
649.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-£n-bm-bn- a-bn-
en-s\- Xo-cp-am-\n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1963
650.- -F.-]n.-sP.-A-_v-Zpƒ- I-em-an-s‚- ]q¿-W-
\m-aw-˛- A-hpƒ- ]-°o¿- ssP-\p-em-_v-
Zo-≥ A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw-
651.- -knw-em-I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛- C-µn-cm-
Km-‘n-
652.- -kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-kv-‰n-kv,- D-]-
cm-jv-{S-]-Xn,- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- F-∂o- kv-Ym-
\-ß-fn¬- Np-a-X-e- \n¿-h-ln-®- G-I- hy-
Iv-Xn-˛- Fw- ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈-
653.- -Kp-cp- tKm-_n-µv- kn-Mv- sX¿-a¬- πm-‚ v-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- tdm-∏¿-
654.- -kzo-Un-jv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- k-lm-b-tØm-
sS- tem-Iv- Pw-_n-jv- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-`n-®-
kw-ÿm-\w-˛- cm-P-ÿm-≥
655.- -kz-X-{¥- ]m¿-´n- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- kn.-cm-P-
tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-
656.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ,- {_n-
´-Wn-te-°p-≈- ssl-°-Ωn-j-W¿-˛- hn.-
sI.-Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m-≥
657.- -tKm-h-sb- tam-Nn-∏n-®- ssk-\n-I-\o-°w-
˛- Hm-∏-td-j-≥ hn-P-bv-(1961)-
658.- -tPm-_v- t^m¿- an-ey-¨-kv,- thm-bv-kv- Hm-
^v- tIm-¨-jy-≥kv- F-∂o- Ir-Xn-Iƒ-
c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- hn- hn- Kn-cn-
659.- -Xm-jv-sI-≥dv- I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- t\-
Xm-°ƒ-˛- em¬-_-l-Zq¿-im-kv-{Xn-bpw-
A-bq-_v-Jm-\pw-
660.- -Xn-cp-h-≈p-h¿- {]-Xn-a-bp-sS- D-b-cw-˛-
133 A-Sn-
661.- -F.-]n.-sP.-A-_v-Zpƒ- I-em-an-s‚- P-∑-tZ-
iw-˛-cm-ta-iz-cw-
662.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- B-Iv-Sn-Mv- {]-[m-
\-a-{¥n-˛- Kp¬-k-cn-em¬- \-µ-
663.- -C-¥y-bn¬- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- F-en-^-‚ v- B-
cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1991˛-92
664.- -C-¥y-bn¬- tIm-f-\n-`-c-Ww- ]-cn-]q¿-W-
am-bn- A-h-km-\n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1961
665.- -C-¥y-bn¬- tUm-Iv-tS-gv-kv- Zn-\-am-bn- B-
N-cn-°p-∂-Xv- H-cp- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w- tP-Xm-
hn-s‚- P-∑-Zn-\-am-Wv.- B-cp-sS-˛- tUm.-
_n.-kn.-tdm-bn-
666.- -C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p-ap-≈-h¿-°v- an-kv- bq-
Wn-th-gv-kv,- an-kv- thƒ-Uv- ]-´-߃- H-
cp-an-®v- e-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1994
667.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- B-Iv-Sn-Mv- {]-kn-
U-‚ v-˛- hn- hn- Kn-cn-
s∏-´-Xv-˛- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-
669.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- hn-tZ-i-\-b-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-
ÿm-\- X-Øzw-˛- tN-cn-tN-cm-\-bw-
670.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-
ÿm-\w- h-ln-®-Xv-˛- hn- hn- Kn-cn-
671.- -Im-em-h-[n- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b- B-Zy-sØ-
tIm-¨-{K-kn-X-c- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- A-S¬-
_n-lm-cn- hm-Pv-t]-bn-
672.- -kz-¥w- Aw-K-c-£-I-cm-b- c-≠p-kn-°p-
Im-cm¬- h-[n-°s - ∏-´- (_n-bm-¥v- kn-Mpw-
k-Xv-h-¥v- kn-Mpw-)- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-˛- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-(1984 H-Iv-tSm-_¿-
31)-
673.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-
°m-c-\m-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- kn.-cm-
P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-
674.- N
- c - ¨- k- n-Mn-s‚- k-am-[n-˛- In-km-≥L-´v.-
675.- -tkm-Wn-bm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-
cv-˛- A-t‚m-Wn-tbm- ssa-t\m-
676.- -Z- C-≥ssk-U¿- F-∂- t\m-h¬- c-Nn-®-
Xv-˛- ]n.-hn.-\-c-knw-l-dm-hp-
677.- -Z- eq-an-\-kv- kv-]m¿-Iv-kv- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-
Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- F.-]n.-sP.-A-_v-Zpƒ- I-
emw-
678.- -kz-X-{¥-C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- ^o¬-
Uv- am¿-j¬-˛- F-kv.-F-®v.-F-^v.-sP.-a-t\-
£m-
679.- -C-¥y-≥ X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-
´- B-Zy- hn-tZ-i- h-\n-X-˛- B-\n- _-k-
‚ v-
680.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- A-‘-hn-Zym-e-bw-
ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- ÿ-ew-˛- A-ar-Xv-k¿-
681.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- hr-°- am-‰-i-kv-{X-
{In-b- \-S-Øn-b- B-kv-]-{Xn-˛- kn.-Fw.-
kn.-sh-√q¿-
682.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- I-d-kv-t]m-≠-≥kv-
tIm-gv-kv- B-cw-`n-®- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-˛-
U¬-ln- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-
683.- C
- ¥ - y-bn-se- G-I- h-\n-Xm- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-
˛- C-µn-cm- Km-‘n-
684.- -F\ - ¿-Pn- B-IvS- n-th-j≥ - B-IvS- v- C-¥y-
bn¬- \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - s
- X-∂v˛- - 2002 am¿-®v-
685.- -kw-ÿm-\- ]p-\- w-L-S-\m- I-Ωn-j-≥
sN-b¿-am-≥˛- ^-k¬- A-en-
686.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-
[y-£-]-Z-hn- h-ln-®- B¿-Pn-X- C-¥y-
≥ ]u-c-Xz-ap-≈- G-I- hy-‡n-˛-tkm-Wn-
bm- Km-‘n-
687.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- K-h¿-
W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- au-≠v-_m-‰-≥ {]-`p-
688.- -kz-X-{¥-C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _-P-
‰v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- [-\-a-{¥n-˛- B¿.-sI.-
j-¨-ap-Jw- sN-´n-
689.- -ln-µp- hyq- Hm-^v- sse-^v,- C-¥y-≥ ^n-
tem-k-^n- F-∂o- Ir-Xn-Iƒ- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-
tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-≥
690.- -ln-µp-a-X-°m-c-\-√m-Ø- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n- ˛- a-≥tam-l-≥ kn-Mv-
691.- -N-ºm-\n¿-˛-]m-h-K-[v- B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn-
°¬- ]m¿-°v- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
˛- Kp-P-dm-Øv-
692.- -N-Wv-Un-K-Vv- \-K-cw- B-kq-{X-Ww- sN-
bv-X-Xv-˛- se- tIm¿-_q-kn-sb-
693.- -P-bv- P-hm-≥ P-bv- In-km-≥ F-∂- ap-{Zm-
hm-Iy-Øn-s‚- D-]⁄ - m-Xm-hv˛- - em¬- _-
lm-Zq¿- im-kv-{Xn-
694.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- Nn-”w-˛- A-tim-
I-kv-Xw-`w-
695.- -F-{X- h¿-j-sØ- C-S-th-f-bn-em-Wv- C-
¥y-bn¬- sk-≥k-kv- F-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛- 10
696.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- h-\n-Xm- ta-b¿- A-
[n-Im-c-ta-‰- \-K-cw-˛-apw-ss_-
697.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-hr-£w-˛- B¬-
698.- -G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d-™- tem-Iv-k-`m-
kv-]o-°¿-˛- Pn.-Fw.-kn.-_m-e-tbm-Kn-
699.- -G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw-Ip-d-™- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛-
\o-ew- k-Rv-Po-h-sd-Uv-Un-
700.- -G‰ - h
- pw- Ip-d™
- - `q-cn-]£ - Ø - n-\p- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´- {]-kn-U‚ - ˛v- - hn.-hn.- Kn-cn-
701.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- thm-´p-I-tfm-sS- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- C-¥y-≥ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛-
sI.-B¿.-\m-cm-b-W-≥
702.- -Im¿-Kn¬- bp-≤w- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1999
703.- -kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬- F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-am-
Wv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- cm-jv-{S-sØ- A-`n-kw-
t_m-[-\- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- sN-t¶m-´-
704.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-te-
°v- \-S-∂- s]m-Xp- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- F-
{X- ko-‰p-I-fm-Wv- tIm-¨-{K-kn-\p- e-`n-
®-Xv-˛- 364
705.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- {]-Xn-
tcm-[-a-{¥n-˛- _¬-tZ-hv- kn-Mv-
706.- -kz-X-{¥-`m-c-X-Øn-se- B-Zy-a-{¥n-k-`-
bn¬-\n-∂v- cm-Pn-h-®- B-Zy- a-{¥n-˛- B¿.-
sI.-j-¨-ap-Jw- sN-´n-
707.- -Nm-®m-Pn- F-∂v- kv-t\-l-]q¿-hw- hn-fn-
°-s∏-´- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- P-hm-
l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp-
708.- -sF.-B¿.-Un.-]n.-bp-sS- ]q¿-W-cq-]w-˛- C-
‚-t{K-‰-Uv- dq-d¬- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- t{]m-
{Kmw-
709.- -ssa- Hm-¨- t_m-kv-sh¬- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- Fw-
ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈-
710.- -tI-{µ-a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬-\n-∂v- cm-Pn-h-®- B-
Zy-sØ- a-{¥n-˛- B¿.-sI.-j-¨-ap-Jw-sN-
´n-
711.- -tUm.- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- 1956¬- kzo-I-cn-®-
a-Xw-˛- _p-≤-a-Xw-
712.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øn¬- ap-Jy-
a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy-h-\n-X-˛- Pm-\-In- cm-a-
N-{µ-≥
713.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂pw- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
≠-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- \-c-knw-l-dm-
hp-
714.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn-se- X-]m¬- Ãm-ºn¬-
{]-Xy-£-s∏-´- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- a-lm-flm-
Km-‘n-
715.- -C-¥y-≥ C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- k-b-≥kv-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- Pw-j-Uv-Pn- Sm-‰-
716.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- B-`y-¥-c- A-Sn-b-
¥-cm-h-kv-Y- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- {]-kn-U-
‚ v-˛- ^-{Ip-Zo-≥ A-en- A-l-Ω-Zv-
717.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- \yq-¢n-b¿- dn-bm-Iv-
S¿-˛- A-]v-k-c-
718.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- \m-t\m- sS-Iv-
t\m-f-Pn- ]-T-\- tI-{µw-˛-_mw-•q¿-
719.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- km-t¶-Xn-I- k-l-
I-c-W-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- H-do-k-bn-se- dq¿-
t°-e- kv-‰o¬- πm-‚ v- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-
Xv-˛- P¿-a-\n-
720.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- \m-hn-
I-tk-\m-ta-[m-hn-˛- B¿.-Un.-J-{Xn-
721.- -P-hm-l¿- tdm-kv-Km¿- tbm-P-\- B-cw-`n-
®-Xv-˛- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n-
722.- s- \-{lp-hn-\p-ti-jw- B-ISv- n-Mv- {]-[m-\a - -
{¥n-]Z- w- h-ln-®X - v- ˛-Kp¬-kc - n-em¬- \-µ-
723.- -sam-ss_¬- t]m¿-´-_n-en-‰n- \n-e-hn¬-
h-∂- B-Zy- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- l-cn-bm-\-
724.- -sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H.-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- sN-
b¿-am-≥˛- hn-{Iw- km-cm-`m-bn-
725.- -te- I¿-_p-kn-sb- tbm-P-\m- \n¿-am-Ww-
\-S-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\- X-
e-ÿm-\w-˛- N-Wv-Un-K-Vv-
726.- -tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- am-Xm-hpw- ap-Ø-—-
\pw- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- G-I-{]-[m-
\-a-{¥n-˛- cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n-
727.- -tem-Iv-k`- b - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- Aw-Ko-Ir-X-
{]-Xn-]£ - - t\-Xm-h˛v- - cmw- kp-`K
- v- knw-Kv-
728.- -tZ-io-b- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- B-Zy-am-bn-
{]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
˛-P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
729.- -tZ-io-b- im-kv-{X-Zn-\w- ^n-{_-h-cn- 28\v-
B-N-cn-°m-≥ Im-c-Ww-˛- cm-a-≥ C-^-Iv-
Sv- kn.-hn.-cm-a-≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-®- Xo-b-Xn-
730.- t- Z-io-b- l-cn-X- ss{S-_yq-W¬- \n-eh - n¬-
h-∂-Xv-˛- 2010 H-Iv-tSm-_¿-
731.- ]- q¿-Wa - m-bpw- hn-Zym-`ym-km-hi- y-Øn-\m-
bn- C-¥y- hn-t£-]n-®- B-Zy- D-]-{K-lw-
˛- F-Uyp-km-‰v-
732.- -{io-l-cn-t°m-´- G-Xp- \n-e-bn¬- {]-kn-
≤w-˛- D-]-{K-l- hn-t£-]-Ww-
733.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- ]-©m-b-Øv- cm-Pv-
\-S-∏m-°n-b- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- cm-P-ÿm-
≥(1959)-
734.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- im-kv-{X-\-K-cw-
˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
735.- -C-¥y-bn-se-G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Iq-Sn-b- {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-
736.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-£n-˛- a-bn¬-
737.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- Nn-”-Øn-s‚- b-
Ym¿-Y-cq-]w- kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂- ayq-kn-
bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- km-cm-\m-Yv-
738.- -ssa- {Sq-Øv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- C-µn-cm- Km-‘n-
739.- -ssa- I-¨-{Sn- ssa- sse-^v- F-∂- ]p-kv-
X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- F¬- sI- A-Zzm-\n-
740.- -tem-I-Øn-se- F-{Xm-a-sØ- B-W-h-i-
‡n-bm-Wv- C-¥y-˛- 6
741.- -tem-I-kp-µ-cn-∏-´-Øn-\p-th-Zn-bm-b- B-
Zy- C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw- (1996)-˛-_mw-•q¿-
742.- -tem-Iv- \m-b-Iv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- P-b-
{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-¨-
743.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ko-
‰p-Iƒ-t\-Sn- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dn-b- t\-
Xm-hv-˛- ˛-cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n-
744.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- {]-
Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv-˛- tkm-Wn-bm- Km-‘n-
745.- -tI-{µ- a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-
X- -˛ e-£v-an- F-≥.- ta-t\m-≥
746.- -tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- 125a-sØ- hm¿-jn-I-
Øn¬- A-[y-£- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xv-˛-tkm-
Wn-bm- Km-‘n-
747.- -tZ-io-b- {Km-ao-W- sXm-gn-ep-d-∏v- ]-≤-Xn-
B-Zy-am-bn- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv- F-∂v-˛- 2006
s^-{_p-h-cn- 2
748.- t- Z-io-b- km-£c - X
- m-an-j≥
- {]-h¿-Ø\ - m-
a-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- 1988
749.- -tZ-io-b-]-Xm-I-bp-sS- \o-f-hpw- ho-Xn-bpw-
X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-\p-]m-Xw-˛- 3x-2
750.- -P-Ãn-kv- ^m-Øn-am-_o-hn- K-h¿-W-dm-
b- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- X-an-gv-\m-Sv-
751.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bv-°v- cq-
]w- \¬-In-b-Xv- ˛- ]nw-K-en- sh-¶-ø-
752.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-ar-Kw-˛- I-Sp-h-
753.- -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛-
1964 sa-bv- 27
754.- -Pn-]v-sa¿- (P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- C-
≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- t]m-Ãv- {Km-tPz-‰v- sa-
Un-°¬- F-Uyp-t°-j-≥ B-‚ v- dn-k¿-
®v-)- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn-
755.- -s\-{lp- I-gn-™m¬- ssN-\- k-µ¿-in-
®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- cm-
Po-hv- Km-‘n-
756.- -ssa-kq¿- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- t]-cv- I¿-
Wm-S-Iw- F-∂p-am-‰n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1973
757.- -ssh-Zyp-Xn-bp-sS- {]-k-c-W-hpw- hn-X-c-
W-hpw- kz-Im-cy-h¬-°-cn-®- B-Zy- C-
¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- H-do-k-
758.- -ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-se- \m-j-W¬- s]m-eo-
kv- A-°m-Z-an- G-Xv- t\-Xm-hn-s≥d- t]-
cn-em-Wv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- - -˛- k¿-Zm¿-
h-√-`v-`m-bv- ]-t´¬-
759.- -ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-se- {]-i-kv-X- am-b-ayq-
kn-bw-˛- k-em¿-Pw-Kv- ayq-kn-bw-
019
760.- s
- sN-\- C-¥y-sb- B-{I-an-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1962
761.- -ssN-\- kn-°n-an-s\- C-¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-
am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- h¿-jw-˛- 2004
762.- -t`m-∏m¬- Zp-c-¥w- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1984
(Un-kw-_¿- 3)-
763.- -tem-I-Øv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-
b- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-\n-X- ˛- C-µn-cm-Km-
‘n-
764.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- ap-Jy-{]-Xn-]-£-am-bn-
´p-≈- {]-tZ-in-I- I-£n-˛- sX-ep-¶p-tZ-
iw-
765.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
´-Xv-˛- Pn.-hn.-am-hv-e-¶¿-
766.- -tem-Iv-k-`m- kv-]o-°-dm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-
X-˛- ao-cm-Ip-am¿-
767.- -tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- H-cp-
ap-∂-Wn- B-Zy-am-bn- tI-{µ-Øn¬- A-
[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 2004
768.- -tIm-X-Kp-≠w,- cm-a-Kp-≠w- F-∂o- kv-
Y-e-߃- F-¥n-\m-Wv- {]-kn-≤w-˛- Xm-
]- ssh-Zyp-Xn-\n-e-b-߃-
769.- -tKm-hn-µv- km-K¿- F-∂- a-\p-jy-\n¿-an-
X- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv- ˛-
ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-iv-
770.- -tZ-io-b- ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn- ]-´n-I- h¿-K- I-
Ωo-j-≥ cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- 1992
771.- -tZ-io-b- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωn-j-s‚-
{]-Y-a- sN-b¿-am-≥˛-cw-K-\m-Yv- an-{i-
772.- -tZ-io-b- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j-≥ cq-
]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1993
773.- -tZ-io-bK - m-\Ø- n-s‚- ^pƒ- th¿-j≥ - ]m-
Sm-\m-hi - y-am-b- k-ab - w-˛- 52 sk-°‚- v-
774.- -X-]m¬- Ãm-ºn-eq-sS- B-Z-cn-°-s∏-´- B-
Zy-sØ- tZ-io-b- t\-Xm-hv-˛- a-lm-flm-Km-
‘n-
775.- X- a- n-gv\
- m-Sv- kw-ÿm-\Ø
- v- ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-
b- B-Zy- h-\n-X-˛- Pm-\-In- cm-a-N-{µ-≥
776.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂pw- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
≠-bm-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- hy-‡n-˛- tZ-h-Ku-
U-
777.- -ssN-\-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-≥ Aw-
_m-k-U¿-˛- k¿-Zm¿- sI.-Fw.-]-Wn-°¿-
778.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-\n-Xm-
{]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv-˛- kp-j-am- kz-cm-Pv-
779.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]p-jv-]w-˛- Xm-a-c-
780.- -A-a¿-Xym-sk-∂n-s‚- Nn-¥-I-sf- G-‰-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kzm-[o-\n-®- kw-`-hw-˛-
_w-Kmƒ- £m-aw-
781.- -dn-∏-ªn-Iv- Zn-\-∏-tc-Uv- U¬-ln-bn¬- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv- \-S-°p-∂-Xv-˛- cm-Pv-]-Yv-
782.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- H-∂mw- \n-b-a-\n¿-
am-W- I-Ωn-j-≥ cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®- h¿-jw-
˛- 1955
783.- -s\-lv-dp- B-≥Uv- ln-kv- hn-j-≥ c-Nn-
®-Xv-˛- sI- B¿- \m-cm-b-W-≥
784.- -s]m-Xp-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂- B-Zy- G-
jy-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y-
785.- -sa-bv- H-∂n-\v- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- H-cp- C-¥y-
≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-
786.- -sam-dm¿-Pn-bp-sS- A-¥y-hn-{i-a- ÿ-ew-
˛- A-`-bv-L-´v- (A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv-)-
787.- -sIm-bm-en- F-¥n-\p- {]-kn-≤w-˛- F-Æ-
ip-≤o-I-c-W-im-e-
788.- -ssa- {]-kn-U-≥jy¬- C-tb-gv-kv- c-Nn-®-
Xv-˛- B¿- sh-¶n-´-cm-a-≥
789.- -t`m-∏m¬- Zp-c-¥-Øn-\p- Im-c-W-am-b- I-
º-\n-˛- bq-Wn-b-≥ Im¿-ss_-Uv-
790.- t- a-[m- ]-SvI - ¿- ÿm-]n-®- cm-jv{- So-b- ]m¿-
´n-˛- ]o-∏nƒ-kv- s]m-fn-‰n-°¬- {^-≠v-
791.- t- em-Ivk - ` - - cq-]h - ¬-°c- n-®- Xo-bX
- n-˛1- 952
G-{]n¬- 17
792.- -tem-Iv-k-`- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p-sN-
bv-X- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- sI.-B¿.-\m-
cm-b-W-≥ (1998)-
793.- -tem-Iv-k-`m- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b- B-
Zy- h-\n-X-˛- tkm-Wn-bm- Km-‘n-
794.- -tI-{µ- [-\-a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn-˛-
tPm-¨- a-Øm-bn-
795.- -tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-h-‚ v- A-kw-ªn- 1948˛¬-
\n-ba - n-®- enw-Kzn-Ãn-Iv- s{]m-hn-≥k-kv- I-
Ωn-j-s‚- A-[y-£-≥˛- P-Ãn-kv- F-kv.-
sI.-[¿-
796.- -tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- ho-Xn-bp-sS- F-{X-
C-c-´n-bm-Wv- \o-fw-˛- H-∂-c-
797.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm-
K-h¿-W¿- ˛- im-c-Zm- ap-J¿-Pn- (1977˛-78)-
798.- -Z-£n-W- Kw-tKm-{Xn,- ssa-{Xn,- `m-c-Xn- F-
∂o- K-th-j-W- tI-{µ-߃- C-¥y- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
799.- -Z-en-Xv- hn-`m-K-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- cm-jv-{S-]-
Xn-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- sI.-B¿.-\m-cm-
b-W-≥
800.- -Z-sse-em-a-bp-sS- {]-hm-k- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-
s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- [¿-a-im-e-
801.- -tIm-Ãv- Km¿-Uv- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-
˛- 1978
802.- -tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°-dm-b- B-Zy- C-S-Xp-
]-£-t\-Xm-hv-˛- tkm-a-\m-Yv- Nm-‰¿-Pn-
803.- -C-¥y- B-Zy- B-W-h-]-co-£-Ww- \-S-
Øn-b- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1974 sa-bv- 18
804.- -C-¥y-≥ _-ln-cm-Im-i-bp-K-Øn-\p- Xp-
S-°w- Ip-dn-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1963 \-hw-_¿-
21
805.- -C-¥y-≥ So-an-s‚- B-Zy- A-‚m¿-´n-°m-
]-cy-S-\w- \-S-Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1982
806.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-t‰m-an-Iv- ]-
h¿- tÃ-j-≥˛- Xm-cm-∏q¿-
807.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- hn-hn-t[m-t±-iy-
D-]-{K-lw-˛- C-≥km-‰v- 1 F-
808.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- N-{µ-\n-te-°p-≈- bm-{Xm-]-
≤-Xn-˛- Nm-{µ-bm-≥˛-1
809.- -cm-tI-jv- i¿-a- _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-t]m-
b- h¿-jw-˛-1984
810.- -k-Xo-jv- [-hm-≥ kv-t]-kv- sk-‚¿- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- {io-l-cn-t°m-´-
811.- -N-{µ-bm-≥ hn-t£-]n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 2008
H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 22
812.- -sk-≥{S¬- ^p-Uv- sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-°¬- dn-
k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- - ssa-
kq¿-
813.- -tem-I-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- hn-Zym-`ym-k- D-
]-{K-lw-˛- F-Uyp-km-‰v-
814.- -tem-Iw- Np-‰n- bm-{X- sN-bv-X- C-¥y-≥
\m-hn-I-tk-\-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- I-∏¬-˛-
sF.-F-≥.-F-kv.-X-cw-Kn-Wn-
815.- -tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- lm-P-cm-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-
≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- hn.-hn.-Kn-cn-
816.- -tKm-h- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv-
A-[o-\-{]-tZ-i-߃- kz-X-{¥-am-b- h¿-
jw-˛- 1961
817.- -tlm-]v-In-≥ C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
˛-apw-ss_-
818.- X- p-º- tdm-°‰ - v- hn-t£-]W- - tI-{µ-Øn¬-
\n-∂v- hn-t£-]n-®- B-Zy-tdm-°-‰m-b-
ss\-°v- A-∏m-s®- \n¿-an-®-Xv- G-Xv- cm-
Py-am-Wv-˛- bp-F-kv-F-
819.- -\m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- kn-≤- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- sN-ss∂-
820.- C- ¥- y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- A-Wp-hn-kvt- ^m-
S-\w- \-S-Øn-b- ÿ-ew-˛- s]m-{Im-≥
 LGS ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS 1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-

A¥mcmjv{S kwLS\Iƒ
4. c≠mw temI alm-bp≤w XS-bm-\p≈ h¿jhpw sFIy-cm-jv{S-k`m Zn\-ambn k-Jy-I-£n-I-fp-sS- bp-≤-X-{¥w- B-hn-
sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` {ia- ß - f n¬ ]cm- P - b - s ∏- ´ - X n- s \- Ø p-
S¿∂v eoKv Hm^v t\j≥kns‚
BN-cn-°p-∂p. jv-I-cn-°m-≥ tN¿-∂- tbm-K-Øn¬- dq-kv-
sh¬-‰pw- N¿-®n-epw- ]-s¶-SpØp.
{]h¿Ø\w \ne-®p. sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsS tamkvtIm {]Jym]\w
kwL-S\
- b
- psS t]cv cq]hXvIcWØnse 17. 1943 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 30˛-se- tam-kv-tIm- {]-
Jym-]-\-Øn¬- sF-Iy-\m-Sp-Iƒ,- t{K-‰v-
6. bpssW-‰Uv t\j≥kv F∂ ]Zw cq]-
h-XvIc - n-®Xv Ata-cn-°≥ {]kn-U‚m-bn-
\mgnI°√pIƒ {_n-´-¨,- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-≥,- ssN-
\- F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ-
cp∂ {^m¶vfn≥ Un dqkvsh¬‰m-Wv. sk‚v sPbnwkv H-∏p-sh®p.
7. 1942 P\p-hcn H∂nse sFIy-cmjv{S
{]Jym-]-\-Øn-emWv CXv BZy-ambn
]meknse {]Jym]\w sXlvdm≥ ktΩf\w
14. 1941 Pq-¨- 12˛-\v- t{K-‰v- {_n-´-¨,- Im-\-
D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.
U,- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b,- \yq-kn-e-≥Uv,- Z-£n- (clky\maw bptd°m)
8. A®p-X-≠p-i-‡n-Iƒs°-Xnsc Hcp-an®v
t]mcm-Sp-sa∂v 26 cmPy-߃ tN¿∂v \S- Wm-{^n-°- F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-bpw- a- 18. tPm-k-^v- Ãm-en-≥,- dq-kv-sh¬-‰v,- hn-≥Ã-
‰p- Nn-e- {]-hm-k- K-h¨
- s - a-‚p-If
- p-sS-bpw- ¨- N¿-®n¬- F-∂o- t\-Xm-°ƒ- 1943 \-
Ønb {]Jym-]-\-am-bn-cp∂p sFIy-cm- hw-_¿- 28 ap-X¬- Un-kw-_¿- H-∂p-h-sc-
jv { S- { ]- J ym- ] - \ w (Declaration by {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ- e-≠-\n-se- sk-‚ v- sP-
United Nations). bnw-kv- sIm-´m-c-Øn¬- H-cp- {]-Jym-]-\-
Øn¬- H-∏p-sh-®p.
Ncn{Xw `c-W-L-S\ AXvem‚nIv Nm¿´¿
1. sFIy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- ap-≥Km-an- F-∂- 9. sFIy- c m- j v { S- k - ` - b psS `c- W - L - S - \ - 15. 1941 BKkv X v 14˛\v Atacn°≥
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- eo-Kv- Hm-^v- t\-j-≥kv- bmWv Nm¿´¿. {]knU‚ v dqkv s h¬‰pw {_n´ojv
(k¿-h-cm-Py-k-Jyw-)- B-Wv.- kzn-‰v-k¿-e- 10. 1945 Pq¨ 26-˛\v sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fnse {][m\a{¥n hn≥è N¿®nepwIqSn
≥Un-se- P-\o-h- B-ÿm-\-am-°n- k¿- km≥{^m≥kn-kvtIm-bn-emWv Nm¿´¿ H∏psh® kwbp‡ {]Jym]\amWv
h-cm-Py-k-Jyw- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®-Xv- H∏p-sh-®-Xv. A‰vem‚nIv Nm¿´¿.
1920˛¬- BWv. 11. 50 cmPy- ß - f psS {]Xn- \ n- [ n- I - f mWv
2. 1919-˛se thgvkb - n¬kv DS-ºSn {]Im-c- Nm¿´-dn¬ H∏p-sh-®-Xv.
¢mkªm¶ ktΩf\w
amWv k¿h-cm-Py-kJyw cq]w sIm≠-X.v 12. ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ kw_-‘n-®n-s√-¶nepw (clky\maw knw_¬)
3. thgvk-bn¬kv DS-ºSn {]Imcw cq]w- t]mf≠v ]n∂oSv Nm¿´-dn¬ H∏p-h-®- 16. samtam-t°m-bn-se- {^-©v- kw-c-£-W-
sIm≠ as‰mcp kwL-S-\-bmWv C‚¿ tXmsS ÿm]I AwK-_ew 51 Bbn. {]-tZ-ia - m-bn-cp-∂- Im-km-ªm-¶b - n¬- 1943 C-dm-s‚- X-eÿ - m-\a- m-b- sS-lvd- m-\n¬- \-
\mj-W¬ te_-¿ Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥. 13. 1945 HIvtSm-_¿ 24-˛\v sFIy-cm-{„-k` P- \ p- h - c n- 14 ap- X ¬- 24 h- s c- \- S-∂- k- S-∂- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.-
{^m≥kn-emWv thgvk-bn¬kv. \ne- h n¬h- ∂ p. Cu XobXn F√m tΩ-f-\-am-Wv- ¢m-k-ªm-¶- k-tΩ-f-\w.- 19.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- aq-∂v-
h-≥i-‡n-If - p-sS- (_n-Kv- _n-)- cm-jv{- S-Ø-
e-h-≥am¿- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\-
th-h¬- {]-`p- am-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- Xp-S¿-∂v- sI-bv-tdm,-
bmƒ-´,- t]m-Sv-kv- Umw- F-∂o- k-tΩ-f-\-
601.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\v- Xn-c-»o-e- ho-W-t∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p-
ß-fpw- \-S-∂p.
602.- -C-¥y-bv-°v- 1948 Pq-¨- 30˛-\-Iw- kzm-X-{¥yw- \¬-Im-\p-≈- {_n-´o-jv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Xo-
cp-am-\w- 1947 ^n-{_-h-cn- 20˛-\v- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en- {_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- {]-Jym-]n-®- Uw_m¿´¨ HmIvkv
t∏mƒ- C-¥y-≥ ssh-t{km-bn- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p- 20. sFIy-cm-{„-k` - b
- p-sS- cq-]t- c-J- X-øm-dm-
603.- -H∂- mw- tem-Ia - l
- m-bp-≤Ø - n¬- H-cp- I-Æp- \-jSv- s
- ∏-´t- i-jw- C-¥y-bp-sS- ssh-t{km-bn-bm- °m-≥ ssN-\,- t{K-‰v- {_n-´-¨,- tkm-hn-
b-X-v b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-≥,- A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-
604.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- cm-jv-{So-b- `m-hn- kw-_-‘n-®v- tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-°-≥am-cp-am-bn- 1945˛¬- Sp-Iƒ- F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-
jnw-e-bn¬- N¿-®-\-S-Øn-b- ssh-t{km-bn- Iƒ- hm-jnw-Kv-S-¨- Un.-kn.-bn-se- Uw-
605.- -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- D-]m-[y-£-\m-bn-(ssh-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ v-)- 1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- c- _m¿-´-¨- Hm-Iv-kn¬- k-tΩ-fn-®p.- 1944
≠n-\v- C-S-°m-e- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂ -k-a-b-sØ- ssh-t{km-bn- H-Iv-tSm-_¿- G-gn-\v- N¿-®-Iƒ- ]q¿-Øn-
606.- -s]-Øn-Iv- tem-d-≥kn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ 1946˛¬-C-¥y- k-µ¿-in-®- bm-bn.- tem-I-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- cq-]-tc-J-
t∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn- a-‰p- cm-Py-ßf - p-sS- ]-cn-KW - \- b- v°
- m-bn- k-
607.- -ap-…nw- eo-Kv- U-b-d-Iv-Sv- B-£-≥ (1946 B-K-kv-Xv- 16)- \-S-Øn-b- k-a-b-Øv- ssh-t{km- a¿-∏-n®p.
bn- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p-
608.- -U¬-ln-bn¬- sN-t¶m-´-bn-se- sF.-F-≥.-F.- {S-b¬- (1945)- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn- bmƒ´ ktΩf\w
609.- -t_mw-s_-bn-se- \m-hn-I- I-em-]w- (1946)- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn- 21. Uw- _ m¿- ´-¨- Hm-Iv-kn¬- ]-cn-l-cn-°m-≥
610.- -`-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k-`- cq-]w-sIm-≠-t∏mƒ- (1946 Un-kw-_¿- 6)-ssh-t{km-bn-bm- I-gn-bm-Ø- Im-cy-߃- N¿-®- sN-øm-\m-
bn-cp-∂-Xv- Wv- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n-se- {In-an-b-
bn-se- bmƒ-´-bn¬- tbm-Kw- tN¿-∂-Xv.-

020
 h-Im-i- kw-c-£-Ww- F-∂n-h- D-d-∏p-h-cp- ߃-°pw- {]m-Xn-\n-[y-ap-≈- k-an-Xn-bm-
Øp-I-bm-Wv- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- Wv- s]m-Xp-k-`.-
ÿm-]n-X- e-£y-߃.- cm-Py-߃- X-Ωn- 40.- -h¿-jw-tXm-dpw- k-tΩ-fn-°p-∂- s]m-Xp-k-
ep-≈- kw-L¿-jw- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-I,- `-bn¬- A-[y-£X - - h-ln-°p-∂X
- n-\v- Aw-
N¿-®-Iƒ-°p- th-Zn-sbm-cp-°p-I- F-∂n-h- K-߃- {]-kn-U‚ - n-s\- Xn-cs
- ™-Sp-°p-∂p.-
bpw- bp-F∂ - n-s‚- D-Øc- h
- m-Zn-Xz-ßf - m- Wv. 41.- c- ≠
- m-gNv- - \o-≠p-\n¬-°p-∂- hm¿-jn-I- k-
30. \yqtbm¿-°n-ep-≈- am-≥l-´-≥ Zzo-]n-em- tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- F-√m- Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-
Wv- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w.- bpw- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ-°pw- kw-km-cn-°m-≥
C-sXm-cp- C-‚¿-\m-jW - ¬- sS-dn-´d - n-bm- Wv. A-h-k-c-ap-≠v.-
31. lUv-k-¨- \-Zn-bp-sS- A-gn-ap-J-Øm-Wv- 42.- -sk-{I´-dn- P-\-d-en-s‚- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-tbm-
am-≥l-´≥- Zzo-]v.- tPm-¨- Un.- tdm-°v- s^- sS- hm¿-jn-I- k-tΩ-f-\w- B-cw-`n-°p-
√¿- F-∂- tIm-So-iz-c-\m-Wv- sF-Iy-cm-jv-
{S-k-`-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xn- 43.-
∂p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- {]-kn-U-‚ v- {]-kw-Kn-°pw.-
-{]-[m-\- kw-K-Xn-Iƒ- thm-´n-\n-Sp-tºmƒ-
hm-cm-W-kn-
\m-h-iy-am-b- ÿ-ew- Zm-\w- sN-b-vXXv. ]m-km-Im-≥ lm-P-cn-s‚- aq-∂n¬- c-≠v- 631.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-
thm-´v- th-Ww.- b- tZ-io-b-]m-X- I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-sb-
G-Xp- ÿ-e-hp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-
sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsS 44.- -H-cp- Aw-K-cm-Py-Øn-\v- A-©v- {]-Xn-\n-[n-
I-sf- A-b-bv-°m-sa-¶n-epw- H-cw-K-Øn-\p- ∂p-
{][m\ LSI߃ am-{X-ta- thm-´p-≠m-Iq.- 632.- - _ - \ m- d - k v - F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- ´ n- c p- ∂ -
hm-d≥
- tl-Ãnw-Kvk
- v- 45.- -sk-]v-Xw-_-dn-se- aq-∂m-a-sØ- sNm-∆m-
633.- C
ÿ-ew-
- ¥- y-bp-sS- B-flo-b- X-eÿ - m-\w-
32. (1)s]m-Xp-k`- - (P-\d - ¬- A-kw-ªn-),-(2)- c- gv-N-bm-Wv- km-[m-c-W-am-bn- s]m-Xp-k-`-
611.- -]n-‰v-kv- C-¥y- B-Iv-Sv- {_n-´o-jv- £m-ka - n-Xn- (sk-Iyq-cn-‰n- Iu-¨k - n¬-),-(3)- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- ]m-km-°p-tºmƒ- K- bp-sS- k-tΩ-f-\w- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.-
km-ºØ - n-I- km-aq-ln-I- k-an-Xn- (C-°- 46.- -s]m-Xp-k-`-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- \yq-tbm¿- 634.- {- ]-ik- vX - a - m-b- hn-iz-\m-Y- t£-{Xw-
h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-bn-cp-∂-Xv- tWm-an-I-v B-‚ -v tkm-jy¬- Iu-¨k - n¬), F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
612.- -tdm-b¬- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk- °n-em-Wv.- P-\-d¬- A-kw-ªn-bp-sS- B-
(4) sk{I-´d - n-tb-‰v,- - (5)- A-¥m-cm-jv{- S- \o- Zy- sk-j-≥ 1946 P-\p-h-cn- ]-Øn-\v- e- 635.- s- sP-\a - X - Ø- n-se- C-cp-]Ø - n-aq-∂m-
‰n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥ Xn-\ym-b- tIm-S-Xn- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- sF- a-sØ- Xo¿-Y-¶-c-\m-b- ]m¿-iz-\m-
613.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ≠-\n-se- sh-Ãv-an-≥ÿ- sk-≥{S¬- lm-
Iy-cm-jv{- S-k` - b
- p-sS- {]-[m-\- L-SI - ß
- ƒ - . fn¬- tN¿-∂p.- 51 cm-Py-߃- kw-_- Y-≥ F-hn-Sp-sØ- cm-P-Ip-am-c-\m-
K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- 33. apºv- {S-Ão-jn-∏v- Iu-¨-kn¬- (]-cn-c-£- bn-cp-∂p-
614.- {- _n-´o-jv- ]m¿-es- a-‚ v- Cw-]o-®v- sN- ‘n®p.
W- k-an-Xn-)- F-s∂m-cp- L-S-Iw- Iq-Sn- D- 636.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- a-X-]-c-am-b- X-e-ÿm-
bv-X- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- ≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
c£mkanXn \w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
615.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- K-h¿-W¿- 47. A¥¿- tZ-io-b- k-am-[m-\-hpw- kp-c-£- 637.- -B-\n- _-k-‚ v- sk-≥{S¬- ln-µp-
34. 1994˛¬- A-h-km-\-sØ- {S-Ãn-jn-∏v- sS-
P-\-d¬-am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- dn-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂- ]-em-hp- kz-X-{¥-cm-jv- bpw- D-d∏ - p-hc - p-Øe - m-Wv- c-£m-ka - n-Xn-bp- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-®- ÿ-ew-
Im-ew- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xv- sS- [¿-aw.- 638.- -Im-in-bp-sS- ]p-Xn-b-t]-cv-
{S-am-b-tXm-sS- ]-cn-c-£-W- k-an-Xn-bp-sS-
616.- -1772˛¬- Pn-√m- I-f-Iv-S-dp-sS- ]-Z-hn- 48.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- a-‰p- L-S-I-߃- 639.- -_-\m-d-kv- ln-µp- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-
{]-h¿-Ø-\w- \n-e-®p.-
kr-jv-Sn-®-Xm-cv- 35.- -A-©p- L-S-I-ß-fn¬- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- \o- °v- `-c-W-Iq-S-ß-tfm-Sv- \-S-]-Sn-°m-bn- ip- bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-
617.- -I¬-°-´-bn¬- kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn- ]m¿-i- sN-øm-t\- I-gn-bq.- F-∂m¬,- B¿- 640.- -{]m-No-\- C-¥y-bn-se- i-kv-{X-{In-
Xn-\ym-b- tIm-S-Xn- H-gn-sI-bp-≈-h-bp-sS-
ÿm-]n-°p-tºmƒ- K-h¿-W¿- P-\- ´n-°nƒ- 25 {]-Im-cw- c-£m-k-an-Xn-bp-sS- bm- hn-Z-Kv-[-\m-b- kp-{ip-X-≥ Po-
B-ÿm-\w- \yq-tbm¿-°n-em-Wv.- s\-X¿-
d-em-bn-cp-∂-Xv- e-≥Uv-kn-se- tl-Kn-em-Wv- sF.-kn.-sP.- \n¿-t±-i-߃- I¿-i-\-am-bn- ]m-en-°m- hn-®n-cp-∂- ]-´-Ww-
618.- -{_o-´n-jn-¥y-bn-se- cm-Pn-h-®- B- ≥ Aw-K-cm-Py-߃- _m-[y-ÿ-cm-Wv.-
B-ÿm-\w.
Zy- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- 49.- -c-£m-k-an-Xn-bp-sS- Xo-cp-am-\-߃- sdm-
619.- -t_m¿-Uv- Hm-^v- d-h-\yq- ÿm-]n- skm-ep-j-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- 56.- s
- k-Iyq-cn-‰n- Iu-¨k
- n-en-s‚- {]-kn-U‚
- n-
®- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsS 50.- c- £
- m-ka - n-Xn-bn¬- 15 Aw-Kß - f - p-≠v.- A- s‚- Im-em-h-[n- H-cp- am-k-am-Wv.-
57.- -\yq-tbm¿-°n-em-Wv- B-ÿ-m\w.
620.- -C-k¿-Zm-cn- hy-h-ÿ- B-hn-jv-I-cn-
®-Xm-cv-
HutZymKnI `mjIƒ Xn¬- A-s©-Æw- ÿn-cmw-Kß
Æw- Xm¬-°m-en-I- Aw-Kß - f
- f - pw- ]-sØ-
- p-am-Wv.- hne°[nImcw (hot‰m ]h¿)
36. Bdv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-I-fm-Wv- sF-Iy- 51.- -ÿ n-c mw- K -ß ƒ-° v- hn-e -° -[ n-Im-cw- A-Y- 58. c£m-ka - n-Xn-bn-se- Hm-tcm- Aw-Kß- ƒ-°v-
cm-jv-{S-k-`-bv-°p-≈-Xv.- hm- ho- t ‰m- ]- h ¿- D- ≠ v. - Hm-tcm- thm-´m-Wp-≈-Xv.- {]-[m-\- Xo-cp-
22.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v- dq-kvs- h¬-‰v- A-
¥-cn-®-Xn-\m¬- 1945 s^-{_p-h-cn- 4 ap- 37.- -Cw-•o-jv,- {^-©v,- d-jy-≥,- kv-]m-\n-jv,- 52.- -bp.-F-kv.-F.,- bp.-sI.,- d-jy,- {^m-≥kv,- am-\-߃- thm-´n-\n-Sp-tºmƒ- 10 Xm-Xv-Im-
ssN-\o-kv,- A-d-_n-Iv- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- Hu- ssN-\- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- ÿn-cmw-K-߃.- en-Imw-K-ß-fpw- 5 ÿn-cmw-K-ß-fpw- A-
X¬- 11 h-sc- \-S-∂- tbm-K-Øn¬- A-ta- 53.- X
- m-XI v- m-en-I- Aw-Kß - s - f- c-≠p-h¿-j- Im-
cn-°-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- lm- tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-Iƒ.- 1973h-sc- A-©v- Hu- \p-Iq-en-°W - w. ÿn-cmw-Kß - f- n¬- G-sX-
tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-I-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- H- em- h - [ n- b n- t e- ° v - s]m- Xp-k-`- aq-∂n¬- c- ¶n-epw- H-∂v- F-Xn¿-Øv- thm-´p-sN-bvX - m¬-
cn- F-kv- {Sq-am-\m-Wv.- ≠p- `q-cn-]£ - Ø - n¬- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°p-∂p.-
23.- -tkm-hn-b‰ - v- bq-Wn-bs
- \- Ãm-en-\pw- {_n-´- Sp-hn¬- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-bm-b-Xv- A-d- A-Xn-s\- ho-t‰m- F-∂p- ]-d-b-p∂p.
_n-Iv- B-Wv.- hn-c-an-°m-≥ Aw-K-߃- ho-≠pw- Xn-c- sk{I´dntb‰v
sW- N¿-®n-epw- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bvX - p- . s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sm-≥ A¿-l-X-bn-√.- Xn-c-
38.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- ssZ-\w-Zn-\- B- 59. sk-{I-´d - n- P-\d- e
- m-Wv- sk-{I-t´-dn-b‰
- n-s‚-
t]m´vkvUmw ktΩf\w h-iy-߃-°v- Cw-•o-jpw- {^-©p-am-Wv- D- s™-Sp-∏n-s‚- am-\Z- W - vU - w- Xm-sg-∏d - b
- pw-
X-e-h-≥.- A-t±-l-sØ- k-lm-bn-°m-≥
24. P¿a≥ A-[n-\n-th-i- {]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp-∂- ]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv- (h¿-°nw-Kv- em-tKz- {]-Im-c-am-Wv.-
54.- -(1)-B-{^n-°- h-≥I-c- ˛-3,- (2)- G-j-y˛2, A-¥m-cm-jv{- S- kn-hn¬- sk¿-h‚ - p-am-cp-sS-
t]m-´v-kv-Um-an¬- 1945 Pq-sse- 16 ap-X¬- Pkv). Ãm-^p-≠v.-
1945 Hm-K-kv-Xv- 2 h-sc- tN¿-∂- k-tΩ-f- (3) ]Sn™md≥ bqtdm∏v˛2, (4) em‰n≥
60.- -s]m-Xp-k-an-Xn-bp-sS- ip-]m¿-i- {]-Im-cw-
\-Øn¬- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n-se- Ãm- s]mXpk` Atacn° ˛2,(5) Ing°≥ bqtdm∏v˛1
55. P\ph-cn- H-∂n-\m-Wv- Im-em-h-[n- B-cw- c-£m-k-an-Xn-bm-Wv- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-en-
en-≥,- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v- {Sq-am-≥,- s\- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv.-
39. sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- F-√m- Aw-K- `n-°p-∂-Xv.-
{_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- N¿-®n¬- F-∂o-
h¿- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.-
25.- X- n-cs
- ™-Sp-∏n-s‚- ^-ew- {]-Xo-£n-°p-∂-
A-h-k-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬- N¿-®n-en-s\m-∏w-
te-_¿- ]m¿-´n- t\-Xm-hv- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en-
sh-\-tkz-e-
bpw- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.- 621.--G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv- Im-c-°m-kv-?-
26.- -bp-≤m-\-¥-c- {I-ao-I-c-W-߃,- k-am-[m- 622.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- s]-t{Sm-fn-bw- I-b-‰p-a-Xn- sN-øp-∂- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
\- D-Sº- S- n-Iƒ,- bp-≤^
- e
- ß
- s
- f- t\-cn-S¬- ≥ cm-Py-ta-Xv-
Xp-S-ßn-b- Im-cy-߃- tbm-K-Øn¬- N¿- 623.- -en-‰n¬- sh-\o-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-?-
®-bv-°v- h-njbambn. 624.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- \m-W-b-am-Wv- s_m-fn-h¿-
625.- -ku-µ-cy-dm-Wn-am¿-°v- {]-kn-≤-am-b- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
km≥{^m≥knkvtIm ktΩf\w 626.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- sh-≈-®m-´-am-b- km¬-t´m- G-©¬- G-
27. 1945 G{]n¬- 25˛-\v- B-cw-`n-®- km-≥{^m- Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
≥kn-kv-tIm- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- sF-Iy-cm- 627.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- s]m-Xp- _m-¶m-bn- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ D-t±-
jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- Nm¿-´¿- X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn- in-°p-∂- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- ku-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
\v- 50 cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fpw- Nn- 628.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- tPm¿-Pv- hm-jnw-Kv-S-¨- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´,- em-‰n-≥
e- t\m-¨- K-h-¨-sa-‚¬- Hm¿-K-ss\-tk- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- a-lm-\m-b- hn-tam-N-I-≥ ssk-a-¨- s_m-fn-h¿- G-Xv- cm-
j-\p-If - p-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-If
- pw- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.- Py-Øm-Wv- P-\n-®-Xv-
28.- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\-bm- 629.- -lyq-tKm- jm-th-kv- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
Wv- Nm¿-´¿.- 630.- -C-Iz-tUm-dn-s\-°q-Sm-sX- H-s∏-Iv- F-∂- kw-L-S-\-bn¬- Aw-K-Xz-ap-≈- sX-
29.- -A-¥¿-tZ-io-b- \n-b-a-ß-fn¬- k-l-I-c- t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw-
Ww,- tem-I- k-am-[m-\w,- km-ºØ - n-I- hn-
I-k\ - w,- km-aq-ln-I- ]p-tcm-KX - n,- a-\p-jym-

021

Xm-Pv-a-l¬-
641.- t- em-IØ- n-se- k-]X v- m-Z`
v- p-Xß
- f - n¬-
C-¥y-bn¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- H-tc-
sbm-sc-Æw-
642.- -jm-P-lm-≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn-sb- F-hn-
sS-bm-Wv- I-_-d-S-°n-b-Xv-
643.- -]q¿-WX - t- bm-SS- p-Ø- I-em-kr-jS-v n- F-
∂p- hn-eb - n-cp-Øs - ∏-Sp-∂- \n¿-an-Xn-
644.- -Im-e-Øn-s‚- I-t]m-e-Øn-se- I-
Æp-\o¿-Øp-≈n- F-∂v- a-lm-Ih - n- Sm-
tKm¿- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-
645.- a- p-Kƒ- in-ev] - h
- n-Zy-bn¬- \n¿-an-®- G-
‰-hpw- D¬-Ir-jv-S-am-b- a-µn-cw-
646.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- a-t\m-l-c-
am-b- i-h-Ip-So-cw-
647.- -X-s‚- {]n-b-X-a- apw-Xm-kv- a-l-en-
s‚- kv-a-c-W-bv-°v- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-
Øn- jm-P-lm-≥ ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®- kv-
am-c-Iw-
648.- -22000 tPm-en-°m¿- 22 h¿-jw-sIm-≠-v
]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b- ap-Kƒ- \n¿-an-Xn-
649.- The jewel of Muslim art in India
F¶p hntijn¸n °s∏Sp∂
\n¿anXn
650. C¥ybnse G‰hpw DbcwIqSnb
C…manI \n¿anXn
61.- A
- ©- p-h¿-ja - m-Wv- sk-{I-´d
- n- P-\d
- e
- n-s‚-
Im-em-h-[n.- k-´-¨- tπ-km-Wv- Hu-tZym-
Kn-I- h-k-Xn.-
62.- s
- k-{I-´d
- n-tb-‰n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- \yq-tbm¿-
°m-Wv.-
63.- -tem-I-Øn-se- {]-Y-a- kn-hn¬- sk¿-h-‚ v-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-em-
Wv.-
A-¥m-cm-jv-{S-
\o-Xn- \ym-b- tIm-SX
- n-
64.- s- F-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k` - b- p-sS- {]m-Ya - n-I- \o-Xn-
\ym-b- tIm-SX - n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- s\-X¿-
e-≥Uv-kn-se- tl-Kv- B-Wv.-
65.- s- F-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k` - b- p-sS- Nm¿-´¿- {]-Im-cw-
1945˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- tIm-S-Xn- 1946˛¬-
{]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®p.-
66.- -s]¿a-\-‚ v- tIm¿-´v- Hm-^v- C-‚¿-\m-j-
W¬- P-Ãn-kn-s‚- ]n-≥Km-an-bm-Wv- sF.-
kn.-sP.- bp-≤-°p-‰-߃,- I-S-∂p-I-b-‰-
߃,- hw-i-l-Xy- Xp-S-ßn-b- tI-kp-I-fm-
Wv- tIm-S-Xn- ]-cn-K-Wn--°p-∂-Xv.-
67.- t- em-I- tIm-SX - n-bn-se- P-UvP - n-am-cp-sS- Im-
em-h-[n- 9 h¿-j-am-Wv.- Im-em-h-[n- ]q¿-
Øn-bm-°p-∂-h¿-°v- ho-≠pw- Xn-c-s™-
Sp-°-s∏-Sm-≥ A¿-l-X-bp-≠v.-
68.- -tem-I-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- 15 P-Uv-Pn-am-cm-Wp-
≈-Xv.- H-cp- cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂v- H-tc-k-a-bw-
c-≠p- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc- \n-b-an-°m-≥ ]m-Sn-√.-
69.- t- em-I- tIm-SX - n-bn¬- P-UvP - n-am-cm-bn-´p-≈-
C-¥y-°m-cm-Wv- _n.-F≥ - .-dm-hp- (1952˛-53),-
\m-tK-{µ-knw-Kv- (1973˛-88),- B¿.-Fk
Y-Iv- (1989˛-91),-Z¬-ho¿- `-≠m-cn- (2012)- F-
∂n-h¿.-
70.- -tem-I- tIm-SX - n-bn¬- {]-kn-U‚ - m-b- B-Zy-
`m-cX
- o-b≥- \m-tK-{µ-knw-Km-Wv- (1985˛-88).-
71.- -C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- {In-an-\¬- tIm¿-´v- F-
∂- A-\p-_-‘- ÿm-]-\w- 2002˛-em-Wv-
{]-h¿-Ø\
Kn-em-Wv.-
- a - m-cw-`n-®X
- v.- B-ÿm-\w- tl- A¥mcmjv{S h¿j߃ 143.bpF∂n-s‚- `-c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv- Nm¿-´¿.-
C-Xn¬- 111 B¿-´n-°n-fp-I-fp-≠v.-
72.- -a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- [zw-k-\w- \-S-Øp-∂- cm- 96. {]-[m-\h - n-jb- ß
- f - n-te-°v- tem-I{- i-≤b - m- 144.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-t∏mƒ-
jv-{S-Ø-e-h-≥am-sc- hn-Nm-c-W-sN-øp-∂- I¿-jn-°m-\pw- B-tKm-f- {]m-[m-\y-ap- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-∂-Xv- lm-
Xn-\p-th-≠n- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- tIm-S-Xn-bm- ≈- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- X-e- cn- F-kv- {Sq-am-≥.- {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-
Wn-Xv.- 18 P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-≠v.- Im-em-h-[n- 9 Øn-ep-≈- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- t{]m¬-km- {¥n- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en.-
h¿jw. ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- 1959 ap-X¬- sF-Iy- 145.- s- F-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k`- b - n¬- Aw-KX - z-ap-≈- G-
cm-jv-{S-k-`- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- h¿-j-߃- ‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- sam-Wm-t°m.-
C-°t- Wm-an-Iv- B-‚v- B-N-cn-°p-∂p.- sF-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k`- b - n¬- Aw-KX - z-ap-≈- G-
97.- -1959/-60˛- tem-I- A-`-bm¿-Yn- h¿-jw- ‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- dn-∏-ªn-°v- \-hp-dp.-
tkm-jy¬- Iu-¨k - n¬- 98.- -1965˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- k-l-I-c-W-h¿-jw- 146.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- ]-Xm-I- Aw-Ko-
99.- -1967˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- hn-t\m-Z- k-©m-c- I-cn-®-Xv- 1947 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 20˛-\m-Wv.-
73. A¥m-cm-jv-{S- km-º-Øn-I- km-aq-ln-I- h¿-jw-
k-l-I-c-W-hpw- hn-I-k-\-hpw- \-S-∏m-°m- 100.- -1968˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-h¿-
147.- s- F-Iy-cm-jv{- S- k-`b - p-sS- ]-Xm-Ib - p-sS- ]-
≥ s]m-Xp-k-`-sb- k-lm-bn-°p-∂- k-an- ›m-Ø-e-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.- C-
jw- Xn¬- cm-Py-߃- B-te-J-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cn-
Xn-bm-Wv- C-°-tWm-an-Iv- B-‚ v- tkm- 101.- -1970˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- hn-Zym-`ym-k- h¿-jw-
°p-∂-Xv- sh-≈- \n-d-Øn-em-Wv.-
jy¬- Iu-¨-kn¬.- 102.- -1971˛-hw-io-b- hn-th-N-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-
74.- -C-t°m-tkm-°n¬- 54 Aw-K-ß-fm-Wp-≈- 148.- D- Ø- c - {- [p-hØ- n-s‚- Nn-”a - m-Wv- bp.-F≥ - .-
≈- t]m-cm-´-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- h¿-jw- ]-Xm-I-bn-ep-≈-Xv,- C-Xn-\p-Np-‰n-ep-am-bn-
Xv.- aq-∂p-h¿-j-am-Wv- Im-em-h-[n.- aq-∂n- 103.- -1972˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- ]p-kv-X-I- h¿-jw-
H-en-hv- in-J-c-ß-fp-sS- Nn-{X-hp-ap-≠v.-
sem-∂v- Aw-K-߃- (18)- Hm-tcm- h¿-j- 104.- -1973˛- tIm-∏¿- \n-°-kv- h¿-jw-
hpw- hn-c-an-°pw.- 149.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- bq-tdm-]y-≥ B-
105.- -1974˛- tem-I- P-\-kw-Jym- h¿-jw- ÿm-\w- P-\o-h-bm-Wv.-
75.- -hn-c-an-°p-∂- cm-Py-߃-°v- ho-≠pw- Xn-c- 106.- -1975˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- h-\n-Xm- h¿-jw-
150.- \- yq-tbm¿-°n-se- sF-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k` - m- B-
s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sm-≥ A¿-l-X-bp-≠v.- {]- 107.- -1978˛- A-∏m¿-Øo-Uv- hn-cp-≤- h¿-jw-
kn-U‚ - n-s‚- Im-em-h[ - n- H-cp- h¿-ja - m-Wv.- 108.- -1979˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- in-ip-h¿-jw- ÿm-\-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬- tem-I-cm-Py-ß-fp-
sS- ]-Xm-I-Iƒ- A-£-c-am-em-{I-a-Øn¬-
sN-dp-cm-Py-߃-°pw- a-[y-\n-c- cm-Py-߃- 109.- -1981˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- hn-I-emw-K- h¿-jw-
{]-Z¿-in-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.-
°p-am-Wv- Cu- ÿm-\-tØ-°v- A-¿lX. 110.- -1983˛- tem-I- I-ayp-Wn-t°-j-≥kv- Zn-\w-
151.- -X-]m¬- Ãm-ºp-Iƒ- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-≥
AwKXzw 111.- -1985˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- bp-h-P-\- h¿-jw- A-[n-Im-c-ap-≈- tem-I-Øn-se- G-I- kw-
76. F√m k-am-[m-\-Imw-£n-I-fm-b- cm-Py- 112.- -1986˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- k-am-[m-\- h¿-jw- L-S-\-bm-Wv- bp.-F-≥.-
߃-°pw- Aw-K-Xz-Øn-\v- A¿-l-X-bp- 113.- 1- 987˛- `-h\ - - c-ln-X¿-°v- A-`b - - tI-{µ-Øn- 152.--DØ - c - {- [q-hØ- n-s‚- Nn-”a - m-Wv- bp.-F∂ - n-
≠v.- s]m-Xp-k-`-bp-sS- ip-]m¿-i-bp-sS- \p-th-≠n-bp-≈- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- h¿-jw- s‚- Nn- ” - Ø n- e p- ≈ - X v.- C- X n- \ p-
A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- c-£m-k-an-Xn-bm-Wv- 114.- -1990˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- km-£-c-Xm- h¿-jw- Np- ‰ p- a m- b n- H- e n- h v - in- J - c - ß - f p- s S-
Aw-K-Xzw- kw-_-‘n-®- Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp- 115.- -1993˛- X-t±-io-b- P-\-X-bv-°m-bp-≈- A- Nn-{X-hp-ap-≠v.
°p-∂-Xv.- ¥m-cm-jv-{S- h¿-jw-
77.- s- ]m-Xp-k` - b - n-se- aq-∂n¬- c-≠v- Aw-Kß - - 116.- -1994˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- Ip-Spw-_-h¿-jw-
fp-sS- ]n-¥p-W- Aw-K-Xz-Øn-\v- B-h-iy- 117.- -1995˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- k-l-\- h¿-jw-
sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsS
am-Wv.- A-Xp-t]m-se- s]m-Xp-k-`-bp-sS- c- 118.- 1- 996˛- Zm-cn-Zy-\n¿-am¿-P\ - Ø
- n-\p-≈- A-¥m- {]tXyI GP≥knIƒ
£m-ka - n-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- in-]m¿-ib - p-sS- A- cm-jv-{S- h¿-jw-
Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n-em-Wv- Aw-Kß - s - f- k-kvs - ]- 119.- -1998˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- k-ap-{Z- h¿-jw- temImtcmKykwLS\ (thƒUv
‚ v- sN-øp-I-bpw- ]p-d-Øm-°p-I-bpw- sN- 120.- -1999˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- h-tbm-P-\- h¿-jw-
øp-∂-Xv.- 121.- -2001˛- A-¥m-cm-j{-v S- k-∂≤ - t- k-hI - - h¿-jw-
sl¬Øv Hm¿Kss\tkj≥)
78.- -2006 Pq-¨- 28\v- tam-≠n-s\-t{Km- Aw-K- 122.- -2002˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- ]¿-h-X- h¿-jw- 154.BtcmKytaJebn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂
Xz-sa-Sp-Ø-tXm-sS- sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp- 123.- - -˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- km-kv-Im-cn-I- h¿- Cu kwLS\ P\oh Bÿm\am°n
sS- Aw-K-_-ew- 192 B-bn.- jw- 1948 G{]n¬ Ggn\v \nehn¬ h∂p.
79.- -2011 Pq-sse- 14\v- Z-£n-W- kp-Um-≥ 193˛- 124.- - ˛- A-¥m-cm-j{-v S- C-t°m-Sq-dn-kw- h¿-jw- 155.ÿm-]-I-Zn-\-am-b- G-{]n¬- G-gv- tem-Im-
a-sØ- Aw-K-am-bn.- h-Øn-°m-\v- \n-co- 125.- -2003˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- ip-≤-P-e- h¿-jw- tcm-Ky-Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°p-∂-p.
£-I- ]-Z-hn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. 126.- -2004˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- s\-√v- h¿-jw-
127.- -2005˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- ssa-t{Im- s{I-Un-‰v- bps\kvtIm
sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsS h¿-jw- (bpssW‰Uv t\j≥kv
128.- -2006˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- a-cp-`q-an- a-cp-h-Xv-I-
{]tXyI GP≥knIƒ c-W- h¿-jw-
FUypt°jW¬ kb‚n^nIv B‚v
80. ^pUv- B-‚ v- A-{Kn-Iƒ-®d - ¬- Hm¿-Ks - s\- 129.- -2008˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- D-cp-f-°n-g-ßv- h¿- Iƒ®d¬ Hm¿Kss\tkj≥)
tk-j-≥ (tem-I- `-£y- Im¿-jn-I- kw- jw-
L-S-\-)- 130.- - -˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- `m-jm- h¿-jw-
81.- C- ‚ - ¿-\m-jW - ¬- A-t‰m-an-Iv- F-\¿-Pn- G- 131.- -2009˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- A-\p-c-Rv-P-\- h¿-
P-≥kn- jw-
82.- -C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- kn-hn¬- G-hn-tb-j-≥ 132.- - -˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- {]-Ir-Xn-Z-Ø- \m-
Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-≥ cp- h¿-jw-
83.- C- ‚ - ¿-\m-jW - ¬- ^-≠v- t^m¿- A-{Kn-Iƒ- 133.- 2- 010˛- A-¥m-cm-j{v- S- ssP-hs - sh-hn-[y- h¿-
®-d¬- U-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- jw-
84.- -C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- te-_¿- Hm¿-K-ss\-tk- 134.- -2011˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- h-\- h¿-jw-
j-≥ 135. 2012-International Year of Sustainable Energy
85.- -C-≥¿-\m-j-W¬- am-cn-ssSw- Hm¿-K-ss\- for All, International Year of Cooperatives 156.sFIy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- {]-tXy-I- G-P-
tk-j-≥ 136. 2013-International Year of Water Cooperation ≥kn-bm-bn- 1945 \-hw-_¿- 16˛-\v- \n-eh
- n¬-
86.- -C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- sS-en-I-ayp-Wn-t°-j-≥ 137. 2014-International Year of Solidarity with the h-∂p.- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- k-l-I-W-Øn-eq-
bq-Wn-b-≥ Palestinian People, International Year of Small sS- hn-Zym-`ym-k- im-kv-{X- km-kv-Im-cn-I-
87.- -bp-ssW-‰-Uv- t\-j-≥kv- F-Uyp-t°-j- Island Developing States,International Year of ta-J-e-I-fn¬- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- \-S-Øn-
W¬- k-b‚ - n-^n-Iv- B-‚ v- Iƒ-®d - ¬- Hm¿- Crystallography,International Year of Family k-am-[m-\-hpw- k-l-I-c-W-hpw- D-d-∏p-h-
K-ss\-tk-j-≥ Farming. cp-Øp-I-bm-Wv- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- e-£yw.
88.- -bp-F-≥ C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- t^m¿- s{S-bn-\nw-Kv- 138. 2015-International Year of Soils, -157.--]m-co-kn-em-Wv- bp-s\-kv-tIm-bp-sS- B-
B-‚ v- dn-k¿-®v- Hm-∏t- d-jW - ¬- km-‰s - se- 139. International Year of Light and Light-based ÿm-\w.- k¿- Pq-en-b-≥ l-Iv-k-en-bm-bn-
‰v- B-πn-t°-j-≥kv- t{]m-{Kmw- Technologies cp-∂p- B-Zy- U-b-d-Iv-S¿- P-\-d¬-.
89.- -bq-Wn-th-gv-k¬- t]m-ì- bp-Wn-b-≥ 140. 2016-International Year of Pulses
- v.- ]m-
90.- -thƒ-Uv- _m-¶v- {][m\s∏´ hkvXpXIƒ
91.- -thƒ-Uv- sl¬-Øv- Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-≥ 141. sFIy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- k¿-h-I-em-im-
A¥mcmjv{S sXmgn¬
92.- -thƒ-Uv- C-‚-e-Iv-Nz¬- t{]m-∏¿-´n- Hm¿-K- em- B-ÿm-\w- P-∏m-\n-se- tSm-°n-tbm- kwLS\
ss\-tk-j-≥
93.- t- hƒ-Uv- sa-‰n-cn-tbm-fP - n-°¬- Hm¿-Ks
bn-em-Wv.-
- s\- 142.- -A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- k-am-[m-\- k¿-h-I-em-im-
(C‚¿\mjW¬ te_¿
tk-j-≥ e-bp-sS- B-ÿm\w
Hm¿Kss\tkj≥)
94.- -thƒ-Uv- Sq-dn-kw- Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-≥ a[yAtacn°≥ cm{„amb 158.kmaq-ln-I\
- o-Xn-bp-sS- ]-cn-]m-e\
- Ø
- n-\pw-
95.- -C-‚¿- \m-j-W¬- tam-W-n´dn ^≠v tImÃdn°bnemWv.
022
 A-¥m-c-m-jv-{S- X-e-Øn¬- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-
s∏-´- a-\p-jym-hI - m-iß- f- pw- sXm-gn¬- A-
`£y˛Im¿jnI kwLS\ F∂nh-sb- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- 1865
sa-bv- 17˛-\v- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- sS-en-{Km-^v-
tem-I- _m-¶v- F-∂- kw-⁄- sIm-≠v- D-
t±-in-°p-∂Xv.
h-Im-iß - f - pw- ]-cn-c£
- n-°p-∂X - n-\pw- th- (^pUv B‚v A{KnIƒ®d¬ bq- W n- b - ≥ F- ∂ - t]- c n¬- ]m- c o- k n¬- cq-
≠n- \n-es - Im-≈p-∂- {]-tXy-I- G-P≥ - kn-
Hm¿Kss\tkj≥) ]w- sIm-≠p.- P-\o-h-bm-Wv- B-ÿm-\w.- C‚¿\mjW¬ _m¶v
bm-Wv- sF-.F¬.H. 183.--tem-I- I-ayp-Wn-t°-j-≥ Zn-\-am-bn- sa-
159.1919˛¬ ÿm]nXamb kwLS\bpsS 170.]´nWn-bn-√m-Xm-°m-≥ A-¥m-cm-jv{- S-Xe - - bv- 17 B-N-cn-°-p∂p. t^m¿ doI¨kv{S£≥
Øn¬- b- X v - \ - ß ƒ- \- S - Ø p- ∂ - {]- t Xy- I -
Bÿm\w P\ohbmWv.
160.1969˛¬- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\¿-la - m-bn.- G-P-≥kn-bm-Wn-Xv.- bqWnthgvk¬ B‚v sUhe]vsa‚v
161.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- {]-tXy-I- G-P- 171.- - hn-I-kz-c-˛-hn-I-kn-X- cm-jv-{S-ß-fn¬- {]- 194.1944 Pq-sse- H-∂p-ap-X¬- 22 h-sc- \-S-∂-
≥kn-bm-bn- cq-]w-sIm-≠- B-Zy- kw-L-S- h¿-Øn-°p-∂- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm- t]mì bqWnb≥ {_-´-¨-hp-Uv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚- ^-e-am-
\-bm-W-nXv. \w- C-‰-en-bn-se- tdm-a-nemWv. 184.AwK-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- t]m-ì- kw-hn-[m- bn- cq-]w-sIm-≠p.- c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-
\- \-b-߃- G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂- A-¥m- bp-≤m-\¥ - c - a
- p-≈- ]p-\¿-\n¿-am-W- {]-h¿-
A¥mcmjv{S temI _u≤nI cm-j{v- S- kw-LS- \ - .- kzn-‰k v- ¿-e≠ - n-se- t_- Ø- \ ß
- ƒ-° v- [-\k
- l - m-bw- \¬-Ip-I- F-
∂- e- £ y- t Øm- s S- b m-Wv- cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-
inipt£a kanXn kzØhImi kwLS\ ¨- B-ÿm-\a - m-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.-
am-b-sX-¶n-epw- C-t∏mƒ- Zm-cn-Zy-\n¿-am¿-
185.--1874 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- H-º-Xn-\v- P-\-d¬- t]m-
(bpWnsk^v) (thƒUv C‚eIvNz¬ ì- bq-Wn-b≥ - F-∂- t]-cn¬- cq-]w-sIm- P-\- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°v- [-\-k-lm-bw-
\¬-Ip-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.-
t{]m∏¿´n Hm¿Kss\tkj≥) ≠- kw-LS- \ - - 1878em-Wv- bq-Wn-th-gvk - ¬-
195.-- B-ÿm-\w- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨- Un.-kn-bm-Wv.-
172.k¿Km-flI - - {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - ƒ- t{]m¬-km- t]m-ì- bq-Wn-b-≥ F-∂- t]-cv- kzo-I-
cn- ® - X v . - ÿm- ] - I - Z n- \ - a m- b - H- I v - t Sm- _ ¿- 9 196.--{_-´-¨-hp-Uv- C-c-´-Iƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- _u-≤n-I- kz-Øp- ∂- X v - tem- I - _ m- ¶ pw- sF.- F w.- F - ^ - p
°ƒ- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- B-tKm-f- X- tem-It- ]m-ì- Zn-\a - m-bn- B-Nc - n-°p-∂p.-
amWv.
e-Øn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- kw-L-S-\- cq- 186.--C-¥y-≥ t]m-ì- Zn-\w- H-Iv-tSm-_¿ 10.
]w-sIm-≠-Xv- 1967em-Wv.-
173.--P-\o-h-bm-Wv- B-ÿ-m\w. temI Imemhÿm C‚¿\mjW¬
imkv{X kwLS\ sUhe]vsa‚v
A¥mcmjv{S \mWy\n[n 187.1873˛¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- Atkmkntbj≥
(C‚¿\mjW¬ tamWn´dn ^≠v) sa-‰o-cn-tbm-f-Pn-°¬- Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j- 197. G‰hpw Zcn{Zmhÿbnep≈ cmPy-ß-
174.A¥mcmjv{S \mWb hn\nabØn¬ \n¬-\n-∂v- 1950˛¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- kw-L- sf- k-lm-bn-°-em-Wv- sF.-Un.-F-bp-sS-
ÿncX Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw hnIk\ S-\.- Im-em-h-ÿ- kw-_-‘-am-b- hn-j- [¿-aw.-
{]h¿Ø\߃ \SØp∂Xn\pwth≠n b-߃- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-øp-∂- kw-L-S- 198.- 1960 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 24\v- cq-]w-sIm-≠-
{]h¿Øn°p∂ kwLS\bmWv \- P-\o-h- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°p- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- hm-jn-Mv-S-
162.BtKmf XeØn¬ inipt£a ]≤Xn- sF.Fw.F^v. ∂p. ¨- Un.-kn-bm-Wv.-
Iƒ- \-S-∏m-°p-I-bm-Wv- bp-\n-sk-^n-s‚- 175.hmjnwKvS¨ Un.knbmWv Bÿm\w.
Zu-Xyw.- temI hnt\mZ k©mc C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- ^n-\m-≥kv-
163.- -1946˛¬- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- A¥mcmjv{S kwLS\ tIm¿-∏-td-j-≥
B-ÿm-\w- \yq-tbm¿-°m-Wv.-
164.- -1953˛-em-Wv- bp-\n-sk-^n-s\- sF-Iy-cm- BWthm¿P kwLS\ 188.hnt\m-Z- k-©m-c- \-b-߃- B-hn-jv-I-
199.- Z- m-cn-{Zy-\n¿-am¿-P\ - Ø
- n-\pw- P-\ß - f - p-sS-
jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- ÿn-cw- G-P-≥kn-bm-bn- Po-hn-X- \n-e-hm-cw- sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-
(C‚¿\mjW¬ At‰manIv cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- th-Zn-bm-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-
Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv.- \p-am-bn- hn-I-kz-c- cm-Py-ß-fn-se- kz-Im-
°p-∂- thƒ-Uv- Sq-dn-kw- Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-
165.- -1965˛¬- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- e-`n-®p.- F\¿Pn GP≥kn). j-≥ 1946˛¬- e-≠-\n¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠p.-
cy-ta-Je - b- n¬- \n-t£-]w- t{]m¬-km-ln-
166.- s
- F-Iy-cm-j{v- S-k`- b
- p-sS- km-ºØ - n-I- km- 176.BW-thm¿-Pw- k-am-[m-\-]-c-am-b- B-h- 189.--ks ∏n-°p-hm-≥ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- kw-L-S-\-
v- ]-bn-\n-se- am-{Un-Um-Wv- B-ÿm- \w.
aq-ln-I- k-an-Xn-°p-Io-gn-em-Wv- bp-\n-sk- iy-߃-°v- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv- D-d-∏p- bm- W v - C- ‚ ¿- \ m- j - W ¬- ^n- \ m- ≥ kv -
^n-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xv. h-cp-Øp-∂-Xpw- ssk-\n-Im-h-iy-߃-°v- bpssW‰Uv t\j≥kv200.-
tIm¿-∏-td-j-≥.-
-B-ÿm-\w- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨- Un.-kn.-
D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv- X-S-bp-∂-Xn-\pw-th-
sFIycmjv{S ≠n- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- kw-LS- \ - b
- m-Wv- A- C≥Ukv{Snb¬ aƒ-´n-em-‰-d¬- C-≥sh-Ãv-sa-‚ v-
A`bm¿Yn IΩoj≥ ¥m-cm-jv-{S- B-W-thm¿-P- kw-L-S-\- kz-
bw-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap-≈- kw-L-S-\-bm-bn-
sUhe]vsa‚v Kym-c-‚ n- G-P-≥kn-
(bpssW‰Uv t\j≥kv 1957 Pq-sse- 29˛-\v- cq-]w-sIm-≠- kw-L- Hm¿Kss\tkj≥ 201.- t- em-I- _m-¶v- {Kq-∏n¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- Cu-
S-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- hn-b-∂-bm-Wv.- kw-LS- \ - - 1988˛¬- ÿm-]n-Xa - m-bn.- hn-I-
ssl°ΩojW¿ t^m¿ d^yqPokv) 177.--B-‰w- t^m¿- ]o-kv- F-∂-Xm-Wv- kw-L- 190.A¥m-cm-jv-{S- hym-h-km-bn-I- k-l-I-c- kz-cc - m-Py-ßf - n¬- t\-cn-´p-≈- hn-tZ-i- ap-X¬-
167.1950 Un-kw-_¿- 14 \v- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- kw- Ww- e-£y-am-°n- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- kw-
S-\-bp-sS- {]-am-W-hm-Iyw.- ap-S-°v- t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv- e-
L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- P-\o-h-bm-Wv.- 178.--hm-jnw-Kv-S-¨- Un.-kn-bm-Wv- B-ÿm\w. L-S\ - b
- p-sS- B-ÿm-\w- Hm-kv{- Sn-bb
- n-se- £yw.- B-ÿm-\w- hm-jn-MS-v ¨ - - U-n.kn.
168.- -1954˛-epw- 1981 epw- kw-L-S-\- k-am-[m-\- hn-b-∂-bm-Wv.
s\m-t_-en-\v- A¿-l-am-bn.- A¥mcmjv{S B`y¥c C‚¿\mjW¬ amcnssSw C‚¿\mjW¬ sk‚¿
169.- P
- q-¨- 20 tem-I- A-`b - m¿-Yn-Zn-\a
- m-bn- B-
N-cn-°p-∂p. thymabm\ kwLS\ Hm¿Kss\tkj≥ t^m¿ sk‰n¬sa≥dv
(C‚¿\mjW¬ knhn¬ 191. kpc£n-X-am-b- \m-hn-I- K-Xm-K-Xw- B- Hm^v C≥shÃvsa‚vkv
IrjvW Ghntbj≥ Hm¿Kss\tkj≥) hn-jv-I-cn-°p-I- ,- k-ap-{Z- a-en-\o-I-c-Ww-
X-Sb
- p-I- Xp-Sß
- n-b- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß
- ƒ- Aw-
Unkv]yq´v
179.thym-ab
- m-\Ø
- n-s‚- kp-c£ - n-XX
- z-Øn-\pw-
651. `oa- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn- K-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- k-l-I-c-W-tØm-sS- \- 202. temI_m¶n¬ {Kq∏n¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂
]p-tcm-K-Xn-°pw-th-≠n- hy-h-ÿ-I-fpw-
bm-Wv- S-∏m-°m-≥ ]-cn-{i-an-°p-∂- kw-L-S-\-bp- Cu {]ÿm\w 1966˛¬ ÿm]nXambn.
km-t¶-Xn-I- \-S]
- S- n-If
- pw- B-hn-jIv- c
- n-°p-
652.- -G-Xv- \-Zn-bn¬-\n-∂v- sN-ss∂- \-K- sS- B-ÿm-\w- e≠\mWv. Bÿm\w hmjnMvS¨ Un.kn.
∂- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- I-\-U-
c-Øn-te-°v- Ip-Sn-sh-≈w- F-Øn-°m-
bn-se- tam-¨-{Sn-b¬- B-Wv.
\p-≈- ]-≤X - n-bm-Wv- sX-ep-¶p-Kw-K?- -
653.- -Xpw-K-`-{Z- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-
temI _m¶v {Kq∏v a‰p {][m\ kwLS\Iƒ
\-Zn-bm-Wv-
A¥mcmjv{S Im¿jnI 192.A©v- G-P-≥kn-Iƒ- A-S-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv-
654.- -\m-Km¿-Pp-\-km-K¿- Umw- G-Xp- \- hnIk\ \n[n tem-I_ - m-¶v- {Kq-∏v.- C-‚¿-\m-jW
- ¬- _m- B{^n°≥ bqWnb≥
Zn-bn¬- ¶v- t^m¿- do-I-¨-kv-{S-£-≥ B-‚ v- sU- 203. Hm¿Kss\tkj≥ Hm^v B{^n°≥
655.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- 180.1974˛se temI `£y ktΩf\Ønse h-e-]v-sa-‚ v,- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- sU-h-e-]v- bqWn‰n F∂ t]cn¬ 1963 sabv 25\v
c-≠m-a-sØ- \-Zn- Xocpam\ {]Imcw 1977˛¬ Hcp sa-‚ v- A-tkm-kn-tb-j-≥,- C-‚¿-\m-j- cq]wsIm≠p.
656.- {- io-ssi-ew- ]-≤X - n- G-X-v \-Zn-bn-em-W-v A¥mcmjv{S [\Imcy ÿm]\sa∂ W¬- ^n-\m-≥kv- tIm¿-∏-td-j-≥,- aƒ-´n- 204. FtXym]y-≥ X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- B-Un-kv-
657.- A- e- a- m-´n- ]-≤X- n- G-X-v \-Zn-bn-em-W-v \nebn¬ {]h¿Ø\amcw`n®p. em-‰-d¬- C-≥sh-Ãv-sa-≥dv- Kym-c-‚ n- G- A-_m-_-bm-Wv- B-ÿm-\w.-
658.- -a-e-{]-`,- L-S-{]-`,- ap-kn, -[q-Xv-Kw-K- 181. Bÿm\w tdmw. P-≥kn,- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- sk-‚¿- t^m¿- 205.- -2001˛¬- U¿-_-\n¬- \-S-∂- D-®-tIm-Sn-
F-∂n-h- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]m-j-I- sk-‰n¬-sa-≥dv- Hm-^v- C-≥sh-Ãv-sa-‚ v-kv- bn¬- kw-L-S-\- B-{^n-°-≥ bq-Wn-b-≥
\-Zn-I-fm-Wv-
A¥mcmjv{S Un-kv-]yq-´v- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- {]-kv-Xp-X- G- F-∂- t]-cp-kzo-I-cn-®p.- B-{^n-°-≥ bq-
Wn-b-\n¬- Aw-K-a-√m-Ø- G-I- B-{^n-
659.- -hn-P-b-hm-U- G-Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c- sSenIaypWnt°j≥ P-≥kn-Iƒ.
193.C‚¿-\m-j-W¬- _m-¶v- t^m¿- do-I-¨- °-≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- sam-tdm-t°m.-
Øm-Wv-
660.- -D-]-Zzo-]o-b- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h- bqWnb≥ kv-{S-£-≥ B-‚ v- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v,- C-‚¿- A-d_
- v- eo-Kv-
en-b- c-≠m-a-sØ \Zn \m-j-W¬- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- A-tkm-kn- 206.- -1945 am¿-®v- 22 \v- sI-bv-tdm-bn¬- cq-]w-
182.tdUntbm, sSenIaypWnt°j≥
tb-j-≥ F-∂o- ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-bm-Wv-

023
 sIm-≠- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- eo-Kv- Hm-^v- A-
d-_v- tÃ-‰v-kv- F-∂v- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- t]-cp-
≈- A-d-_v- eo-Kv.- ÿm]ImwK߃
Bdmbn-cp-∂p.- C-t∏mƒ- Aw-K-_-ew- 22.-
(kn-dn-bs - b- k-kvs - ]-≥Uv- sN-bvX - n-cn-°p-
∂-Xn-\m¬- ^-e-Øn¬- 21).- D-Ø-c- B-
{^n-°-bn-se-bpw- D-Ø-c-˛-]q¿-h- B-{^n-
°-bn-se-bpw- sX-°p-]S- n-™m-d≥ - G-jy-
bn-se-bpw- cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv- Aw-K-߃.-
sI-bv-tdm-bm-Wv- B-ÿm-\w.-
207.- -A-e-Iv-km-{≠n-b- t{]m-t´m-t°m-fn-eq-sS- 222.- t- Im-a¨
cq-]w-sIm-≠- kw-LS- \ - b- m-Wv- A-d_ - v- eo-
Kv.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv,- C-dm-Jv,- tPm¿-Zm-≥,-e-_-
\-¨,- ku-Zn- A-td-_y,- kn-dn-b- F-∂n-
h-bm-Wv- ÿm-]-Imw-K-߃.-
208.- F - d - n-{Xn-b,-{_-ko¬,- sh-\s - kz-e,- C-¥y-
F-∂o- cm-Py-߃-°v- kw-L-S-\-bn¬- \n-
co-£-I- ]-Z-hn-bp-≠v.-
209.- A - d - _
- v- eo-Kn-se- G-‰h - pw- P-\k- w-Jy- Iq-
Sn-b- Aw-Kw- Cu-Pn-]v-Xm-Wv.-
210.- -2012 h-sc- A-d-_v- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w- U-am-kv-I-kv- B-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n- 223.- t- Im-a¨
∂o-Sv- sI-bv-tdm-bn-te-°v- am-‰n.- C-t∏mƒ-
B-ÿm-\w- _m-Kv-Zm-Zn-te-°v- am-‰m-≥ {i-
aw- \-S-°p-∂p
Gjy≥ sUhe]vsa‚v _m¶v
211. Gjy-bn-se-bpw- ]-k^ - n-Iv- ta-Je
bpw- cm-Py-ßf - pw- km-aq-ln-I- ˛-km-ºØ
I- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th-≠n- hm-bv-]-I-fpw- 225.- -tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øn¬- Aw-K-am-sW-¶n-
km-t¶-Xn-I- k-lm-b-hpw- e-`y-am-°p-∂-
Xn-\p-th-≠n- 1966˛¬- cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b-
{]m-tZ-in-I- hn-I-k-\- _m-¶m-Wv- F.-Un.-
_n.-
212.--G-jy-˛-]-k-^n-°n¬-\n-∂v- 48 Aw-K-ß-
fpw- tem-I-Øn-s‚- C-X-c-`m-K-ß-fn¬-\n- 226.- t- Imw-a¨
∂v- 19 Aw-K-ß-fpw- tN¿-∂v- kw-L-S-\-
bn¬- 67 Aw-K-ß-fp-≠v.-
213.--^n-en-ss∏-≥kn-se- a-\n-eb - m-Wv- B-ÿm- 227.- -s_¬-t^m¿- {]-Jym-]-\-hp-am-bn- (1926)-
\w.-
214.--G-jy-˛-]-k-^n-°n¬-\n-∂v- G-‰-hpw- H-Sp-
hn¬- Aw-K-am-b-Xv- {_q-ssW (2006)
Atkmkntbj≥ Hm^v
kuØv CuÃv Gjy≥
t\j≥kv
215.sX°p- In-g° - ≥
- G-jy-bn-se- km-ºØ - n-
I- km-aq-ln-I- Iq-´m-bv-a-bm-b- B-kn-b-
≥ 1967 B-K-Ãv- G-gn-\v- _m-t¶m-°v- {]-
Jym-]-\-Øn-eq-sS- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.-
216.--C-t¥m-\n-jy,- a-te-jy,- ^n-en-ss∏-≥kv,-
knw-K-∏q¿,- Xm-bv-e-≥Uv- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv-
ÿm-]-I- Aw-K-߃.-
217.--1984˛¬- {_q-sW- Aw-Ka - m-bn.- hn-b‰
- v\
- mw-
1995epw- em-thm-kpw- aym-≥am-dpw- 1997epw-
Iw-t_m-Un-b- 1999epw- kw-L-S-\-bn¬-
tN¿-∂-tXm-sS- Aw-K-_-ew- ]-Øm-bn.-
218.--C-t¥m-\o-jy-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- P-
°m¿-Ø-bm-Wv- B-ÿm-\w.-
tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv-
219.--{_n-´o-jv- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- Hm-^v- t\-
j-≥kv- F-∂m-Wv- Cu- kw-L-S-\- b-Ym¿-
Y-Øn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.- H-cp- Im-e-
Øv- {_n-´s- ‚- Io-gn-em-bn-cp-∂t- Xm- C-t∏m-
gpw- A-ß-s\- Xp-S-cp-∂-h-tbm- B-Wv- c-
s≠-Æ-sam-gn-sI- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øn-se-
F-√m- Aw-K-ß-fpw.- 53 ]-c-am-[n-Im-c- cm-
jv-{S-߃-°v- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øn¬- Aw-
K-Xz-ap-≠v.-
220.--tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øn¬-\n-∂v- H-Sp-hn¬- Aw-
K-Xzw- ]n-≥h-en-®- cm-Pyw- Kmw-_n-b-bm-
Wv- (2013 H-Iv-tSm-_¿-).- 48 h¿-jw- Aw-K-
am-bn-cp-∂-ti-j-am-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- \o-°-w.
tIma¨sh¬Øns‚
DZv`hw
221.1926˛¬- \-S-∂- Cw-]o-cn-b¬- tIm-¨-^-d-
≥kn-em-Wv- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- F-∂- B-
i-bw- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°s
- ∏-´X - v.- 1931˛-se- Ãm-
‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- sh-Ãv- an-≥ÿ- ]p-{Xn-Im- cm-
Py-ßfp-sS- (sUm-an-\n-b-≥)- ]-Z-hn- Aw-
Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- ]p-{Xn-Im-cm-Py-ß-fpw-
{_n-´o-jv- {Iu-Wp-am-bp-≈- _-‘w- \n¿-
h-Nn-°p-I-bpw- sN-b-vXp.
tIma¨sh¬Øns‚
Xeh≥
- s - h¬-Øn-s‚- {]-Xo-Im-flI
[m-hn- {_n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hv- A-s√-¶n¬- cm-
⁄n- ({_n-´o-jv- sam-Wm¿-°v-)- B-Wv.-
Cu- kw-L-S-\-bv-°v- en-Jn-X- `-c-W-L-S-
\-bn-√.- e-≠-\n-se- amƒ-_-tdm- lu-kv-
B-Wv- B-ÿm-\w.- hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b- a-lm-
dm-Wn-bp-sS- P-∑-Zn-\-am-b- sa-bv- 24 tIm-
a-¨-sh¬-Øv- Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°p-∂p.-
sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-em-Wv- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-
Øn-s‚- ssZ-\w-Zn-\- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°v-
Np-°m-≥ ]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv.-
- s - h¬-Øv- cm-jv{- S-Øe - h - ≥- am-cp-
sS- k-tΩ-f-\w- c-≠p-h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-
°¬- \-S-°p-∂p.- Aw-Kc - m-Py-ßf - n-se- [-
\-a{
- ¥n- a m- c p-
s S- tbm- K w- h¿- j w-tXm-
S-°p-∂p.- tIm-a¨ - s- h¬-Øv- Aw-Kc
ß-fn-se- \-Kc - ß- -fm-Wv- k-tΩ-f-\- th-Zn.-
- b- n-se- 224.- -tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øn¬-\n-∂v- hn-´p-t]m-b-
- n- B-Zy- cm-Pyw- A-b¿-e-≥Um-Wv- (1948).-
epw- {_n-´-s‚- tIm-f-\n-b-√m-Ø-h-bm-b-
cm-Py-ßf - m-Wv- sam-kmw-_n-°pw- dp-hm-≠-
bpw.- C-h- b-Ym-{I-aw- t]m¿-®p-K-en¬-
\n-∂pw- s_¬-Pn-b-Øn¬-\n-∂p-am-Wv-
kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b-Xv.-
- s - h¬-Ø-v cm-Py-ßf - n¬- G-‰h
hn-kvX - o¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-bX - v- Im-\U - b - pw- G-‰-
hpw- P-\k - w-Jy- Iq-Sn-bX - v- C-¥y-bp-am-Wv.-
_-‘-s∏-´- kw-L-S-\- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-
Øm-Wv.-
tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- Hm-^v-
C-≥Un-s]-≥U-‚ v- tÃ-‰v-kv-
228.- a- p-≥tkm-hn-b‰ - v- bq-Wn-b\
- n-se- L-SI
- - dn-
∏-ªn-°p-I-fp-sS- {]m-tZ-in-I- Iq-´m-bv-a-
bm-Wv- kn.-sF.-F-kv.-
229.- -s_-em-d-kv,- d-jy,- D-{I-bn-≥ F-∂o- cm-
Py-߃- tN¿-∂v- 1991˛¬- Un-kw-_¿- F-
´n-\m-Wv- kn.-sF.-F-kv.- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-
230.- -1991 Un-kw-_¿- 21˛-\v- F-´p- cm-Py-߃-
Iq-Sn- Aw-K-Xz-sa-Sp-Ø-tXm-sS- Aw-K-_-
ew- ]-Xn-s\m-∂m-bn.- A¿-ta-\n-b,- A-
k¿-s_-bv-Pm-≥,- I-k-Jv-kv-Xm-≥,- In¿-Kn-
kv-Xm-≥,- tamƒ-tUm-h,- Xp¿-°v-sa-\n-kv-
Xm-≥,- X-Pn-°n-kv-Xm-≥,- D-kv-_-°n-kv-Xm-
≥ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- {]-kv-Xp-X- cm-Py-߃.-
c- ≠ p- h ¿- j - ß ƒ- ° p- t i- j w- 1993˛¬-
tPm¿-Pn-b- Aw-K-am-bn.-
231.- -kn.-sF.-F-kn-s‚- Nm¿-´¿- D-{I-bn-\pw-
Xp¿-°v-sa-\n-ÿm-\pw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-√.-
2008˛¬- tPm¿-Pn-b- Aw-K-Xzw- ]n-≥h-en-
®p.- \n-e-hn¬- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- Aw-K-_-ew-
F-´m-Wv.- D-{I-bn-\pw- Xp¿-°n-sa-\n-ÿm-
\pw- ]m¿-´n-kn-t∏-‰nw-Kv- tÃ-‰v-kv- B-Wv.-
232.- -s_-em-d-kn-se- an-≥kv-Iv- B-Wv- B-
ÿm-\w.- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j- d-jy-\m-Wv.-
bqtdm]y≥ bqWnb≥
233.{]mYan-I-am-bn- 28 bq-tdm-]y-≥ cm-jv-{S-
ß-fp-sS- km-º-Øn-I-˛-cm-jv-{So-b- Iq-´m-
bv-a-bm-Wv- bq-tdm-]y-≥ bq-Wn-b-≥.- ap-ºv-
\n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- bq-tdm-]y-≥ C-°-
tWm-an-Iv- I-ayp-Wn-‰n-bp-sS- ÿm-\Ø - v- am-
kv-{Sn-®v- D-S-º-Sn- {]-Im-cw- 1993 \-hw-_¿-
H-∂n-\m-Wv- kw-L-S-\- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv.-
234.--Hm-kv-{Sn-b,- s_¬-Pn-bw,- _ƒ-tK-dn-b,-
s{Im-tb-jy,- ssk-{]-kv,- sN-Iv- dn-∏-ªn-
Iv,- sU-∑m¿-°v,- F-tÃm-Wn-b,- ^n-≥e-
≥Uv,- {^m-≥kv,- P¿-a-\n,- {Ko-kv,- lw-K-
dn,- A-b¿-e-≥Uv,- C-‰-en,- em-Sv-hn-b,- en-
Xzm-\n-b,- e-Iv-kw-_¿-Kv,- amƒ-´,- s\-X¿-
e-≥Uv-kv,- t]m-f-≠v,- t]m¿-´p-K¬,- sdm-
ta- \ n- b ,- s…m- h m- I y,- s…m- t h- \ - n b,
kvs]bn-≥,- kzo-U-≥,- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- Inw-
Kv-Uw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- bq-tdm-]y-≥ bq-Wn-
b-\n-se- Aw-K-cm-Py-߃.-
235.- -bq-tdm- I-d-≥kn-bpw- \m-W-b-ß-fpw-
2002˛¬- ]-{¥-≠v- Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- I-
- - ta- d-≥kn-bp-sS- ÿm-\-Øv- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.-
236.- -bq-tdm-]y-≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-
s_¬-Pn-b-Øn-se- {_-k¬-kv- B-Wv.-
237.- -bq-tdm-]y-≥ sk-≥{S¬- _m-¶n-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w- P¿-a-\n-bn-se- {^m-¶v-^¿-´m-Wv.-
Cu- _m-¶m-Wv- bq-tdm- I-d-≥kn- ]p-d-s∏-
Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv.-
238.- -United in diversity- B-Wv- bq-tdm-]y-≥
bq-Wn-b-s‚- {]-am-W-hm-Iyw.- B-Wv- bq-
tdm-]y-≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚-bpw- Iu-¨-kn¬-
Hm-^v- bq-tdm-∏n-s‚-bpw- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- Km-
\w.- P¿-a-≥ Iw-t]m-k-dm-b- _o-tYm-h-≥
1823˛¬- Nn-´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- H-º-Xmw- knw-
^-Wn-sb- A-Sn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-≈-
dpw- \- XmWnXv.
- m-Py-
Pn˛8
239. temI-Øn-se- F-´v- {]-ap-J- cm-Py-ß-fp- 253.- -Aw-K-_-ew- h¿-[n-s®-¶n-epw- (133)- kw-
sS- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- Pn-˛-8.- 1975˛¬- {^m-
≥kn-em-Wv- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- Xp-S-°w.-
Im-\-U,- {^m-≥kv,- P¿-a-\n,- C-‰-en,- P-
∏m-≥,- d-jy,- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- In-Mv-Uw,- bp-
ssW-‰-Uv- tÃ-‰v-kv- F-∂o- D-Ø-cm¿-[- 254. A-¥m-cm-jv{- S- X-eØ
tKm-f-Øn-se- cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv- Pn-˛-8 se-
- pw- Aw-K-߃.-
240.- 1- 997˛¬- Aw-Ka - m-b- d-jy-bm-Wv- Pn-˛8- se-
H-Sp-hn-e-sØ- Aw-Kw.-
241.- -Pn-˛-8¬- Aw-K-Xz-ap-≈- G-I- G-jy-≥ cm-
Py-am-Wv- P-∏m-≥.- Cu- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- 255.- -cm-jv-{So-b-˛- ssk-\n-I-˛-a-X-˛-hw-io-b- {]-
B-Zy- D-®t- Im-Sn- {^m-≥kn-se- Rambou-
illet F-∂- ÿ-e-Øv- 1975 \-hw-_-dn¬-
\-S-∂p.-
242.- -Pn-˛-8 cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-≥am-cp-sS- D-®-tIm-
Sn- F-√m- h¿-j-hpw- \-S-°p∂p.
Pn˛15
243. Ahn-I-kn-X- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- km-º-Øn-
I- kw-L-S-\-bm-b- Pn-˛-15 cq-]w-sIm-≠-
Xv- 1989 ¬- s_¬-t{K-Un¬-\-S-∂- tN-cn-
tN-cm- D-®-tIm-Sn-bn-em-Wv.-
244.- P
- n-˛1- 5 se- Aw-Kß
- ƒ- `q-JW - vU
- m-Sn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬-:-
245.- -h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-˛- P-ssa-°,- sa-Iv-kn-
t°m-
246.- s
- X-t°- A-ta-cn-°˛- A
- ¿-P‚- o-\,- {_-ko¬,-
Ab¿e≥Uv
661. GXv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-
am-Wv- U-ªn-≥
662.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-
mWv Oireachtas
663. GXp- cm-Py-sØ- B-Zy- h-\n-
Xm- {]-kn-U-‚m-Wv- ta-cn- tdm-_n-
≥k-¨-
664.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- tZ-io-b- {]-
ÿm-\-am-Wv- kn-≥ s^-bn-≥
665.- C
- c- p-]X
- mw- \q-‰m-≠n-se- G-‰h
- pw-
a-lm-≥am-cm-b- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-
≥am-cn¬- H-cm-fm-b- sP-bnw-kv-
tPm-bv-kn-s‚- cm-Pyw-
666.- -tPm¿-Pv- s_¿-Wm-Uv- jm- G-Xv-
cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-
667.- -1916˛¬- Cu-ÿ- I-em-]w- \-S-∂-
cm-Pyw-
668.- -a-c-X-I-Zzo-]v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
cm-Pyw-
024
Nn-en,- sIm-fw-_n-b,- sh-\n-tkz-e-
247.- B
- {- ^n-°˛- - A¬-Po-cn-b,- Cu-Pn-]vX
- v,- sI-
\n-b,- ss\-Po-cn-b,- sk-\-K¬,- knw-_m-
_v-sh.-
248.- -G-jy-˛- C-¥y,- C-t¥m-\n-jy,- C-dm-≥,-
a-te-jy,- {io-e-¶.-
249.- -kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≠n-se- P-\o-h-bm-Wv- B-
ÿm-\w.- bq-tdm-∏n-ep-≈- H-cp- cm-Py-hpw-
Cu- kw-L-S-bn¬- Aw-K-a-√.-
250.- -Cu- kw-L-S-\-bn¬- H-Sp-hn¬- Aw-K-am-
b-h- Nn-en,-C-dm-≥,- sI-\n-b- F-∂n-h-bm-
Wv.- Aw-K-_-ew- 18 B-sW-¶n-epw- kw-
L-S-\-bp-sS- t]-cn¬- am-‰-an-√.-
251.- -s]-dp- ÿm-]-Imw-K-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw-
2011˛¬- Aw-K-Xzw- ]n-≥h-e-n®p.
Pn˛77
252. Fgp-]t- Ø-gv- cm-Py-ßf - p-sS- Iq-´m-bva
- b
- m-
bn- 1964 Pq-¨- 15\v- ÿm-]n-X-am-bn.- bp-
ssW-‰-Uv- t\-j-≥kv- tIm-¨-^-d-≥kv-
Hm-¨- t{S-Uv- B-‚ v- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ n-s‚-
P-\o-h-bn¬- \-S-∂- B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-
s‚- H-Sp-hn¬- \-S-Øn-b- kw-bp-‡- {]-
Jym-]-\-Øn-eq-sS- cq-]w-sIm-≠- kw-L-
S-\- aq-∂mw- tem-I- cm-jv-{S-ß-fp-sS- hym-
]m-c-˛-km-º-Øn-I- Xm¬-]-cy-߃- kw-
c-£n-°p-hm-≥ th-≠n- \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂p.-
L-S\ - b
- p-sS- t]-cn¬- am-‰a - n-√.- C-¥y-bpw-
A-wKamWv.
C‚¿t]mƒ
- n¬- Ip-‰m-t\z-jW - -
{]-h¿-Ø\ - ß
- ƒ- G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂- kw-
L-S-\-bm-Wv- C-‚¿-t]mƒ.- C-‚¿-\m-j-
W¬- {In-an-\¬- s]m-eo-kv- Hm¿-K-ss\-
tk-j-≥ F-∂-Xn-s‚- sS-e-{Km-^n-Iv- A-
{U-km-Wv- C-‚¿-t]mƒ.-
iv-\-ß-sfm-gn-sI-bp-≈- Ip-‰-Ir-Xy-ß-fp-
am-bn- _-‘s - ∏-´v- cm-Py-߃-°n-Sb - n¬- ]-
c-am-h-[n- ]-c-kv-]-c- k-l-I-c-Ww- D-d-∏m-
°m-≥ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- C-‚¿-t]m-fn-s‚-
Xp-S-°w- 1923em-Wv.-
256.- -1956em-Wv- sS-e-{Km-^v- hn-em-k-am-b- C-
‚¿-t]mƒ- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- \m-a-am-bn- kzo-
I-cn-®-Xv.-
257.- -190 Aw-Kß - f- p-≈- C-‚¿-t]m-fn-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w- {^m-≥kn-se- en-tbm-¨k - -v B-W.v -
258.- -C-¥y-bn¬- C-‚¿-t]m-fn-s\- {]-Xn-\n-[m-
\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv- kn.-_n.-sF.- B-Wv.-
259.- -tem-I-Øn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-en-b- A-
¥m-cm-jv{- S- kw-LS- \- b
- m-bn- C-‚¿-t]mƒ-
I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p- (kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv- A-
669.- -B-\n- _-k-‚ n-s‚- am-Xr-cm-Pyw-
670.- -kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-s‚- in-jy-bm-b-
kn-ÿ- \n-thZnX (Margaret Eliza-
beth Noble) P\n® cmPyw
 (OAPEC) 296.- -km¿-°n-s‚- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d¬- A-_v-
281. s]t{Smfnbw Ib‰paXn sNøp∂ Zpƒ- A-lv-k-\m-Wv.-
Ad_v cmPyßfpsS Iq´mbvabmWv 297.- k
- m¿-°v- \n-eh
- n¬-h∂- - k-ab
- Ø
- v- C-¥y-
Cu kwLS\. ≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n-bm-bn-
282. Ipssh‰v, en_nb, kuZn Atd_y cp-∂-p.
F∂o cmPy߃ 1968 P\phcn
HºXn\v s_bvdq´v DSºSnbn¬ thƒUv t{SUv
OAPEC cq]oIcn°p∂Xn\pth≠n Hm¿Kss\tkj≥
H∏psh®p.
283. kwLS\bpsS Bÿm\w Ipssh‰v 298. 1947˛-se- P-\-d¬- F-{Kn-sa-‚ v- Hm-¨- Xm-
Bbncn°Wsa∂v ÿm]mImwK߃ cn-^v-kv- B-‚ v- t{S-Uv- (Km-´v-)- F-∂- D-S-
Xocpam\n®p. º-Sn-bp-sS- ÿm-\Ø - v- a-cm-t°-jv- D-Sº - -
284. 1982 Bbt∏mtg°pw kwLS\bpsS Sn- {]-Im-cw- 1995 P-\p-hc - n- H-∂n-\v- \n-e-
AwK_ew ]Xns\m∂mbn Db¿∂p. hn¬-h∂ - - kw-LS- \ - b- m-Wv- thƒ-Uv- t{S-
A¬Pocnb (1970), _lvdn≥ (1970), Uv- Hm¿-Ks - s\-tk-j≥ - .- P-\o-hb - m-Wv- B-
676.- -K p- c p- cmw- Zm- k v - ÿm- ] n- ® - \- K - c - ÿm-\w.- ssZ-\w-Zn-\- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- f - p-sS-
AarXvk¿ ta- X v -
CuPn]v X v (1973), Cdm°v (1972),
Ipssh‰v (1968), en_nb (1968), JØ¿ ta¬-t\m-´w- U-b-d-Iv-S¿- P-\-d-en-\m-Wv.-
671. GXv- \-Kc - Ø
- n-s‚- ]-gb - t- ]-cm-Wv- cmw- 677.- -kn-Jp-a-X-Øn-s‚- B-flo-b-˛-kmw-kv- (1970), kuZn Atd_y (1968), kndnb 299.- -A-¥m-cm-j{-v S- hym-]m-cØ - n-\p- ta¬-t\m-
Zm-kv-]q¿- Im-cn-I- tI-{µw- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n- (1972), SpWojy (1982), bp.F.C. (1970) ´w- h-ln-°p-Ib - pw- D-Zm-ca - m-b- hy-hÿ - I - ƒ-
672.- -Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e- °-s∏-Sp-∂- \-K-cw- F∂nhbmWv hnhn[ L´ßfmbn B-hn-jI -v c - n-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-Ib - m-W-v kw-
(1919 G-{]n¬- 13)-\-S-∂- \-K-cw- 678.- -G-Xv- \-K-cw- ÿm-]n-°m-\m-Wv- A- kwLS\bn¬ AwKXzsaSpØXv. L-S\ - b
- p-sS- {]-[m-\- D-Øc - h
- m-Zn-Xzw.-
673.- -kp-h¿-W-t£-{Xw- (l¿-a-µn¿- km-ln- Iv-_¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn- kn-Jp-Im¿-°v- 285. 1986˛¬ SpWojy kwLS\bn¬\n∂v 300.- t- hƒ-Uv- t{S-Uv- Hm¿-Ks - s\-tk-j\ - n¬- C-
_v-)- F-hn-sS-bm-W- v- ÿ-ew- \¬-In-b-Xv- AwKXzw ]n≥hen®p. t∏mƒ- 159 Aw-K-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv.
674.- -kn-Jp-Im¿- G-‰-hpw- ]-hn-{X-am-bn- I- 679.- -c-Rv-Pn-Xv- knw-Kn-s‚- B-flo-b- X-e- Hm¿Kss\tkj≥ Hm^v
W-°m-°p-∂- B-cm-[-\m-e-bw- F-hn- ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv-
s]t{Smfnbw FIvkvt]m¿´nwKv
k¿°mcnXc kwLS\Iƒ
sS-bm-Wv- 680.- -Hm-∏-td-j-≥ ªq-Ãm¿- (1984)- G-Xv- \- Bw\Ãn C‚¿\mjW¬
675.- -G‰- h- pw- h-en-b- Kp-cp-Zzm-c- F-hn-sS-bm-W-v K-c-Øn-em-Wv- \-S-∂Xv I¨{Sokv (Hs∏Iv) 301. {_n´Wnse ]o‰¿ s_\≥k¨ 1961¬
286. cmPy-ß-fp-sS- s]-t{Sm-fn-bw- I-b-‰p-a-Xn- ÿm-]n-®- a-\p-jym-hI - m-i- kw-LS- \ - b- m-
tkm-kn-tb-j-\p-I-sf- H-gn-hm-°n-bm¬-). ]©ioeXØz߃ \-bw- G-Io-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- G-tIm-]n- Wv- Bw-\-Ãn- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬.-
∏-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- th-≠n- 1960˛¬- C-dm-≥,- 302.- -e-≠-\m-Wv- B-ÿm-\w.- C-cp-´n-s\- i-
269. cmPy-ßf - p-sS- ]-ca - m-[n-Im-cw- ]-ck - v]- c
- w-
tNcntNcm {]ÿm\w Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°p-I,- ]-ck - v]- c- w- B-{I-an-°m-
C-dm-°v,- Ip-ssh-‰v,- ku-Zn- A-td-_y,- sh-
\n-tkz-e- F-∂o- cm-Py-߃- tN¿-∂v- cq-
]n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ- H-cp- sa-gp-Ip-Xn-cn-
Xn-cn-°¬,- B-`y-¥-c- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- ]-c- sIm-fp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv- \-√-Xv- F-∂m-Wv-
]w- \¬-In-b- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- H-s∏-Iv.- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- {]-am-W-hm-Iyw.-
cq]hXvIcWØns‚ ]›mØew kv-]-cw- C-S-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°¬,-Xp-ey-X-bpw- 287.- -J-Ø¿- (1961),- C-s¥m-\n-jy- (1962),- en- 303.- -ap-∏X- p-e£- t- Øm-fw- Aw-Kß - f
- p-≈- kw-
260. c≠mw- tem-Ib - p-≤m-\¥ - c- w- c-≠v- h-≥i- ]-c-kv-]-c- k-l-I-c-W-hpw,- k-am-[m-\-]- _n-b- (1962),- bp.-F.-C.- (1967),- A¬-Po-
c-am-b- k-l-h¿-Øn-Xzw- -F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- L-S\ - b- p-sS- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß
- f - n¬- a-\p-jym-
‡n-Iƒ- cq-]w- sIm-≠p-˛- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cn-b- (1969),- ss\-Po-cn-b- F-∂o- cm-Py-
]-©-io-e- X-Øz-߃. h-Im-i- ew-L\ - ß
- ƒ- am-[y-a{- i-≤b - n¬-
sF-Iy-\m-Sp-If - pw- bp.-Fk- v.F
- k - v.B
- d- pw.- ß-fpw- Aw-K-am-b-tXm-sS- kw-L-S-\- hn- s∏-Sp-ج,- K-th-jW - w,- Im-ºb - n-\p-Iƒ-
hn-hn-[- sN-dp-In-S-cm-Py-߃- Cu- i-‡n- Nne A\p_‘ hkvXpXIƒ I-kn-®p.- C-Iz-tUm-dpw- Km-_-Wpw- Aw- kw-LS- n-∏n-°¬- ap-Xe - m-bh- - Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
I-fp-sS- ]n-∂n¬- A-Wn-tN¿-∂t- ∏mƒ- h- 270. Cu X-Øz-߃- ap-ºv- C-¥y-bpw- ssN-\- K-ß-fm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- b-Ym-{I- 304.- -1977˛¬- kw-L-S-\-bv-°v- k-am-[m-\- s\m-
≥i-‡n-Iƒ- X-Ωn¬- io-X-bp-≤-Øn-s‚- bpw- hn-tZ-i\ - b - Ø
- n¬- kzo-Ic - n-®n-cp-∂p.- aw- 1992,- 1995 h¿-j-ß-fn¬- Aw-K-Xzw- t_¬- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- e`n®p.
km-lN - c
- yw- D-≠m-bn.- Cu-bh - k
- c- Ø- n¬- 271.- C-¥y-bpw- ssN-\b - pw- ]-©i - o-eX - X- z-ß- ]n-≥h-en-®p.- 2007˛¬- C-Iz-tUm¿- ho-≠pw-
H-cp- h-≥i-‡n-°pw- H-∏w- tN-tc-≠-Xn-√- fn¬- H-∏n-´- h¿-jw- 1954.- Aw-K-am-bn.-
Nn]vtIm {]ÿm\w
F-∂v- C-¥y- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- 272 C-Xn¬- H-∏p-sh-®X - v- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\- 288.- -2007˛¬- Aw-tKm-f- Aw-Ka- m-bn.- F-Æ- C-d- 305. DØ- c m-J-Wv-Un-se- K-Uv-hmƒ- a-e-\n-c-
261.- - B-{^n-°b - n-epw- G-jy-bn-epw- ]p-Xp-Xm- {lp-hpw- Nu- F-≥ em-bn-bpw.- °p-aX- n- sN-tø-≠n-h∂ - X
- n-s\-Øp-S¿-∂-v C- I- f n¬- 1970 I-fn¬- B-cw-`n-®- Nn-]v-tIm-
bn- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b- cm-Py-߃-°p- 273.- [m-c-W-Iƒ- ew-Ln-®p-sIm-≠v- 1962˛¬- t¥m-\n-jy- 2008˛¬- Aw-KX - zw- ]n-≥h-en-®p.- {]-ÿm-\w- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]-cn-
th-≠n- tN-cn-tN-cm-\-bw- F-∂- ]p-Xn-b- ssN-\- C-¥y-sb- B-{I-an-®p.- 289.- -\n-e-hn¬- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- Aw-K-_-ew- ÿn-Xn- {]-ÿm-\-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.-
B-i-bw- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp- 274.- C-tXm-S\ - p-_‘ - n-®m-Wv- C-¥y-bn¬- B- 12 B-Wv.- an-Un¬- Cu-Ãn¬-\n-∂v- B- 306.- D
- Ø
- c - m-JW - vU - n-se- N-tam-en- Pn-√b - n-se-
∂- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- 1957˛¬- A- Zy-am-bn- tZ-io-b- A-Sn-b¥ - c - m-hÿ- - {]-Jym- dpw- B-{^n-°b - n¬-\n-∂v- \m-epw- sX-t°- kv - { Xo- I ƒ,- a- c w- a p- d n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p- ≈ - kw-
h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- ]n-®Xv. A-ta-cn-°-bn¬-\n-∂v- c-≠pw- Aw-K-ß-fm- ÿm-\- h-\w-h-Ip-∏n-s‚- \o-°-sØ- X-S-
262.- -A-∂v- \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- bp-tKm-…m- bm-≥ \-S-Øn-b- {i-a-ß-fm-Wv- Cu- {]-
hy-bp-sS- {]-kn-U‚ - m-bn-cp-∂- am¿-j¬- Sn-
a‰p {][m\ hkvXpXIƒ Wv- kw-L-S-\-b-nep≈Xv.
ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- P-\-\-Øn-\p- Im-c-W-am-
275. tNcntNcm {]ÿm\Øns‚ BZy
t‰m-bpw- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se- {]-kn-U-‚ v- K-
sk{I´dn P\d¬ bptKm…mhybnse kuØv Gjy≥ b-Xv.- A-h-cp-sS- [o-c-X- B- {]-tZ-i-sØ-
P-\-߃-°m-sI- {]-tNm-Z-\-am-bn.-
am¬- A-_v-Zpƒ- \m-k-dpw- A-t±-l-sØ-
]n-¥m-ßn.- am¿j¬ Snt‰mbmWv (1961˛64).
276. \oew k-RvP - o-h- sd-Õn-bm-Wv- tN-cn- tN-
Atkmkntbj≥ 307.- -1980 I-fn¬- {]-ÿm-\w- cm-Pyw- ap-gp-h-≥
263.- -C-t¥m-\n-jy-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v- kp-°¿- hym-]n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- C-Xv- h-\-kw-
tWm-bpw- Lm-\-bn-se- t\-Xm-hv- Izm-an-
cm- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- A-a-c-°m-c-\m-b- t^m¿ doPnbW¬ _-‘-am-b- \-b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- B-kq-{X-
B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-≥.-
F-≥{Iq-a-bpw- A-t±-l-sØ- A-\p-Iq-en-
277.- 1- 989˛-se- tN-cn-tN-cm- D-®t- Im-Sn-bn-em-Wv- tImHm∏tdj≥ (km¿°v) Ww- sN-øp-tºmƒ- A-h- P-\-Io-b-am-I-
Ø-°c - o-Xn-em-Im-≥ A-[n-Im-cn-Is - f- t{]-
®-h-cn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
Pn-˛-15 F-∂- kw-L-S-\- cq]wsIm≠Xv. 290. Z£n-tW-jy-bn-se- F-´v- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- cn-X-am-°n.-
264.- - 1 955˛¬- C- s ¥m- \ n- j y- b n- s e- _m- µ q-
ßn¬- tN¿-∂- k-tΩ-f-\w- tN-cn-tN-cm- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- km¿-°v.- 308.- -tPm-[v-]q¿- Pn-√-bn¬- 1730˛¬- a-cw- ap-dn-
{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ]n-d-hn-°v- th-Zn-bm-bn.
t\m¿Øv AXvem‚nIv 291.- -1985 Un-kw-_¿- F-´n-\v- cq-]w-sIm-≠- °m-≥ H-cp- {]m-tZ-in-I- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
kw-L-S-\-bn-se- ÿm-]-Imw-K-߃- C-
{_ntbmWn ktΩf\w {So‰n Hm¿Kss\tkj≥ ¥y,- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥,- _w-•m-tZ-iv,- t\-
A-b® - h - c- p-sS- tIm-Sm-en-bn¬-\n-∂v- a-cß
sf- c-£n-°m-≥ A-ar-X- tZ-hn-bp-sS- t\-
- -
265. _m-µq-Mv- k-tΩ-f\ - w- Aw-Ko-Ic
- n-®- X-Øz- 278. 1949 G-{]n¬- \m-en-\v- H-∏p-sh-®- t\m¿- ∏mƒ,- `q-´m-≥,- {io-e-¶,- am-en-Zzo-]v- F-∂n- Xr-Xz-Øn¬- H-cp- Iq-´w- kv-{Xo-Iƒ- \-S-
߃-°v- {]m-tbm-Kn-I- cq-]w- \¬-I-s∏-´- Øv- A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- D-S-º-Sn- {]-Im-cw- \n- h-bm-Wv.- 2007 G-{]n-en-se- km¿-°v- k- Øn-b- Po-h-Xym-K-am-Wv- Nn-]v-tIm- {]-
Xv- 1956 Pq-sse-bn¬- bp-tKm-…m-hy-bn-se- e-hn¬-h-∂- ssk-\n-I- k-Jy-am-Wv- \m- tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-≥ km¿- ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚- ap-≥Km-an-bm-bn- I-W° - m-
{_n-tbm-Wn-bn¬- \-S-∂- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn- t‰m.- G-sX-¶n-epw- _m-ly-i-‡n-bp-sS- °n¬- Aw-K-am-bn.- °m-hp-∂-Xv.-
em-Wv.- B-{I-ap-≠m-bm¬- Aw-K-cm-Py-߃- ]-c- 292.- -km¿-°n-s‚- sk-{I-t´-dn-b-‰v- t\-∏m-fn¬- 309.- -1980I-fn¬- `-Ko-c-Yn-bn¬- sX-lv-cn- Umw-
266.- -s\-{lp,- Sn-t‰m,- \m-k¿- F-∂n-h¿- ]-s¶- kv-]-c- k-l-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≈- {]-Xn- Im-Tv-a-Wv-Up-hn-em-Wv.- km¿-°v- k¿-h- \n¿-an-°p-∂X - n-s\-Xn-sc- kp-µ¿-em¬- _-
Sp-Ø- H-cp- A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I- tbm-K-am-bn- tcm-[w- k-÷-am-°-W-sa-∂v- Cu- D-S-º- I-em-im-eb - p-sS- B-ÿm-\w- \yq-U¬-ln- lp-Kp-W- \-SØ - n-b- k-ac - ß
- ƒ- Nn-]vt- Im-
cp-∂p- {_-tbm-Wn- k-tΩ-f-\-w. Sn- hn-`m-h-\w- sN-øp-∂p. bm-Wv.- bv - ° v - tem- I - { i- ≤ - t\- S n- s °m- S p- Ø p.-
BZysØ tNcn tNcm D®tImSn 279. s_¬PnbØnse {_k¬kv BWv 293.- -km¿-°n-s‚- ssZ-\w-Zn-\- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß- 1987˛¬- kw-L-S-\-bv-°v- k-am-¥-c- s\m-
267. 1961 sk-]v-Xw-_-dn¬- bp-tKm-…m-hy-bn- \mt‰mbpsS Bÿm\w. AwK_ew 28 fp-sS- t\-Xr-Xzw- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-en-\m- t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ssd-
se- s_¬-t{K-Un¬- \-S-∂- {]-Y-a- D-®- BWv. Wv.- aq-∂p-h¿-j-am-Wv- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d- ‰v- sse-hv-en-lp-Uv- A-hm¿-Uv- e-`n®p.
tIm-Sn-bn¬- tN-cn- tN-cm- {]-ÿm-\w- Hu- 280. Cw•ojpw {^©pamWv HutZymKnI en-s‚- Im-em-h-[n.-
]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.- `mjIƒ. 294.- -Aw-K-cm-Py-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- A-£-I-am-em- tUmIvtSgvkv hnØu´v
268.- 2- 5 cm-Py-߃- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- k-tΩ-f\ - w- tN- Hm¿Kss\tkj≥ Hm^v {I-a-Øn¬- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d¬-am¿- \n-b-
an-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- t_m¿tUgvkv
cn- tN-cm- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- A-©v- A-Sn-
ÿm-\- X-Øz-߃- A-Y-hm- ]-©-io-ew- Ad_v s]t{Smfnbw 295.- -km¿-°v- Nm¿-´¿-Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°p-∂- (Medecins Sans Frontieres)
Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p. FIvkvt]m¿´nwKv I¨{Sokv Xv- Un-kw-_¿- F-´m-Wv.- 310. aX,-hw-io-b,-h¿-K,-cm-jv{- So-b- ]-cn-KW - \ - -

025

]qPyw
681. Pew- sF-km-Ip-∂- Du-jv-am-hv-
682.- -{Ko-\n-®v- tc-J- F-{X- Un-{Kn- tc-Jmw-
i-am-Wv-
683.- -P-e-Øn-\v- G-‰-hpw- km-{µ-X- Ip-d-
hp-≈- Du-jv-am-hv-
684.- -ssl-{U-P-\v- F-{X- \yq-t{Sm-Wp-I-
fp-≠v-
685.- -Ir-{Xn-tam-]{- K-lØ
- n¬- k-©c - n-°p-
∂- H-cm-fn-\v- F-{X- `m-ca
- p-≠m-Ipw-
686.- -`q-a-[y-tc-J- F-{X- Un-{Kn- A-£mw-
i-am-Wv-
687.- -\n-jv-{In-b- hm-X-I-߃- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-
∂- {Kq-∏v-
688.- -t^m-t´m-Wn-s‚- {Z-hy-am-\w-
689.- -Kp-cp-Xzm-I¿-j-W- _-e-t£-{X-Øn-
s‚- I-Wn-I-bm-b- {Km-hn-t‰m-Wn-s‚-
`m-cw-
690.- -kq-∏¿- I-≠-Iv-S-dn-s‚- (A-Xn-Nm-e-
Iw-)- {]-Xn-tcm-[w- F-{X-bm-bn-cn-°pw-
Iƒ- Iq-Sm-sX- ssh-Zy-k-lm-bw- e-`n-°m-
≥ F-√m-h¿-°pw- A-hI - m-ia- p-s≠-∂- hn-
izm-kØ - n-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬- H-cp- Iq-
´w- {^-©v- tUm-Iv-S¿-am-cpw- ]-{X-{]-h¿-
Ø-I-cpw- tN¿-∂v- 1971˛¬- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-
®- {]-ÿm-\-am-Wn-Xv.-
311.- -cm-Pym-Xn¿-Øn-I-tfm-Sp-≈- B-Z-c-Øn-\-
∏p-dw- bm-X-\-b-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS- B-
h-iy-߃-°m-Wv- kw-L-S-\- {]-[m-\yw-
I¬-]n-°p-∂-Xv.-
312.- -1999˛¬- kw-L-S-\-bv-°v- k-am-[m-\- s\m-
t_¬- e`n®p.
{Ko≥]okv
313. ssP-hs - sh-hn-[y-sØ- ]-cn-]m-en-°m-\p-≈-
`q-an-bp-sS- ti-jn- D-d∏ - m-°p-I- F-∂- {]-Jym-
]n-X- e-£y-hp-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- k¿-
°m-Xn-c- kw-LS- \ - b- m-Wv- {Ko-≥]o-kv.-
314.- -\m-ev-]-tXm-fw- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- km-∂n-[y-
ap-≈- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-
sS- G-tIm-]-\w- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kn-se-
Bw-ÿ-Umw- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- \n¿-h-ln-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
315.- -1971˛¬- Im-\-U-bn-se- {_n-´o-jv- sIm-fw-
_n-bn-se- hm-≥Ip-hd - n-em-Wv- {Ko-≥]o-kn-
s‚- Xp-S-°w.- C-∂v- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-
hpw- h-en-b- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-L-S-\-I-fn-
sem-∂m-Wn-Xv.-
316.- -{Ko-≥]o-kn-s‚- D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈- I-
∏-ep-I-fm-Wv- sd-bn-≥t_m- hm-cn-b¿,-
B¿-Sn-Iv- k-¨-ssd-kv- F-∂n-h.- B-tKm-
f-Xm-]-\w,- h-\-\-io-I-c-Ww,-A-an-X-am-
b- ao-≥]n-Sp-Øw,-B-W-h- hn-cp-≤- {]-
iv-\-߃- Xp-S-ßn-b- B-tKm-f- {]m-[m-
\y- a p- ≈ - hn- j - b - ß - f n¬- {i- ≤ - s N- e p-
Øp-∂- {Ko-≥]o-kv- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-c-
£-W-Øn-\m-bn- t_m-[-h-Xv-I-c-W- ]-
cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-
øp-∂p.-
317.- -k¿-°m-cp-I-fn¬-\n-t∂m- cm-jv-{So-b- I-
£n-If - n¬-\n-t∂m- [-\k - l- m-bw- kw-LS- -
\- kzo-Ic - n-°m-dn-√.- A-hb - p-sS- kzm-[o-\w-
H-gn-hm-°m-≥ th-≠n-bm-Wo- \n-e] - m-S.v -
318.- -Cu- {]-ÿm-\-sØ- A-\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-
hy-‡n-I-fn¬-\n-∂pw- ^u-t≠-j-\p-I-
fn¬- \ n- ∂ p- a m- W v - ^- ≠ v - kz- c q- ] n- ° p-
∂Xv.
C‚¿\mjW¬ Fb¿
{Sm≥kvt]m¿´v
Atkmkntbj≥
319.thyma-bm-\- ta-J-e-bn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-
∂- A-bm-´- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- 1945 G-
{]n¬- 19\v- Iyq-_-bn-se- l-hm-\-bn-em-
Wv.-
320.-Im-\-U-bn-se- tam-¨-{Sn-b¬- B-Wv- B- t{Im-kn-s‚- B-]X v- h- mIyw "Charity in hm¿-jn-I- k-tΩ-f-\-߃-°p-th-Zn-bm-
ÿ-m\w. War”Bbn-cp-∂p.- C-t∏mƒ- B-]X -v h
- m-Iy- w Ip-∂-Xv- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≠n-se- Zm-thm-kv-
"With humanity, towards peace". B-Wv.-
C‚¿\mjW¬ 334.The International Federation of Red 346.--2006˛¬- ssN-\-bn-se- _o-Pnw-Kn-epw- sF-
Cross and Red Crescent Societies Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se- \yq-tbm¿-°n-epw- {]m-
Hm¿Kss\tkj≥ Hm^v (IFRC) ÿm]nXambXv 1919˛emWv. tZ-in-I- Im-cym-e-b-߃- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-
Ãm≥tU¿ssUtkj≥ 335.--C-¥y-≥ sd-Uv- t{Im-kv- skm-ssk-‰n-
ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- 1920˛¬.-
cw-`n-®p.-
347.--B-tKm-f- s]m-Xp-Xm-Xv-]-cyw- ap-≥\n¿-
321.sFF-kv-H- F-∂v- hym-]-I-am-bn- A-dn-b- 336.--sl-≥dn- Up-\m-‚ v- B-Zy- k-am-[m-\- s\m- Øn-bp-≈- kw-cw-`-I-Xz-am-Wv- t^m-d-Øn-
s∏-Sp-∂- Cu- {]-ÿm-\w- 1947 s^-{_p- t_¬- {^-©p-Im-c-\m-b- s{^-U-dn-Iv- ]m- s‚- e-£yw.- A-Xn-\m-bn- B-tcm-Kyw,- ]-
h-cn- 23 \v- ÿm-]n-X-am-bn.- P-\o-h-bm-Wv- kn-s°m-∏w- ]¶n´p. cn-ÿn-Xn- ta-J-e-I-fn¬- Dƒ-s∏-sS- tem-
B-ÿm-\w.- Iw- t\-cn-Sp-∂- kp-{]-[m-\- {]-iv-\-߃-
322.-hn-hn-[- cm-P y- ß - f n- s e- Ãm- ≥ tU¿- U v -
Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-\p-I-fn-se- {]-Xn-\n-[n-
tdm´dn C‚¿\mjW¬ N¿-®-sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn- D-∂-X- _n-kn-\-
kv- km-c-Yn-I-sf-bpw- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- t\-
Iƒ- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- sF-F-kv-H- hy-h-km- 337.temI- k-am-[m-\-hpw- t£-a-hpw- e-£y- Xm-°-sf-bpw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø- _p-≤n-Po-
b- hm-Wn-Py- ta-J-e-I-fn¬- \n-e-hm-c- an-´v- tem-Is - a-ºm-Spw- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- tdm- hn-Is - f-bpw- ]-{X-{]-h¿-ØI - s - c-bpw- t^m-
\n¿-W-bw- \-S-Øn- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- \¬- ´-dn- ¢-_p-I-fp-sS- Iq-´m-bv-a-bm-Wv- tdm-´- d-Øn-eq-sS- H-cp-an-∏n-°p-∂p.
Ip-∂p. dn- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬.
eb¨kv ¢_v
338.-1905˛¬- t]mƒ- lm-cn-kv- ÿm-]n-®- kw-
L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-
thƒUv sshUv ^≠v
C‚¿\mjW¬ fn-se- C-√n-t\m-bn-bn-se- C-hm-≥Ã-¨- t^m¿ t\®¿
B-Wv.- 348.]cnÿn-Xn- kw-c-£-Ww,- A-Xp- kw-_-
323.-191 cm-Py-ß-fn-se- 44500 ¢-∫p-I-fn-em-bn- 339.-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- ‘-am-b- K-th-j-Ww- Xp-S-ßn-b- hn-j-b-
13.-68 e-£w- Aw-K-ß-fp-≈- e-b-¨-kv- ¢- B- ] v - X - h m- I - y amWv "Service above ߃- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-øp-∂- Cu- k¿-°m-
_v- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- 1917 Pq-¨- G-gn-\v- Self". ap≥ B]vXhmIyw "One prof- Xn-c- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]-g-
sa¬-hn-≥ tPm-¨-kv- ÿm-]n-®p.- its most who serves best". b- t]-cv- thƒ-Uv- ssh¬-Uv- sse-^v- ^-
324.-s
- F-Iy-\m-Sp-If - n-se- C-√n-t\m-bn-bn-se- Hm- 340.tdm´-dn- C-‚¿-\m-j-W-en-\v- 34000˛¬- ]- ≠v- F∂mWv.
Iv- {_q-°n-em-Wv- Cu- a-tX-X-c- tk-h-\- cw- ¢-∫p-I-fpw- 1.-22 Z-i-e-£w- Aw-K-ß- 349.amIv- \n-t°m-¨-k-¨- B-Wv- B- t]-cn-
{]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w.- fp-ap-≠v. s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv.- 1961˛¬- {]-h¿-Ø-\-
325.-km-aq-ln-I- B-h-iy-߃- {]m-tZ-in-I-X- am-cw-`n-®- {]-ÿm-\w- 1986˛-em-Wv- ]p-Xn-
e-Øn-epw- B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn-epw- \n-d-th- kvIu´v B‚v ssKUvkv b- t]-cv- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.-
‰p-I-bm-Wv- e-b-¨-kv- ¢-∫p-I-fp-sS- e- 341.{_n´o-jv- B¿-an-bn¬- e-^v-‰-\-‚ v- tI-W- 350.-A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-epw- Im-\-
£yw.- em-bn-cp-∂- tdm-_¿-´v- t_-U≥ - ]-h¬- B- U-bn-epw- ]-gb - t- ]-cp-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv- D-]t- bm-
326.-an-I-®- ]u-c-Xz-Øn-s‚-bpw- `-c-W-Øn-s‚- Wv- 1907˛¬- kvI - u-´v- {]-ÿm-\Ø - n-\p- Xp- K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.- \q-dn-te-sd- cm-jv-{S-ß-fn-
bpw- X-Øz-߃- {]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂- kw-L- S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv.- em-bn- 5 Z-i-e-£w- t]-cp-sS- ]n-¥p-W-
S-\- Aw-K-߃-°n-bn¬- ]-c-kv-]-c-k-l- 342.-s - ]-¨I - p-´n-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈- ssK-Uv- {]-ÿm- bp-≈- Cu- {]-ÿm-\w- tem-I-Øn-se- G-
I-c-W-hpw- ku-lm¿-±-hpw- h-f¿-Øp-∂- \w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- 1910˛¬- B-Wv.- hn-Zym¿- ‰-hpw- h-en-b- kz-X-{¥- I-¨-k¿-th-j-≥
tXm-sSm-∏w- s]m-Xp-{]-k‡ - n-bp-≈- hn-j- Yn-Iƒ- Aw-Ka - m-bn-´p-≈- tem-IØ - n-se- G- {]-ÿm-\-am-Wv.-
b- ß - f n¬- Xp- d - ∂ - N¿- ® - I - f pw- k- ‰-hpw- h-en-b- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- kv-Iu-´v- 351.--]m-≠-bm-Wv- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- tem-tKm.-
wLSn∏n°p∂p. {]-ÿm-\w.- thƒ- U v - ssh¬- U v - sse- ^ v - ^- ≠ v -
ÿm-]n-®- h¿-jw- s_-bv-Pn-Mv- ar-K-im-
HmIvkv^mw tem-I- km-ºØ
- n-I t^mdw e-bn¬-\n-∂v- e-≠-≥ ar-K-im-e-bn-te-°v-
327.-98 cm-Py-ß-fn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- 15 kw- World Economic Forum (WEF) am-‰n-b- Nn- Nn- F-∂- ]m-≠-bn¬-\n-∂m-
L-S-\-I-fp-sS- sIm-¨-s^-U-td-j-\m-Wv- 343.kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≠n-se- P-\o-h-bv-°-S-Øp-≈- Wv - A- X n- s ‚- D- Z v - ` - h w. k¿ ]o‰¿
Hm-Iv-kv-^mw.- sIm-tfm-Wn- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn- kvtIm´v BWv temtKm cq]I¬]\
328.--1942˛¬- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®- Hm-Iv-kv-^m- °p-∂- kw-cw-`-am-Wv- tem-I- km-º-Øn- sNbvXXv.
an-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- Cw-•-≠n-se- Hm-Iv-kv- I- t^m-dw.- 352.kzn‰v k ¿e≥Unse •m≥Uv BWv
t^m¿-Un-em-Wv.- Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw- A-Xn-t\m- 344.-P¿-a-\n-bn¬- P-\n-®v- C-t±-lw- P-\o-h- bq- kwLS\bpsS Bÿm\w. For a Liv-
S-\p-_‘ - a - m-b- A-\o-Xn-bpw- \n¿-am¿-P\ - w- Wn-th-gvk - n-‰n-bn¬- s{]m-^k - d- m-b- Ivt- fm- ing Planet BWv kwLS\bpsS
sN-ø-em-Wv- kw-L-S-bp-sS- e-£yw. kv- jzm-_v- B-Wv- 1971˛¬- bq-tdm-]y-≥ B]vXhmIyw.
am-t\-Pv-sa-‚ v- t^m-dw- F-∂- t]-cn¬- Cu- 353.Earth Hour kwLSn∏n°p∂Xv WWF
sdUv t{Imkv kw-L-S-\- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.- BWv .- Im-em-hÿ - m- hy-Xn-bm-\s - Ø-°p-
dn- ® v - B- t Km- f - {i- ≤ - £- W n- ° p-∂-Xn-\v-
329.kzn‰vk - ¿-e‚ - p-Im-c\ - m-b- sl-≥dn- Uyp-\m- 345.-1- 987˛¬- tem-I- km-º-Øn-I- t^m-dw- F-
∂- t]-cp- kzo-I-cn-®- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- F- √ m- am¿- ® v - a m- k - s Ø- b pw- A- h-km-\-
‚ v- 1863˛¬- ÿm-]n-®- sd-Uv- t{Im-kn-
sØ- i-\n-bm-gv-N- H-cp- a-Wn-°q¿- kp-
s‚- B-ÿm-\w- P-\o-h-bm-Wv.- hw-io-b-
tam- {]m-tZ-in-I-tam- a-X-]-c-tam- B-b- ]-
£-t`-Zß - f - n-√m-sX- P-\ß - f - p-sS- Po-h\- pw-
B-tcm-Ky-hpw- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- am-
\-h-cm-in-°p- ap-gp-h-≥ t£-aw- {]-Zm-\w-
sN-øp-∂X - n-\p-am-bn- sd-Uv- t{Im-kv- {]-h¿-
Øn-°p-∂p.-
330.--sh-fp-Ø- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬- Np-h-∂- Ip-
cn-i-S-bm-f-am-Wv- Nn-”w. ap-…nw- cm-Py-ß-
fn¬- sd-Uv- {I-k-‚ v- k-am-\- {]-h¿-Ø-\-
߃- \-S-Øp-∂p.-
331.--Pq-X- cm-jv-{S-am-b- C-{k-tb-en¬- {]-h¿-
Øn-°p-∂- sd-Uv- t{Im-kv- h-I-t`-Z-am-Wv-
sd-Uv- {In-ì.- tem-I-Øn-se- an-°- cm-
Py-ß-fn-epw- C-∂v- sd-Uv- t{Im-kn-\v- km-
∂n-[y-ap-≠v.- bap\ 696.- -G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv-
332.- 1- 917,- 1944,- 1963 h¿-jß - f - n¬- sd-Uv- t{Im-
kv- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\v- A¿-la - m-bn.-
691. KwKbpsS t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-
hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b-Xv-
Nw-_¬-
697.- -Xm-Pv-a-l¬- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-
G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_- 692.- -]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- Im-fn-µn- F-∂-dn-b- Øm-Wv-
ep-Iƒ- t\-Sn-b- {]-ÿm-\-am-Wn-Xv.- s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn- 698.- -a-Yp-c- G-Xv- \-Zo-Xo-c-Øm-Wv-
333.- sd-Uv- t{Im-kn-s‚- cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn- 693.- -Kw-K-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰- 699.- -Im-fn-µn- F-∂v- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- A-
\p- Im-cW - a - m-b- bp-≤w- tkmƒ-s^-dn-t\m- hpw- h-en-b- X-S-{]-tZ-i-ap-≈-Xv- dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- \-Zn-
bp-≤w.- {^m-≥kv,- km¿-Un-\n-b- F-∂n-h- 694.- -U¬-ln- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- 700.- -A-e-l-_m-Zn¬- Kw-K-bp-am-bn- tN-
Hm-kv-{Sn-b-bp-am-bn- G-‰p-ap-´n-b- Cu- bp- 695.- -G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- B-{K- cp-∂- \-Zn-
≤w- \-S-∂-Xv- 1859em-Wv. 1961h-sc- sd-Uv-
026

kmºØnI imkv{Xw
354. \_m¿Uv \nehn¬h∂ h¿jw˛ 1982
355. ]©h’c]≤XnIƒ°v A¥na
AwKoImcw \¬Ip∂Xv ˛ tZiob
hnIk\kanXn
356. _nKv- t_m¿-Uv- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-
e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©v-
˛- \yq-tbm¿-°v-
357.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-
kv-tN-©v- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- \-K-cw-˛- apw-
ss_-
358.- -{Km-ao-W- _m-¶p-I-fp-sS- in¬-]n- F-∂v-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-cv-˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- bq-\q-kv-
359.- -1955\p- ap-ºv- tÃ-‰v- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y-
bp-sS- t]-cv-˛- Cw-]o-cn-b¬- _m-¶v-
360.- -1969¬- _m-¶p-Iƒ- tZ-i-km-Xv-I-cn-®-
t∏mƒ- [-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- C-µn-cm-
Km-‘n-
361.- -πm-\n-Mv- I-Ωn-j-≥,- \m-j-W¬- U-h-e-
≠-]v-sa-‚ v- Iu-¨-kn¬,- C-‚¿- tÃ-‰v-
Iu-¨-≠-kn¬- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- F-Iv-kv-
H-^o-tjym- A-[y-£-≥˛- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
362.- C
- ¥ - y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- F.-Sn.-Fw.- kw-hn-
[m-\w- \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - - \-Kc - w-˛- apw-ss_-
363.- -C-¥y-bn¬- D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\p- Xp-
S-°-an-´-Xv- G-Xp- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS- Im-
e-Øv-˛-]n.-hn.-\-c-knw-l-dm-hp-
364.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sF.-F-kv.-H.- k¿-
´n-^n-t°-j-≥ e-`n-®- _m-¶m-Wv- Im-\-d-
_m-¶v.- C-Xn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-˛-_mw-•q¿-
365.- -C-¥y-bn-se- \q-dp-cq-]m- t\m-´n¬- Im-Wp-
∂- H-∏v- B-cp-tS-Xm-Wv-˛- dn-k¿-hv- _m-
¶v- K-h¿-W¿-
366.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-
kv-tN-©v-˛- apw-ss_- (1875)-
367.- -dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- apw-ss_-
368.- F
- ¬.-sF.-kn.-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- apw-ss_-
369.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- _-P-‰v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-
®n-´p-≈- tI-{µ-[-\-a-{¥n-˛- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-
im-bn-
370.- -G-jy-≥ {Um-a-bp-sS- I¿-Øm-hv-˛- Kp-
Wm¿- an¿-U¬-
371.- -G-Xv- B-Iv-Sv- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- dn-k¿-hv- _m-
¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y- \n-eh - n¬- h-∂X - v˛- - 1934
se- dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y- B-IvS- v-
372.- -s^U-td-j-≥ Hm-^v- C-¥y-≥ tNw-t_-
gv-kv- Hm-^v- sIm-ta-gv-kv- B-‚ v- C-≥U-
kv-{Sn- (1927)-ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛- _n¿-f-bpw-
Xm-°p¿-Zm-kpw-
373.- -s_m-fn-h¿- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- \m-W-b-
am-Wv-˛- sh-\n-tkz-e-
374.- -sF-kn-sF-kn-sF- _m-¶n-s‚- B-ÿm-
\w-˛-apw-ss_-
375.- -sh¬-Øv- Hm-^v- t\-j-≥kv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-
B-Uw-kv- kv-an-Øv-
376.- -sIm-®n-≥ tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©v- kv-Ym-
]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1978
377.- -GX - -v cm-Py-sØ- Hm-lc - n- hn-]W- n-bm-W-v em-
t_m-gk -v -v F-∂d- n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛-v - {^m-≥kv-
378.- -G-Xv- I-Ωo-j-s‚- in-]m¿-i- {]-Im-c-am-
Wv- dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-Xv-˛-
ln¬-´-¨- b-Mv-
379.- -H-∂mw- ]-©-h-’-c- ]-≤-Xn-bn¬- {]m-ap-
Jyw- \¬-I-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-Ir-jn- - ¶n-Mv- ÿm-]-\w-˛- F-®v.-Un.-F-^v.-kn.-
380.- -N-c-°n-\p-]-I-cw- N-c-°v- F-∂- ]-g-b-Im-
e- I-tºm-f- hy-h-ÿn-Xn-°p- ]-d-bp-∂-
t]-cv-˛- _m¿-´¿-
381.- -P-\-d¬- C-≥jp-d-≥kv- tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚-
Io-gn-ep-≈- 4 k-_v-kn-U-dn- I-º-\n-Iƒ-
˛- \yq- C-¥y- A-jz-d-≥kv,- Hm-dn-b-‚¬-
C- ≥ jp- d - ≥ kv , - \m- j - W ¬- C- ≥ jp- d -
≥kv,- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- C-¥y- C-≥jp-d-≥kv-
Question Bag
382.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- sN-°v- ¢n-b-dn-Mv- B-
cw-`n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- Cw-•-≠v- (e-≠-\n¬-)-
383.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- _m-¶p-Iƒ- B-Zy-am-bn-
tZ-i-km-Xv-I-cn-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1969
384.- -C-¥y-bn¬- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©p-I-
sf- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂- ÿm-]-\w-˛- sk-_n-
(sk-Iyq-cn-‰o-kv- B-‚ v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©v-
t_m¿-Uv- Hm-^v- C-¥y-)-
385.- -C≥ - U-kv{- Sn-b¬- sU-he - ]- vs
- a-‚ v- _m-¶v-
Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛a - pw-ss_-
386.- c- ≠
- mw- ]-©h - ¬-kc - - ]-≤X - n-bp-sS- in¬-
]n-˛- ]n.-kn.- a-l-e-t\m-_n-kv-
387.- -Cw-]o-cn-b¬- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y- C-
t∏mƒ- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- t]-cv-˛- tÃ-‰v- _m-
¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y-
388.- -dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y- \n-e-hn¬-
h-∂-Xv-˛- 1935
389.- -H-cp- I-d-≥kn-sb- tSm-°-¨- I-d-≥kn-F-
∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂-sX-t∏mƒ-˛- H-cp- I-d-≥kn-
°v- A-Xp- \n¿-an-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-
∂- ]-Zm¿-Ys - Ø-°mƒ- aq-ey-ap-s≠-¶n¬-
390.- -H-cp- km-[-\w- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v-
k¿-°m¿- \¬-Ip-∂- Ip-Ø-h-Im-iw-˛-
t]-‰-‚ v-
391.- -hmƒ- kv-{So-‰v- F-¥n-\m-Wp- {]-kn-≤w-˛-
tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©v-
392.- -Hm-l-cn- hym-]m-cw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \-
S-°p-∂- C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-˛- apw-ss_-
393.- P- \- k - w-Jym- hn-kvt- ^m-S\ - k - n-≤m-¥Ø - n-
s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛- am¬-Øq-kv-
394.- -C-¥y-bn-se- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-Wn- \n-b-{¥n-
°p-∂- ÿm-]-\w-˛- sk-_n-
395.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-Xv- ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv- k-l-
I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\w- B-Zy-am-bn- B-cw-`n-
®-Xv-˛- Im¿-jn-I- I-Sw-
396.- -C-¥y-bn-se- tI-{µo-b- _m-¶n-s‚- t]-cv-
˛- dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y-
397.- -dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- tI-
{µ- Hm-^o-kv- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- ÿ-ew-
˛- apw-ss_-
398.- -em-dn- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- \m-W-b-am-Wv-˛-
tPm¿-Pn-b-
399.- -F¬.-sF.-kn.-\n-e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛-
1956
400.- -k-l-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-
˛- tdm-_¿-´v- Hm-h-≥
401.- -C-¥y-≥ B-kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- ˛-
Fw.-hn-tiz-iz-c-ø-
402.- -[-\-X-Øz- im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-˛-
B-Uw-kv-an-Øv-
403.- -\-_m¿-Un-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- apw-ss_-
404.- -2012 G-{]n¬- ap-X¬- sN-°n-s‚- Im-em-
h-[n- F-{X-am-k-am-Wv-˛- aq-∂v-
405.- -am-\-hn-I- hn-I-k-\- kq-Nn-I- cq-]-s∏-Sp-
Øn-b-Xv-˛- sa-l-_q-_v- D¬- l-°v-
406.- -apw-ss_- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©v- G-Xp-
sX-cp-hn¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂p-˛- Z-em¬-
sX-cp-hv-
407.- -B-Uw-kv-an-Øv- P-\n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- kv-tIm-
Sv-e-≥Uv-
408.- -C-°-tWm-an-Iv- ln-Ã-dn- Hm-^v- C-¥y- c-
Nn-®-Xv-˛- B¿.-kn.-Z-Øv-
409.- -C-¥y-bn¬- _-P-‰v- k-{º-Zm-bw- \-S-∏m-
°n-b-Xv- G-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS- Im-e-
Øv-˛- Im-\n-Mv- {]-`p-
410.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- B-Zy-sØ- Hm-¨s - se-≥ _m-
411.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- _-P-‰v- A-h-X-c-Ww-
\-S-Øn-b- hy-‡n-˛- k¿- sP-bnw-kv- hn¬-
k-¨- (1860)
412. C¥ybnse BZysØ C≥jpd≥kv
Iº\n˛ t_mw-s_- ayq-Nz¬- A-jz-d-
≥kv- skm-ssk-‰n- en-an-‰-Uv-
413.- -bp-Wn-‰v- {S-Ãv- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- ap-ss_-
027
414.- k- z-Im-cy-ta-Je
°pw- Xp-ey-]¶
- b - v°- pw- s]m-Xp-ta-Je
- m-fn-Øw- \¬-In-s°m-≠p-
≈- k-º-Zv- hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS- t]-cv-˛- an-{i-
k-º-Zv- hy-h-ÿ-
415.- -sk-_n- (sk-Iyp-cn-‰o-kv- B-‚ v- F-Iv-kv-
tN-©v- t_m¿-Uv- Hm-^v- C-¥y-)b
ÿm-\w-˛-apw-ss_-
416.- -t]m-Ãv- Hm-^o-kv- tk-hn-Mv-kv- _m-¶v-
kw-hn-[m-\w- C-¥y-bn¬- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-
jw-˛- 1882
417.- -tem-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- I-
d-≥kn-˛- tUm-f¿-
418.- -tem-I-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- Hm-l-cn- hn-]-Wn-
ÿm-]n-X-am-b- B-‚ v-sh¿-]v- G-Xv- cm-
Py-Øm-Wv-˛- s_¬-Pn-bw-
419.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- im-J-
I-fp-≈- s]m-Xp-ta-J-em- hm-Wn-Py- _m-
¶v-˛- tÃ-‰v- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y-
420.- -C-¥y-bn¬- km-º-Øn-I- h¿-jw- B-cw-
`n-°p-∂- Xo-b-Xn-˛- G-{]n¬- 1
421.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- km-º-Øn-I- X-e-ÿm-\w-
˛- apw-ss_-
422.- -dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y- tZ-i-km-
Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1949
423.- -Hm-l-cn- kq-Nn-I-bn-se- C-Sn-hn-s\- kq-
Nn-∏n-°p-∂- ar-Kw-˛- I-c-Sn-
424.- -I-d-≥kn- t\m-´p-I-fn¬- dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v-
K-h¿-W-dp-sS- H-∏v- F-{X- `m-j-I-fn-em-
Wv- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- 2
425.- -km-º-Øn-I- im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-
˛- B-Uw- kv-an-Øv-
426.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _-P-
‰v- A-hX - c
- n-∏n-®X - v˛- - B¿.-sI.-j¨
sN-´n-
427.- -tem-I- hym-]m-c- I-cm-dn-s‚- in¬-]n-˛-
B¿-X¿- U-¶¬-
428.- t- em-I- km-ºØ - n-I- t^m-dØ - n-s‚- ÿm-
]-I-≥˛- t¢m-kv- Fw- jzm-_v-
429.- Z- e
- m¬- kv{- So-‰v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- - apw-ss_-
430.- -{]-kn-≤-am-b- hmƒ- kv-{So-‰v- F-hn-sS-bm-
Wv-˛- \yq-tbm¿-°v-
431.- -A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- \m-W-bw-˛- tUm-f¿-
432.- B- [ - p-\n-I- km-ºØ - n-Ii - m-kv{- X-Øn-s‚-
]n-Xm-hv- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X- v˛- - B-Uw-kv-
an-Øv-
433.- -bq-tdm- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-se- cm-Py-ß-fn-
se- \m-W-b-am-Wv ˛ bqtdm∏v
Ne®n{XcwKw
434. hymh-km-bn-I- hn-π-h-sØ- I-fn-bm-°p-
∂- Nm¿-fn- Nm-πn-s‚- kn-\n-a-˛- tam-tU-
¨- ssSw-kv-
435.- -I-fn-bm-´w- F-∂- kn-\n-a- G-Xv- tj-Iv-
kv-]n-b¿- \m-S-I-sØ- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-
bp-≈-Xm-Wv-˛- H-Y-t√m-
436.- -tem-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- kn-\n-am- Xn-
tb-‰¿- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂X - ˛-v - \yq-tbm¿-°-v
437.- -te-Un- Hm-^v- C-¥y-≥ kn-\n-a- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- tZ-hn-Im-dm-Wn- tdm-dn-®v-
438.- -B-Zy-sØ- sP.-kn.-Um-\n-tb¬- A-hm¿-
Un-\¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛- Sn.-C.-hm-kp-tZ-h-≥
439.- -C-¥y-≥ kn-\n-a-bn-se- {]-Y-a-h-\n-X- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- \¿-Ko-kv- Z-Øv-
440.- -C-¥y-≥ kn-\n-a-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \-Sn-
˛- a-µm-In-\n-
441.- -C¥ - y-≥ kn-\n-ab - p-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂d
b-s∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- - Zm-Zm- km-tl-_v- ^m¬-t°-
442.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kn-\n-am-lmƒ-
˛- sIm¬-°-Ø- (F¬-^n-≥Ã-¨- ]n-Iv-
N¿- ]m-e-kv-)-
443.- -e-Xm- a-t¶-jv-I¿- B-Zy-am-bn- ]m-Sn-b- a-
e-bm-f- Nn-{Xw-˛- s\-√v-
444.- -F-hn-S-sØ- kn-\n-am- hy-h-km-b-am-Wv-
tem-fn-hp-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛-em-
tlm¿-
- b- v- 445.- K- m-‘n- kn-\n-ab - n¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- th-
jw- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- s_-≥ In-Mv-kv-en-
446.- -Km-‘n- kn-\n-a-bp-sS- kw-Ko-X- kw-hn-
[m-b-I-≥˛- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- c-hn-i-¶¿-
447.- -kp-h¿-W- a-bq-cw- G-Xp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-
- p-sS- B- ´- A-hm¿-Um-Wv- ˛ kn-\n-a-
448.- -sk¿-Pn- sF-k-≥ssÃ-≥ G-Xp- ta-J-
e- b n- e m- W v- {]- i - k v- X - ≥ ˛-
kn-\n-am- kw-hn-[m-\w-
449.- -sN-Ωo-≥ F-∂- kn-\n-ab - °v- v- Xn-c°
- Y - - F-
gp-Xn-bX - ˛v- - F-kv.F - ¬.-]p-cw- k-Zm-\µ - ≥-
450.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^o-®¿-
^n-enw-˛- Io-N-I-h-[w-
451.- -kX - y-Pn-Xvd - m-bn-bp-sS- Xo-≥ I-\ym- F-∂-
N-e® - n-{Xw- B-cp-sS- Ir-Xn-sb- B-[m-c-
am-°n-bp-≈X - m-W˛-v - c-_o-{µ-\m-Y-v Sm-tKm¿-
452.- -k-Xy-Pn-Xv-td-bp-sS- ]-tY¿- ]m-Rv-P-en,-
A-]-cm-Pn-X- F-∂o- kn-\n-a-I-fp-sS- aq-
e-I-Y- B-cp-tS-Xm-Wv-˛- hn-`q-Xn-`q-j-¨-
_-tµm-]m-[ym-b-
453.- -N-e-®n-{X-am-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- a-e-bm-
f- t\m-h¬-˛- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a-
454.- -t{K-‰v- Un-Iv-tS-‰¿- F-∂- N-e-®n-{X-Øn-
s‚- kw-hn-[m-b-I-≥˛- Nm¿-fn- Nm-]v-fn-≥
455.- -ta-°n-Mv- Hm-^v- a-lm-fl- F-∂- kn-\n-a-
bp-sS- kw-hn-[m-bI - ≥- ˛- iymw- s_-\K - ¬-
456.- -tam-fn-hp-Uv- (t_m-fn-hp-Uv-)- F-∂- A-]-
c-am-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- apw-ss_-bn-
se- kn-\n-am-hy-h-km-bw-
457.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^o-®¿- ^n-
enw-˛- Zv- t{K-‰v- s{S-bn-≥ tdm-_-dn-
458.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {Xn- Un- Nn-
- a - p-Jw- {Xw-˛- _m-\m- sU-hnƒ-
459.- -{_n-´o-jv- ^n-enw- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚- A-
hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- a-e-bm-f- kn-\n-a-˛- F-
en-∏-Øm-bw-
460.- -1,-25,-000 \-So-\-S-≥am¿- A-`n-\-bn-®- Nn-
{Xw-˛- s_-≥l¿-
461.- -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kv-t]m-¨-
tk¿-Uv- N-e-®n-{Xw-˛- a-Iƒ-°v-
462.- -an-I-®- \-Sn-°p-≈- Hm-kv-I¿- A-hm¿-Uv-
B-Zy-am-bn- t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛- Pm-\-‰v- sK-bv-\¿-
463.- -B-Zy-am-bn- cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v- \m-a-\n¿-
t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´- kn-\n-am-\-Sn-˛- \¿-Ko-
kv- Z-Øv-
464.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- Hm-kvI - ¿- A-hm¿-
Uv- t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛- `m-\p- A-Ø-ø-
465.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- i-_v-Z- kn-\n-a-
˛- B-ew- B-d-
466.- -Fw.-Pn.-B-dn-s\- tZ-io-b- A-hm¿-Un-\v-
A¿-l-\m-°n-b- Nn-{Xw-˛-dn-£m-°m-c-≥
467.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Km-\-ß-fp-≈- C-¥y-
≥ kn-\n-a-˛- C-{µ-k-`- (71 Km-\-߃-)-
468.- -Hm-Iv-kv-t^m-Uv- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS-
tUm-Iv-S-td-‰v- e-`n-®- C-¥y-≥ N-e-®n-{X-
kw-hn-[m-b-I-≥˛- k-Xy-Pn-Xv-td-
469.- -kn-\n-am-t‰m-{Km-^v- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛- eq-
an-b¿- k-tlm-Z-c-≥am¿-
470.- -k-Xy-Pn-Xv- td-bp-sS- A-h-km-\- Nn-{Xw-
˛- A-Km-¥p-Iv-
471.- -tem-I-{]-i-kv-X-kn-\n-am-kw-hn-[m-b-I-
\m-bn-cp-∂- A-In-c- Ip-d-tkm-h- G-Xp- cm-
Py-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p-˛- P-∏m-≥
472.- -tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ^o-®¿- ^n-
en-ap-Iƒ- \n¿-an-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y-
473. tIc-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^n-enw- skm-
- n-
ssk-‰n-˛- Nn-{X-te-J-
474.- t- I-cf - Ø
- n-se- B-Zy-sØ- {Xn-am-\N - n-{Xw-
˛- ssa- Un-b¿- Ip-´n-®m-Ø-≥
475.- -Hm-kv-I¿- in-ev-]-Øn-\v- B- t]-cp- \¬-
In-b-Xv-˛- am¿-K-c-‰v- sl-dn-Iv-
476.- -sN-dn-bm-®-s‚- {Iq-c-Ir-Xy-߃- F-∂-
kn-\n-a-bp-sS- kw-hn-[m-b-I-≥˛- tPm-¨-
F-{_-lmw-
477.- -tKmƒ-U-≥ t•m-_v- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- F-¥p-
 am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- kn-\n-a-
478.- t- lm-fn-hp-Uv- F-¥n-\m-Wv- {]-kn-≤w-˛- kn-
\n-a-
479.- t- Z-io-tbm-Zv{- K-Y\
- w- t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-°p-
∂- kn-\n-a-Iƒ-°p-≈- \m-j-W¬- A-
hm¿-Uv-˛- \¿-Ko-kv- Z-Øv- A-hm¿-Uv-
480.- -X-an-gv- kn-\n-am-hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p- tIm-
fn-hp-Uv- F-∂p- t]-cp-e-`n-°m-≥ Im-c-W-
am-b- ÿ-ew-˛- tIm-S-ºm-°w-
481.- -\m-j-W¬- ^n-enw- B¿-t°-hv-kn-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w-˛- ]q-s\-
482.- -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- dn-b-en-Ãn-
Iv- Nn-{Xw-˛- \yq-kv- t]-∏¿- t_m-bv-
483.- -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tUmƒ-_n-
Ão-cn-tbm- Nn-{Xw-˛- Im-em-]m-\n-
484.- -an-I-®- \-S-\p-≈- tZ-io-b- A-hm¿-Un-\v-
B-Zy-am-bn- A¿-l-\m-b-Xm-cv- ˛- D-Øw-
Ip-am¿-
485.- -a-Z¿- C-¥y- F-∂- Nn-{X-Øn¬- {]-[m-\-
I-Ym-]m-{X-sØ- A-hX - c
- n-∏n-®- \-Sn-˛- \¿-
Ko-kv-
486.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬-
^n-enw- s^-Ãn-h¬- \-S-∂- \-K-cw-˛- apw-
ss_-
487.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^o-®¿- ^n-enw-
˛- cm-Pm- l-cn-iv-N-\v-{Z-
488.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- N-e-®n-{X- {]-
Z¿-i-\w- \-S-∂- \-K-cw-˛- apw-ss_-
489.- -c-P-\o-Im-¥n-s‚- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv- ˛- in-
hm-Pn-dm-hp- sK-bv-Iv-hm-Zv-
490.- -k-Xy-Pn-Xv- td-bp-sS- B-Zy- Nn-{Xw-˛- ]-
tY¿- ]m-Rv-P-en-
491.- -Zm-Zm- km-tl-_v- ^m¬-s°- B-Zy- ^o-
®¿- ^n-enw- \n¿-an-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1913
492.- -C-¥y-≥ X-]m¬-Ãm-ºn¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-
´- B-Zy- kn-\n-am-\-Sn-˛- \¿-Ko-kv- Z-Øv-
493.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- kn-\n-am- hy-hk - m-bØ - n-s‚-
tI-{µw-˛- apw-ss_-
494.- -H-cp- hn-`m-K-Øn¬- \n-∂p-am-{X-am-bn- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Hm-kv-I¿- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-
Sn-b-Xv-˛- sk-{Un-Iv- Kn-∫-¨-kv-
495.- -Hm-kv-I¿- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- Nn-
{Xw-˛- hn-Mv-kv-
496.- -Im-≥ ^n-enw- s^-Ãn-h¬- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-
jw-˛- 1946
497.- -Im-≥ ^n-enw- s^-Ãn-h¬- G-Xp- cm-Py-
Øm-Wv-˛- {^m-≥kv-
498.- -k-emw- t_mw-s_- F-∂- kn-\n-a- kw-
hn-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- ao-cm- \m-b¿-
499.- -Km-‘n- kn-\n-a- kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-
˛- dn-®m¿-Uv- A-‰-≥_-tdm-
500.- ^m¬-t°- A-hm¿-Upw- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-hpw-
t\-Sn-b- {]-Y-a- hy-‡n-˛- k-Xy-Pn-Xv- td-
temINcn{Xw
501. \thm-∞m-\Ø - n-s‚- ]n-Xm-h˛-v - s]-{Sm¿-°-v
502.- ]- \- m-a- I-\m-en-eq-sS- B-Zy-am-bn- Hm-Sn-®-
I-∏e - n-s‚- t]-c˛v- - F-kv.F
- k
- v.- B-¶¨ - -
503.- -1936¬- ÿm-\-Xym-Kw- sN-bv-X- {_n-´o-
jv- cm-Pm-hv-˛- F-tUz¿-Uv- F-´m-a-≥
504.- -a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xv-
`-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚- _m-[y-X-bm-°n-s°m-
≠p-≈- B-Zy-tc-J-˛- am-·m- Im¿-´-
505.- -a-lm-\m-b- A-e-Iv-km-≠-dp-sS- am-Xm-hv-
˛- H-fnw-]n-b-kv-
506.- -am-Pn- am-Pn- e-l-f- \-S-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- Xm-
≥km-\n-b-
507.- -A-t∏m-tfm- ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- hm-l-\-Øn-
s\m-∏w- a-\p-jy-s\- N-{µ-\n-te-°v- sXm-
Sp-Øp-hn-´- tdm-°-‰v- ˛-km-t‰-¨- A-©v-
508.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS- kzm-
X-{¥y- {]-Jym-]-\w- X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛-
tXm-a-kv- sP-t^-gv-k-¨-
509.- -B-[p-\n-I- _m-_n-tem-¨- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- e-≠-≥
510.- -B-[p-\n-I- s]m-eo-kv- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-
\v- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- {_n-´-¨-
511.- -bq-tdm-]y-cm¬- tIm-f-\n-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-
Sm-Ø- G-I- sX-°p-In-g-°-t\-jy-≥ cm-
Pyw-˛- Xm-bv-e-≥Uv-
512.- -B-Zy-am-bn- ssl-{U-P-≥ t_mw-_v- ]-
co-£n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-
513.- -C-{k-tb-en-s‚- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v- ˛- sN-
bnw- sh-bv-kv-am-≥
514.- -Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ n-s\- A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®- B-
Zy- bp.-Fk - v.- {]-kn-U‚ - v- ˛-B≥- {Uq- tPm-
¨-k-¨-
515.- -Cw-•-≠n-se- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- tl-_n-b-kv-
tIm¿-∏k - v- \n-ba - w- ]m-km-°n-b- h¿-jw-
˛- 1679
516.- -d-jv-tam¿- a-e-\n-c-bn¬- G-sXm-s°- A-
ta-cn-°≥ - {]-kn-U‚ - p-am-cp-sS- ap-Jw- sIm-
Øn-h® - n-´p-≠v˛- - hm-jn-MvS- ¨ - ,- tXm-ak
sP-t^-gvk - ¨- ,- dq-kvs - h¬-‰v,- en-¶¨
517.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-
kn-U-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- hn-eyw- sl-≥dn-
lm-cn-k-¨-
518.- -G-Xv- bp-≤-Øn-em-Wv- sPm-hm-≥ Hm-^v-
B¿-Iv- {^m-≥kn-\p-th-≠n- [o-c-am-bn-
t]m-cm-Sn-b-Xv-˛- i-X-h¿-j-bp-≤w-
519.- -Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn-´-√m-sX- c-≠p- {]m-h-iyw-
A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS- {]-kn-
U-‚m-b- G-I- hy-‡n- ˛-t{Km-h¿- ¢o-hv-
em-≥Uv-
520.- -]c - o-£W - m¿-Yw- tem-IØ - m-Zy-am-bn- A-Wp-
t_mw-_-v s]m-´n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- bp.-Fk - .v F
521.- ]- m-{Sn-kv- epw-apw-_- B-cm-Wv˛- - tImw-tKm-
bp-sS- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-\m-b-I-≥
522.- -]m-co-kv- I-ayq-¨- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-
h¿-jw-˛- 1871
523.- ]- m-In-kvX - m-s‚- B-Zy- K-h¿-W¿- P-\d
˛- ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂-
524.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- tZ-io-b- Km-\w-˛- Izm-an-
X-cm-\-
525.- -]n-≥tIm-Un-\p- k-am-\-am-bn- A-ta-cn-°-
≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv-˛- kn-]v-
526.- -am-·- Im¿-´- H-∏p-sh-®- ÿ-ew-˛- d-Æn-
ao-Uv-
527.- -am-·- Im¿-´-bn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- cm-Pm-hv-˛-
tPm-¨- cm-Pm-hv-
528.- -am¿-Iv-kn-Ãv- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-
h-∂- B-Zy-sØ- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥
cm-Pyw-˛- Nn-en-
529.- -am¿-j¬- Sn-t‰m- P-\n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- s{Im-
tb-jy-
530.- a- m-b≥ - \m-Kc - n-IX
- - A-`n-hr-≤n- {]m-]n-®X
G-Xp- {]-tZ-iØ - m-W˛-v - a-[y- A-ta-cn-°-
531.- -am-thm- tk- Xp-Mv- a-cn-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1976
532.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS-
D-]-cn-k-`-bm-b- sk-\-‰n-se- Aw-K-ß-fp-
sS- F-Æw-˛- 100
533.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-b- G-I- A-hn-
hm-ln-X-≥˛- sP-bnw-kv- _p-°m-\-≥
534.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-≠n-s≥d- Im-em-h-
[n-˛- \m-ep-h¿-jw-
535.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ B-`y-¥-c-bp-≤-Øn¬- h-S-
°-≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-sf- \-bn-®-Xv-˛- F-
{_-lmw- en-¶-¨-
536.- - A - t a- c n- ° - ≥ hn- π - h - I - m cnIsf
klmbn® {^©v N{Ih¿Øn˛ eqbn
]Xn\mdma≥
537. Ata-cn-°-bp-sS- D-]-{K-l-hn-t£-]-W-
tI-{µ-Øn-\v- G-Xv- {]-kn-U-‚ n-s‚- kv-a-
c-Wm¿-Y-am-Wv- t]-cn-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-tPm-
¨- F-^v.- sI-∂-Un-
538.- -A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- Nm¿-´-dn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- A-
ta-cn-°≥ - {]-kn-U‚ - v˛- {- ^m-¶vf- n-≥ Un- dq-
kv-sh¬-‰v-
539.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬- \n-jv-]-
£-X- ]m-en-s®-¶n-epw- 1940¬- P¿-a-\n-
B-{I-an-®- cm-Pyw-˛-t\m¿-th-
540.- -Cw-•-≠n¬- _n¬- Hm-^v- ssd-‰v-kv- ]m-
km-°n-b-Xv- ˛- 1689˛¬-
541.- -dq-t m- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- P-\n-®-Xv-˛-
kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≥Uv-
542.- G- X - p- bp-≤Ø - n-s‚- sI-Sp-Xn-If - m-Wv- sl-
≥dn- Up-\m-‚ n-s\- sd-Uvt- {Im-kv- ÿm-]n-
°m-≥ t{]-cn-∏n-®X - v˛- - tkmƒ-s^-dn-t\m-
543.- -^v-tfm-d-≥kv- ss\-‰nw-tK-ep-am-bn- _-‘-
s∏-´- bp-≤w-˛- {In-an-b-≥ bp-≤w-
544.- -_-°nw-Kv-lmw- sIm-´m-cw- B-cp-sS- h-k-
Xn-bm-Wv-˛- {_n-´o-jv- sam-Wm¿-°v-
545.- -_¿-a-bp-sS- t]-cv- aym-≥am¿- F-∂m-°n-
b- h¿-jw-˛- 1989
546.- - _ m- _ n- t em- W n- s e- Xq- ° p- ] q- t ¥m- ´ w-
\n¿-an-®- cm-Pm-hv-˛- s\-_p-I-Zv-s\-k¿-
547.- -_n-Kv- s_-≥ t¢m-°v- F-hn-sS- ÿm-]n-
®n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- e-≠-≥
548.- -{]-Ir-Xn- hm-X-Iw- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-
Kn-®- bq-tdm-]y-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- C-‰-en-
549.- -ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- sa-°-
550.- -Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ v- t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\v- sXm-´-Sp-
- v- Øp-h-sc- F-Øn-sb-¶n-epw- \-S-]-Sn- Xp-
- - S-ßp-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv- cm-Pn-h-®- A-ta-cn-
°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- dn-®m¿-Uv- \n-Iv-k-¨-
551.- -Cw-•-≠pw- {^m-≥kpw- X-Ωn¬- i-X-h¿-
j-bp-≤w- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1338
552.- -d-jy-bn-se- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-
fp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
tKm¿-_-t®-hv-
553.- -eo- Izm-≥ bp- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- B-Zy-
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-Wv-˛- knw-K-∏q¿-
554.- -eo-Kv- Hm-^v- t\-j-≥kn-s‚- cq-]-h¬-°-
c-W-Øn-\p- ap-≥ssI-sb-Sp-Ø- A-ta-cn-
°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- hp-Uv-tdm- hn¬-k-¨-
- .- 555.- e- q-bn- ]-Xn-\m-dm-as - \- h-[i - n-£b - v°- v- hn-
t[-b-\m-°n-b-sX-∂v-˛- 1793 P-\p-h-cn- 21
556.- -F-{X- h¿-j-߃-°p- ap-ºm-Wv- a-\p-jy-
≥ kw-km-cn-°m-≥ B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- 60000
557.- G- ‰ - h- pw- ]-g°- a- p-≈- ]-´W - w- ˛-sP-dn-t°m-
- ¬- 558.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-I-kn-X- cm-jv-{S-
߃- D-≈- h-≥I-c-˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
559.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- `-cn-®- I-ayp-Wn-
Ãv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛- ^n-U¬- Im-kv-t{Sm-
560.- -G-jy-bn¬- l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-\p- Xp-S-
°w- Ip-dn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- ^n-en-ss∏-≥kv-
561.- -G-Xp- \m-hn-I-s≥d- t]-cn¬- \n-∂p-am-Wv-
A-ta-cn-°-bv-°v- B- t]-cp- e-`n-®-Xv-˛- A-
a-cn-tKm- sh-kv-]p-Nn-
562.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- ]m¿-e-sa-‚m-Wv- dn-
Iv-kv-Um-Kv-˛- kzo-U-≥
563.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv-
am-·- Im¿-´-bn¬- H-∏p-h-®-Xv-˛- Cw-•-≠v-
564.- -_¿-ap-U- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s≥d- B-{in-
X- {]-tZ-i-am-Wv-˛-bp-ssW-‰-Uv- In-Mv-Uw-
- -v 565.- -{]-kn-U-‚ v- ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-
®m¬- ti-jn-®- Im-et- Ø-°v- ssh-kv- {]-
kn-U-‚ v- B- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-°m-≥ hy-h-
ÿ-bp-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-
566.- -{^-©v- hn-π-h-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- _m-
kv-s‰¬- P-en-en-s≥d- X-I¿-®- F-∂m-bn-
cp-∂p-˛- 1789 Pq-sse- 14
567.- -{^-©v- hn-π-h-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´- sS-
∂o-kvt- Im¿-´v- {]-Xn-PvR - - F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-
˛- 1789 Pq-¨- 20
568.- {- ^m-≥kn¬- ]-Xn-\m-dmw-iX - I
- Ø
- n¬- Po-
hn-®n-cp-∂- {]-i-kv-X- tPym-Xn-jn-˛- t\m-
kv-{Sm-U-a-kv-
569.- -{^m-≥kn-se- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS-
D-]-cn-k-`-bp-sS- t]-cv-˛- sk-\-‰v-
570.- -{^m-≥kn-se- sh-gv-k-bv¬-kv- sIm-´m-cw-
]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- eq-bn- ]-Xn-\m-em-a-≥
571.- -{_n-´-Wn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- \o-Xn-]o-
Tw-˛- kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn-
572.- -en-tbm-¨- t{Sm-Sv-kv-In- P-\n-®- cm-Pyw-˛-
D-{I-bn-≥
573.- -F-hn-S-sØ- ]m¿-e-sa-‚m-Wv- tÃm¿-´nw-
Kv-˛-t\m¿-th-
574.- F- U - n- 486¬- kz-X{- ¥-am-b- {^m-≥kn-s\-
G-Io-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- t¢m-hn-kv-
575.- G- ‰ - h- p-sam-Sp-hn¬- cq-]h - ¬-Ir-Xa - m-b- A-
ta-cn-°-≥ kv-t‰-‰v-˛- l-hm-bv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ-
576.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]-ªn-Iv- sse-{_-dn-
I-fp-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- d-jy-
577.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- D-≠m-b- \-S-
]-Sn-bm-Wv- Jn-em-^-Øv- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-
\p- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv-˛- Xp¿-°n-
578.- -H-∂mw- `u-a- D-®-tIm-Sn- G-Xp- h¿-j-am-
Wv- \-S-∂-Xv-˛- 1992
579.- -H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w- B-cw-`n-°p-
028
tºmƒ- {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- ˛-sl¿-
s_¿-´v- sl-≥dn- B-kv-Izn-Øv-
580.- -Hm-Mv- km-≥ kp- Nn- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ-
t\-Xm-hm-Wv-˛- aym-≥am¿-
581.- -I-\y-Im-dm-Wn- sb-∂- t]-cn¬- tem-I-
N-cn-{X-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤-bm-b-Xv-˛- H-∂mw-
F-en-k-_-Øv- dm-Wn-
582.- -I-ayp-Wn-k-Øn-s‚- ss_-_nƒ- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂- Zm-kv- Iym-]n-‰¬- {]-kn-≤o-
I-cn-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1867
583.- - I - d p- ∏ p- b p- ≤ - Ø n¬- ( 1840)- ssN- \ - s b-
tXm¬-]n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- {_n-´-¨-
584.- -i-X-h¿-j-bp-≤-Øn-\v- th-Zn-bm-b- h-≥I-
c-˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
585.- -Iym-_n-\-‰v- kn-Ãw- B-cp-sS- kw-`m-h-\-
bm-Wv-˛- tdm-_¿-´v- hm¬-t]mƒ-
586.- -Iyq-_- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛- sIm-fw-_-kv-
(1492)-
587.- -Iyq-Wn-t^mw- en-]n- hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-
kw-kv-Im-cw-˛- kp-ta-dn-b-≥
588.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- X-
e-ÿm-\-\-K-cw-˛- U-am-kv-I-kv-
589.- -_-ln-cm-Im-i-bp-K-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°w- Ip-
dn-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1957 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 4 (d-
jy- kv-]p-Sv-\n-Iv-˛-1 hn-t£-]n-®p-).-
590.- -{]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- sl¬-th-jy- F-∂-
t]-cn-ed - n-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- kzn-‰vk
- ¿-
e-≥Uv-
591.- -{^-©p-hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- in-ip- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-´-Xv-˛- s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥ t_m-W-∏m¿-´v-
592.- -{Kn-tKm-dn-b-≥ I-e-≠-dn-se- B-Zy-sØ-
am-kw-˛- P-\p-h-cn-
593.- -1453¬- F-hn-S-Øp-Im-cm-Wv- tIm-¨-Ãm-
‚n-t\m-∏nƒ- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b-Xv-˛- Xp¿-°n-
594.- -1492¬- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- bq-
tdm-]y-≥ \m-hn-I-≥˛- {In-kv-‰-^¿- sIm-
fw-_-kv-
595.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv- U-®p-Im¿- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kv-
596.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- A-ta-cn-°- G-P-‚ v-
Hm-d-©v- F-∂- hn-j-h-kv-Xp- {]-tbm-Kn-
®-Xv-˛- hn-b-‰v-\mw-
597.- -H-∂mw- `u-a- D-®-tIm-Sn-bp-sS- th-Zn-˛- dn-
tbm- Un- P-\o-tdm- ({_-ko¬-)-
598.- I- m-d¬- am¿-Ivk - v- A-¥c - n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1883
599.- -K-eo-en-tbm- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- P-\n-
®-Xv-˛- C-‰-en-
600.- -km¿- cm-P-hw-iw- `-cn-®n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛-
d-jy-
KXmKXw
701. C¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-e- Ip-d-™-
Im¿-˛- \m-t\m-
702.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- th-K-ta-dn-b- Xo-
h-≠n-˛- i-Xm-_v-Zn- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv-
703.- -I¬-°-˛-jnw-e- sd-bn¬-th- G-Xv- kw-
ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-iv-
704.- -C-¥y-bv-°pw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\pw- C-S-bv-°v-
k¿-ho-kv- \-S-Øp-∂- Xo-h-≠n-˛- kw-
tQm-X- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv-
705.- F- a- n-td-‰vk
- v- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- hn-am-\- k¿-
ho-km-Wv-˛- bp.-F.-C.-
706.- -t\-dmƒ-˛-a-tX-c-≥ au-≠-≥ sd-bn¬-th-
G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛-a-lm-cm-jv-{S-
707.- -C-¥y-bn¬- s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bn¬- sl-en-
tIm-]v-‰¿- k¿-ho-kv- \-S-Øp-∂- ÿm-]-
\w˛ Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited
708.- -s]-cp-a-¨- Xo-h-≠n- Zp-c-¥w- D-≠m-b- Xo-
b-Xn-˛- 1988 Pq-sse- 8
709.- C- ¥
- y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- D-bc
- w- Iq-Sn-b- sl-
en-∏m-Uv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- kn-bm-®n-≥ a-
™p-a-e-bn¬-
710.- -sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- Ão-
^-≥k-¨-
711.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- _-tbm- ^yp-h¬- D-
]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- tÃ-‰v- {Sm-≥kvt- ]m¿-´v- A-
≠¿-tS-°-nwKv˛ Karnataka State Road
Transport Corporation
712.- -sIm-¶-¨- sd-bn¬-th- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-
h¿-jw-˛- 1998
713.- -t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- hn-am-
\-Øm-h-fw-(Uw-Uw-)- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-
sIm¬-°-Ø-
714.- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(Prime Minister's Rural Road
Program) \S∏m°m≥ klmbn°p∂
ÿm]\w˛ temI_m¶v
715.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sa-t{Sm- sd-
bn¬-th-˛- e-≠-≥
716.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- sd-bn¬-
th- tÃ-j-≥˛- \yq-tbm¿-°v- sk-≥{S¬-
sS¿-an-\¬-
717.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sd-bn¬-th-
sse-≥ \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1861
718.- - C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- sd-
bn¬-th-∏m-ew- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-Wv-
˛- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao¿-
719.- -\-c-\m-cm-b-¨- tk-Xp-hm-Wv- h-S-°p-In-
g-°-≥ C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-
Sn-b- sd-bn¬-th-∏m-ew.- C-Xv- G-Xv- \-Zn-
bn-em-Wv-˛- {_-“-]p-{X-
720.- -\m-Kv-]q¿- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- G-Xv- t\-Xm-
hn-s‚- kv-a-c-Wm¿-Yw- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-
bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
721.- -]q¿-W-am-bpw- C-¥y-bn¬- \n¿-an-®- B-
Zy-sØ- bm-{Xm-hn-am-\w-˛- k-c-kv-
722.- -]› - n-a- _w-Km-fn-se- sd-bn¬-th- F-©n-
≥ ^m-IvS- d- n-bp-sS- t]-cv˛- - Nn-Øc- R- vP
- ≥-
723.- -B-Zy-sØ- Hm-t´m-sam-ss_¬- \n¿-an-
®-Xm-cv-˛- Imƒ- s_-≥kv-
724.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy- sd-bn¬-th- sse-≥
t_mw-s_- ap-X¬- Xm-s\- h-sc- ÿm-
]n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1853
725.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-sØ- sd-bn¬-∏m-X-˛-
apw-ss_-˛-Xm-s\-
726.- -C-¥y-bn¬- sd-bn¬-th- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-
B-Zy- \-K-cw-˛-apw-ss_-
727.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- \m-ep- h-cn- F-Iv-kv-
{]-kv- th- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-˛-
Kp-P-dm-Øv-
728.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sIm-ta-gv-ky¬-
ss]-e-‰v-˛- sP.-B¿.-Un.-Sm-‰-
729.- -t{_m-Uv-tK-Pv- ]m-X-bn¬- sd-bn¬-∏m-f-
߃- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-I-ew-˛- 1.-676 ao.-
730.- -tem-I{- ]n-b- tKm-]n-\m-Yv- t_m¿-tZm-fn- hn-
am-\Ø- m-hf - w- F-hn-sS-bm-W˛-v - Kp-hl - Ø- n-
731.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- sd-
bn¬-th-˛- Izn-≥lm-bn-˛- Sn-_-‰v-
732.- -tIm-ssh- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- sN-ss∂-sb- G-
Xp- \-K-c-hp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-˛-tIm-
b-º-Øq¿-
733.- sIFkv-B¿-Sn-kn-bp-sS Bÿm-\w-˛
Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw--
734.- -tPm-fn- {Km-≥Uv- F-b¿-t]m¿-´v- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-˛-sU-dm-Uq-¨- (1951)-˛- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ s{S-bn-\¿- {]-[m-\- am-b-h- H-gn-sI-bp-≈- hn-f-°p-
735.- -Um-t_m-fnw- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- F-hn-sS- 759.- -C-¥y-≥ sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- Iƒ- H-cp- a-Wn-°q¿- (8.-30 ap-X¬- 9.-30
bm-Wv-˛- tKm-h- Nn-”w-˛- t`m-ep- h-sc-)- A-W-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv- C-Xv- B-N-
736.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-eI - v{- Sn-Iv- Im¿- 760.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sa-t{Sm- ÿm-]n-X- cn-°-p∂Xv.
˛- td-h- am-b- \-K-cw-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø- kv- F-b¿-t]m¿-´n-s‚- ]-gb - t- ]-cv˛- - Uw-Uw- F-
737.- -C¥ - y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- N-cn-hp- Iq-Sn-b- sd- 761.- -B-Zy-am-bn- C-¥y-bn¬- X-t±-io-b-am-bn- b¿-t]m¿-´v-
bn¬-]m-X˛- t- a-´p-∏m-fb - w- ˛- D-ZI - a - W- U v- e - w- \n¿-an-®- kn-hn-en-b-≥ F-b¿-{Im-^v-‰v-˛- 781.- -sN-ss∂-bv-°-Sp-Øv- lyp-≠m-bn- Im¿-
738.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Xp-d-a-pJw˛ k-c-kv- ^m-Iv-S-dn- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂- ÿ-ew-˛-
apwss_ 762.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- hn-am- C-cp-ßm-´p-tIm-ss´-
739. tIcfØnse sdbn¬th sse≥ \-Øm-h-fw-˛- s\-Sp-ºm-t»-cn- 782.- -ssS-K¿- F-b¿-th-bv-kv- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-
C√mØ, tIcf≠Ønse Pn√Iƒ˛ 763.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- s]m-Xp-ta- Wv-˛- knw-K-∏q¿-
CSp°n, hb\mSv J-em-ÿm-]-\w-˛- C-¥y-≥ sd-bn¬-th- 783.- -Ct°m-kv-t]m-¿-´v- F∂ hm-l\w- \n¿-
740. sIm-√w-˛-sN-t¶m-´- sd-bn¬-∏m-X- I-S-∂p- 764.- -C¥ - y-bn-se- hn-am-\Ø - m-hf - ß
- f - n¬- G- Ωn-°p-∂ Iº\n-˛ t^m¿-Uv-
t]m-Ip-∂- Np-cw-˛- B-cy-¶m-hv- Np-cw- ‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- d-¨t- h- D-≈X - v˛- - \yq- 784.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- bm-{Xm-
741.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- U¬-ln- C-µn-cm-Km-\[ v- n- hn-am-\Ø- m-hf - w- hn-am-\w-˛- F- 380
tdm-Uv-˛- ]m-≥ A-ta-cn-°-≥ ssl-th- 765.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- X-t±-io-b- bm- 785.- -C-¥y- hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø- ss]-e-‰n-√m-
742.- k- z-X{- ¥- hym-]m-ct- a-Je - b- p-≈- B-Zy- C- {Xm-hn-am-\w-˛- k-c-kv- Ø- sN-dp-hn-am-\w-˛- t\-{X-
¥y-≥ Xp-d-ap-Jw- Im-≠v-e- 766.- -F-b¿- sU-°m-¨- F-b¿-th-bv-kn-s‚- 786.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ta-P¿- Xp-
743.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^v-f-bn-Mv- ¢- B-ÿm-\w-˛- _mw-•q¿- (s_-¶-fp-cp-)- d-ap-J-ß-fp-≈- kw-kv-Ym-\-am-Wv- X-an-gv-
_v-˛- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- 767.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- hn-am-\-k¿-ho-km- \m-Sv.- G-sXm-s°-bm-Wh - ˛- s
- N-ss∂,- Xq-
744.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- kq-∏¿-tkm-Wn- Wv- k-_o-\-˛- s_¬-Pn-bw- Øp-°p-Sn,-F-Æq¿-
Iv- sP-‰v- hn-am-\w-˛- F-®v.F - ^- v- 24 am-cp-Xv- 768.- -Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- {]-[m-\- hn-am-\-Øm-h- 787.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- sX-t°-b-‰-Øp-≈- sd-bn¬-
745.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tam-t´m¿- kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv- X- fw-˛- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv- th- tÃ-j-≥˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-
e-ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-tIm-b- 769.- -kw-tQm-X- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- U¬-ln-sb- 788.- -Dw-tdm-bn- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- G-Xv- kw-
º-Øq¿- G-Xp- \-K-c-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv- _-‘n-∏n-°p- ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- ta-Lm-e-b-
746.- t- I-cf - Ø
- n-se- G-‰h - pw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b- kw- ∂-Xv-˛- em-tlm¿- 789.- -en-bm-\m¿-tUm- Um-hn-©n- hn-am-\-Øm-
ÿm-\- ]m-X-˛-F-kv-F-®v-˛-1 770.- -Nm¿-an-\m¿- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- G-sXm-s°- \- h-fw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- tdmw-
747.- -G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- hn-am-\- k¿-ho-kv- K-c-ß-sf- _-\v-[n-∏n-°p-∂p-˛- ssl-Z-cm- 790.- -Km¿-U-≥ do-®v- I-∏¬- \n¿-am-W- im-e-
˛- sI-F¬-Fw- (s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kv-)- _m-Zv-˛- sN-ss∂- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
748.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sd-bn¬-∏m-X- 771.- -Nn-Ø-c-Rv-P-≥ tem-t°m-tam-´o-hv- ^m- 791.- -kn-°n-an-t\m-Sv- G-‰-hpw- A-Sp-Øp- ÿn-
(Xn-cq¿-˛-t_-∏q¿-)- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- G-Xv- h¿- Iv-S-dn- G-Xp-kw-kv-Ym-\-Øm-Wv-˛- ]-›n- Xn-sN-øp-∂- ]-›n-a- _w-Km-fn-se- sd-
j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1861 a-_w-Kmƒ- bn¬-th- tÃ-j-≥˛- \yq- P-bv-]m¬-Kp-Vn-
749.- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- ÿn-Xn- 772.- -O-{X-]-Xn- in-h-Pn- a-lm-cm-Pv- sS¿an-\¬ 792.- -ap-gp-∏n-eßm-Sn- ss{Uhv- C≥- _o-®v-
sN-øp-∂- I-cn-∏q¿- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn¬-˛- a- Fhn-sS-bm-Wv˛ apwss_ GXv- Pn-√bn-em-Wv-˛IÆq¿-
e-∏p-dw- 773. P¿a-\n-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- hn-am-\- k¿-ho- 793.- -kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-cw- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn-
750. Xoh≠n- B-Zy-am-bn- B-cw-`n-®- cm-Pyw- kv-˛- ep-^v-Øm-≥k- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- hn-am-\-Øm-h-f- ]-Z-hn-
˛- Cw-•-≠v- 774.- -sIm-®n- I-∏¬- \n¿-am-Wi - m-eb - n¬- \n¿- \¬-In-b-X- v-˛- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv-
751.- -Z-£n-W- sd-bn¬-sh-bp-sS- B-kv-Ym-\w- an-®- B-Zy-sØ- I-∏¬-˛- dm-Wn- ]-fln-\n- 794.- P- Ω
- p-hn-s\-bpw- I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-tb-bpw- _-
˛-sN-ss∂- 775.- -Um¿-Pn-en-Mv- ln-am-e-b-≥ sd-bn¬-th- ‘n-∏n-®v- Hm-Sp-∂- Xo-h-≠n-˛- ln-a-km-K¿-
752.- -\o-e-Kn-cn- ]¿-h-X- sd-bn¬-th- Du-´n-sb- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1881 795.- s- F-_o-cn-b≥- F-b¿-sse-≥kv- G-Xp- cm-
G-Xp- ÿ-eh - p-am-bn- _-‘s - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p- 776.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- hm-l-\-\n¿-am-Xm-°-fm- Py-Øm-Wv- k¿-ho-kv- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv-˛- kv-
˛- ta-´p-∏m-f-bw- Wv- thmƒ-thm-˛- kzo-U-≥ s]-bn-≥
753.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ sd-bn¬-th-bv-kn-s‚- B- 777.- -hn-hn-[- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-se- {]-[m-\- \- 796.- -sIm-¶-¨- sd-bn¬-th- _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-
ÿm-\w-˛-em-tlm¿- K-c-ß-sf- X-Ωn¬- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂- tdm- ∂- ÿ-e-߃-˛- aw-K-em-]p-c-hpw- apw-
754.- ]- q¿-Wa - m-bpw- C-¥y-bn¬- \n¿-an-®- B-Zy- Up-I-sf- hn-fn-°p-∂- t]-cv-˛- \m-j-W¬- ss_- (tdm-l-)-bpw-
I-∏e - m-b- P-e- D-j- 1948˛¬- ]p-dØ - n-d° - n- ssl-th- 797.- -ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-\-Sp-Øv- \n¿-an-®- ]p-Xn-
b-Xv- F-hn-sS-h® - m-W˛v- - hn-im-J] - ´- W
- w- 778.- -k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬- C-‚¿- \m-j-W¬- hn- b- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw-˛- jw-jm-_m-Zv-
755.- -am-cp-Xn- D-tZym-Kv- en-an-‰-Un-s‚- ^m-Iv-S- am-\-Øm-h-fw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- A-l-Ω- 798.- -Atacn-°≥- {]kn-U‚n-s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-
dn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- Kp¿-Km-hv- Zm-_m-Zv- I hn-am-\w-˛Fb¿-t-^mgv-kv- h¨-
756.- -Xm¿- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- Hm-Sp-∂-Xv- G-sX-√mw- 779.- -sIm-¶-¨- sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS- \o-fw-˛- 760 799.- -tem-Iv- \m-b-Iv- P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-¨-
ÿ-e-߃-°n-S-bn¬-˛- ap-\-_m- `m-shm- In.-ao.- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- ]m-‰v-\-
˛- sJm-{I-]m¿- 780.- -sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se- kp-`m-jv-N-{µ-t_m- 800.- -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-sØ-
757.- -\m-t\m- Im¿- \n¿-an-°p-∂- I-º\ - n-˛S- m-‰- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-am-bn- {]-
758.- -C-¥y-≥ \n¿-an-X-am-b- B-Zy-hn-am-\w- Jym-]n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1991
029
 LG S ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS
1.- ]- q¿-hm¿-[t- Km-fØ - n-epw-DØ - c- m¿-[t- Km-f-
Øn-ep-am-bn-´m-Wv- C-¥y- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-
∂-Xv.-
2.- C- ¥- y-bp-sS- h-St- °-b‰ - w- P-Ωp- I-iav- o-cn¬-
3706'- D-Ø-c- A-£mw-i-Øn-epw- sa-bn-
≥em-≥Un-s‚- sX-t°-b-‰-am-b- X-an-gv-\m-
´n-se- I-\ym-Ip-am-cn- 804'- D-Ø-c- A-£mw-
i-Øn-epw- C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚- sX-t°-
b-‰-am-b- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m-dn-se- C-
µn-cm- t]m-bn-‚ v- 604'- D-Ø-c- A-£mw-i-
Øn-epw- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p.-
3.- -]-Sn-™m-td-b-‰w- Kp-P-dm-Øn¬- ]q¿-h-tc-
Jmw-iw- 6807'- epw- In-gt- °-b‰ - w- A-cp-Wm-
N¬- {]-tZ-in¬- 97025'- ]q¿-ht- c-Jmw-iØ - n-
epw- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂p.-
_m_¿
541. G‰hpw km-l-kn-I-\m-b- ap-Kƒ- `-
c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
542.- H- ∂
- mw- ]m-\n-∏´- v- bp-≤Ø
- n¬- C-{_m-
lnw- tem-[n-sb- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b-Xv- B-cv-
543.- -B-fl-I-Ym-Im-c-≥am-cn¬- cm-P-Ip-am-
c-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
544.- -Zu-e-Xv- Jm-≥ tem-Zn- B-sc-bm-Wv-
U¬-ln- B-{I-an-°m-≥ £-Wn-®-Xv-
545.- -Ir-jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b-cp-sS- k-a-Im-en-I-
\m-bn-cp-∂- ap-Kƒ- cm-Pm-hv-
546.- -ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-cn¬- km-ln-
Xy-Øn¬- A-`n-cp-Nn- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-
X-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
547.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- `-cn-®- (1526˛-
30)-ap-Kƒ- cm-Pm-hv-
548.- -a-I-s‚- tcm-Kw- X-\n-°v- \¬-I-W-
sa-∂pw- ]-I-cw- a-I-≥ kp-Jw- {]m-
]n-°-W-sa-∂pw- {]m¿-Yn-®-Xn-s‚- ^-
e-am-bn- A-¥-cn-®p-sh-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-
Sp-∂- ap-Kƒ- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
549.- -ln-µp-ÿm-s‚- X-\-Xm-b- ^-ew- F-
∂v- am-ß-sb- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xm-cv-
550.- -C-¥y-≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬- G-‰-
hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- B-fl-I-Y- B-cp-
tS-Xm-Wv-
551.- -B-fl-I-Y-bn¬- C-¥y-°m-sc- C-jv-
S-a-√- F-∂p- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- ap-
Kƒ- cm-Pm-hv-
552.- -G-Xv- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- i-
h-Ip-So-c-am-Wv- Im-_q-fn-ep-≈-Xv-
553.- -Xp-kp-Iv- C- _m-_-dn- F-∂- B-fl-
I-Y- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-
554.- -t]-cn-\v- knw-lw- F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈- ap-
Kƒ- cm-Pm-hv-
1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
C¥y-
4.- C
- -¥y- A-hI - m-ia
- p-∂b- n-°p-∂X - pw- X¿-°-
hn-jb - h- p-am-b- {]-tZ-iß - f- n¬- C-¥y-≥ bq-
Wn-b-s‚- h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ- t]m-b-n‚ v
Dafdar B-W-v (ssN-\b - p-sS- ssI-hi - a- p-≈-
{]-tZ-iØ - m- Wv Dafdar F∂ ÿew ).
5. C¥ybpsS \nb{¥WØnep≈Xpw
X¿°-Øn-ep-≈-Xp-am-b- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬-
G-‰-hpw- h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ- t]m-bn-‚- v- I-
iv-ao-cn-se Karakoram Pass BWv.
6. X¿-°-c-ln-X- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- h-S-t°-b-
‰w- ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-in-se- Nw-_m- Pn-√-
bn-se- [¿-hm-kn-\p- k-ao-]w- B-Wv.- .-
7.- -sX-t°-b‰ - s
- Ø- t]m-bn-‚ v- B-¥a - m-≥ \n-
t°m-_m-dn-se- C-µn-cm- t]m-bn-‚ v- B-Wv-
(C-¥y-bp-sS- sa-bn-≥em-≥Un-se- sX-t°-
555.- -lp-a-bq-Wn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-
556.- -ap-Kƒ- ]q-t¥m-´- \n¿-am-W- ]m-c-º-
cy-Øn-\v- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv-
557.- -a-kv-\m-hn- F-∂- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®- ap-Kƒ-
N-{I-h¿-Øn-
558.- -G-Xv- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Im-
e-Øm-Wv- _m-_v-dn- a-kv-Pn-Zv- \n¿-an-
°-s∏-´-Xv-
559.- -B-Zyw- B-{K-bn-se- B-cmw-_m-Kn¬-
kw-kvI - c- n-°s
- ∏-Sp-Ib
- pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- Im-
_q-fn-te-°v- `u-Xn-Im-h-in-jv-Sw- am-
‰-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-
h¿-Øn-
560.- -C-¥y-bn¬- bp-≤-`q-an-bn¬- ]o-c-¶n-∏-
S- B-Zy-ambn D]tbmKn®Xv
030
b-‰w- X-an-g\ v- m-´n-se- I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-bm-W)v- .- Py-߃- Dƒ-s∏-´- `q-hn-`m-K-am-
8.- -]-Sn-™m-td-b-‰-sØ- t]m-bn-‚ v- Kp-P-dm- Wv- C-¥y-≥ D-]` - q-JW - vU
- w.- I-
Øn-se West of Ghuar Mota hmWv. S-en-te-°v- X-≈n- \n¬-°p-∂- C-
9. C¥y-bp-sS- \n-b{- ¥-WØ - n-ep-≈X - pw- X¿- ¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv- C-¥y-≥
°-hn-jb - h - p-am-b- {]-tZ-iß - f - n¬- In-gt- °- D-]-Zzo-]v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
b-‰-sØ- t]m-bn-‚ v- A-cp-Wm-N-en-se- In- 22. C¥y-≥ D-]Z- zo-]n-s‚- ]-Sn-™m-dp-`m-KØ - v-
_n-Øp- B-Wv- .- A-td-_y-≥ I-S-epw- In-g-°v- `m-K-Øv- _w-
10.- -X¿-°-c-ln-X- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- In-g-t°-b- Kmƒ- Dƒ-°-S-epw- sX-°p-`m-K-Øv- C-¥y-
‰w- A-cp-Wm-N-en-se- Nm-Mv-em-Mv- Pn-√-bn- ≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-hp-am-Wv- (A-td-_y-≥ I-
se- Ipw-In-bv-°p-k-ao-]-am-Wv.- S-epw- _w-Kmƒ- Dƒ-°-S-epw- C-¥y-≥ a-
11.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- sX-°p-˛-h-S-°p- \o-fw- 3214 lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-Wv-).-
In-tem-ao-‰-dpw- In-g-°p- ]-Sn-™m-dp- ho- 23.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w- \yq-U¬-ln-
Xn- 2933 In-tem-ao-‰-dp-am-Wv.- bm-Wv.-
12.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- 32,-87,- 263 N- 24.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w- I¬-
Xp-c-{i- In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv.- C-Xn¬- I-c-`m- °-´-bn¬-\n-∂v- U¬-ln-bn-te-°v- am-‰p-∂-
Kw- 90.-44 i-X-am-\-hpw- P-e-`m-Kw- 9.-56 i- Xm-bn- 1911˛¬- tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a≥ - cm-Pm-
X-am-\-hp-am-Wv.- hv- U¬-ln- Z¿-_m-dn¬- {]-Jym-]n-°p-Ib - pw-
13.- - h n- k v - X o¿- W m- S n- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬- tem- I -
Øn¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- ÿm-\w- G-gm-aX - m-Wv.- 25.- C
1912˛¬- A-Xv- \-S∏
- ¥- y-bp-sS- In-g°
- m-Ip-Ib
- p-`m-KØ
- pw- sN-bvX
- m-bn-cp-∂- I¬-
- p.-
d-jy,- Im-\U - ,- ssN-\,- bp-Fk - vF- ,- {_- °-´-sb-°mƒ- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- D-Ø-
ko¬,- Hm-ktv- {S-en-b- F-∂n-hb - m-Wv- C-¥y- c-`m-KØ - n-s‚- a-[y-Øm-bn-cp-∂- U¬-ln- `-
sb-°mƒ- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Py- c-W\ - n¿-hl
- W- Ø - n-\-v Iq-Sp-X¬- A-\p-tbm-
߃.- Py-am-bn-cn-°pw- F-∂- \n-Ka - \ - a
- m-Wv- X-e-
14.- -2011˛-se- sk-≥k-kv- {]-Im-cw- C-¥y-bn- ÿm-\w- am-‰p-∂X - n-\v- t{]-cW - b - m-bX - v.-
se- P-\-kw-Jy- 121 tIm-Sn- B-Wv. P-\- 26.- - U¬- l n- kp¬- Ø m- t \- ‰ n- s ‚- Im- e -
kw-Jy-bn¬- tem-IØ - v- C-¥y-bp-sS- ÿm- Øpw- ap-Kƒ- Im-e-Øv- 1649 ap-X¬- 1857
\w- c-≠m-a-Xm-Wv.- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-Øv- h-sc-bpw- `-c-W-kn-cm-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp-∂p-
ssN-\-bm-Wv.- U¬-ln.-
15.- -bp-Fkv-F,- C-t¥m-\n-jy,- {_-ko¬- Xp- 27.- -N-cn-{X-{]-bm-W-Øn¬- U¬-ln-bn¬- F-
S-ßn-bh - b - m-Wv- P-\k - w-Jy-bn¬- C-¥y-bv- ´p- \-K-c-߃- hy-Xy-kv-X- Im-e-L-´-ß-
°v- sXm-´p-]n-∂n-ep-≈- cm-Py-߃.- fn¬- \n¿-an-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- A-h- G-sXm-
16.- -G-jy-bn¬- C-¥y-°v- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn- °-bm-sW-∂v- X¿-°h - n-jb - a - m-sW-¶n-epw-
epw- P-\-kw-Jy-bn-epw- c-≠mw- ÿm-\-am- ]-c-s°- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏-´-h- C-h-bm-Wv-
Wv.- ssN-\-bm-Wv- C-°m-cy-Øn¬- C-¥y- ˛- In-e- dm-bv- ]n-tØm-d,- sa-lv-tdm-fn,- kn-
sb- ]n-∂n-em-°p-∂-Xv.- cn,- Xp-•°- m-_m-Zv,- ^n-tdm-km-_m-Zv,- tj¿-
17.- -sX-°-t\-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿- K-Vv,- jm-P-lm-\m-_m-Zv,- \yq-U¬-ln.-
W-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy-bpw- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Py-am- 28.- -tPm¿-Pv- cm-Pm-hpw- ta-cn- cm-⁄n-bp-am-Wv-
Wv- C-¥y.- \yq-U¬-ln-bp-sS- \n¿-am-W-Øn-\v- A-Sn-
18.- t- Im-a¨ - s - h¬-Øv- cm-Py-ßf - n¬- G-‰h - pw- kv-Ym-\-in-e- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- (1911).-
P-\k - w-Jy- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- C-¥y- (hn- 29.- U- ¬-ln-bn-se- F-´m-as - Ø- \-Kc - a
- m-b- \yq-
kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬- Im-\-U-)- U¬-ln-bp-sS- tbm-P\ - m- \n¿-am-Xm-hv- {_n-
19.- -tem-I-Øn-s‚- I-c- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-s‚- ´o-jv- hm-kv-Xp-in¬-]n-bm-b- F-Uzn-≥ ep-
2.-4 i-X-am-\w- A-Y-hm- 1/-42 `m-K-sØ- C- Sy-≥km-Wv . - B- b - X n- \ m¬- ep- S y- ≥ kv -
¥y- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.- `q-tKm-fw- sam-Ø-
Øn¬- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ- C-¥y-bp-sS-
hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- 0.-57 i-X-am-\-am-Wv.-
20.- -tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- C-¥y-
°v- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬- aq-∂mw- ÿm-\-
am-Wv.- Im-\U - ,- Hm-kvt- {S-en-b- F-∂n-hb - m-
Wv- C-¥y-sb-°mƒ- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-
b- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- cm-Py-߃.-
21.- -C-¥y-bm-Wv- C-¥y-≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-
se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- cm-Pyw- .- C-¥y,- ]m-
In-kv-Xm-≥,- `q-´m-≥,- t\-∏mƒ- F-∂o- cm-

U¬lukn {]`p
561. KwKm-Xo-c-Øv- {_n-´o-jv- ]-Xm-I-tbm-Sv- Im-
Wn-°p-∂- A-h-tl-f-\w- sXw-kn-s‚- Xo-
c-Øv- Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xm-bn- I-W-°m-°n- {]-
Xn-I-cn-°pw- F-∂p- ]-d-™- K-h¿-W¿- P-
\-d¬-
562.- -C-¥y-bn¬- t]m-ì- kw-hn-[m-\w- \-S-∏m-
°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-
563.- -C-¥y-bn¬- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-b-h-cn¬- G-
‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d-™-Xv-
564.- -{_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn¬- s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv- h-Ip-
∏v- \-S-∏m-°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-
565.- -C-¥y-bn¬- sd-bn¬-th- sIm-≠p-h-∂- K-h¿-
W¿- P-\-d¬-
566.- -B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bp-sS- {k-jv-Sm-hv- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
567.- -_-l-Zq¿-jm- c-≠m-a-s‚- a-c-W-ti-jn- ap-
Kƒ-]n-≥Km-an- sd-Utv- ^m¿-´v- hn-´v- Ip-Ø_
an-\m-dn-\v- k-ao-]a
- p-≈- sN-dn-b- sI-´n-SØ- n-te-
°v- am-dW- s - a-∂v- 1849˛¬- {]-kX v- m-hn-®X
- v-
568.- -C-¥y-bn¬- sS-e-{Km-^v- sIm-≠p-h-∂- K-h¿-
W¿- P-\-d¬-
U¬-ln- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- U¬-
ln- cq-]-I¬-]-\- sN-øp-∂-Xn¬- k-l-
I-cn-®- a-s‰m-cp- B¿-°n-sS-Iv-‰m-Wv- sl-
¿-_¿-´v- t_°¿-.- k¿- tim-`m- knw-Kv- B-
bn-cp-∂p- \n¿-am-W- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS-
tIm-¨-{Sm-Iv-S¿.-
30.- -1931˛¬- A-∂-sØ- ssh-t{km-bn- C¿-hn-
≥ {]-`p-hm-Wv- \yq-U¬-ln- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w-
sN-bv-X-Xv.-
31.- -sd-bv-ko-\-°p-∂n-em-Wv- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-
sS- h-kXn-bm-b- ssh-kv-do-K¬- ]m-e-kv-
]-Wn-X-Xv.- kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-cw- A-Xv- cm-
jv-{S-]-Xn- `-h-\m-bn.- sk-≥{S¬- sk-{I-
t´-dn-b-‰v,- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- a-µn-cw,- C-¥ym-tK-
‰v- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- \yq-U¬-ln-bn-se- a-‰p-
{]-[m-\- \n¿-an-Xn-Iƒ.-
32.- U - ¬-ln-bn¬- \-bX - {- ¥- ÿm-]\ - ß- ƒ- {]-
h¿-Øn-°p-∂X - v- Nm-WI - y-]p-cn-bn-em-Wv.-
33.- U
- ¬-ln-bn-se- ]-gb - - sk-{I-t´-dn-b‰ - n¬- C-
t∏mƒ- tI-{µ- `-cW - {- ]-tZ-ja - m-b- U¬-ln-
bp-sS- \n-ba - k
- `- m-aµ - n-cw- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p.-
34.- U- ¬-ln-bp-sS- ]p-cm-X\ - \ - m-aw- C-{µ-{]-ÿ-
sa-∂m-Wv.- C-Xv- C-Xn-lm-k-Øn-se- ]m-
Wv-U-h- cm-P-[m-\n-bm-Wv.-
35.- -U¬-ln- C-¥y-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b-Xn-
s‚- \q-dmw- hm¿-jn-Iw- 2011˛¬- B-tLm-
jn-®p.-
36.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c-ss°-am-
‰-Øn-\p- th-Zn-bm-bX - v- \yq-U¬-ln-bm-Wv.-
37.- -1991˛¬- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 69˛mw- t`-Z-K-
Xn- {]-Im-cw- U¬-ln-bv-°v- tZ-io-b- X-e-
ÿm-\-{]-tZ-iw- F-∂- {]-tXy-I- ]-Z-hn-
\¬-In.- kz-¥-am-bn- \n-b-a-k-`-bpw- ssl-
t°m-S-Xn-bpw- D-s≠-¶n-epw- `-c-W-L-S-\m-
]-c-am-bn- U¬-ln- H-cp- tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-
i-am-Wv.-
38.- -G-gw-K-߃- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-epw- aq-∂w-K-
߃- cm-Py-k-`-bn-epw- U¬-ln-sb- {]-Xn-
\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂p.-H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- Aw-K-
ß-sf- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- C-cp-k-`-I-fn-te-
°pw- A-b-bv-°p-∂- G-I- tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-
tZ-i-am-Wv- U¬-ln.-
39.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- kw-ÿm-\ß - f - n¬- hn-kX v- o¿-
W-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-Xv- cm-P-ÿm-\pw-
G-‰-hpw- sN-dp-Xv- tKm-h-bp-am-Wv.-
40.- -G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b- kw-ÿm-\w-
D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-ipw- P-\-kw-Jy- Ip-d-™-Xv-
kn-°n-ap-am-Wv.-
41.- -P-\-km-{µ-X- Iq-Sp-X¬- _o-lm-dn-em-Wv.-
A-cp-Wm-N¬- {]-tZ-in-em-Wv- G-‰-hpw-
Ip-d-hv.-
42.- -G-‰-hpw- km-£-c-X- Iq-Sn-b- kw-ÿm-\w-
tI-cf - a
- m-Wv.- _o-lm-dm-Wv- C-°m-cy-Øn¬-
G-‰-hpw- ]n-∂n¬.-
43.- -G-‰-hpw- kv-{Xo-˛-]p-cp-j- A-\p-]m-Xw- Iq-
569.- -k-Øm- d - s b- Z- Ø - h - I m- i -
\n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-a-Øn-eq-sS-
- v- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-am-
°n-b-Xv-
570.- -Z-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-
b-aw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- K-h¿-
W¿- P-\-d¬-
Sn-b- kw-ÿm-\w- tI-c-f-am-Wv.- l-cn-bm-
W-bn-em-Wv- G-‰-hpw- I-pdhv.
Db¿∂ {]tZiw,
Xmgv∂ {]tZiw
44.- C- ¥
- ym- K-h¨ - s - a-‚ n-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- tc-
J-I-fn¬- X¿-°-{]-tZ-i-am-b- ]m-Iv- A-[n-
\n-th-i- I-iv-ao¿-Iq-Sn- C-¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-
am-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.- A-t∏mƒ- C-¥y-
bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-
bm-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv- tKm-Uv-hn-≥ Hm-
Ãn-≥ A-Y-hm- sI-2 F-∂- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-sb-
bm-Wv.-
45.- -Izm-Kn¿,- Zm-]v-km-Mv- F-∂o- t]-cp-I-fn-epw-
C-Xv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
46.- I- m-ct- °m-dw- a-e\ - n-cI
- f - p-sS- `m-Ka
- m-b- tKm-
Uv-hn-≥ Hm-Ãn-s‚- D-b-cw- 8611 ao-‰-dm-Wv.-
47.- -X¿-°- c-ln-X- C-¥y-≥ {]-tZ-iØ - -v ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- G-‰h - pw- D-bc - w- Iq-Sn-b- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-
Im-©≥ - Pw-Kb- m-W.v - kn-°n-an¬- C-¥ym-˛t- \-
∏mƒ- A-Xn¿-Øn-bn¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
Cu- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-°-v 8598 ao-‰-dm-Wv- D-b-cw.- 57. Iiv-ao¿- ap-gp-h-≥ C-¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn-
571.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`- c-£m-k-an-Xn-
bn¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ÿn-cmw-
K-߃- D-≈- h-≥I-c-
572.- -tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-߃-°p- {]-[m-
\-th-Zn-bm-b- h-≥I-c-
573.- I- p-cn-ip-bp-≤ß - ƒ-°p- th-Zn-bm-b-
h-≥I-c-
574.- -_mƒ-°-≥ cm-Py-߃- G-Xv- h-
≥I-c-bn-em-Wv-
575.- -H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv- Nn-”-Øn-se- \o-e-
h-f-bw- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂-
h-≥I-c-
576.- -D-]-Zzo-]p-I-fp-sS- D-]-Zzo-]v- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- h-≥I-c-
577.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®v- a-cp-{]-tZ-i-ap-≈-
h-≥I-c-
578.- -thmƒ-K- \-Zn- H-gp-Ip-∂- `q-Jfi - w-
579.- G- X - v- h-≥I-cs - b-bm-Wv- Pn-{_mƒ-
´¿- I-S-en-Sp-°v- B-{^n-°-bn¬-\n-
∂v- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
580.- -eq-Y-d-\n-kw- ]n-d-hn-sIm-≠- h-
≥I-c-
581.- -bq-dm¬- a-e-\n-c-Iƒ- G-Xv- `p-J-
Wv-U-sØ-bm-Wv- G-jy-bn¬-\n-
∂v- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
582.- c- m-jvS- X
- {- ¥-im-kv{- X-]c
- a
- m-bn- {Ko-
≥em-≥Uv- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bp-sS- `m-
K-am-Wv-
48.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- Ip-´-\m-Sm-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se-
G-‰-hpw- Xm-gv-∂- `m-Kw.- k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-
\n-∂v- Xm-sg-bm-bn- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- Ip-´-
\m-Sv- ]-ºb - p-sS- Zm-\w- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂p.-
49.- -C-¥y-≥ D-]-Zzo-]n-se- (sX-t°- C-¥y-bn-
se-bpw-)- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- `m-Kw- 58.- -A-^v-Km-\n-ÿm-≥,- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥,- ssN-
B-\-ap-Sn-bm-Wv.- C-Sp-°n- Pn-√-bn¬- aq-
∂m¿- ]-©m-b-Øn-em-W-nXv.
AXn¿ØnIƒ
50. C¥y-bp-sS- I-c- A-Xn¿-Øn- 15200 In-tem-
ao-‰d
- m-Wv.- C-¥y-bp-sS- k-ap-{Z-Xo-cØ - n-s‚-
\o-fw- 7516.-6 In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv.- C-Xpw- c-
≠pw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-sI- A-
Xn¿-Øn- 22716.-6 In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv.-
51.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- sa-bn-≥em-≥Un-s‚- I-S¬-
Øo-cw- 6100 In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv.-
52.- -G-jy-≥ cm-Py-ß-fn¬- I-S¬-Øo-c-Øn-
s‚- \o-f-Øn¬- \m-emw- ÿm-\-am-Wv- C-
¥y-b° v- p-≈X - v.- C-t¥m-\o-jy,- ^n-en-ss∏- 61.- -\m-ep- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bn- A-
≥kv,- P-∏m-≥ F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- C-¥y-bp-tS-
Xn-t\-°mƒ- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-
≈- cm-Py-߃.-
53.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- A-Xn¿-Øn-
17 kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p- t]m-Ip-
∂p.- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈- 9 kw-ÿm-\-ß-
fp-≠v.- Kp-P-dm-Øv,- a-lm-cm-jv-{S,- tKm-h,- 62.- -C-¥y-bp-am-bn- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- G-
I¿-Wm-SI - w,- tI-cf - w,-Xa
- n-gv\
- m-Sv,- B-{‘m-
{]-tZ-iv,- H-do-k,- ]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ- F-∂n-
h-bm-Wv- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈- kw-ÿm-\-
߃.-
54.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈- kw-
ÿm-\w- Kp-P-dm-Øm-Wv.- c-≠mw- ÿm-\- 64.- a
Øp-≈- B-{‘m-{]-tZ-im-Wv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥
kw-ÿm-\w.-
55.- -A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- A-Xn¿-Øn-bpw- I-S¬-Øo-
c-hp-ap-≈- c-≠v- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-≠v-˛- Kp-
P-dm-Øpw- ]-›n-a- _w-Km-fpw.-
56.- -A-\y-cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-
Sm-Ø-Xpw- I-S¬-Øo-c-an-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b-
\m-ep- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-≠v-˛- a-[y-{]-tZ-iv,-
O-Øn-kv-K-Vv,- Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv,- l-c-nbm\.
Ab¬ cmPy߃
bqtdm∏v
583.- -d-jy-≥ P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS- `q-cn-`m-K-hpw- G-Xv- h-
≥I-c-bn-em-Wv-
584.- -Hm-kv-t{S-en-b- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- h-
≥I-c-
585.- -B¬-]v-kv- a-e-\n-c-Iƒ- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-Wv-
586.- -Im¿-]m-Øn-b≥ - a-e\ - n-cI
- ƒ- G-X-v h-≥I-cb
- n-em-W-v
587.- -kv-Im-≥Un-t\-hn-b-≥ cm-Py-߃- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-
bp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv-
588.- -s{]m-´-Ãm-‚ n-kw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-
em-Wv-
589.- -Im¬-hn-\n-kw- ]n-d-hn-sIm-≠- h-≥I-c-
031
]-cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ- ]m-Iv- A-[n-\n-th-i-
I-iv-ao-cp-am-bn- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- A-
^v-Km-\n-ÿm-≥ Dƒ-s∏-sS- G-gv- cm-Py-
߃- C-¥y-bp-am-bn- I-c- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-
¶n-Sp-∂p.-
\,- t\-∏mƒ,- `q-´m-≥,- aym-≥a¿,- _w-•m-tZ-
iv- F-∂n-h-bp-am-bn- C-¥y-bv-°v- I-c- A-
Xn¿-Øn-bp-≠v.-
59.- -C-¥y-bp-am-bn- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-Xn¿-
Øn-bp-≈- cm-Pyw- _w-•m-tZ-im-Wv- (4096
In.-ao.-).- A-^v-Km-\n-ÿm-\p-am-bn-´m-Wv- C-
¥y-bv-°v- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®v- A-Xn¿-Øn-bp-
≈-Xv- (106 In.-ao.-).-
60.- - G -‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-
ß-fp-am-bn- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
t\-∏m-fm-Wv.- D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv,- D-Ø¿- {]-
tZ-iv,- _o-lm¿,- ]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ,- kn-°nw-
F-∂o- A-©v- kw-ÿm-\-߃- t\-∏m-
fp-am-bn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂p.-
Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- A-b¬- cm-Py-ß-fm-
Wv- ]m-In-ÿm-\pw- `q-´m-\pw.- Kp-Pd - m-Øv,-
cm-Pÿ - m-≥,- ]-©m-_v,- P-Ωp- I-iva - o¿- F-
∂o-h- ]m-In-ÿm-\p-am-bpw- kn-°nw,- ]-›n-
a- _w-Kmƒ,- A-kw,- A-cp-Wm-N¬- F-∂n-
h- `q-´m-\p-am-bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂p.-
‰-hpw- h-en-b- cm-Pyw- ssN-\-bm-Wv- (hn-
kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-epw- P-\-kw-Jy-bn-epw-).-
63.- - C -¥y-bp-sS- k-ao-]-ap-≈- Zzo-]-cm-jv-{S-ß-
fm-Wv- {io-e-¶,- am-e-Zzo-]v,- C-t¥m-\n-jy-
F-∂n-h.-
- m-eZ- zo-]-v G-jy-≥ cm-Py-ßf - n¬ hn-kX -v o¿-
W- Ø n-
e pw- P-\ k
- w-
J y-
b n-
e pw- G-
‰ h
- pw- sN-
dp-Xm-Wv.- C-¥y-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b-
A-b¬- cm-Py-am-Wn-Xv.- F-∂m¬.- C-¥y-
bp-am-bn- I-c- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- G-‰-
hpw- sN-dn-b- cm-Pyw- `q-´m-\m-Wv.-
590.- -{Xn-I-£n-k-Jy-hpw- {Xn-I-£n-
ku-lm¿-±-hpw- cq-]w-sIm-≠- h-
≥I-c-
591.- -G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-se- cm-Py-ß-fm-
Wv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tIm-f-\n-
Iƒ- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-
592.- -i-X-h¿-j-bp-≤-Øn-\v- th-Zn-bm-
b- h-≥I-c-
593.- -ªm-°v- t^m-d-Ãv- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-
bn-se- a-S-°v-]¿-h-X-am-Wv-
594.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kp-
Iƒ- \-S-∂n-´p-≈- h-≥I-c-
595.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-
Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Py-hpw- hn-
kv-Xo¿-Ww- Ip-d-™- cm-Py-hpw-
ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- h-≥I-c-
596.- -a-\p-jy-hm-k-ap-≈- h-≥I-c-I-
fn¬- D-jvW - t- a-Je
- m- {]-tZ-iØ- n-
\p-sh-fn-bn¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
G-I- h-≥I-c-
597.- -sF-_o-cn-b-≥ D-]-Zzo-]v- G-Xv- h-
≥I-c-bp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv-
598.- \- h
- o-Ic- W- Ø- n-\p- th-Zn-bm-b- h-
≥I-c-
599.- h- ym-hk- m-bn-I- hn-πh - w- A-ct- ß-
dn-b- h-≥I-c-
600.- G- ‰- h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-Ik - n-X- cm-
jv-{S-߃- D-≈- h-≥I-c-

tSm°ntbm
601. sFIy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- k¿-h-I-
em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-
602.- -H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\p- th-Zn-bm-b- B-Zy-
G-jy-≥ \-K-cw-
603.- -P-∏m-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-
604.- t- em-IØ
- n-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- sa-
t{Sm-s]m-fn-‰-≥ G-cn-b-
605.- -G-Xv- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b- t]-cm-
Wv- F-tUm-
65.- -B-¥-am-t\m-Sv- G-‰-hpw- A-Sp-Øp-In-S-°p-
∂- cm-Pyw- aym-≥a-dm-Wv.-
66.- \- n-t°m-_m-dn-t\m-S-v G-‰h - pw- A-Sp-Øp- ÿn-
Xn-sN-øp-∂- cm-Pyw- C-s¥m-\n-jy-bm-Wv.-
67.- -aym-≥a-dn-se- A-c-°-≥ tbm-a- ]¿-h-X- \n-
c-bp-sS- Xp-S¿-®b - m-Wv- B-¥a - m-≥ \n-t°m-
_m¿- Zzo-]-k-aq-lw.- `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-
bn- C-Xv- sX-°p-In-g-°-≥ G-jy-bp-sS- `m-
K-am-Wv.- C-¥y-≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-s‚- a-
s‰-√m- `m-K-ß-fpw- sX-°-t\-jy-bn-em-Wv-
Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
68.- -C-¥y-sb-bpw- {io-e-¶-sb-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-
°p-∂-Xv- ]m-Iv- I-S-en-Sp-°m-Wv.-
69.- -]m-Iv- I-Se - n-Sp-°n-em-Wv- B-Zw-kv- {_n-UP v- v-
F-∂- a-W¬-Øn-´.- C-Xv- X-an-g\
ta-iz-cØ- n-se- [-\p-jtv- Im-Sn-b°
v- m-´n-se- cm-
v- pw- {io-e-
¶-bn-se- X-sse-am-∂m-dn-\pw- C-Sb - °
v- m-Wv.-
70.- -{_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- a-{Zm-kv- K-h¿-W-
dm-bn-c-p∂ Robert Palk s‚- kv-a-c-Wm¿-
Y-am-Wv- ]m-Iv- I-S-en-Sp-°n-\v- B- t]-cp-
\¬-In-b-Xv.- 53 ap-X¬- 80 In-tem-ao-‰¿-h-
sc-bm-Wv- ]m-Iv- I-S-en-Sp-°n-s‚- ho-Xn.-
71. 30 Intemao‰dmWv BZwkv {_nUvPns‚
\ofw.
72. C¥ysbbpw A^v K m\nÿmt\bpw
th¿Xncn°p∂Xv Uypdm‚ v tcJbmWv.
73. {_n´ojv k¿°mcpw A^vKm≥ Aao¿
A_vZpƒ d“m≥ Jm\pambn 1893˛¬
H∏psh® Uypdm‚ v sse≥ F{Knsa‚ v
{]ImcamWv 2640 Intemao‰¿
\ofap≈ Cu AXn¿Øn tcJ
\neen¬h∂Xv.
74. DSºSn- H-∏p-sh-®- k-a-b-sØ- {_n-´o-jv-
C-¥y-bp-sS- t^m-dn-≥ sk-{I-´-dn- k¿-
tam¿-´n-a¿- Uyp-dm-‚ n-s‚- t]-cm-Wv- tc-J-
bv°- v- e-`n-®X- v.- C-t∏mƒ- C-Xv- ^-eØ - n¬,-
]m-Iv-kv-Xm-\pw- A-^v-Km-\n-ÿm-\pw- C-S-
bv-°p-≈- A-Xn¿-Øn-bm-Wv.-
75.- -C-¥y-bv-°pw- ssN-\-bv-°pw- C-S-bv-°p-≈-
A-Xn¿-Øn-bm-Wv- a-Iv-a-tlm-≥ tc-J.-
76.- -1914˛¬- t{K-‰v- {_n-´-Wpw- Sn-_-‰pw- X-Ωn¬-
H-∏p-h-®- D-S-º-Sn- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- C-Xv- \n-e-
hn¬-h-∂-Xv.-
77.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- t^m-dn-≥ sk-{I-´-
dn-bm-bn-cp-∂- k¿- sl-≥dn- a-Iv-a-tlm-s‚-
t]-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- a-Iv-a-tlm-≥ tc-J-bv-°v-
B- t]-cp- e-`n-®-Xv.- Cu- tc-J-bp-sS- \n-
b-a-km-[p-X- X¿-°-hn-j-b-am-sW-¶n-epw-
C-Xm-Wv- ^-e-Øn¬- C-¥ym-˛-ssN-\- A-
Xn¿-Øn.-
78.- -C-¥y-˛- ]m-Iv- A-Xn¿-Øn- dm-Uv-¢n-^v- tc-
J- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- {_n-´o-jv- \n-b-a-
⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂- kn-dn¬- dm-Uv-¢n-^m-Wv-
1947¬- C-¥ym- hn-`-P-\- k-a-b-Øv- Cu-
tc-J- \n¿-W-bn®Xv.
DØcmb\ tcJ
79. DØcmb\tcJ AYhm t{Sm∏nIv Hm^v
Iym≥k¿ (23 1/20 DØc A£mwiw)
C¥ybn-se- F-´v- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-
I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p.- Kp-P-dm-Øv,- cm-P-ÿm-
≥,- a-[y-{]-tZ-iv,- O-Øn-kv-K-Vv,- Pm¿-J-
Wv-Uv,- ]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ,- {Xn-]p-c,- an-tkm-
dw- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- B- kw-ÿm-\-ß-ƒ.
hnkvXo¿Ww
80. hnkv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \m-
ep- kw-ÿm-\-߃- cm-P-ÿm-≥,- a-[y-{]-
tZ-iv,- a-lm-cm-jv-{S,- B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv- (hn-
`P\Øn-\p-ap-ºv-) F-∂n-h-bm-Wv.-
81.- s- X-t°- C-¥y-bn¬- hn-kvX - o¿-WØ- n-epw-
P-\-kw-Jy-bn-epw- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- kw-
ÿm-\-am-Wv- B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv.-
82.- -tI-c-f-Øn-\v- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬- 21˛mw-
ÿm-\-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬- 12˛mw- ÿm-
\-hp-am-Wp-≈-Xv- (2011 sk-≥k-kv-).-
83.- -G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- \m-ep- kw-ÿm-\-߃-
tKm-h,- kn-°nw,- {Xn-]p-c,- \m-Km-em-≥Uv-
F-∂n-h-bm-Wv.-
84.- -G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- tI-{µ- `-c-
W- {]-tZ-iw- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m-dm-
Wv.- U¬-ln-°m-Wv- c-≠mw- ÿm-\w.-
85.- -e-£-Zzo-]m-Wv- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-epw- P-\-
kw-Jy-bn-epw- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- tI-{µ- `-
c-W- {]-tZ-iw.
P\kwJy
86. 1,210,-193,-422 (121 tIm-Sn-)- B-Wv- C-¥y-
bn-se- P-\-kw-Jy.- C-Xn¬- 62.-37 tIm-Sn-
]p-cp-j-≥am-cpw- 58.-65 tIm-Sn- kv-{Xo-I-fp-
am-Wv (2011 sk≥-kkv-).-
87.- -tem-I-P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS- 17.-5 i-X-am-\-am-
Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-kw-Jy.- tem-I-P-\-
kw-Jy-bp-sS- 19.-4 i-X-am-\w-h-cp-∂- ssN-
\-bm-Wv- P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-
Øv.-
88.- -bp-F-kv-F,- C-t¥m-\n-jy,- {_-ko¬- Xp-
S-ßn-bh - b - m-Wv- P-\k - w-Jy-bn¬- C-¥y-bv-
°v- sXm-´p-]n-∂n-ep-≈- cm-Py-߃.-
89.- b- p.-Fk- v.F - .,- C-s¥m-\n-jy,-{_-ko¬,- ]m-
In-kv-Xm-≥,- _w-•m-tZ-iv,- P-∏m-≥ F-∂o-
cm-Py-ßf - n-se- P-\k - w-Jy-°v- G-sd-°p-sd-
Xp-ey-am-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- P-\-kw-Jy.-
90.- -2001 se- sk-≥k-kv- {]-Im-cw- P-\-kw-
Jy- 102.-8 tIm-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- I-gn-™- 10
h¿-jw-sIm-≠v- cm-Py-sØ- P-\k - w-Jy- 18.-
1 tIm-Sn- h¿-[n-®p.-tem-I-Øv- P-\-kw-Jy-
bn¬- A-©mw- ÿm-\a - p-≈- {_-ko-en-se-
P-\-kw-Jy-sb-°mƒ- A¬-]w- Ip-d-hm-Wv-
C-Xv.- 17.-64 i-X-am-\w- h¿-[-\-hm-Wv- I-gn-
™- Z-i-I-Øn-ep-≠m-b-Xv.- P-\-kw-Jy-
K-Wy-am-bn- Iq-Sn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw- h¿-[-\-
bp-sS- tXm-Xv- Ip-d-™n-´p-≠v- F-∂m-Wv-
1991˛-2001 Im-eb - f
- h
- n-se- h¿-[\ - b- m-b- 21.-
34 i-X-am-\-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-øp-
tºmƒ- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- kzm-X-
{¥ym-\¥ - c - - Im-eL- ´- Ø- n-se- G-‰h - pw- Ip-
d-™- \n-c-°m-Wv- 2011˛¬- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
kmc\mYv
606. {io_p≤-≥ B-Zy- a-X{- ]-`m-jW - w-
\-S-Øn-b- ÿ-ew-
607.- -[-ta-Iv- kv-Xq-]w- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
608.- C
- ¥- y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- Nn-”Ø- n-s‚-
am-Xr-I- kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂- ayq-kn-
bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
609.- -G-Xp- ÿ-e-sØ- A-tim-I-kv-Xw-
`-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-
io-b-Nn-”w- F-Sp-Øn-´-p≈Xv-
032
91.- -C-¥y-bn¬- P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- ap-
∂n-ep-≈- kw-ÿm-\-߃- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv-
(16.-49%-)- ,- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-(9.-28%-),- _o-lm¿-
(8.-07%-),- ]-›n-a-_w-Kmƒ-(7.-79%-)- F-∂n-h-
bm-Wv.- I-gn-™s - k-≥k-kn-epw- Cu- kw-
ÿm-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p- C-tX- {I-a-Øn¬-
B-Zy- ÿm-\-ß-fn¬.-
92.- -P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬- A-©mw- ÿm-\-Øp-≈-
B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv- sX-t°- C-¥y-bn-se- G-
‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy-Iq-Sn-b- kw-ÿm-\a - m-bn-
Xp-Sc - p-∂p.- C-¥y-≥ P-\k - w-Jy-bp-sS- G-gv-
i-Xa - m-\a
- m-Wv- B-{‘m-{]-tZ-in-ep-≈X - v.-
93.- -G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Ip-d-™- kw-ÿm-
\-ß-fm-Wv- kn-°nw,- an-skm-dw,- A-cp-Wm-
N¬- {]-tZ-iv,- tKm-h- F-∂o-h.- I-gn-™-
sk-≥k-kn-epw- Cu- kw-ÿm-\-߃- C-
tX- ÿm-\-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p.-
94.- -tI-{µ- `-c-W- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- P-
\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b-Xv- U¬-ln-bm-Wv.- ]p-Xp-
t®-cn-°m-Wv- c-≠mw- ÿm-\w.- e-£-Zzo-
]m-Wv- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Ip-d-™- tI-
{µ- `-c-W- {]-tZ-iw.- C-Xpw- 2001 sk-≥k-
kn-s‚- X-\n-bm-h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv.-
95.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b-
Pn-√- a-lm-cm-jv{- S-bn-se- Xm-s\- B-Wv- (1,-
10,-54,-131).- ]-›n-a-_w-Km-fn-se- 24 ]¿-Km-
\m-kv- B-Wv- c-≠mw- ÿm-\-Øv- (1,-00,-82,-
852).- A-cp-Wm-N¬- {]-tZ-in-se- Zn-lm-Mv-
hm-en- (7,-948)- A-≥Pm- (21,-089)- F-∂n-h-
bm-Wv- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Ip-d-™- Pn-
√-Iƒ.
P\km{µX
96. C¥ybn-se- P-\-km-{µ-X- N-Xp-c-{i- In-
tem-ao-‰-dn-\v- 382 B-Wv.- kw-ÿm-\-ß-
fn¬- _o-lm-dn-em-Wv- P-\-km-{µ-X- G-‰-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- (1102).- ]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ-
(1029),- tI-cf - w- (859),- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv- (828)-
F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- A-Sp-Ø- ÿm-\-ß-fn¬.-
97.- I- g- n-™- sk-≥k-kn¬- B-Zy- ÿm-\ß
fn¬- ]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ- (903),- _o-lm¿-
(881),- tI-c-fw- (819),- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv- (690)-
F-∂n-h-bm-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- _o-lm¿- ]-›n-
a-_w-Km-fn-s\- ]n-∂n-em-°n-b-t∏mƒ- tI-
c-f-hpw- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-ipw- A-X-Xv- ÿm-\-
Øv- Xp-S-cp-∂p.- sX-t°- C-¥y-bn¬- P-\-
km-{µ-Xb - n¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\w- tI-cf - Ø - n-
\m-Wv.-
98.- A- c - p-Wm-N¬- {]-tZ-iv- (17),- an-skm-dw- (52),-
P-Ωp- I-iv-ao¿- (56)- kn-°nw- (86)- F-∂n-
h-bm-Wv- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Ip-d-™-
kw-ÿm-\-߃.-
99.- I- g
- n-™- sk-≥k-kn¬- A-cp-Wm-N¬- {]-
tZ-iv- (13),- an-skm-dw- (42),- kn-°nw- (76),-
P-Ωp- I-iv-ao¿- (100)-F-∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
B-Zy- ÿm-\-ß-fn¬.- kn-°n-an-s\- ]n-∂n-
em-°n- G-‰h - pw- P-\k - m-{µ-X- Ip-d™ -
∂m-as - Ø- kw-ÿm-\w- F-∂- hn-ti-jW
P-Ωp- I-iva - o-cn-\p- e-`n-®p.- a-‰p- kw-ÿm-\-
ß-fn¬- P-\k - m-{µ-X- Iq-Sn-bt- ∏mƒ- P-Ωp-
I-iva - o-cn¬- Ip-db - p-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bX - v.-
100.- -tI-{µ- `-c-W- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- P-
\-km-{µ-X- Iq-Sn-b-Xv- U¬-ln-bm-Wv- (9,-
340).- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m-dn-em-Wv- G- 116.- -ta-Lm-e-b-bm-Wv- P-\-kw-Jy- h¿-[-\- \n-
‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Ip-d-hv- (46).- I-gn-™-
sk-≥k-kn-se- \n-e-bn¬-\n-∂v- dm-¶n¬-
am-‰-ap-≠m-bn-´n√.
km£cX
101. C¥y-bn-se- km-£-c-Xm- \n-c-°v- 74.-04 i-
X-am-\-am-Wv.- kv-{Xo- km-£-c-Xm-\n-c-°v-
65.-46 i-Xa - m-\h - pw- ]p-cp-j≥ - am-cp-tS-Xv- 82.-
14 i-X-am-\-hp-am-Wv.-
102.- k
- m-£c - X
- m- \n-c° - n¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\Ø - p-
≈- kw-ÿm-\w- tI-c-f-am-Wv- (93.-91%-).- an-
skm-d- (91.-58%-)- am-Wv- sXm-´-Sp-Ø- ÿm-
\-Øv.-
103.--G-‰-hpw- km-£-c-X- Ip-d-™- kw-ÿm-
\w- _o-lm-dm-Wv- (63.-82%-).-
104.--tI-{µ- `-c-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- km-£-c-X-
bn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-Øv- e-£-Zzo-]m-Wv-
(92.-28 %-).- G-‰-hpw- ]n-∂n¬- Z-{Z- \-K¿-
l-th-en-bm-Wv- (77.-65%-).-
105.--iX- a - m-\- \n-c°
- n¬- h¿-[\- b
- p-s≠-¶n-epw-
2001˛¬- C-tX- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-
k-am-\-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬.-
106.--km-£-c-cp-sS- F-Æw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-em-Wv- (118,-423,805).
\KcP\kwJy
107.C¥y-bn-se- \-Kc - - P-\k- w-Jy- (41,-100,-980)-
Iq-Sn-b- kw-ÿm-\w- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bpw- G-
‰-hpw- {Km-ao-W- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b- kw-
ÿm-\w- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-ip-am-Wv- (131,-658,-
339).- kn-°n-am-Wv- {Km-ao-W- P-\-kw-Jy-
G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- kw-ÿm-\w- (59,-870).-
108.--tI-{µ- `-cW
- - {]-tZ-iß - f- n¬-h®- v- G-‰h - pw-
Iq-Sp-X¬- \-Kc - - P-\k - w-Jy-bp-≈X - v- U¬-
ln-bn-em-Wv- (12,-905,-780).- e-£-Zzo-]m-Wv-
Cu- hn- ` m- K - Ø n¬- G- ‰ - h pw- ]n- ∂ n¬-
(26,967).
kv{Xo ]pcpj
A\p]mXw
109.C¥y-bn-se- kv-{Xo- ]p-cp-j- A-\p-]m-Xw-
940:- 1000 B-Wv.- A-Xm-b-Xv- 1000 ]p-cp-
j-≥am¿-°v- 940 kv-{Xo-I-fm-Wv- C-¥y-bn-
ep-≈-Xv.-
110.- -G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- kv-{Xo- ]p-cp-j- A-\p-
]m-Xw- tI-c-f-Øn-em-Wv- (1084:-1000).- ]p-
cp-j-≥am-sc-°mƒ- Iq-Sp-X¬- kv-{Xo-I-fp-
≈- G-I- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w- tI-c-f-am-
Wv.- I-gn-™- sk-≥k-kn-epw- tI-c-f-am-
bn-cp-∂p- C-tX- ÿm-\-Øv-(1058:-1000).-
- - 111.- -1000 ]p-cp-j-≥am¿-°v- 995 kv-{Xo-I-fp-≈-
X-an-gv\
- m-Sm-Wv- G-‰h- pw- k-ao-Ir-Xa- m-b- kv-
{Xo-]p-cp-j- A-\p-]m-Xa - p-≈- kw-ÿm-\w.-
112.- -kv-{Xo- ]p-cp-j- A-\p-]m-Xw- G-‰-hpw- Ip-
d-™- kw-kvY - m-\w- l-cn-bm-\b- m-Wv- (877:-
1000).- I-gn-™- sk-≥k-kn-s\- (861:-1000)-
A-t]-£n-®v- C-hn-Sp-sØ- A-h-ÿ- sa-®-
s∏-´p-≠v- .-
113.- -tI-{µ- `-c-W- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- kv-{Xo- ]p-
cp-j- A-\p-]m-Xw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]p-
Xp--t®-cn-bn-epw- (1,-038:-1000)-G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-
hv- Zm-a-≥ Zn-bp-hn-ep-am-Wv- (618:-1000).-
114.- -]p-cp-j-≥am-sc-°mƒ- Iq-Sp-X¬- kv-{Xo-I-
fp-≈- G-I- tI-{µ- `-c-W- {]-tZ-iw- ]p-Xp-
-t®-cn--bm-Wv.- I-gn-™- {]m-h-iyw- G-‰-hpw-
k-ao-Ir-X-am-b- kv-{Xo- ]p-cp-j- A-\p-]m-
X-ap-≈- {]-tZ-iw- ]p-Xp--t®-cn--bm-bn-cp-∂p-
- aq- (1001:1000).
- w-
P\kwJy h¿[\ \nc°v
115. C¥ybnse Zih¿j (2001˛2011)
P\kw-Jy- h¿-[-\- \n-c-°v- 17.-64 i-X-am-
\-am-Wv.-
c-°n¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-Øp-≈- kw-ÿm-
\w- (27.-8%-).- I-gn-™- sk-≥k-kn¬- h¿-
[-\- \n-c-°n¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-Øm-bn-cp-
∂- \m-Km-em-≥Uv- C-°p-dn- s\-K-‰o-hv-
117.- h
- ¿-[\ - - \n-c° - p-am-bn- (˛-0.-5%-)- G-‰h
d-hv- h¿-[-\- \n-c-°p-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- F-
- pw- Ip-
∂- ÿm-\w- kz-¥a - m-°n.- tI-cf - a
- m-Wv- G-
‰-h pw- h¿-[ -\ - \n-c -° p- Ip-d -™ - c-≠m-a-
sØ- kw-ÿm-\w- (4.-9%-).-
118.- -55.-5%- h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°p-am-bn- Z-{Z- \-K¿- l-
th-en- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-f¿-®m-\n-c-
°v- Iq-Sn-b- tI-{µ- `-c-W- {]-tZ-iw- F-∂-
ÿm-\w- kz-¥-am-°p-tºmƒ- 6.-2%- i-X-
am-\w- h¿-[-\-bp-am-bn- e-£-Zzo-]m-Wv- A-
 127.--C-¥y-≥ hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- am-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´- am-Uw- `n-°m-Pn- Im-a- P¿-a-\n-bn-
Atacn°≥ se- Ã-´v-K¿-´n¬- 1907 B-K-kv-Xn¬- \-S-
{]knU‚v ∂- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- tIm-¨-
^-d-≥kn¬- C-¥y-bp-tS-Xm-bn- H-cp- ]-Xm-
610. Bcp-sS- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-k-Xn-bm- I- D-b¿-Øn.-
Wv- ssh-‰v- lu-kv- 128.--C-t∏m-g-sØ- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- am-
611.- -F-b¿- t^m-gv-kv- h-¨- B-cp-sS- Xr-I- X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv- B-{‘-°m-c-\m-b-
Hu-tZym-Kn-I- hn-am-\-am-Wv- ]nw-K-en- sh-¶-ø-bm-Wv.-
612.- B
- c - p-sS- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- sl-en-tIm- 129.--tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bn-se- \n-d-߃- kw-_-
]v-‰-dm-Wv- a-ssd-≥ h-¨- ‘n-®v- hy-Xy-kv-X- hym-Jym-\-߃- D-≠v.-
613.- H
- m-h¬- Hm-^o-kv- G-Xv- cm-jv{- S-Ø- A-hb - n¬- H-sc-Æw-{]-Im-cw,- Ip-¶p-a\
e-h-s‚- Hm-^o-km-Wv- [o-c-X-sb-bpw- Xym-K-sØ-bpw( Courage
614.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- i-‡-\m- and Sacrifice) kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.- sh-fp-∏v-
b- cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-≥ F-∂p- hn-e- k- a m- [ m- \ - s Ø- b pw- k- X y- s Ø- b - p w (
bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- F-hn-Sp-sØ- Peace and Truth) {]Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-
{]-kn-U-‚-mWv ∂p.- ]-®-\n-dw- hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚-bpw- iu-
cy-Øn-s‚bpw ( Faith and Chivalry)
{]XoIamWv.
°q-´-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]n-∂-n¬.
130.tZiob ]XmIbnse \nd߃°v
tZiob {]XoI߃ tUm.Fkv.cm[mIrjvW≥ hymJym\w
\¬Inbn´p≠v. Ah C{]ImcamWv.
tZiob ]XmI 131. Ip¶paw˛ XymKw (renunciation or
119. C¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bn¬- {]-[m- disinterestedness),shfp∏v ˛kXyw
\-am-bn- aq-∂v- \n-d-ß-fp-≠v.- ap-I-fn¬- Ip- (Truth),]®˛ aÆv,- k-ky-Pm-e-߃- F-
¶p-a-\n-dw,- a-[y-Øn¬- sh-≈,- Xm-sg- ]- ∂n-h-tbm-Sp-≈- _-‘w.-
®-\n-dw.- 132.--tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- D-]-tbm-Kw- kw-_-
120.- -tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- \o-f-hpw- ho-Xn-bpw- ‘n-®- \n-b-a-߃- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-
X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-\p-]m-Xw- 3:-2 B-Wv.- ho-
Xv- ^v-fm-Kv- tIm-Un-em-Wv.- C-t∏mƒ- \n-e-
Xn-bp-sS- H-∂-c- a-S-ßm-Wv- \o-fw- (ho-Xn- hn-ep-≈- ^v-fm-Kv- tIm-Uv- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-
bpw- \o-f-hpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-\p-]m-Xw- 2:- Xv- 2002 P-\p-h-cn- 26˛-\v- B-Wv.-
3 B-Wv-).-
133.--C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- 9 A-f-hp-I-fn¬-
121.- -tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- a-[y-Øn-ep-≈- A- \n¿-an-°mw.- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- A-f-hn-ep-
tim-I- N-{I-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- \m-hn-I- \o-e- ≈- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- \o-fw- 6300 an-√o-ao-‰-
bm-Wv.- C-Xv- I-Sw-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- km-
dpw- ho-Xn- 4200 an-√o-ao-‰-dp-am-Wv.-
c-\m-Yn-se- A-tim-I- kvX - w-`Ø- n¬-\n-∂m- 134.--G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- A-f-hn¬- \n¿-an-°p-∂-
Wv.- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- \o-fw- 150 an-√o-ao-‰-dpw- ho-
122.- -A-tim-I- N-{I-Øn-se- B-c-°m-ep-I-fp-
Xn- 100 an-√o-ao-‰-dp-am-Wv.-
sS- F-Æw- 24 B-Wv.- 135.--a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se- K-h-¨-a-‚ v- a-µn-c-Øn-
123.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]-Xm-I- Xn-c-s™- em-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-∏w- Iq-
Sp-°m-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\- \n¿-am-W- k-`- 1947
Sn-b- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-
Pq-¨- 23˛-\v- \n-tbm-Kn-®- A-Uv-tlm-°v- ∂-Xv.-
I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- X-e-h-≥ tUm.- cm-tP-{µ- {]-
136.- I
- ¿-Wm-SI - Ø- n-se- lq-ªn-bn-ep-≈- Jm-Zn-
km-Zv- B-bn-cp-∂p.- {Km-tam-tZym-K- kw-bp-‡- kw-La - m-Wv- C-
124.- -1947 Pq-sse- 22˛-\v- B-Wv- `-c-W-L-S-\- ¥y-bn¬- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- \n¿-an-°m-≥ Np-
\n¿-am-W-k-`- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-sb- Aw-
a-Xe- s- ∏-´- G-I- Aw-Ko-Ir-X- ÿm-]\
Ko-I-cn-®-Xv.- 137.--C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bv-°v- k-am-
125.- -B-Zy-am-bn- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- D-b¿-Øn-b- \-am-b- h¿-W-L-S-\-bp-≈- cm-Py-am-Wv-
Xv- kp-tc-{µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-bm-Wv-˛- 1906
ss\-P¿.-
Hm-Kk- vX
- v- G-gn-\v- sIm¬-°Ø - b - n-se- {Ko- 138.--Ip-¶p-aw,- sh-≈,- ]-®- F-∂o- \n-d-߃-
≥]m¿-°n¬.- ]-®b - pw- a-™b - pw- Np-h∏
- pw- Ip-Ø-s\- {I-ao-I-cn-®- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-
G- g p- Xm- a - c - I - f p- a p- ≈ - ]Xm- I - b mWv
b-≈- cm-Py-am-Wv- tIm-s´- Un- sF-thm-
Db¿Øn-b-Xv. bn¿.- ]-®,-sh-≈,- Ip-¶p-aw- F-∂o- \n-d-
126.C¥y-bp-sS-Xm-bn- H-cp- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- ߃- Ip-Ø-s\- {I-ao-I-cn-®- ]-Xm-I-bm-
B-Zy-am-bn- hn-tZ-i-Øv- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv- am-
Wv- A-b¿-e-≠n-\p-≈-Xv.-
Uw- `n-°m-Pn- Im-a- F-∂- h-\n-X-bm-Wv.- 139.--F-√m- h¿-j-hpw- kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬-
U¬-ln-bn-se- sN-t¶m-´-bn¬- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- Db¿Øpw.
tZiob Nn”w
140.C¥ybpsS tZiob Nn”amb AtimI-
kv-Xw-`w- I-Sw- sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- km-cm-
\m-Yn¬- A-tim-I- N-{I-h¿-Øn- \n¿-an-®-
knw-l-kv-Xw-`-Øn¬- \n-∂m-Wv.-
141.- -b-Ym¿-Y- A-tim-I-kv-Xw-`w- \m-ep- knw-
l-߃- ]-c-kv-]-cw- ]p-dw-Xn-cn-™p-\n¬-
°p-∂- co-Xn-bn-em-Wv- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂X
C-Xn-s‚- Xm-sg-bm-bn- B-\,- Ip-Xn-c,- Im-
f,- knw-lw- F-∂o- ar-Kß - f - p-sS- cq-]w- B-
GY≥kv te-J-\w- sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v.-
142.--C-¥ybp-sS- tZ-io-b- Nn-”-Øn-s‚- am-Xr-
615. {Kokn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- I-bn¬- aq-∂v- knw-lß - s - f-bm-Wv- Im-Wm-
616.- -{Ko-kn-s‚- I-Æv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.- ]p-dw- Xn-cn-™p-\n¬-°p-
∂-Xv- ∂- H-cp- knw-lw- Zr-iy-a-√.- knw-l-߃-
617.- -{]-Y-a- B-[p-\n-I- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\v-
°p- Xm-sg-bm-bn- C-S-Xp-`m-K-Øv- Ip-Xn-c-
th-Zn-bm-b- \-K-cw- bp-sS-sb-bpw- h-e-Xp-`m-K-Øv- Im-f-bp-sS-
618.- -A-s{Im-s]m-fn-kv- a-e-\n-c-Iƒ- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-
bpw- cq-]-ß-fp-≠v.- C-h-bv-°n-S-bn-em-bn-
A-tim-I-N-{I-ap-≠v.- A-Xn-\p- Np-h-´n-em-
619.- ]
- m¿-Yn-t\m-¨- t£-{X-Øn-s‚- A- bn- k-Xy-ta-h- P-b-tX- F-∂- hm-Iyw- tZ-
h-in-jv-S-߃- F-hn-sSbmWv
h-\m-K-cn- en-]n-bn¬- sIm-Øn-h-®n-´p-≠v.-
- n-dw-
ap-Wv-U-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn-se- Cu- hm-Iy-
Øn-\¿-Yw- k-Xyw- am-{X-ta- P-bn-°q
(Truth Alone Triumphs) F∂mWv.
143.C¥y dn-∏-ªn-°m-b- 1950 P-\p-h-cn- 26˛-
\v- B-Wv- tZ-io-b- Nn-”w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-
s∏´Xv.
tZiob Km\w
(\mjW¬ B¥w)
144.P\-K-W-a-\-bm-Wv- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-
Km-\w.- a-lm-I-hn- c-ho-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿-
_w-Km-fn- `m-j-bn¬- F-gp-Xn-b- Cu- ]-Zy-
Øn-s‚- ln-µn- ]-cn-`m-j-sb- C-¥y-bp-sS-
tZ-io-b- Km-\-am-bn- `-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-
W-k` - - Aw-Ko-Ic - n-®X- v- 1950 P-\p-hc
\v- B-Wv.-
145.--1911 Un-kw-_¿- 27\v- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se-
tIm-¨{- K-kv- k-tΩ-f\ - Ø - n-em-Wv- H-cp- cm-
jv-{So-b- k-µ¿-`-Øn¬- P-\-K-W-a-\- B-
Zy-am-bn- B-e-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv.- c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv-
Sm-tKm-dn-s‚- A-\-¥-c-hƒ- Saraladevi
Chaudhurani BWv 1911 Unkw_¿
27\v tIm¨{Kkv ktΩf\thZnbn¬
P\KWa\ Be]n®Xv.
146.P\K-Wa - \
- b
- p-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- Km-\Ø
©p- N-cW - ß - f - p-≠v.- B-Zy- N-cW
tZ-io-bK - m-\a - m-bn- kzo-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂X
147.--tZ-io-b- Km-\w- B-e-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-
- w.-
am-b- k-a-bw- 52 sk-°-‚m-Wv.- Nn-e- k-
µ¿-`-ß-fn¬- ]m-Sp-∂- tjm¿-´v- th¿-j-\v-
20 sk-°-‚m-Wv- ssZ¿-Lyw.
148.Thou art the ruler of the minds of all
people˛F∂p- Xp-S-ßp-∂- tZ-io-b- Km-
\-Øn-s‚- Cw-•o-jv- X¿-P-a- X-øm-dm-°n-
b-Xpw- Sm-tKm-dm-Wv.- C-Xn-s‚- io¿-j-Iw
Morning Song of India.
149.i¶cm`cWw F∂ cmKØnemWv tZ-
io-b-Km-\w- Nn-´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
150.--kzm-X-{¥y- k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-bm-b- Iym-]v-
‰-≥ cmw- kn-Mv- Xm-°q-dm-Wv- tZ-io-b-Km-
\-Øn-s‚- C-t∏m-f-sØ- Cu-Ww- \¬-In-
b-Xv.- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- B¿-an-bp-sS-
]-S-b-Wn- Km-\-Øn\v ( Kadam Kadam
Badaye Ja) kwKo-Xw- \¬-In-b-Xpw- C-
t±-l-am-Wv.-
151.- -a-l¿-jn- tZ-th-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- t\-Xr-
Xzw- \¬-In-b- {_-“k - a - m-Ph - n-`m-KØ- n-s‚-
{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-b- X-Xz-t_m-[n-\n- ]-
- v.- {Xn-I-bn¬- `m-c-Xv- hn-[m-X- F-∂- io¿-j-
s]m´mkyw
620. sse-em-Iv- \n-dw- e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- I-
cn-ac- p-∂p-{]-tbm-KØ - n¬- D-]t- bm-Kn-
°p-∂- tem-lw-
621.- -G-Xv- aq-e-I-Øn¬- em-‰n-≥ \m-a-am-
Wv- Im-en-bw-
622.- -G - X v - aq- e - I - Ø n- s ‚- {]- X o- I - a m-
Wv - K
623.- -tkm-Un-b-sØ-°q-Sm-sX- a-sÆ-Æ-
bn¬- kq-£n-®p-hb - v°- p-∂- te-mlw
033
I-Øn-em-Wv- P-\-K-W-a-\- B-Zy-am-bn- A-
®-Sn-®-Xv- (1912).-
152.--P\- K
- W
- a - \
- b
- n¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂X - pw- C-
t∏mƒ- C-¥y-bn-e√ - m-ØX- p-am-b- {]-tZ-iw-
kn-‘v- B-Wv.- C-Xv- C-t∏mƒ- ]m-In-kv-
Xm-\n-em-Wv.-
153.--_w-•m-tZ-in-s‚- tZ-io-b- Km-\-am-b- A-
a¿- tkm-Wm¿- _w-•- c-Nn-®-Xpw- Sm-tKm-
dm-Wv.- 1905˛¬- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- _w-Kmƒ-
hn-`-Pn-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- A-e-b-Sn-®- {]-
Xn-tj-[-Øn-s‚- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv-
1906˛¬- Sm-tKm¿- B- Km-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv.-
154.--sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bn¬- P-\-K-W-a-\- B-
Zy-am-bn- B-e-]n-®-Xv- 1947˛¬- (A-h-ew-
_w- enw-I- _p-°v).
tZiob KoXw (\mjW¬ tkmMv)
155._¶nw- N-{µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn- kw-kv-Ir-X-˛-_w-
Km-fn- an-{i- `m-jb - n¬- c-Nn-®- h-tµ-am-Xc - -
Øn-\-v P-\K - W- a- \
- b- ° -v p- Xp-ey-am-bn- tZ-io-
b- Ko-Xw- F-∂- ]-Zh - n- \¬-In-bn-´p-≠.v - tUm.-
cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zm-W-v C-Xp- kw-_‘ - n-®- {]-
Jym-]\ - w- 1950 P-\p-hc - n- 24˛-\-v `-cW - L - S- \ - m-
\n¿-am-W- k-`b - n¬- \-SØ - n-bX - .v -
156.--1875 \-hw-_¿- G-gn-\v- I¬-°-´-bv-°p- k-
ao-]-ap-≈- H-cp- {Km-a-Øn-se- X-s‚- ho-
´n¬-h-®m-Wv- _-¶nw- N-{µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn- h-tµ-
am-X-cw- c-Nn-®-Xv.-
157.--k-\ym-kn- hn-π-hw- ]-›m-Ø-e-am-°n- _-
¶nw- N-{µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn- c-Nn-®- B-\-µ-a-Tw-
F-∂- t\m-h-en¬- `-hm-\-µ-≥ F-∂- I-
Ym-]m-{Xw- B-e-]n-°p-∂- Km-\-am-bn- h-
tµ-am-X-c-sØ- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.-
- n- 24˛-
158.--_w-K-Z¿-i-≥ F-∂- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-
em-Wv- B-\-µ-a-Tw- 1880˛-82 Im-e-b-f-hn¬-
]-c-º-c-bm-bn- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.-
159.--ht- µ-am-Xc - w- F-gp-Xn-b- ti-jw- kw-Ko-Xw-
\¬-Im-≥ £-Wn-®-Xv- Pm-Zp-\m-Yv- `-´m-
Nm-cy-sb-bm-Wv.-
160.--1896se- I¬-°-´- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-
\-am-Wv- h-tµ-am-Xc - w- B-e] - n-°s - ∏-´- B-
Zy-sØ- cm-jv-{So-b- km-l-N-cyw.- c-ho-
{µ-\m-Y- Sm-tKm-dm-Wv- A-∂v- Cu- tZ-i-`-
- n¬- A-
‡n-Km-\w- ]m-Sn-b-Xv.-
- a- m-Wv-
161.- -C-¥y-≥ kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c- tk-\m-\n-Iƒ-
- v.-
B-th-i-]q¿-hw- B-e-]n-®n-cp-∂- h-tµ-am-
X-c-Øn-s‚- Cw-•o-jv- ]-cn-`m-j- \n¿-h-ln-
®-Xv- A-ch - n-µt- L-mjmWv. I bow to thee
Mother, richly watered, richly fruited
F∂mWv CwKvfojv X¿PabpsS BZy
hcnIƒ.
162.SmtKm¿-ap-X¬- F.-B¿.- d-“m-≥h-sc- \n-
c-h[- n- t]¿- h-tµ-am-Xc - Ø
- n-\v- kw-Ko-Xw-
\¬-In-bn-´p-≠v.- h-tµ-am-Xc - w- ]m-Sm-≥ s]m-
Xp-th- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂- cm-Ka - m-Wv- tZ-iv.-
163.--kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚- A-º-Xmw- hm¿-jn-I-
Øn¬- F.-B¿.-d-“m-≥ Cu-Ww- \¬-In-
b- am- Xp-tP- k-emw- F-∂- B¬-_-Øn-
se- Km-\-ß-fn-sem-∂v- h-tµ-am-X-c-am-Wv.-
tZ-iv- a¬-lm¿- cm-K-Øn-em-Wv- Km-\w- Nn-
´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
164.--_n.-_n.-kn.- 2002˛¬- tem-IØ - n-se- G-‰-
hpw- an-I® - - ]-Øv- tZ-io-b- Km-\ß - s - f- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-Øt- ∏mƒ- Cu- Km-\Ø - n-\-v c-≠mw-
ÿm-\w- e-`n-®p.- A-b¿-e≠ - n-s‚- tZ-io-b-
Km-\a - m-bn-cp-∂p- ]-´n-Ib - n¬- H-∂m-aX - v.-
165.- k
- zm-X{- ¥y-Øn-s‚- A-ºX - mw- hm¿-jn-I-
tØm-S\ - p-_‘ - n-®v- \-S∂ - - ]m¿-es - a-‚ n-s‚-
{]-tXy-I- k-tΩ-f\ - Ø - n¬- h-tµ-am-Xc - w-
B-e] - n-®X - v- `ow- sk-≥ tPm-jn-bm- Wv.
166.BIm-i-hm-Wn- A-Xn-s‚- kn-t·-®¿- Syq-
¨- B-bn- kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- h-tµ-am-
X-Øn-s‚- Cu-W-am-Wv.- td-Un-tbm- \n-e-
b-Øn¬- Ãm-^v- B¿-´n-Ãm-bn-cp-∂- ]-Wv-
Un-‰v- c-hn-i-¶-dm-Wv- A-Xn-\v- kw-Ko-Xw-
\¬-In-b-sX-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏Sp∂p.
167.htµam-X-cw- X-an-gn-te-°v- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-
Øn-b-Xv- kp-{_-a-Wy-`m-c-Xn-bm-Wv.-
168.--ht- µ-am-Xc - Ø- n¬- {]-Io¿-Øn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂-
B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn- Zp¿-K-bm-Wv.-

sslZ¿ Aen
624. ]me-°m-Sv- tIm-´- \n¿-an-®-Xm-cv-
625.- -1758˛¬- sX-t°- a-e-_m¿- B-{I-
an-®-Xm-cv-
626.- -]m-e-°m-Sv- tIm-an- A-®-s‚- £-W-
{]-Im-cw- a-e-_m¿- B-{I-an-®-Xm-cv-
627.- -1781 ¬- t]m¿-t´m- t\m-thm-bn¬-h-
®v- P-\-d¬- A-b¿- Iyq-´v- B-sc-bm-
Wv- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-
628.- S- n-∏p- kp¬-Øm-≥ B-cp-sS- ]n-≥Km-
an-bm-bn-´m-Wv- ssa-kq-dn¬- A-[n-Im-
c-ta-‰-Xv-
629.- -H-∂m-a-sØ-bpw- c-≠m-a-sØ-bpw-
Bw-Kv-tfm-˛-ssa-kq¿- bp-≤-Øn¬-
ssa-kq-dn-s\- \-bn-®-Xmcv
169.--kzm-X-{¥y-e-_v-[n-bp-sS- k-a-b-Øv- 1947
B-Kk - X -v -v 15\v- tIm-¨Ã - n-‰yp-h‚- -v A-kw-
ªn-bn¬- h-tµ-am-Xc - w- B-e] - n-®X- v- kp-tN-
X- Ir-]e - m-\n-bm-Wv- (B-Nm-cy- Ir-]e - m-\n-
bp-sS- `m-cy-bpw- ]n¬-°m-eØ - -v C-¥y-bn-se-
B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-bp- w).
tZiob Ie≠¿
(]©mw-Kw)
170.1957 am¿-®v- 22\v- i-I-h¿-j-sØ- C-¥y-
bp-sS- tZ-io-b- Im-e-K-W-\m- k-{º-Zm-b-
am-bn- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- kzo-I-cn-®p- (i-I-h¿-
j-Øn¬- 1879).- i-I-h¿-j-Øn-se- 12 am-
k-ß-fn¬- B-Zy-tØ-Xv- ssN-{X-hpw- A-
h-km-\-tØ-Xv- ^m¬-Kp-\-hp-am-Wv.-
171.- -km-[m-c-W-h¿-j-ß-fn¬- ssN-{Xw- H-
∂mw-Xo-b-Xn-bpw- {In-kv-Xp-h¿-j-Øn-se-
({Kn-tKm-dn-b-≥ I-e-≠¿-)- am¿-®v- 22˛-Dw-
H-tc-Zn-h-k-am-bn-cn-°pw.- {In-kv-Xp-h¿-j-
Øn-se- A-[n-h¿-j-ß-fn¬- C-Xv- am¿-®v-
21˛-\v- B-bn-cn-°pw.- i-Ih - ¿-jØ - n-se- A- 187. Ac-hn-µt- Lm-jns‚ apØ-—\
[n-h¿-j-ß-fn¬- ssN-{X-am-k-Øn-\v- H-
cp- Zn-h-kw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw- .-
172.- -Ip-jm-\-hw-i-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- a-lm-\m-
b- `-c-W-I¿-Øm-hm-b- I-\n-jv-I-s‚- Im-
e-Øm-Wv- i-I-h¿-jw- F-Un- 78˛¬- B- 188. kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-jvIm-c-Øn- 204.--C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn,-
cw-`n-®X - v.- i-Ih
- w-iØ - n-se- `-cW- m-[n-Im-
cn-Iƒ- A-Xv- hym-]-I-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-
Xn-\m¬- i-I-h¿-jw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.
tZiob arKw
173. ]ms¥-d- ssS-{Kn-kv- F-∂v- im-kv-{Xo-b-
\m-a-ap-≈- tdm-b¬- _w-Kmƒ- I-Sp-h-bm-
Wv- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ar-Kw.-
174.- -1972˛¬- B-Wv- I-Sp-h-sb- tZ-io-b- ar-K-
am-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv.- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- 190. ss^°kv _w-Km-f≥
knw-l-Øn-\m-bn-cp-∂p- B- ]-Z-hn.-
175.- -I-Sp-h-I-fp-sS- kw-c-£-Wm¿-Yw- t{]m-P-
Iv-Sv- ssS-K¿- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1973.-
176.- C
- ¥- y-bn-se- I-Sp-hm- k-t¶-Xß - f - n¬- G-
‰- h pw- h- e p- X v - B- { ‘m- { ]- t Zinse 191.- -A-Øn,- C-Øn,- A-c-bm¬-,- t]-cm¬- F-
\mKm¿Pp\ {iossiew dnk¿hv BWv.
177. tIc-fØ - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- ssS-K¿- dn-k¿-
hv- C-Sp-°n- Pn-√b - n-se- s]-cn-bm¿- ssS-K¿- 192.- A
dn-k¿-hv- B-Wv- (B-ÿm-\w- tX-°S- n-).-
178.- -]m-e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se- ]-d-ºn-°p-f-am-Wv- 193.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]-S¿-∂p- ]-¥-en-°p- 208.- -ln-µn- kw-km-cn-°p-∂- {]-[m-\- cm-Py-
c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv.- C-¥y-bn-se- 38˛-a-sØ-
ssS-K¿- dn-k¿-hm-W-nXv.
tZiob ss]Xr-Ia- rKw
179. tZiob ss]Xr-I-ar-K-ambn B\sb
2010- ˛ ¬ AwKo- I - c n- ® p. Fen- ^ kv
amIvkn-akv F∂mWv imkv{X-\m-aw
(B-{^n-°≥ B\-bpsS imkv{X-\maw
Loxodonta africana F∂m-Wv)
tZiob ]£n
180. ]m-thm- {In-Ãm-‰k - v- (Indian Peacock)
F∂- im-kv{- X-\m-aa - p-≈- a-bn-em-Wv- C-
¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-£n.-
181.- t- I-cf
- Ø
- n¬- a-bn-en-s‚- kw-c-£-Wm¿-
Yw- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- k-t¶-X-am-Wv- ]m-e-
°m-Sv- ˛-Xr-»q¿- Pn-√-I-fn-em-bn- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- Nq-e-∂q¿.
tZiob PePohn
182. 2009˛¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- P-e-Po-hn-
bm-bn- dn-h¿- tUmƒ-^n-s\- {]-Jy-m]n®p.
imkv{X-\maw Platanista gangetica .
183. IÆps≠-¶n-epw- Im-gv-N-bn-√m-Ø- k-kv-
X-\-am-Wv- dn-h¿- tUmƒ-^n≥.
184. _olm- d n- s e- `- K ¬- ∏ q- c n- e m- W - v
Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanc-
tuary.
tZiob ]pjv]w
185. Xmac-bm-Wv- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]p-jv-
]w.- im-kv-{X-\m-aw- s\-ew-t_m- \yq-kn-
s^-d.-
186.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- Nn-”w- Xm-ac
- b
- m-bn-
cn-°W- w- F-∂v- B-Zy-am-bn- \n¿-t±-in-®-
Xv- cm-Pv- \m-cm-b¨
- - t_m-km-Wv- (1826˛-
1899).- 1888˛¬- c- N - n ® "Bridhya
Xm¿ acp`qan
630. C¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- a-cp-
`q-an-
631.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n¬- tNm-en-kv-Xm-≥ a-
cp-`q-an- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-tX-Xv-
632.- -G-Xv- a-cp-`q-an-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- eq-Wn-
\-Zn- H-gp-Ip-∂-Xv-
633.- -C¥- y-bp-sS- h-S° - p-]S- n-™m-dp- `m-K-
Øv- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- a-cp-`q-an-tb-Xv-
634.- -G-Xv- a-cp-`q-an-bn-em-Wv- C-¥y- B-
W-h-]-co-£-Ww- \-S-Øn-b-Xv-
635.- -G-Xv- a-cp-`q-an-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- C-µn-
cm-Km-‘n- I-\m¬- H-gp-Ip-∂-Xv-
Hindoor Asha" (An old Hindoo's
Hope) F∂- ]p-kX -v I - Ø
- n-em-W-v Cu- ]-
cm-a¿-i-ap-≈-Xv.-
- mb cmPv
\mcm-b¨ t_mkns\ C¥y≥ tZio-
b-X-bpsS ]nXm-a-l≥ ('Grand Father
of Indian Nationalism') F∂p hnti- 203.2008˛¬- Kw-K-sb- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- \-
jn-∏n-®Xv _n]n≥N{µ ]m¬ BWv.
s‚bpw Nn”-ambn s]mXpsh Icp-X-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv Xma-c-bmWv (N{Iw ]ptcm-
K-Xn-bpsS Nn”-am-Wv).
189. hnb-‰v\mans‚bpw tZiob ]pjv]a - m-Wv
Xmac. CuPn-]vXns‚ tZiob Nn”-
amb CuPn-]vjy≥ tem´kv bYm¿Y-
Øn¬ Hcn\w Bº-em-Wv.
tZiob hr£w
- kn-kv- F-∂- im-
kv{- X-\m-aa- p-≈- B¬-ac - a
- m-Wv- (t]-cm¬-
)- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- hr-£w.- ss^-
°-kv,- ^n-Kv- {So- F-∂n-h- C-Xn-s‚- a-‰p-
t]-cp-I-fm-Wv.-
∂n-h-bm-Wv- \m¬-]m-a-c-߃- F-∂-dn-b- 207.- -kw-km-cn-°p-∂-h-cp-sS- F-Æ-Øn¬- ln-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
- c - b
- m-en-s‚- im-kv{- X-\m-aw- ss^-°k - v-
dn-eo-Pn-tbm-k.-
∂- a-c-am-Wv- B-¬.
Bch√n
636. C¥ybn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈-
a-S-°p-]¿-h-Xw-
637.- -au-≠v- A-_p- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv-
G-Xv- a-e-\n-c-I-fn-em-Wv-
638.- -G-Xv- ]¿-h-X-Øn-s‚- G-‰-hpw- D-
b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- `m-K-am-Wv- Kp-cp-in-J¿-
639.- d - m-¨X - w-t`m¿- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w- G-
Xv- a-e-\n-c-I-fn-em-Wv-
640.- -cm-P-ÿm-\n-se- {]-[m-\- ]¿-h-X-
\n-c-tb-Xv-
641.- -`q-ap-Js - Ø- G-‰h - pw- {]m-No-\a - m-b-
]¿-hX - ß - f
- n-sem-∂m-bn- I-W°
°p-∂- C-¥y-bn-se- ]¿-hX - t- a-Xv-
642.- -G-Xv- a-e-\n-c-I-fn-em-Wv- eq-Wn- \-
Zn- D-Zv-`-h-n°p∂Xv
tZiob ImbnIhnt\mZw
194. ^o¬-Uv- tlm-°n-bm-Wv- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ- 215.- -C-¥y-bn¬- kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-bpw-
io-b- Im-bn-I- hn-t\m-Zw.-
195.- -tlm-°n- I-fn-°m-cp-sS- F-Æw- ]-Xn-s\m-
∂v.-
196.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- tZ-io-b- hn-t\m-Z-hpw-
tlm-°n-bm-Wv.-
197.- -{]-Y-a- tem-I-I-∏v- tlm-°n- 1971˛¬- kv- 216. kXyw- am-{X-ta- P-bn-°q- F-∂¿-Y-ap-
s]-bn-\n-se- _m-gk v- t- em-Wb - n¬- \-S∂
]m-In-kv-Xm-\m-bn-cp-∂p- tP-Xm-hv.-
198.- -1975˛-se- tem-I-I-∏n¬- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s\-
tXm¬-]n-®v- C-¥y- tP-Xm-hm-bn.-
199.- -C¥ - y- H-fn-ºn-Ivk - n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
sa-Ue - p-Iƒ- t\-Sn-b- C-\w- tlm-°n-bm-
Wv.-
200.-H
- f- n-ºn-Ik v- n-s‚- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- G-‰h
Sp-X¬- {]m-h-iyw- kz¿-Ww- t\-Sn-b- Sow-
C-¥y-bm-Wv- (1928,- 1932,- 1936,-1948,-1952,-
1956,-1964,-1980)-
201.- -H-fn-ºn-Iv- tlm-°n-bn¬- C-¥y- B-Zy-
kz¿-Ww- t\-Sp-tºmƒ- Iym-]v-‰-≥ P-bv-
]m¬- kn-Mm-bn-cp-∂p.- 1975˛¬- tem-I- I-
∏v- t\-Sp-tºmƒ- Iym-]v-‰-≥ A-Pn-Xv-]m¬.-
202.--hn-{ip-X- tlm-°n- Xm-cw- ta-P¿- [ym-≥N-
µn-s‚- P-∑-Zn-\-am-Wv- C-¥y-bn¬- tZ-io-
b- Im-bn-I- Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
(B-K-kvXv 29).
tZiob \Zn
Zn-bm-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®p.-
G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xm-c-am¿-∂- X-S-{]-tZ-i-ap-
≈- \-Zn,- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]m-j-I-\-
Zn-I-fp-≈- \-Zn,- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-
en-b- \-Zn-hyq-lw- F-∂o- {]-tXy-IX - I- ƒ-
Kw-Kbv°p≠v.
HutZym-KnI `mj
205. C¥y-bp-sS- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j- ln-µn-
bm-Wv- (Cw-•o-jpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-≥ hy-
h-ÿ-bp-≠v-).- C-t¥m- B-cy-≥ `m-jm-
tKm-{X-Øn¬-s∏-´- ln-µn-bm-Wv- C-¥y-
bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-t]¿- kw-km-cn-
°p-∂- `m-j.-
206.- C
- ¥- y-bn¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]-{X-߃-
{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv- ln-µn-bn-em-Wv.-
µn-°v- tem-I-Øn¬- \m-emw- ÿm-\-am-
Wv˛- - ssN-\o-kv- a-≥Um-cn-≥,- kv] - m-\n-jv,-
Cw-Kv-fo-jv- F-∂n-h-bv-°v- ]n-∂n¬.-
034
߃- C-¥y,- t\-∏mƒ,- ^n-Pn- F-∂n-h-
bm-Wv.-
209.- l- c - n-bm-W,- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv,_ - o-lm¿,- Pm¿-
J-Wv-Uv,- a-[y-{]-tZ-iv,- cm-P-ÿm-\n-se-
Nn-e- `m-Kß - ƒ- F-∂n-hn-Sß - f - n-epw- U¬-
ln-bn-epw- {]-[m-\- `m-j- ln-µn-bm-Wv.-
210.- -ln-µn- `m-j- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hm-°p-
Iƒ- I-Sw-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- kw-kv-Ir-
X-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.-
211.- `- c
- W - L - S- \- m-\n¿-am-Wk - `- - ln-µn-sb- Hu-
tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-bm-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv-
1949 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 14˛-\m-Wv.- sk-]v-Xw-
_¿- 14 ln-µn- Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°p-∂p.-
212.- -1950 P-\p-hc - n- 26 ap-X¬- 15 h¿-jt- Ø-
- m- °m-Wv- ln-µn-bvs - °m-∏w- Cw-•o-jpw- Hu-
tZym-Kn-I- `m-jb - m-bn- D-]t- bm-Kn-°m-≥ hy-
h-ÿ- sN-bX v- n-cp-∂X- v.- F-∂m¬,- 1965˛¬-
ln-µn- hn-cp-≤- {]-t£m-`ß - f - p-sS- k-Ω¿-
±w-aq-ew- Xp-S¿-∂pw- Cw-•o-jv- D-]t- bm-Kn-
°m-≥ tI-{µ-k¿-°m¿- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.-
213.- -41 i-X-am-\-tØm-fw- C-¥y-°m-cp-sS- `m-
j- ln-µn-bm-Wv.- 60 i-X-am-\-tØm-fw-
t]¿-°v- ln-µn- a-\- n-em-°m-≥ I-gn-bpw.-
th-sdm-cp- C-¥y-≥ `m-j-bpw- P-\-kw-Jy-
bp-sS- 9 i-X-am-\-Øn¬-Iq-Sp-X¬-t]¿-
kw-km-cn-°p-∂n-√.-
214.- C- ¥ - y-≥ `-cW - L - S- \
- t- bm- a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw-
\n-b-tam- tZ-io-b- `m-j-sb-°p-dn-®v- {]-
Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂n-√.-
ssl-t°m-S-Xn-I-fn-se-bpw- hy-h-lm-c-`m-
j- Cw-•o-jm-Wv.- ln-µn-°pw- D-dp-Zp-hn-\pw-
1900˛¬- Xp-ey-]-Z-hn- \¬-I-s∏-´n-c-p∂p.
tZiob B]vXhmIyw
(National Motto)
- p.- ≈- k-Xy-ta-h- P-b-tX- B-Wv- C-¥y-
bp-sS- tZ-io-b- B-]v-X-hm-Iyw.- C-Xv-
kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- ap-≠-tIm-]-\n-j-
Øn¬-\-n∂mWv.
tZiob {]Xn⁄
(National Pledge)
217. C¥y- F-s‚- cm-Py-am-Wv- F-∂p- Xp-S-
- pw- Iq- ßp-∂- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- {]-Xn-⁄-
c-Nn-®-Xv- ss]-Un-am-cn- sh-¶-S- kp-∫-dm-
hp(Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao)hm-
Wv. sXep-¶v- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\pw- _yq-
tdm-{Im-‰p-am-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- hn-im-J-
]-´-W-Øn¬- Pn-√m- {S-j-dn- Hm-^o-k-dm-
hmkvtIm U Kma
643. ip`-{]-Xo-£m-ap-ºv- Np-‰n- bq-tdm-
∏n¬-\n-∂v- t\-cn-´v- C-¥y-bn-se-
Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- \m-hn-I-≥
644.- -sIm-®n-bn-se- sk-‚ v- {^m-≥kn-
kv- ]-≈n-bn¬- kw-kv-I-cn-®- B-
cp-sS- `u-Xn-Im-hi
- n-jvS- a
- m-Wv- ]n¬-
°m-e-Øv- t]m¿-®p-K-en-se- P-tdm-
Wn-a-kv- sam-Wm-kv-{Sn-bn-te-°v-
sIm-≠p-t]m-b-Xv-
645.- -C-¥y-bn-se- aq-∂m-a-sØ- t]m¿-
®p-Ko-kv- ssh-t{km-bn-
646.- -B-cp-sS- k-µ¿-i-am-Wv- C-¥ym-N-
cn-{X-Øn¬- bq-tdm-]y-≥tIm-f-\n-
bp-K-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv-
647.- -tKm-h-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-
K-cw-

am\th{µ\mYv tdmbv
(Fw.F≥.tdmbv)
648. C¥ybv-°v- kz-¥-am-bn- H-cp- `-c-W-
L-S-\- th-Ww- F-∂- B-i-bw- B-
Zy-am-bn- ap-t∂m-´v- h-®-Xm-cv-
649.- -C-¥y- C-≥ {Sm-≥kn-j-≥ F-∂- ]p-
kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-
650.- - P - \ - I o- b m- k q- { X- W - Ø n- s ‚- D- ] -
⁄m-Xm-sh-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-
651.- I
- a- yp-Wn-Ãv- C-‚¿-\m-jW - e - n¬- Aw-
K-am-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-≥
652.- -]o-∏nƒ-kv- πm-≥ F-∂- B-i-b-Øn-
s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-
bn-cn-s°-bm-Wv- C-Xv- X-øm-dm-°n- ap-Xn¿-
∂- tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-hv- sX-s∂-Sn- hn-
iz-\m-Y-Øn-\p- sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv.- A-t±-l-a-
Xv- hn-Zym-`ym-k- a-{¥n- ]n.-hn.-Pn.-cm-Pp-hn-
\v- A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.-
218.- - F w- k n- O- • - b p- s S- A- [ y- £ - X - b n¬-
1964˛¬- tN¿-∂- sk-≥{S¬- A-ssUz-k-
dn- t_m¿-Uv- Hm-¨- F-Uyp-t°-j≥ - ,- Cu-
{]-Xn-⁄- A-Sp-Ø- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- Zn-\w-ap-
X¬- hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬- hm-bn-t°-≠-Xm-
sW-∂v- \n¿-t±in®p. -
A]c\ma߃
241. kph¿Wt£{XØns‚ \Kcw˛ Aar-
Xv-k¿-
242.- -ku-Øv- sh-Ãv- B-{^n-°-bp-sS- C-t∏m-
g-sØ- t]-cv-˛- \-ao-_n-b-
243.- -kv-Iqƒ- kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-sU-
dm-Uq-¨-
244.- -P-e-Øn-s‚- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- sh-\o-kv-
245.- -sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b-s‚- Zzo-]-kv-Xw-`w- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- kv-t{Smw-t_m-fn- sIm-Sp-
ap-Sn- -
246.- -sl¿-°p-eo-kn-s‚- kv-Xq-]-߃- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Pn-{_mƒ-´¿-
247.- -ss\-en-s‚- Zm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-
Pyw-˛- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv-
248.- -{^-©v- hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- in-ip,-hn-[n-bp-sS-
a-\p-jy-≥ F-∂o- A-]-c-\m-a-ß-fn¬- A-
dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥
249.- -C-¥y-bn-se- an-\n-kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≥Uv- F-
∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X
- v- ˛-ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-in-se-
Jm-Pn-bm¿-
250.- -tIm-fm-\-´n-s‚- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- B-{^n-°-
251.- t- Km-Xº - n-s‚-bpw- I-∂p-Im-en-If - p-sS-bpw-
\m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- A¿-P-
‚o-\-
252.- -X-Sm-I-ß-fp-sS- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-˛- D-Z-bv-]q¿-
253.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- am-©-ÿ- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- tIm-b-º-Øq¿-
254.- -sh-≈m-\-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv-˛- Xm-bv-e-≥Uv-
Id≥kn
219. cq]-bm-Wv- C-¥y-bp-sS- \m-W-bw.- C-Xn-
s‚- B-Zy-cq-]w- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv- kq¿-hw-
i-Øn-se- tj¿-jm-bm-Wv.
220. CuÃn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bm-Wv- C-¥y-bn-em-
Zy-am-bn- t]-∏¿- I-d-≥kn- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.-
221.- -cq-]-bp-sS- Nn-”w- cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-X-
Xv- Un.-D-Z-b-Ip-am¿.-
222.- -2010 Pq-sse- 15\m-Wv- C-¥y-≥ cq-]-bp-
sS- Nn-”w- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-
cn-°-s∏-´-Xv.-
223.- -dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bm-Wv- C-
¥y-bn¬- I-d≥ - kn- ]p-ds- ∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂X
224.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- \m-W-b-Øn¬- ap-
{Z-Ww- sN-øs - ∏-´- B-Zy- hy-‡n-bp-sS- Nn-
{Xw- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hn-s‚-Xm-Wv.-
kz-X{- ¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- \m-Wb - Ø - n¬- ap-
{Z-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy- hn-tZ-in- eq-bn-
s{_-bv-en-bm-Wv.-
225.- -C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- \m-W-
b-Øn¬- ap-{Z-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´- a-\p-jy-
cq-]w- {io-_p-≤-t‚-Xm-Wv.- I-\n-jv-I- N-
{I- h ¿- Ø n- b p- s S- Im- e - Ø m- b n- c p- ∂ p-
AXv.
C¥y≥ Ãmt‚¿Uv kabw
226. 82.5 Un-{Kn- tc-Jmw-iw- A-Sn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-
bm-Wv- C-¥y-≥ Ãm-t‚¿-Uv- k-a-bw- \n-
›-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-Xv- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-
in-se- A-el - _- m-Zv,- B-{‘m-{]-tZ-in-se-
I-°n-\-U- F-∂o- ÿ-e-ß-fn-eq-sS- I-S-
∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p.-
227.- -C-¥y-≥ Ãm-t‚¿-Uv- k-a-bw- {Ko-≥hn-®v-
k-a-b-sØ-°mƒ- A-©-c- a-Wn-°q¿- ap-
∂n-em-Wv.-
228.- -A-e-l-_m-Zn-se- an¿-km-]q-cn-em-Wv- C-
¥y-≥ tem-°¬- k-a-bw- \n¿-W-bn-°p-
∂- t¢m-°v- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
229.- -C-¥y-≥ Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- k-a-bw- 82.-5 Un-
{Kn- tc-Jmw-iw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n- \n-›-
bn-®-Xv- 1906em-Wv.-
230.- -Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- k-a-bw- km-[m-c-W-am-bn-
Question Bag
255.- -sIm-´m-c-ß-fp-sS- \-K-cw-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
256.- -Ip-¶p-a-∏q-hn-s≥d- \m-Sv-˛- Im-iv-ao¿-
257.- -Ip-‰n-°m-Sp-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂v- t]-cn-\¿-
Y-ap-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- ˛- Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv-
258.- -k-ap-{Z-Øn-se- kp-µ-cn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- \-K-cw-˛- tÃm-°v-tlmw-
259.- -kp-h¿-W-I-hm-S- \-K-c-sa-∂v- A-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- km-≥{^m-≥kn-kv-tIm-
260.- -\n-Xy-\-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- tdmw-
261.- -Iw-Km-cp-hn-s‚- \m-Sv-˛- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-
262.- -k-ap-{Z-ß-fn¬- cm-Pm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
263.- -kp-K-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fp-sS- dm-Wn- ˛-A-Ø¿-
264.- - -tem-I-Øn-s‚- ^m-j-≥kn-‰n- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-˛- ]m-co-kv-
265.- - [ - h - f - \- K - c w- F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v - ˛ -
s_¬-t{K-Uv-
266.- -\-·-]m-Z-\m-b- Nn-{X-Im-c-≥ F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Fw.-F-^v.- lp-ssk-≥
267.- -]-º-bp-sS- Zm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
Ip-´-\m-Sv-
268.- -]-k-^n-°n-s‚- I-hm-Sw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-˛- ]-\m-am- I-\m¬-
269.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- D-cp-°p-a-\p-jy-≥˛- k¿-Zm¿-
]-t´¬-
270.- I
- n-g° - n-s‚- kvt- Im-Sve - ≥
- Uv- F-∂d
Sp-∂- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- ta-Lm-e-b-
271.- -t]m¿-_-¥-dn-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛- kp-Zm-am-
]p-cn-
272.- -tem-I-Øn-s‚- kw-`-c-W-im-e- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- sa-Iv-kn-t°m-
273.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- A-£-c-\-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-
30 an-\n-´n-s‚- Kp-Wn-X-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw.-
Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- k-a-bw- 30 s‚- Kp-Wn-X- 239. C¥y≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- H-cp- Zzn-a-Wv-U-e-
a-√m-Ø- cm-Py-am-Wv- t\-∏mƒ.- {Ko-≥hn-
®v- k-a-b-sØ-°mƒ- A-t©-ap-°m¬- a-
Wn-°q¿- ap-∂n-em-Wv- t\-∏m-fn-se- Ãm-
≥tU¿-Uv- k-a-bw.-
231.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- A-tX- Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- k-a-
b-ap-≈- cm-Py-am-Wv- {io-e¶.
232. Ãm≥tU¿Uv kabpw
{]mtZinIkabhpw Hcp t]msebp≈ 240.- -`-c-W-L-S-\m- hy-h-ÿ-{]-Im-cw- kw-
\KcamWv Ael_mZv.
tZiob _lpaXnIƒ
- v.- 233. C¥ybn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- kn-hn-en-
b-≥ _-lp-a-Xn- `m-c-X- c-Xv-\-am-Wv.- ]-
fl-hn-`q-j¨ - ,- ]-fl`- q-j¨- ,- ]-fl{- io- F-
∂n-h-bm-Wv- sXm-´-Sp-Ø- D-b¿-∂- kn-hn-
en-b-≥ _-lp-a-Xn-Iƒ.-
234.- -C-Xp-h-sc- 43 t]¿-°m-Wv- `m-c-X- c-Xv-\-
\¬-In-bn-´p-≈-Xv.- F-∂m¬,- kp-`m-jv- N-
{µ-t_m-kn-s\-°q-Sn- ]-cn-KW - n-°p-tºmƒ-
C-Xp-h-sc- 44 t]¿-°v- Cu- _-lp-a-Xn-
{]-Jym-]n-®n-´p-≠v.-
235.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- ssk-\n-
I- _-lp-a-Xn- ]-c-a-ho-c-N-{I-am-Wv.- C-Xv-
C-¥y-bn-se- c-≠m-as - Ø- D-b¿-∂- _-lp-
a-Xn-bm-bn- I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
236.- -]-c-a-ho-c- N-{Iw- I-gn-™m¬- [o-c-X-bv-
°p-≈- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- _-lp-a-Xn- a-
lm-ho-c- N-{I-hpw- ho-c-N-{I-hp-am-Wv.-
237.- -k-am-[m-\-Im-e-sØ- [o-c-X-bv-°p-≈- G-
‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- _-lp-a-Xn- A-tim-I-N-{I-
am-Wv.- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- a-
lm-\m-b- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bpw- bp-≤w- P-bn-
®n-´pw- k-am-[m-\Ø - n-s‚- ]m-X- Xn-cs - ™-
Sp-Ø- tem-IN - c- n-{X-Øn-se- G-I- `-cW - m-
[n-Im-cn-bp-am-b- A-tim-IN - {- I-h¿-Øn-bp- taLmeb
sS- kv-a-c-Wm¿-Y-am-Wv- Cu- t]-cv- \¬-
In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
238.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- c-≠m-a-
sØ- kn-hn-en-b-≥ _-lp-a-Xn- ]-fl-hn-
`q-j-¨- BWv.
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- tIm-´-bw-
274.- t- Im-¨Ã - m-‚ n-t\m-∏n-fn-s‚- C-t∏m-gs
t]-cv-˛- C-kv-Xm-≥_pƒ-
275.- -t]m-∏n-s‚- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- tdmw-
276.- -\n-Xm-¥- l-cn-Xm-`-bp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- t\-‰mƒ-
277.- -]-Xn-\m-bn-cw- X-Sm-I-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv- ˛-A-
ta-cn-°-bn-se- an-\-tkm-´-
278.- -^v-tfm-´nw-Kv- kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- sh-\o-kv-
279.- _- mƒ-°≥ - kn-se- ]m-co-kv- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- _p-°m-d-Ãv-
280.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- ]q-t¥m-´- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- _mw-•q¿-
281.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- Km¿-U-≥ kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- _mw-•q¿-
282.- c- m-Pm-°≥- am-cp-sS- Xm-gvh
- c
- - F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Xo-_v-kv-
283.- -en-‰n¬- em-k- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- [¿-
a-im-e-
284.- -hn-f-t°-¥n-b- h-\n-X- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
˛- ^v-tfm-d-≥kv- ss\-‰nw-tK¬-
285.- -In-g-°n-s‚- ]-dp-Zo-k- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- tKm-h-
- n-b
- s- ∏- 286.- -kp-h¿-W- \-K-c-I-hm-Sw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-˛- km-≥{^m-≥kn-kv-tIm-
287.- -I-iv-ao¿- knw-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- t\-Xm-
hv-˛- tj-Iv- A-_v-Zp-≈-
288.- -{]-Im-i-Øn-s≥d- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- {^m-≥kv-
289.- ]- k- ^
- n-°n-s‚- ap-Øv- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂-
035
\nb-a\n¿am-W k - `
k-`-bm-Wv.- A-t[m-k-`-bm-b- tem-Iv-k-`-
A-Y-hm- lu-kv- Hm-^v- ]o-∏n-fn¬- 545
Aw-K-ß-fpw- D-]-cn-k-`-bm-b- cm-Py-k-`-
A-Y-hm- Iu-¨-kn¬- Hm-^v- tÃ-‰v-kn¬-
245 Aw-K-ß-fp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- C-h- c-≠pw-
tN¿-Øv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- B-sI- 790 Aw-
K-ß-fp-≠v.-
ÿm-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- ]-c-am-h-[n- 530 t]-
sc-bpw- tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v-
20 t]-sc-bpw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°mw.- a-Xn-bm-
b- {]m-Xn-\n-[yw- D-d-∏m-°m-≥ Bw-t•m-
C-¥y-≥ k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ]-c-am-h-
[n- c-≠p-t]-sc- {]-kn-U-‚ n-\p- \m-a-\n¿-
t±-iw- sN-ømw.- A-ßs - \- ]-ca
- m-h[
- n- 552
tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-߃-h-sc-bm-Imw.- cm-Py-
k-`-bn-epw- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- hy-h-
ÿ-{]-Im-cw- 250 Aw-K-߃- h-sc-bm-
Imw.- C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- 14 \m-a-
\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´- Aw-K-ß-fp-≠v-˛-
c-≠p-t]¿- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-epw- 12 t]¿- cm-
Py-k-`-bn-e-pw.
kwÿm\ßfpw
t]cns‚ A¿Yhpw
Akw ˛ Xpeya√mØXv
_olm¿ ˛ hnlmcßfpsS \mSv
OØnkvKVv ˛ 36 tIm´Iƒ
Pm¿J¨Uv ˛ Ip‰ns®SnIfpsS \mSv
I¿WmSIw ˛ Db¿∂ {]tZiw
anskmdw ˛ Db¿∂ {]tZiØv
Pohn°p∂hcpsS \mSv
˛ taLßfpsS
hmkÿew
]©m_v ˛ A©p\ZnIfpsS \mSv
kn°nw ˛ ]pXnb sIm´mcw
cmPÿm≥ ˛ cmPm°≥amcpsS \mSv
Xv-˛- Kp-b-bm-Izn¬- Xp-d-ap-Jw-
- Ø- 290.- -Izo-≥ kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ^n-
em-sU¬-^n-b-
291.- -k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ln-tcm-jn-a-
292.- -[-h-f- ]m-X- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- t{_m-
Uv- th,- \yq-tbm¿-°v-
293.- -\o-e-Kn-cn-bp-sS- dm-Wn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-≠-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- D-Z-I-a-Wv-U-ew-
294.- -\yq-tbm¿-°v- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛-
\yq- Bw-ÿ-Umw-
295.- -{Ko-kn-s‚- I-Æv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
G-Y-≥kv-
296.- -A-·n-bp-sS- Zzo-]v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-
Pyw-˛- sF-kv-e-≥Uv-
297.- a- c
- p-`q-JW
- vU
- w- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X- v- ˛-A-
‚m¿-´n-°-
298.- a- p-…nw-]≈ - n-If
- p-sS- \-Kc- w- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- [m-°-
299.- -A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- kp-h¿-W-kw-ÿm-\w-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Im-en-t^m¿-Wn-b-
300.- -Aw-_-c-Npw-_n-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- \yqtbm¿°v
301. bqtdm∏ns‚ ]S°fw
F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ cmPyw˛ s_¬Pnbw
302. C¥ybn¬ sIm´mcßfpsS \Kcw
F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv˛ sIm¬°Ø
303. C¥ybnse aeIfpsS dmWn˛ akqdn
304. Hdok-bp-sS- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- X-e-ÿm-
\w-˛- I-´-°v-
305.- -In-g-°n-s‚- Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-˛- ]q-s\-

XpfkoZmkv
653. cma-N-cn-X-am-\-k-Øn-s‚- I¿-Øm-
hv-
654.- -hn-\-b-]-{Xn-I- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-
655.- -B-cp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cm-Wv- cmw-
t_m-e-
656.- -A-`n-\-h- hm¬-ao-In- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
´-Xm-cv-
657.- -hm-cm-W-kn-bn¬- l-\p-am-\p- k-a¿-
∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂- k-¶-Sv-tam-N-≥ t£-
{Xw- ÿm-]n-®-Xmcv
306.- -B-bn-cw- X-Sm-I-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv- ˛- ^n-≥e-
≥Uv-
307.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- ]p-X-∏v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- Kƒ-^v- kv-{Sow-
308.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- ]-Wn-∏p-c- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- cm-Pyw-˛- s_¬-Pn-bw-
309.- -A-e-l-_m-Zn-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛- {]-bm-Kv-
310.- -a-g-hn-√p-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- l-hm-bv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ-
311.- -am-cp-X- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- jn-
°m-tKm-
312.- -ap-Øp-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- Xq-Øp-°p-Sn-
313.- -B-{^n-°-bp-sS- \n-e-®- lr-Z-bw- F-∂p-
hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- Nm-Uv-
314.- -B-{^n-°-bp-sS- lr-Z-bw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- cm-Pyw- ˛-_p-dp-≠n-
315.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- A-d-°-an¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- kzo-U-≥
316.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- a-Z¿-˛-C-≥˛-em- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- sU-∑m¿-°v-
317.- -C-¥y-≥ ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-s‚- sXm-´n¬- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-K-cw-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
318.- -]¿-h-X-ß-fp-sS- I-S¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-˛- {_n-´o-jv- sIm-fw-_n-b-
319.- -]-d-°p-∂- a-’y-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- _m¿-_-tUm-kv-
320.- -]-d-°pw- kn-Jv- F-∂-dn-b- s∏-Sp-∂Xv-˛-
an¬-°m-kn-Mv-
321.- -]m-]n-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- _m-t¶m-°v-
tdmkΩm ]p∂qkv
658. tIcfØn¬- \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-am-bn-
B-Zyw- k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄- sN-bv-X-
Xm-cv-
659.- -tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n-bn-eq-sS- B-Zy-am-bn-
\n-ba- k
- `- mw-KX
- zw- \-jvS- s
- ∏-´b
- mƒ-
660.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- \n-b-a-k-`m-
D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-se- hn-P-bn-
661.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-
se- t{]m-t´w- kv-]o-°¿-
322.- -]m-e-ß-fp-sS- \-K-cw-˛- sh-\o-kv-
323.- -{Ko-°v- Zp-c-¥-\m-S-I-ß-fp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv-˛-
C-kv-In-e-kv-
324.- -A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- I-fn-ÿ-ew- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Im-en-t^m¿-Wn-b-
325.- -B-‚ n-e-kn-s‚- ap-Øv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
cm-Pyw-˛- Iyq-_-
326.- -C-¥y-bn-se- ap-Øp-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Xq-Øp-°p-Sn-
327.- k- a- p-{Z-Øn-se- k-{Xw- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂-
\-K-cw-˛- tI-]v- Su-¨-
328.- -tem-I-Øn-s‚- ta¬-°q-c- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ]m-ao¿-
329.- -]m-Xn-cm- kq-cy-s‚- \m-Sv-˛- t\m¿-th-
330.- -A-©p-\-Zn-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-˛- ]-©m-_v-
331.- -B-bn-cw- Ip-∂p-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv-˛- dp-hm-≠-
332.- -]m-en-s‚-bpw- tX-\n-s‚-bpw- tZ-iw- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Im-\-≥
333.- ]- p-cm-X\ - - tem-Is
- Ø- N-{I-h¿-Øn-\n- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- tdmw-
334.- -_yq-´n-^pƒ- kn-‰n- Hm-^v- C-¥y- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-N-Wv-Un-K-Vv-
335.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- kp-K-‘- hy-Rv-P-\-tØm-
´w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- tI-c-fw-
t_mIvknwKv
662. t\m°v- Hu-´v- G-Xp-Im-bn-IC - \
- h- p-
am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-
663.- -G-Xv- kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv- C-\-Øn-em-Wv-
ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en- {]-kn-≤-\m-b-Xv-
664.- -ssa-°v- ssS-k-≥ G-Xv- a¬-k-c-
Øn-em-Wv- {]-kn-≤n- t\-Sn-b-Xv-
665.- -Izo-≥kv-s_-dn- \n-b-a-߃- G-Xv-
Im-bn-I- C-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-
cn-°p-∂p-
666.- -G-Xv- Im-bn-I-hn-t\m-Z-hp-am-bn- _-
‘-s∏-´- ]-Z-am-W-v ]©v
336.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- ss_-kn-°nƒ- \-K-cw- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ep-[n-bm-\-
337.- -G-Im-¥- Zzo-]v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- {Sn-
Ã-¨- Un- Ip-≥l-
338.- -H-do-k-bp-sS- an-t√-\n-bw- \-K-cw- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- I-´-°v-
339.- -C-¥y-bn-se- kn-en-°-¨- hm-en- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- _mw-•q¿-
340.- -C-¥y-bn-se- ss_-kn-°nƒ- \-K-cw- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ep-[n-bm-\-
B-flo-bw-˛k
- mw-kI
-v m-cn-Iw-
341.- -]q¿-W- Ipw-`-ta-f- F-{X- h¿-j-Øn-sem-
cn-°-em-Wv- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv-˛- 12
342.- -_m-an-b-≥ _p-≤-{]-Xn-a-Iƒ- G-Xp- cm-
Py-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-≥
343.- -{io-]-fl-\m-`-kzm-an-t£-{X-Øn-se- B-
cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛-a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-
344.- -{Xn-aq¿-Øn-Iƒ- B-sc-√mw-˛- {_-“m-hv,-
hn-jv-Wp,- in-h-≥
345.- -G-jy-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- ss{I-kvX
h-kt- Ω-f\ - w-˛- a-cm-a¨
- - I-¨s - h-≥j-≥
346.- -kp-h¿-W-t£-{Xw- C-t∏mƒ- A-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- t]-cv-˛- l¿-a-µn¿- km-ln-_v-
347.- -kv-am¿-Ø-hn-Nm-cw- F-¥n-\p-≈- hn-Nm-
c-W-bm-Wv-˛- k-Zm-Nm-c-ew-L-\w-
348.- -ln-µp-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- ssZ-h-ß-fp-sS- `n-
j-Kz-c-≥˛- [-\z-¥-cn-
349.- P- k
- yq-´v- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®X - v- ˛-Ct- ·-
jy-kv- Hm-^v- e-tbm-f-
350.- -Pq-X-≥am-cp-sS- B-cm-[-\m-e-bw-˛- kn-\-
tKm-Kv-
351.- -Xn-cp-s\-√n- t£-{X-Øn-se- B-cm-[-\m-
aq¿-Øn-˛- hn-jv-Wp-
352.- -Zzm-c-I-\m-Yv- t£-{X-Øn-se- B-cm-[-\m-
aq¿-Øn-˛- Ir-jv-W-≥
353.- -_p-≤-a-X-°m-cp-sS- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- B-
cm-[-\m-e-bw-˛- C-t¥m-\o-jy-bn-e- t_m-
tdm-_p-Zq¿-
skdn_√w
667. aZye-l-cn- _m-[n-°p-∂- X-e-t®m-dn-
s‚- `m-Kw-
668.- -i-co-c-Øn-s‚- _m-e-≥kv- \n-b-{¥n-
°p-∂- a-kv-Xn-jv-I- `m-Kw-
669.- -en-‰n¬- {_-bv-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
670.- -t]-in-I-fp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf- \n-
b-{¥n-®- i-co-c-Øn-s‚- Xp-e-\-\n-e-
]m-en-°m-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂- X-e-
t®m-dn-s‚- `m-Kw-
354.- -_-Z-co-\m-Y-t£-{X-Øn-se- B-cm-[-\m-
aq¿-Øn-˛- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-
355.- -`m-K-h-Xw- {]-Im-cw- hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- F-{X-
A-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-≠v-˛- 10
356.- -{im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f-bn-se- {]-kn-≤-am-b-
D-’-hw-˛- a-lm-a-kv-X-Im-`n-tj-Iw-
357.- -]m-en-Øm-\- G-Xp- a-X-°m-cp-sS- B-cm-
[-\m-e-b-߃-°p- {]-kn-≤w-˛- ssP-\¿-
358.- -]m-gv-kn- a-Xw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- tkm-cm-ÿ-
359.- -]p-cm-W-{]-Im-cw,- ]-c-ip-cm-a-≥ tKm-I¿-
W-Øp-\n-∂v- F-dn-™- a-gp-h-∂p-]-Xn-®-
ÿ-ew- ˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-
360.- -{im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f- G-Xp- a-X-°m-cp-sS-
B-cm-[-\m-tI-{µ-am-Wv-˛- ssP-\-a-Xw-
361.- -{In-kv-Xp-hn-s\-Xq-°n-te-‰n-b- a-e-ap-Iƒ-
˛- Km-Kp¬-Ø-
362.- -{io-s]-cpw-]p-Xp-cn¬- P-\n-®- ssh-jv-W-
h- B-Nm-cy-≥ ˛- cm-am-\p-P-≥
363.- -{Ko-°v- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- _p-≤n-bp-sS- A-
[n-tZ-h-X-˛- A-Yo-\-
364.- -{Ko-°v- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- ssZ-h-ß-fp-sS-
cm-Pm-hv-˛- ko-bp-kv-
365.- -{Xn-]p-c-kp-µ-cn-t£-{Xw- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-
\-Øv-˛- {Xn-]p-c-
366.- ª- m-°v- ]-tKm-U- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂- t£-
{Xw-˛- sIm-Wm¿-°n-se- kq-cy-t£-{Xw-
367.- -A-[n-h¿-j-ß-fn¬- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- am-k-
ap-≈- I-e-≠¿- G-Xv-˛- b-lq-Z- I-e-≠¿-
368.- a- [
- y-{]-tZ-in¬- Ipw-`t- a-f- \-S° - p-∂- ÿ-
ew-˛- D-÷-bn-\n-
369.- -A-\-e-Iv-Sv-kv- F-∂- t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv- G-Xp- a-X-Øn-s‚- hn-ip-≤-{K-Ÿ-am-
Wv-˛- I-¨-^yq-j-\n-kw-
370.- -A-a¿-\m-Yv- bm-{X- B-cw-`n-°p-∂- ÿ-
ew-˛- ]-l¬-Kmw-
371.- A- a - ¿-\m-Yv- Xo¿-Ym-S\ - t- I-{µw- G-Xp- kw-
ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao¿-
372.- A- a - c
- m-hX
- n-bpw- \m-Km¿-Pp-\t- Im-≠b
G-Xp- a-X-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´m-Wv- {]-kn-
≤w-˛- _p-≤-a-Xw-
373.- -a-lm-`m-c-X- bp-≤-Øn¬- Iu-c-h-sc- B-
\-∏-S-bp-am-bn- k-lm-bn-®- cm-Pm-hv-˛- `-K-
Z-Ø-≥
374.- -a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se- {]-[m-\- D-’-hw-˛- K-
tW-i- N-Xp¿-Yn-
375.- -B-cm-[-\m-b-e-b-߃- C-√m-Ø- a-Xw-˛-
I-¨-^yq-jy-\n-kw-
376.- -G-‰-hpw- {]m-No-\-am-b- a-Xw-˛- ln-µp-a-Xw-
- - 377.- -_p-≤-a-X-°m¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- C-
¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-
378.- -G-Xp- `q-J-Wv-U-e-Øn-em-Wv- F-√m- cm-
Py-ß-fp-sS-bpw- a-Xw- {In-kv-Xp-a-Xw-˛- h-
S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
]ø∂q¿
671. tIcfØn-se- \m-emw- tIm-¨-{K-
kv- k-tΩ-f-\w- (1928)- P-hm-l¿-
em¬-s\-{lp-hn-s‚- A-[y-£-X-
bn¬- tN¿-∂-Xv- F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv-
672.- -]-hn-{X-tam-Xn-c-Øn-\v- {]-kn-≤-am-
b- ÿ-ew-
673.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- D-∏p-k-Xym-{K-l-
Øn-s‚- {]-[m-\- th-Zn-
674.- -c-≠mw- _¿-tZm-fn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-
ÿ-ew-
036
379.- -A-£¿-[mw-t£-{Xw- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-
Øn-em-Wv-˛- Kp-P-dm-Øv-
380.- -A-a¿-\m-Yn-se- B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn-˛- in-
h-≥
381.- -A¿-Pp-\-≥ F-∂- I-Ym-]m-{Xw- G-Xv- C-
Xn-lm-k-Øn¬-˛- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-
382.- -a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se- {]-kn-≤-am-b- _p-≤-
a-X-tI-{µw-˛- A-a-cm-h-Xn- -
383.- -a-lm-t_m-[n- t£-{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-
t_m-[v-K-b-
384.- -am¿-∏m-∏-am¿- G-Xp- ]-´-W-Øn-se- _n-
j-∏p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv-˛- tdmw-
385.- a
- o-cm-tZ-hn-bp-sS- t£-{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
˛- Nn-tØm¿-K-Vv-
386.- a
- p-…n-ßf - p-sS- F-ÆØ
- n¬- tem-IØ - v- C-
¥y-bp-sS- ÿm-\w-˛- 2
387.- -ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- I-_-dn-Sw- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv- ˛- a-Zo-\-
388.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- _p-≤-a-
X- sam-Wm-Ã-dn-˛- X-hm-Mv-
389.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- C-S-
\m-gn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-cm-ta-iz-cw- t£-{X-
au≠v A_p
675. cmPÿm-\n-se- G-I- ln¬- tÃ-j-
≥
676.- -ssP-\-a-X-°m-cp-sS- B-cm-[-\m- tI-
{µ-am-b- Zn¬-hm-cm- t£-{Xw- F-hn-
sS-bm-Wv-
677.- a
- c
- p-`q-an-bn-se- a-cp-∏®
- - F-∂d
- n-bs
- ∏-
Sp-∂- kp-J-hm-k-tI-{µ-ta-Xv-
678.- -{]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- A¿-_p-Zm-©¬-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- ÿ-ew-
679.- -{_-“-Ip-am-cn-kv- thƒ-Uv- kv-]n-cn-
Nz¬- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w
Øn¬-
- pw- 390.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Kp-cp-Zzm-c-
˛-kp-h¿-W-t£-{Xw-
391.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- t£-{X-ßf - n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- ko-k-W¬- h-cp-am-\-ap-≈-Xv-˛- i-
_-cn-a-e-
392.- G- ‰ - h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- _p-≤a - X
- °- m-cp-≈- C-
¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-
393.- G- ‰ - h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ln-µp-°f - p-≈- cm-Pyw-
˛- C-¥y-
394.- -G-Xv- ssZ-h-sØ-bm-Wv- \m-b-\m¿-am¿-
B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xv-˛- in-h-≥
395.- -Im-am-Jy-t£-{Xw- F-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øv-
˛- A-kw-
396.- -jn-bm- ap-…n-ß-fp-sS- ]p-Wy-ÿ-e-am-b-
I¿-_m-e- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- C-dm-°v-
397.- l- n-Pvd - - h¿-jØ- n-se- A-hk - m-\s- Ø- am-
kw-˛- Zp¬-l-Pv-
398.- -s{]m-´-Ã-‚ v- tdmw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-
K-cw-˛-P-\o-h-
399.- -tdm-an-se- _n-j-∏v- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚-
cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-≥ Iq-Sn-bm-Wv- ˛
h-Øn-°m-≥
400.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Bƒ-°q-
´w-˛- A-e-l-_m-Zv- Ipw-`-ta-f-
401.- t- dm-a≥ - ]p-cm-Wß- f- n¬- _p-≤n-bp-sS- A-
[n-tZ-h-X-˛- an-\¿-h-
402.- -Ip-cp-t£-{X-bp-≤-`q-an- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-
\-Øv-˛- l-cn-bm-\-
403.- - C - ¥ y- b n- s e- B- Z y- s Ø- Pq- X - ∏ - ≈ n-
 ∏-≈n-˛- a-´m-t©-cn- 471.- -sX-°-≥ sIm-dn-b-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- 503.- -tem-I-Øn-se- H-tc-sbm-cp- Pq-X-cm-jv-{Sw-
CkvXm≥_pƒ 435.- -D-dq-kv- G-Xp- a-X-°m-cp-sS- H-cp- B-tjm-
j-am-Wv-˛- C-…mw-
tkmƒ-
472.- -t]-∏¿- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- kw-kv-
˛- C-{k-tb¬-
504.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- km-º-Øn-I- X-e-ÿm-
680. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ- C-t∏mƒ- 436.- -D-Uzm-U- G-Xp- a-X-°m-cp-sS- B-cm-[-\m- Im-cw- (cm-Pyw-)-˛- ssN-\- \w-˛-I-dm-®n-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- t]-cv- e-b-߃-°p- {]-kn-≤w-˛- ]m-gv-kn- 473.- -Xm-bv-e-≥Un-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- _m-t¶m- 505.- ]- m-In-kvX - m-s‚- kmw-kvI - m-cn-I- B-ÿm-
681.- -G-jy-bn-epw- bq-tdm-∏n-ep-am-bn- (c- 437.- -enw-Km-b-Øp-I-fp-sS- B-cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn- °v- \-am-bn- I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂- \-K-cw-˛-em-
≠p-h≥ - I-cI - f
- n-em-bn-)- ÿn-Xn-sN- ˛- in-h-≥ 474.- -tKmƒ-Uv- tIm-Ãv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- tlm¿-
øp-∂- \-K-cw- 438.- -ep-≥ bp- F-∂- {K-Ÿw- G-Xp- a-X-hp-am- cm-Pyw-˛- Lm-\- 506.- -]q¿-hm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-
682.- -l-Kn-b- tkm-^n-b- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- I-¨-^q-jy- 475.- -tem-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈- Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- d-jy-
683.- -t_m-kv-t]m-d-kv- I-S-en-Sp-°n-s‚- \n-kw- hm-\\ - n-co-£W - t- I-{µw- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm- 507.- -{io-e-¶-bp-sS- ]-g-b- t]-cv-˛- kn-tem-¨-
C-cp-h-i-ß-fn-ep-am-bn- ÿn-Xn-sN- 439.- -eq-Y-d-\n-kw- ]n-d-hn-sIm-≠- h-≥I-c- ˛- Wv-˛- C-¥y- 508.- -am-thm-dn-kv- tKm-{X-sØ- F-hn-sS-°m-
øp-∂- \-K-cw- bq-tdm-∏v- 476.- -jv-In-s∏-dn- F-∂- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- C-t∏m- Wmw-˛- \yq-kn-e-≥Uv-
440.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \-K-c-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏- g-sØ- t]-cv-˛- A¬-t_-\n-b- 509.- -bm-{Xn-I¿-°v- {]n-b-s∏-´- cm-Pyw- F-∂-
G- X p- kw- ÿ m- \ - Ø m- W v - \n¿- a n- ° - ´n-´p-≈,- C-¥y-bn-se- a-X-hn-`m-Kw-˛- ]m-gv- 477.- -ssN-\-bp-sS- \m-W-bw-˛- bp-hm-≥ dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- {^m-≥kv-
s∏-´-Xv-˛- tI-c-fw- kn-Iƒ- 478.- -]-jv-Xq-Wp-Iƒ- G-Xp-cm-Py-sØ- P-\-hn- 510.- -bq-tdm-∏n-se- H-tc-sbm-cp- ap-…nw- cm-jv-
404.- -\-ho-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\w- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-‚ n¬-
A-dn-b-s∏-´- t]-cv-˛- Im¬-hn-\n-kw-
tem-Iw- `m-K-am-Wv-˛- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-≥
479.- -]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw- A-Xv-em-≥dn-
{Sw-˛- A¬-t_-\n-b-
511.- -bq-tdm-∏n-se- I-iv-ao¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
405.- -\n-d-ß-fp-sS- D¬-k-hw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp- 441.- -\yq-tbm¿-°v- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚- Xo-c- Iv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp- cm-Pyw-˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≥Uv-
∂- B-tLm-jw-˛- tlm-fn- Øm-Wv-˛-A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw- ∂- H-tc-sbm-cp- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm- 512.- -C-‰-en-bv-°p-≈n¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- cm-
406.- -\S- c - m-Pt- £-{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-W˛-v N - n-Zw-_c - w- 442.- - ] - ´ v , - I- f n- a - ¨ - ]m- { X- ß ƒ- F- ∂ n- h - Pyw-˛-sIm-fw-_n-b- Pyw- ˛- h-Øn-°m-≥
407.- -]-d-bn-s]-‰- ]-¥o-cp-Ip-e-Øn-se- G-I- h- B- Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- cm-Pyw-˛-ssN-\- 480.- -A-_n-ko-\n-b- C-t∏mƒ- F-¥p-t]-cn¬- 513.- -C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥d- B-cw-`-Øn¬-
\n-X-˛- Im-c-bv-°-e-Ω- 443.- - ] m- In-kv-Xm-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-Zn- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛- F-tXym-]y- Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-em-{I-a-Øn¬- B-Zy-
408.- ]- g- b - - \n-ba - Ø
- n¬- tam-kk - v,- ssZ-hØ - n- ˛- k n-‘p- 481.- -am-Pym¿- F-∂- t]-cv- Ãm-ºn¬- D-]-tbm- sØ- cm-Py-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-_v-ko-\n-b.-
s‚- ]-Øp-I¬-]-\-Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-®- kn- 444.- - ] m- I n-ÿm-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- C-…m-am- Kn-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- lw-K-dn- Cu- cm-Py-Øn-s≥d- C-t∏m-g-sØ- t]-cv-
\m-bv- ]¿-h-Xw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øv-˛- Cu-Pn- _m- Z v - 482.- -ap-kv-fn-ß-fp-sS- G-‰-hpw- ]m-h-\- ÿ-e- ˛-F-tXym-]y-
]v-Xv- 445.- -am-e-Zzo-]v- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-C-¥y- am-b- I-_- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-ku-Zn- 514.- -bq-tdm-]y-≥ kv-t]-kv- dn-k¿-®v- Hm¿-K-
409.- ]- m¿-Yn-t\m-¨- t£-{Xw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm- ≥a-lm-k-ap-{Zw- A-td-_y- ss\-tk-j-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- ]m-co-kv-
Wv-˛- {Ko-kv- 446.- -am-kv-Ip-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw-˛- sh-\o-kv- 483.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Xp-d- 515.- -C-dm-\n-se- {Ko-≥ km¬-‰v- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- F-
410.- -_p-≤-a-X- cm-Py-ß-fp-≈- G-I- h-≥I-c- 447.- k
- z¿-WØ - n-s‚-bpw- h-{P-Øn-s‚-bpw- \m- ap-Jw-˛- I-dm-®n- ∂p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- bp-td-\n-
˛-G-jy- Sv - F- ∂ - dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- 484.- -_m-‰v-am-≥ ]-´-Ww- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- bw- kw-kv-I-c-Ww-
411.- -_-Z-co-\m-Y-t£-{Xw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- B- Z- £ n- W m-{^n-°- Xp¿-°n- 516.- -C-…m-a-_m-Zn-\p- ap-ºv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚-
Zn-i-¶-c-≥ 448.- - K zm- ≠ - \ m-tam- P-bn¬- G-Xv- Zzo-]n-em-Wv- 485.- -\m-j-W¬- A-kw-_v-fn- Hm-^v- ]o-∏nƒ- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- dm-h¬-]n-≠n-
412.- {- In-kvX - p-aX
- k - p-hn-ti-jß - f - p-sS- F-Æw- ˛- I yq- _ - kv- ]-h¿- F-hn-S-sØ- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W- 517.- -eq-kn-‰m-\n-b- C-t∏mƒ- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
˛- 4 449.- -Nn-{Xm-e-Xm- sIm-´m-c-Øn¬- Xm-a-kn-°p- k-`-bm-Wv-˛-Iyq-_- t]-cv-˛- t]m¿-®p-K¬-
413.- -{Kn-tKm-dn-b-≥ I-e-≠-dn-se- A-h-km-\- ∂-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-am- 486.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn- 518.- -F.-_n.-kn- cm-Py-߃- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
sØ- am-kw-˛- Un-kw-_¿- Wv- ˛-Xm-bv-e-≥Uv- b- \-Zn-˛-kn-‘p- ∂-Xv-˛- A¿-P-‚o-\,- {_-ko¬,- Nn-en-
414.- -a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-s‚- A-h-km-\-sØ- ]¿- 450.- N
- n-en-bpw- C-Iz-tUm-dpw- H-gn-sI-bp-≈- F- 487.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ F-∂- hm-°n-s‚- D-]- 519.- -G-‰-hpw- hym-h-km-bn-I-am-bn- ]p-tcm-K-
hw-˛- kz¿-Km-tcm-l-W- ]¿-hw- √m- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-ß-fp-am- ⁄m-Xm-hv-˛- d-“-Øv- A-en- Xn- {]m-]n-®- B-{^n-°-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- Z-£n-
415.- -A-t¶m¿- hm-´n-se- t£-{Xw- G-Xp- tZ- bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛-{_- 488.- -]n-c-an-Up-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp- Wm-{^n-°-
h-\v- k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- hn-jv-Wp- ko¬- ∂- cm-Pyw-˛- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv- 520.- G- ‰ - h- pw- Ip-d® - v- A-Xn¿-Øn-bp-≈- cm-Pyw-
416.- -A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- {]-[m-\- a-Xw-˛- {In-kv- 451.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- I-c-_-≤- 489.- -]o-c-¶n- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- cm-Pyw- ˛- h-Øn-°m-≥
Xp-a-Xw- cm-Pyw- ˛- h-Øn-°m-≥ ˛- ssN-\- 521.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈- hn-
417.- -aw-K-fm-tZ-hn- t£-{Xw- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn¬- 452.- -tSmw-K-bp-sS- ]-g-b- t]-cv-˛- {^-≠v-en- sF- 490.- -]p-©n-cn-bp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- I-kn-X- cm-jv-{Sw-˛- Im-\-U-
˛- C-Sp-°n- e- ‚ v-kv- Xv-˛- Xm-bv-e-≥Uv- 522.- -G-cn-bm-\- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- {]-tZ-iw-
418.- -B-\v-{[m-{]-tZ-in-se- {]-kn-≤-am-b- _p- 453.- - t Um- bv-jv-em-≥Uv- F-∂- t]-cv- G-Xp- cm- 491.- -]-›n-am¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv- ˛-A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-≥
≤-a-X-tI-{µw-˛- \m-Km¿-Pp-\-tIm-≠- Py- s Ø- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p-˛-P¿-a-\n- Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- Im-\-U- 523.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv- ]p-cp-j-≥am-cp-sS-
419.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]-g-°- 454.- t
- Z- i o- b - ]- Xm-Ib - n¬- ^p-Svt- _m-fn-s‚- Nn- 492.- -^m-‰v- Sm-Iv-kv- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy- cm- t]-cn-\p-ap-∂n¬- bp- F-∂p-tN¿-°p-∂-Xv-
ap-≈- Pq-X-∏-≈n-˛- a-´m-t©-cn- {X- a p- ≈ - cm- P yw- ˛- {_-ko¬- Pyw-˛- sU-∑m¿-°v- ˛- aym-≥a¿-
420.- -C-¥y-bn-se- t£-{X- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b- 455.- - X - s se- a m- ∂ m¿- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- {io-e-¶- 493.- -^n-Pn-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- kp-h- 524.- -Iv-tfm-Wnw-Kv- \-S-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-…m-an-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- `p-h-t\-iz¿- 456.- - t em- I - t Ø- ‰ - h pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \yq-kv-{]n-‚ v- 494.- _- m-Uva - n-‚¨
- - F-∂p- t]-cp-≈- c-≠p- {Km- I- cm-Pyw-˛- C-dm-≥
421.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- t£-{X-ßf - n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq- D¬- ] m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - cm-Pyw-˛- Im-\-U- a-߃- D-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- Cw-•-≠v- 525.- -Iyq-_-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- l-hm-\-
Sp-X¬- h-cp-am-\-ap-≈-Xv-˛- Xn-cp-∏-Xn- t£- 457.- - Z - £ n- W m¿- [ - t Km- f -Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn- 495.- _- w-•m-tZ-in-s‚- tZ-io-bK - m-\a - m-b- A-a¿- 526.- -jm-Mv-lm-bv- \-K-cw- G-Xp-cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
{Xw- kv - X o¿- W w- Iq- S n- b - cm-Pyw-˛- {_-ko¬- tkm-\m¿- _w-Kv-f- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- c-_o-{µ-\m- ˛- ssN-\-
422.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ko-k-W¬- h-cp-am- 458.- - \ - a o- _ n- b - G- X v - cm- Py-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- Yv- Sm-Kq¿- 527.- -ssd-≥ \-Zn- D¬-`-hn-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- kzn-
\-ap-≈,- C-¥y-bn-se- t£-{Xw-˛- i-_-cn- kzm- X {
- ¥yw- t\- S n-
b X
- v˛- - Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°- 496.- -_w-•m-tZ-in-se- \m-W-bw-˛- Sm-°- ‰v-k¿-e-‚ v-
a-e- 459.- - ] m- I n- k v - X m- s ‚- hm- W n-Py- X-e-ÿm-\w- 497.- -_w-Kv-fm-tZ-in-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- [m-°- 528.- s- sN-\b - p-sS- tZ-io-bK - m-\a- m-b- am¿-®-v Z- thm-
423.- G- ‰ - h- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Pq-X≥ - am-cp-≈- cm-Pyw- ˛- I - d m- ® n- 498.- {- ^-©p- kp-Um-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- t]-cv˛- - am-en- f-‚ n-tb-gk -v -v c-Nn-®X- ˛-v - Xn-bm-≥ lm-≥
˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.- 460.- -]q¿-W-am-bpw- Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bm¬- Np- 499.- {- io-e¶- -bn-se- k-am-[m-\- N¿-®-Iƒ-°v- 529.- -]m-≠-bp-sS- P-∑-tZ-iw-˛- ssN-\-
424.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp- ‰-s∏-´- cm-Pyw-˛- sem-tkm-tØm- a-[y-ÿ-X- h-ln-®- bq-tdm-]y-≥ cm-jv-{Sw- 530.- -]m-e-kv- Hm-^v- t\-j-≥kv- G-Xp- cm-Py-
sS- I-_-dn-Sw- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- a-Zo-\-˛- 461.- _
- ¿-ab - n-se- (aym-≥am¿-)- \m-Wb - w-˛- Iym- ˛-t\m¿-th- Øm-Wv- ˛-P-\o-h-
ku-Zn- A-td-_y- ‰v - 500.- -Cw-Kv-fo-jn-se- 5 kz-cm-£-c-ß-fpw- t]- 531.- a- P
- ve
- n-kv- F-∂- t]-cp-≈- \n-ba - \
- n¿-am-W-
425.- -ÿm-]-I-≥ D-≈- a-X-ß-fn¬-h-®v- G-‰- 462.- -_w-•m-tZ-in-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- ssk- cn-ep-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- sam-kmw-_n-Iv- k-`b - p-≈- km¿-°v- cm-Pyw-˛- am-en-Zzo-]v-
hpw- {]m-No-\w-˛- Pq-X-a-Xw- \n-I- _-lp-a-Xn-˛- _o¿- t{i-jv-T-tXm- 501.- -G-‰-hpw- I-\-Ø- t_mw-_n-Mn-\v- hn-t[- 532.- -A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-
426.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- \yq-\] - £- - 463.- -`q-´m-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- Xn-ºp- b-am-bn-´p-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- em-thm-kv- cw-˛- \yq-tbm¿-°v-
a-X-hn-`m-Kw-˛- ap-…nw- 464.- -`q-tKm-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- sX-°m-bn- ÿn- 502.- -]p-cm-X\ - - \-Kc- a
- m-b- t{Sm-bbv- p-sS- A-hi- n- 533.- -G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Ip-d-™- kv-Im-
427.- -A-c-hn-µm-{i-a-Øn-se- A-Ω-bp-sS- b- Xn- sN-øp-∂- X-e-ÿm-\-\-K-cw-˛- sh-√n- jvS- ß
- ƒ- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-W˛v- - Xp¿-°n- ≥Un-t\-hn-b-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- sU-∑m¿-°v-
Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛- ao-c- dn-®m¿-Uv- Mv - S -¨- 534.- -A-kzm-≥ Umw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øv-˛- Cu-Pn-
428.- -a-e-bm-fn- F-∂- cm-jv-{So-b- am-kn-I- Xp- 465.- - { ^m- ≥kn-epw- P¿-a-\n-°pw- C-S-bn-ep-≈- ]v-Xv-
S-ßn-b-Xv-˛- kn.-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈-
466.-
A-
- { ^m-
X
≥
n¿-Øn-tc-J-˛- am-Pn-t\m-´v- sse-≥
kn-s≥d- B-W-h-]-co-£-W-tI-
Ipssh‰v 535.- -a-lm-dm-Wn- Kp-l- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-
429.- -A-k-an-se- {]-[m-\- D¬-k-hw-˛- _n-lp- 684. BZyam-bn- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- \n-e-hn¬- C-t¥m-\n-jy-
430.- -a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn¬- Ipw-`-ta-f- \-S-°p-∂- {µw- ˛ - ap- dp-tdm- A-t‰mƒ- 536.- -a-Z¿-em-≥Uv- {]-Xn-a- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
467.- {
- _n- ´ W
- n¬-\n-∂v- kzm-X{- ¥yw- e-`n-®- B- h-∂- Kƒ-^v- cm-Pyw-
ÿ-ew-˛- \m-kn-Iv- 685.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- aq-ey-ap-≈- I-d- ˛-d-jy-
431.- -aq-Imw-_n-I-t£-{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- Zy- B- { ^n- °-≥ cm-Pyw- ˛- Lm-\- 537.- -B-{^n-°-≥ `q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-
468.- - { io- e - ¶ - G- Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-C-¥y- ≥kn- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv-
sIm-√q¿- 686.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- C-dm-Jv- B-{I-an-®- sN-dn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- sk-bv-j¬-kv-
432.- -C-¥y-bn¬- ]m-gv-kn-Iƒ- B-Zy-am-bn- Xm- ≥a- l m- k - a p- {Zw- 538.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-Uv-an-\n-kv-t{S-‰o-hv-
469.- a- \
- p-
j y- h m- k a
- p-≈- h-≥I-cI - f
- n¬- D-jW v- - Xm-Wv- Kƒ-^v- bp-≤-Øn-\p-Im-c-W-
h-f-a-Sn-®- ÿ-ew-˛- k-÷mw- am-b-Xv- Un-hn-j-\p-I-fp-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- {_n-´-¨-
433.- -C-¥y-bn-se- a-X-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬- km-£- ta- J e
- m- {]- t Z- i Ø
- n-
\ p-
s h-f n-
b n¬- ÿn- 539.- -1999˛¬- kz-X-{¥-am-Ipw-ap-ºv- Cu-Ãv- Xn-
Xn- sN-øp-∂- G-I- h-≥I-c˛- - bq-tdm-∏v- 687.- c- m-Py-Øn-s‚- t]-cpw- X-eÿ
- m-\Ø
- n-
c-Xm-\n-c-°n¬- G-‰-hpw- ap-∂n-ep-≈-Xv-˛- s‚- t]-cpw- H-cp- t]m-se-bp-≈- Kƒ- tam¿- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- \n-b{- ¥-WØ - n-
ssP-\-≥am¿- 470.- -A-^v-Km-\n-ÿm-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- Im- em-bn-cp-∂p-˛- C-t¥m-\n-jy-
_qƒ- ^v- cm-Pyw
434.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- Pq-X- 540.- -Aƒ-Po-cn-b- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰-hpw- h-en-
b- A-d-_v- cm-Pyw- ˛-k-uZn Atd_y
037
 LG S ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS 1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
IticpInIƒ

20. `oI-c- a-’yw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ]n- hn-Iƒ-°p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv- X-h-f.- hm-en- \m- t Im- - ≠ (Eunectes murinus)).
a’y߃ cm-\.- B-a-tkm-¨- \-Zn- ]n-cm-\- a¬-ky- √m-Ø- D-`-b-Po-hn-bm-Wn-Xv.- CXn-s‚- kz-tZ-iw- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
1. IÆp-Iƒ- Xp-d-∂- A-h-ÿ-bn¬- D-d-ßp- ߃-°p- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv.- G-‰-hpw- B-{I- 31.- X- h- f
- b
- p-sS- Ip-™p-ßf - m-Wv- hm¬-am-{In- bm-Wv.- {]-k-hn-°p-∂- ]m-ºn-\-am-Wv-
∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- a-’yw.- C-h- io-X-c-‡- a-WI - m-cn-bm- b (Ferocious creature) Po- Iƒ.- A-\m-tIm-≠.-
ap-≈- Po-hn-I-fm-Wv.- hn- ]n-cm-\-bm-Wv. In-√¿- ^n-jv- F-∂-dn- 32.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- X-h-f-bm-Wv- B-{^n-°- 43.- -ico-c-Øn-s‚- \o-f-sØ-°mƒ- \m-°n-\p-
2.- -a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s‚- Z-im-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬- b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ]n-cm-\-bm-Wv.- ≥ tKm-en-bm-Øv- X-h-f.- ]-c-am-h-[n- `m- \o- f - a p- ≈ - P- ¥ p- h m- W v - a- c - t b- - m - ¥ v
B-Zy-tØ-Xv- a-’y-am-Wv.- 21.- a- m-kß- t- fm-fw- I-cb- n-epw- Po-hn-°m-≥ I- cw- 3.-8 In-tem-{Km-a-m-Wv.- sNm-dn-Ø-h-f- (Calotes).
3.- -tem-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]n-Sn-°- gn-bp-∂- a-’y-am-Wv- t{]m-t´m-]v-‰n-d-kv.- I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- hepXmWv Cane Toad. 44. icocØns‚ Cc´n \ofw \mhn\p≈
22.- -G-‰-hpw- th-Kw- Iq-Sn-b- a-’yw- A-s√- 33. ImepIfn√mØ D`bPohnbmWv P¥phmWv Chameleon.
¶n¬- P-e-P-o-hn-b-mWv Sail fish. aWn- C‡ntbm^nkv. 45. apX-eb - psS \mhv hmbpsS ta¬`m-KØv
°q-dn¬- 109 In-tem-ao-‰¿-h-sc- th-K- Dd-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂Xn\m¬ \mhv Nen-∏n-
Øn¬- \o-¥m-≥ C-h-bv-°v- I-gn-bpw.-
23. ]m- h - ß fp- s S- a’yw (Poorman’s
Dc-K-߃ °m≥ Ign-bn-√. G‰hpw henb Dc-K-
amWv Saltwater crocodile. Chbv°v
fish)F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Nm-f (Sar- 34. DcK-ß-fn-√m-Ø- h-≥I-c-bm-Wv- A-‚m¿- 23 ASn- h sc \of- a p- ≠ m- I m- d p- ≠ v .
dine). ´n-°.- D-c-K-߃- io-X-c-‡-ap-≈- Po-hn- kkvX\a√mØ P¥p°fn¬ G‰hpw
24. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ {LmW-i-‡n-bp≈ I-fm-Wv.- A-Xm-b-Xv- A-h-bv-°v- a-\p-jy- hepXmWv saltwater crocodile.
Pohn {kmhm-Wv (Shark). CXv- tUm-Kv- sc-t∏m-se- i-co-cX - m-]\ - n-°m- 46. hwi-\m-iw- kw-`-hn-®- Po-hn-I-fm-b- Zn-
- n-e- {I-ao-Ic
^n-jv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- an-°- tcm-K- \p-≈- I-gn-hn-√.- G-‰-hpw- B-bp- p-Iq-Sn- t\m-k-dp-Iƒ- D-c-K-ß-fp-sS- h¿-K-Øn¬-
ß-sf-bpw- {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- b- P-¥p- h¿-K-am-Wv- D-c-K-߃.- s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- i-co-c- h-ep-∏-hp-am-
P-¥p-hm-Wv- {km-hv.- 35.- -]m-ºv,- A-c-W- Xp-S-ßn-b- Po-hn-Iƒ-°v- bn- Xm-cX - a
- yw- sN-øp-tºmƒ- G-‰h - pw- sN-
25.- -G-‰-hpw- th-Kw- Ip-d-™- a-’yw- I-S¬- \m-°p-\o-´n- a-W-a-dn-bm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv- dn-b a-kv-Xn-jv-I-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- I-ti-cp-
s∏-Sp-∂- a¬-ky- C-\-am-Wv- Nm-f. °p-X-nc (Seahorse). B¨-Po-hn-bp-sS- In- H-cn-\w- Zn-t\m-k-dm-Wv.-
4.- -a-’y-߃-°v- I-¨-t]m-f-bn-√.- D-Z-c-Øn¬-\n-∂v- Ip-™p-߃- ]p-d-Øp- 47.- -ho-´n¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-√n-bm-Wv- sP-
5.- a- ’
- y-ßf - n-√m-Ø- I-Se- m-Wv- Nm-hp-IS- ¬.- h-cp-∂X - n-\m¬- {]-kh - n-°p-∂- A-—≥ - F- t°m.-
]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- G-‰- ∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p.- ln-t∏m-Im-ºk - v- F-∂m- 48.- -Iq-Sp-sI-´n- ap-´-bn-Sp-∂- ]m-ºv- cm-P-sh-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- a-’yw- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- Wv- b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv.- º-me (King Cobra). Ic-bn-se- G-‰-
6.- -a-’y-Øn-s‚- lr-Z-b-Øn-se- A-d-I-fp- 26.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- a-’yw- Xn-anw-Kn-e- {km- hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- hn-j-∏m-ºm-Wn-Xv.-
sS- F-Æw- 2.- hv (Whale Shark). CXv a’y-ß-fpsS a-c-Øn¬- I-b-dm-\pw- \-∂m-bn- \o-¥m-
7.- -a-’y-Øn-s‚- iz-k-\m-h-b-hw- Kn¬-kv.- cmPmhv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. \pw- C-h-bv-°v- I-gn-hp-≠v.- a-‰p- ]m-ºp-I-
8.- -sP-√n- ^n-jv,- kn¬-h¿-^n-jv,- I-´n¬- ^n- fm-Wv- cm-P-sh-ºm-e-bp-sS- B-lm-cw.- C-
jv- (I-W-h-),- Ãm¿- ^n-jv- F-∂n-h- a- D`-b-Po-hn-Iƒ h-sb- In-´m-sX-hc - p-tºmƒ- ]-√n-Is - f-bpw-
’y-ß-f-√.-
9.- -a-’y-ß-sf- im-kv-{Xo-b-am-bn- h-f¿-Øp- 27. G‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w- Iq-Sn-b- D-`-b-Po-hn-bm- tP-°_ - vk - ¨
- k- v- Hm¿-K≥- F-∂- {]-tXy-
∂- co-Xn-bmWv Pisciculture. a’y-ß- Wv- P-b-‚ v- km-e-am-≥U¿.- C-h-bv-°v- 64 I- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-se- {K-Ÿ-{Km-ln-Iƒ-
sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w- C-‡n-tbm-f-Pn.- D-±o-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv.-
10.- -]-d-°p-∂- a-’y-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn- 36.- -an-°- D-c-K-߃-°pw- aq-∂v- A-d-I-fp-≈-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- _m¿-_-tUm-kv.- lr-Z-b-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- \m-ev- A-d-I-fp-≈-
11.- -tI-c-f- Xo-c-Øp-\n-∂v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- lr-Z-b-ap-≈- D-c-K-am-Wv- ap-X-e.-
e-`n-°p-∂- a-’yw- a-Øn-bm-Wv.- 37.- -]m-ºp-I-fp-sS- i¬-°-߃- \n¿-an-®n-cn-
12.- -a-c-Øn¬- I-b-dm-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- a-’y-am- °p-∂X - v- sI-cm-‰n-≥ F-∂- ]-Zm¿-Yw- sIm-
Wv- A-\m-_-kv (Anabus). ≠m-Wv.- C-tX- ]-Zm¿-Yw-sIm-≠m-Wv- a-
13. t_mws_ U°v (Bombay Duck) \p-jy-s‚- ap-Sn-bpw- \-J-hpw- \n¿-an-®n-cn-
F∂-Xv- H-cn-\w- a-’y-am-Wv.- °p-∂-Xv.-
14.- -t^m-kn¬- a-’yw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- 38.- -hn-j-an-√m-Ø- ]m-ºp-I-sf-°mƒ- Iq-Sp- a-‰pw- `-£n-°m-dp-≠v.- cm-P-sh-ºm-e-bp-
ko-em-Im-¥v.- X¬- hn-j-∏m-ºp-I-fp-≈- G-I- h-≥I-c- sS- H-cp- I-Sn-bn-se- hn-j-Øn-\v- 20 a-\p-
15.- -ssh-Zyp-Xn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- Hm-ktv- {S-en-bb - m-Wv.- ]m-ºn-s‚- hn-jw- cm- jy-sc-tbm- H-cp- B-\-sb-tbm- sIm-√m-
a-’yw- C-u¬ (Eel). k-]-c-am-bn- amw-ky-am-Wv.- \p-≈- ti-jn-bp-≠v.-
16. IS¬-°p-Xn-c- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- a-’yw- 39.- -]m-ºp-I-fn-√m-Ø- Zzo-]-cm-jv-{S-ß-fm-Wv- 49.- -G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w- Iq-Sn-b- hn-j-∏m-ºmWv
ln-t∏m-Im-ºk - v,- B-¨P - o-hn-bp-sS- D-Zc- - A-b¿-em-≥Uv,- sF-kv-e-≥Uv,- \yq-kn-e- South American Bushmaster.
Øn¬-\n-∂v- Ip-™p-߃- ]p-dØ - p-hc - p- ≥Uv- F-∂n-h.- ]m-ºn-s\- B-lm-c-am-bn- 50. ]√n- h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-´- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b-
∂- Po-hn-h¿-Ka - m-Wn-Xv.- G-‰h- pw- th-Kw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv- ssN- Po-hn-bm-Wv- tIm-a-tUm- {Um-K-¨.- C-h-
Ip-d™- - a-’y-hpw- ln-t∏m-Im-ºk - m-Wv.- In-tem-{Kmw- h-sc- `m-c-ap-≠m-Ipw.- \-°m¿.- bv-°v- 10 A-Sn-tbm-fw- \o-f-ap-≠v.- C-h-bp-
17.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ip-≤- P- 28.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Np-h-∂- c-‡m-Wp- D-≈- 40.- G- ‰ - h- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hm-cn-sb-√p-If - p-≈- Po- sS- kz-tZ-iw- C-t¥m-\n-jy-bm-Wv.-
e- a-’yw Mekong Giant Cat Fish. Po-hn- km-e-am-≥U¿- F-∂- D-`-b-Po-hn- hn- ]m-ºm-Wv.- 51.- -D-Sp-ºn-s‚ (Monitor lizard) amwkw
18. ssI-bpw- Im-ep-ap-≈- a-’y-am-Wv- em- bm-Wv.- 41.- D- c
- K- ß- s - f-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T\ - a
- m-Wv- sl¿- Ign®m¬ ssewKnImk‡n IqSpsa∂v
‰n-a-¿. 29.- D- `- b
- P
- o-hn-If
- p-sS- iz-k\
- m-hb
- h
- w- Xz-°m- ∏-t‰m-f-Pn.- ]m-ºp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T- hnizmkap≈ {]tZißfmWv sXt°
19. G‰hpw sNdnb a’yw ]n‹n tKm_n Wv.- \-am-Wv- Hm-^n-tbm-f-Pn.- C¥ybpw atejybpw.
(Pigmy Gobi). 30.- -_m-ly- _o-P-kw-tbm-Kw- \-S-°p-∂- Po- 42.- t- em-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- ]m-ºv- A- 52. aq¿Js‚ (Cobra)imkv-{Xo-b- \m-a-am-

038
 Wv- \m-P- \m-P.- aq¿-J-≥ I-Sn-®m¬- hn- bpamb Giant Moa BWv CXphsc
jw- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv- tI-{µ-\m-Uo- hy-h- Pohn®ncp∂ ]£nIfn¬ G‰hpw
ÿ-sb-bm-Wv.- Dbcw IqSnbXv.
53.- -G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- ]m-ºv,- G-‰-hpw- 70. th´-bm-Sp∂ ]£n-I-fn¬ (birds of
\o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- D-c-Kw- F-∂o- {]-tXy-I-X- prey) G‰hpw `mcw IqSn-bXv Andean
Iƒ- sd-´n-°p-te-‰-Uv- s]-cp-ºm-ºn-\v- kz- Condor Dw G‰hpw hep∏ap≈Xv Eur-
¥-am-Wv.- C-h-bv-°v- 10 ao-‰¿-h-sc- \o-f- asian Black Vulture Dw BWv.
ap-≠m-Im-dp-≠v.- 71. G‰hpw hoXn-bn¬ (12 ASn) Nnd-Ip-hn-
54.- I
- ¿-jI - s - ‚- an-{Xw- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂- hn- cn- b v ° m≥ Ign- h p≈ ]£n- b mWv
j-an-√m-Ø- ]m-ºn-\-am-Wv- tN-c- B¬_-t{Smkv (Albatross ). G‰hpw
55.- -]m-ºn-\-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- hn-jw- Iq-Sn-b- kmh- [ m- \ - Ø n¬ {]mb- ] q¿Øn- b m-
C-\w- I-S¬-∏m-ºp-I-fm-Wv.- Ip∂ ]£n-bmWv Royal and Wander-
56.- -G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- C-\w- ]m-ºm-Wv- \q¬- ing Albatross.
]m-ºv.- 72. G‰hpw- h-ep-∏w- Iq-Sn-b- I-S¬-∏-£-
57.- -{]-k-hn-°p-∂- ]m-ºv- A-W-en (Viper). nbpamWv Wandering Albatross.
AW-en- I-Sn-®m¬- hn-jw- _m-[n-°p-∂- 73. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Zqcw tZim-S\w \S-
Xv- c-‡] - c- y-b\- - hy-hÿ
- s
- b-bm-Wv.- G- Øm≥ Ign-hp≈ ]£n-bmWv Artctic
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- a-c-W-Øn- Tern.
\p- Im-c-W-am-b- ]m-ºn-\-am-Wv- carpet 74. ac-Ø n¬ G‰hpw henb IqSp- ≠ m-
viper.- °p∂ ]£n Bald Eagle. G‰hpw-
58.- G
- ‰ - h
- pw- B-bp- p-Iq-Sn-b- P-¥p-hm-Wv- B- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-cp-Øp-≈- ]-£n-bm-Wn-Xv.-
C-Xv- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-£n-
bm-Wv.-
75.- -G-‰-hpw- _p-≤n-bp-≈- ]£n Blue Tit.
76. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS tXm´n F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂
]£n- b mWv Im° (Crow). tIc- f -
Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-
∂- ]-£n-bm-Wn-Xv.- `q-´m-s‚- tZ-io-b-
]-£n- Im-°-bm-Wv.
77. hwi-\m-iw- kw-`-hn-®- tUm-tUm- ]-£n-
bp-sS- kz-tZ-iw- au-do-jy-kv.- Cu- ]-£n-
sb-°p-dn-®v- B-eo-kv- C-≥ h-≠¿-em-≥Uv-
F-∂- eq-bn- I-tcm-fn-s‚- ]p-kvX- I
- Ø
- n¬-
{]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.- tUm-tUm-bv° - v- ]-
d-°m-≥ I-gn-hn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]-Xn-t\-gmw-
\q-‰m-≠n-s‚- A-h-km-\-tØm-sS-bm-Wv-
C-h-bv-°v- hw-i-\m-iw- kw`hn®Xv.
78. kam-[m-\-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-ambn IW-
a.- I-c-bm-a,- I-S-em-a- F-∂o- c-≠p-X-cw- °m-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]£n {]mhv (Dove).
Po-hn-I-fp-≠v.- ktµ-i-hm-l-I-cmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
59.- -H-en-hv- dn-Uv-en- I-S-em-a-I-fp-sS- {]-P-\-\- ]£n- b m- W n- X v . kam- [ m\Øns‚
Øn-\p- {]-kn-≤-am-b- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈-
kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv- H-do-k.- ]-k-^n-Iv- k-
ap-{Z-Øn¬-\n-∂p-≈- I-S-em-a-I-fm-Wv- C-
hn-sS- F-Øp-∂-Xv.-
60.- ]- c
- n-Wm-a- kn-≤m-¥Ø - n-s‚- D-]⁄ - m-Xm-
hv- Nmƒ-kv- Um¿-hn-s‚- \n-co-£W - ß
- ƒ-
°p-]-tbm-Kn-®- B-a-bm-Wv- lm-cn-b-‰v.-
61.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-S-em-a-I-fp-sS- {]-P-\-\-
Øn-\v- {]-kn-≤-am-b- ÿ-e-am-Wv- tIm-gn-
t°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se- sIm-fm-hn-∏m-ew.- C-
hn-sS- I-S-em-a-bp-sS- ap-´-Iƒ- kw-c-£n-
°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- cq-]w-sIm-≠- kw-L-S-\-
bm-Wv Xocw.
]£n-Iƒ {]XoIambn {]mhns\ BhnjvIcn®
Nn{XImc≥ ]mtªm ]n°mtkm.
62. ]£n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w- Hm¿-Wn- {]mhns\ D]tbmKn®v ktµi߃
tØm-f-Pn.- ]-£n-I-fp-sS- ap-≥Km-an-I-fm- ssIamdp∂ kwhn[m\w D≠mbncp∂
Wv- B¿-°n-tbm-]v-s‰-dn-Iv-kv.- kwÿm\w Hdok. ]mep¬]m-Zn-∏n-
63.- -]-£n-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- £-a-X- Ip-d-™- °p∂ ]£n F∂p hnti-jn-°-s∏-Sp-
C-{µn-bw- {Lm-tW-{µn-b-am-Wv.- ∂Xv {]mhmWv.
64.- ]- £
- n-If - p-sS- lr-Zb- Ø- n-se- A-dI - f
- p-sS- 79. ]£n-If - p-sS- cm-Pm-hv- F-∂d- n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂-
F-Æw- 4 Xv- ]-cp-¥v (Eagle). almhn-jvW - p-hn-s‚-
65.- -]-£n-I-sf- ]m-Sm-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂- A- hm-l-\-am-bn- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- Nn-{Xo-I-
h-b-hw Syrinx. cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv- K-cp-U-s\-bm-Wv.-
66. G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb ImepIfp≈ 80.- D- b
- c
- Ø
- n¬- c-≠mw- ÿm-\Ø - p-≈- ]-£n-
]£nbmWv Icn©ndI≥ ]hng°men. bm-Wv- Fap (Emu). ico-c-h-ep-∏-hp-am-
C¥ybn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂ ]£nIfn¬ bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-øp-tºmƒ- G-‰-hpw- h-
G‰hpw \ofwIqSnb Imep≈Xv en-b- ap-´- F-ap-hn-s‚-Xm-Wv.- ]-®- \n-d-
kck≥ sIm°n\mWv. am-Wv- ap-´-bv-°v.- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bp-sS- tZ-
67. G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb sIm°p≈ ]£n io-b- ]-£n- F-ap-hm-Wv.- F-ap-hn-s‚- Im-
Hmkvt{Senb≥ s]en°≥ BWv (18.5 ep-I-fn¬- aq-∂v- hn-c¬- ho-X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.-
C©v). 81.- -`m-c-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- c-≠m-a-
68. t^mkn¬- sd-t°m¿-Uv- {]-Im-cw- `q-ap- sØ- h-en-b- ]-£n- k-tX-¨- Im-tkm-
J-Øv- C-∂p-h-sc- D-≠m-bn-´p-≈- ]-£n- h-cn-bm-Wv.-
I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-Xv- a-U-Km-kv-I-dn¬- 82.- -k-ky-Øn-s‚-bpw- P-¥p-hn-s‚-bpw- kz-
D-≠m-bn-cp-∂- hw-i\ - m-iw- kw-`h- n-®- B- `m-h- hn-ti-j-ß-fp-≈- Po-hn-bm-Wv- bq-
\-∏-£n- A-Y-hm- F-en-^-‚ v- t_-Uv- B- •n-\,-
Wv.- 300 h¿-jw- ap-ºm-Wv- A-hk - m-\s - Ø- 83.- -Iq-Sp-≠m-°m-sX- a-c-s°m-ºn¬- ap-´-bn-
]-£n- Po-hn-®-ncp∂Xv. Sp-∂- ]-£n-bm-Wv- s^-b-dn- tS-¨.-
69. \yqkn-e-‚ n¬- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xpw- 200 h¿- 84.- -i-{Xp-°-fn¬-\n-∂v- c-£-s∏-Sm-≥ Xp-∏p-
jw- ap- º v - hw- i - \ m- i w- kw- ` - h n- ® - h - ∂- ]-£n-bm-Wv- ^mƒ-aƒ.-
85.- C- ¥- y-bn¬- ^vf - m-anw-tKm- ]-£n-Is - f- Im- £n-bm-Wn-Xv.-
Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- dm- 99.- -G‰ - h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- B-bp- p-≈- ]-£n,- ,-
¨- Hm-^v- I-®n-em-Wv.- G-‰h - pw- D-bc - w- Iq-Sn-b- ]-£n,- G-‰h - pw- h-
86.- -]-d-°m-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- ]-£n-I-fn¬- G-‰- en-b- Ir-jW -v a - W
- n-bp-≈- ]-£n- F-∂o- {]-
hpw- hepXv Great Bustard. tXy-IX - I - ƒ- H-´I - ∏- £
- n-°p- kz-¥a - m-Wv.-
87. tIcfØns‚ tZiob ]£nbmWv 100.- G - ‰- h - pw- h-en-b- G-It- Im-iw- H-´I - ∏- £ - n-
aeapg°n thgmº¬ (Hornbill). CXv bp-sS- ap-´-bp-sS- a-™-°-cp-hm-Wv.- G-‰-
hpw- h-ep-∏-ap-≈- Np-h-∂- c-‡m-Wp- D-
≈- ]-£n- H-´-I-∏-£n-bm-Wv.-
101.- -H-´-I-∏-£n-bp-sS- ap-´-tØm-Sv- I-e-lm-cn-
a-cp-`q-an-bn-se- _p-jv-sa-≥ hn-`m-K-°m¿-
P-ew-kq-£n-°p-∂- P-§p-If - m-bn- D-]t- bm-
Kn-°p-∂p.-
102.- -hn-⁄m-\-Øn-s‚- {]-Xo-I-am-bn- I-W-
°m- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - ]- £ n- b m- W v - aqß
(Owl). G‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-gp-Øv- Xn-
cn-°m-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- ]-£n-bm-Wn-Xv.- c-≠p-
I-Æp-If - pw- ap-JØ - n-s‚- ap-≥`m-KØ - p-≈-
]-£n-bm-Wn-Xv.
103. G‰hpw anI® tIƒhn- i - ‡ n- b p≈
Pohn Barn Owl. Ime-t¶m-gn- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- H-cn-\w- aq-ß-bm-Wv.- {]-
tXy-I- kw-c-£-W-∏-´n-I-bn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂- aq-ß-bn-\-am-Wv- sh-≈n-
aq-ß.-
104. abn-ens‚ (Peacock) imkv{X-\maw
Pavo chistatus. B¨ abnemWv
\rØw sNømdp≈Xv. ]pcmWßfn¬
kp{_aWys‚ hml\w abnemWv.
105. sIm°n¬ k©n t]mse `mKap≈
atejybpsS tZiob ]£nbmWv. ]£nbmWv s]en°≥.
88. ]n∂n-tem´v ]d-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ ]£n- 106. Nnd-Ip-Iƒ- \o-¥m-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-
bmWv lΩnwKv ]£n (Humming ]-£n-bm-Wv- s]-≥Kzn-≥.- B-¨- s]-≥Kzn-
Bird). G‰hpw hep- ∏ w- I p- d ™ \p-Iƒ- Im¬-]m-ZØ - n-\p-ap-If - n¬-h® - v- ap-
]£nbm-Wn-Xv. lΩnwKv ]£nIfpsS ´- hn-cn-bn-°p-∂p.-
\mSv- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X - v- {Sn-\n-Um-Uv.- i- 107.- G - ‰ - h - pw- Xm-gv∂ - - Du-jva - m-hn¬- Po-hn-°m-
co-c-h-ep-∏-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-øp- ≥ I-gn-hp-≈- ]-£n- F-º-d¿- s]-≥Kzn-
tºmƒ- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏-ap-≈- a-kv-Xn-jv- ≥.- G-‰-hpw- B-g-Øn¬- ap-ßm-≥ I-gn-
I-ap-≈- ]-£n-bm-Wn-Xv.- hp-≈- ]-£n-bpw- F-º-d¿- s]-≥Kzn-\m-
89.- t- X-\o-®°- q-´n¬- ap-´b - n-Sp-∂- ]-£n-bm-Wv- Wv.- Xq-h-en-s‚- km-{µ-X- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-
s]m-≥a-m≥ (Kingfisher). b- ]-£n-bm-Wn-Xv.-
90. {LmW-i‡n G‰hpw IqSnb ]£n- 108.- -s]-≥Kzn-s‚- hm-k-ÿ-e-am-Wv- dq-°-dn.-
bmWv Inhn (Kiwi). G‰hpw ImgvN- 109.- -G-‰-hpw- \-∂m-bn- \o-¥p-∂- ]-£n- s]-
i‡n Ipd™ ]£nbpw Inhn-bm-Wv. ≥Kzn-\m-Wv.- G-‰-hpw- th-K-Øn¬- \o-¥p-
-\yqkn-em≥Un-emWv Inhn ImW-s∏-Sp- ∂- ]-£n-bm-Wv Gentoo Penguin.
∂- X v. B cmPyØns‚ tZiob 110. G‰hpw thK-Øn¬ Nen-°m≥ Ign-
]£nbmWnXv. hp≈ ]£n Perigrine Falcon. `qan-
91. Im°-°q-´n¬ ap´-bn-Sp∂ ]£n-bmWv
Ipbn¬ (Koel or Cuckoo). C¥y≥
]£nIfn¬ G‰hpw kwKoX]cambn
IW°m°p∂Xv Ipbnens\bmWv.
92. Im´nse ac--∏-Wn-°m-c≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp∂ ]£n-bmWv acw-sIm-Øn. {]IrXn
tjm°v A_vtkm¿_¿ \¬In A\p-
{K-ln® ]£n F∂pw CXv Adn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p.
93. G‰hpw hep-∏-ap-≈Xpw `mcw Iq-Sn-b-
Xp-amb ]£nbmWv H´-I-∏£n (Os-
trich).H´-I-∏-£n°v ]d-°m≥ Ign-hn-
√. CXns‚ imkv{X-\maw Struthio
camelus. bnse Pohn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw thK-Øn¬
94. G‰hpw- th-KØ - n-tem-Sm-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- ]- Nen-°m≥ Ign-hp-≈Xpw Cu ]£n-
£n-bm-b- H-´-I-∏-£n-bm-Wv- c-≠p- Im- °m- W v . aWn- ° q- d n¬ 200 Intem- a o-
en¬- Hm-Sp-∂- Po-hn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- th- ‰¿hsc thK-Øn¬ Nen-°m≥
Kw- Iq-Sn-b-Xv Sparrow Camel- F-∂-dn- Chbv°v Ign-bpw.
b-s∏-Sp-∂- ]-£n-bm-Wn-Xv.- ]-£n-If - n¬- 111. tImgnsb _m[n°p∂ tcmKamWv
G-‰-hpw- B-bp- p-Iq-Sn-b-Xv- H-´-I-∏-£n- dmWntJXv tcmKw. CsXmcp sshdkv
bm-Wv.- tcmKamWv. tImgnap´ hncnbm≥ 21
95.- -G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏-ap-≈- ap-´-bn-Sp-∂- ]-£n- Znhkhpw ImSap´ hncnbm≥ 18
H-´-I-∏-£n-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬- i-co-ch - e- p- Znhkhpw thWw.
∏-hp-am-bn- Xm-cX - a- yw- sN-øp-tºmƒ- G-‰- 112. Ata-cn-°-≥ H-´-I-∏-£n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
hpw- sN-dn-b- ap-´b - n-Sp-∂- ]-£n-bm-Wn-Xv.- Sp∂Xv Rhea.
96.- -G-‰-hpw- I-´n- Iq-Sn-b- tXm-Sp-≈- ap-´- H-´- 113. G‰hpw- th-K-Øn¬- ]-d-°p-∂- ]-£n-
I-∏-£n-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.- B-¨-]-£n-bpw- kzn-^v-‰v.- F-∂m¬- C-c-]n-Sn-°m-≥ N-cn-
s]-¨] - £- n-bpw- am-dn-am-dn- A-Sb - n-cn-°pw.- ™p- ]-d-°p-tºmƒ- s]-cn-{Ko-≥ ^m¬-
A-S-bn-cn-°p-∂- A-—-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp- °-¨- F-∂- ]-£n-°m-Wv- G-‰-hpw- th-
∂- ]-£n- H-´-I-∏-£n-bm-Wv.- K-Øn¬- N-en-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv.
97.- -H-´-I-∏-£n-bp-sS- Im-en¬- c-≠p- hn-c-ep- 114. G‰hpw Db-c-Øn¬ ]d-°p∂ ]£n
I-tf-bp-≈p,- G-‰-hpw- i-‡n-bm-bn- sXm- Igp-I-\mWv (Vulture)
gn-°m-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- ]-£n-bm-Wn-Xv.- 115. G‰hpw Ipd™ thK-Øn¬ ]d-°p∂
98.- -I-c-bn-se- I-ti-cp-In-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h- ]£n American woodcock.
en-b- I-Æv- H-´-I-∏-£n-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.- X- 116. Ddpºn≥Iq´n¬ ap´bnSp∂hbmWv
e-t®m-dn-s\-°mƒ- h-en-b- I-Æp-≈- ]- sNº≥ acwsImØnIƒ

039

kkvX-\-߃
117. ]cnWmat{iWnbnse Ahkm\sØ
hn`mKamWv kkvX\߃.
118. ico-cØ - n¬ tcma-ap≈ GI Pohn-h¿K-
amWv kkvX-\-߃.
119. ]m¬ D¬]mZn∏n°p∂ GI Pohn
h¿KamWv kkvX\߃.
120. πmk‚ Ds≠- ¶ nepw ]√n- √ mØ
GI kkv X \w Ddp- º p- X o- \ n- b mWv
(Anteater)
121. ]d-°p∂ kkvX\ - a- mWv h∆m¬ (Bat).
{]Xn[z\n D]-tbm-Kn®v Cc-tX-Sp∂
kkv X - \ am- W n- X v . G‰hpw sNdnb
kkvX\amWv Xmbve≥Unse Kitli's
Hog-nosed Bat.
122. Atacn-°b - n¬- Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂- hm-ºb - ¿-
_m-‰p-Iƒ- c-‡w- Ip-Sn-°m-dp-≠v.- G-‰-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- B-hr-Øn-bp-≈- i-_v-Zw-
tIƒ-°m-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- k-kvX - \
- a
- m-Wv- h-
∆m¬.- Aƒ-{Sm-˛-tkm-Wn-Iv- X-cw-K-߃-
D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- C-cp-´-Øpw- k-©-cn-°m-≥
C-h-bv-°v- I-gn-hp-≠v.- C-Xv- F-t°m- sem-
t°-j-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
123.- -]-d-°p-∂- Ip-dp-°-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv- h-∆m-em-Wv.- i-co-c-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-a-
ayw- sN-øp-tºmƒ- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-
b- \m-°v- D-≈- k-kv-X-\-am-Wv- Syq-_v- en-
∏v-Uv- s\-Iv-S¿- _m-‰-v.
124. Ic-Sn(Bear)Iƒ-°p- {]n-b-s∏-´- B-lm-
cw- tX-\m-Wv.-
125.- -Im-´n-se- F-©n-\o-b¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- _-oh¿ (Beever). Ch
\Zn°p IpdpsI AW-s°´v \n¿an-°m-
dp-≠v.
126. I∂pImen h¿KØn¬s∏´ G‰hpw
henb arKw Atacn°≥ ss_k¨
BWv. tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-∂p-Im-en- h¿-K-
Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ar-Kw- Im-´p-t]m-
Øm-Wv.-
127.- -ap-d,- kp¿-Øn- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- k-¶-c-bn-\w-
F-cp-a-I-fm-Wv.-
128.- a- ¿-at- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- Np-h∂ - - c-‡m-Wp-°ƒ-
D-≈- Po-hn-If - m-Wv H´-Ihpw (Camel) em-
a-bp-w(Llama). acp`qanbnse I∏¬
F∂mWv H´Iw Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv.
129. apXp-IØv c≠p-ap-g-I-fp≈ H´-I-amWv
(Camel)_mIv-{Sn-b-≥ H-´-Iw.- C-h- tKm-
_n- a-cp-`q-an-bn¬- am-{X-am-Wv- Im-W-s∏-
Sp-∂-X-v.
130. \qdn-e-[nIw i_vZ-ß-fp-≠m-°m≥ Ign-
hp≈ Pohn- b mWv ]q® (Cat).
]q®tbmSp≈ `bamWv Ailurophobia.
t¢mWnwKneqsS krjvSn°s∏´
BZysØ ]q®bmWv tIm∏n Iym‰v.
131. ]pcmX\ CuPn]vjy≥ P\X ]q®sb
Bcm[n®ncp∂p.
132. G‰hpw thK- a p≈ kkv X \w No‰-
bmWv (Cheetah). B{^n-°≥ h≥I-c-
bmWv CXns‚ kztZ-iw.
133. am¿Pmc h¿KØn¬s∏´ PohnIfn¬
\Jw D≈nte°v hen°mØ GI
Pohn No‰bmWv.
134. a\pjy≥ Ign™m¬ G‰hpw
_p≤nbp≈ PohnbmWv Nnºm≥kn.
{]mbw IqSp-t¥mdpw Nnºm≥kn-Iƒ°v
Ij≠n _m[n-°m-dp-≠v.
135. Pgvkn∏ip-hns‚ kztZiw Nm\¬Zzo-
]p-I-fmWv (bp.-sI). kp\-µn-\n, kln-
hm-ƒ, Ko¿ XpS-ßn-bh k¶-c-bn\w
]ip-°-fm-Wv.
136. tlmƒsÃ-bn-≥ ]-ip-hn-s‚- kz-tZ-iw- bq-
tdm-∏m-Wv.- C-h- A-ta-cn-°-bn-te-°v- C-
d-°p-a-Xn- sN-bv-X-Xv- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kn¬-
\n-∂m-Wv.- tlmƒ-sÃ-bn-≥ ]-ip-hn-s‚-
K¿-`-Im-ew- H-º-X-c- am-k-am-Wv.
137. temIØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ G‰hpw henb
]ip (Cow) Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Pohn-®n-
cp∂Xpw Holstein-Durham t{Im-kv- C-
\-Øn¬-s∏-´X - p-am-b- Mount Katahdin
F∂ ]ip-hm-Wv.- 1923˛¬- H-cp- Xo-]n-Sp-
Ø-Øn¬- Cu- ]-ip- N-Øp.- Beef cattle
¬ G‰hpw hep- ∏ - a p≈ C\- a mWv
Chianina. ]iphns‚ BamibØnse
AdIfpsS FÆw \mev.
138. kn‘n-∏i - p-hn-s‚- kz-tZ-iw- ]m-In-kvX
\m-Wv.- kn-‘p- \-Zo-X-S- \n-hm-kn-Iƒ-
B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂- ar-K-am-Wv- Im-f.-
139.- -C-¥y-≥ ]-ip-°-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w-
Iq-Sn-b- H-cn-\-am-b- Im-¶v-d-Pv- Im-Wp-∂-
Xv- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- I-®v- {]-tZ-i-Øn-\p-
k-ao-]a - m-Wv.- tem-IØ - n-se- G-‰h
dn-b- ]-ip- C-\-am-Wv- sh-®q¿- ]-ip.-
140.- -I-∂p-Im-en-I-fp-sS- h¿-[-\-hn-\m-bn- tI-
c-f-Øn¬- C-≥tUm-˛-kzn-kv- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv-
B-cw-`n-®X - v- C-Sp-°n- Pn-√b - n-se- am-´p-s∏-
´n-bn-em-Wv.-
141.- -£o-tcm¬-]m-Z-\-Øn-\p- h-f¿-Øp-∂- ]-
ip-°f - n¬- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- C-\w- tlmƒ-
sÃ-bn-≥ {^o-kn-b-≥.-
142.- -{]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-b- ]-ip-hn-\v- 32 ]-√p-
Iƒ- D-≠m-Ipw.-
143.- F
- √- m- k-kvX - \ - ß- ƒ-°pw- I-gp-Øn¬- G-
sg-√p-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- F-∂m¬- I-gp-
Øn¬- F-s´-√p-≈- k-kvX - \- a- m-Wv- I-S¬-
∏-ip.-
144.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- h-\-ß-fn¬- Im-Wp-∂- am-
\p-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- `w-Kn- Iq-Sn-b-Xv- ]p-
≈n-am-\-mWv (Spotted Deer).
145. P¿a≥ sjt^¿Uv AYhm A¬tk-
jy≥, em{_-tUm¿, t]ma-td-\n-b≥,
cmP-]m-f-bw, t_mIvk¿ XpS-ßn-bh
hnhn-[-bn\w \mbv°-fm-Wv (Dog).
146. G‰hpw thKw IqSnb \mb C\-amWv
Greyhounds. G‰hpw Db-c-ap≈ \mb
C\-amWv Great Dane.
147. {[ph{]tZißfn¬ a™ph≠n
hen°m≥ D]tbmKn°p∂ Hcn\w
\mbbmWv lkv I okv . t_mw_v
kvIzmUv D]tbmKn°p∂ \mbbmWv
kv\n^¿.
148. t{K lu-≠v,- Um-jv- l-≠v- F-∂n-h- th-
´-∏-´n- C-\-ß-fm-Wv.-
149.- I
- c- b
- n-se- Po-hn-If- n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
{Lm-Wi - ‡
- n-bp-≈X - v- \m-bb - °
v- m-Wv.- a-
\p-jy-≥ B-Zy-am-bn- C-W° - n- h-f¿-Øn-b-
ar-Ka - m-Wn-Xv.- _-ln-cm-Im-it- Ø-°v- A-
b-b° v- s
- ∏-´- B-Zy- ar-Kh - pw- \m-bb - m-Wv.-
150.- -t¢m-Wnw-Kn-eq-sS- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-
sØ- \m-b-bm-Wv- kv-\p-∏n.-
151.- -G-‰-hpw- _p-≤n-bp-≈- P-e-Po-hn- tUmƒ-
^n-\m-Wv.- C-Xv- Nn-cn-°p-∂- a-’yw- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- H-cp- tUmƒ-^n-\v- kp-
J-an-√m-Xm-bm¬- a-‰p- tUmƒ-^n-\p-Iƒ-
A-Xn-s\- P-tem-]-cn-X-e-Øn-te-°p-b¿-
∂v- iz-kn-°m-≥ k-lm-bn-°m-dp-≠v.-
152.- -F-°n-Uv-\- ap-´-bn-Sp-∂- k-kv-X-\-߃-
°p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.- ap-´n-bn-Sp-∂- k-kv-X-
\-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hp-w hepXv W estern
Long-beaked Echidna.
153. F°nUv\ ImWs∏Sp∂Xv \yq Kn\nb
Zzo]nemWv.-
154.- -C-¥y-bn¬- I-∂p-Im-en- h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-
´- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Po-hn- Gaur- B-Wv.-
C-¥y-≥ ss_-k-¨- F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- C-Xn-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv- an-Yp-≥.-
155.- -I-c-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ar-Kw- B-{^n-
°-≥ B-\-bm-Wv.- Pn-dm-^v- I-gn-™m¬-
G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- ar-K-am-Wn-Xv.- B-
\- b psS (Elephant)Aÿn- I - f psS
FÆw 286.
156. \mep Im¬ap´pIfpw HtcZnibn¬
aS°m≥ Ignbp∂ GI kkvX\w
B\bmWv. G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb
aq°pw sNhnbpw B\bptSXmWv.
157. Ic-bn-se- ar-K-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- i-‡-≥
B-\-bm-Wv.- \-J-ß-fp-s≠-¶n-epw- hn-c-
ep-I-fn-√m-Ø- ar-K-am-Wn-Xv.- Nm-Sm-≥ I-
- m- gn-hn-√m-Ø- G-I- k-kvX - \ - w- B-\b
158.- I- c - b- n-se- Po-hn-If- n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
]m-ep¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - v- B-\b - m-Wv.- I-
c-bn-se- Po-hn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- a-
kv-Xn-jv-Iw- B-\-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.-
159.- -B-\-bp-sS- ]-√p-Iƒ- \m-ev.- B-\-bp-sS-
- pw- sN- sIm-ºv- D-fn-∏-√n-s‚- cq-]m-¥-c-W-am-Wv.-
ta¬-®q-≠pw- aq-°pw- cq-]m-¥-cw- kw-`-
hn-®-Xm-Wv- Xp-ºn-ss°.-
160.- a- \
- p-jy-≥ I-gn-™m¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
Im-ew- Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂- k-kv-X-\w- B-
\-bm-Wv.-
161.- -tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- ar-K-hpw- C-
¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ss]-Xr-Ia - r-Kh- pw- B-
\-bm-Wv.-
162.- -P-¥p-tem-I-Øn¬- a-\p-jy-s‚- G-‰-hpw-
A-Sp-Ø- _-‘p-hm-Wv- Kn-∫-¨.- Bƒ-
°p-c-ßp-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w- Ip-d-
hv- C-Xn-\m-Wv.-
163.- -ln-am-e-b-≥ B-Sn¬ (pashmina goat)
\n∂mWv ]mjvan\ F∂ C\w Iºnfn
e`n-°p-∂-Xv.
164. ae-_m-dn (Xet»cn BSv) , Im¿]m-Øn-
b-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-h- k-¶-c-bn-\w- B-Sp-I-
fm-Wv.- B-Sn-s‚- ]m-en-\v- Hu-j-[-Kp-W-
ap-≠v.-
165.- -]m-hßfp-sS- ]-ip- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
B-Sm-Wv.- t¢m-Wnw-Kn-eq-sS- kr-jv-Sn-°-
s∏-´- B-Zy- sN-Ω-cn-bm-Sv- tUm-fn-bm-Wv.-
kv-tIm-´v-e-≥Un-se- tdm-kv-en-≥ C-≥Ãn-
‰yq-´n-em-Wv- tUm-fn-bp-sS- P-\-\w.-
166.- t- _m-hn-tU- Ip-Spw-_Ø - n¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p-
F-¶n-epw- B-Sp-I-sf- I-∂p-Im-en- h¿-K-
Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øm-dn-√.- C-¥y-≥ B-
Sp-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- C-\-am-Wv- Pw-
\m- ]m-cn.-
167.- -{]-[m-\-am-bpw- tcm-a-Øn-\v- h-f¿-Øp-∂-
H-cn-\w- B-Sm-Wv- Aw-tKm-d.- Xp¿-°n-bn-
em-Wv- C-h- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv.-
168.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- G-
I-bn-\w- h-cb - m-Sm-Wv- \n-eK - n-cn- Xm¿.- sl-
an-{Sm-K-kv- ssl-tem-{In-b-kv- F-∂m-Wv-
im-kv-{X-\m-aw.-
169.- h
- c - b- m-Sp-Iƒ-°v- {]-kn-≤a - m-b- tZ-io-tbm-
Zym-\-am-Wv- C-Sp-°n- Pn-√-bn-se- C-c-hn-
Ip-fw.- tI-cf - Ø
- n¬- G-‰h - pw- D-bc - Ø - n¬-
Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- k-kv-X-\-am-Wn-Xv,-
170.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Bƒ-°p-c-ßv- (ss{]-ta-
‰v-)- tK-mdn-√-(Gorilla)bm-Wv.- B-¨- tKm-
dn-√-bv-°v- 225 In-tem-{Kmw- h-sc- `m-c-ap-
≠m-Im-dp-≠v.-
171.- -Hm-tcm- cm-{Xn-bpw- Hm-tcm- In-S-°-bp-≠m-
°n- D-d-ßp-∂- ar-K-am-Wv- tKm-dn-√.-
172.- -G-‰h- pw- D-bc - w- Iq-Sn-b- ar-Ka
- m-b- Pn-dm-^n-
s‚ (Giraffe) Igp-Øn¬- G-gv- A-ÿn-I-
fm-Wp-≈X - v.- B-\- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰h - pw-
\o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- k-kv-X-\-am-Wn-Xv.-
173.- -G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- c-‡-k-Ω¿-±-ap-≈- Po-
hn-bm-Wv- Pn-dm-^v.- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-
b- hm-ep-≈- k-kv-X-\-am-Wn-Xv.-
174.- P
- n-dm-^n-\v- \m-°p-]t- bm-Kn-®v- kz-¥w- sN-
hn- hr-Øn-bm-°m-≥ I-gn-bpw,-
175.- -Np-h-∏v- hn-b¿-∏p- I-W-ß-fp-≈- Po-hn-bm-
Wv- ln-t∏m-s]m-´m-a-kv.- C-c-´-°p-f-ºp-
≈- Po-hn-If - n¬-h® - v- G-‰h- pw- h-ep-∏w- ln-
t∏m-s]m-´m-a-kn-\m-Wv.-
176.- -B-\- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏-ap-≈-
k-kv-X-am-Wv- ln-t∏m-s]m-´m-a-kv- F-¶n-
epw- C-h- sk-an-˛-A-Izm-´n-Iv- B-b-Xn-
040
\m¬- I-c-bn-se- ar-K-ß-fn¬- h-ep-∏-
Øn¬- c-≠mw- ÿm-\w- Im-≠m-ar-K-Øn-
- m-Wv.- \m-Wv.-
177.- -I-c-bn-se- ar-K-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b-
hm-bv- D-≈-Xv- ln-t∏m-s]m-´m-a-kn-\m-Wv.-
178.- -dn-h¿- tlm-gv-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ln-
t∏m-s]m-´m-a-km-Wv.-
179.- -ss{]-ta-‰p-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-
b-Xv- a-\p-jy-\-mWv.
180. IpXn-c-bv°v (Horse) Hcp Ip-f-ºm-Wp-
≈-Xv.- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- I-Æp-≈- Icbn-
se- ar-K-am-Wn-Xv.- H-cp- I-Æp-sIm-≠v- ap-
∂n-te-°pw- a-t‰- I-Æp-sIm-≠v- ]n-∂n-te-
°pw- t\m-°m-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- ar-Ka - m-Wv- Ip-
Xn-c.-
181.- -t¢m-Wnw-Kn-eq-sS- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-
sØ- Ip-Xn-c-bm-Wv- s{]m-an-Xy.-
182.- -tlm-an-\n-tU- F-∂- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- hw-
i-\m-i-`o-j-Wn- t\-cn-Sm-Ø- G-I- Po-hn-
a-\p-jy- \ m- W v . - i- c o- c - h - e p- ∏ - h p- a m- b n-
Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-øp-tºmƒ- G-‰-hpw- h-
en-b- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-ap-≈ ss{]-ta-‰v- a-\p-
jy-\m-Wv.-
183.- -G-‰-hpw- _-e-ap-≈- Xm-Sn-sb-√p-I-fp-≈-
Po-hn- I-gp-X-∏p-en-bm-Wv.- knw-l-ß-sf-
h-sc- B-{I-an-°m-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- Po-hn-bm-
Wn-Xv.-
184.- -c-≠p-X-cw- ]m¬- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m-≥ ti-
jn-bp-≈- k-kv-X-\-am-Wv- Iw-Km-cp.- C-h-
am¿-kp-∏n-b¬-kv- F-∂- hn-`m-K-Øn-em-
Wv- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
185.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- am¿-kp-∏n-b-emWv Red
Kangaroo. IwKmcp- Nm-Sp-tºmƒ- A-
Xn-s‚- hm¬- _m-e-≥kv- sN-øm-≥ k-
lm-bn-°p-∂p.-
186.- s
- h-≈w- Ip-Sn-°m-Ø- k-kvX - \- a- m-Wv- Iw-
Km-cp- F-en.-
187.- -bq-°m-en-]v-‰-kv- C-e-Iƒ- Xn-∂p- Po-hn-
°p-∂- P-¥p-hm-Wv- sImhme (Koala).
188. G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D-d-ßp-∂- Po-hn-bm-
Wv- sIm-hm-e.- C-h- I-gn-°p-∂- B-lm-c-
Øn¬-\n-∂p-X-s∂- B-h-iy-ap-≈- P-ew-
e-`n-°pw- F-∂X - n-\m¬- sh-≈w- Ip-Sn-°m-
dn-√.-
189.- Koala F∂ hm°n\¿Yw No water
F∂m-Wv.- G-‰-hpw- a-Sn-b-\m-b- k-kv-X-
\-am-Wv- sIm-hm-e.-
190.- -B-fll - X - ym- kz-`m-hw- {]-Z¿-in-∏n-°p-∂p-
sh-∂-v I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂- ar-Ka- m-W-v se-Ωnw-K.v -
191.- -se-ap¿- F-∂- Po-hn- Im-Wp-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
a-U-K-kv-I-dn-em-Wv.- C-h- ss{]-ta-‰v- hn-
`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.-
192.- -]q-®-h¿-K-Øn¬- k-aq-l-Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-
°p-∂- G-I- ar-K-am-Wv- knw-lw.-
193.- K
- p-Pd
- m-Øn-se- Kn¿- h-\Ø - n-em-Wv- C-¥y-
bn¬- knw-l-߃- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
194.- ]
- q-®h - ¿-KØ - n-se- Po-hn-If - n¬- kz-¥w- h-
ep-∏-sØ-°mƒ- Iq-Sp-X¬- h-ep-∏-ap-≈-
Po-hn-I-sf- B-{I-an-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- G-
I- Po-hn-bm-Wn-Xv.-
195.- -am¿-Pm-c- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- h-ep-∏-Øn¬-
c-≠mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈- ar-Kw- knw-l-am-Wv.-
196.- -am¿-Pm-c- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- B-¨,-s]-¨-
Po-hn-Iƒ-°v- im-co-cn-I- hy-Xym-k-ap-≈-
Xv- knw-l-Øn-\p- am-{X-am-Wv.-
197.- k
- nw-lØ - n-s‚- {]-kh - Ø- n¬- km-[m-cW - -
am-bn- aq-∂v- Ip-™p-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-Im-dp-
≈-Xv.-
198.- -]m-ºp-I-fp-sS- i-{Xp-sh-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-
°-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-b-mWv Iocn (Mon-
goose). alm-`m-c-X-Øn¬- bp-[n-jv-Tn-c-
s‚- Kp-cp-hm-bn- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-
Po-hn-bm-Wv- Io-cn,-
199.- -knw-l-hm-e-≥ Ip-c-ßp-Iƒ-°v- {]-kn-≤-
am-Wv- ssk-e-‚ v- hm-en.- C-hn-sS- sh-Sn-
πm-hn-s‚- ^-ew- e-`y-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv- Cu-
Po-hn-If - p-sS- B-hm-kt- I-{µ-am-Im-≥ Im-
c-Ww,- knw-l-hm-e-≥ Ip-c-ßn-s‚- im-kv-
{X\maw Macaca silenus.
200. Icbn-se- Po-hn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- D-®-
Øn¬- i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xv-
lu-f¿- a-¶n.-
201.- -t¢m-Wnw-Kn-eq-sS- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-
sØ- do-k-kv- Ip-c-ßm-Wv- sS-{S.-
202.- -t^m-d-Ãv- Pn-dm-^v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- H-
Im-∏n- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- {]-tZ-i-am-Wv- B-
{^n-°-bn-se- tImw-tKm.-
203.- -sX-°p-In-g-t°-t\-jy-bn-se- t_m¿-Wn-
tbm,- kp-am-{X- Zzo-]p-I-fn¬-am-{Xw- Im-
W-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv- H-dm-ßp-´m-≥.-
204.- -B¿.-F-®v.- L-S-Iw- B-Zy-am-bn- th¿-Xn-
cn- s ®- S p- Ø - X v - do- k - k v - Ip- c ßn¬
\n∂mWv.
205. t¢mWnwKneqsS P\n® BZysØ
FenbmWv (Mouse) amj.
206. acØn¬ A[nhkn°p∂ Po-hn-I-fn¬-
G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w- Iq-Sn-b-Xv- H-dm-Mv- D-´m-
\m-Wv.- C-s¥m-\n-jy-bn-se- Pm-h- ,- kp-
am-{X-Zzo-]p-I-fn-em-Wv- C-h- Im-W-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv.-
207.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- h-\-ß-fn¬- sh-≈-Øn¬-
I-gn-bp-∂- k-kv-X-\n-I-fm-b- c-≠n-\-ß-
fm-Wv- km-[m-c-W- \o¿-\m-b-bpw (Com-
mon Otter) \Jan√mØ \o¿ \mbbpw
(Clawless Otter).
208. ]m≠-bpsS (Panda){][m-\- B-lm-cw-
ap-f-bn-e-I-fm-Wv.- ]m-≠-sb- Po-hn-°p-∂-
t^m-kn¬- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.-
209.- -thƒ-Uv- ssh¬-Uv- sse-^v- ^-≠n-s‚-
Nn-”a - m-Wv- ]m-≠.- C-Xv- I-cS- n-bp-sS- Ipw-
Spw-_-Øn¬-s∏-´- Po-hn-bm-Wv.-
210.- -]-√n-√m-Ø- k-kv-X-\-am-Wv- ]w-tKm-fn-≥
A-Yh - m- Cu-\mw-t]-®n.- tI-cf - Ø- n¬- Im-
Wp-∂- k-kv-X-\-ß-fn¬- sN-Xp-º-ep-≈-
G-I- C-\-am-Wv- Cu-\mw-t]-®n.-
211.- -a-c-Øn¬- hm¬-Np-‰n-°n-S-°m-≥ I-gn-hp-
≈- G-I- C-\w- k-kv-X-\-am-Wv- Cu-\mw-
t]-®n.-
212.- A
- b - h- n-d°
- m-Ø,- C-c´- °
- p-fº- p-≈- ar-Kw-
AlΩZm_mZv
251. C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- X-e-ÿm-
t\-X-c- \-K-c-am-Wv- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv.-
252.- -k-_¿-a-Xn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- Cu- \-K-
cw.- ]-g-b-t]-cv- I¿-Wm-h-Xn.-
253.- - K p- P - d m- Ø v - kp¬- Ø m- t \- ‰ n- s ‚- X- e -
ÿm-\a - m-bn- 1411˛¬- A-lΩ - Z- v- jm-bm-Wv-
A-lΩ - Z- m-_m-Zv- ÿm-]n-®X - v.- Kp-Pd
se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- \-Kc - a
- m-Wn-Xv.-
254.- -Kp-P-dm-Øn-s‚- hm-Wn-Py- X-eÿ
F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- A-lΩ - Z- m-_m-Zv- sS-Iv-
ssì- an-√p-Iƒ-°v- {]-kn-≤a
Kvf- ≠ - n-se- am-©Ã - d - p-am-bn- Xm-cX
Sp-Øp-∂- Kp-Pd - m-Øn-se- \-Kc
255.- -1960 ap-X¬- 1970 h-sc- Kp-P-dm-Øn-s‚-
X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.- ]n-
∂o-Sm-W-v Km-‘n-\K - ¿- X-eÿ - m-\a
F-¶n-epw- Kp-Pd - m-Øn-se- ssl-t°m-SX
bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- A-lΩ - Z- m-_m-Zm-Wv.-
256.- -Km-‘n-Pn- Z-Wv-Un-bm-{X- B-cw-`n-®- ÿ-
ew- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-se- k-_¿-a-Xn- B-
{i-a-am-Wv- (1930 am¿-®v- 12).-
257.- -I-a-em- s\-{lp- kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬- ]m¿-
]-∂n-bm-Wv.- kq-cy-{]-Im-i-ta-‰m¬- s]m-
≈p-∂- G-I- Po-hn-bm-Wv- ]-∂n.- ]-∂n-
bn-d-®n- I-gn-°p-∂-h¿-°v- \m-S-hn-c-bp-sS-
D-]-{Z-hw- D-≠m-Im-dp-≠v.-
213.- -ap-´-bn-Sp-∂- k-kv-X-\-am-Wv- U-°v-_n¬-
Uv- πm-‰n-∏-kv.-
214.- -I-c-bn-se- amw-k-t`m-Pn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw-
h-ep-Xv- {[p-h-°-c-Sn-bmWv (Polar Bear).
Ch C-S-¶-ø-≥am-cm-Wv.-
215.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]-cp-I-fp-≈- k-kv-
X-\w- ]yq-a-bm-Wv.- am¿-Pm-c-Ip-Spw-_-
Øn¬-s∏-´- Po-hn-bm-Wn-Xv.-
216.- -]m-en¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- sIm-gp-∏v- A-
S-ßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv- ap-b-en-s‚-Xn-em-Wv.- im-
kv-{Xo-b-am-b- ap-b¬-Ir-jn-bm-Wv- Iq-Wn-
Iƒ-®¿.-
217.- -B-lm-cw- I-gp-In-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw- Xn-∂p-
∂- P-¥p-hm-Wv- dm-°q-¨.-
218.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- Im-Wp-∂- F-en-I-fn¬- G-
‰-hpw- h-ep-Xv- s]-cp-®m-gn-bm-Wv.-
219.- -F-kv-In-tam-I-fp-sS- k-l-Nm-cn-bm-b- ar-
K-am-Wv- sd-bn-≥ Unb¿ (Reindeer).
220. Bk-anse Imkn-cwK tZio-tbm-Zym\w
H‰- s °m- º ≥ Im≠m- a r- K - Ø n- \ mWv
(One horned Rhino){]kn-≤w.- G-‰-hpw-
I-´n-Iq-Sn-b- sXm-en-bp-≈- I-c-bn-se- k-
kv-X-\-am-Wn-Xv.-
221.- -I-c-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- c-≠m-a-sØ-
ar-K-am-Wv- sh-≈- Im-≠m-ar-Kw.- H-‰-°p-
f-ºp-≈- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ar-K-hpw- C-Xm-
Wv.- Im-≠m-ar-K-Øn-s‚- sIm-ºv- cq-]w-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- tcm-a-߃- cq-]m-¥-
cw- {]m-]n-®m-Wv.-
222.- -H-‰-s°m-º-≥ Im-≠m-ar-K-Øn-\p- {]-kn-
≤-am-b- ÿ-ea - m-Wv- B- m-an-se- Im-knw-
cw-K- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w.-
223.- -s_-dnw-Kv- I-S-en-se Peribilof Islands
¬ F-√m-h¿-j-hpw- e-£-°-W-°n-\v-
ko-ep-Iƒ- Iq-´w- Iq-Sp-I-bpw- A-©p-e-
£-tØm-fw- Ip-™p-ß-sf- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-
°p-I-bpw- sN-øpw.- I-c-bm-sX- I-Æp-\o-
scm-gp-°p-∂- H-cp- Po-hn-bm-Wv- ko¬.-
224.- -sa-‰-t_m-fn-k-Øn-s‚- \n-c-°v- D-b¿-∂-
Xm-b-Xn-\m¬- i-co-c-`m-c-Øn-s‚- 1.-3 C-c-
´n- B-lm-cw- {]-Xn-Zn-\w- B-h-iy-ap-≈-
Po-hn-b-mWv Shrew. icoc `mchpambn
Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-øp-tºmƒ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-
b- a-kvX - n-jvI
- a- p-≈- Po-hn-bm-b- C-Xn-s‚-
B-sI- `m-c-Øn-s‚- ]-Øn-sem-∂m-Wv- a-
kv-Xn-jv-Iw.- a-\p-jy-s‚- `m-c-Øn-s‚- G-
I-tZ-iw- \m¬-]X - n-sem-∂m-Wv- a-kvX
- n-jv-
I-Øn-s‚- `m-cw.-
225.- -Nn-∂m¿- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-X-Øn¬- Im-
C¥y≥ \Kc߃
°v-,- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬- tÃ-Un-bw- ({In-°-
‰n-\p- {]-kn-≤w-)-,- k¿-Zm¿- h-√-`v-`m-bv- ]-
t´¬- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- F-b¿-t]m¿-´v- F-
∂n-h- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-em-Wv.-
258.- -A-Um-\n- {Kq-∏n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- A-l-
Ω-Zm-_m-Zm-Wv.-
259.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv-
- m-Øn- th- B-b- \m-j-W¬- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- th-
˛-1 A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-s\- h-tUm-Z-c-bp-am-
bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.- C-Xv- \m-ep-h-cn-∏m-
- m-\w-
X-bm-Wv- (C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-
- m-Wv.- Cw- dp-h-cn- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- th- apw-ss_-˛- ]q-
- a - y-s∏- s\- B-Wv-).-
- a- m-Wn-Xv.- 260.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- kz-¥-am-bn- td-Un-
tbm- \n-e-bw- B-cw-`n-®- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬-
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- Cu-
- m-bX - .v - \-K-c-am-Wv.-
- n- 261.- -A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©n-
s‚- tem-tKm- kz-kv-Xn-I- Nn-”-am-Wv.-
262.- -^n-kn-°¬- dn-k¿-®v- e-t_m-d-´-dn-bp-sS-
B-ÿm-\w- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zm-Wv.-
263.- -\m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- Un-ssk-
≥ A-l-Ω-Z-m_mZnemWv.
041
Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- A-]q¿-h- C-\w- Po-hn-
bm-Wv- Nm-º¬- a-e-b-Æm-≥ ({Kn-kn¬-
Uv- P-b-‚ v- kv-Izn-d¬-).-
226.- -]q-®- h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-´- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b-
Po-hn- ssk-_o-cn-b-≥ I-Sp-h -(Siberian
Tiger)bm-Wv.- C-h-bv-°v- i-cm-i-cn- 230
In-tem-{Kmw- h-sc- `m-c-ap-≠m-Im-dp-≠v.-
227.- B- ¨ - k - nw-lh - pw- s]-¨I - S- p-hb- pw- C-W-
tN¿-∂m-ep-≠m-hp-∂- sse-K¿- F-∂- an-
{i-Po-hn-°v- 800 In-tem-tbm-fw- `m-c-ap-
≠m-Im-dp-≠v.- F-∂m¬,- C-h- {]-Ir-Xn-
bn¬- D-≠m-Im-dn-√.- ar-K-im-e-I-fn-em-Wv-
sse-K¿- P-\n-°m-dp-≈X - v.- I-Sp-hI - f- n-√m-
Ø- h-≥I-c-bm-Wv- B-{^n-°.-
228.- -thƒ-Uv- ssh¬-Uv- sse-^v- ^-≠n-s‚-
I-W-°p-{]-Im-cw- tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- hw-i-\m-iw- t\-cn-Sp-∂- Po-hn- I-
Sp-h-bm-Wv.-
229.- s- h-≈° - S- p-hb- v°
- v- {]-kn-≤a - m-Wv- H-do-k-
bn-se- \-µ-≥ Im-\-≥ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w.-
I-Sp-h-I-fp-sS- kw-c-£-Wm¿-Yw- 1973˛¬-
tI-{µ-k¿-°m¿- \-S-∏m-°n-b- ]-≤-Xn-bm-
Wv- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- ssS-K¿.-
230.- -1972 ap-X¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ar-K-
am-Wv- I-Sp-h.- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- knw-l-am-bn-
cp-∂p- tZ-io-b-ar-Kw.-
231.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-Sp-h-
I-fp-≈- k-t¶-Xw- s]-cn-bm-dm-Wv.- t{]m-
P-Iv-Sv- ssS-K¿- {]-Im-cw- tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-
∂v- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy- h-\y-Po-hn- k-
t¶-X-am-Wn-Xv.-
232.- -hmƒ-d-kv- F-∂- k-kv-X-\-Po-hn-°v- sIm-
ºp-t]m-e-sØ- A-h-b-h-ap-≠v.- G-‰-hpw-
h-en-b- a-kvX - n-jvI - a - p-≈- amw-kt- `m-Pn-bm-
Wn-Xv.-
233.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-ap-≈- Po-hn-
kvt- ]w- Xn-anw-K - n-e(- Sperm Whale)am-Wv.-
G-gp- ap-X¬- H-≥]-Xp-In-tem-{Kmw- h-sc-
a-kv-Xn-jv-I-Øn-\v- `m-c-ap-≠m-Ipw.-
234.- -`q-an-bn¬- C-∂p-h-sc- D-≠m-bn-´p-≈- P-
¥p-°-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-Xv- \o-e-Øn-anw-
Kn-e-am-Wv.-
235.- -G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- k-kv-X-\w,- G-‰-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- B-bp- p-≈- k-kv-
X-\w,- G-‰-hpw- `m-cw- Iq-Sn-b- k-kv-X-\w,-
G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- in-ip-hn-s\- {]-k-hn-°p-
∂- k-kvX - \- w- F-∂o- {]-tXy-IX - I- ƒ- C-
Xn-\v- kz-¥-am-Wv.-
236.- -Xn-anw-Kn-e-Øn-se- i-co-c-Øn-se- sIm-gp-
∏p-ti-J-c-am-Wv- ª-∫¿.- C-Xn-s‚- i-co-c-
Øn¬-\n-∂v- Bw-_¿-{Ko-kv- F-∂- kp-K-
‘-h-kv-Xp- e-`n-°p-∂p.-
237.- -X-e-t®m-dn-s‚- H-cp- `m-Kw- D-dß - p-Ib - pw- a-
Ael_mZv
264. KwK-bpw- b-ap-\-bpw- kw-K-an-°p-∂- ÿ-
e-am-Wv- A-e-l-_m-Zv.- ap-ºv- {]-bm-Kv- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- Cu- \-K-cw- Ipw-`-ta-
f- \-S-°p-∂- \m-ep- ÿ-e-ß-fn-sem-∂m-
Wv.- l-cn-Zzm¿- (D-Ø-cm-J-¨-Uv-),- D-÷-
bn-\n- (a-[y-{]-tZ-iv-),- \m-kn-Iv- (a-lm-cm-
jv-{S-)- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- Ipw-`-ta-f- \-S-°p-
∂- a-‰p- ÿ-e-߃.-
265.- -{Xn-th-Wn- kw-K-a- ÿm-\-sa-∂pw- A-e-
l-_m-Zv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- Kw-K,- b-ap-\-
F-∂n-h-tbm-Sv- ]p-cm-W-Øn-se- k-c-kz-
Xn- C-hn-sS- h-∂p-tN-cp-∂p- F-∂m-Wv- hn-
izm-kw.-
266.- -l¿-j-h¿-[-\-≥ A-©p-h¿-j-Øn-sem-
cn-°¬- a-lm-a-X- k-tΩ-f-\-߃- hn-fn-
®p-Iq-´n-bn-cp-∂- ÿ-e-am-Wn-Xv,-
267.- -b-ap-\m-\-Zn- A-h-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv- A-e-l-
_m-Zn-em-Wv,-
268.- -t\m¿-Øv- sk-≥{S¬- sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS-
B-ÿm-\w- A-e-l-_m-Zm-Wv.-
269.- -D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-
dp-`m-Kw- D-W¿-∂n-cn-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂- Po-
hn-If - m-Wv- Xn-anw-Kn-eh
- pw- tUmƒ-^n-\pw.-
238.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]m¬- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-
∂- Po-hn- \o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-e-am-Wv.-
239.- -G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏-ap-≈- lr-Z-bw- Xn-anw-Kn-
e-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv.- H-cp- sN-dn-b- Im-dn-s‚-
h-ep-∏w- h-cpw.- G-‰-hpw- lr-Z-b-an-Sn-∏v-\n-
c-°v- Ip-d-™- Po-hn-bm-Wv- \o-e-Øn-anw-
Kn-ew.-
240.- -G-‰-hpw- hym-kw- Iq-Sn-b- A-tbm¿-´-bp-
≈- Po-hn- \o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-e-am-Wv.-
241.- -G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w- Iq-Sn-b- \m-°v- Xn-anw-
Kn-eØ - n-s‚-Xm-Wv˛- - H-cp- B-\b - p-sS-b{- X-
\o-f-ap-≠m-Ipw.-
242.- -G-‰-hpw- D-®-Øn¬- i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°m-≥
I-gn-bp-∂- Po-hn- \o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-e-am-Wv.-
243.- A- ‚ - m¿-´n-°b - n¬- Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂- G-‰h - pw-
h-en-b- k-kv-X-\w- Xn-anw-Kn-e-am-Wv.-
244.- - P - e - Ø n¬- G- ‰ - h pw- th- K - w IqSnb
kkvX\ - a
- mWv In√¿ shbv¬. aWn-°q-
dn¬ 55.5 Intem- a o- ‰ ¿ thK- Ø n¬
\o¥m≥ Chbv°v Ign-bpw.
245. Im-´p-I-gp-X-Iƒ-°v- {]-kn-≤-am-b- C-¥y-
bn-se- {]-tZ-i-am-Wv- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- dm-
≥ Hm-^v- I-®v.-
246.- -G-‰-hpw- ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b- tZ-im-S-\w- \-
S-Øp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- t{K- sh-bv¬.-
247.- -izm-\-h¿-K-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Po-
hn- sN-∂m-b-bm-Wv- (W olf). Ivtfm-Wnw-
Kn-eq-sS- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- sN-
∂m-b-I-fm-Wv- kv-\p- hqƒ-^pw- kv-\p-
hpƒ-^n-bpw.-
248.- S- n-_‰ - ≥
- Im-f- F-∂p- hn-fn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- ar-
K-am-Wv- bm-Iv.- C-h- G-jym-h-≥I-c-bn-
em-Wv- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- C-Xn-s‚- ]m-en-
\v- ]n-¶v- \n-d-am-Wv.-
249.- -G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn¬- Po-hn-°p-∂- k-kv-
X-\-am-Wv- ssh¬-Uv- bm-Iv.-
250.- c- ≠
- p- ko-{_-If - p-sS- ]p-dØ- p-≈- h-cI - ƒ-
H-cn-°-epw- k-am-\-am-bn--cn-°n-√.
ÿm-\w- A-e-l-_m-Zv.- C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-UvP - n-am-cp-≈- ssl-t°m-
S-Xn-bpw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-߃- A-
[n-Im-c] - c- n-[n-bn¬- h-cp-∂X - p-am-b- ssl-
t°m-S-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.-
270.- C
- ¥
- y-≥ Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- k-ab - w- I-W° - m-
°p-∂- 82.-5 Un-{Kn- tc-Jmw-iw- I-S-∂p-
t]m-Ip-∂- \-K-c-am-Wv- A-e-l-_m-Zv.-
271.- -C¥- y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- ]-g°- a- p-≈- s]m-Xp-
ta-Je - m- _m-¶v- A-el - _- m-Zv- _m-¶m-Wv.-
272.- G
- ‰ - h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-
am-cp-am-bn- _-‘-ap-≈- \-K-c-am-Wv- (P-
\n-°p-I-tbm- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- hn-P-bn-
°p-I-tbm- A-e-l-_m-Zv- k¿-h-I-em-im-
e-bn-se- ]-Tn-Xm-hv- B-Ip-I-tbm- sN-bv-
X-h¿-)- A-e-l-_m-Zv.- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-
{lp,- Kp¬-k-cn-em¬- \-µ,- em¬- _-lm-
Zq¿- im-kv-{Xn,- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n,- cm-Pohv
Km‘n, hn.]n. knMv , N{µtiJ¿
F∂nhcmWv Cu ]´nIbnep≈Xv.
273. Ae-l-_m-Zv- tIm-´- \n¿-an-®- ap-Kƒ- N-
{I-h¿-Øn- A-Iv-_-dm-Wv.- A-√m-lp-hn-
s‚- \-K-cw- F-∂¿-Yw-h-cp-∂- t]-cv- \¬-
 In-b-Xv- A-Iv-_¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv.- \n-bm-b- C-≥t^m-kn-kn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- 310.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- sd-bn¬-th- b- A-Æm- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-
274.- -s\-{lp-hn-s‚- Ip-Sp-_-ho-Sm-b- B-\-µ-`- _mw-•q-cm-Wv.- tÃ-j-≥ sN-ss∂-bv-°-Sp-Øp-≈- tdm-b- ÿm-\-hpw- sN-ss∂-bm-Wv.-
h-≥ A-e-l-_m-Zn-em-Wv.- 1970˛¬- C-µn- 295.- -I-∂-S- kn-\n-am- hy-h-km-b-Øn-s‚- tI- ]p-c-am-Wv.- 1856 sa-bv- 28\v- C-Xn-s‚- D-Zv- 325.- -{]-i-kv-X- {In-°-‰v- tÃ-Un-b-am-b- Fw.-
cm-Km-‘n- A-Xv- C-¥ym-K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-\p- {µ-am-Wv- _mw-•q¿.- Lm-S-\w- a-{Zm-kv- K-h¿-W¿- lm-cn-kv- {]- F.- Nn-Zw-_-cw- tÃ-Un-bw- (sN-t∏m-Iv-)-
ssI-am-dn.- C-t∏mƒ- ayq-kn-b-am-Wv.- C- 296.- -hn-tiz-iz-c-ø- C-≥kv-{Sn-b¬- B-‚ v- sS- `p- \n¿-h-ln-®p.- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B- sN-ss∂-bn-em-Wv.-
Xn-\p- k-ao-]-am-Wv- ]-g-b- B-\-µ-`-h-≥.- Iv-t\m-f-Pn-°¬- ayq-kn-bw- _mw-•q-cn-em- Zy-sØ- Xo-h-≠n- k¿-ho-kv- tdm-b-]p- 326.- Z- £
- n-W`- m-cX
- - ln-µn- {]-Nm-ck
- `- b
- p-sS- B-
1930˛¬- tam-Øn-em¬- s\-{lp- tIm-¨- Wv.- ssa-kq¿- \m-´p-cm-Py-sØ- Zn-hm-\m- cw- ( sh- b - k m¿- ] m- S n- ) - (Royapuram / ÿm-\w- sN-ss∂-bm-Wv.- 1947 h-sc- Km-
{K-kn-\p- ssI-am-dn.- bn-cp-∂p- Fw.-hn-tiz-iz-c-ø.- A-t±-l-Øn- Veyasarapady-)- ap-X¬- B¿-t°m-´n-\p-k- ‘n-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xn-s‚- {]-kn-U‚ - v.
275.- -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hpw- C-µn-cm-Km- s‚- P-∑-Zn-\w- C-¥y-bn¬- F-©n-\n-tb- ao-]w- h-eP - - tdm-Up- (Wallajah Road-)-
‘n-bpw- P-\n-®-Xv- A-e-l-_m-Zn-em-Wv.- gv-kv- Zn-\-am-bn- (sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 15)- B-N- h-sc-bm-bn-cp-∂p- (G-It- Z-iw- 100 In.-ao.-).- B{K
hn.-]n.- knw-Km-Wv- C-hn-sS- P-\n-®- a-s‰m- cn-°p-∂p. a-{Zm-kv- sd-bn¬-th- I-º-\n-bv-°m-bn-cp- 327. tem-Im-¤p-X-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn- I-W-°m-
cp- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n.- ∂p- \n¿-am-W-®p-a-X-e.- 1856 Pq-sse- H- °-s∏-Sp-∂- Xm-Pa v- l
- ¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-
276.- -{_n-´o-jv- s]m-eo-kv- h-f-™-t∏mƒ- N- sNss∂ ∂n-\m-Wv- ]m-X- K-Xm-K-X-Øn-\p- Xp-d- ÿ-ew- F-∂- \n-e-bv-°m-Wv- B-{K- C-
{µ-ti-J¿- B-km-Zv- G-‰p-ap-´-en-s\m-Sp- 297. Xangv-\m-Sn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv- sN- ∂p-sIm-Sp-ØX - v.- s]-cº - q-cn-se- C-‚{- K¬- ∂v- tem-I- {]-kn-≤n- t\-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v.-
hn¬- B-fl-l-Xy- sN-bv-X- ÿ-ew- A- ss∂.- ]-g-b- t]-cv- a-{Zm-kv.- 1996em-Wv- tIm- ® v - ^m- I v - S - d n- sN- ss∂-bv-°p- k-ao- 328.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-t\m-Z-
e-l-_m-Zn-se- B¬-{^-Uv- ]m¿-°m-Wv.- kw-ÿm-\- k¿-°m¿- a-{Zm-kv- F-∂- t]- ]- a m- W v . - k-©m-cn-Iƒ- k-µ¿-in-°p-∂- kv-am-c-I-
277.- -a-Z-≥ tam-l-≥ am-f-hy,- A-an-Xm-`v- _- cv- sN-ss∂- F-∂v- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv.- 311.- -X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- sd-bn¬- am-b- Xm-Pv-a-l¬- tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw-
®-≥ F-∂n-h¿- A-e-l-_m-Zn-em-Wv- P- 298.- -B-Zy-Im-e-Øv- sN-∂-]-´-Ww- F-∂p- t]- th- tÃ-j\ - m-Wv- sN-ss∂.- k-tX-¨- sd- {]-i-kv-X-hpw- a-t\m-l-c-hp-am-b- i-h-
\n-®-Xv.- cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- \-K-c-Øn-\v- a-{Zm-kv- F- bn¬- t h- b p-sS- B-ÿm-\w- sN-ss∂-bn- Ip-So-c-am-Wv.- X-s‚- ]-Xv-\n- apw-Xm-kv- a-
278.- {- ]-ik
- X v- - kw-Ko-X⁄- \
- m-b- l-cn-{]-km- ∂- t]-cp- \¬-In-b-Xv- ]m-›m-Xy-cm-Wv.- em- W v . - l-en-s‚- kv-a-c-W-bv-°v- jm-P-lm-≥ N-
Zv- Nu-ck- y- P-\n-®X - v- A-el
- _- m-Zn-em-Wv.- 299.- -{_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- a-{Zm-kv- {]-hn- 312.- -Nm¿-an-\m¿- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- sN-ss∂- \- {I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv- ]-Xn-t\-gmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬-
279.- -tlm-°n- am-{¥n-I-≥ ta-P¿- [ym-≥ N- iy-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- Cu- \-K-c-am-bn- K-c-sØ- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n- Xm-Pv-a-l¬- \n¿-an-®-Xv.-
µn-s‚- kz-tZ-iw- A-e-l-_m-Zm-Wv.- cp-∂p.- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- °p-∂p.- em¬-_m-Kv- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- sN- 329.- -D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in¬- b-ap-\m-\-Zn-bp-sS- h-e-
280.- -k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-s‚- t\-´-߃- {]-Xn-]m-Zn- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.- ss∂-bv-°pw- _mw-•q-cn-\p-an-S-bv-°v- Hm- tØ-°-c-bn-em-Wv- B-{Km-]-´-Ww.- a-lm-
°p-∂- en-Jn-X-am-b- {]-bm-K- {]-i-kv-Xn- 300.- -{^m-≥kn-kv- tU-bm-Wv- ]-Xn-t\-gmw- \q- Sp-∂p.- `m-c-X-Øn¬- A-{K-h-\w- F-∂- t]-cn¬-
ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- A-e-l-_m-Zn-em- ‰m-≠n¬- a-{Zm-kv- \-K-cw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.- 313.- -A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-s\-bpw- sN-ss∂-sb- ]-cm-a¿-in-®n-cn-°p-∂- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.- C-
Wv.- C-Xv- X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v- 301.- -1885˛¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- C-¥y-≥ \m-j- bpw- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂- s{S-bn-\m-Wv- \-h- ∂p- Im-Wp-∂- ]-´-Ww- ]-Sp-Øp-b¿-Øn-
X-s‚- k-Z-ky-\m-bn-cp-∂- l-cn-tk-\-≥.- W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s≥d- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn- Po- h - ≥ F-Iv-kv-{]-kv.- b-Xv- ap-…nw- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv.-
281.- -a-Z-≥ tam-l-≥ am-f-hy- {In-°-‰v- tÃ-Un- \p-th-Zn-bm-b- B-Zy-sØ- Z-£n-tW-¥y- 314.- {Km- ≥ Uv - {S-¶v- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- \yq-U¬-ln- 330.- -tem-[n- hw-i-Øn-se- {]-i-kv-X- kp¬-
b-hpw- A-an-Xm-`v- _-®-≥ kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv- ≥ \-K-c-am-Wv- sN-ss∂.- 1887˛¬- \-S- sb- sN- s s∂-bp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.- Øm- \ m- b n- c p- ∂ - kn- ° - µ ¿- tem- [ n-
tImw-π-Iv-kpw- A-e-l-_m-Zn-e-mWv. ∂- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚- A-[y-£-≥ _-Z- 315.- -
t Im- s sh- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- sN-ss∂-bv-°pw- 1505˛¬- B-{K- X-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-°n.-
dp-±o-≥ X-ø-_v-Pn- B-bn-cp-∂p.- tIm- b - º - Ø q-cn-\pw- C-S-bn¬- k¿-ho-kv- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ]p-{X-\pw- tem-[n- hw-
_mw•q¿ 302.- -C¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kn-a‚ - v- ^m-IvS- - \- S - Ø p- ∂ p.- i-Øn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- kp¬-Øm-\p-
282. I¿-Wm-SI - - kw-ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚- X-eÿ
- m- dn- (1904)- ÿm-]n-Xa - m-b- \-Kc - a- m-Wn-Xv.- 316.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- _o- am-bn-cp-∂- C-{_m-lnw- tem-[n-bp-sS- X-
\-am-Wv- _mw-•q¿.- _w-K-ep-cp- F-∂pw- 303.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- F-bv-Uv-kv- dn-t∏m¿- ®v- (I-S-∏p-dw-)- sN-ss∂-bn-se- a-do-\m- e-ÿm-\-hpw- B-{K- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ⁄m-\-]o-T- tP-Xm-hv- ´v- sN-ø-s∏-´- \-K-c-hpw- (1986)- sN-ss∂- _o-®m-Wv.- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- Fw.-Pn.-B-dn- 331.- -1526˛¬- H-∂mw- ]m-\n-∏-´p-bp-≤-Øn¬- C-
bp.-B¿.- A-\-¥-aq¿-Øn-bm-Wv- Cu- t]- bm-Wv.- s‚-bpw- A-Æm-Zp-ssc-bp-sS-bpw- k-am-[n- {_m-lnw- tem-[n-sb- h-[n-®v- ap-Kƒ- `-c-
cv- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv.- 304.- -sX-t°- C-¥y-bp-sS- I-hm-Sw- F-∂p- hn- ÿ-ew.- Ww- B-cw-`n-®-tXm-sS- _m-_-dp-sS- ssI-
283.- -s]-≥j-t\-gv-kv- ]m-c-ssU-kv- ,- C-¥y- ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv- sN- 317.- - s N-ss∂- \-K-c-Øn-te-°v- B-{‘-{]-tZ- h-i-am-bn- B-{K.-
bp-sS- ]q-t¥m-´- \-K-cw,- C-¥y-bp-sS- C- ss∂.- sIm-d-am-≠¬- Xo-c-Øm-Wn-Xv.- in- se- Ir-jv-W-\-Zn-bn¬-\n-∂v- P-e-sa- 332.- _
- m-_¿- A-¥c - n-®X - pw- B-{K-bn¬- h-®m-
e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- kn-‰n,- F-∂o- A-]-c-\m- sN-ss∂-bv° - p- k-ao-]a - m-Wv- Ir-{Xn-a- ta- Øn- °m-\p-≈- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- sX-ep-Kp- Wv.- A-hn-sS- B-cmw- _m-Kn-em-Wv- A-
a-߃- _mw-•q-cn-\p-≠v.- P¿- Xp-d-ap-J-am-b- F-Æq¿.- Kw- K m- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- t±-l-sØ- B-Zyw- A-S-°w- sN-bv-X-Xv.-
284.- - C - ¥ y- b n- s e- B- Z y- s Ø- ssk- _ ¿- 305.- -sN-ss∂-bv-°p-k-ao-]w- C-cp-ßm-´p-tIm- 318.- - s k- ≥ {S¬- e-X¿- dn-k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-t±-lw- B-{K-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xp-
ss{Iw- s]m-eo-kv- tÃ-j-≥ ÿm-]n-X- ss´- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øm-Wv- lyp-≠m-bn- ,- sk- ≥ {S¬- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- F-©n-\n- t]m-se- `u-Xn-Im-hi - n-jvS- w- Im-_q-fn-te-
am-b-Xv- _mw-•q-cn-em-Wv.- Im¿- ^m-Iv-S-dn- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- b- d nw- K v - dn-k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- ,-\m-j- °v- am-‰n- ÿm-]n-®p.-
285.- -sF.-Sn.- hy-h-km-b-Øn¬- ap-∂n-´p- \n¬- 306.- -hm-l-\- \n¿-am-W- cw-K-sØ- ]p-tcm-K- W¬- C- ≥ Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- Hm-j-≥ sS-Iv- 333.- -G-‰-hpw- a-lm-\m-b- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
°p-∂-Xn-\m¬- C-¥y-bn-se- kn-en-°- Xn- Im-c-Ww- sX-°-t\-jy-bn-se- sU- t\m- f - P n,- C- ¥y-≥ B¿-an-bp-sS- Hm-^o- bm-b- A-Iv-_-dm-Wv- \-K-c-Øn¬- A-Iv-
¨- hm-en- F-∂-dn-b-s∏Sp∂p. t{Sm-bn-‰v- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn¬- sN- tk- g v - k v - s{S- bn-\nw-Kv- A-°m-Z-an,- I-Æn- _-cm-_m-Zv- tIm-´- \n¿-an-®-Xv.-
286. Indian Academy of Science, Jawaharlal ss∂- {]-kn-≤n-bm¿-Pn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p- am- d - ]- ª n- I v - sse-{_-dn,- Fw-F-kv- kzm- 334.- -B-{K-bn¬-\n-∂v- G-sd- Zq-c-b-√m-sX- ^-
Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific ∂p.- an- \ m- Y - ≥ dn- k ¿-®v- ^u-t≠-j-≥ B- tØ-]q¿- kn-{In-sb-∂- ]p-Xn-b- X-e-
Research, National Centre for 307.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ap-\n- ÿm- \ w,- F- ∂ n-h- sN-ss∂-bn-em-Wv.-
Biological Sciences,National Institute kn-∏¬- tIm¿-∏-td-j-\m-Wv- sN-ss∂.- 319.- - X - a n- g v - kn- \ n- a m- hy- h-km-b-Øn-s‚- tI-
of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, C-Xn-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-b- dn-∏-¨- _n¬- {µw- (tIm- f n- h p- U v - ) - sN-ss∂-bm-Wv.- C-
Indian Institute of Science, National ¥y-bn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- kn-\n-am- hy-h-
Law School of India University F∂o km-b- tI-{µ-am-Wn-Xv.-
ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- _mw-•q- 320.- -sN-∂- tI-i-h- s]-cp-amƒ- t£-{X-Øn-
cm-Wv.- s‚- t]-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- sN-∂-]-´-Ww- F-
287. ssh-Zyp-Xo-Ic - n-°s- ∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- Z-£n- ∂- \m-aw- \n-jv] - ∂ - a - m-bs - X-∂v- A-`n-{]m-
tW-¥y-≥ \-K-cw,- km¿-°v- k-tΩ-f-\- b-ap-≠v.-
Øn-\p- th-Zn-bm-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ \-K- 321.- -sN-ss∂- \-K-c- ]-cn-[n-°p-≈n-em-Wv- Kn-
cw- F-∂o- {]-tXy-I-X-I-fp-≈- \-K-c-am- ≠n- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°v.- km-[m-c-W-am-
Wn-Xv.- bn- \-K-c-{]-tZ-i-Øv- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿- ÿm-\w- \n¿-an-®v- A-Iv-_¿- A-tßm-´p-
288.- -em¬- _m-Kv,- I-∫-¨- ]m¿-°v- ,- Nn-∂- °p-Iƒ- hn-c-f-am-Wv.- am-dn-sb-¶n-epw- P-e-£m-aw-aq-ew- X-e-
kzm-an- tÃ-Un-bw- F-∂n-h-bpw- _mw-•q- 322.- -a-{Zm-kv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-ÿm- ÿm-\w- Xn-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-tc-≠n-h-∂p.-
cn-em-Wv.- Unw-Kv- sN-ss∂-bn-se- ssh-‰v- lu-kv- F- \w- sN-ss∂-bn-em-Wv.- C-¥y-bn¬- {_n- 335.- -Kp-P-dm-Øv- Io-g-S-°n-b-Xn-s‚- kv-am-c-I-
289.- -\m-j-W¬- {In-°-‰v- A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS- B- ∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p- (C-¥y-bn-se- X-t±-i` - c
- - ´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- B- am-bn- A-Iv-_¿- ^-tØ-]q¿- kn-{In-bn¬-
ÿm-\-am-Wv- Nn-∂-kzm-an- tÃ-Un-bw.- W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-sh-∂-dn-b- Zy-sØ- aq-∂v- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-I-fn-sem- \n¿-an-®- _p-e-µv- Z¿-hm-k- C-¥y-bn-se-
290.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sF.-F-kv.-H.- k¿- s∏-Sp-∂- ssh-t{km-bn-bm-Wv- dn-∏-¨-).- ∂m-Wn-Xv- (I¬-°-´,- t_mw-s_- F-∂n- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- I-hm-S-am-Wv.-
´n-^n-t°-j-≥ e-`n-®- _m-¶m-b- Im-\-d- tem-I-Øp-X-s∂- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- Inw-Kv-U- h-bm-Wv- a-‰p- c-s≠-Æw-).- tI-{µ-`-c-W- 336.- -B-{K- \-K-c-Øn-\v- F-´p- In-tem-ao-‰¿- ]-
_m-¶n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- _mw-•q-cn-em-Wv.- Øn-\p-sh-fn-bn¬- H-cp- tIm-a-¨-sh¬- {]-tZ-ia - m-b- ]p-Xp-t®-cn-bpw- C-Xn-s‚- A- Sn-™m-dv- kn-°-{µ-bn-em-Wv- A-Iv-_-dp-
291.- -sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H.-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-b- Øv- cm-jv-{S-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- [n- I m- c - ]-cn-[n-°p-≈n-em-Wv.- a-{Zm-kv- \- sS- i-h-Ip-So-cw-
A-¥c - o-£v- `-h≥ - ,- tIm-^n-t_m¿-Un-s‚- ap-\n-kn-∏¬- tIm¿-∏-td-j-\m-Wn-Xv.- K- c - Ø n- s‚- t]-cv- am-‰n-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw- 337.- -A-Iv-_-dp-sS- Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- ]-Wn-Xp-
B-ÿm-\w. 308.- -sk-≥dv- tPm¿-Pv- tIm-´- sN-ss∂-bn-em- a- { Zm- k v - ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- t]-cv- am- S-ßn- P-lmw-Ko¿- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b- Cu-
292.- -\m-j-W¬- A- -kv-sa-‚ v- B-‚ v- A-{I- Wv.- 2010¬- ]p-Xn-b- a-µn-cw- D-ZL v- m-S\- w- ‰n- b n- ´ n- √ .- ku-[w- hm-kv-Xp-in¬-]- ku-Ip-am-cy-
Un-t‰-j-≥ Iu-¨-kn-en-s‚- (\m-Iv-)- B- sN-øpw-hs - c- X-an-g\-v m-S-v sk-{I-´d - n-tb-‰-v {]- 323.- s - N-ss∂-b° v- v- k-ao-]a - m-Wv- cp-Ia v- n-Wn- tZ- Øn-s‚- {]-Xo-I-am-Wv.-
ÿm-\w,- F-∂n-h- _m-•q-cn-em-Wv.- h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂X - v- tIm-´b - °
v- p-≈n-em-Wv.- hn- A- c p- t ≠¬- ÿm- ] n-
® - I- e m- t£-{X.- 338.- -A-Iv-_-cm-_m-Zv- tIm-´-bv-°p-≈n-se- a-
293.- -I¿-Wm-S-I- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- B- 309.- -H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- P¿- 324.- - Z - £ n- t W- ¥ y- b n- s e- B- Z y- s Ø- B-[p- t\m-lc - l
- ¿-ay-߃- an-°X - pw- P-lmw-Ko-
ÿm-\w- _mw-•q-cm-Wv.- a-\n- B-{I-an-®- G-I- C-¥y-≥ \-K-c-am- \n- I - k¿- h -
I -
e m- i m- e -
b m-b - a-{Zm- k v- k¿- dn-s‚-bpw- jm-P-lm-s‚-bpw- Im-e-Øv- ]-
294.- -C-¥y-bn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- sF.-Sn.- I-º- Wn-Xv.- h- I - e m- i m- e - b p- s S- (1857)- B- ÿ m-\w- Wn-I-gn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-h-bm-Wv.-
sN-ss∂-bn-em-Wv.- 1978˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-

042
339.- -1649˛¬- jm-P-lm-≥ ap-Kƒ- cm-P-[m-\n-
U¬- l n- b n- t e- ° v - am- ‰ n.- AtXmsS
B{KbpsS {]Xm]w £bn®pXpSßn.
]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥yØn¬
Pm´v, admØ hn`mK°m¿ B{Ksb
XßfpsS A[o\Xbnem°m≥
{ian®p.
340. 1803˛¬ CuÃn¥ym°º\n B{K
ssIhis∏SpØn. 1857 BKkv X v
c≠n\v CuÃn¥ym°º\nbpsS
ssk\yhpw elf°mcpw B{Kbn¬
G‰pap-´n.- I-em-]-Im-cn-Iƒ-°v- I-\-Ø-
]-cm-P-bw- kw-`-hn-®p.- 1857˛-se- e-l-f-
tbm-sS- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- {]u-Un- ho-s≠-
Sp-°m-\m-hm-Ø-hn-[w- a-ßn-t∏m-b-n.
341. XmPn-s\m-∏w- In-S-\n¬-°p-∂- \n-c-h-[n-
hm-kv-Xp-in¬-]-ssh-`-h-߃- \n-d-™-
B-{K- ap-Kƒ- {]u-Un-bp-sS- A-\-iz-c- kv-
am-c-I-am-bn- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p.- A-Iv-_-
cm-_m-Zv- tIm-´-bv-°p-≈n-se- P-lmw-Ko-
cn- a-l¬,- tam-Øn- a-kv-Pn-Zv,- b-ap-\-bp-
sS- a-dp-I-c-bn¬- ]-Wn-Xn-´p-≈- C-Øn-am-
Zv- D-Zv- Zu-f-bp-sS- i-h-Ip-So-cw- F-∂n-h-
A-°q-´-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p.- U¬-ln-bn¬-
jm-Pl - m-≥ \n¿-an-®X - p-t]m-se- B-{K-bn-
epw- H-cp- sN-t¶m-´-bp-≠v.- ap-ºv- H-cp- ln-
µp- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- \n¿-an-®- C-jv-Sn-I-
t°m-´-bp-sS- ÿm-\-Øv- Np-h-∂- a-W¬-
°-√n¬- tIm-´- \n¿-an-®-Xv- A-Iv-_-dm-Wv.-
jm-P-lm-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv- tIm-´- C-∂p-
Im-Wp-∂- co-Xn-bn-em-b-Xv.- Cu- tIm-´-
bv-°v- U¬-ln-bn-se- sN-t¶m-´-sb-t∏m-
se- U¬-ln- tK-‰v,- em-tlm¿- tK-‰v- F-
∂o- t]-cp-I-fp-≈- I-hm-S-ß-fp-≠v.- em-
tlm¿- tK-‰n-s\- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- A-a¿-
knw-Kv- tK-‰v- F-∂v- ]p-\¿-\m-a-I-c-Ww-
sN-bv-Xp.- ]m-cm-{Sq-t∏-gv-kv- s{S-bn-\nw-Kv-
kv-Iqƒ- B-{K-bn-em-Wv.
tImbºØq¿
342. Z£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- am-©-ÿ- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂- tIm-bº - Ø
- q¿- ,-tIm-ssh- F-
∂- t]-cn-epw- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
343.- -tIm-h-≥]q-Xq¿- F-∂m-Wv- ]-g-b- t]-cv.-
344.- -X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- c-≠m-as - Ø- h-en-b- \-K-
c-am-b- tIm-bº - Ø - q-cn-\v- sX-s°- C-¥y-
bn-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- X-eÿ - m-t\-Xc - -
\-Kc - w- F-∂- hn-ti-jW - w- kz-¥a - m-Wv.-
345.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tam-t´m¿- kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv- X-
e-ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- tIm-b-º-
Øq¿,- tam-t´m¿- dm-en-Iƒ-°p- {]-kn-≤-
am-Wv.-
346.- -]m-e-°m-Sv- Np-cw- tI-c-f-sØ- tIm-b-º-
Øq-cp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.- tI-cf - n- 362.- -1948˛-se- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-
- Ø
se- in-cp-hm-Wn- A-W-s°-´n-se- P-ew-
tIm-bº - Ø
- q-cn-se- B-hi - y-Øn-\m-Wv- D-
]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.- knw-K-\-√q¿- X-Sm-Iw-
tIm-b-º-Øq-cn-em-Wv.-
347.- -hm-K-¨- {Sm-P-Un- Zp-c-¥-Øn¬- (1921)- ]-
cn-t°-‰-h-sc- {]-th-in-∏n-®-Xv- tIm-b-º-
Øq-cn-se- B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- C-
hn-sS-h-®v- F-´p-t]¿-Iq-Sn- a-c-W-a-S-™-
tXm-sS- B-sI- a-c-W-kw-Jy- 72 B-bn.- 363.DØ¿-{]-tZ-in-s‚- km-º-Øn-I-˛- hym-h-
sU-dm-Uq-¨-
348.- -D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Un-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b-
sU-dm-Uq-¨- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- kv-Iqƒ-
kn-‰n- F-∂m-Wv.-
349.- -t{Zm-W-cp-sS- hm-k-ÿ-ew- F-∂pw- hn-
ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- Cu- \-K-c-Øn-em- 365.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- 1960¬- F-kv.-Sn.-Un.-
Wv- C-¥y-≥ an-en-´-dn- A-°m-Z-an,- cm-jv-
{So-b- C-¥y-≥ an-en-´-dn- tIm-tf-Pv-,- C-µn-
cm-Km-‘n- \m-j-W¬- t^m-d-Ãv- A-°m-
Z-an-,- C-¥y-≥ an-en-´-dn- A-°m-Z-an- ayq- 366.-\yq-U¬-ln- I-gn-™m¬- D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-
kn-bw,- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Ãv-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- s]-
t{Sm-fn-bw,- t^m-d-Ãv- dn-k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v- F-∂o- ÿm-]-\-߃.-
350.- -tPm-fn- {Km-≥Uv- F-b¿-t]m¿-´v- ,- tdm-t_-
gv-kv- Kp-l-,- Uq-¨- kv-Iqƒ- F-∂n-h- sU- 368.-1857 ˛-se- I-em-]-Im-e-Øv- \m-\m- km-
dm-Uq-Wn-em-Wv.-
351.- -Hm-bn¬- B-‚ v- \m-®p-d¬- Kym-kv- tIm¿-
∏-td-j-≥,-k¿-th- Hm-^v- C-¥y- F-∂n-h- 369.-Xo-{h- tZ-io-b-hm-Zn-I-sf-bpw- hn-π-h-Im-
bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
sU-dm-Uq-Wn-em-Wv.-
352.- ]
- n¬-°m-eØ - v- (1952)- h-tUm-Zc- b
- n-te-°v-
am-‰n-b- sd-bn¬-th- Ãm-^v- tIm-tf-Pv-
1930˛¬- ÿm-]n-®X - v- sU-dm-Uq-Wn-em-Wv.- 370.-tZ-io-b- ]-b-dp-h¿-K- K-th-j-W- tI-{µw-
353.- -{_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- ssh-t{km-bn-
bp-sS- Aw-K-c-£-I-cp-sS- th-\¬-°m-e-
Xm-hf - (- k-Ω¿- t_-kv)- - am-bn-cp-∂X- v- sU- 371.-{Ko-≥ ]m¿-°v- tÃ-Un-bw- C-h-nsSbmWv.
dm-Uq-W-nemWv.
Pbv]q¿
354. ]n¶v- kn-‰n- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-em-Wv-
cm-P-ÿm-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- P-bv-]q¿-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- G-
‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.-
355.- -Bw-_-dn-se- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂-
cm-Pm- k-hm-bv- P-bv-knw-Kv- c-≠m-a-≥ B-
Wv- 1727˛¬- Cu- \-K-cw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-
356.- -1853˛¬- sh-bv¬-kv- cm-P-Ip-am-c-s‚- k-
µ¿-i-\-th-f-bn-em-Wv- \-K-c-Øn¬- ]n-¶v-
\n-d-ap-≈- s]-bn-‚-Sn-®-Xv- ({_n-´o-jv- In-
co-Sm-h-Im-in-bp-sS- ÿm-\-t∏-cm-Wv- {]n-
≥kv- Hm-^v- sh-bv¬-kv-).-
357.- -k-hm-bv- am-≥knw-Kv- {In-°-‰v- tÃ-Un-bw-
P-bv-]q-cn-em-Wv.-
358.- -t\m¿-Øv- sh-tÃ-¨- sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS-
B-ÿm-\w- P-bv-]q-cn-em-Wv.-
359.- -k-©m-cn-I-fp-sS- kp-h¿-W- {Xn-tIm-Ww-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- U¬-ln-˛-P-bv-]q¿-
˛-B-{K-bm-Wv.-
360.- -ln-µp-ÿm-\n- kw-Ko-X-⁄-\m-b- hn-iz-
tam-l-≥ `-´v- P-\n-®-Xv- P-bv-]q-cn-em-Wv-
(1952).-
361.- -{]-i-kv-X-am-b- l-hm- a-l-epw- P-¥¿- a-
¥¿- F-∂- hm-\- \n-co-£-W-im-e-bpw-
Cu- B-kq-{Xn-X- \-Kc - Ø
- n-em-Wv.- hn-Zym-
[¿- `-´m-Nm-cy-bm-Wv- Cu- \-K-c-Øn-s‚-
tbm-P-\m- \n¿-am-X-m-hv.-
∂-Xv- P-bv-]q-cn-em-Wv.- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚-
55a-sØ- B- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-´m-`n-
ko-Xm-cm-a-ø-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-[y-£-≥.-
70˛mw- k-tΩ-f-\w- 1966˛¬- P-bv-]q-cn¬-
\- S - ∂ - t ∏mƒ- sI.ImacmPmbncp∂p
A[y£≥.
Im¨]q¿
km-bn-I- X-eÿ - m-\w- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂-
Im-¨-]q¿,- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-
en-b- \-K-c-am-Wv.- Kw-K-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-
Wn-Xv.-
364.-D-Ø-tc-¥y-bp-sS- am-©-ÿ- F-∂pw- Im-
¨-]q-cn-s\- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v.-
kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS- e-Iv-\u-hp-am-bn- 384.- -C-¥y-≥ ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-s‚- sa-°- F-∂-
_-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- \-K-c-am-Wv- Im-¨-
]q¿.-
se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- C-≥U-kv{- Sn-b¬- l- 385.- -C-¥y-bn¬- hm-Wn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬-
_v- Im-¨-]q-cm-Wv.-
367.-C-¥y-≥ a-Æn¬-h-®v- 1925˛¬- I-ayp-Wn-
Ãv- ]m¿-´n- cq-]w-sIm-≠- ÿ-e-am-Wn-Xv.-
043
tl-_v- Im-¨] - q-cn-em-Wv- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-
In-b-Xv.-
cn-I-sf-bpw- G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-
1924˛¬- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ dn-∏-ªn-°-≥ A-
tkm-kn-tb-j-≥ cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv- Im-¨-
]q-cn-em-Wv.-
,-tZ-io-b- ]-©-km-c- K-th-j-W- tI-{µw-
F-∂n-h- Im-¨-]q-cn-em-Wv.-
sIm¬°Ø
372. sIm¬°-Ø-bp-sS- ]-g-b-t]-cv- I¬-°-
´- F-∂m-Wv.- tPm-_v- Nm¿-t\m-Iv- F-∂-
{_n-´o-jp-Im-c-\m-Wv- \-K-cw- ÿm-]n-®-
Xv.- 1772˛¬- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\-am-bn.-
373.- -tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a≥ - cm-Pm-hv- C-¥y-bp-sS-
X-eÿ - m-\w- U¬-ln-bn-te-°v- am-‰p-sa-∂v-
1911˛¬- {]-Jym-]n-®p.- A-ßs - \- U¬-ln-
C-¥y-bp-sS- X-eÿ - m-\a
- m-bn- (1912).-
374.- -]-›n-a- _w-Km-fn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b-
sIm¬-°-Ø-sb- In-g-°-≥ C-¥y-bp-
sS- hm-Wn-Py- Xeÿm\w (commercial
capital of East India) F∂p- hn-ti-jn-
∏n-°p-∂p.-
375. sIm´mcßfpsS \Kcw F∂ A]c\m-
a-hpw- sIm¬-°-Ø-bv-°p-≠v.-
376.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- im-kv-{X-\-K-c-
am-Wv- sIm¬-°-Ø.-
377.- -Kw-K-bp-sS- {]-[m-\- ssI-h-gn- (Un-kv-{Sn-
_yq-´-dn-)-bm-b- lq-•n-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv-
Cu- \-K-cw.-
378.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b-
aq-∂m-a-sØ- sa-t{Sm-s]m-fn-‰-≥ G-cn-b-
B-Wv- sIm¬-°-Ø.-
379.- -{_n-´o-jp-Im¿- C-¥y-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®-
B-Zy-sØ- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n- I¬-°-´-
bn-em-Wv.-
380.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- sa-Un-
°¬- tIm-tf-Pv- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv.-
C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- B-[p-\n-I- ssh-Zy-
hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv-
C-hn-sS-bm-Wv.-
381.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- c-
≠m-a-sØ- k-tΩ-f-\- th-Zn- sIm¬-°-
Ø-bm-bn-cp-∂p-(1886).- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-ht- dm-
Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-[y-£-≥.-
382.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- \n- -
l-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\w- kw-_-‘n-®- {]-ta-
bw- ]m-km-°n-bX - v- 1920 sk-]vX - w-_d- n¬-
sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- tN¿-∂- {]-tXy-I-
k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv.-
383.- -a-Z¿- sX-tc-k- A-¥y-\n-{Z- sIm-≈p-∂-
a-Z¿-lu-kv- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv.-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv- {]-
i-kv-X-am-b- km¬-‰v- te-°v- kv-t‰-Un-bw-
(bp-h-`m-c-Xn- tÃ-Un-bw-).-
sk-√p-em¿- t^m-¨- k¿-ho-kv- B-cw-`n-
®- B-Zy- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.-
386.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- tIm-´-¨-an¬,- sS-e-
t^m-¨,- en-^v-‰v,- P-\-d¬- t]m-tÃm-^o-
kv,- ayq-kn-bw,- tIm-tf-Pv- (t^m¿-´v- hn-
eyw-)- ,-h\ - n-Xm- tIm-tf-Pv- (t_-Xp-¨- tIm-
tf-Pv-),-kn-\n-am-lmƒ- (F¬-^n-≥Ã-¨-
]n-Iv-N¿- ]m-e-kv-)- F-∂n-h- ÿm-]n-®-
Xv- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv.-
387.- -C-¥y-bn¬- N-W-hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p- Xp-
S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv- sIm¬-°-bn-em-Wv.-
388.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-cn-
°-s∏-´- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.-
389.- -Cu-U-≥ Km¿-U-≥kv- tÃ-Un-bw- {In-°-
‰n-\p- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv.-
390.- h
- n-Itv- Sm-dn-bm- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- tI-{µ- kmw-
kv-Im-cn-I- h-Ip-∏n-s‚- Io-gn-ep-≈- ayq-
kn-ba - m-Wv.- {_n-´o-jv- `-cW - I- m-eØ
- n-s‚-
ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ- C-hn-sS- {]-Z¿-in-∏n-®n-´p-
≠v.- hn-eyw- F-ta-gv-k-¨- B-Wv- hn-Iv-
tSm-dn-b- sa-tΩm-dn-b-en-s‚- in¬-]n.-
391.- -Km¿-U-≥do-®v- I-∏¬- \n¿-am-W-im-e-
sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv.- C-¥y-bn¬- \-Zn-
bn¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- ta-P¿- Xp-d-ap-
J-am-Wn-Xv.-
392.- -C-¥y-≥ Xp-d-ap-J-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- ln-‚¿-em-≥Uv- D-≈- Xp-d-ap-Jw-
sIm¬-°-Ø-bm-Wv- (H-cp- Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-
s‚- {]-tbm-P-\w- e-`n-°p-∂- {]-tZ-i-am-
Wv- ln-‚¿-em-≥Uv-)-
393.- -C-¥y-bn¬- {Smw- k¿-ho-kv- D-≈- G-I-
\-K-cw- sIm¬-°-Ø-bm-Wv.-
394.- -sUm-an-\n-Iv- em-∏n-b-dp-sS- kn-‰n- Hm-^v-
tPm-bv- F-∂- Ir-Xn-bp-sS- ]-›m-Ø-ew-
sIm¬-°-Ø-bm-Wv.-
395.- -kn-‰n- Hm-^v- tPm-bv- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-
hpw- sIm¬-°-Ø- \-K-c-Øn-\p-≠v.-
396.- -sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- _n¿-fm- πm-\-t‰-dn-b-
ap-≠v.- \m-W-b-a-®-Sn-°p-∂- an-‚pw- C-hn-
sS-bp-≠v.-
397.- - C - ¥ y- b n- s e- G- ‰ - h pw- ]- g - ° - a p- ≈ -
ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bm-Wv- I¬-°-´- ssl-
t°m-S-Xn.-
398.- -sIm¬-°-Ø-tb-bpw- lu-d-sb-bpw- _-
‘n-∏n-°p-∂- ]m-e-am-Wv- hn-Zym-km-K¿-
tk-Xp.-
399.- -t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- F-
b¿-t]m¿-´v- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv.- C-Xn-
s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cv- Uw-Uw- F-b¿-t]m¿-´v.-
400.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sa-t{Sm- sd-bn¬-th-
ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv- (1984).-
401.- -_m-‰,- F-Iv-ssk-Uv,- _n¿-f,- ^n-en-]v-kv-
C-¥y,-sF.-Sn.-kn.- F-∂o- I-º-\n-I-fp-sS-
B-ÿm-\w- sIm¬-°-Ø-bm-Wv.-
402.- -A-e-l-_m-Zv- _m-¶v,- bq-t°m- _m-¶v,- bp-
ssW-‰-Uv- C-¥y- _m-¶v- F-∂n-h-bp-sS-
B-ÿm-\w- Cu- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv.-
403.- -]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- sk-{I-
t´-dn-b-‰m-Wv- ssd-t‰-gv-kv- _n¬-Unw-Kv.-
404.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ss]-Xr-
I- a-µn-c-ß-fp-≈- \-K-c-am-Wv- sIm¬-°-
Ø.-
405.- -C-¥y-≥ ayq-kn-bw- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-
Wv.- G-jy-bn-se-X-s∂- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-
ap-≈- ayq-kn-b-am-Wn-Xv- (1814).-
406.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- {K-Ÿm-e-
b-am-b- \m-jW - ¬- sse-{_-dn- {]-h¿-Øn-
°p-∂- sI-´n-Sw- H-cp-Im-e-Øv- K-h¿-W¿-
P-\-d-en-s‚- h-k-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
407.- -t\-Xm-Pn- `-h-≥,- t\-Xm-Pn- C-≥tUm¿-
tÃ-Un-bw- F-∂n-h-bpw- Cu- \-K-c-Øn-
em-Wv.-
408.- - _ w- K m- f n- kn- \ n- a - b p- s S- B- ÿ m- \ w-
sIm¬-°-Ø-bm-Wv.- tSm-fn-hp-Uv- F-∂-
\m-aw- _w-Km-fn- kn-\n-as - b- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-
≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p- (sX-ep-¶p-kn-\n-a-
bpw- Cu- hm°v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v-).-
409.- -G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ^p-Sv-
t_mƒ- ¢-_p-I-fn-sem-∂m-b- sam-l-
≥_-Km-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- sIm¬-°-Ø-
bm-Wv.
410. sF.]n.F¬ {In°‰v Soamb Kolkata
Knight Riders s‚ Bÿm\hpw
sIm¬°ØbmWv.
411. {_n´-Wp- ]p-d-Øv- tKmƒ-^v- ¢-_v- ÿm-
]n-X-am-b- B-Zy- \-K-c-am-Wv- sIm¬-°-
Ø.-Cu- \-K-cw- C-¥y-bn¬- d-Kv-_n- bq-
Wn-b-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂p.-
412.- -sIm¬-°-Ø-bv-°p- k-ao-]-am-Wv- Z-£n-
tW-iz¿- Im-fn-t£-{Xw.- {io-cm-aI - r-jvW- -
]-c-a-lw-k¿- C-hn-Sp-sØ- ]q-Pm-cn-bm-bn-
cp-∂p.-
413.- -Cu-tÃ-¨- sd-bn¬-th,- ku-Øv- Cu-
tÃ-¨- sd-bn¬-th- F-∂o- sd-bn¬-th-
tkm-Wp-I-fp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- sIm¬-°-
Ø-bn-em-Wv.-
414.- -C-¥y-bn-se- 17a-sØ- sd-bn¬-th- tkm-
Wm-b- sIm¬-°-Ø- sa-t{Sm-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\-hpw- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv.-
415.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- ]-{Xw- A-®-Sn-®-Xv-
sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv- (1780).- _w-Kmƒ-
K-k-‰v- A-Y-hm- I¬-°-´- P-\-d¬- A-
ssUz¿-ss´-k¿- F-∂v- t]-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
]-{X-Øn-s‚- D-]⁄ - m-Xm-hv- P-bnw-kv- A-
K-kv-X-kv- ln-°n- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
416.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- k-_v- th- kw-hn-[m-
\w- B-hn-jv-I-cn-°-s∏-´- \-K-c-am-Wv-
sIm¬-°-Ø- (1986).-
417.- -B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬- k¿-th- Hm-^v- C-
¥y,- kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬- k¿-th- Hm-^v- C-
¥y,- s_m-´m-Wn-°¬- k¿-th- Hm-^v- C-
¥y- F- ∂ n- h - b p- s S- B- ÿ m- \ - a m- W v -
sIm¬-°-Ø.-
418.- -{Km-≥Uv- {S-¶v- tdm-Uv- s]-j-hm¿- (]m-
In-kv-Xm-≥),- sIm¬-°-Ø- F-∂o- \-K-
c-ß-sf-bm-Wv- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- {Km-
≥Uv- {S-¶v- tdm-Un-s‚- \n¿-am-W-am-cw-`n-
®-Xv- tj¿-jm-bp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv.-
419.- -sIm¬-°-Ø- ap-X¬- U-b-a-≠v- lm¿-
_¿-h-sc-bm-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ-
sS-e-{Km-^v- sse-≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-
420.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t\-{X-_m-¶v-
ÿm-]n-Xa - m-b- \-Kc - a- m-Wv- sIm¬-°Ø
421.- -sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se- kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬-
Km¿-U≥ - km-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- h-
en-b- ar-K-im-e.-
422.- -Km-\v-[n-Pn- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f\ - a- m-Wv- 1901se- sIm¬-
°-Ø- k-tΩ-f-\w.-
423.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- Xn-c-°p-Iq-Sn-b-
]m-e-am-Wv- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se- lu-d-
]m-ew.- C-Xv- lq-•n-°v- Ip-dpsIbmWv.
eIv\u
424. D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- e-
Iv-\u- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv- tKm-a-Xn- \-
Zo-Xo-c-Øm-Wv.-
425.- -\-hm-_p-am-cp-sS- \-K-cw,- In-g-°n-s‚- kp-
h¿-W-\-K-cw,- C-¥y-bn-se- tIm-¨-Ãm-
‚n-t\m-∏nƒ- F-∂o- A-]c - \
- m-aß
- ƒ- Cu-
\-K-c-Øn-\p-≠v.-
426.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚-
1907˛-se- kq-d-Øv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- an-
X-tZ-io-b-hm-Zn-I-sf-∂pw- Xo-{h-tZ-io-b-
hm-Zn-I-sf-∂pw- c-≠m-bn- ]n-f¿-∂n-cp-∂p.-
C-h¿- ho-≠pw- H-cp-an-®-Xv- 1916˛-se- e-
Iv-\u- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv.-
427.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kpw- ap-
…nw- eo-Kpw- e-Iv-\u- I-cm-dn¬- G¿-s∏-
´- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1916.-
428.-sk-≥{S¬- {U-Kv- dn-k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- ,- dn¬- \-S-∂- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- U-ªp- kn- sf- P-bn-en-e-S-®-Xn-\m¬- k-a-cw- \-bn-
\m-jW - ¬- s_m-´m-Wn-°¬- dn-k¿-®v- C- _m-\¿-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-[y-£≥ - .- 72 {]- °m-≥ {]-[m-\- t\-Xm-°ƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-
≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- F-∂n-h- e-Iv-\u-hn-em-Wv.- Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv- B- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]- ∂n-√.- tKm-hm-en-b- Sm-¶v- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv-
429.- -1916˛-se- e-Iv-\u- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ- s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv.- B-K-kv-Xv- {Im-¥n- ssa-Xm-≥ F-∂v- ]p-
f-\-Øn-em-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- P-hm-l¿- 444.- -Pn-∂m-lu-kv,- a-e-_m¿- ln¬- F-∂n-h- \¿-\m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´p.-
em¬- s\-{lp- B-Zy-am-bn- I-≠-Xv.- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.- 458.- -apw-ss_- \-K-c-Øn-\p- k-ao-]-am-Wv- k-
430.- -1857˛-se- I-em-]-Im-e-Øv- e-Iv-\u-hn¬- 445.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- N-e-®n-{X- {]- Rv-P-bv- Km-‘n- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°v.- ap-
Z¿-i-\w- \-S-∂- \-K-c-am-Wv- apw-ss_.- C- ºv- t_m-dn-hn-en- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°v- F-
¥y-bp-sS- entertainment capital F-∂v- ∂m-Wn-X-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.-
hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- apw-ss_-bn-em- 459.- -apw-ss_-bv-°-Sp-Øv- tdm-l- ap-X¬- I¿-
Wv- C-¥y-≥ kn-\n-am-hy-h-km-b-Øn-s‚- Wm-SI - Ø - n-se- aw-Ke - m-]p-cw- h-sc-bm-Wv-
X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- t_m-fn-hp-Uv.- sIm-¶-¨- sd-bn¬-th.-
446.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- 460.- -1966˛¬- _m¬- Xm-°-td- cq-]w- \¬-In-
^n-enw- s^-Ãn-h¬- \-S-∂- \-K-c-am-Wv- b- cm-jv-{So-b- I-£n-bm-b- in-h-tk-\-bp-
apw-ss_.- sS- B-ÿm-\w- apw-ss_-bn-se- tk-\m-
447.- -\-_m¿-Uv,- dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y,- `-h-≥ B-Wv.-
F¬.-sF.-kn- F-∂n- [-\-Im-cy- ÿm-]- 461.- -1992˛¬- _m-_-dn- a-kv-Pn-Zn-s‚- ]-X-\w-
\-ß-fp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- C-¥y-bp-sS- hy- apw-ss_-bn¬- I-em-]-Øn-\p- Im-c-W-am-
h-km-b- X-e-ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- bn.- apw-ss_- I-em-]w- ]-›m-Ø-e-am-
apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.- bn- a-Wn-cX - v\
- w- kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-bvX - - Nn-
448.- -Hm-l-cn- hym-]m-cw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \- {X-am-Wv- t_mw-s_.- 2008˛¬- apw-ss_-
S-°p-∂- C-¥y-≥ \-K-c-am-b- apw-ss_- bn-se- Xm-Pv- tlm-´¬- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈-
I-em-]w- \-bn-®-Xv- _o-Kw- l-{k-Øv- a- bn-em-Wv- t_mw-s_- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv- ÿ-e-ß-fn¬- `o-I-cm-{I-W-ap-≠m-bn.-
l-em-Wv.- tN-©pw- \m-j-W¬- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv- Cu- tI-kn¬- ]n-Sn-bn-em-b- G-I- `o-I-c-
431.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- 1960¬- F-kv.-Sn.-Un.- tN-©pw- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv.- \m-Wv- A-Pv-a¬- I-k-_v.-
kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS- _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- 449.- -Z-em¬- kv-{So-‰n-se- t_mw-s_- tÃm-°v- 462.- -t_mw-s_- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- A-[n-
\-Kc - ß
- f - m-Wv- Im-¨] - q-cpw- e-Iv\- u-hpw.- F-Iv-kv-tN-©n-se- Hm-l-cn- hn-e-\n-e-hm- Im-c- ]-cn-[n-bn¬- a-lm-cm-jv-{S,- tKm-h-
432.- -e-Iv-\u-hn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- F-∂o- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fpw- Zm-a-≥˛-Zn-bp,-
s\-{lp- \m-j-W¬- sl-dmƒ-Uv- ]-{Xw- Z-{Z-˛-\-K¿- l-th-en- F-∂n- tI-{µ- `-c-W-
{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- {]-tZ-i-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
433.- {- ]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bn-cn-s°- A-S¬- _n-lm- 463.- -sk-≥{S¬- sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-
cn- hm-Pv-t]-bn- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-X- am-Wv- apw-ss_.- O-{X-]-Xn- in-h-Pn- a-
tem-Iv-k-`m- a-Wv-U-ew- e-Iv-\u- B-Wv.- lm-cm-Pv- sS¿-an-\-en-s‚- (kn.-F-k.v-Sn.-)-
434.- -kv-amƒ- C-≥U-kv-{So-kv- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- ]-gb - - t]-cv- hn-Ivt- Sm-dn-b- sS¿-an-\k - v- (hn.-
_m-¶n-s‚- (kn-Uv-_n-)- B-ÿm-\w- e- Sn.-)-F-∂m-Wv.- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ-
Iv-\u-hm-Wv.- sd-bn¬-th- tÃ-j-\m-b- t_m-dn-_-µ-dn-
435.- A- w-t_-ZvI - ¿- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬,- I-≥jn-dmw- s‚- ÿm-\-Øv- Cu- a-µn-cw- cq-]-I¬-]-
sa-tΩm-dn-b¬,- _o-Kw- l-{k-Øv- a-l¬- \- sN-bv-X-Xv- s{^-U-dn-Iv- hn-eyw- Ão-h-
]m¿-°v- F-∂n-h- e-Iv-\u-h-nemWv. ≥kv- B-Wv.-
- .- c- kq-Nn-I- ssk-≥sk-Iv-kv- F-∂pw- \m- 464.- -Hm-kv-I¿- A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-am-b- (2008)-
apwss_ j-W¬- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©n-s‚- kq- kv - f w- t Um- K v - an- e y- W ¿- F- ∂ - Nn- { X-
436. apwss_-bp-sS- ]-gb - t- ]-cv- t_mw-s_- F- Nn-I- \n-^v-‰n- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- Øn¬- Cu- tÃ-j-≥ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.-
∂m-Wv.- 1995em-Wv- t]-cp-am-‰n-b-Xv.- {]m- 450.- -G-jy-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tÃm-°v- F-Iv- 465.- -bp-s\-kv-tIm- tem-I- ss]-Xr-I-∏-´n-I-
tZ-in-I- ssl-µ-h- tZ-h-X-bm-b- apw-_m- kv-tN-©m-Wv- 1875˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- bn¬- O-{X-]-Xn- in-h-Pn- a-lm-cm-Pv- sS¿-
tZ-hn-bm-Wv- t]-cn-\v- A-Sn-ÿm-\w.- t_mw-s_- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©v.- C- an-\-en-s\- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.-
437.- -a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv- C- ¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- kv-t‰m-°v- F- 466.- -A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-s°- C-¥y- k-µ¿-in-
¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- k-º-∂-am-b- \-K-cw- Iv-kv-tN-©m-Wn-Xv.- ®- G-I- {_n-´o-jv- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv-
F-∂- hn-ti-jW - w- kz-¥a - m-b- apw-ss_.- 451.- - C -¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Xp-d-ap-J- tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥ cm-Pm-hv.- A-t±-l-
438.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy-Iq-Sn-b- am- Wv- apw-ss_,- 1946˛- se- \m-hn-I- I- hpw- `m-cy- ta-cn-bpw- 1911˛¬- C-¥y-bn-
\-K-c-am-Wv- apw-ss_.- em- ]w- A-c-tß-dn-b-Xv- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv.- se-Øn-b-Xn-s‚- kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-bn- \n¿-
439.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- Pn.-Un.-]n.- 452.- - C - ¥ y-≥ {In-°-‰n-s‚- \-gv-k-dn- F-∂-dn- an-®- tK-‰v- th- Hm-^v- C-¥y- cq-]-I¬-]-
apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.- b- s ∏- Sp-∂- apw-ss_-bn¬-h-®m-Wv- C-¥y- \- sN-bv-X-Xv- G-eor-g-e- W-i-tte-t B-
440.- -G-gp-Zzo-]p-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw- F-∂- A-]-c- c- ≠ m- a-sØ- {]m-h-iyw- tem-I-I-∏v- {In- Wv.- 26 ao-‰-dm-Wv- \n¿-an-Xn-bp-sS- D-b-cw.-
\m- a w- apw- s s_- b v ° p≠v . Bombay °- ‰ v - tP- Xm-°-fm-b-Xv- (2011).- Fw.-F-kv.- 467.- W ankhede Stadium , Brabourne
Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, t[m- W n- b m-bn-cp-∂p- Iym-]v-‰-≥.- Stadium F∂nh- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.- k-
Colaba, W orli, Old W oman’s Island 453.- - C - ¥ y- b n¬- B-Zy-am-bn- F.-Sn.-Fw.- kw- ®n- ≥ sS- ≥ Up¬- ° - d m- W v - t_mw- s _-
( Little Colaba) F∂n-h-bm-Wv- B- Zzo- hn- [ m- \ w- \n- e-hn¬-h-∂- \-K-cw- F-∂- t_mw-_¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
]p-Iƒ.- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw- hn- ti- j W
- w- apw-ss_-bv° - v- kz-¥a - m-Wv.- 468.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- Xn-c-°p-Iq-Sn-b- Xp-
Jy- Iq-Sn-b- Zzo-]m-Wv- apw-ss_-bn-se- 454.- - C - ¥ y- ≥ A- W p- i - ‡ n- h- I p- ∏ n- s ‚- B- d-ap-J-am-Wv- apw-ss_-bn-se- P-hm-l¿-
km¬-sk-‰v- Zzo-]v- (C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ÿm- \ - a m- W v - apw- s s_.- em¬- s\-{lp- t]m¿-´v- .-
hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- Zzo-]v- t\m¿-Øv- 455.- -Sm-‰- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- ^-≠-sa-‚¬- dn- 469.- -apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv- Pq-lp- _o-®v.- C-¥y-
B-¥-am-≥ B-Wv-).- k¿-®v- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.- bn-se- B-`y-¥c - - thym-ab
- m-\Ø - n-s‚- ]n-
441.- -t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cn¬-\n-∂v- kv-{Xo-[-\- 456.- -apw-ss_- \-K-c-Øn-\-Sp-Øm-Wv- F-en-^- Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- sP.-B¿.-Un.-Sm-
am-bn- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°v- e-`n-®- \-K-c-am- ‚m- Kp-l-Iƒ.- X-t±-io-b-am-bn- L-c-]p- ‰- X-s‚- B-Zy- B-Im-i-bm-{X- \-S-Øn-
Wv- apw-ss_.- t]m¿-®p-K-en-se- tPm-¨- cn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- Cu- Zzo-]p-Iƒ- b-Xv- Pq-lp- F-b¿-t]m¿-´v- ap-X¬- I-dm-
\m-em-a-≥ cm-Pm-hn-s‚- a-Iƒ- Im-X-dn-≥ °v- F-en-^-‚m- F-∂v- t]-cp- e-`n-°p-∂- ®n- h-sc-bm-Wv- (1932).-
cm-P-Ip-am-cn-sb- Cw-•-≠n-se- Nmƒ-kv- c- Xv- ]-Xn-\m-dmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- t]m¿-®p-Ko- 470.- a
- pw-ss_-bn-se- a-e_ - m¿- ln-√n-em-Wv- {]-
≠m-a-≥ cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ hn-hm-lw-I-gn-°p- kp-Im-cp-sS- B-[n-]X - y-Im-eØ - m-Wv.- C- i-kv-X-am-b- lmw-Kn-Mv- Km¿-U-≥kv.- C-
∂- A-h-k-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p- B- ssI- hn- s S- b m- W v
- {]- i k
- X
v
- a
- m- b - {Xn- aq¿-Øn- {]- Xv- ^n-tdm-kv- jm- ta-Ø- Km¿-U-≥kv-
am-‰w- (1661).- Xn- a .- C- h n-s S- b p-
≠ m-
b n-c p-
∂ - B- \b - p-sS- F-∂pw- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p.- I-ae - m- s\-{lp-
442.- -1687¬- Cw-•o-jv- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp- in¬- ] w- C- t ∏mƒ- apw- s s_- b n-
s e- Pn-Pm- ]m¿-°pw- a-e-_m¿- ln-√n-em-Wv.-
sS- B-ÿm-\w- kq-d-‰n¬-\n-∂v- apw-ss_- am- X m- D- Z ym- \ Ø
- n- t e- ° v- (ap- º v- hn- I vt- Sm- 471.- -Uo-I-Ωo-j-≥ sN-bv-X- C-¥y-bp-sS- F-
bn-te-°v- am-‰n.- {_n-´o-jvI - m-eØ - v- t_mw- dn- b m- Km¿- U ≥
- kv )
- - am- ‰ n- ÿm- ] n- ® n-
´ p- ≠v.- b¿- {Im-^v-‰v- Im-cn-b-dm-b- sF.-F-≥.-F-
s_- {]-kn-U≥ - kn-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- apw- 457.- - 1 942˛¬- Izn- ‰ n- ¥ ym- k- a - c w- B- c w- ` n- ® -Xv- kv.- hn-{Im-¥v- C-t∏mƒ- ^v-tfm-´nw-Kv- ayq-
ss_- B-bn-cp-∂p.- apw- s s_- b n- e m- W v . - 1942 B- K - k v - X v - F- kn-b-am-bn- \n-e-\n¿-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
443.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- ´n-\v- apw-ss_-bn-se- tKm-hm-en-b- Sm-¶v- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.-
B-Zy-k-tΩ-f-\- th-Zn-bm-b-Xv- apw-ss_- ssa-Xm-\-Øn¬- Izn-‰n-¥ym- {]-ta-bw- ]m- 472.- -apw-ss_-bn-se- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- ÿ-e-ß-
bn-se- tKm-Ip¬-Zm-kv- tX-Pv-]m¬- kw- km-°n.- A-Sp-Ø- Zn-h-kw- {]-t£m-`w- fm-Wv- a-ssd-≥ ss{U-hv,- \-cn-am-≥ t]m-
kv-Ir-X- tIm-tf-Pm-Wv.- 1885 Un-kw-_- B-cw-`n-®p.- ap-≥I-cp-X-em-bn- t\-Xm-°- bn-‚ v- F-∂n-h.- F-b¿- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-
044
 ÿm-\w- \-cn-am-≥ t]m-bn-‚ n-em-Wv- (F-
b¿- C-¥y- F-Iv-kv-{]-kn-s‚- B-ÿm-
\w- sIm-®n-bm-Wv-)-
473.- -sh-bv¬-kv- cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ 1905˛¬- C-¥y-
k-µ¿-in-®-Xn-s‚- kv-a-c-W-bv-°v- \n¿-an-
®-Xm-Wv- {]n-≥kv- Hm-^v- sh-bv¬-kv- ayq-
kn-bw.- tPm¿-Pv- hn-‰-‰v- B-Wv- a-µn-cw- cq-
]-I¬-]-\- sN-bv-X-Xv.- C-t∏m-f-Xv- O-{X-
]-Xn- in-h-Pn- a-lm-cm-Pv- hm-kv-Xp- kw- 487. _olm-dn-s‚- X-eÿ
{K-lm-eb - - F-∂d- n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂p- (Cw-•≠ - n-
se- In-co-Sm-h-Im-in-bm-Wv- {]n-≥kv- Hm-
^v- sh-bv¬-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-).-
474.- -k-l¿- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- F-b¿-t]m¿-´v-
C-t∏mƒ- O-{X-]-Xn- in-h-Pn- C-‚¿-\m-
j-W¬- F-b¿-t]m¿-´v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp- 488.- B
∂p.- bm-{X-°m-cp-sS- F-Æ-Øn¬- sX-°-
t\-jy-bn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- hn-am-\-Øm-
h-f-am-Wn-Xv.-
\m-Kv-]q¿-
475.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- a-[y-Øm-bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp- 489.- au-cy¿-°v- ap-ºv- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-
∂- \-K-c-am-b- \m-Kv-]q-cn-em-Wv- ko-tdm-
ssa¬- tÃm-¨.-
476.- -hn-Z¿-`- ta-J-e-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \- 490.- -]m-‰v-\- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥ kq¿-
K-c-am-b- \m-Kv-]q¿- apw-ss_-bpw- \m-kn-
°pw- I-gn-™m¬- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se- G-
‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-am-Wv.-
477.- -N-Wv-Un-K-Vv- I-gn-™m¬,- C-¥y-bn-se-
G-‰-hpw- l-cn-Xm-`-am-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- \-
K-cw- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- \m-Kv-]q-cn-\p- 492.- -kn-°p-Im-cp-sS- ]-Øm-a-sØ-bpw- A-h-
≠v.-
478.- -\n-c-h-[n- I-Sp-hm- kw-c-£-W- tI-{µ-ß-
fn-te-°v- tdm-Up-am¿-Kw- s]-s´-∂v- t]m-
Im-≥ km-[n-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬- tem-I-
Øn-s‚- ssS-K¿- Iym-]n-‰¬- F-∂pw- \m-
Kv-]q¿- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
479.- -C-¥y-bn-se- Hm-d-©v- kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- \m-Kv-]q¿- ]-Xn-s\-´mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv- tKm-≠v- hw-i-P-\m-b- `-‡v-
_p-e-µv- F-∂- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv.- ]n-
∂o-Sv- t`m-¨-s…- hw-i-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-
\-am-b- \m-Kv-]q¿- 1861˛¬- sk-≥{S¬-
s{]m-hn-≥kn-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-bn.- kzm-
X-{¥ym-\-¥-cw- a-[y-`m-c-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-
Øn-‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn.- kw-ÿm-\- ]p-
\-:-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ^-e-am-bn- \m-Kv-]q¿-
a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn.-
480.- -a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bp-sS- c-≠mw- X-e-ÿm-\w-
F-∂pw- a-lm-cm-j- v{SbpsS auxiliary
capital F∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \m-Kv-]q- 493.- -tem-Iv- \m-b-Iv- P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-¨-
cn-em-Wv- a-lm-cm-j{v- S- A-kw-ªn-bp-sS- io-
X-Im-e- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-°p-∂- hn-[m-≥
`-h-≥.-
481.- -Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- X-s‚- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-
s°m-∏w- _p-≤-a-Xw- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv- \m-Kv-
]q-cn¬-h-®m-Wv.- Z-fn-Xv- _p-≤-a-X-°m-cp-
sS- ]p- W y- ÿ - e - a m- b - Zo- £ - ` q- a n- b pw-
tUm.- _m-_m- km-tl-_v- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
F-b¿-t]m¿-´pw- \m-Kv-]q-cn-em-Wv.-
482.- -cm-jv-{So-b- kz-bw- tk-h-Iv- kw-Ln-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w- \m-Kv-]q-cn-em-Wv.-
483.- -Sm-‰- {Kq-∏n-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- sS-Iv-ssì-
an¬- 1877˛¬- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- Cu- \-K-c-Øn-
em-Wv.-
484.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \m-j-W¬- ^-
b¿- k¿-ho-kv- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-°-s∏- 497.- -Bƒ- C-¥y- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-
´-Xpw- \m-Kv-]q-cn-em-Wv.-
485.- \- m-jW - ¬- F-≥h-tbm-¨s - a-‚¬- F-©n-
\o-b-dnw-Kv- dn-k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- ,- sk- 498.- -1912˛-se- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-
≥{S¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- tIm-´-¨- dn-
k¿-®v- ,- \m-j-W¬- A-°m-Z-an- Hm-^v- U-
b-d-Iv-Sv- Sm-Iv-k-kv- ,- tZ-io-b- \m-c-I- K-
th-j-W- tI-{µw- F-∂n-h- \m-Kv-]q-cn-em-
Wv.- C-¥y-≥ F-b¿-t^m-gv-kn-s‚- sa-bn-
‚-\-≥kv- I-am-≥Un-s‚- B-ÿm-\-hpw-
C-hn-sS-bm-Wv.-
486.- -1891˛¬- \m-Kv-]q-cn¬- \-S-∂- tIm-¨-{K- 499. almcm-jv{- S-bn-se- G-‰h
kn-s‚- G-gmw- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]n.-B-
\-µ- Nm¿-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p- A-[y-£-≥.-
1920˛¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- k-tΩ-f-\-th-
Zn- \m-Kv-]q-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- kn.-hn-P-b-cm-L-
hm-Nm-cy¿- B-bn-cp-∂p- A-[y-£-≥.- A-
tX- h¿-jw- sIm¬-°Ø - b - n¬- \-S∂ - - {]-
tXy-I- k-tΩ-f-Øn¬- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv-
dm-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-[y£≥.
]m‰v\
- m-\a - m-b- ]m-‰v\ - - Kw-
K-bp-sS-bpw- tkm-Wn-s‚-bpw- kw-K-a-
ÿm-\-Øp-≈- \-K-c-am-Wv.- ]m-S-eo-]p-
{Xw- F-∂v- ]-g-b-t]-cp-≈- \-K-cw- au-cy-
km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚-bpw- Kp-]v-X- km-{am-Py-
Øn-s‚-bpw- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
- Z- y-sØ- ssP-\a - X- - k-tΩ-f\
aq-∂mw- _p-≤-a-X- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\pw- th-
Zn-bm-b- Cu- \-K-c-Øn-\v- ssP-\,- _p-≤-
a-X-ß-fp-sS- a-lm-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\p- th-
Zn-bm-b- G-I-\-K-cw- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww-
kz-¥-am-Wv.-
\-µ-hw-i-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-hpw- ]m-‰v-
\-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
hw-i-Øn-se- B-Zy- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-
bn-cp-∂- tj¿-jm- B-Wv.-
491.- -C-¥y-bn¬- \-Zn-bn-ep-≈- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw-
Iq-Sn-b- ]m-e-am-b- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- tk-
Xp- (5575 ao.-)- ]m-‰v-\-bv-°v- k-ao-]-am-Wv.-
km-\-sØ-bpw- Kp-cp-hm-b- Kp-cp- tKm-_n-
µv-kn-Mv- P-\n-®-Xv- ]m-‰v-\-bn-em-Wv.-
hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- ,- Km-‘n-ssa-Xm-≥ F-
∂n-h- ]m-‰v-\-bn-em-Wv.-
494.- -P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-¨- 1975 Pq-¨- A-
©n-\v- sF-Xn-lm-kn-I-am-b- hn-Zym¿-Yn-
dm-en-bn¬- k-ºq¿-W-hn-π-h-Øn-\v- B-
lzm-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- ]m-‰v-\-bn¬- h-®m-Wv.-
A-t±-lw- A-¥c - n-®X - pw- Cu- \-Kc
h-®m-Wv.-
495.- -tUm.-cm-tP-{µ- {]-km-Zv- 1921 s^-{_p-h-
cn-bn¬- _o-lm¿- hn-Zym-]o-Tv- ÿm-]n-®-
Xv- ]m-‰v-\-bn-em-Wv.- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- ÿm-
\-sam-gn-™-ti-jw- A-t±-lw- Xm-a-kn-
®-Xpw- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv.-
496.- t- Z-io-b- Dƒ-\m-S≥ - P-eK - X- m-KX- - C-≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v- ]m-‰v-\-bn-em-Wv.-
Ãv- tIm-¨-^-d-≥kv- 1934 sa-bv- 17\v- \-
S-∂-Xv- ]m-‰v-\-bn-em-Wv.-
∂-Xv- ]m-‰v-\-bv-°v- k-ao-]w- _-¶n-∏q-cn-
em-Wv.- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- ]-s¶-Sp-
Ø- B-Zy- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-am-bn-
cp-∂p- A-Xv.- 1962se- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-
tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂-Xpw- ]m-‰v-\-bn-em-Wv.
]qs\
- pw- h-en-b- c-≠m-
a-sØ- \-K-c-am-Wv- ]p-s\.- [m-cm-fw- hn-
Zym-`ym-k- ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-≈- Cu- \-K-
cw- In-g-°n-s‚- Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p.- ]p-Wy-\-K-cn- F-∂pw- ]p-s\-
kq-d-Øv-
sb- hn-fn-°m-dp-≠v.- 514. KpPdm-Øn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-en-b- ]-´-
500.- -]-›n-a-L-´-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \- W-am-b- kq-d-Øv- Xm-]v-Xo- \-Zo-Xo-c-Øm-
K-c-am-b- ]q-s\-bv-°v- U-°m-Wn-s‚- dm- Wv.- C-¥y-bn-se- h-{P-\-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂- kq-d-Øn-em-Wv- tem-I-sØ- 70
i-X-am-\w- c-Xv-\-ß-fpw- ap-dn-°p-I-bpw-
t]m-fn-jv- sN-øp-I-bpw- sNøp∂Xv.
515. C¥y≥ U-b-a-≠v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v,-k¿-Zm¿-
]-t´¬- ayq-kn-bw,-k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬- \m-
j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- sS-Iv-t\m-f-
Pn- F-∂n-h- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- kq-
d-Øn-em-Wv- .-
516.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- Fw-t{_m-bn-U-dn- X-e-ÿm-
\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- kq-d-Øn-s‚- ]-g-
- Ø
- n-\pw-
b-t]-cm-Wv- kq-cy-]q¿.-
517.- -C-¥y-bn-se- {_n-´o-jv- km-∂n-[y-Øn-\p-
Xp-S-°-an-´- \-K-c-am-Wv- kq-d-Øv.- Cw-•o-
Wn- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-aw- kz-¥-am-Wv.- jv- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n- C-¥y-bn¬- B-
501.- -C-¥y-≥ B¿-an-bp-sS- k-tX-¨- I-am- Zy-sØ- ^m-Iv-S-dn- B-cw-`n-®- ÿ-e-am-
≥Uv,- sk-‚¿- t^m¿- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- Wn-Xv.-
Hm-^v- A-Uzm-≥kv-Uv- Iw-]yq-´nw-Kv- (kn- 518.- -t_mw-s_-bv-°p-ap-ºv- ]-›n-a-Xo-c-Øv-
˛-Um-Iv-),- \m-j-W¬- sI-an-°¬- e-t_m- {_n-´o-jp-Im-cp-sS- {]-[m-\- Xm-h-f-am-bn-
d-´d
- n,-\m-jW - ¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- ssh- cp-∂p- kq-d-Øv.-
tdm-f-Pn,- ^n-enw- B-‚ v- sS-en-hn-j-≥ C- 519.- -Jw-`m-Xv- Dƒ-°-S-en¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-
≥Ãn-‰yq-´v,- ko-dw- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- C-
¥y,- \m-j-W¬- Un-^-≥kv- A-°m-Z-an-
(J-U-Iv-hm-kv-e-),- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- kp-
thm-f-Pn-°¬- ]m¿-°v- ,- \m-j-W¬- ^n-
enw- B¿-ss°-hv-kv,- \m-j-W¬- F-bv-
Uv-kv- dn-k¿-®v- sk-‚¿- F-∂n-h- ]p-s\-
bn-em-Wv.-
502.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- k¿-h-
I-em-im-e-bm-b- {io-a-Xn- \m-Yn-`m-bv- Xm-
°¿-kn- hn-a-≥kv- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS-
B-ÿm-\w- ]p-s\-bm-Wv.- Un.-sI.- Im¿-
sh-bm-Wv- C-Xn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥.- C-t±-
l-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- {]m-b-Øn¬- kq-d-Øv- Xp-d-ap-J-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv- a-[y-Im-
`m-c-X- c-Xv-\-bv-°v- A¿-l-\m-b-Xv.- e-L-´-Øn¬- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- l-÷v-
503.- -Hm-t´m-tam-´o-hv- dn-k¿-®v- A-tkm-kn-tb- bm-{Xn-I¿- ]p-d-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.-
j-≥ Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- ]p- 520.- -1664˛-epw- 1670˛- epw- kq-d-Øv- B-{I-an-
s\-bn-e-mWv. ®- a-dm-Ø- tbm-≤m-h-mWv inhPn.
504. s]jz-am-cp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂- ]q-
s\- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- t_mw-s_- hnimJ]´Ww
{]-kn-U-≥kn-bp-sS- a-¨-kq-¨- X-e- 521. C¥ybpsS- In-g-°-≥ Xo-c-Øp-≈- G-I-
ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p,- a-dm-Tn-`m-j-bp-sS- I- kzm-`m-hn-I- ta-P¿- Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv- hn-im-
ev-]n-X- B-ÿm-\-am-b- ]p-s\-sb- a-lm- J-]-´-Ww.-
cm-jv-{S-bp-sS- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- X-e-ÿm- 522.- I - n-g°
- ≥ - Xo-cs - Ø- tKm-h,-`m-Kt- [-bØ - n-
\w- F-∂pw- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.- s‚- \-K-cw- F-∂o- A-]-c-\m-a-ß-fn¬-
505.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- _-kv- dm-∏n-Uv- A- d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - hn- i m- J - ] - ´ - W w- B-
{Sm-≥kn-‰v- kw-hn-[m-\w- \-S-∏m-°n-b- \- {‘m-{]-tZ-in-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-en-b- \-
K-c-am-Wn-Xv.- K-c-am-Wv.-
506.- -O-{X-]-Xn- in-h-Pn- sN-dp-∏-Im-e-Øv- ]p- 523.- C - ¥
- y-≥ Xp-da - p-Jß - ƒ-°n-bn-se- Xn-f° - -
s\-bn-em-Wv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- ap-≈- c-Xv-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- hn-im-
507.- -I-kv-Xq¿-_m- Km-‘n- (1869˛-1944)- A-¥- J-]-´-Ww- tUmƒ-^n-≥kv- t\m-kv- F-∂-
cn-®- B-Km-Jm-≥ ]m-e-kv- ]p-s\-bn-em- Ip-∂p-sIm-≠v- kw-c-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- C-
- Ø
- n¬- Wv.- 1892˛¬- B-Km-Jm-\m-Wv- C-Xv- ]- ¥y-bn-se- em-≥Uv- tem-°v-Uv- Xp-d-ap-J-
Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv.- am-Wn-Xv.-
508.- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- hn-iz-kv-X-\m-bn-cp-∂- a- 524.- -sIm¬-°-Ø-bpw- sN-ss∂-bpw- I-gn-
lm-tZ-hv- tZ-im-bn- 1942˛¬- A-¥c - n-®X
- pw- ™m¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- In-g-°-≥ Xo-c-sØ-
]q-s\-bn-em-Wv.- I-kv-Xp¿-_-bp-sS-bpw- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-am-b- hn-im-J-]-´-
tZ-im-bn-bp-sS-bpw k-am-[n-I-fpw- B-Km- W-Øn-em-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-
Jm-≥ sIm-´m-c-Øn-s‚- ]-cn-k-c-Øm-Wv.- °-ap-≈- I-∏¬- \n¿-am-W-im-e- (ln-µp-
509.- K
- m-\v[- n-Pn-bpw- Aw-t_-ZvI- d - p-am-bp-≈- ]p- ÿm-≥ jn-∏v-bm¿-Uv- en-an-‰-Uv- )- .-
\m- D-S-º-Sn- H-∏p-sh-®-Xv- 1932 sk-]v-Xw- 525.- 1- 971˛-se- C-t¥m-˛] - m-Iv- bp-≤I- m-eØ - v- C-
_¿- 24\v- ]p-s\-bn-se- sb¿-hm-Z- P-bn- ¥y- ap-°n-b- ]m-Iv- k-_v-a-ssd-\m-b- ]n-
en¬- h-®m-Wv.- F-≥F-kv- Lm-kn-bp-sS- A-h-in-jv-S-
510.- -kn-\n-am-Xm-cw- k-Rv-P-bv- Z-Øpw- apw- ߃- {]-Z¿-in-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- hn-im-J-
ss_- kv-t^m-S-\-t°-kn¬- A-d-Ãn-em- ]-´-W-ØnemWv.
b- A-Pv-a¬- I-k-_pw- b¿-hm-Zm- P-bn-
en¬- X-S-h-\p-`-hn-®n-´p-≠v.- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-
bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-bn-em-Wn-Xv.-
511.- K
- m-‘n-Pn- A-hk - m-\a
- m-bn- P-bn¬-hm-kw-
A-\p-`-hn-®- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.-
512.- -sU-°m-¨- F-Uyp-t°-j-≥ skm-ssk-
‰n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- ]p-s\-bn-em-Wv.- C-
hn-sS- B- kw-L-S-\- 1885˛¬- s^¿-Kp-
k-≥ tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-®p.-
513.- -G-jy-≥ kv-Iqƒ- Hm-^v- ssk-_¿- tem-
]q-sW-bn-em-Wv-
045

hyhkmbw
526. \ma°¬- G-Xv- hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p- {]-
kn-≤w-˛- ]uƒ-{Sn-
527.- -apw-ss_- ssl- G-Xn-\m-Wp- {]-kn-≤w-
˛- F-Æ- J-\-\w-
528.- C - ¥ - y-bn¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- B-fp-Iƒ-
sXm-gn¬- sN-øp-∂- hy-h-km-bw-˛- Xp-Wn-
hy-h-km-bw-
529.- -G-Xp- hy-h-km-b-Øn-\m-Wv- ^-tdm-°v-
{]-kn-≤w-˛- Hm-Sp- hy-h-km-bw-
530.- -G-Xp- hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv-
sIm-√w-˛- I-ip-h-≠n-
531.- - kn¬-°p- hy-hk - m-bØ - n-\p- {]-kn-≤a - m-
b- X-an-gv\- m-´n-se- ÿ-ew-˛- Im-©o-]p-cw-
532.- -Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- Imw-t_- F-¥n-\m-Wp-
{]-kn-≤w-˛- s]-t{Sm-fn-bw- J-\-\w-
533.- K - p-UvK
- m-hv- hy-hk - m-b- ta-Je- - G-Xp- kw-
ÿm-\-Øv-˛- l-cn-bm-\-
534.- -C-¥y-bn-se- D-cp-°p- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Pw-j-Uv-]q¿-
535.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- F-Æ-
ip-≤o-I-W-im-e-˛- Zn-Kv-t_m-bn-
536.- -dq¿-t°-e- Ão¬- ]v-fm-‚ n-s‚- \n¿-am-W-
Øn¬- k-l-I-cn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- P¿-a-\n-
537.- -F-Iv-ssk-Uv- G-Xv- D¬-]-∂-hp-am-bn- _-
‘-s∏-´- t]-cm-Wv-˛- _m-‰-dn-
538.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hm-®p-Iƒ- D-ev-]m-Zn-
∏n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-‚ v-
539.- -hym-h-km-bn-I- hn-π-hw- A-c-tß-dn-b- h-
≥I-c-˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
540.- -Iº - n-fn- tcm-aw- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - n¬- H-
∂mw- ÿm-\a - p-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- Hm-ktv- {S-en-b-
541.- k
- m-cn-Iƒ-°p- t]-cp-tI-´- Im-©o-]p-cw- G-
Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- X-an-gv-\m-Sv-
542.- -kmw-_¬-]q¿- G-Xp- [m-Xp-hn-s‚- J-\-
\-Øn-\p- {]-kn-≤w-˛- I¬-°-cn-
543.- -lm¬-Un-b- G-Xp- \n-e-bn¬- {]-kn-≤w-
˛- F-Æ-ip-≤o-I-c-W-im-e-
544.- -s_m-°m-tdm- Ão¬- πm-‚ v- G-Xp- kw-
ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv-
545.- s - Im-cm-]p-Sv- A-ep-an-\n-bw- t{]m-PI - vS- v- G-
Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- H-do-k-
546.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- ssh-Zyp-Xn- D-
]-tbm-Kn-®p- {]-h¿-Øn-®- hy-hk - m-b- kw-
cw-`w-˛- I-Æ-≥ tZ-h-≥ I-º-\n-
547.- -tkm-Wn- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-
Wn-Iv- D¬-]-∂- cw-K-sØ- I-º-\n-bm-Wv-
˛- P-∏m-≥
548.- -\q-≥a-Xn- F-Æ-ip-≤o-I-c-W-im-e- G-Xp-
kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- A-kw-
549.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ kn-\n-am- hy-h-km-b-Øn-
s‚- tI-{µw- ˛-em-tlm¿-
550.- _ - n-Fw-U_ - vf- yp- Im¿- \n¿-an-°p-∂X - v- G-
Xv- cm-Py-Øv-˛- P¿a\n
A]c\ma߃
551.- -C-¥y-bn-se- h-{P-\-K-cw- ˛- kq-d-Øv-
552.- -G-gp- Zzo-]p-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- apw-ss_-
553.- -h-tUm-Z-c-bp-sS- ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛- _-tdm-U-
554.- I- ¿-jI- c- p-sS- kz¿-Kw- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂-
ÿ-ew-˛- X-©m-hq¿-
555.- -Im-‰m-Sn- an-√p-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kv-
556.- -A-b-¨- Nm-≥k-e¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-
_n-kv-am¿-°v-
557.- -In-g-°n-s‚- ap-Øv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-
Pyw-˛- {io-e-¶-
558.- -A-{Un-bm-‰n-°n-s‚- dm-Wn- ˛- sh-\o-kv-
559.- -C-¥y-≥ _n-kv-am¿-°v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
˛- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬-
560.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- kn-‰n- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- _mw-•q¿-
561.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- Fw-t{_m-bn-U-dn- X-e-ÿm- 601. ]n≥tImUnse \ºcpIfpsS FÆw˛ 6
602. 1920 ˛¬ aq-Iv-\m-b-Iv- F-∂- ]-{Xw- B-
\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛-kq-d-Øv-
cw-`n-®-Xv- ˛-tUm.- _n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
562.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- ]q-t¥m-´w-˛- Im-iv-ao¿-
603.- -1959 ¬- C-¥y-bn¬- G-Xp-\-K-c-Øn-em-
563.- -`m-c-X-c-Xv-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- kw-
Question Bag
ÿm-\w-˛- a-Wn-∏q¿-
564.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- I-hm-Sw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv- ˛- apw-ss_-
565.- -C-c-´- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- _p-
Um-s]-Ãv-
566.- -C-dm-\n-se- s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- an-ln-cm-Ip-e-≥
567.- -Cw-•-≠n-s‚- ]q-t¥m-´w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-˛- sI-‚ v-
568.- -D-Ø-c-Zn-°n-se- sh-\o-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv- ˛- tÃm-°v-tlmw-
569.- -F-º-b¿- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
\yq-tbm¿-°v-
570.- -F-√m- E-Xp-°-fp-sS-bpw- kw-ÿm-\w- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-iv-
571.- -G-gp- Ip-∂p-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw-˛-tdmw-
572.- -G-gp-a-e-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-˛- tdmw-
573.- -G-gp-a-e-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- ˛-tPm¿-Zm-≥
574.- -H-do-k-bp-sS- Zpx-Jw-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- a-lm-\-Zn-
575.- -h-k-¥- Zzo-]v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
˛- P-ssa-°-
576.- -{]-`m-X- im-¥-X-bp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- sIm-dn-b-
577.- -ªq-Um-\yq-_n-s‚- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- s_¬-t{K-Uv-
578.- -a[- y-[c- W
- ym-gn-bp-sS- hn-f°- p-am-Sw- F-∂-
dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- ]¿-hX - w-˛- kvt- {Smw-t_m-fn-
579.- -B-∏nƒ- kw-ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-iv-
580.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- tIm-°v-]n-‰v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- s_¬-Pn-bw-
581.- -Hm-d-©p-I-fp-sS- \-K-cw-˛- \m-Kv-]q¿-
582.- -hn-e-°-s∏-´- \-K-cw-˛- em-k-
583.- -hn-ip-≤-\-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- P-
dp-k-tew-
584.- -Im-in-bp-sS- ]p-Xn-b-t]-cv-˛- hm-cm-W-kn-
585.- -k-ap-Z-Øn-se- kp-µ-cn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv- ˛- tÃm-°v-tlmw-
586.- -kn-‰n- Hm-^v- ^m-j-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- ]m-co-kv-
587.- -tem-I-Øn-se- sa-Un-°¬- kn-‰n- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- hn-b-∂-
588.- -\n-b-a-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚- Cu-‰n-√w- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ]p-cm-X-\- \-K-cw-˛- tdmw-
589.- -{]m-Ir-X-`m-j-bp-sS- ]m-Wn-\n- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- tl-a-N-{µ-≥
590.- -{Km-ss\-‰v- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- A-_¿-Uo-≥
591.- C- ¥- y-≥ ^p-Svt- _m-fn-s‚- sa-°˛- - sIm¬-
°-Ø-
592.- -hn-Zq-c- ku-µ-cy-Øn-s‚- \-K-cw-˛- hm-jn-
Mv-S-¨- Un.-kn.-
593.- -h-S-°-≥ bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- £o-c-kw-`-c-Wn-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- sU-∑m¿-°v-
594.- -kp-h¿-W- I-ºn-fn-bp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-
595.- -kw-Jy-Iƒ- tem-I-sØ- `-cn-°p-∂p- F-
∂p- ]-d-™-Xv-˛- ss]-Y-tKm-d-kv-
596.- -kz-]v-\-irw-K-ß-fp-sS- \-K-cw-˛- Hm-Iv-kv-
t^m¿-Uv-
597.- -l-Ωn-Mv- ]-£n-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- {Sn-\n-Um-Uv-
598.- -Np-h-∂- \-Zn-bp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- A-kw-
599.- -ss\-en-s‚- Zm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv-
600.- -tem-Iv-am-\y- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- _m-e-
Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-Iv-
am[ya߃/
hm¿Ømhn\nabw
046
Wv- sS-en-hn-j-≥ kw-t{]-£-Ww- B-Zy-
am-bn- \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛- \yq-U¬-ln-
604.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sF.-F-kv.-Un.-
kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-Xv-˛- apw-
ss_-
605.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sF-F-kv- Un- kw-
hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- \-K-cw-˛-apw-
ss_-
606.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-
a-b- D-]-{K-lw-˛- B-∏nƒ-
607.- C- ‚- ¿-^m-Ivk - v- F-hn-Ss
- Ø- hm¿-Øm- G-
P-≥kn-bm-Wv-˛-d-jy-
608.- -Pn.-F-kv.-A-ø¿- 1878˛¬- B-cw-`n-®- ]-
{Xw-˛- Zn- ln-µp-
609.- -t^m¿-Øv- F-tÃ-‰v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- ]-{X-am-[y-a-߃-
610.- -tI-c-f- ]-{Xn-I- Zn-\-∏-{Xw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-
˛- sN-¶p-f-Øv- h-en-b- Ip-™n-cm-a-≥ \m-
b¿-
611.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ]-
{Xw-˛- Zo-]n-I- (1887¬- kv-Ym-]n-Xw-)-
612.- -{]-kv- {S-Ãv- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-ÿm-
\w-˛- U¬-ln-
613.- -A¬- P-ko-d- sS-en-hn-j-≥ Nm-\-en-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w-˛- J-Ø¿-
614.- -B-Zy-sØ- sk¬-t^m-¨- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-
b- I-º-\n-˛- tam-t´m-tdm-f-
615.- - C - ¥ y- b n- s e- B- Z y- s Ø- sS- e - { Km- ^ v -
sse-≥˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-˛- U-b-a-≠v- lm¿-
_¿-
616.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sS-en-hn-j-≥
sk-‚¿-˛- \yq-U¬-ln-
617.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t]m-tÃm-^o-kv-
B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬-
618.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- X-]m¬- Ãm-ºv-
(kn-‘v- [m-°v-)- ]p-d-Øn-d-°-s∏-´- \-K-
cw-˛- I-dm-®n-
619.- C- ‚- ¿-^m-Ivk - v- F-hn-Ss
- Ø- hm¿-Øm- G-
P-≥kn-bm-Wv-˛- d-jy-
620.- -Fw-Sn-hn- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- Sn.-hn.- Nm-\-
em-Wv-˛- bp-F-kv-F-
621.- -Hmƒ- C-¥ym- td-Un-tbm-bp-sS- t]-cv- B-
Im-i-hm-Wn- F-∂p-am-‰n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1957
622.- -hm-Wn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- sam-ss_¬-
t^m-¨- Xp-S-ßn-b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-˛- P-
∏m-≥
623.- -kn-≥lp-h- F-hn-S-sØ- hm¿-Øm- G-P-
≥kn-bm-Wv-˛- ssN-\-
624.- -sk-√p-em¿- t^m-Wn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- am¿-´n-≥ Iq-∏¿-
625.- -t^m¿-_v-kv- am-kn-I- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øp-
\n-∂p-am-Wv- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- A-
ta-cn-°-
626.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- td-Un-tbm- kw-t{]-
£-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- Cw-•-≠v-
627.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- Sn.-
hn.-Nm-\¬- I-º-\n-˛- G-jym-s\-‰v-
628.- X- ]
- m¬- Ãm-ºn-s‚- D-]⁄ - m-Xm-hv˛- - tdm-
f-≠v- ln¬-
629.- -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- Zq-c-Z¿-i-≥ tI-{µw- {]-
h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛-1982
630.- -\m-j-W¬- sl-dmƒ-Uv- F-hn-sS- \n-∂p-
am-Wv- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- e-Iv-\u-
631.- _- n.-_n.-kn.-cq-]h - ¬-°c - n-°s
- ∏-´- h¿-jw-
˛- 1927
632.- -1936¬- Hmƒ- C-¥y- td-Un-tbm- F-∂-
t]-cp-kzo-I-cn-®- ÿm-]-\w- B-Im-i-hm-
Wn-bm-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1957
633.- A- t- a-cn-°- hn-t£-]n-®- B-Zy- D-]{- K-lw-
˛- F-Iv-kv-tπm-d¿- (1958 P-\p-h-cn- 31)-
634.- -B-Im-i-hm-Wn-°v- B- t]-cp- e-`y-am-°n-
b- hy-‡n-˛- c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-Kq¿-
635.- -bp-ssW-‰-Uv- \yq-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS-
B-ÿm-\w-˛- \yq-U¬-ln-
636.- -bq-Wn-t\m¿- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- sk¬-
t^m-¨- k¿-ho-kv- s{]m-ssh-U¿- I-º-
\n-bm-Wv-˛-t\m¿-th-
637.- -B-Zy- sS-en-hn-j-≥ kw-t{]-£-Ww- sN-
bv-X-Xv-˛- _n.-_n.-kn.-
638.- -B-Zy-sØ- hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b- D-]-{K-l-
am-b- F-t°m- hn-t£-]n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- bp.-
F-kv.-F.-
639.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- ]n-≥tIm-Uv- kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-
e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1972
640.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- h¿-Ø-
am-\- ]-{X-߃- D-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- D-
Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv-
641.- C- ¥- y-bn¬- td-Un-tbm- {]-t£-]W - w- B-
cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1927
642.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- 1960¬- F-kv.-Sn.-Un.-
kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS- _-‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-
\-K-c-߃- Im-¨-]q¿-˛-e-Iv-\u-
643.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sS-en-tImw- C-
≥Ip-t_-j-≥ sk-‚¿- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-
`n-®-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- I-f-a-t»-cn-bn¬-
644.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-Xv- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-
Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- kz-¥w- td-Un-tbm- tÃ-
j-≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- k¿-
Zm¿- ]-t´¬- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-
645.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]-{X-ß-fp-≈- C-¥y-
≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv-
646.- -hr-Øm-¥-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\w- F-∂- Ir-
Xn- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-
647.- t- ]m-ì-tIm-Uv- kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-eh - n¬-
h-∂- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-˛- P¿-a-\n-
648.- t- em-IØ - m-Zy-am-bn- sS-en-hn-j≥
- kw-t{]-
£-Ww- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv-˛- e-≠-\n¬-
649.- -X-]m¬- Ãm-ºn¬- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´- B-Zy-
hy-‡n-˛- hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b- cm-⁄n-
650.- -Zq-c-Z¿-i-≥ U-b-d-Iv-S¿- P-\-d-en-s‚- Hm-
^o-kv-˛- a-Wv-Un- l-ukv
{]ikvXhy‡nIƒ
(C¥y)
651. B[p-\n-I- πm-Ãn-Iv- k¿-P-dn- bp-sS- ]n-
Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛- kp-{ip-X-
≥
652.- -bp-F-≥ s]m-Xp-k-`-bp-sS- A-[y-£-bm-
bn- sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-h-\n-X-˛-
hn-P-b-e-£v-an- ]-Wv-Un-‰v-
653.- -c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-Kq¿- P-\n-®- ho-Sv-˛- sP-
dm-km-t¶m- `-h-\w-
654.- -C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-
b- B-Zy- Z-fn-Xv- h-\n-X-˛- am-bm-h-Xn-
655.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- ss]-e-‰v-˛- sP.-B¿.-
Un.-Sm-‰-
656.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- hn-tZ-
i-Im-cy- sk-{I-´-dn-˛- sNm-°n-e- A-ø¿-
657.- -F-h-d-Ãv- Io-g-S-°n-b- B-Zy-sØ- Z-£n-
W-¥y-°m-c-≥˛- ]n.-F-≥.-K-tW-jv-
658.- -hn-iz-`m-c-Xn- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ÿm-]-I-
≥˛- Sm-tKm¿-
659.- -Ãm-ºn¬- Nn-{Xw- A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-
C-¥y-≥ h-\n-X-˛- ao-cm-`m-bn-
660.- -N-{µ- F-∂- D-]-{K-lw- B-cp-sS- kv-a-c-
W- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-Wv- A-ta-cn-°-
hn-t£-]n-®-Xv-˛- tUm.-F-kv.-N-{µ-ti-J¿-
661.- s
- \m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy-sØ-
`m-c-Xo-b-≥˛- c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿-
662.- \
- n-ba- k
- `- b
- n¬- _-UvP - ‰
- v- A-hX
- c
- n-∏n-°p-
∂-Xv- B-cp-sS- t]-cn-em-Wv- ˛-K-h¿-W¿-
663.- -am-[y-an-I-kq-{Xw- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛- \m-Km¿-
Pp-\-≥
664.- -B-Zy-sØ- tI-{µ- h-\n-Xm- Iym-_n-\-‰v-
a-{¥n-˛- cm-Pv-Ip-am-cn- A-ar-Xv-Iu¿-
665.- -C-¥y-≥ A-Wp-t_mw-_v- ]-Zv-[-Xn-bp-sS-
]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- cm-P- cm-
a-Æ-
666.- -C-¥y-≥ tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-
Xv-˛- Im-fn-Zm-k-≥
667.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-[n-°-s∏-´- ap-
Jy-a-{¥n˛ _nbm¥v knMv
668. C¥ybpsS BZysØ h\nXm
hntZiImcy a{¥n˛ e£v a n F≥.
tat\m≥
669. cmPo-hv- Km-‘n- tJ¬-c-Xv-\- ]p-c-kv-Im-
cw- B-Zy-am-bn- e-`n-®-Xv-˛- hn-iz-\m-Y-≥
B-\-µv-
670.- -Cw-Kv-fo-jv- Nm-\¬- \o-¥n-°-S-∂- B-Zy-
sØ- C-¥y-°m-c-≥˛- an-ln¿-sk-≥
671.- -dn-t°m¿-Up-Iƒ- hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\v- tdm-
b¬-‰n- e-`n-®- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-°m-c-≥˛-
Sm-tKm¿-
672.- -D-Z-bv-]q¿- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- D-Z-bv-kn-Mv-
673.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- B-Zy-k-tΩ-f-
\-Øn¬- C-¥y-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-
bv-X-Xv-˛- hn-P-b-e-£v-an- ]-Wv-Un-‰v-
674.- -sIm-Wm¿-°v- kq-cy-t£-{Xw- I-≠n-´v- C-
hn-sS- in-e-bp-sS- `m-j- a-\p-jy-s‚- `m-
j-sb- a-dn-I-S-°p-∂p- F-∂p- ]-d-™-Xv-
˛- Sm-tKm¿-
675.- -sP-‰p-hn-am-\w- ]-d-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-
≥ h-\n-Xm- I-am-≥U¿-˛- ku-Zm-an-\n- tZ-
iv-ap-Jv-
676.- -tI-c-fo-b-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- I-S-{]-b-
Øv- Ip-™-∏- \-ºym¿-
677.- -tZ-io-b- Im-bn-I- Zn-\m-N-c-W-hpw-am-bn-
_-‘-s∏-´- hy-‡n-˛- [ym-≥ N-µv-
678.- -{]n-k-¨- U-b-dn- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- P-b-{]-Im-
iv- \m-cm-b-¨-
679.- -1952˛¬- ]m¿-e-sa-‚w-K-am-b- {]-i-kv-X-
`m-c-Xo-b- tPym-Xn-im-kv-{X-⁄-≥˛- ta-
L-\m-Yv- km-l-
680.- -A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- 35a-sØ- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛-
tPm-¨- F-^v.- sI-∂-Un-
681.- -B-cp-sS- A-]-c-\m-a-am-Wv- I-sse-⁄¿-
˛-I-cp-Wm-\n-[n-
682.- -in-hm-Pn- dm-hp- sK-bv-Iv- hm-Zv- G-Xp- t]-
cn-em-Wv- {]-kn-≤-\m-b-Xv-˛-c-P-\o-Im-¥v-
683.- -C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv- a-{¥n-bm-b- B-
Zy- h-\n-X-˛-hn-P-b-e-£v-an- ]-Wv-Un-‰v-
684.- -C-¥y-≥ l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-
˛- Fw.-F-kv.-kzm-an-\m-Y-≥
685.- -C-¥y-bn-se- {]-Y-a- h-\n-Xm-k¿-h-I-em-
im-e- ÿm-]n-®- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\w- tP-Xm-hv-
˛- Un.-sI.-Im¿-th-
686.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- U-]yq-´n- kv-]o-
°¿-˛- Fw.-F.-A-ø-¶m¿-
687.- -F.-]n.-sP.-A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw- G-Xp- kw-
ÿm-\-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛- X-an-gv-\m-Sv-
688.- -F-h-d-Ãv- Io-g-S-°n-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ h-
\n-X-˛- _-tN-{µn-]m¬-
689.- -im-kv-{X-Øn-\p-≈- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\-
Øn-\¿-l-\m-b- B-Zy- `m-c-Xo-b-≥˛- kn.-
hn.-cm-a-≥
690.- -In-Mv- ta-°¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- X-an-gv- t\-
Xm-hv-˛-sI.-Im-a-cm-Pv-
691.- -kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-s‚- Kp-cp-˛- {io-cm-
a-Ir-jv-W- ]-c-a-lw-k¿-
692.- -C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-b- G-I- im-kv-{X-
⁄-≥˛-F.-]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw-
693.- -ssa-{Xm-I-hw-i-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- `-
´m-c-I-≥
694.- -tI-{µ- _-P-‰v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- G-I- a-e-
bm-fn-˛- tPm-¨- a-Øm-bn-
695.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Hm-W-d-dn- tUm-Iv-S-
td-‰p-Iƒ- e-`n-®- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v- ˛-
F.-]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw-
696.- -G-Xp- h¿-jw- s^-{_p-h-cn- 28 \m-Wv-
cm-a≥- C-^I - vS- v- kn.-hn.-cm-a≥
- I-s≠-Øn- 732.- -{Sq-jy¬- kv-t‰-‰p-Iƒ- F-∂- t]-cn¬- A-
b-Xv-˛- 1928
697.- -C-¥y-≥ thym-a-tk-\-bp-sS- Hm-W-d-dn-
{Kq-∏v- Iym-]v-‰-≥ ]-Z-hn- e-`n-®- B-Zy- hy-
‡n-˛- k-®n-≥ sS-≥Up¬-°¿-
698.- -Ir-{Xn-a-Po-≥ \n¿-an-®- C-¥y-≥hw-i-P-
\m-b- im-kv{- X-⁄≥ - ˛- l¿-tKm-hn-µv- Jp-
cm-\-
699.- -km-enw- A-en- G-Xv- \n-e-bn-em-Wv- {]-
kn-≤-≥˛- ]-£n-im-kv-{X-⁄-≥
700.- -C-¥y-bn¬- c-≠p- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- ap-
Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- F-≥.-Un.-
Xn-h-mcn
cmPy߃
701. ]m-Iv- I-S-en-Sp-°v- G-sX-√mw- cm-Py-߃- 738.- -G-gp- I-S-ep-I-fm¬- Np-‰-s∏-´- cm-Pyw-˛-
°n-S-bn¬-˛- C-¥y-˛- {io-e-¶-
702.- -^n-en-ss∏-≥kn-s‚- X-eÿ - m-\w-˛- a-\n-e- 739.- -G-jy,- bq-tdm-∏v,- B-{^n-°- F-∂o- h-
703.- _
- l
- n-cm-Im-i- hm-l\ - w- hn-t£-]n-®- B-
Zy-sØ- G-jy-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
704.- -A-£-c-am-em-{I-a-Øn¬- B-Zy- A-ta-cn-
°-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- A-e-_m-a-
705.- -A¬-Po-cn-b- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tIm-f-
\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- {^m-≥kv-
706.- -a-c-X-I-Zzo-]v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
˛- A-b¿-e-≥Uv-
707.- -A-Wp-t_mw-_m-{I-a-W-Øn-\p-hn-t[-b-
am-b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-˛- P-∏m-≥
708.- -aw-tKm-fn-b-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- D-em-≥
t_-‰¿-
709.- -F-≥^o¬-Uv- ]-´-Ww- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-
Wv-˛- Cw-Kv-f-≠v-
710.- -F-h-d-Ãv- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
cm-Pyw-˛- t\-∏mƒ-
711.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tZ-io-b- Nn-”-am-
Wv- H-en-hv- in-J-cw-˛- {Ko-kv-
712.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy-
Iq-Sn-b- \-K-cw-˛-I-dm-®n-
713.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ A-Wp-hn-kv-t^m-S-\w- \-
S-Øn-b- ÿ-ew-˛- N-Km-bv- Ip-∂p-Iƒ-
714.- -{io-e-¶-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- sIm-fw-
t_m-
715.- -{Km-≥Uv- Im-\y-≥ G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-
bp-F-kv-F-
716.- -1946 ap-X¬- `q-an-]m¬- A-Xp-ey- tX-Pv-
cm-Pm-hv- `-cn-°p-∂- G-jy-≥ cm-Pyw-˛-Xm-
bv-e-≥Uv-
717.- -a-™n-s‚- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-
Pyw-˛- Im-\-U-
718.- -A¿-P-‚o-\-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- _yq-W-
kv- A-tb-gv-kv-
719.- -an-\m¿- C- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
˛-em-tlm¿-
720.- -A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS- `q-cn-
`m-K-hpw- F-hn-sS-\n-∂pw- h-∂-h-cm-Wv-˛-
t{K-‰v- {_n-´-¨-
721.- -A-t‰m-an-bw- F-∂- kv-am-c-Iw- G-Xv- cm-
Py-Øm-Wv- ˛- s_¬-Pn-bw-
722.- -A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw- ]-k-^n-
Iv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-
∂- G-I- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw-˛-
sIm-fw-_n-b-
723.- -B-{^n-°-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {]-Jym-]n-
X- am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- cm-jv-{Sw-˛-Kn-\n-
724.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- km-º-Øn-I- X-e-ÿm-\w-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- kq-dn-®v- G-Xv- cm-Py-
Øm-Wv-˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-‚ v-
725.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ssk-\y-ap-≈- cm-Pyw-˛-
ssN-\-
726.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn- A-
Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Py-߃-˛- d-jy-bpw-
ssN-\-bpw- (14)-
727.- -\m-W-b-Øp-´p-I-fn-√m-Ø- sX-t°- A-
ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw-˛-]-cm-tKz-
728.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- A-e-l-_m-Zv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂- an-Øm-≥tIm-´v- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-
sS- Xo-c-Øv-˛-kn-‘p-
729.- ]
- m-In-kvX - m-s‚- B-Zy- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-˛- en-
bm-J-Øv- A-en- Jm-≥
730.- `
- - q-tKm-fØ - n¬- G-‰h - pw- h-S°
- m-bn- ÿn-
Xn-sN-øp-∂- X-e-ÿm-\-\-K-cw-˛- sd-bv-
Ivv-Pm-hn-Iv-
731.- -{Ko-≥e-≥Uv- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- \n-b-
{¥-W-Øn-em-Wv-˛- sU-∑m¿-°v-
dn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂- `q-hn-`m-KØ- n-s≥d- C-t∏m-
g-sØ- t]-cv-˛-bp-ssW-‰-Uv- A-d-_v- F-
an-td-‰v-kv-
733.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS- X-e-
ÿm-\w-˛- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨- Un.-kn.-
734.- -B-bp¿-ssZ¿-Lyw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-
≈- G-jy-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- P-∏m-≥ (tem-I-
Øv- A-≥tUm-d-)-
735.- -bq-tdm-∏n¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ap-…n-ß-
fp-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- {^m-≥kv-
736.- -G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- tZ-io-b- Km-\-ap-
≈- cm-Pyw-˛- {Ko-kv-
737.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kz¿-Ww- D-]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y-
ku-Zn- A-td-_y-
≥I-cI - f
- p-sS- kw-Ka- k- vY
- m-\Ø- n-\S- p-Øv-
047
kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- Zzo-]p-cm-jv-{Sw-˛-ssk- Sn-®-S-°n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1453
{]-kv- 776.- -Z-£n-W- {[p-h-Øn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- a-
740.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv- Hm- \p-jy-\m-b- sdm-hmƒ-Uv- A-ap-≠v-sk-≥
kv-tem-˛-t\m¿-th- G-Xv- dq-t m,- thmƒ-´b - ¿,- tam-≠k - vI
- yp-
741.- t- em-IØ - v- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- N-Ww- D¬- F-∂n-h¿- G-Xp- hn-π-h-sØ-bm-Wv- kzm-
]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- _w-•m-tZ-iv- [o-\n-®-Xv-˛- {^-©p-hn-π-hw-
742.- {- io-e¶ - b
- p-sS- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- Sn.-hn.-Nm-\¬- 777.- -]m-co-kv- I-ayq-¨- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1871
˛- cq-]-hm-ln-\n- 778.- -t]¿-jy-bn-se- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- F-∂p-
743.- -{Uq-Iv-˛-bp¬- F-∂v- X-t±-io-b¿- hn-ti- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-\m-Zn¿- jm-
jn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- `q-´m-≥ 779.- -1973˛-se- H-Iv-tSm-_¿- bp-≤-Øn¬- hn-
744.- -A-hm-an- eo-Kv- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- cm-jv- P-bn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv-
{So-b- ]m¿-´n-bm-Wv-˛- _w-•m-tZ-iv- 780.- -a-\p-jy-≥ B-Zy-am-bn- N-{µ-\n-en-d-ßn-b-
745.- -Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-em-{I-a-Øn¬- B- h¿-jw-˛- 1969
Zyw-h-cp-∂- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- A-_p-Zm-_n- 781.- -a-\p-jy¿- B-Zy-am-bn- h-f¿-Øn-b- [m-\y-
746.- -dn-tbm- Un- P-\o-tdm- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm- ߃-˛- tKm-X-ºpw- _m¿-en-bpw-
Wv-˛- {_-ko¬- 782.- -A-®-Sn- B-cw-`n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
747.- -D-Z-b-kq-cy-s‚- \m-Sv-˛- P-∏m-≥ 783.- - A - ® - S n- b - { ¥w- I- ≠ p- ] n- S n- ® - X m- c v - ˛ -
748.- -em- am¿-sk-bn¬-kv- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚-
tZ-io-b- Km-\-am-Wv-˛- {^m-≥kv-
749.- -en-°p-Uv- ]m¿-´n- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-
C-{k-tb¬-
750.- -G‰ - h
- pw- ]-g°
- w- sN-∂- tZ-io-b] - X
- m-I-
G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv˛- - sU-∑m¿-°v-
temINcn{Xw
751. c≠mw- tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-
®- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1945 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- c-≠v-
752.- -1898˛-se- kv] - m-\n-j˛v- - A-ta-cn-°≥ - bp-
≤w- Xp-Sß - n-bX - v- G-Xv- cm-Py-Ø˛v- - Iyq-_-
753.- -sPm-hm-≥ Hm-^v- B¿-°n-s‚- kz-tZ-iw-
˛- {^m-≥kv-
754.- -ssN-\-bn¬- cm-P-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®-
t\-Xm-hv-˛- k-¨-bm-Xv- sk-≥
755.- t- ]m-Ãva- m-ÿ- B-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®t- i-jw-
A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-b-Xv-˛- F-{_-
lmw- en-¶-¨-
756.- -tdm-a-≥ Zm¿-i-\n-I-\m-b- πn-\n- c-Nn-®-
37 hm-ey-ap-≈- ]p-cm-X-\- {K-Ÿw-˛- \m-
®p-d¬- ln-Ã-dn-
757.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- ap-…nw- h-\n-X- A-[n-
Kp-´-≥_¿-Kv-
Im-cØ - n¬-h∂ - - cm-Pyw-˛- ]m-In-kvX - m-≥ 784.- -c-≠mw- tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- s\-
758.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°w-sN-∂- \n-
hn¬- tNw-_¿-se-bn-≥ {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-
b-a-k-`- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-sF-kv-em- \-a-{¥n- ]-Z-sam-gn-™-t∏mƒ- ]-I-c-°m-
≥Uv-
c-\m-b-Xv-˛-k¿- hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n¬-
759.- -tPm-≥ Hm-^v- B¿-°v- h-[n-°-s∏-´- h¿- 785.- -c-≠mw- tem-I- bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- P-∏m-\n-
jw-˛- 1431
en-Sm-\p-≈- t_mw-_v- \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xn-\p-
760.- -ss\¬- bp-≤-Øn¬- {_n-´-tWm-Sv- G-‰p- ≈- ]-≤-Xn-˛- am-≥l-´-≥ ]-≤-Xn-
ap-´n-b- cm-Pyw-˛- {^m-≥kv-
786.- \
- t- hm-∞m-\w- B-cw-`n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- C-‰e - n-
761.- -]yq-\n-Iv- bp-≤-ß-fn¬- G-‰p-ap-´n-b-Xv-˛- 787.- -]n-k-bn-se- N-cn-™- tKm-]p-cw- G-Xv- cm-
tdm-apw- Im¿-tØ-Ppw-
Py-Øm-Wv-˛- C-‰-en-
762.- -{_n-´-Wn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- k¿- 788.- A
- t- a-cn-°b - n-se- {]-ap-J- cm-jv{- So-b- ]m¿-
h-I-em-im-e-˛- Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv-
Sn-Iƒ-˛- dn-∏ª - n-°≥ - ]m¿-Sn-bpw- sU-tam-
763.- -c-≠p-{]m-h-iy-Øn¬-Iq-Sp-X¬- A-ta-cn-
{Im-‰n-Iv- ]m¿-Sn-bpw-
°-bn¬- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-
789.- -B-[p-\n-I- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- kw-hn-[m-\w-
s∏-´- G-I- hy-‡n-˛-{^m-¶v-fn-≥ Un- dq-
\n-e-hn¬-h-∂- B-Zy-cm-Pyw-˛- {_n-´-¨-
kv-sh¬-‰v-
790.- B
- [ - p-\n-I- Xp¿-°n-bp-sS- ÿm-]I - ≥
- F-
764.- -en-¶-¨- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X- v˛- - ap-kvX
- ^
- - I-am¬- A-
˛-hm-jnw-Kv-S-¨- Un.-kn.-
‰m-Xp¿-°v-
765.- -In-g-°-≥ bq-tdm-∏n-se- tkm-hn-b-‰v- ta- 791.- -b-Mv- C-‰-en- {]-ÿm-\-sØ- \-bn-®-h¿-
[m-hn-Xzw- D-t±-in-®v- A-b-¨- I¿-´-≥ F-
˛- Km-cn-_mƒ-Un-bpw- a- o-\n-bpw-
∂- {]-tbm-Kw- B-Zy-am-bn- \-S-Øn-b-Xm- 792.- b
- p.-F≥ - .-Nm¿-´¿- H-∏p-sh-°s - ∏-´- h¿-jw-
cv-˛-k¿- hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n¬-
˛- 1945
766.- -]p-I-h-en- B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\p- lm-\n-I-cw- 793.- -bp.-F-kv.-F.-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂-
F-∂v- kn-K-c-‰p-I-h-dn¬- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-
ssk-\n-I- _-lp-a-Xn-˛- sa-U¬- Hm-^v-
b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.- Hm-W¿-
767.- -A-ta-cn-°-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sk-≥k-kv-
794.- -B-Zy- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-≠v-˛- tPm¿-
\-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1790 Pv- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨-
768.- -B-[p-\n-I- C-‰-en-sb- G-Io-I-cn-®-Xv-˛-
795.- -B-Zy-sØ- {]-]-©-am-Xr-I- A-h-X-cn-∏n-
Km-cn-_mƒ-Un- ®- {]m-No-\- {Ko-°v- tPym-Xn-im-kv{- X-⁄-
769.- -B-[p-\n-I- N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-
≥˛- bp-tUm-Iv-k-kv-
∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v- ˛-en-tbm-t]mƒ-Uv- thm- 796.- -B-Zy-sØ- ssk-t°m-f-Pn- e-t_m-d-´-dn-
¨- dm-s¶-
ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛- hq-≠v-
770.- -cm-jv-{S-sa-∂-Xv- Rm-\m-Wv- F-∂p- ]-d- 797.- -B-Zy-sØ- tdm-a-≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛- A-K-
™-Xv-˛- eq-bn- ]-Xn-\m-em-a-≥
Ã-kv-
771.- -Cw-]o-®s v- a-‚ v- `o-jW - n- t\-cn-´- B-Zy- bp.- 798.- -C-≥I- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚- A-h-in-jv-S-
F-kv.- {]-kn-U‚ - v- ˛-tPm-¨- tSm-bve - ¿-
߃- Im-Wp-∂- am-®p-]n-®p- G-Xv- cm-Py-
772.- -Cw-•-≠n¬- A-Sn-a-Øw- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®- Øm-Wv-˛- s]-dp-
h¿-jw-˛- 1833
773.- -d-jy-≥ hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- {]-[m-\- t\-Xm-
799.- -c-‡-c-ln-X- hn-π-hw- \-S-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- Cw-
•-≠v-
hv-˛- se-\n-≥
800.- -C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- P-\n-®v- A-ta-cn-
774.- -tem-I-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- {]-[m- °-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛-tPm-
\-a-{¥n- ˛- kn-cn-am-thm- _-µm-c-\m-b-sI-
¨- F-^v.- sI-∂Un
775.- -Xp¿-°n-Iƒ- tIm-¨-Ãm-‚ n-t\m-∏nƒ- ]n-
 LGS ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS
Xncs™Sp∏v: Hcp hnlKho£Ww
]cnjv-Ir-X- Po-hn-X-Øn-te-°p-≈- Np-h-Sp-h-bv-]p-Iƒ-°n-sS- am-\-h- kw-kv-Im-cw- cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- k-hn-ti-j- {]-{In-b-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- P-\m-
[n-]-Xyw.- b-h-\-tZ-i-Øm-Wv- A-Xv- P-∑w-sIm-≠-Xv.- B-[p-\n-I-X-bn-te-°p-≈- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚- {]-bm-W-am-cw-`n-®-Xv- Cw-•-≠n-se- tPm-
¨- cm-Pm-hv- d-Æn-ao-Uv- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øp-h-®v- am-·- Im¿-´- F-∂- D-S-º-Sn- 1215˛¬- H-∏p-h-®-tXm-sS-bm-Wv.- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hpw- {]m-Xn-\n-[y-kz-`m-h-
ap-≈- ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw- ]p-cm-X-\-Im-ew- ap-X¬-t°- `m-c-X-Øn¬- \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- kp-ÿm-]n-X-am-b- N-´-°q-Sp-≈- H-cp- k-ºq¿-
W-]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- cm-jv-{S-am-b-Xn-\v- \-Ωp-sS- cm-Py-Øn-\v- I-S-∏m-Sv- {_n-´-t\m-Sm-Wv.- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚- A-\n-hm-cy-L-S-I-am-b-
Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p-{]-{In-b- G-‰-hpw- hym-]v-Xn-bn¬- \-S-°p-∂-Xv- Cu- a-Æn-em-Wv.- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-jv{- Sw- t]m-fnw-Kv-
_q-Øn-te-°v- \o-ßp-tºmƒ- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- kw-_-‘n-®v- a-’-c-∏-co-£-I-fn¬- k-Po-h-km-∂n-[y-am-b- Nn-e- h-kv-Xp-X-I-sf- lr-Zn-ÿ-am°mw.
1.- -s]m-Xp- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂- B-Zy- G-
2.-
jy-≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- C-¥y.-
-1951 H-Ivt- Sm-_¿- 25 ap-X¬- 1952 s^-{_p-
h-cn- 21 h-sc-bm-Wv- H-∂mw- tem-Ivk - `- b
- n-
te-°p-≈- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏v- \-S∂- X- v.-
3.- -ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-in-em-Wv- B-Zy- L-´-
thm-s´-Sp-∏v- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.-
4.- -H-∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- 489 a-Wv-U-e-ß-
fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- 489˛¬- 364 ko-‰pw- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- t\-Sn.-
5.- -16 ko-‰n¬- hn-P-bn-®- kn.-]n.-sF.- G-‰-
hpw- h-en-b- {]-Xn-]-£- I-£n-bm-bn.-
6.- -H-∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se- thm-´nw-Kv- i-X-
Xncs™Sp∏v IΩoj≥
154. 1950 P-\p-h-cn- 25˛-\m-Wv- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
∏v- I-Ωo-j-≥ cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b-Xv.-
155.- -P-\p-h-cn- 25 \m-j-W¬- thm-t´-gv-kv-
Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°p-∂p.-
156.- -\yq-U¬-ln-bn-se- \n¿-hm-N-≥ k-Z-≥
B-Wv- I-Ωo-j-s‚- B-ÿm-\w.-
157.- -No-^v- C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-W-dpw- c-≠v-
C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-W¿-am-cp-a-S-ßp-∂-
Xm-Wv- C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-≥.-
158.- -B-dp- h¿-jw- A-Y-hm- 65 h-b- m-Wv-
C-e£ - ≥ - I-Ωo-jW - d
- p-sS- Im-em-h[ - n.-
{]-kn-U-‚m-Wv- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv.-
159.- -C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-≥ H-cp- `-c-W-L-S-
\m- ÿm-]-\-am-Wv.- C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-
S-\-bp-sS- 324˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-am-Wv- C-
e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-s\-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-
Zn-°p-∂-Xv.-
160.- -kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bp-tS-Xn-\p-
Xp-ey-am-b- ÿm-\-am-Wv- C-e-£-≥ I-
Ωo-j\ - w-Kß
- ƒ-°p-≈X - v.- ]m¿-es- a-‚ n-
s‚- Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ n-eq-sS- am-{X-ta- C-
h-sc- ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂v- \o-°m-\m-hq.-
161.- -{]-kn-U-‚ v,- ssh-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ v- F-
∂n-h-cp-sS- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-\p- ]p-d-ta-
tem-Iv-k-`,- cm-Py-k-`,- \n-b-a-k-`,- \n-
b-a-k-`m- Iu-¨-kn¬- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-
fn-te-°p-≈- Xn-c™ - S- p-∏pw- C-e£- ≥ -
1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
am-\w- 44.-87 B-bn-cp-∂p.-
7.- - -Zy- tem-Iv-k-`- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv- 1952
B
G-{]n¬- 17\m-Wv.- tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- B-
Zy- k-tΩ-f-\w- 1952 sa-bv- 13\v- B-cw-
`n-®p.-
8.- -]-Øv- t\m-an-t\-‰-Uv- Aw-K-߃- Dƒ-s∏-
sS- H-∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- 499 Aw-K-
ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
9.- `- c
- W
- L - S- \
- b
- p-sS- 331˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- {]-
Im-c-am-Wv- Bw-t•m- C-¥y-≥ Aw-K-ß-
sf- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-øp-∂-Xv.-
10.- -c-≠mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-te-°p-≈- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏v- 1957 s^-{_p-h-cn- 24 ap-X¬-
I-Ωo-j-s‚- Np-a-X-e-I-fm-Wv.-
162.- -thm-´¿- ]-´n-I- X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xpw-
]m¿-e-sa-‚w-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- \n-b-a-k-
`mw-K-ß-fp-sS-bpw- A-tbm-Ky-X- kw-
_-‘n-°p-∂- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- {]-kn-U-
‚n-s\- D-]t- Z-in-°p-∂X - pw- Xn-cs
- ™-
Sp-∏v- I-Ωo-j-\m-Wv.-
163.- cm-jv-{So-b- ]m¿-´n-Iƒ-°pw- ÿm-\m¿-
Yn-Iƒ-°pw- am-Xr-Im- s]-cp-am-‰-®-´w-
B-hn-jv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xpw- cm-jv-{So-b-
]m¿-´n-Iƒ-°v- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- \¬-Ip-∂-
Xpw- cm-jv-{So-b- ]m¿-´n-Iƒ-°v- Nn-”w-
A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xpw- I-Ωn-j-s‚- Np-
a-X-e-I-fm-Wv.-
164.- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- {I-a-t°-Sv- ]-cn-tim-[n-
°p-I,- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- {]-Nm-c-W-s®-
e-hn-s‚- ]-cn-[n- \n-jvI
- ¿-jn-°p-I- F-
∂n-h-bpw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- I-Ωn-j-s‚-
D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fm-Wv.-
165.- -1950 ap-X¬- 1989 h-sc- H-cp- No-^v- C-
e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-W¿- am-{X-am-Wv- D-
≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- 1989 ap-X¬- c-≠v- C-
e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-W¿-am¿-Iq-Sn- \n-b-an-
X-cm-bn.- 1990˛-93 Im-e-b-f-hn-epw- H-
cw-Kw- am-{X-am-Wv- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.-
1993 ap-X¬- ho-≠pw- aq-∂w-K- I-Ωo-
j-\m-bn.-
048
apJyXncs™Sp∏v IΩojW¿am¿
166.C¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- ap-Jy- Xn-c- t±-lw- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-
s™-Sp-∏v- I-Ωo-j-W¿- _w-Kmƒ- kz- 168.--c-≠m-a-sØ- C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-W-dm-
tZ-in-bm-bn-cp-∂- kp-Ip-am¿- sk-≥ B- bn-cp-∂- sI.-hn.-sI.-kp-µ-c-am-Wv- G-
bn-cp-∂p.- ‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- B- ]-Z-hn- h-
ln-®-Xv- (1958˛-1967).-
169.--C-¥y-bn¬- No-^v- C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-
W¿- ]-Zw- h-ln-®n-´p-≈- G-I- h-\n-X-
hn.-F-kv.-c-am-tZ-hn-bm-Wv- (1990).-
170.--G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- No-^v- C-e-£-
≥ I-Ωo-j-W¿- ÿm-\w- h-ln-®- hy-
‡n-bpw- c-am-tZ-hn-bm-Wv.-
171.- -hn.-F-kv.- c-am-tZ-hn- h-ln-®- a-s‰m-cp-
{]-[m-\- ]-Zh - n-bm-Wv- cm-Py-k`
- m- sk-
{I-´-dn- P-\-d¬.-
172.--X n- c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-fn-se-
]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-fn-eq-sS- {i-t≤-b-\m-b-
No-^v- C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-W-dm-bn-cp-
∂- Sn.-F-≥.-ti-j-≥ ]n-∂o-Sv- 1997˛-
se- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬-
167.- t- \-∏m-fn-epw- kp-Um-\n-epw- B-Zy-sØ- sI.-B¿.-\m-cm-b-W-s\-Xn-sc- a-’-cn-
No-^v- C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-W-dm-bn- A- ®v- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.-
am¿-®v- 14 h-sc- \-S-∂p.-
11.- - Cu- Xn- c - s ™- S p- ∏ n¬- tIm- ¨ - { K- k v -
494˛¬- 371 ko-‰v- t\-Sn- hn-P-bn-®p.- kn.-
]n.-sF.- hn-P-bn-®-Xv- 27 ko-‰p-I-fn¬.-
12.- -1956˛-se- kw-ÿm-\- ]p-\- w-L-S-\-sb-
Øp-S¿-∂v- \n-tbm-P-I- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fp-sS-
A-Xn¿-Øn- \n¿-Wb - h- pw- \-S∂
- p.- C-tXm-
sS- c-≠mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se- ko-‰p-I-fp-
sS- F-Æ-hpw- h¿-[n-®p.- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw-
sN-ø-s∏-´- 12 Aw-K-߃- Dƒ-s∏-sS- Aw- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1962.-
K-kw-Jy- 506 B-bn.- 16.- -1964˛¬- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- s\-{lp- A-¥-cn-
13.- -1962 s^-{_p-h-cn- 16 ap-X¬- 25 h-sc- aq- ®-t∏mƒ- em¬- _-lm-Zq-¿- im-kv-{Xn- {]-
∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-te-°p- \-S-∂- Xn-c- [m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn.-
s™-Sp-∏n¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ho-≠pw- `-c- 17.- -1966˛¬- im-kv-{Xn- A-¥-cn-®-t∏mƒ- C-
Ww- \n-e-\n¿-Øn.- µn-cm-Km-‘n- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn.-
14.- -aq-∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS- 18.- -1967 s^-{_p-hc - n- 15 ap-X¬- 25 h-sc- \m-
F-Æw- 507 B-bn-cp-∂p.- emw- tem-Ik -v `- b- n-te-°-v Xn-c™
- S- p-∏-v \-S-
15.- -C-¥y-bn¬- am-bv-°m-\m-Im-Ø- a-jn- D- ∂p.- tIm-¨{- K-k-v `-cW - w- \n-e\ - n¿-Øn-sb-
]-tbm-Kn-®- B-Zy-sØ- C-e-£-≥ \-S-∂- ¶n-epw- hn-Pb
- n-®- ko-‰p-Iƒ- Ip-d™ - p- (283).-

cmjv{S]Xn Xncs™Sp∏v
192.]tcm£- thm-´nw-Kn-eq-sS-bm-Wv-
C- ¥ y- ≥ {]- k n- U - ‚ n- s \- Xn- c -
s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.-
193.--Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v-
/-\n-ba - k
- ` - mw-Kß- ƒ-°p- am-{X-am-
Wv- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬-
thm-´p-sN-øm-≥ A¿-l-X.- tem-
Ivk- ` - b- n-se- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´-
543 Aw-K-ß-fpw- cm-Py-k`- b - n-se-
233 Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´- Aw-Kß - -
fpw- (B-sI- 776 ]m¿-es - a-‚w-K-
߃-)- kw-ÿm-\\ - n-ba - k
- `- I- f- n-
se-bpw- tI-{µ-`c - W- {- ]-tZ-iß - f - n-
se-bpw- (U¬-ln-bpw- ]p-Xp-t®-cn-
bpw-)- 4120 Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-
Aw-K-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- B-sI-
4896 t]-cm-Wv- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p-tc-J-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂-Xv.-
194.--Hc- p- k-`b - n-se-bpw- \m-a\ - n¿-t±-iw-
sN-ø-s∏-´- Aw-K-߃-°v- cm-jv-
{S-]X - n- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´h - -
Im-i-an-√.-
195.--G‰ - h- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- thm-´p-t\-Sn- C-
¥y-≥ {]-kn-U‚ - m-bX - v- sI.-B¿.-
\m-cm-b-W-≥ B-W.v- 1997se- cm-
jv - { S- ] - X n- Xn- c - s ™- S p- ∏ n¬-
956290 thm-´p-t\-Sn-b- A-t±-lw-
B-sI- t]mƒ- sN-bv-X-Xn-s‚- 94.-
97%- thm-´m-Wv- t\-Sn-b-Xv.- F-
∂m¬- i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬-
G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- thm-´p-Iƒ- t\-
19.- -\m-emw- tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS-
F-Æw- 523 B-bn-cp-∂p.-
20.- -1969˛¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]n-f¿-∂p.- 1971˛¬-
Im-em-h[ - n- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Ipw-ap-ºv- A-Sp-Ø-
Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂p.- C-¥y-bn-se- B-
Zy-sØ- C-S-°m-e- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏m-bn-cp-
∂p- C-Xv.- tIm-¨-{K-kv- 352 ko-‰n¬- hn-
P-bn-®p.-
21.- -ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-in-\v- kw-ÿm-\- ]-Z-hn-
e-`n-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- (1971)-ko-‰p-Iƒ-
Ip-d® - X- p-aq-ew- A-©mw- tem-Ivk- `- b - p-sS-
Aw-K-_-ew- 521 B-bn- Ip-d-™p.-
22.- -{]-[m-\-a-{¥n,- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- Ir-{Xn-
aw-Im-´n-sb-∂- A-e-l-_m-Zv- ssl-t°m-
S-Xn- hn-[n-sb-Øp-S¿-∂v- 1975 Pq-Wn¬- A-
Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- {]-Jym-]n-®p.-
23.- -A-©mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- Im-em-h-[n-
1977 h-sc- \o-≠p.- 1977 am¿-®n¬- B-
dmw- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂p.-
24.- -1976˛-se- A-Xn¿-Øn- \n¿-W-b-tØm-sS-
ko-‰p-Iƒ- 23 F-Æw- h¿-[n-®n-cp-∂p.- B-
sI- 544 ko-‰p-Iƒ.-
25.- -P-\-Xm-]m¿-´n-bp-sS- t]-cn¬- A-Wn-\n-c-
∂- hn-hn-[- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-I-fpw-
kw-L-S-\- tIm-¨-{K-kv,- tem-Iv-Zƒ,- P-
\-kw-Lw- Xp-S-ßn-b- kw-L-S-\-I-fpw- H-
cp-an-®t- ∏mƒ- A-Sn-b¥ - c- m-hÿ
- b - sv- °-Xn-
sc-bp-≈- P-\-hn-Im-cw- A-h¿-°-\p-Iq-e-
am-bn- thm-´m-bn-am-dn.- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-
Xn-s‚- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tXm¬-
D]cmjv{S]Xn
Xncs™Sp∏v
200. D]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-sb- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-
∂-Xv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se- C-cp-k-`-I-fn-
se-bpw- F-√m- Aw-Kß - f- pw- tN¿-∂m-
Wv.- A-Xm-b-Xv- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se- 545
Aw-K-ß-fpw- cm-Py-k-`-bn-se- 245
Aw-K-ß-fpw- tN¿-∂v- 790 t]¿- A-S-
ßp-∂-Xm-Wv- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏n-s‚- C-e-Iv-{S¬- tIm-tf-Pv.-
Sn- cm-j{v- S-]X- n-bm-bX - v- tUm.-cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-
Zv- B-Wv.-
196.--1957 ¬- c-≠mw-{]m-h-iyw- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-
b-t∏mƒ- 459698 thm-´p-am-bn- A-t±-lw- B-
sI- t]mƒ- sN-bvX - X - n-s‚- 99.-3%- thm-´v- t\-
Sn.-
197.--G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®v- thm-´p- t\-Sn- {]-kn-U-‚m-
b-Xv, i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw- G-‰-hpw-
Ip-d-hv- thm-´p-Iƒ- t\-Sn- {]-kn-U-‚m-b-Xv,-
G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- F-Æw- thm-´n-s‚- `q-cn-]-
£w- (i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw-)- F-∂o-
{]-tXy-IX - I
- ƒ- hn.-hn.-Kn-cn-°p- kz-¥a - m-Wv.-
198.--1969 se- cm-jv{- S-]X - n- Xn-cs
- ™-Sp-∏n¬- hn.-
hn.-Kn-cn-°v- 420077(50.-2%-)- thm-´pw- F-Xn¿-
ÿm-\m¿-Yn- \o-ew- k-Rv-Po-h- sd-Õn-°v-
405427 (48.-5%-)- thm-´p-am-Wv- e-`n-®-Xv.-
199.--cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-s‚- N-cn-{X-
Øn¬- sk-°-‚ v- {]n-^-d-≥jy¬- thm-´p-
Iq-Sn- F-tÆ-≠n-h-∂- G-I- A-h-k-c-am-bn-
cp-∂p- A-Xv.
hn- G-‰p-hm-ßn.-
26.- X- n-cs
- ™-Sp-∏n¬- ]-cm-Pb - s- ∏-´- B-Zy- C-
¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-Wv- C-µn-cm-Km-
‘n.-
27.- -]-e- cm-jv-{So-b-I-£n-Iƒ- H-cp- ]m¿-´n-
kw-hn-[m-\Ø - n¬- H-tc- Nn-”Ø - n¬- B-
Zy-am-bn- a-’-cn-®-Xv- 1977˛¬- \-S-∂- Xn-
c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv.-
28.- -P-\-Xm-]m¿-´n- 295 ko-‰n-s‚- ]n-≥_-e-
Øn¬- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-sb- {]-[m-
\-a-{¥n-]-Z-Øn¬- A-h-tcm-[n-®p.-
29.- -sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn- cm-Pn-h-®-t∏mƒ- N-
c-¨k - nw-Kv- ]n-≥Km-an-bm-bn.- k-`s - b- A-
`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m-sØ- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- F-
∂- hn-ti-j-W-hp-am-bn- N-c-¨-knw-Kv-
ÿm-\s - am-gn-™t- ∏mƒ- C-¥y- ho-≠pw-
t]m-fnw-Kv- _q-Øn-te-°v- \o-ßn.-
30.- -\yq-\-]-£- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- X-e-h-\m-b-
B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-Wv- N-
c-¨-kn-Mv.-
31.- -1980˛¬- G-gmw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-te-°v- \-S-
∂- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- ho-
≠pw- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn.-
32.- -1984˛¬- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- h-[n-°-s∏-´-
t∏mƒ- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b- cm-Po-hv- Km-
‘n-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv- tIm-¨-
{K-kv- F-´mw- tem-Ivk - `- b
- n-te-°p-≈- Xn-
c-s™-Sp-∏n-s\- t\-cn-´-Xv.-
33.- t- Im-¨{- K-kv- N-cn-{X-hn-Pb - w- t\-Sn-b- Cu-
Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ko-
‰p-I-fp-am-bn- (404)- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- ho-
≠pw- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-]-Z-Øn-se-Øn.- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tem-Iv-k-`m-ko-‰p-I-fp-
am-bn- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dn-b- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- A-t±-l-Øn-\v-
kz-¥-am-bn.-
34.- -tIm-¨-{K-kv- H-‰-bv-°v- `q-cn-]-£w- t\-
Sn- `-cn-®- A-h-km-\-sØ- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
bm-bn-cp-∂p- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n.-
35.- 1- 985˛-se- D-]X - n-cs
- ™-Sp-∏n¬- ]-Øp-ko-
‰p-Iƒ- Iq-Sn- tIm-¨-{K-kn-\p- e-`n-®p.-
36.- -1989˛-se- H-º-Xmw- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏n¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-
´p- (197).- C-{]m-h-iyw- tem-Iv-k-`m-Xn-c-
049
s™-Sp-∏v- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy- Xq-°p-
]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.- 143 ko-‰p-
t\-Sn-b- P-\-Xm-Z-fn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬-
cq-]h - X- vI- c - n-®- tZ-io-ba - p-∂W - n- A-[n-Im-
c-Øn-se-Øn.- _n.-sP.-]n.-(85)-bp-sS-bpw-
C-SX - p-I£ - n-If - p-sS-bpw- ]p-dt- a-\n-∂p-≈-
]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS- hn.-]n.-kn-Mv- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-bm-bn.- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- ap-∂-
Wn- `-c-W-Øn-\v- A-hn-sS- Xp-S-°-am-bn.-
37.- -tKm-h- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-
W-tØm-sS- H-cp- ko-‰n-s‚- h¿-[\ - h
- p-≠m-
bn.- B-sI- ko-‰p-Iƒ- 545 B-bn.- A-ß-
s\- H-º-Xmw- tem-Iv-k-`- ap-X¬- ko-‰p-
I-fp-sS- F-Æw- 545 B-bn-˛-543 t\-cn-´pw-
2 \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-bv-X-Xpw.-
38.- -]-Xn-s\m-∂v- am-k-Øn-\p-ti-jw- P-\-Xm-
Zƒ- ]n-f¿-∂p.- ]n-f¿-∂- hn-`m-Kw- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- ]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS- N-{µ-ti-J-dn-
s\- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-°n.-
39.- -\m-emw- am-k-Øn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]n-¥p-
W- ]n-≥h-en-®-tXm-S- H-º-Xmw- tem-Iv-
k-`- A-Im-e-Øn¬- A-h-km-\n-®p.-
40.- -1991˛-se- ]-Ømw- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-
Sp-∏v- {]-Nm-c-W-th-f-bn¬- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se-
{io-s]-cp-]p-Xq-cn¬-sh-®v- ap-≥{]-[m-\-a-
{¥n- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- sIm-√-s∏-´p.- Cu-
Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- 232 ko-‰v- t\-Sn- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- `q-cn-]-£-Øn-\v- A-Sp-sØ-Øn.-
41.- s - N-dp-I£ - n-If - p-sS- ]n-¥p-Wt- bm-sS- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- a-{¥n-k-`- ]n.-hn.-\-c-knw-l-dm-
hp-hn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-
te-dn.-
42.- -\yq-\-]-£-am-bn-´m-Wv- ]n.-hn.-\-c-knw-l-
dm-hp- a-{¥n-k`- - A-[n-Im-cØ - n-te-dn-bs - X-
¶n-epw- Im-em-h[ - n- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°m-≥ km-
[n-®p.-
43.- -]-Xn-s\m-∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
∏n¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Sn-b-Xv- sh-dpw- 140
ko-‰v.- 161 ko-‰p-t\-Sn-b- _n.-sP.-]n.-bm-
bn-cp-∂p- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- I-£n.- ]-Xn-aq-
∂v- Zn-h-kw- F.-_n.-hm-Pv-t]-bn- {]-[m-\-
a-{¥n-bm-bn.-
44.- -Xp-S¿-∂v- 18 am-k-tØm-fw- P-\-Xm-Z-fn-
s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- hn-hn-[- {]m-tZ-in-I-
I-£n-Iƒ- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- ]n-¥p-W-
tbm-S- sF-Iy-ap-∂-Wn- F-∂- t]-cn¬- `-
cn-®p.- I¿-Wm-S-I- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-
tZ-hK - u-Ub - pw- (cm-Pn-h® - t- i-jw-)- ,- sF.-
sI.-Kp-Pd v- m-epw- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bX - v- Cu-
Im-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv.-
45.- -_n.-sP.-]n.- 1998˛-se- Xn-c-™-Sp-∏n¬- Iq-
Sp-X¬- I-cp-Øv- sX-fn-bn-®v- 182 ko-‰p- kz-
¥-am-°n.- F.-_n.-hm-Pv-t]-bn- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-bm-bn.- 13 am-k-Øn-\p-ti-jw- F.-
sF.-F.-Un.-Fw.-sI.- ]n-¥p-W- ]n-≥h-en-
®-Xn-\m¬- hm-Pv-t]-bn- cm-Pn-h-®v- k-`- ]n-
cn-®p-hn-Sm-≥ ip-]m¿-i-sN-bv-Xp.-
46.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- H-cp- thm-´n-\v- `-c-Ww- \-
jv-S-s∏-´- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-Wv-
hm-Pv-t]-bn.-
47.- -G-‰-hpw- Im-em-e-[n- Ip-d-™- tem-Iv-k-
`-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-{¥-≠mw- tem-Iv-k-`.-
48.- -]-Xn-aq-∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
∏n¬- _n.-sP.-]n-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-
≈- \m-j-W¬- U-tam-{Im-‰n-Iv- A-e-b-
≥kv- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn.-
49.- -H-cn-°-epw- tIm-¨-{K-kp-Im-c-\-√m-bn-cp-
∂- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-
cp-∂- A-S¬- _n-lm-cn- hm-Pv-t]-bn,- Im-
em-h[ - n- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b- B-Zy- tIm-¨-
{K-kn-X-c- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- F-∂- hn-ti-j-
Ww- kz-¥-am-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw-
tem-Iv-k-`- km-£yw- h-ln-®p.-
50.- -2004˛¬- \-S-∂- ]-Xn-\m-emw- tem-Iv-k-`m-
Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- B-Zy-am-
bn- ap-∂-Wn- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬- a-’-cn-
®v- C-SX - v- ]n-¥p-Wt- bm-sS- A-[n-Im-cØ - n-
se-Øn.- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- t{]m-{K-ko-hv- A-
e-b-≥kv- F-∂- Cu- k-Jyw- `-c-W-km-c-
Yy-ta¬-]n-®-Xv- ap-≥ dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v- K-
h¿-W-dpw- ap-≥[-\-a-{¥n-bp-am-bn-cp-∂-
tUm.-a-≥tam-l-≥kn-Mn-s\-bm-Wv.-
51.- -2004˛-se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
t\-Sn-b- B-sI- ko-‰p-I-sf-°mƒ- Iq-Sp-
X¬- ko-‰p-Iƒ-(159)- kw-ÿm-\-˛-{]m-tZ-
in-I- ]m¿-´n-Iƒ- tN¿-∂v- t\-Sn.-
52.- -H-cn-°-epw- tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-am-bn-´n-√m-Ø-
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- kz-¥-
am-b- tUm.-a-≥tam-l-≥kn-Mv- A-k-an¬-
\n-∂p-≈- cm-Py-k-`mw-Kw- F-∂- \n-e-bn-
em-Wv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se-Øn-b-Xv.-
53.- -2009˛¬- \-S-∂- 15˛mw- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏n-epw- hn-P-bn-°m-≥ bp.-]n.-F-
bv-°p- km-[n-®p.- `-c-W-km-c-Yyw- h-ln-
°-sh,- s\-{lp- Ip-Spw-_mw-K-a-√m-Ø-h-
cn¬,- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- `-cn-®-
C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- F-∂- hn-ti-j-
Ww- a-≥tam-l-≥knw-Kn-\p- kz-¥-a-mbn.
Xncs™Sp∏pw
Nne A\p_‘
hkvXpXIfpw
54. H∂mw- tem-Ik v- `- b- n-te-°v- tUm.-Aw-t_-
ZvI- ¿- a-’c - n-®X - v- t_mw-s_- kn-‰n- t\m¿-
Øv- a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.- C-hn-sS-
A-t±-lw- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p.-
55.- `- c
- W- L- S- \ - m-\n¿-am-Wk - ` - b- n-te-°v- Aw-
t_-Zv-I¿- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv- t_mw-
s_- kw-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv.-
56.- -c-≠p-ap-∂-Wn-Iƒ-(bp.-]n.-F-bpw- F-≥.-
Un.-F-bpw-)- X-Ωn¬- a-’-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v-
km-£yw- h-ln-®- B-Zy-sØ- Xn-c-™-
Sp-∏m-Wv- ]-Xn-\m-emw- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏v.-
57.- -1962˛¬- hn.-sI.-Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m-≥ a-’-
cn-®- a-WU v- e - a- m-Wv- t\m¿-Øv- t_mw-s_.-
B-Nm-cy- Ir-]-em-\n-sb- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-
Øn- ta-t\m-≥ tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se-Øn.-
58.- -1977˛-se- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬-
dm-bv- _-td-en-bn¬- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-sb-
tXm¬-]n-®v- cm-Pv- \m-cm-b-¨- P-b-‚ v- In-
√¿- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- kz-¥-am-°n.-
59.- -1977˛-se- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬-
]-cm-P-b-s∏-´- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- ho-≠pw-
tem-Ik v- `- b- n-se-Øn-bX - v- I¿-Wm-SI - Ø- n-
se- Nn-°a - w-•q¿- D-]X - n-cs
- ™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS-
bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- A-h-
sc- A-tbm-Ky-bm-°p-I-bpw- ho-≠pw- D-
]-Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏v- \-SØ - p-Ib - pw- sN-bvX - p.-
C-{]m-h-iy-hpw- hn-P-bn-®- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-
°v- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- c-≠v- D-]- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
∏p-I-fn¬- P-bn-®- G-I- hy-‡n- F-∂- hn-
ti-jWw kz¥ambn.
cmjv{Sob I£nIƒ
60. tZio-b- ]m¿-´n-bm-bn- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- e-`n-
°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ- C-{]-Im-c-
am-Wv.-
61.- -tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-tem- A-kw-
ªn- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n-tem,- km-[p-hm-b- thm-
´n-s‚- B-dp- i-X-am-\-sa-¶n-epw- \m-tem-
A-Xn-e-[n-I-tam- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- t\-
Sn-bn-cn-°W - w.- Iq-Sm-sX,- tem-Ikv- `- b - n-se-
\m-ep- ko-s‰-¶n-epw- G-sX-¶n-epw- kw-
ÿm-\-tØm- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-tem- t\-
Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww.-
62.- -A-s√-¶n¬,- tem-Iv-k-`m- ko-‰p-I-fn¬- c-
≠p- i-Xa - m-\s
- a-¶n-epw- t\-Sn-bn-cn-°W - w.-
Cu- Aw-K-߃- Ip-d-™-Xv- aq-∂v- hy-
Xy-kv-X- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- \n-∂m-bn-cn-
°-Ww.-
63.- k- w-ÿm-\- ]m¿-´n-bm-bn- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°s - ∏-
Sp-∂X - n-\p-≈- ]p-Xp-°n-b- am-\Z- W
Im-cw,- Xn-cs
- U
- ™-Sp-∏n¬- km-[p-hm-b- B-
-v w- {]-
sI- thm-´n-s‚- 8%- thm-´p-t\-Sn-bm¬- (F-
√m- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-If - pw- tN¿-∂v)- ,- P-bn-®-
ko-‰p-If - p-sS- F-Æw- ]-cn-KW - n-°m-sX-X-
s∂,- kw-ÿm-\- ]m¿-´n-bm-bn- Aw-Ko-Im-
cw- e-`n-°pw.- Iq-Sm-sX,- B-sI- t]mƒ-
sN-bv-X- thm-´n-s‚- B-dp-i-X-am-\w- t\-
Sp-Ib
- pw- kw-ÿm-\s - Ø- 25 ko-‰p-If - n¬-
H-∂v- F-∂- \n-c-°n¬- hn-P-bn-°p-I-bpw-
sN-bv-Xm-epw- kw-ÿm-\- ]m¿-´n-bm-bn-

]m¿esa‚pw AwK_ehpw
201.- `- c
- W
- L - S- \ - {- ]-Im-cw- tem-Ik
]-c-am-h-[n- 552 Aw-K-߃- h-sc-bm-
Imw.- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂- 530,- tI-{µ-`-c-W-
{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-c-™-Sp-°-
s∏-Sp-∂- 20,- Bw-t•m-˛-C-¥y-≥ k-
ap-Zm-b-Øn-\v- a-Xn-bm-b- {]m-Xn-\n-[y-
an-s√-¶n¬- A-h-cn¬-\n-∂v- {]-kn-U-
‚ v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-øp-∂- ]-c-am-
h-[n- c-≠p-t]¿.- A-ßs - \- 552 t]¿.-
202.-- F-∂m¬,- C-t∏mƒ- tem-Ivk
Aw-K-_-ew- 545 B-Wv.- kw-ÿm-
\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-c-™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-
∂- 530˛-Dw-,- tI-{µ-`c - W- {- ]-tZ-iß
\n-∂v- Xn-c™ - S- p-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- 13˛-Dw,-
Bw-t•m-˛C - ¥ - y-≥ k-ap-Zm-bØ
∂v- \m-a\ - n¿-t±-iw- sN-øs - ∏-Sp-∂- c-≠w-
K-ßf - pw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- 545 t]¿.-
203.-- `-c-W-L-S-\- {]-Im-cw- cm-Py-k-`-bn-
se- ]-c-am-h-[n- Aw-K-kw-Jy- 250 h-
sc-bm-Imw.- F-∂m¬,- C-t∏mƒ- kw-
ÿm-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-c-™-Sp-°-
s∏-Sp-∂- 229 Dw- tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-
i-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- Xn-c-™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-
∂- \m-epw- (U¬-ln-bn¬-\n-∂v- aq-
∂w-Kß - f - pw- ]p-Xp-t®-cn-bn¬-\n-∂v- H-
cw-Kh - pw-)- cm-jv{- S-]X - n- \m-a\
sN-øs - ∏-Sp-∂- 12 {]-Ke - v`
- c
- pw- Dƒ-s∏-
sS- 245 Aw-K-ß-fm-Wv- cm-Py-k-`-bn-
ep-≈-Xv- (kz-¥-am-bn- \n-b-a-k-`- C-
√m-Ø- tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-߃-°v-
cm-Py-k-`mw-K-ß-fn-√-).-
204.- C-t∏mƒ- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se- B-sI-
Aw-K-߃- 790 t]-cm-Wv- (tem-Iv-k-
`- 545+-cm-Py-k-`- 245).- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
Aw-Ko-Im-cw- e-`n-°pw.-
64.- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- I-Ωo-j-≥ tZ-io-b- ]m¿-
´n- F-∂v- \n-e-bn¬- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-
B-dp- ]m¿-´n-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.-
65.- -_-lp-P≥ - k-am-Pv- ]m¿-´n,-`m-cX
Xm- ]m¿-´n,- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Hm-^v- C-
¥y-(kn.-]n.-sF.-),- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Hm-
^v- C-¥y- (am¿-Ivk
sF.-(Fw-),-C¥
- n-Ãv)- - A-Yh
- y-≥ \m-jW
- ¬- tIm-¨-
{K-kv,\ - m-jW - e - n-Ãv- tIm-¨{- K-kv- ]m¿-´n-
F-∂o-hb - m-Wv- tZ-io-b- ]m¿-´n-Iƒ.-
66.- -_-lp-P-≥ k-am-Pv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-
I-≥ I-≥jn-dm-am-Wv.- tUm.-_n.-B¿.-Aw-
t_-Zv-I-dp-sS- B-Z¿-i-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- {]-
tNm-Z-\w- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p-sh-∂v- A-h-
Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂- ]m¿-´n- 1984em-Wv- cq-]w-
sIm-≠-Xv.-
67.- D
- Ø
- ¿-{]-tZ-iv- {]-[m-\- X-´I - a- m-b- _-lp-
P-≥ ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w- B-\-bm-Wv.-
am-bm-hX - n-bm-Wv- C-t∏m-fs - Ø- t\-Xm-hv.-
68.- -`m-c-Xo-b- P-\-Xm-]m¿-´n- 1980em-Wv- cq-
]w-sIm-≠-Xv.- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se-bpw- kw-
ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`-I-fn-se-bpw- {]m-Xn-\n-
[yw-sIm-≠v-C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-
b- c-≠m-as - Ø- ]m¿-´n-bm-Wv- _n.-sP.-]n.-
69.- X
- m-ac - b- m-Wv- `m-cX - o-b- P-\X - m- ]m¿-´n-bp-
sS- Nn-”w.-
70.- `- m-cX- o-b- P-\k - w-LØ - n-em-W-v _n.-sP.-]n.-
bp-sS- th-cp-Iƒ- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂X
71.- i
- ym-a{- ]-km-Zv- ap-J¿-Pn-bm-Wv- P-\k
Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥.-
72.- -1977˛-se- s]m-Xp-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- P-\-
kw-Lw- a-‰p- ]-e- ]m¿-´n-I-fp-am-bn- e-bn-
®v- P-\-Xm-]m¿-´n-bm-bn.- 1980˛¬- P-\-Xm-
]m¿-´n- in-Yn-e-am-b-tXm-sS- ]-g-b- P-\-
kw-L-Øn-s‚- Bƒ-°m¿- ]p-\- w-L-
Sn-®v- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- P-
\-Xm-]m¿-´n.-
73.- -1984˛-se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- c-≠p- ko-‰p-
am-{Xw- t\-Sn-b- _n.-sP.-]n.- {I-am-\p-K-X-
h-f¿-®b - n-eq-sS- ]-e- kw-ÿm-\ß
v- `- b- n¬- °-s∏-Sp-∂- B-sI- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS-
F-Æw- 776 (tem-Iv-k-`- 543+-cm-Py-
k-`- 233)- .-
205.-- \m-a\ - n¿-t±-iw- sN-øs - ∏-Sp-∂- B-sI-
Aw-K-ß-fp-sS- F-Æw- 14 (tem-Iv-k-
`- 2+-cm-Py-k-`-12)- B-Wv.-
206.-- kw-ÿm-\ß - s - f- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-
øp-∂- B-sI- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´- ]m¿-
e-sa-‚w-Kß - f - p-sS- F-Æw- 759 (tem-I-v
k-`- 530+-cm-Py-k`- - 229)- B-W.v -
- ` - b
- n-se- 207. -tI-{µ-`-c-W- {]-tZ-i-ß-sf- {]-Xn-\n-
[m-\w- sN-øp-∂- B-sI- Xn-c-s™-
Sp-°s - ∏-´- ]m¿-es - a-‚w-Kß - f - p-sS- F-
- f - n¬- Æw- 17 (tem-Iv-k-`- 13 +-cm-Py-k-`-
4)- B-Wv.-
- n¬-\n- 208.-- Hm-tcm- k-`-bn-epw- `-c-W-L-S-\- hy-
h-ÿ- sN-bvX - n-´p-≈- ]-ca - m-h[ - n- Aw-
K-ßs - f- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°p-Ib - pw- (tem-
Iv-k-`-bn-¬- 552˛-Dw- cm-Py-k-`-bn¬-
250˛-Dw-)- H-∏w- Bw-t•m-˛-C-¥y-≥ k-
ap-Zm-bØ - n-s‚- {]m-Xn-\n-[y-Øn-\m-bn-
c-≠p- t]-sc- \m-a\ - n¿-t±-iw- sN-tø-
≠n-hc - n-Ib- pw-h∂ - m¬,- ]m¿-es - a-‚ n-
s‚- Aw-K_ - e - w- 802 h-sc- D-bc
209.-- A-Xm-b-Xv- `-c-W-L-S-\m- hy-h-ÿ-
{]-Im-cw- C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- ]-
- n¿-t±-iw- c-am-h-[n- F-{X- Aw-K-߃-h-sc-bm-
Imw- F-∂- tNm-Zy-Øn-s‚- D-Ø-cw-
802.- \n-e-hn¬,- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se- B-
sI- Aw-K-߃- F-{X- t]¿- F-∂-
tNm-Zy-Øn-s‚- D-Ø-cw- 790.-
210.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-te-
°p-≈- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂- Aw-
K-ß-fp-sS- F-Æw- 29 B-Wv-˛- tem-
Iv-k-`-bn¬- 20,- cm-Py-k-`-bn¬- 9.-
A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn.- 1996˛¬- 13 Zn-h-
k-tØ-°v- tI-{µ-Øn¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-
te-dm-\pw- I-gn-™- ]m¿-´n- 1998 ap-X¬-
2004 h-sc- tZ-io-b- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-k-Jy-
- o-b- P-\- Øn-se- ap-Jy-I-£n-sb-∂- \n-e-bn¬- C-
¥y- `-cn-®p.-
74.- 2- 004˛-se- Xn-cs- ™-Sp-∏n-s\-Øp-S¿-∂-v _n.-
- m- kn.-]n.-
75.-
sP.-]n.- ap-Jy- {]-Xn-]£ - I - £
- n-bm-bn.-
-\yq-U¬-ln-bn¬- 11,- A-tim-Iv- tdm-Uv-
B-Wv- _n.-sP.-]n.-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w.-
76.- -kn.-]n.-sF.- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- \n-e-]m-Sv- {]-
Im-cw- 1925 Un-kw-_-dn-em-Wv- I-ayp-Wn-
Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- P-\-\w.-
F-∂m¬,- kn.-]n.-sF.-(Fw-)˛- s - ‚- \n-e]
- m-
Sv- {]-Im-cw- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Hm-^v- C-
¥y- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- 1920 H-Iv-tSm-_-
dn¬- Xm-jv-sI-‚ n-em-Wv.-
77.- -C-¥y-bn-se- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- {]-ÿm-\w-
1964˛¬- c-≠m-bn- ]n-f¿-∂p.- C-h- I-ayp-
Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Hm-^v- C-¥y-(kn.-]n.-sF.-),-
I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Hm-^v- C-¥y- (am¿-Iv-
kn-Ãv)- - A-Yh - m- kn.-]n.-sF.-(Fw-)- F-∂o-
t]-cp-I-fn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´p.-
78.- -A-cn-hmƒ- Np-‰n-I- \-£-{X-am-Wv- kn.-]n.-
sF.-(Fw-)-˛-s‚- Nn-”w.- kn.-]n.-sF.-bp-
sS- Nn-”w- A-cn-hm-fpw- [m-\y-°-Xn-cp-am-
Wv.- C-h- c-≠pw- tZ-io-b- ]m¿-´n-sb-∂-
\n-e-bn¬- Aw-Ko-Im-c-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv.-
- .v -
79.- -\yq-U¬-ln-bn¬- F.-sI.-Pn.-`-h-\m-Wv-
- w-L- kn.-]n.-Fw.- B-ÿm-\w.-
80.- k- n.-]n.-sF.-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\a - m-b- A-tPm-
bv- `-h-\pw- \yq-U¬-ln-bn-em-Wv.-
81.- -tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-°-fm-bn-cp-∂- i-c-Zv-
]-hm¿,- ]n.-F.-km-Mv-a,- Xm-cn-Jv- A-≥h¿-
F-∂n-h¿,- tIm-¨-{K-kn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-d-
Øm-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- 1999 sa-bv- am-k-
Øn¬- cq-]w-\¬-In-b- ]m¿-´n-bm-Wv- \m-
j-W-en-Ãv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]m¿-´n.-
82.- - t¢m-°m-Wv- \m-j-W-en-Ãv- tIm-¨-{K-
kv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
- f- n-epw- 83.- -1885˛¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-
W¬- tIm-¨-{K-km-Wv- C-¥y-bn-se- G-
‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- cm-jv-{So-b-I-£n.-
84.- s
- sI-∏-Øn-bm-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
\p-Iw-h-®- Im-f-bm-bn-cp-∂p- tIm-¨-{K-
kn- s ‚- B- Z y- Nn- ” w.- tIm- ¨ - { K- k v -
1969˛¬- ]n- f ¿- ∂ - t ∏mƒ- X¿- ° - s Ø-
Øp-S¿-∂v- \n-P-enw-K-∏- hn-`m-K-Øn-\v-
N¿-°-bn¬- \q¬-°p-∂- kv-{Xo- Nn-”-
hpw- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- hn-`m-K-Øn-\v- ]-
ip-hpw- In-Sm-hpw- Nn-”-am-bn- e-`n-®p.-
1978˛¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ho-≠pw- ]n-f¿-
∂-t∏mƒ- ]-ip-hpw- In-Sm-hpw- Nn-”w-
\-jv-S-s∏-´p.- H-cp- hn-`m-K-Øn-\v- N¿-°-
Nn-”w- In-´n.- C-µn-cm- Km-‘n-bp-sS-
t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- hn-`m-K-Øn-\v- ssI-
∏-Øn- Nn-”w- e-`n-®p.-
85.- -\yq-U¬-ln-bn¬- 24,- A-Iv-_¿- tdm-Uv-
B-Wv- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-
kn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w.-
86.- -F.-H.-lypw- B-Wv- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬-
tIm-¨{- K-kv- ÿm-]n-®X - v.- tIm-¨{- K-kn-
s‚- B-Zy- k-tΩ-f\ - w- \-S∂ - X - v- apw-ss_-
bn-se- tKm-Ip¬-Zm-kv- tX-Pv-]m¬- kw-
kv-Ir-X- tIm-tf-Pn¬- U-_v-fyp- kn.- _m-
\¿-Pn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-X-bn-em-Wv.-
87.- C
- ¥- y-≥ \m-jW - ¬- tIm-¨{- K-kn-s‚- N-
cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn-`P - \ - w- 1907¬-
- mw.- B-bn-cp-∂p.- kq-d‰ - v- k-tΩ-f\ - Ø - n¬- sh-
®- tIm-¨{- K-kv,- an-Xh - m-Zn-Iƒ,- Xo-{h-hm-
Zn-Iƒ- F-∂n-ß-s\- c-≠m-bn- ]n-f¿-∂p-
(1916˛-se- e-Iv-\u- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- C-
cp-hn-`m-K-hpw- H-cp-an-®p-).-
88.- -kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-cw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- B-Zy-
am-bn- ]n-f¿-∂-Xv- 1969¬- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
C-µn-cm-Km-\v-[n-sb- A-\p-Iq-en-°p-∂- hn-
`m-Kw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- (B¿-)- F-∂pw- ap-
Xn¿- t\-Xm-°-fp-sS- hn-`m-Kw- tIm-¨-{K-
kv- (H-)- A-Y-hm- kw-L-S-\m- tIm-¨-{K-
kv- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´p.-
89.- k- w-LS- \ - m-hn-`m-KØ
- n-s‚- {]-kn-U‚ - m-bn-
\n-P-enw-K-∏- Xp-S¿-∂p.- C-µn-cm-hn-`m-Kw-
P-KvP- o-h≥- dm-an-s\- ]p-Xn-b- {]-kn-U‚
bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Øp.-
90.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- hn-`m-K-am-bn-cp-∂p-
{]-_-ew.- C-e-£-≥ I-Ωn-j-≥ Aw-Ko-
I-cn-®-Xv- Cu- hn-`m-K-sØ-bm-Wv.- ]n¬-
°m- e - Ø v - kw- L - S - \ m- tIm- ¨ - { Kkv
P\Xm]m¿´nbn¬ ebn®p.
kwÿm\ ]m¿´nIƒ
91.- -B-{‘-{]-tZ-im-Wv- F-≥.-Sn.-cm-a-dm-hp-
110.-
1982˛¬- ÿm-]n-®- sX-ep-¶p-tZ-iw- ]m¿-
´n-(Sn.-Un.-]n.-)-bp-sS- X-´-Iw.-
92.- -C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- ap-Jy- {]-Xn-]-
111.-
£- I-£n-bm-bn-´p-≈- G-I- kw-ÿm-\-
I-£n-bm-Wv- sX-e-¶p-tZ-iw- ]m¿-´n.-
93.- -1984˛-se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- 30 ko-‰p-I-
fm-Wv- sX-ep-¶p-tZ-iw- ]m¿-´n- t\-Sn-b-Xv.-
94.- s- sk-°n-fm-Wv- sX-ep-¶p-tZ-iw- ]m¿-´n-bp-
sS- Nn-”w.-
112.-
95.- S- n.-Un.-]n.- t\-Xm-hv- N-{µ-_m-_p-\m-bn-Up-
kwÿm\ßfpw temIvk`bnse AwK_ehpw
211. G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tem-Ivk - ` - mw-Kß
- -
fp-≈-Xv- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-em-Wv- (80).-
e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn- Aw-K-߃- 214.- -h-S-°p-In-g-°-≥ C-¥y-bn¬- H-∂n-e-
(403)- ,- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬-
(100)- Aw-K-߃- F-∂n-h¿- Iq-Sp-X-
epw- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-em-Wv.- 215.- G
212.- -tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-sS- F-Æw- G-
‰-hpw- Ip-d-hp-≈- kw-ÿm-\-߃- an-
skm-dw,- \m-Km-em-≥Uv,- kn-°nw- F-
∂n-h-bm-Wv- (Hm-tcm-∂p-ho-Xw-).-
213.- -cm-Py-k-`mw-K-߃- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-
X¬- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-em-Wv- (31).- tKm-
h,-kn-°nw- F-∂n-hb - v°
- pw- h-S°- p-In- 216.- -2014˛-se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- ]m¿-e-sa-
g-°-≥ C-¥y-bn-se- A-cp-Wm-N¬-{]-
tZ-iv,-a-Wn-∏q¿,- ta-Lm-e-b,- an-skm-
dw,- \m-Km-em-≥Uv,- {Xn-]p-c- F-∂n-
050
hp-am-bn-´p-≈- A-`n-{]m-b- hy-Xym-ks - Ø-
Øp- S ¿- ∂ v - sI.- N- { µ- t i- J ¿- dm- h p-
2001˛¬- cq-]w- \¬-In-b- ]m¿-´n-bm-Wv- sX-
e-¶m-\- cm-{„- k-an-Xn.-
96.- -Im¿- B-Wv- sX-e-¶m-\- cm-{„- k-an-Xn-
bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
97.- -2009˛¬- in-h-Ip-am¿- ÿm-]n-®- ssh.-F-
kv.-B¿.- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]m¿-´n(Yuvajana
Sramika Rythu Congress Party) bpsS-
C-t∏m-gs - Ø- t\-Xm-hv- B-{‘-{]-tZ-iv- ap-
Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- ssh.-F-kv.-cm-P-ti-
J-c- sd-Õn-bp-sS- a-I-≥ P-K-≥tam-l-≥
sd-Õn-bm-Wv.-
98.- -ko-enw-Kv- ^m-\m-Wv- ssh.-F-kv.-B¿.-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
99.- -_w-Km-fn-se- kw-ÿm-\- ]m¿-´n-bm-b-
Hmƒ- C-¥y- Xr-W-aq¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv- ap-≥ tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-
hv- a-a-Xm- _m-\¿-Pn-bm-Wv- (1998).-
100.- ]
- q-°f - pw- ]p-√p-am-Wv- Hmƒ- C-¥y- Xr-W-
aq¬- tIm-¨{- K-kv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
101.- A
- k - a - n-se- cm-jv{- So-bI
- £
- n-bm-b- A-kw-
K-W- ]-cn-j-Øv- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv- 1985˛-
em-Wv.-
102.- cm-Py-sØ- G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d-™- ap-
Jy-a{- ¥n-sb-∂- hn-ti-jW - w- kz-¥a- m-°n-
b- (1985)- {]-^p-√-Ip-am¿- sam-l-¥-bm-
Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- {]-ap-J- t\-Xm-hv.-
103.- -A-kw- K-W- ]-cn-j-Øn-s‚- Xn-c-s™-
Sp-∏v- Nn-”w- B-\-bm-Wv.-
104.- -_o-lm-dn-epw- Pm-Iv-J-Wv-Un-epw- km-∂n-
[y-ap-≈- P-\-Xm-Zƒ- (bp-ssW-‰-Uv-)- cq-
]w-sIm-≠-Xv- 2003 H-Iv-tSm-_-dn¬- P-\-
Xm-Z-fn-se- i-c-Zv- bm-Z-hv- hn-`m-K-hpw- tem-
Iv-i-‡n-]m¿-´n-bpw- k-a-Xm-]m¿-´n-bpw- e-
bn-®-Xn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn-´m-Wv.-
105.- -A-ºm-Wv- P-\-Xm-Zƒ- (bp-ssW-‰-Uv-)-
]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
106.- -cmw- hn-em-kv- ]m-kzm-≥ t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-
Ip-∂- tem-Iv- P-≥i-‡n- ]m¿-´n- cq-]w-
sIm-≠-Xv- 2000˛-em-Wv.
- m- 107. _olmdnse kwÿm\ ]m¿´nbmb
CXns‚ Nn”w _w•mhmWv.
108. _olmdnse emep {]kmZv bmZhmWv
1997˛¬ cmjv{Sob P\XmZƒ ÿm-]n-
®-Xv.-
109.- -dm-¥-em-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.- h-S-°p-
In-g-°-≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-se- {]-I-S-\-
Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬- 2008˛-2010 Im-
e-bf - h
- n¬- B¿.-sP.-Un.-sb- tZ-io-b- ]m¿-
´n-bm-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p.-
-2012 \-hw-_¿- 26˛-\v- cq-]w-sIm-≠- Bw-
B-Zv-an- ]m¿-´n-(F.-F.-]n.-)-bp-sS- t\-Xm-
hv- A-c-hn-µv- sI-Pv-dn-hm-fm-Wv.-
-2013˛-se- U¬-ln- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- c-
≠m-as - Ø- h-en-b- I-£n-bm-bn- am-dn- tIm-
¨-{K-kn-s‚- ]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS- \yq-\-]-
£- k¿-°m¿- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®v- G-Xm-\pw-
Zn-h-kw- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- F.-F.-]n.-bp-
sS- Nn-”w- Nq-em-Wv.-
-a-lm-cm-jv-{S- tKm-a-¥-Iv- ]m¿-´n-bm-Wv-
h-bv-°pw- Hm-tcm- cm-Py-k-`mw-Kw- ho-
X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.-
[n-Iw- cm-Py-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-≈- G-I-
kw-ÿm-\w- A-k-am-Wv- (7).-
- g - v- tem-Ivk
- `
- mw-Kß
- f
- p-≈- U¬-ln-
H-gn-sI-bp-≈- tI-{µ-`-c-W- {]-tZ-i-
߃-°v- Hm-tcm- tem-Iv-k-`mw-Kw- ho-
X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- U¬-ln-bpw- (3)- ]p-
Xp-t®-cn-bpw-(1)- H-gn-sI-bp-≈- tI-{µ-
`-c-W- {]-tZ-i-߃-°v- cm-Py-k-`mw-
K-ß-fn-√.-
‚n-se- P-\-d¬- ko-‰p-I-fp-sS- F-Æw-
412 BWv. kwhcWko‰pIƒ 131
(84+47).

kwÿm\ßfpw
\nbak`bnse
AwK_ehpw
217. G‰hpw Iq-Sp-X¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-
kw-ªn- Aw-K-ß-fp-≈-Xv- D-Ø¿- {]-
tZ-in-em-Wv- (403).-
218.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- Aw-K-_-e-ap-≈-
kw-ÿm-\- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-
kn-°n-an-te-Xm-Wv- (32).-
219.- -F-∂m¬,- tI-{µ-`-c-W- {]-tZ-i-ß-
sf-°q-Sn- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ- ]p-
Xp-t®-cn-°m-Wv- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- e-
Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bp-≈-Xv- (30).-
220.- -C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\- {]-Im-cw- kw-
ÿm-\- \n-ba - k- `- b
- n-se- ]-ca- m-h[- n-
Aw-K_ - e- w- 500 h-sc-bm-Imw.- G-‰-
hpw- Ip-d™ - X
- v- 60 Aw-Kß - s - f-¶n-
ep-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°W - w.- F-∂m¬,- Aw-
K-_e - w- 60 ˛¬- Ip-d™ - - kw-ÿm-
\-ß-fm-Wv- tKm-h-(40),- an-tkm-dw-
(40),- kn-°nw-(32)- F-∂n-h.-
221.- -e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬- D-≈-
kw-ÿm-\ß - ƒ- B-dm-Wv˛- - B-{‘-
{]-tZ-iv,- _o-lm¿,-P-Ωp- I-iv-ao¿,-
I¿-Wm-S-Iw,-a-lm-cm-jv-{S,- D-Ø-¿
{]tZi
t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- `-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-®-Xn-
s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- (1961)-tKm-h-bn-se- `-c-W-
Øn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- .-
113.- -]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w- knw-l-am-Wv.-
114.- -l-cn-bm-W-bn-se- cm-jv-{So-b- I-£n-bm-
b- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tem-Iv-Z-fn-s‚-
{]-ap-J- t\-Xm-hv- Hmw- {]-Im-iv- Nu-´m-e-
bm-Wv.-
115.- -I-Æ-S-bm-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
116.- -P-Ωp-I-iv-ao¿- \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-^-d-
≥kv- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv- 1939˛-em-Wv.-
117.- H
- c - p- Ip-Spw-_Ø - n-se- aq-∂v- X-ea - p-db - n¬-
\n-∂v- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b- hy-
‡n-I-fm-b- tj-Iv- A-_v-Zp-≈,- ^-dp-Jv-
A-_v-Zp-≈,- H-a¿- A-_v-Zp-≈- F-∂n-h¿-
\m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-^-d-≥kv- t\-Xm-°-
fm-bn-cp-∂p.-
118.- -I-e-∏-bm-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
119.- -Pm¿-J-Wv-Un-se- cm-{„o-b- I-£n-bm-b-
Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv- ap-‡n- tam¿-®-bp-sS- t\-
Xm-hv- jn-_p- tkm-d-¨- B-Wv.-
120.- A
- º - pw- hn-√p-am-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
H-do-kb - n-epw- ]-›n-a- _w-Km-fn-epw- ]m¿-
´n-bp-sS- km-∂n-[y-ap-≠v.-
121.- -ap-≥{]-[m-\-a-{¥n- F-®v.-Un.-tZ-h-Ku-U-
t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-Ip-∂- P-\X - m-Zƒ- sk-°p-
e-dn-\v- I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-epw- tI-c-f-Øn-ep-
am-Wv- Aw-Ko-Im-ca - p-≈X
- v.- P-\X
- m-Zf - n-se-
]n-f¿-∏n-s‚- ^-e-am-bn- 1999˛¬- cq-]w-
sIm-≠- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w- s\-√p-Np-
a-°p-∂- kv-{Xo-bm-Wv.-
122.- t- I-cf - - tIm-¨{- K-kv- (Fw-)- cq-]w-sIm-≠-
Xv- 1979˛-em-Wv.-sI.-Fw.-am-Wn- (sN-b¿-
am-≥),- ]n.-sP.-tPm-k-^v- (h¿-°nw-Kv- sN-
b¿-am-≥)- F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- t\-Xm-°ƒ.-
123.- -2010 G-{]n-en-em-Wv- tI-c-f- tIm-¨-{K-
kv- tPm-k-^v- hn-`m-K-hpw- tI-c-f- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- am-Wn- hn-`m-K-hpw- e-bn-®-Xv.-
124.- -C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-≥ ap-…nw- eo-Kv- cq-]w-
sIm-≠X - v- 1948 am¿-®v- ]-Øn-\v- sN-ss∂-
bn-em-Wv.-
125.- -1906˛¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- ap-…nw-eo-Kv- C-
¥ym-hn-`P - \- t- Øm-sS- ]m-In-kvX - m-\n-te-
°v- t]m-bn-cp-∂p.-
126.- -G-Wn-bm-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
127.- i- n-ht- k-\m-t\-Xm-hv- _m¬- Xm-°s
sS- a-c-W-ti-jw,- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- A-\-
¥-c-h-\m-b- cm-Pv- Xm-°-sd,- _m¬- Xm-
°-sd-bp-sS- a-I-\m-b- D-±-hv- Xm-°-sd-bp-
am-bp-≈- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-sØ-Øp-
S¿-∂v- 2006˛¬- cq-]w-\¬-In-b- ]m¿-´n-bm-
Wv- a-lm-cm-jv-{S- \-h-\n¿-am-¨- tk-\.-
128.- s- d-bn¬-th- F-©n-\m-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-
”w.-
129.- -1966 ˛¬- _m¬- Xm-°-sd- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-
®- in-h-tk-\-bv-°v- C-t∏mƒ- t\-Xr-Xzw-
\¬-Ip-∂-Xv- D-±-hv- Xm-°-sd-bm-Wv.-
130.- -a-lm-cm-jv-{S- X-´-I-am-b- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-
”w- A-ºpw- hn-√p-am-Wv- .-
131.- -1949˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- {Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-
‰- I-g-Ia- m-W-v H-cp- kw-ÿm-\Ø
\m-S)-v - hy-‡a- m-b- `q-cn-]£ - t- Øm-sS- A-[n-
Im-cØ - n¬-h∂ - - B-Zy- {]m-tZ-in-I]
132.- -D-Z-b-kq-cy-\m-Wv- Un.-Fw.-sI-bp-sS- Nn-
”w.-
133.- -1916˛¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- ku-Øv- C-¥y-≥
en-_d - ¬- s^-Ut- d-j\ - m-Wv- Un.-Fw.-sI.-
bp-sS- ap-≥Km-an.- Cu- {]-ÿm-\w- P-Ãn-
kv- ]m¿-´n- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.-
134.- X- ym-Kc - m-Ps
- N-´n,- tUm.-]n.-Sn.-cm-P≥
kn.-\-tS-i- ap-X-en-bm¿- ap-X-em-b-h¿-
tN¿-∂m-Wv- P-Ãn-kv- ]m¿-´n- cq-]-h-Xv-I-
cn-®-Xv.-
135.- -1944˛¬- C.-hn.-cm-a-kzm-an- \m-bv-°¿- (s]-
cn-tbm¿-)- P-Ãn-kv- ]m¿-´n-bn¬-\n-∂v- {Zm-
hn-U- I-g-I-Øn-\p- cq-]w- \¬-In.-
136.- c- m-{„o-bm-Z¿-iß - ƒ-°p-hn-cp-≤a
cn-tbm¿- h-f-sc- {]m-bw-Ip-d-™- H-cp- bp-
h-Xn-sb- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®X - n¬- A-a¿-jw-
]q-≠- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ- kn.-F-≥.-A-Æm-
Zp-ssc-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- {Zm-hn-U- ap-
t∂-‰- I-g-Iw- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®p.-
137.- -1953˛¬- Fw.-Pn.-B¿.- {Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰-
I-g-I-Øn¬- tN¿-∂p.-
138.- -1967˛-se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- {Zm-hn-U- ap-
t∂-‰- I-g-Iw- a-{Zm-kv- kw-ÿm-\-Øv- A-
[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂p.- kn.-F-≥.-A-Æm-Zp-
ssc- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn.- ]n-∂o-sSm-cn-°-
epw- tIm-¨-{K-kn-\v- B- kw-ÿm-\-Øv-
`-c-W-Øn-se-Øm-≥ I-gn-™n-´n-√.-
139.- -A-Æm-Zp-ssc-bp-sS- a-c-W-ti-jw- {Zm-hn-
U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-I-Øn-s‚- t\-Xr-\n-c-bn-
se- {]-ap-J¿- I-cp-Wm-\n-[n,- s\-Sp-t©-
gn-b≥- ,- Fw.-Pn.-B¿.- F-∂n-hc
140.- -1972˛¬- Fw.-Pn.-B¿.- I-cp-Wm-\n-[n-bp-am-
bp-≈- A-`n-{]m-b- `n-∂X - s- b-Øp-S¿-∂-v {Zm-
hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-gI - w- hn-´v- A-Æm-{Zm-hn-
U- ap-t∂-‰- I-gI - Ø
- n-\p- cq-]w- \¬-In.-
141.- -c-≠n-e-bm-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
∏v- Nn-”w.- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- t]-cv-
Hmƒ- C-¥y- A-Æm-{Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-
g-I-sa-∂v- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-®p.-
142.- 1- 977˛-se- Xn-c™ - S- p-∏n¬- Hmƒ- C-¥y- A-
Æm-{Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-Iw- X-an-gv-\m-
´n¬- A-[n-Im-cØ - n¬-h∂ - p.- Fw.-Pn.-B¿.-
ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-bn.- aq-∂p-Xn-cs
fn¬- (1977,-1980,-1984)- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- hn-
P-bw-t\-Sn- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b- A-t±-lw-
1987 Un-kw-_-dn¬- A-¥-cn-°pw-h-sc- ]-
Z-hn-bn¬- Xp-S¿-∂p.-
143.- -Un.-Fw.-sI-bn¬-\n-∂v- `n-∂n-®v- 1994˛¬-
cq-]w-sIm-≠- a-s‰m-cp- ]m¿-´n-bm-Wv- a-dp-
a-e¿-®n- {Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-Iw.-ssh-
t°m-bm-Wv- C-Xn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥.-
144.- -]-º-c-am-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
145.- -X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- a-s‰m-cp- ]m¿-´n-bm-b- ]-
´m-fn- a-°ƒ- I-£n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥ F-
kv.-cmw-tZm-km-Wv.-
146.- -am-ß-bm-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
147.- t- Z-io-b- ap¿-t]m-°p- {Zm-hn-U- I-gI
Fw-Un-sI-)- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv- X-an-gv- kn-
\n-am-Xm-cw- hn-P-b-Im-¥m-Wv- (2005).-
148.- -]-º-c-am-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.-
149.- -D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv- {]-[m-\-X-´-I-am-b- k-am-
Pv-hm-Zn- ]m¿-´n- 1992˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-bn.-
ap-em-bw-kn-Mv- bm-Zh - m-Wv- {]-ap-J- t\-Xm-
hv.- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w- ssk-°n-fm-Wv.-
150.- -_w-Kmƒ- cm-jv-{So-b-Øn¬- kzm-[o-\-ap-
≈- Hmƒ- C-¥y- t^m¿-th-Uv- tªm-°v-
- d-bp-
1939˛¬- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv-
N-{µ-t_m-km-Wv.-
151.- -]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w- I-Sp-h-bm-Wv.-
152.- a- m¿-Ivk - n-Ãv˛- s
- e-\n-\n-Ãv- cm-jv{- So-b- ]m¿-
´n-bm-b- d-h-eq-j-W-dn- tkm-jy-en-Ãv-
]m¿-´n- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv- 1940˛-em-Wv.-
153.- -a-¨-sh-´n-bpw- a-¨-tIm-cn-bp-am-Wv- ]m¿- Xn-bm-Wv.-
´n-bp-sS- Nn-”w.- _w-Kmƒ,- {Xn-]p-c,-tI-c- 238.- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn¬- C-¥y-
fw- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-em-Wv- ]m¿-´n-°v- km- am-Xr-Ib - m-bn- kzo-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v- {_n-
∂n-[-yap≈Xv. ´-sW-bm-Wv.-
239.- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-
thdn´ hkvXpXIƒ °p-∂- C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- `m-Kw-
15˛m-a-sØ-Xm-Wv.-
222. FXn-cn-√m-sX- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- B- 240.- -324 ap-X¬- 329 F- h-sc-bp-≈- A-\p-t—-
- -v (X-an-g-v Zy-sØ- D-]c - m-jv{- S-]X
- n-bm-Wv- tUm.- F- Z-ßf - m-Wv- `m-Kw- 15˛¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂X - v.-
kv.-cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-≥ 241.- t- em-Ik v- `- b - n¬- tI-he - - `q-cn-]£ - Ø - n-\m-
- m¿-´n.- 223.- -ho-≠pw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- G-I- cm- h-iy-am-b- Aw-K_ - e - w- 272 B-Wv.- tI-c-
jv-{S-]-Xn- tUm.- cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zm-Wv- .- f- \n-ba - k
- ` - b
- n¬- 71 B-Wv- tI-he - - `q-cn-
224.- -ho-≠pw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- D-]-cm-jv-
]-£Ø - n-\m-hi - y-am-b- Aw-K_ - e - w.-
242.- -Im-em-h[ - n- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Im-≥ 38 Zn-hk - w-
_m-°n-\n¬-s°-bm-Wv- H-∂mw- tem-Ivk - -
`- (1952 sa-bv- 13˛- 1957 G-{]n¬- 4)- ]n-cn-
- ,-tUm.- ®p-hn-´-Xv.- Im-em-h-[n- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Im-≥
H-cp- h¿-jh - pw- 79 Zn-hk- h - pw- _m-°n- \n¬-
s°-bm-Wv- \m-emw- tem-Ivk - `- - (1967 am¿-
®v- 16˛-1970 Un-kw-_¿- 27)-]n-cn-®p-hn-´X - v.- -
243.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-em-h-[n-bp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂- tem-Iv-k-`- A-©mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bm-
Wv-˛- A-©p-h¿-j-hpw- 10 am-k-hpw- B-
- m-bn- s]- dv- Zn-h-k-hpw.
CeIvt{SmWnIv
thm´nwKv sajo≥
244. Hcp C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thm-´nw-Kv- sa-jo-
\n¬- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- ÿm-
{S-]-Xn-am-cm-Wv- tU-m.- F-kv.- cm-[m-Ir- \m¿-Yn-I-fp-sS- F-Æw- 16 B-Wv.-
jv-W-\pw- tUm.-l-ao-Zv- A-≥km-cn-bpw.- 245.- -\m-ev- sa-jo-\p-Iƒ- t{i-Wn-bm-bn- D-]-
225.- {- ]-kn-U‚ - p- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬- ]-cm-Pb - s- ∏- tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS- ]-c-am-h-[n- 64
´,- tIm-¨{- K-kn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- ÿm- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-I-sf- h-sc- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Ømw.-
\m¿-Yn-bm-Wv- \o-ew- k-RvP - o-hs - d-Õn.- 246.- ÿ - m-\m¿-Yn-If - p-sS- F-Æw- A-Xn-epw- Iq-
226.- -1969˛-se- {]-kn-U-‚ v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬-
hn.-hn.-Kn-cn-tbm-Sp- tXm-‰- \o-ew- k-Rv-
Po-hs - d-Õn- {]-kn-U‚ - v- Xn-cs- ™-Sp-∏n¬-
]-cm-P-b-s∏-´-ti-jw- ]n-∂o-Sv- {]-kn-U-
‚m-b- G-I- hy-‡n-bm-Wv.-
- m-bn-cp-∂p.- 227.- -A-º-e-∏p-g-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-
kp-io-em- tKm-]m-e-\m-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬-
\n-∂v- tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-am-b- c-≠m-a-sØ-
a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-X- (1967).-
228.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- X-
h-W- (3)- P-bn-®- h-\n-X-bpw- kp-io-em-
tKm-]m-e-\m-Wv.-
229.- c- m-jv{- S-Øe - h- ≥
- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- Sp-X-em-bm¬- _m-e-‰v- t]-∏¿-X-s∂- th-
`-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- F-∂- ≠n-h-cpw.-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- 247.- H
- c- p- C-eI- t-v {Sm-Wn-I-v thm-´nw-K-v sa-jo-\n¬-
230.- t- em-IØ - v- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pm- tc-Js - ∏-Sp-Øm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- ]-ca - m-h[ - n-
- ™-Sp-∏p-I- hp-≈- G-I- cm-Pyw- a-te-jy-bm-Wv.- thm-´p-If - p-sS- F-Æw- 3840 B-Wv.-
231.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn-te-°v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏- 248.- -C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thm-´nw-Kv- sa-jo-≥ B-
´- a-e-bm-f- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-≥ F-kv.-sI.- Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- 1982˛¬- tI-c-f-
s]m-‰-°m-´m-Wv.- Øn-se- ]-c-hq¿- a-Wv-U-e-Øn-se- D-]-Xn-
232.- X- n-cs
- ™-Sp-∏v- ^-es - Ø-°p-dn-®pw- A-Xp- c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv.-
am-bn- _-‘s - ∏-´- ÿn-Xn-hn-hc - °
- W - °- p- 249.- -F-∂m¬,- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- H-cp- kw-
I-sf-°p-dn-®pw- hn-iI - e- \- w- sN-øp-∂- hn- ÿm-\-Øv- s]m-Xp- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- F-
⁄m-\-im-J-bm-Wv- sk-t^m-f-Pn.- √m- _q-Øp-I-fn-epw- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv-
233.- -thm-s´-Sp-∏v- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Im-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n- thm-´nw-Kv- sa-jo-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- tKm-
®n-cn-°p-∂- k-a-b-Øn-s‚- 48 a-Wn-°q¿- h-bn-em-Wv.-
ap-ºm-bn- {]-Nm-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®n- 250.- 2- 004˛-se- s]m-Xp-Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv- cm-
cn-°-Ww.- Py-am-I-am-\w- B-Zy-am-bn- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-
234.- -thm-´p-tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-h-cp-sS- i-X-am-\- Iv- thm-´nw-Kv- sa-jo-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.-
°-W-°m-Wv- thm-´¿- tS-Wu-´v.- 251.- -tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- B-Zy-am-
- w- (Un- 235.- -km-bp-[- tk-\mw-K-߃,-hn-tZ-i-Øp-≈- bn 'None of the Above' (NOTA)
h¿,- C-e-£-≥ Uyq-´n-°v- \n-tbm-Kn-°-
Hm]vj≥ G¿s∏SpØnbXv 2014˛se
s∏-Sp-∂- D-tZym-K-ÿ¿- ap-X-em-b-h¿-°v-
Xncs™Sp∏nemWv.
t]m-fnw-Kv- _q-Øn¬- thm-´p-sN-øm-≥ lm- 252. C¥y-bn¬- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thm-´nw-Kv-
P-cm-Im-≥ km-[n-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬- A-h¿-
sa-jo-≥ \n¿-an-°p-∂- ÿm-]\ - ß
- f - m-Wv-
°v- thm-´p-sN-øm-≥ G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- tIm¿-∏-td-j-≥ en-an-‰-
°p-∂- {]-tXy-I- kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv- t]m- Uv- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bpw- `m-c-Xv- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-
ì- _m-e-‰v.- Wn-Iv-kv- en-a-n‰Upw.
236.- -X-t±-i- kz-bw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-te-
°v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-Øp-I-sb-∂-Xv- BZyambn....
kw-ÿm-\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- I-Ωo-j-s‚-
Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv.- 253. tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- kz-¥w- Sn.-hn.-Nm-\-em-
Wv- tem-Iv-k-`m- Sn.-hn.- tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-
237.- -cm-{„-]-Xn,- D-]-cm-{„-]-Xn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
∏p-I-fp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- X¿-°-ß-fn¬- bn- kz-¥w- Nm-\¬- B-cw-`n-®- \n-ba - \
- n¿-
am-W-k-`- C-¥y-bn-te-Xm-Wv.-
Xo¿-∏p-I¬-]n-°p-∂-Xv- kp-{]ow- tIm-S-
254.- -1926se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- a¬-k-cn-®- C-
051
 ¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- ÿm-\m¿-
Yn- I-a-em-tZ-hn- N-tXm-]m-[ym-b-bm-Wv.-
255.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- H-cp- \n-b-a-k-`-
bn-te-°v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- I-ayp-Wn-
Ãp-Im-c-≥ sI.-A-\-¥-≥ \-ºym-cm-Wv.-
1946¬- a-{Zm-kv- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p.-
256.- k- zm-X{- ¥ym-\¥ - c - t- I-cf - Ø- n-se- B-Zy- I-
ayp-Wn-Ãv- Fw.-F¬.-F.,- C.-tKm-]m-e-Ir-
jv-W-ta-t\m-≥ B-Wv.- 1949¬- sIm-Sp-
ß-√q¿- D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv- A-t±-
lw- Xn-cp-˛s - Im-®n- \n-ba - k
- `- b
- n-te-°v- P-
bn-®-Xv.-
257.- -tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-am-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- h-
\n-X-bm-Wv- B-\n- a-kv-{Io-≥.- Xn-cp-h-\-
¥-]p-c-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv- A-h¿- Xn-c-s™-
Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv- (1952).-
258.- -D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS- C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-
sa-‚ n¬- B-Zy-am-bn- Aw-K-am-b-Xv- ]p-cp-
tjm-Øw-Zm-kv- S-Wv-U-≥ B-Wv.-
259.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- Aw-K-ß-fm-b- B-Zy- Z-
º-Xn-am-cm-Wv- tPm-°nw- B¬-h-bpw- am¿-
K-c-‰v- B¬-h-bpw- (1952˛-57).-
260.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂v- tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-ß-fm-
b- B-Zy- Z-º-Xn-am-cm-Wv- F.-sI.-tKm-]m-
e-\pw- kp-io-em- tKm-]m-e-\pw.-
261.- -tI-c-f- kw-ÿm-\-Øv- a-{¥n-]-Zw- h-ln-
®- B-Zy- Z-ºX - n-am¿- Sn.-hn.-tXm-ak - pw- sI.-
B¿.-Ku-cn-b-Ω-bpw.-
262.- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy- tem-
Ivk- `- m- kv] - o-°¿- Pn.-Fw.-kn.- _m-et- bm-
Kn-bm-Wv.-
263.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- kz-¥a - m-bn- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- sh-
_v-ssk-‰v- B-cw-`n-®- B-Zy- ]m¿-´n- _n.-
sP.-]n.- B-Wv.-
264.- -tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p-sN-
bv-X- B-Zy-sØ- {]-kn-U-‚ v- sI.-B¿.-
\m-cm-b-W-\pw- A-kw-_v-fn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
∏n¬- thm-´p-sN-bv-X- B-Zy-sØ- {]-kn-
U-‚ v- F.-]n.-sP.-A_ - vZ- pƒ- I-em-ap-am-Wv.-
265.- -{]m-No-\- {Ko-kn-epw- tdm-an-epw- t]-∏d - n-ep-
≈- _m-e‰ - v- D-]t- bm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.- c-lk - y-
_m-e‰ - v- t]-∏¿- D-]t- bm-Kn-®v- B-Zy- thm-
s´-Sp-∏v- \-S∂ - X - v- Hm-kvt- {S-en-bb - n-em-Wv.-
266.- -{]-Xy-£- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-
e-hn-ep-≈-Xn-\v- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv- kzn-‰v-
k¿-e-‚ v.-
267.- -Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- c-≠p- {]m-h-iyw- ap-Jy-a-
{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X- jo-em- Zo-£n-
Xv- B-Wv.-
268.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- F-Iv-kn-‰v- t]mƒ- \-
S-∂-Xv- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kn-em-Wv.-
269.- -F-Iv-kn-‰v- t]m-fn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv- U-
®p-Im-c-\m-b- tkm-tjym-fPnÃv Marcel
van Dam BWv.
270. C¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- F-Iv-kn-‰v- t]mƒ- \-
S-∂-Xv- 1996˛-se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv.-
271.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- A-`n-{]m-b- thm-s´-
Sp-∏v- (H-∏n-\n-b-≥ t]mƒ-)- \-S-∂-Xv- A-
ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-em-Wv.-
272.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- _m-e-‰v- t]-∏¿- D-]-
tbm-Kn-®v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂-Xv- 1962˛-
em-Wv.-
273.- t- em-IØ - m-Zy-am-bn- ]m¿-es - a-‚ n-te-°v- Hm-
¨-sse-\m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-Øn-b-
cm-Pyw- F-tÃm-Wn-b-bm-Wv- (2007).-
274.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-
B-cw-`n-®- \m-´p-cm-Pyw- ssa-kq-dm-Wv-
(1881).-
275.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-
`- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw- 1888.-
276.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- {io-aq-ew- {]-Pm-k-`-
B-cw-`n-®-Xv- 1904˛-em-Wv.-
277.- -C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-≥ t^m-t´m-bp-≈-
thm-t´-gv-kv- …n-∏v- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- B-
Zy-sØ- s]m-Xp- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏m-Wv- 2014˛-
te-Xv.-
278.- -C-S-°m-e- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-s‚- ^-e-am-bn-
\n-e-hn¬-h-∂- B-Zy-sØ- tem-Iv-k-`-
A-©m-a-sØ- tem-Iv-k-`-bm-Wv.-
279.- -ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-in-se- Nn-\n- X-lv-kn-en-
em-Wv- B-Zy- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
∏n-\v- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv.-
280.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- P-\-
d¬- C-e-£-≥ \-S-∂-Xv- 1920˛- em-Wv.-
281.- -1919˛-se- K-h.-Hm-^v- C-¥y- B-Iv-Sv- {]-Im-
cw- Cw-]o-cn-b¬- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-
kn-en-s\- sk-≥{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-
kw-ªn-bm-bn- am-‰n-b-Xn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n-
®m-bn-cp-∂p- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v.-
282.- 1- 45 Aw-K- A-kw-_vf - n-bn-te-°v- Aw-Kß
sf- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-øp-I-tbm- {]-hn-
iy-Iƒ- ]-tcm-£-am-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-
I-tbm- B-Wv- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv.-
283.- -sk-≥{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bn¬-
A-[y-£-]-Z-hn-bp-sS- t]-cv- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- s{^-Ud - n-Iv- ssh-‰v- (1921˛-
25)-B-bn-cp-∂p- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v.-
284.- -k-®n-Zm-\-µ- kn-≥l-bm-bn-cp-∂p- B-Zy-
sØ- sU-]yp-´n- {]-kn-U-‚ v.-
285.- -sk-≥{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bn¬-
A-[y-£-]-Z-hn- h-ln-®- B-Zy-sØ- C-
¥y-°m-c-≥ hn-T¬-`m-bv- ]-t´-em-bn-cp-∂p-
(1925˛-30).-
286.- s- k-≥{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bp-sS-
B-Zy-sØ- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´- A-[y-£-
≥,-sk-≥{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bp-
sS- A-[y-£\ - m-b- B-Zy-sØ- A-\p-tZym-
K-ÿ≥ - (t\m-¨˛- H - ^- o-jy¬-) F-∂n-ß-
s\-bpw- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-s‚- tPy-jv-T-\m-
b- hn-T¬-`m-bv- ]-t´¬- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°s
Sp-∂p.-
287.- -sk-≥{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bn¬-
A-[y-£] - Z- h
- n- h-ln-®X - v- Pn.-hn.-au-e¶ - ¿-
(1946˛-47)- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
288.- -sk-≥{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn- 1947
B-K-kv-Xv- 14\v- ]n-cn-®phn´p.
Bib°pg∏w
Hgnhm°m≥
289. \nb-a\ - n¿-am-Wk - `- b
- p-sS- Im-em-h[ - n- ]q¿-
Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- ]n-cn-®p-h n- Sp-
tºmƒ- \-SØ - p-∂- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏m-Wv- C-
S-°m-e- Xn-cs - ™-Sp∏v (Mid Term Poll).
290. Hcw-Kw- cm-Pn-h-bv-°p-I-tbm- a-cn-°p-I-
tbm- A-tbm-Ky-\m-°-s∏-Sp-I-tbm- sN-
øp-∂- km-l-N-cy-Øn¬- \-S-Øp-∂- Xn-
c-s™-Sp-∏m-Wv- D-]- Xn-c-s™Sp∏v (By-
election).
291. tI-cf - Ø- n-em-Zy-am-bn- \n-ba - k- `- b
- n-te-°v-
D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂-Xv- tZ-hn-Ip-fw- a-
Wv-U-e-Øn-em-Wv- (1958).-
292.- F- ∂ - m¬,- tI-cf - Ø- n¬- tem-Ivk - `- b- n-te-
°v- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂-
Xv - ap- I p- µ - ] p- c w- a- W v - U - e - Ø n- e m- W v -
(1970).-
293.- t- em-Ivk - `
- b
- n¬- ]-´n-IP - m-Xn-°m¿-°m-bn-
kw-h-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈- ko-‰p-Iƒ-
79˛¬- \n-∂v- 84 B-bpw- ]-´n-I- h¿-K-Øn-
\v- kw-h-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈- ko-‰p-Iƒ-
41˛¬- \n-∂v- 47 B-bpw- h¿-[n-®n-´p-≠v.-
294.- -2004˛-epw- 2009˛-epw- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-
∂- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- t{]m-{K- o-hv- A-e-b-
≥kn-se- (bp.-]n.-F.-)- ap-Jy- cm-jv-{So-b-
I-£n- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-
km-Wv.- 2004˛-se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-s\-Øp-
S¿-∂m-Wv- C-Xv- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv.-
295.- -1998˛¬- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´- \m-j-W¬-
U-tam-{Im-‰n-Iv- A-e-b-≥kn-se- (F-≥.-
Un.-F.-)- ap-Jy-I-£n- `m-c-Xo-b- P-\-Xm-
]m¿-´n-bm-Wv.-
296.- H- c- p- t]m-fnw-Kv- _q-Øn-se- thm-´nw-Kv- \-S-
]-Sn-Iƒ-°v- ta¬-t\m-´w- h-ln-°m-≥ C-
e-£≥ - I-Ωo-j≥ - \n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- D-tZym-
K-ÿm-\m-Wv- {]n-ssk-Unw-Kv- Hm-^o-k¿.-
297.- {- ]n-ssk-Unw-Kv- Hm-^o-ks - d- k-lm-bn-°m-
≥ \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- D-tZym-K-ÿ-cm-
Wv- t]m-fnw-Kv- Hm-^o-k¿.-
298.- -ÿm-\m¿-Yn-°v- F-√m- t]m-fn-Kv- _q-Øn-
epw- hy-‡n-]-c-am-bn- F-Øn-t®-cm-≥ A-
ku-I-cy-am-b-Xn-\m¬- thm-´nw-Kv- \-S-]-Sn-
Iƒ- \n-co-£n-°m-≥ ÿm-\m¿-Yn- \n-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂- B-fm-Wv- t]m-fnw-Kv- G-P-‚ v.-
299.- c- m-jv{- S-]X- n- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n-s\-°p-dn-®v- `-
c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 62˛mw- A-\p-t—-Z-Øn-
epw- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-s\-
°p-dn-®v- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 66˛mw- A-\p-
t—-Z-Øn-epw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.-
300.- -tI-{µ-a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬- Aw-K-am-b- B-Zy-
sØ- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- C-{µ-Pn-Xv- Kp-]X v- b - m-Wv.-
301.- t- em-Ivk - `- m-kv]- o-°d - m-b- B-Zy- I-ayp-Wn-
- - Ãv- tkm-a-\m-Yv- Nm-‰¿-Pn-bm-Wv.-
302.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- A-t[m- k-`- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- tem-Iv-k-`,- D-]-cn-k-`- cm-Py-
k-`.-
303.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se- ]-c-h-Xm-\n-°v- ]-®-\n-
dw.- cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-Xv- Np-h-∏v.-
304.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv- B-Zy- kv-]o-°¿- K-tW-jv- hm-
kp-tZ-hv- am-hv-e-¶¿- B-Wv.-
305.- -cm-Py-k-`-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂v- P-hm-l¿-
em¬- s\-{lp- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- tUm.-F-
kv.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-s\-bm-Wv.-
306.- C- ¥- y-bn¬- Iq-dp-am-‰- \n-ba - Ø
- n-eq-sS- A-
tbm-Ky-\m-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- tem-Iv-k-`mw-
Kw-˛- em¬-Up-tlm-a- (1988).-
307.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- Iq-dp-am-‰- \n-b-a-Øn-eq-sS-
A-tbm-Ky-\m-°s - ∏-´- B-Zy- \n-ba - k - `- mw-
Kw- _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈- (1990).-
308.- -cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-bn- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-
ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-a-e-bm-fn-bm-Wv- k¿-Zm¿-
- ∏- sI.-Fw.- ]-Wn-°¿.-
309.- -cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-bn- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-
ø-s∏-´- a-e-bm-fn-bm-b- Im¿-´q-Wn-Ãv- A-
_p- F-{_-lm-am-Wv.-
310.- c- m-Py-k`- m-[y-£\ - m-b- (D-]c - m-jv{- S-]X - n-)-
G-I- a-eb - m-fn- sI.- B¿.-\m-cm-bW - ≥ - .-
311.- C- ¥ - y-≥ {]-kn-U‚ - p- ÿm-\t- Ø-°v- a¬-
k-cn-®- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- hn.-B¿.- Ir-jv-
W-ø-cm-Wv.-
312.- -C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- A-t[m-k-`- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- tem-Iv-k-`- House of
People- F-∂pw- D-]-cn-k-`-bm-b- cm-Py-k-
`- Council of States F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p.-
313.- -cm-Py-k-`-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- A-[y-£-≥
tUm.- F-kv.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-\pw- D-]m-[y-
£-≥ F-kv.h - n.-Ir-jvW - a
- q¿-Øn-bp-am-Wv.-
314.- F- ≥ - .-tKm-]m-ek - zm-an- A-ø¶ - m-dm-bn-cp-∂p-
cm-Py-k-`-bn-se- B-Zy- k-`m-t\-Xm-hv.-
315.- -kn-\n-am- cw-K-Øp-\n-∂v- cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-
°v- t\m-an-t\-‰v- sN-øs - ∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- hy-
‡n- ]r-Yzn-cm-Pv- I-]q¿- B-Wv.-
316.- -\¿-Ko-kv- Z-Øm-Wv- cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v-
t\m-an-t\-‰v- sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- kn-
\n-am-\Sn.
Unique Facts
317.- B
- d - v- hy-Xy-kX v- - a-WU v- e - ß- f- n¬-\n-∂pw-
\m-ev- hy-Xy-kv-X- `-c-W-L-S-I-ß-fn¬-\n-
∂pw-(a-[y-{]-tZ-iv,- Kp-P-dm-Øv,-bp.-]n.,-
U¬-ln-)- tem-Ivk - `- b
- n-te-°v- Xn-cs - ™-
Sp-°-s∏-´- G-I- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- A-S¬- _n-
lm-cn- hm-Pv-t]-bn.-
318.- -H-∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- t\m¿-Øv- _w-
Kmƒ- a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬- aq-∂v- ko-‰p-I-fp-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- G-I- tem-
Iv-k-`m- a-Wv-U-e-am-bn-cp-∂p- t\m¿-Øv-
_w-Kmƒ.-
319.- -sIm-®n,- Xn-cp-sIm-®n,- tI-c-fw,- cm-Py-k-
`,- tem-Iv-k-`- F-∂o- A-©p- hy-Xy-kv-
X- `-c-W-L-S-I-ß-fn¬- Aw-K-am-b- G-I-
t\-Xm-hm-Wv- sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c-≥.-
320.- -h-\n-X-Iƒ-°v- ]-©m-b-Øv- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
∏n¬- 50%- kw-h-c-Ww- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-
B-Zy- kw-ÿm-\w- _o-lm-dm-Wv.-
321.- -h-\n-X-Iƒ-°v- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bn¬-
a-Xn-bm-b- {]m-Xn-\n-[y-an-√m-Ø] - £
- w,- K-
h¿-W¿- c-≠p- h-\n-X-I-sf- \m-a-\n¿-t±- 337. AanXm`v _®≥ ]m¿esa‚nte°v
iw- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao-
cm-Wv.-
322.- P
- Ω- p-Ii - va
- o¿- \n-ba - k
- ` - b- n-se- B-sI-bp- 338.- -C¥
≈- 111 ko-‰p-I-fn¬- 24 F-Æw- ]m-Iv- A-
[n-\n-th-i- I-iv-ao-cn-em-b-Xn-\m¬,- kw-
052
ÿm-\- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- sk-£-≥ 48
{]-Im-cw- C-h- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn- H-gn-hp-
≈-hb- m-bn- I-W°- m-°p-∂p.- A-Xn-\m¬,-
^-e-Øn¬- \n-b-a-k-`m- ko-‰p-I-fp-sS- F-
Æw- 87 BWv.
Xncs™Sp∏pw
Nne ckIcamb
hkvXpXIfpw
323. 1950˛-If- n¬- Hm-tcm- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-°pw- hy-
Xy-kv-X- _m-e-‰v- s]-´n-I-fm-Wv- D-]-tbm-
Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- hn-hn-[- ]m¿-´n-Iƒ-°v- hn-
hn-[- \n-d-Øn-ep-≈- s]-´n-Iƒ- D-]-tbm-
Kn-®n-cp-∂p.-
C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]¿- a-
’- c n- ® - X v - 1996˛¬- X- a n- g - v \ m´nse
Modaurichi Akw-ªn- a-Wv-U-e-Øn-
em-Wv- (1033 t]¿-).- ]p-kv-X-I- cq-]-Øn-
ep-≈- _m-e-‰v- C-hn-sS- X-øm-dm-t°-≠n-
h-∂p.- C-{X-bpw- t]¿-°v- Nn-”w- I-s≠-
Ø-em-bn-cp-∂p- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- _p-≤n-
ap-´p-I-fn-sem∂v.
kq∏¿te‰ohpIƒ
324. G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]m-fnw-Kv- tÃ-j-\p-
I-fp-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-im-Wv.-
G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- kn-°n-an-epw.-
325.- -P-\-d¬- C-e-£-s‚- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰-
hpw- D-b¿-∂- t]m-fnw-Kv- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b-Xv- 1957 se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-em-Wv- (62.-
2%-).- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- 1967˛-epw- (33%-).-
326.- C- ¥- y-bn¬- G-‰h - pw- D-bc- Ø
- n¬- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- t]m-fnw-Kv- _q-Øv- P-Ωp- I-iv-
ao-cn-se- te- F-∂- {]tZisØ Auley
Phu BWv.kap{Z\nc∏n¬\n∂v 15300
ASn DbcØnemWv Cu ÿew.
327. G‰hpw IqSpX¬ Imew temIvk`m
kv]o°dmbXv _¬dmw Q°¿ BWv.
328. G-‰h - pw- Ip-d® - p-Im-ew- tem-Ivk - `- m- kv]- o-
°¿- ]-Zh - n- h-ln-®X - v- _-en- dmw- `-KX - v.-
329.- -C-¥y-bn¬- H-cp- kw-ÿm-Øv- G-‰-hpw-
Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-]-Zw- h-ln-
®-Xv- 1977 ap-X¬- 2000 h-sc- Xp-S¿-®-bm-
bn- ]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ- `-cn-®- kn.-]n.-Fw.-
t\-Xm-hv- tPym-Xn- _-kp- B-Wv.-
330.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- th-K-Øn¬- cq-]w-
sIm-≠- cm-jv-{So-b- I-£n- P-\-Xm-]m¿-
´n-bm-Wv.-
331.- -B-`y-¥-c- kp-c-£m- \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw- X-S-
hn-em-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂- t\-Xm-°ƒ- tam-Nn-
X-cm-bn- 48 a-Wn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬- kw-L-S-
\- tIm-¨-{K-kv,- P-\-kw-Lw,- `m-c-Xo-b-
tem-Iv-Zƒ,-kw-bp-‡v- k-am-Pv-hm-Zn- ]m¿-
´n- F-∂n-h- kw-tbm-Pn-®v- P-\-Xm- ]m¿-´n-
°v- cq-]w-\¬-In.-
332.- -e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬- Aw-K-ß-fp-
sS- F-Æw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D-Ø¿- {]-
tZ-in-epw- (100)- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- P-Ωp- I-
iv-ao-cn-ep-am-Wv- (36).-
333.- C- ¥- ym-Nc - n-{X-Øn-se- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
L-´ß - f- p-≈- (9)- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏m-Wv- 2014˛-
te-Xv.-
334.- t- em-IN - c- n-{X-Øn-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- Xn-
c-s™-Sp-∏m-Wv- 2014˛-te-Xv-˛-81.-4 tIm-Sn-
thm-´¿-am¿.-
335.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- tI-{µ- a-{¥n-
bm-bn-cp-∂- a-e-bm-fn- C.-A-l-Ω-Zm-Wv.-
336.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- a-
{¥n-]-Zw- h-ln-®-Xv- sI.-Fw.-a-mWn.
aWvUe߃...
hkvXpXIƒ
Xncs™-Sp-°-s∏-´- a-Wv-U-ew- A-e-l-
_m-Zm-Wv.-
- y-bp-sS- a-[y-Øm-bn- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-
tem-Ikv- `- m- a-WU
v- e
- w- P-_¬-∏q-cm-Wv.-
339.- -sX-t°-b-‰-sØ- tem-Iv-k-`m- a-Wv-U-ew-
I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-bm-Wv.-
340.- -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hn-s‚- {]n-b-s∏-
´- a-Wv-U-e-am-bn-cp-∂p- ^p¬-∏q¿.-
341.- s- \-{lp-hn-s‚- a-cW - t- i-jw- ^p¬-∏q-cn¬-
\n-∂v- tem-Ivk - ` - mw-Ka - m-bX - v- A-t±-lØ
s‚- k-tlm-Z-cn- hn-P-b-e-£v-an- ]-Wv-Un-
‰v- B-W- v-(1967˛-71).-
342.- -cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-am-bn-cp-
∂- a-Wv-U-e-am-Wv- A-ta-Tn.-
343.- -cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n-°v-ap-ºv- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚-
A-\p-P-≥ k-Rv-P-bv- Km-‘n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
A-ta-Tn-bn-se- Fw.-]n.-
344.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w-sN-bv-Xn-cp-
∂- a-Wv-U-e-am-Wv- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-se-
dm-bv-_-td-en.-
345.- {- ]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bn-cn-s°- A-S¬- _n-lm-
cn- hm-Pv-t]-bn- e-Iv-\u-hn-s\-bm-Wv- {]-
Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv.-
346.- -C-¥y- B-W-h-]-co-£-Ww- \-S-Øn-b-
s]m-Jv-dm-≥ F-∂- ÿ-ew- tPm-[v-]q¿-
tem-Iv-k-`m- a-Wv-U-e-Øn-em-Wv,-
347.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `q-cn-]-£-Øn-\p-S-a-
F-∂- sd-t°m¿-Uv- kz-¥-am-bn-cp-∂- C-
¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- \-c-knw-l- dm-hp-
hm-Wv.-
348.- B- {- ‘m-{]-tZ-in-se- \-µym-en¬- A-t±-lw-
_n.-sP.-]n.-t\-Xm-hv- s_w-Km-cp- e-£va
Wn-s\-bm-Wv- ]-cm-Pb - s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bX
349.- -cmw- hn-em-kv- ]m-kzm-s‚- sd-t°m¿-Um-
Wv- \-c-knw-l-dm-hp- a-dn-I-S-∂-Xv.-
350.- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `q-cn-
]-£w- t\-Sn- tem-Ik v- `- mw-Ka - m-b- tIm-¨-
{K-kv- {]-kn-U‚ - p-am-Wv- \-ck - nw-ld
351.- -tem-Iv-k-`m- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-
b¿-∂- `q-cn-]-£w-t\-Sn- hn-P-bn-®- ÿm-
\m¿- Y n- F- ∂ - sd- t °m¿- U n- \ p- S - a -
2004˛¬- ]-›n-a- _w-Km-fn-se- B-cmw-_m-
Kv- a-WvU - e - Ø
- n¬- _n.-sP.-]n.-bn-se- kz-
]-≥Ip-am¿- \-µn-sb- tXm¬-]n-®- kn-]n-
Fw- t\-Xm-hv- A-\n¬- _-kp-hm-Wv.- 5,-
92,-502 thm-´p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-l-Øn-
s‚- `q-cn-]-£w.-
352.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- hn-kX v- o¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-
b- tem-Ik v- `- m- a-WU v- e - w- P-Ωp- I-ia
se- e-Um-°m-Wv- (173266.-37N.-In.-ao-).-
353.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- thm-´¿-am-cp-≈- a-Wv-
U-ew- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-se- D-∂m-hp- (18,-
97,-474 thm-´¿-am¿-)- B-Wv.-
354.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- hn-kvX - o¿-Ww- Ip-
d-™- (10.-59 N.-In.-ao-)- tem-Ivk - ` - m- a-Wv-
U-ew- Nm-µv\ - n- Nu-Iv- (U¬-ln-)- B-Wv.-
355. G‰hpw- Ip-d-hv- thm-´¿-am-cp-≈- a-Wv-U-
ew- e-£-Zzo-]m-Wv.-
356.- _- ≥ - Un-‰v- Izo-≥ F-∂- A-]c - \
- m-aØ - n¬-
A-dn-b-s∏-´- ^p-e-≥tZ-hn- tem-Iv-k-`mw-
K-am-bn- a-’-cn-®p- P-bn-®- a-Wv-U-ew- an¿-
km-∏q¿- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
357.- -]-Sv-\- km-ln-∫v- a-Wv-U-e-sØ-bm-Wv- i-
{Xp-L\ v- ≥ - kn-≥l- 15˛mw-tem-Ik
{]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv.-
A]q¿h hkvXpXIƒ
358. c≠p kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-
b- G-I- t\-Xm-hv- F-≥.-Un.-Xn-hm-cn-bm-
Wv- (D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv,- DØcmJWvUv).
359. k-Ω-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Im-iw- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-®-
thm-´¿-am-sc- Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\m-Wv- a-jn-b-
S-bm-fw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.-
360.- -ssa-kq¿- s]-bn-‚ v-kv- B-‚ v- hm¿-Wn-
j-kv- F-∂- ÿm-]-\-am-Wv- C-Xn-\m-h-
iy-am-b- a-jn- (C-≥sU-en-_nƒ- C-¶v-)-
\n¿-an-°p-∂-Xv.-
361.- -C-¥y-bn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- C-≥sU-
en-_nƒ- C-¶n-s‚- \n-dw- h-b-e-‰m-Wv.-
362.- -Un-kv-an-kv- sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- sU-
]yq-´n- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-Wv- tZ-hn-em¬.-
363.- -`-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k-`,- C-S-°m-e-
]m¿-es - a-‚ v,- {]-Ya
- - tem-Ivk
- `- ,- cm-Py-k-
`- F-∂n-hb - n¬- Aw-Ka - m-b- G-I- a-eb - m-
fn- h-\n-Xb - m-Wv- A-Ωp- kzm-an-\m-Y≥ - .-
364.- -H-∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- 4.-4 i-X-am-\w-
am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p- h-\n-X-Iƒ.-
365.- -]o-∏nƒ-kv- bq-Wn-b-≥ t^m¿- kn-hn¬-
en-_¿-´o-kv- F-∂- kw-L-S-\- 2009˛¬-
^-b¬-sN-bv-X- s]m-Xp-Xm-ev-]-cy- l¿-Pn-
- n- bp-sS- hn-[n-bn-em-Wv- \n-tj-[t- hm-´v- G¿-
s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ 2013˛¬- kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn-
D-Ø-c-hn-´-Xv.-
366.- -2013 \-hw-_-dn¬- A-©p- kw-ÿm-\-ß-
fn-se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-
j-≥ C-Xn-\p-≈- hy-h-ÿ- B-hn-jv-I-
cn-®p.-
367.- -C-e-£-≥ I-Ωn-j-≥ thm-´¿- ]-´n-I-bn¬-
enw-K-]-Z-hn- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ {Sm-≥kv-sP-
≥U¿- F-∂- hm-°v- D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-
ßn-b-Xv- 2012 ap-X-em-Wv.-
368.- -B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚- Xo-b-Xn- ap-X-
em-Wv- tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- Im-em-h-[n- I-
W-°m-°p-∂-Xv.-
369.- -H-∂mw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- ko-‰p-I-fp-sS- F-
Æ-Øn¬- c-≠mw- ÿm-\-Øv- I-ayp-Wn-
Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bm-bn-cp-∂p- (16).-
370.- t- em-Ivk- ` - m- kv]
- o-°d - m-b- G-I- t{]m-t´w-
kv]- o-°d - m-Wv- tkm-a\ - m-Yv- Nm-‰¿-Pn-
371.- B- Z- y-sØ- tem-Ik -v `- m- Xn-cs
- ™-Sp-∏n¬- 17.-
3 tIm-Sn- thm-´¿-am-cm-W-v D-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - .v -
- - 372.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 108˛mw- t`-Z-K-Xn- _n-
- v.- √m-Wv- h-\n-Xm- kw-h-c-W- _n¬- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-epw- kw-
ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`-I-fn-epw- h-\n-X-Iƒ-
°v- 33 %- kw-h-c-Ww- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øm-em-
Wv- _n-√n-s‚- e-£yw.-
- m-hp.- 373.- -K-h¿-W-dm-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- hn.-]n.-ta-
t\m-\m-Wv.- 1951˛¬- H-do-k-bn¬- A-t±-
lw- B-Iv-Snw-Kv- K-h¿-W-dm-bn.-
374.- -tI-c-f-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-]-Zw- h-ln-®-ti-jw- (a-
s‰m-cp- kw-ÿm-\-Øv-)-K-h¿-Wm-b- hy-
‡n- bm-Wv- ]-´w- Xm-Wp-]n-≈.- B-Zyw-
]-©m-_n-epw- (1962)- ]n-∂o-Sv- B-{‘-{]-
tZ-in-epw-(1964).-
375.- F- ∂ - m¬,- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- Xn-cp-˛s - Im-®n- ap-
Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- F.-sP.-tPm-¨- X-
an-gv-\m-´n¬- (A-∂-sØ- a-{Zm-kv-)- K-h¿-
v- o-cn-
W¿-]-Zw- h-ln-®n-´p-≠v- (1956).- ap-Jy-a-
{¥n-bm-b-ti-jw- K-h¿-W-dm-b- B-Zy- a-
e-bm-fn- F.-sP.-tPm-¨- B-Wv.-
376.- -k-\ym-kn- {]-Xn-\n-[n-°v- H-cp- ko-‰v- kw-
h-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂- \n-b-a-k-`- kn-
°n-an-te-Xm-Wv.
h\nXIƒ....
hkvXpXIƒ
377.- -tI-{µ-a-{¥n-bm-b- G-I- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-
X-bm-Wv- e-£v-an- F-≥.- ta-t\m-≥.-
378.- -cmw-]q¿- a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬-\n-∂v- P-bn-®v- c-
v- `- b- n¬- ≠p- {]m-h-iyw- tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-am-b- kn-
\n-am-\-Sn-bm-Wv- P-b-{]-Z.-
379.- t- em-Ikv- `- b
- n¬- {]-Xn-]£ - t- \-Xm-hm-b- c-
≠m-as - Ø- h-\n-X- kp-ja - - kz-cm-Pm-Wv.-
380.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zym-bn- h-\n-X-Iƒ-°v- thm-
´-h-Im-iw- \¬-In-b-Xv- 1926˛-em-Wv.-
381.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- P-\{- ]-
Xn-\n-[n- F-∂- ]-Zh - n-°v- A¿-l- ta-cn- ]p-
∂-≥ eq-t°m-kv- B-Wv.- 1921˛-em-Wv- A-
h-sc- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-
¨-kn-en-te-°v- \m-a\ - n¿-t±-iw- sN-bX
382.- -sIm-®n- \n-ba - k
- `- b- n¬- Aw-Ka - m-b- B-Zy-
h-\n-X- tXm-´b - ° -v m-S-v am-[h- n-bΩ
- b - m-W-v (a-
∂-Øv- ]-Za v- \
- m-`s - ‚- k-l[ - ¿-ΩW - n-).-
383.- -cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-
X- `m-c-Xn- D-Z-b-`m-\p-hm-Wv.-
384.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- ap-Jy-
a-{¥n- kp-tN-Xm- Ir-]-em-\n-bm-Wv- (kw-
ÿm-\w-˛-D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv-).-
385.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- K-h¿-
W¿- (1947˛-49)- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-hm-
Wv- (kw-ÿm-\w-˛-D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv-).-
386.- -k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-hn-s‚- a-Iƒ- ]-Zv-
a-Pm- \m-bn-Up-hm-Wv- K-h¿-Wm-b- c-≠m-
a-sØ- C-¥y-≥ h-\n-X-˛-]-iv-Nn-a- _w-Km-
fn¬- (1956˛-67).-
387.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm-
K-h¿-W¿- (1977˛-78)-im-c-Zm- ap-J¿-Pn-
(kw-ÿm-\w-˛-B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv-).-
388.- -tI-c-f- K-h¿-W¿- ]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b- h-
\n-X-I-fm-Wv- tPym-Xn- sh-¶n-Sm-N-ew-
(1977),- cmw- Zp-em-cn- kn-≥l- (1988),- jo-
em- Zo-£n-Xv- (2014)-F-∂n-h-cm-Wv.-
389.- -K-h¿-W¿- ]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b- (a-s‰m-cp-
kw-ÿm-\-Øv-)- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-X-
(1997)- dn-´.-P-Ãn-kv- ^m-Øn-am- _o-hn-bm-
Wv- (X-an-gv-\m-Sv-).-
390.- -H-cp- sX-t°- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\Ø - v- ap-
Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X(- 1988)- Pm-\-
In- cm-aN - {- µ-≥ (kw-ÿm-\w-˛X - a
- n-g\v- m-S)v- .-
391.- a
- p-Jy-a{- ¥n-]Z- Ø - n-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- Z-£n-
tW-¥y-≥ h-\n-X- tKm-h-bn-se- i-in-I-
em- I-t°m-Zv-I¿- B-Wv-(1973).- F-∂m¬,-
B- k-a-b-Øv- tKm-h-bv-°v- kw-ÿm-\-
]-Z-hn- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- tKm-h-bp-sS- B-
Zy- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- Z-bm-\-µv- _-
tµm-Zv-I-dp-sS- a-I-fm-b- A-h¿- ]n-Xm-hv-
A-¥-cn-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv- ap-Jy-a-
{¥n-]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv.-
392.- -H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- h-\n-X-Iƒ- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
ÿm-\s - Ø-Øn-b- B-Zy- kw-ÿm-\h - pw-
X- a n- g v - \ m- S m- W v - (Pm- \ - I o- cm- a - N - { µ-
≥(1988),- P-b-e-fn-X-(1991)-).-
393.- -C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-
b- (2003)- B-Zy- k-∂ym-kn-\n-bm-Wv- D-
am-`m-c-Xn- (a-[y-{]-tZ-iv-).-
394.- -G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-
Øv- {]-Xn-]£ - - t\-Xm-hm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-
X- X-an-gv\ - m-´n-se- P-be - f- n-Xb
- m-Wv- (1989).
t\Xm°ƒ....
]m¿´nIƒ
395. sI.-Fw.-tPm¿-Pm-Wv- tI-c-f- tIm-¨-{K-
kv- ÿm-]n-®-X- v- (1964).-
396.- s- I.-B¿.-Ku-cn-bΩ - - ÿm-]n-®- ]m¿-´n-bm-
Wv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- kw-c-£-W- k-an-Xn-
(1994).-
397.- -I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- am¿-Iv-kn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- ÿm-
]n-®-Xv- Fw.-hn.-cm-L-h-\m-Wv.-
398.- -U-tam-{Im-‰n-Iv- C-µn-cm- tIm-¨-{K-kv- cq-
]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv- sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c-≥.-
399.- -kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn- ÿm-]n-®- cm-
jv-{So-b- I-£n-bm-Wv- kz-X-{¥- ]m¿-´n.-
400.- -tam-Øn-em¬- s\-{lp-hpw- kn.-B¿.-Zm-
kpw- tN¿-∂v- cq-]w- \¬-In-b- kz-cm-Pv-
]m¿-´n- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- 1923˛-
em-Wv.-
401.- -tIm-¨{- K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- cq-]w-
sIm-≠X - v- 1934˛-em-Wv.- C-Xn-s‚- B-Zy-
P-\d - ¬- sk-{I-´d - n-bm-bn- P-b{- ]-Im-iv- \m-
cm-bW - pw- B-Zy- {]-kn-U‚
cy- \-tc-{µ-tZ-hpw- Xn-cs
- m-bn- B-Nm-
- ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´p.-
402.- t- Im-¨{- K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- 424. C¥ybnse Xncs™Sp∏v k{ºZmbw
cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-\v- ap-Jy-]-¶p-h-ln-®-
a-s‰m-cp- {]-ap-J- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- dmw- a-t\m-
l¿- tem-ly.-
403.- -Aw-t_-ZvI - ¿- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b- sj-
Uyqƒ-U-v Im-Ãk -v -v s^-Ut- d-j\ - m-W-v ]n¬- ]-£w- thm-´v- e-`n-®n-s√-¶n¬-t]m-epw,- Xn-
°m-eØ - -v dn-∏ª - n-°≥ - ]m¿-´n-bm-bX - .v - c-s™-Sp-°s
v- X
- v.- 404.- -In-km-≥ a-kv-Zq¿- {]-Pm-]m¿-´n-bp-sS- t\- 425. DZmlcW-Øn-\v,- H-cp- a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬-
Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p- B-Nm-cy- Ir-]-em-\n.-
405.- -tI-c-f- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b- {]-Pm- tkm-jy-
en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- ]-´w- Xm-Wp-
]n-≈.-
406.- -{]-Pm-cm-Pyw- ]m¿-´n- ÿm-]n-®- sX-ep-
¶v- kn-\n-am-\-S-\m-Wv- Nn-c-Rv-Po-hn.- Cu-
]m¿-´n- ]n-∂o-Sv- tIm-¨-{K-kn¬- e-bn-®p.-
407.- X- a- n-gv- am-\n-e- tIm-¨{- K-kn-\v- cq-]w- \¬-
In-b- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- Pn.-sI.-aq-∏-\m¿-
408.- -d-he - q-j\ - d- n- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-(Fw-
F¬-)b - p-sS- B-Zy-sØ- P-\d - ¬- sk-{I-
´-dn- tbm-tK-jv- N-{µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
053
409.- {- _n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn¬- ap-…nw- eo-Kv- ÿm-
]n-°s - ∏-´X- v- 1906˛-em-Wv- .- B-Km-Jm-≥
aq-∂m-a\- m-bn-cp-∂p- Hm-Wd- d- n- {]-kn-U‚
- v.-
410.- -e-Iv-\u- B-bn-cp-∂p- ap-…nw- eo-Kn-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w.-
411.- -ap-…nw-eo-Kn-s‚- `-c-W-L-S-\-bpw- X-Øz-
ß-fpw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cp-∂- {Ko-≥ _p-°v-
X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv- au-em-\m- ap-l-Ω-Z-en-
b-mWv.
{]Xn]£ t\Xmhv
412. BZy-Im-e-Øv- tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- {]-Xn-]-
£- ]m¿-´n-Iƒ-°v- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv-
ÿm-\w- e-`n-°m-\p-≈- Ip-d-™- Aw-K-
_-ew- C-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬- B- ]-Z-hn- Hu-
tZym-Kn-Ia - m-bn- C-√m-bn-cp-∂p- (k-`b - p-sS-
B-sI- Aw-K-_-e-Øn-s‚- ]-Øn-sem-∂v-
ko-s‰-¶n-epw- e-`n-°p-∂- {]-Xn-]-£-]m¿-
´n-bp-sS- t\-Xm-hn-t\- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-
hv- ÿm-\-Øn-\v- A¿-l-X-bp-≈q-).- tem-
Ivk- `
- b - n-se- {]-Xn-]£ - {- Kq-∏n-s‚- t\-Xm-
hm-bn- A-°m-e-Øv- {]-h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂- a-
e-bm-fn-bm-Wv- F.-sI.-tKm-]m-e-≥.-
413.- t- em-Ik v- `- b - n-se- B-Zy- {]-Xn-]£ - t- \-Xm-
hv- tUm.-cmw- kp-`-Kv- kn-Mm-Wv.-
414.- -tIm-¨-{K-kv- 1969˛¬- ]n-f¿-∂-Xn-\p-ti-
jw- kw-LS- \ - m- tIm-¨{- K-kv- {]-Xn-]£ - -
Øn-cp-∂-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv- A-t±-lw-
{]-Xn-]-£- t\-Xm-hm-b-Xv.-
415.- c- m-Py-k` - b - n-se- B-Zy- {]-Xn-]£ - t- \-Xm-
hv- F-kv.-F-≥.-an-{i-bm-Wv.-
416.- I- ym-_n-\‰ - v- ]-Zh - n-tbm-sS- tem-Ivk- `- m- {]-
Xn- ] - £ - t \- X m- h m- b n- {]- h ¿- Ø n- ® - X v -
ssh.-_n.-N-hm-\m-Wv- (1977).-
417.- {- ]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bt- i-jw- {]-Xn-]£ - t- \-
Xm-hm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n-
bm-Wv.-
418.- h- m-Pvt- ]-bn,- \-ck - nw-ld - m-hp- F-∂n-hc - pw-
tem- I v - k - ` - b n¬- {]- X n- ] - £ - t \- X m- h v -
ÿm-\w- h-ln-®n-´p-≠v.-
419.- -tem-Iv-k-`m-{]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b- ti-
jw- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-b- G-I- hy-‡n- hm-
Pv-t]-bn-bm-Wv.-
420.- c- m-Py-k`- b - n¬- {]-Xn-]£ - t- \-Xm-hm-bt- i-
jw- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-]-Z-Øn-se-Øn-b- H-tc-
sbm-cmƒ- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- tUm.-a-
≥tam-l-≥ kn-Mn-\p- kz-¥-am-Wv.-
421.- -cm-Py-k-`-bn-epw- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-epw- {]-Xn-
]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b-Xv- F¬.-sI.-A-Zzm-\n-
am-{X-am-Wv.-
422.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b-
G-I- a-e-bm-fn- kn.-Fw.-Ão-^-\m-Wv.-
423.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b-
B-Zy- h-\n-X- tkm-Wn-bm- Km-‘-nbmWv.
temIvk`bn¬ k`mt\Xmhmb BZy
h\nX CµncmKm‘nbmWv . Ah¿
{]Xn]£t\Xmhv ÿm\w
hln®n´n√.
first-past-the-post
first-past-the-post ASnÿm-\a - m-°n-bp-
≈-Xm-Wv.- ]-e- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-Iƒ- a-’c - n-
°p-∂- H-cp- a-WvU - e- Ø
- n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- thm-´v- t\-Sp-∂- ÿm-\m¿-Yn,- `q-cn-
- ∏-Sp-∂- co-Xn-b-mWnXv.
B-sI- 100 thm-´p-I-fpw- aq-∂p- ÿm-\m¿-
Yn-If- p-ap-≠v- F-∂n-cn-°s - ´.- C-h¿-°v- 45˛-
35˛-20 F-∂- {I-aØ - n¬- thm-´p-In-´n-bm¬-
45 thm-´p-t\-Sp-∂- ÿm-\m¿-Yn,- `q-cn-]-
£w- t]¿- A-\p-Iq-en-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬-
t]m-epw,- P-bn-®-Xm-bn- I-W-°m-°-s∏-
Spw.- `q-cn-]-£w-t]-cpw- H-cp- ÿm-\m¿-
Yn-°v- A-\p-Iq-ea - √- m-sX- thm-´p-sN-bvX - m-
epw- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-°v- P-bn-°m-≥ A-h-
k-cw-e-`n-°p-∂p- F-∂-Xm-Wv- Cu- k-{º-
Zm-b-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈- {]-[m-\- hn-a¿-
i-\w.

Imk¿tImSv
{]tXyIXIƒ
426. tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \-Zn-I-
sfm-gp-Ip-∂- Pn-√-
427.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]p-I-bn-e- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-
∂- Pn-√-
428.- -ssZ-h-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Pn-√-
429.- -h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ- Pn-√-
430.- -G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬- cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b- Pn-√-
431.- G- ‰- h
- pw- Ip-d®
- v- hn-kvX
- o¿-Wa
- p-≈- c-≠m-
a-sØ- Pn-√-
432.- -Xp-fp- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- Pn-√-
433.- -H-∂mw- tI-c-f- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v- B-
Zy-am-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- hy-‡n-˛-
Fw.-D-ta-iv- dm-hp- (a-t©-iz-c-Øp-\n-∂v-
F-Xn-cn-√m-sX- Xn-c-s™-Sp°s∏´p)
{][m\ hkv X pXIƒ
434. cmPy-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- ]q¿-W- c-‡-Zm-
\- ]-©m-b-Øv-˛- a-Sn-ss°-
435.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ-
\-Zn- ˛- a-t©-iz-cw-
436.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ-
A-kw-ªn- a-Wv-U-ew-˛-a-t©-iz-cw-
437.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- a-Wv-U-e-ß-
fn¬- G-‰h - pw- h-St- °-b‰ - t- Ø-X˛v- - Im-k¿-
tIm-Sv-
438.- -tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- G-‰-hpw- h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ-
Im-b¬-˛- D-∏-f-°m-b¬-
439.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- \-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- sN-
dp-Xv-˛- a-t©-iz-cw-
440.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- tIm-´-˛-
t_-°¬- tIm-´-
441.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ-
{Km-aw-˛- X-e-∏m-Sn-
442.- t- I-cf - Ø - n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `m-jI
D-]t- bm-KØ - n-ep-≈- Pn-√˛- - Im-k¿-tIm-Sv-
443.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ-
-Xm-eq-°v-˛- a-t©-iz-cw- (ap-ºv- Cu- {]-
tXy-I-X- Im-k¿-tIm-Sv- Xm-eq-°n-\v- kz-
¥-am-bn-cp-∂p-)-
444.- t- I-cf- Ø - n-se- Du-´n- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂- dm-
Wn-]p-cØ - n-s‚- ]-gb - t- ]-c˛v- - am-SØ
445.- I- m-k¿-tIm-Sn-s‚- kmw-kI -v m-cn-I- X-eÿ - m-
\w- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛-v - \o-te-iz-cw-
446.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- Xp-d-∂- P-
bn¬-˛- No-ta-\n-
447.- -a-√n-Im¿-Pp-\-t£-{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-
Im-k¿-tIm-Sv- ({io-Ir-jv-W-\p- k-a¿-∏n-
®n-cn-°p-∂p-)-
448.- -N-{µ-Kn-cn-t°m-´- \n¿-Ωn-®-Xv-˛- _n-Z-\q-cn-
se- in-h-∏-\m-b-Iv-
449.- -tlm-kv-Zp¿-Kv- tIm-´- \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- C-t°-
cn-hw-i-Øn-se- tkm-a-ti-J-c- \m-b-Iv-
450.- b- £- K - m-\Ø - n-s‚- D-]⁄ - m-Xm-hv˛- - ]m¿-
Yn- kp-∫-≥
451.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- {]-kn-≤-am-b- X-Sm-I-t£-
{Xw-˛- A-\-¥-]p-cw- (]-Zv-a-\m-`-≥ A-Y-
hm- hn-jv-Wp-hm-Wv- C-hn-Sp-sØ- B-cm-
[-\m- aq¿-Øn-)-
452.- -I-øq¿- k-a-cw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1941
453.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- tI-{µo-b-
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- Im-
k¿-tIm-Sv- (C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U‚ - v- tI-{µo-
b- k¿-hI - e - m-im-eI - f - p-sS- hn-kn-‰d
tUm.- Pm-≥kn- sP-bnw-km-Wv- Im-k¿-
tIm-s´- tI-{µo-b- k¿-hI - e
- m-im-eb
B-Zy- ssh-k-v Nm≥k-e¿). Nayanmar
Moola F∂- ÿ-e-Øm-Wv- k¿-h-I-em-
im-eb - p-sS- Hm-^o-kv- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂X
454.- -sk-≥{S¬- πm-t‚-j-≥ t{Im-]v- dn-k¿-®v-
C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- Im-k¿-
tIm-Sv-
455.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- hn-t√-Pp-Iƒ- G-‰-hpw- Ip-
tIcfØnse Pn√Iƒ
d-hp-≈- Pn-√-bm-Wv- h-b-\m-Sv.-
456.- -H-∂mw- tI-c-f- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- C.-Fw.-F-
kv.- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂- a-Wv-U-
ew-˛- \o-te-iz-cw-
457.- t- I-cf- - \n-ba- k- `- b
- p-sS- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- F-
Xn-cn-√m-sX- ÿm-\m¿-Yn- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°-
s∏-´- G-I- a-Wv-U-ew-˛- a-t©-iz-cw-
458.- F- ≥ - tUm-kƒ-^m-≥ F-∂- Io-S\ - m-in-\n-
bp-sS- D-]t- bm-Kw-aq-ew- Kp-cp-Xc - a
- m-b- B-
tcm-Ky-{]-iv-\-߃- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-ø-s∏-
Sp-∂- Pn-√-bm-Wv- Im-k¿-tIm-Sv.-
459.- D- Ø- c - - tI-cf- Ø- n¬- I-Æq¿,- Im-k¿-tIm-
Sv- `m-K-Øp-≈- A-\p-jv-Tm-\- I-em-cq-]-
am-Wv- sX-øw.-
460.- -I-Wz-Xo¿-Y- _o-®v- Im-k¿-tIm-Sv- Pn-√-
bn-em-Wv.-
461.- -]-b-kzn-\n-∏p-g- N-{µ-Kn-cn-∏p-g-bp-sS- t]m-
j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv.-
462.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- 44 \-Zn-I-fn¬- H-≥]-sX-
Æw- Im-k¿-tIm-Sv- Pn-√-bn-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-
∂-p≠v.
IÆq¿
{]tXyIXIƒ
463. tIcfØnse Pn√Ifn¬ G‰hpw
IqSpX¬ IS¬Øocap≈Xv
464. ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn-\n-c-°v- G-‰hpw- Ip-d-hp≈
Pn√ -
{][m\ hkv X pXIƒ
465.- a- e- b- m-fØ - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]-{X-am-b- cm-
Py-k-am-Nm-cw- 1847˛¬- F-hn-sS- \n-∂p-
am-Wv- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- X-e-
t»-cn-
466.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- A-b¬-°q-´w-
\-S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xv-˛- I-eym-t»-cn-
- ƒ- 467.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {In-°-‰v- ¢-∫v-
˛- X-e-t»-cn- Su-¨- {In-°-‰v- ¢-∫v-
468.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Pnw-\m-Ãn-Iv- ]-
cn-io-e-\-tI-{µw-˛- X-e-t»-cn-
469.- -h-S-°-≥ tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-
®p-Iq-Sw-˛- X-e-t»-cn- an-j-≥ {]-kv-
470.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- k-l-I-c-W-ta-J-e-bn-se-
- p-ae - - B-Zy-sØ- sa-Un-°¬- tIm-tf-Pv-˛- ]-cn-
bm-cw-
471.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-˛-km-£-c-Xm-
]-©m-b-Øv-˛- {io-I-Wv-Tm-]p-cw-
472.- I- Æ - q¿- k¿-hI - e- m-im-eb - p-sS- B-Zy- ssh-
kv- Nm-≥k-e¿-˛- A-_vZ- pƒ- d-“m-≥
473.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-Ãv- Km¿-Uv-
A-°m-Za - n- ÿm-]n-°p-∂- ÿ-ea
cn-Wm-hn-ep-≈- a-S-°-c.-
474.- -tI-c-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- {In-kv-a-kv- tI-°p-
≠m-°n-b-Xv- X-e-t»-cn-bn-se- a-º-≈n-
t_-°-dn-bn-em-Wv.-
475.- t- I-cf - Ø - n-se- G-‰h - pw- hn-kvX
d-™- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øv-˛- h-f-]-´-Ww-
476.- t- I-cf - Ø - n-se- G-‰h - pw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- _o-
®v- ˛-ap-gp-∏n-e-ßm-Sv-
477.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-≠¬-
°m-Sp-I-fp-≈- Pn-√- ˛- I-Æq¿-
478.- t- I-cf - Ø - n-se- G-‰h - pw- hn-kvX
d-™- t^m-dà - v- Un-hn-j≥ - ˛- B-df
‰-hpw- Ip-d-®v- dn-k¿-hv- h-\-ap-≈- t^m-d-
Ãv- Un-hn-j-\pw- B-d-f-am-Wv-)-
479.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-S-t°-b-‰-sØ
- m-Wv.- h\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-Xw-˛- B-d-fw-
480.- -G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ss{U-hv-
- p-sS- C-≥ _o-®m-Wv- ap-gp-∏n-e-ßm-Sv.-
481.- a- ø
- g- n- Km-‘n- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-´X - ˛v- - sF.-sI.-
Ip-am-c-≥ am-ÿ-
- v.- 482.- -c≠ - mw- _¿-tZm-fn-sb-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-´- ÿ-ew-
˛- ]-ø∂ - q¿- (tI-cf - Ø - n-se- D-∏p-kX
l-Øn-s‚- {]-[m-\- th-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-)-
483.- b- q-tdm-]y-≥am-cp-sS- `-cW - I - m-eØ - v- C-¥y-
bn-se- -Cw-•o-jv- -Nm-\¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-
Xv-˛- a-ø-gn-∏p-g- (bq-tdm-∏n¬- Cw-•-≠n-s\-
bpw- {^m-≥kn-s\-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂-
Xv- Cw-•o-jv- Nm-\-em-Wv.- C-{]-Im-cw,- {^-
©-[o-\- {]-tZ-i-am-b- am-ln-sb- {_n-´o-
jv- A-[o-\-Øn-ep-≈- C-¥y-≥ {]-tZ-i-
ß-fp-am-bn- a-øg - n-∏p-g- th¿-Xn-c®
\m-em-Wv- B- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-).-
484.- -{_m-kv- ]-tKm-U- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
Xn-cp-h-ßm-Sv- {io-cm-a-t£-{Xw-
485.- -aq-∂v C IfpsS \mSv (Circus, Cricket,
Cakes) F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- - X-et- »-cn-
486.- -{]m-No-\- Im-e-sØ- \u-d- Xp-d-ap-Jw- I-
Æq-cm-sW-∂v- ]-e- N-cn-{X-Im-c-≥am-cpw-
hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.-
487.- -I-Æq¿- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-
\w-˛- I-Æq¿- (I-Æq¿- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-
bp-sS- B-Zy- t]-cv- a-e-_m¿- k¿-h-I-em-
im-e- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.-)-
488.- -I-Æq-cn-se- sk-‚ v- B-Rv-P-tem- tIm-´-
\n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-
489.- -[¿-Ω-Sw- Xp-cp-Øv- G-Xp- \-Zn-bn¬-˛- A-
©-c-°-≠n-
490.- -X-e-t»-cn-t°m-´- \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- {_n-´o-jp-
Im¿- (1708)-
491.- -tI-c-f- Zn-t\-iv- _o-Un-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-
˛- I-Æq¿-
492.- -I-Æq¿- Pn-√-bn¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- \m-hn-
I- A-°m-Z-an-˛- G-gn-a-e-
493.- -aq-j-I-hw-i-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- G-gn-
a-e-
494.- -tIm-e-Øp-\m-´n-se- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- ÿm-\-
t∏-cv-˛- tIm-e-Øn-cn-
495.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-h-iyw- tI-c-f- ap-
Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv-˛- sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c-≥
(1977,- 1981,- 1982,- 1991).-
496.- -sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c-s‚- B-fl-I-Y-˛- ]-X-dm-
sX- ap-t∂m-´v-
497.- t- I-cf - Ø - n-se- k¿-°k - n-s‚- B-Nm-cy-≥
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Io-te-cn- Ip-™n-
°-Æ-≥ (C-t±-l-am-Wv- a-e-_m¿- k¿-°-
kv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-)-
498.- ]- m-hß - f - p-sS- ]-SØ - e - h- ≥- F-∂d
´-Xv-˛- F.-sI.-tKm-]m-e-≥
499.- -I-Æq-cn-se- ]m-Syw- {Km-a-Øn¬- P-\n-®-
km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv-˛- hm-Kv-`-Sm-
\-µ-≥ (Ip-™n-°-Æ-≥)-
500.- K- m-‘n-Pn- C-Ss - ]-´v- h-[i - n-£- Ip-dh
bv-X- tI-c-f-Øn-se- t\-Xm-hv-˛- sI.-]n.-
B¿.- tKm-]m-e-≥
501.- -knw-K∏ - q-cn¬- {]-kn-U‚ - m-b- kn.-hn.-tZ-h≥
\m-bc - p-sS- Ip-Spw-_w- X-et- »-cn-bn-em-Wv.-
502.- -C-¥y-≥ thym-a-tk-\-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ-
- m-Wv- C-
a-e-bm-fn- ssh-am-\n-I-\m-bn-cp-∂- aq¿-
t°m-Øv- cm-ap-Æn- X-e-t»-cn-°m-c-\m-bn-
cp-∂p.-
503.- -I-Æq¿- Pn-√-bn-se- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- ]-d-
»n-\n-°-S-hv- ap-Ø-∏-≥t£-{Xw- h-f-]-´-
- o¿-Ww- Ip- Ww- ]p-g-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv.-
504.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- cq-]w-
sIm-≠- ÿ-ew-˛- ]n-W-dm-bn-
505.- -sIm-´n-bq¿- t£-{Xw- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-
c-Øm-Wv-˛- h-f-]-´-Ww- ]p-g- (C-hn-S-sØ-
D-’-h-am-Wv- ssh-im-J- a-tlm-’-hw-).-
- o¿-Ww- Ip-
506.- -A-go-°¬- Xp-d-ap-Jw- G-Xv- Pn-√m-bn-em-
- w- (G-
Wv-˛- I-Æq¿-
507.- I- Æ- q¿- Pn-√b - n-se- G-Xv- Xm-eq-°n-em-Wv-
]-g»- n- k-ac - ß
- f - p-sS- th-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂- ]p-
c-fn-a-e-˛- X-e-t»-cn-
508.- -1936˛¬- I-Æq-cn¬-\n-∂v- a-{Zm-kn-te-°v-
]-´n-Wn-Pm-Y- \-bn-®-Xv-˛- F.-sI.-tKm-]m-
e-≥
509.- t- I-cf- - t^m-Ivt- em¿- A-°m-Za
ÿm-\w- ˛- I-Æq¿-
510.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- Ip-cp-ap-f-Ip- K-th-j-W-tI-
- ym-{K- {µw- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- ]-∂n-bq¿-
511.- -a-e-_m¿- Im-≥k¿- sk-‚¿- G-Xv- Pn-√-
bn-em-Wv-˛- I-Æq¿-
512.- -I-Æq¿- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-
054
\w-˛- a-ßm-´p-]-d-ºv-
513.- a- e
- b - m-fØ - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]-{Xw- cm-Py-
k-am-Nm-c-am-Wv- (1847).- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-
ap-≈- ]-{Xw- Zo-]n-I-bm-Wv- (1887).-
514.- -sk-≥{S¬- tÃ-‰v- ^mw-˛- B-d-fw-
- n-cp-∂X - n- 515.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-I- I-t‚m-¨-sa-‚ v-˛- I-
Æq¿- (tI-cf - - ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰o-kv/- ] - © - m-
b-Øv- B-Iv-Sv- {]-Im-c-ap-≈- A-[n-Im-c-
hn-tI-{µo-Ic - W- t- am- P-\I - o-bm-kq-{X-W-
tam- C-hn-sS- \-S-∏n-em-°n-bn-´n-√-)-
516.- -tI-c-f- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-I- ap-…nw- cm-
P-hw-iw-˛- A-d-bv-°¬- (`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
]p-cp-j\ - m-sW-¶n¬- B-en- cm-P- F-∂pw-
kv-{Xo-bm-sW-¶n¬- A-d-bv-°¬- _o-hn-
F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Spw-).-
517.- -aq-j-I-hw-i-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-
∂-Xv-˛- G-gn-a-e-
518.- -]-∂n-bq¿- F-∂- t]-cp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´-
Im¿-jn-I- hn-f-˛- Ip-cp-ap-f-Iv-
519.- -sI-t{¥m-≥ ]m-´v- {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈- Pn-
√-bm-Wv- I-Æq¿.-
520.- -I-Æq¿- Pn-√-bn-se- a-t\m-l-c-am-b- H-cp-
I-S¬-Øo-c-am-Wv- ao-≥Ip-∂v- I-S-∏p-dw.-
521.- -]-øm-º-e-Øm-Wv- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-
Sn-s‚- A-¥y-hn-{i-aw.-
522.- -I-Æq¿- Pn-√-bn¬- 2011˛¬- cq-]o-Ir-X-am-
b- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-Xa - m-Wv- sIm-´n-bq¿.-
523.- -tIm-e-Øp-\m-´n-se- h-S-t°- A-‰-sØ-
ÿ-e-am-bn-cp-∂p- X-e-t»-cn.- ap-I-fn-se-
A-‰w- F-∂¿-Yw- h-cp-∂- X-e° - s - Ø- tN-
cn- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- X-e-t»-cn- A-∂v- A-
dn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v.- X-e° - s - Ø- tN-cn- tem-
]n-®v- X-e-t»-cn-bm-bn.-
524.- {- _n-´o-jv- `-cW - I - m-eØ - v- D-®c - n-°m-\p-≈-
ku-I-cy-Øn-\m-bn- X-e-t»-cn- F-∂- t]-
cv- sS-en-tN-cn- F-∂m-°n.-
525.- -X-e-t»-cn- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- a-e-
_m¿- Pn-√b - n-se- tIm-´b - w- Xm-eq-°n-s‚-
B-ÿm-\a - m-bn-cp-∂p.- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- X-
e-t»-cn-bn¬- H-cp- Pn-√m- \o-Xn-\ym-b- tIm-
S-Xn-bpw- ÿm-]n-®p.- Cu- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS-
- n-bs- ∏- A-[n-Im-c- ]-cn-[n- ssa-kq¿- cm-Pyw- h-
sc- hym-]n-®n-cp-∂p.-
526.- -I-Æq¿- tIm-´-bp-sS- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv-
sk-‚ v- G-©-tem- tIm-´.-
527.- -Zn-h-k-hpw- sX-øw- h-gn-]m-Sm-bn- \-S-Øp-
- p-sN- ∂- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-I- t£-{X-am-Wv- ]-
d-»n-\n-°-S-hv- ap-Ø-∏-≥ t£-{Xw.-
528.- -I-Æq¿- Pn-√m- B-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂v- 29
- In-tem-ao-‰¿- A-Is - e- \yq-am-ln-bn-em-Wv-
a-eb - m-f- I-em-{Km-aw.- sN-ss∂-bn-se- hy-
h-km-bn-bpw- \yq-am-ln-°S- p-Øp-≈- sNm-
¢n- kz-tZ-in-bp-am-b- F.-]n.-Ip-™n-°Æ - -
\m-Wv- a-e-bm-f- I-em-{Km-a-Øn-s‚- ÿm-
]-I-≥ (1993).-
529.- s- ]-cf - t- »-cn- Xq-°p-]m-ew- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv- A-©-c-°-≠n- ]p-g-bv-°v- Ip-dp-sI-
bm-Wv.-
530.- -ap-ºv- [¿-a-]-´-Ww- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-
[¿-aS- w- H-cp- _p-≤a - X
- - tI-{µ-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
531.- -I-Æq¿- Pn-√b - n¬- am-∏n-f- t_- Xp-da - p-J-
Øn-s‚- \n¿-am-WØ - n-\v- k-lI - c - n-°p-∂-
cm-Pyw- t\m¿-th-bm-W.v - tIm-eØ - n-cn-am-cp-
sS- Im-eØ - -v H-cp- {]-[m-\- hm-Wn-Py- Xp-d-
ap-Ja - m-bn-cp-∂p- am-∏n-f- t_.- A-db - °-v ¬-
cm-Pyw- C-Xn-\p- k-ao-]Ø - m-bn-cp-∂p.-
532.- -{]-i-kv-X- in¬-]n- Im-\m-bn- Ip-™n-cm-
a-≥ \n¿-an-®- A-Ω-bpw- Ip-™pw- in¬-
]w- ]-øm-º-ew- I-S-∏p-d-Øm-Wv- ÿm-]n-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
533.- -D-Ø-c- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- D-∂-
- n-bp-sS- B- X- hn-Zym-`ym-k- ÿm-]-\-am-Wv- {_-Æ-
≥ tIm-tf-Pv.-
534.- -]-g-»n- A-W-s°-´v- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-
Xv- h-f] - ´- W
- w- ]p-gb - v°
- v- Ip-dp-sI-bm-Wv.-
535.- -sN-≠,- Xm-b-º-I- hn-Zzm-\m-b- a-´-∂q¿-
i-¶-c-≥Ip-´n-bp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv- Fw.-
]n.-i-¶-c-am-cm¿- F-∂m-Wv.
 C¥ybnse \ZnIƒ
lnameb≥ \ZnIƒ bm-bn- am-dp-∂-Xv.-
536. C¥y-bn-se- \-Zn-I-sf- ln-am-e-b-≥ \-Zn- 557.- -A-fI - \ - µ - b - m-Wv- `-Ko-cY - n-sb-°mƒ- h-en-
Iƒ,- D-]-Zzo-]o-b- \-Zn-Iƒ- F-∂n-ß-s\- b- \-Zn- F-¶n-epw- Kw-Kb - p-sS- D-dh - n-Sa - m-
c-≠m-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-°mw.- bn- I-W° - m-°p-∂X - v- `-Ko-cY - n-sb-bm-Wv.-
537.- -kn-‘p,- {_-“-]p-{X,- Kw-K,- b-ap-\- ap-X- 558.- -ssl-µh - ] - p-cm-Wß - f - n¬- ]-©{- ]-bm-K-
em-b-h- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv- ln-am-e-b-≥ Iƒ- F- ∂ m-W v
- Cu- A-©v- \-Zo-kw-Ka - -
\-Zn-Iƒ.- ÿm-\ß - ƒ- ]-cm-a¿-in-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p- ∂Xv.
538.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- P-e-k-º-Øn-s‚- 30 i-X-am- `KocYn
\w- am-{Xw- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂- D-]-Zzo-]o- 559. DØcm-J-Wv-Uv- kw-ÿm-\-Øv- tI-Zm¿-
b-\-Zn-Iƒ,- ln-am-e-b-≥ \-Zn-I-sf-°mƒ- \m-Yn-\v- h-S-°v- k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂v-
]-g-°-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv.- 3892ao-‰¿- D-bc - Ø - n-ep-≈- Kw-tKm-{Xn- ln-
539.- -tKm-Zm-h-cn,- Ir-jv-W,- Im-th-cn,- a-lm-\- ¨,- K-‘-In,- Km-Lv-c- ap-X-em-b-h- Kw-K- I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- I-≠¬-h-\w.-
am-\n-bn-se- tKm-ap-Jn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- `-Ko- bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fm-Wv.- 588.- k
- p-µc- n- F-∂p-t]-cp-≈- I-≠¬-s®-Sn-Iƒ-
Zn,- \¿-a-Z,- X-]v-Xn- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- C-h-
c-Yn-bp-sS- D-Zv-`-hw.- C-hn-sS-\n-∂v- 205 In- 574.- a- p¿-jn-Zm-_m-Zv- Pn-√b - n-se- [p-en-bm-≥ F- [m-cm-fw- D-≈-Xn-\m-em-Wv- kp-µ¿-_-≥
bn¬- {]-[m-\w.-
tem-ao-‰¿- ]n-∂n-´m-Wv- \-Zn- A-f-I-\-µ- ∂- ÿ-e-Øn-\p-h-S-°p-h-®v- Kw-K- c-≠m- F-∂- t]-cp-h-∂-Xv.-
KwK bn¬- e-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- bn- ]n-cn-bp-∂p.- H-cp- ssI-h-gn-bm-b- `m- 589.- -kp-µ¿-h-≥ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\-Øn-\v- tem-
540. C¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn- 560.- -`-Ko-c-Y-≥ F-∂- cm-Pm-hv- I-]n-e-ap-\n- Ko-c-Yn-˛-lq-•n- ]-›n-a- _w-Km-fn-eq-sS- H- I- ss]-Xr-I-∏-´n-I-bn¬- ÿm-\-ap-≠v.-
bm-bn- ]-cn-KW - n-°p-∂X - v- Kw-Ks - b-bm-Wv- bp-sS- im-]Ø - n¬-\n-∂v- X-s‚- 60000 ]q¿- gp-In- _w-Kmƒ- Dƒ-°-S-en¬- tN-cp-∂p.- 590.- -s h- ≈ - s ∏m- ° - Ø m¬- G- ‰ - h pw- Iq- S p-
(2510 In.-ao.-).- 2008˛¬- C-Xn-s\- tZ-io-b- hn- I ¿- ° p-t am- £w- e-`n-°m-≥ X-]  - p-sN- 575.- c- q-]\ v- m-cm-b¨- ,- Zm-tam-Z¿- F-∂o- \-Zn-Iƒ- X¬-t]¿- a-c-W-a-S-bp-∂- cm-Pyw- _w-
\-Zn-bm-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®p.- bv-Xv- Kw-K-sb- `q-an-bn-te-°v- H-gp-°n-sb- lq-•n-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fm-Wv.- `-Ko- •m-tZ-im-Wv.
541.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]m-j- ∂v- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂p.- c-Yn-bn¬- ]-Zv-a-bp-sS- im-J-bm-b- P-emw-
I-\-Zn-I-fp-≈- \-Zn- Kw-K-bm-Wv.- 561.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- A- Kn- h-∂p-tN-cp-∂- ÿ-e-am-b- am-b-∏q¿- ^dm° XSbW (_mtcPv )
542.- c- m-Py-hn-kX v- r-Xn-bp-sS- \m-en-sem-t∂m-fw- W-s°-´m-b- sX-lv-cn- Umw- \n¿-an-®n-cn- ap-X¬- A-Xv- lq-•n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- 591. `mKoc-Yn-˛-lq-•n- \-Zn-bn-te-°p-≈- P-e-
(25 i-Xa - m-\w-) Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- Kw-Kt- bm- °p-∂-Xv- `-Ko-c-Yn-bn-em-Wv.- 260.-5 ao-‰¿- P-emw-Kn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øp-≈- \-K-c-am-Wv- {]-hm-lw- h¿-[n-∏n-®v- I¬-°-´m- Xp-d-ap-
fw- ]m-h-\-am-b- a-s‰m-cp- \-Zn-bpw- C-¥y- D-b-c-ap-≈- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- ti-jn- 2400 sa- Ir-jv-W-\-K¿.- J-sØ- Im-cy-£a - a
- m-°p-hm-≥ Kw-Kb- n¬-
bn-en-√.- Km-hm-´mWv. 576.- -lu-d,- sIm¬-°-Ø,- U-b-a-≠v- lm¿- \n¿-an-®-Xm-Wv- ^-dm-°- _m-tc-Pv.- C-Xn-
543.- -km-{am-Py-ß-fp-sS-tbm- {]-hn-iy-I-fp-sS- _¿,- lm¬-Un-b- F-∂n-h- lq-•n- \-Zn- s‚- \n¿- a m- W w- 1960˛¬- B- c w- ` n- ® v -
tbm- B-ÿm-\a - m-b- \n-ch - [ - n- \-Kc - ß
- ƒ- AfI\µ bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv.- 1974˛¬- ]q¿-Øn-bm-bn.-
Kw-Km-Xo-c-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- 562. D-Ø c
- m-J W
- U
v- n¬- ln-am-eb - ≥ - a-e\ - n-cI - - 577.- K- w-Km-\Z- n-bp-sS- ]-X\ - ÿ
- m-\Ø- m-Wv- 300 592.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- X-
544.- -au-cy,- Kp-]X -v - km-{am-Py-ßf - p-sS- X-eÿ - m- fn¬- 4202 ao-‰¿- D-b-c-Øn¬- ÿn-Xn-sN- N-Xp-{i-In-tem-ao-‰t- dm-fw- hn-kvX - o¿-Wa - p- S-b-W-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wn-Xv.-
\-am-bn-cp-∂- ]m-Se - o-]p-{Xw,- U¬-ln-bn- øp-∂- i-tXm-]m-¥v- X-Sm-I-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ≈- Kw-Km-km-K¿- Zzo-]v.- P-\p-hc - n-bn¬- C- 593.- -C-Xn-s‚- h-e-Xp-`m-K-Øp-\n-∂v- ]p-d-s∏-
te-°v- am-‰pw-hs - c- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- A-f-I-\-µ- D-Zv-`-hn-°p-∂p.- hn-sS- \-S-°p-∂- a-I-c- kw-{Im-¥n- D¬- Sp-∂- I-\m¬- Pw-Kn-∏q-cn-\p-Xm-sg- `m-Ko-
B-ÿm-\a - m-bn-cp-∂- I¬-°´- - (Kw-Kb - p- 563.- -A-f-I-\-µ-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- i-¶-cm-Nm- k-h-Øn-\v- B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p- ln-µp- c-Yn-bn¬- tN-cp-∂p-.
sS- ssI-hg - n-bm-b- lq-•n-bp-sS- Xo-cØ - v)- - cy¿- ÿm-]n-®- _-Z-co-\m-Yv- hn-jv-Wp- °ƒ- ]-s¶-Sp-Øv- I-]n-e-ap-\n- t£-{X-
F-∂n-h- A-hb - n¬- {]-[m-\s - ∏-´h - b- m-Wv.- t£-{Xw.- almflm Km‘n tkXp
Øn¬- ]q-P- \-S-Øp-∂p.-
545.- -l¿-j-s‚- cm-P-[m-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂- I-\u- 564.- ] - c- º - c - m-KX - - B-Nm-c{- ]-Im-cw,- _-Zc - o-\m- 594. KwKbn¬- ]m-‰v-\-bn-ep-≈- a-lm-flm- Km-
578.- -lq-•n- \-Zn-°p- Ip-dp-tI-bp-≈- lu-d- ]m-
Pv,- A-Iv-_¿- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-bv-X- A-e- Yn-se- ap-Jy-]q-Pm-cn- tI-c-f-Øn¬-\n-∂p- ‘n- tk-Xp-hm-Wv- (Kw-Km-tk-Xp-sh-∂pw-
ew- A-Yh - m- c-_o-{µ-tk-Xp- sIm¬-°Ø - -
l-_m-Zv(- {]-bm-Kv)- ,- F-∂n-hb - pw- Kw-Km-Xo- ≈- \-ºq-Xn-cn- {_m-“-W-\m-Wv.- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-)- C-¥y-bn¬- \-Zn-°v- Ip-
sb-bpw- lu-ds - b-bpw- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.-
c-Øm-Wv.- 565.- -tZ-h-{]-bm-Kn¬-\n-∂v- Kw-K-sb-∂- t]-cp- dp-sI- \n¿-an-®n-cp-°p-∂- G-‰-hpw- h-en-
579.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- Xn-c-°p-≈- ]m-e-
546.- K- w-Kb - p-sS- ssI-hg - n-bm-b- `-Ko-cY - n-bp-sS- am-bn- sX-t°m-s´m-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn- E-jn- b- ]m-ew- (5.-575 In.-ao.-).-
ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- c-_o-{µ-tk-Xp.-
Xo-c-Øp-≈- ap¿-jn-Zm-_m-Zv- ap-Kƒ- `-c- tI-iv- ]n-∂n-Sp-∂p.- 595.- K
- m-a¨
- - C-¥y- en-an-‰U
- v- \n¿-an-®v- 1982˛¬-
580.- -hn-Zym-km-K¿- tk-Xp- (c-≠mw- lq-•n-∏m-
W-Im-e-Øv- A-hn-`-‡- _w-Kmƒ- {]-hn- 566.- -tbm-K-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\-sa-∂p-hn-ti-jn- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- cm-jv-{S-Øn-\p- k-a¿-∏n-®-
ew- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-),- hn-th-Im-
iy-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-c-∂p- .- ∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- Cu- ÿ-ew- k-aX - e - Ø - n- ]m-ew- ]m-‰v\
- s
- b-bpw- lm-Pn-∏q-cn-s\-bpw-
\-µ- tk-Xp-(hn-√nw-Kv-S-¨- ]m-ew-),- \n-th-
547.- -ln-µp-°-fp-sS- G-‰-hpw- ]-cn-]m-h-\-am-b- te-°p-IS- ° - pw-ap-ºv- Kw-Kb - p-sS- Xo-cØ - p- _-‘n-∏n-°-p∂p.
Zn-Xm- tk-Xp- (c-≠mw- hn-th-Im-\-µ-∏m-
]p-Wy-ÿ-e-am-b- Im-in- A-Y-hm- hm-cm- ≈- A-h-km-\-sØ- ln-am-e-b-≥ \-K-c- ew-)- F-∂o- ]m-e-ß-fpw- lq-•n-bn-em-Wv- bap\
W-kn- (]-g-b- t]-cv- _-\m-d-kv-)- Kw-K-bp- am-Wv.- ln-am-e-b-Øn-s‚- I-hm-Sw- F- (kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-s‚- in-jy-bm-bn-cp- 596. Kw-K-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw-
sS- Xo-c-Øp-≈- \-K-c-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- ∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- E-jn-tI-in-s\-bm-Wv. ∂p- kn-ÿ- \n-th-Zn-X-)- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b-Xv- b-ap-\-bm-Wv.-
]-g-b-Xm-Wv.- 581.- -H-cp- ta-P¿- Xp-d-ap-Jw- (sIm¬-°-Ø-)-
548.- -hn-iz-\m-Y- t£-{Xw- hm-cm-W-kn-bn-em- KwK ]ns∂bpw HgpIp∂p...... 597.- D - Ø- c - m-JW - U v- n¬-tem-h¿- ln-am-eb - Ø- n-
567. 200 Intemao‰¿ ]n∂n´v lcnZzmdn¬ ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- G-I- C-¥y-≥ \-Zn-bpw- se- b-ap-t\m-{Xn- ln-am-\n-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv-
Wv.- C-Xv- in-h-\p- k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- lq-•n-bm-Wv.- Km¿-U-≥ do-®v- I-∏¬-\n¿-
FØp-∂t- Xm-sS- Kw-Kb - p-sS- k-aX - e - - {]- b-ap-\-bp-sS- Xp-S-°w.-
549.- -C-¥y,- _w-•m-tZ-iv- F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-fn- am-W-im-e-bpw- C-Xn-\p- k-ao-]-am-Wv.-
bm- W w- B- c w-` n-° p-∂ p.- 598.- -D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv,- l-cn-bm-\,- U¬-ln,- D-
eq-sS-bm-Wv- Kw-K- H-gp-Ip-∂-Xv.- Kw-K-bp- 582.- -Xo-cØ - v- Ipw-`t- a-f- \-S° - p-∂- H-∂n-e[ - n- Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv- F-∂n-h-bn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p-
sS- i-cm-i-cn- B-gw- 52 A-Sn-bpw- ]-c-am- 568.- -l-cn-bp-sS- (ssZ-h-Øn-s‚-)- I-hm-Sw- F- Iw- tI-{µ-ßf - p-≈- (l-cn-Zzm¿,- A-el - _
- m-
∂m-Wv- l-cn-Zzm¿- F-∂- hm-°n-\¿-Yw.- t]m-Ip-∂- \-Zn-°v- 1376 In-tem-ao-‰¿- \o-
h-[n- B-gw- 100 A-Sn-bp-am-Wv.- Zv)- - G-I- C-¥y-≥ \-Zn-bpw- Kw-Kb - m-Wv.
Ipw-`t- a-f- \-S° - p-∂- \m-ep- ÿ-eß - f - n¬- f-ap-≠v.-
550.- D- Ø
- c - m-JW - U v- n-em-Wv- \-Zn-bp-sS- D-Z` v- h
- w.-
H- ∂ v - l- c n- Z zm- d m- W v - (D- Ø - c m- J - W v - U v-).- 599.- -]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- Im-fn-µn- F-∂- t]-cn¬-
D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv,- _o-lm¿,- ]-›n-a_ - w-Kmƒ- _w•mtZin¬ ]-cm-ar-jv-S-am-bn-´p-≈- \-Zn- b-ap-\-bm-Wv.
F-∂o-h-bm-Wv- Kw-K- H-gp-Ip-∂- C-¥y-≥ 569.- I - m-¨] - q¿,- I-\u-Pv- F-∂n-h- ]n-∂n-´v- A- 583. _w-•m-tZ-in-te-°v- I-S-°p-∂- Kw-K- A-
e-l-_m-Zn-se-Øp-tºmƒ- Kw-K-bn¬- b- -600.- -ssl-µ-h- ]p-cm-W- {]-Im-cw- kq-cy-s‚-
kw-ÿm-\-߃.- dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ]-Zv-a- F-∂- t]-cn-em-Wv.-
ap-\- e-bn-°p-∂p.- sF-Xn-ly-{]-Im-cw- a-I-fpw- b-a-s‚- k-tlm-Z-cn-bp-am-b- b-ap-
551.- -Kw-K- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Zq-cw- ]n-∂n-Sp-∂- 584.- -220 In-tem-ao-‰¿- _w-•m-tZ-in-eq-sS- H-gp-
k-c-kz-Xn- \-Zn-bpw- C-hn-sS-h-∂p-tN-cp- \-sb- bm-an- F-∂pw- hn-fn-°p-∂p.-
Xv- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-em-Wv.- In-b-ti-jw- ]-Zv-a,- sX-t°m-s´m-gp-In- h-
∂p.- A-Xn-\m¬- {Xn-th-Wn- kw-K-aw- F- 601.- -_m-Ks v- ]-´v,- sU¬-ln,- t\m-bU v- ,- a-Yp-c,-
552.- -Kw-K-bp-sS- D¬-]-Øn-{]-hm-l-߃- F- cp-∂- {_-“-]p-{X-bp-sS- {]-[m-\- ssI-h- B-{K,- ^n-tdm-km-_m-Z,v - C-´m-h,- I¬-]n,-
∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂- A-©p-\-Zn-I- ∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- gn-bm-b- P-ap-\-bp-am-bn- k-‘n-°p-∂p.-
570.- -Ipw-`-ta-f- \m-ep- ÿ-e-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- l-an¿-]p¿- F-∂n-h- b-ap-\b - p-sS- Xo-cØ- m-
fm-Wv- A-f-I-\-µ,- [u-fn-Kw-K,- \-µm-In- 585.- -Xp-S¿-∂v- _w-Kmƒ- D-S-°-S¬- e-£y-am- Wv.-
\n,- ]n-≠m¿,- `-Ko-c-Yn- F-∂n-h.- {]m- [m-\y-ap-≈X - m-Wv- A-el - _ - m-Zv.- tem- °n- {]-bm-Ww- sN-øp-∂- ]-Zv-a-bn¬- ta-
I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-\-°q-´w- cq- 602.- b - a - p-\b - n¬- Nw-_¬- h-∂p- tN-cp-∂- ÿ-
553.- C- h- b
- n¬- A-fI - \ - µ - s- b-bpw- `-Ko-cY - n-sb- Lv\ - - h-∂p-tN-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- ta- e-am-Wv- C-´m-h.-
bp-am-Wv- Kw-Km-{]-hm-l-Øn-s‚- ap-Jy- ]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv- A-e-l-_m-Zv- Ipw-`-ta- Lv-\-sb-∂- t]-cn¬- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- Cu-
f-bv-°m-Wv.- 603.- -Nw-_¬,- sI-≥,- t_-Sv-h,- kn-‘v,- tSm-
t{km-X- p-I-fm-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.- \-Zn-bp-sS- Io-g`v- m-Kw A-\h - [- n- sI-´n-Sß
- - ¨-kv,- E-jn-Kw-K,- l-\p-am-≥Kw-K- F-∂n-
554.- -hn-jv-Wp-{]-bm-Kn¬-h-®v- A-f-I- \-µ-bpw- 571.- -12 h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°-em-Wv- Ipw-`-ta-f- fpw- kva- m-cI
- ß
- f - pw- \-in-∏n-®n-´p-≈X - n-\m¬- h-bpw- b-ap-\-bn-em-Wv- tN-cp-∂-Xv.-
[u-fn-Kw-K-bpw- kw-K-an-°p-∂p.- \-S° - p-∂X - v.- B-dp- h¿-jØ - n-sem-cn-°¬- Io¿-Øn-\m-in-\n- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂p.-
A¿- [ - Ipw- ` - t a- f - \- S - ° pw.- 604.- a - [
- y-{]-tZ-in¬- C-≥tUm-dn¬- P-\] - m-thm-
555.- -\-µ-{]-bm-Kn¬-h-®v- \-µm-In-\n-bpw- I¿- 586.- -Cu- \-Zn-bp-sS- A-gn-ap-J-Øm-Wv- tem-I- a-e-\n-c-I-fn¬- Nw-_¬- D-Zv-`-hn-°p-∂p.-
W-{]-bm-Kn¬-h-®v- ]n-≠m-dpw- cp-{Z-{]-bm- 572.- -hm-cm-W-kn,- ]m-‰v-\,- Lm-kn-∏q¿,- `-K¬- Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- sU¬-‰-bm-b- cm-P-ÿm-≥,- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv- F-∂o- kw-
Kn¬-h-®v- a-µm-In-\n-bpw- Cu- P-e-{]-hm- ∏q¿,- an¿-km-∏q¿,- _-en-b,- _-Iv-km¿,- kp-µ¿-_-≥kv.- ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- °q-Sn-bpw- H-gp-Ip-∂p.-
l-Øn¬-t®-cp-∂p.- sk-bv-Xv-]q¿,- Np-\m¿- Xp-S-ßn-b- \-K-c- 587.- 3- 50 In-tem-ao-‰d - n-te-sd- ho-Xn-bn¬- C-¥y- 605.- -Nw-_¬- \-Zo-X-S- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- `m-K-am-
556.- t- Z-h{- ]-bm-Kn¬-h® - v- `-Ko-cY - n-bp-am-bn- tN- ߃- Kw-Km-Xo-c-Øm-Wv.- bn-epw- _w-•m-tZ-in-ep-am-bn- hym-]n-®p-In- b- A-W-s°-´p-I-fm-Wv- a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se-
cp-∂-tXm-sS-bm-Wv- P-e-{]-hm-lw- Kw-K- 573.- b
- a - p-\,- cmw-Kw-K,- tKm-aX - n,- tIm-kn,- tkm- S-°p-∂- Cu- A-gn-{]-tZ-i-Øm-Wv- tem- Km-‘n- km-K¿- Umw- ,- cm-P-ÿm-\n-se-

055
 dm-Wm- {]-Xm-]v- km-K¿- Umw,- P-hm-l¿- {]-hm-l-am-b- ]-Zv-a-bn¬- tN-cp-∂p.-
km-K¿- Umw,- tIm-´- X-S-b-W- F-∂n-h.- \Kcßfpw \ZnIfpw 652.- -Xp-S¿-∂pw- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]-cv- ]-Zv-a- F-∂p-
606.- N
- w-_e - n-s‚- Xo-cØ
- p-≈- {]-[m-\- ]-´W - - X-s∂-bm-Wv.- {_-“-]p-{X-bp-sS- a-s‰m-cp-
am-Wv- cm-P-ÿm-\n-se- tIm-´.- \Kcw kwÿm\w/tI{µ`cW{]tZiw \Zn ssI-h-gn- ta-Lv-\-bn¬-tN¿-∂v- B- t]-
607.- N
- w-_e - n-s‚- t]m-jI - \
- Z- n-bm-b- in-{]-bp- 779. hnPbhmU B{‘m{]tZiv IrjvW cn¬- H-gp-Ip-I-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]-Zv-a-bn¬- e-
sS- D-Zv-`-hw- C-≥tUm-dn-\p- k-ao-]-am-Wv.- 780. _Zco\mYv DØcmJWvUv AfI\µ bn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.-
608.- a
- [
- y-{]-tZ-in-se- sI-bva - q¿- a-e\
- n-cI
- f
- n¬- 781. P_¬∏q¿ a[y{]tZiv \¿aZ 653.- _- w-Kmƒ- Dƒ-°S- e - n¬- tN-cp-∂- Kw-K˛- - {_-
D-Zv`
- h
- n-°p-∂h - b
- m-Wv- sI-≥ \-Zn-bpw- cm- “-]p-{X- {]-hm-lØ - n-s‚- ]-X\ - ÿ - m-\-
am-b-W-Øn¬- X-a-k- F-∂- t]-cn¬- ]- 782. \mknIv almcmjv{S tKmZmhcn
Øv- tem-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- sU¬-
cm-a¿-in-°p-∂- tSm-¨-kv- \-Zn-bpw- .- 783. cmPap{µn B{‘m{]tZiv tKmZmhcn ‰-bm-b- kp-µ¿-_≥ - kv- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂p.-
609.- -a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se- hn-‘ym-\n-c-I-fn-em-Wv- 784. CutdmUv Xangv\mSv Imthcn 654.- 5- 9,-570 N-Xp-c{- i- In-tem-ao-‰d - m-Wv- kp-µ¿-
t_-Sv-h-bp-sS- D-Zv-`-hw.- am-Xm-Xn-e- A-W- 785. Xncp®nd∏≈n Xangv\mSv Imthcn _-≥kv- sU¬-‰-bp-sS- hn-kv-X-o¿Ww.
s°-´v- Cu- \-Zn-b-nemWv. 786. Ael_mZv DØ¿{]tZiv KwK˛bap\
kn‘p
cmwKwK 787. U¬ln U¬ln bap\ 655. kn‘p-hm-Wv- C-¥y-sb-∂- t]-cv- \-Ωp-
610. DØcm-JW - vU- n¬- ln-am-eb- Ø- n-se- Xm- 788. Atbm[y DØ¿{]tZiv kcbp sS- cm-Py-Øn-\p- e-`n-°m-≥ Im-c-W-am-
gv∂
- - a-e\
- n-cI
- f- n¬-\n-∂m-Wv- cmw-Kw-Kb
- p- 789. kmw_¬]q¿ Hdok alm\Zn b- \-Zn.-
sS- Xp-S-°w.- 790. I´°v Hdok alm\Zn 656.- -3180 In-tem-ao-‰¿- \o-f-ap-≈- kn-‘p-hm-
611.- -tIm¿-_-‰v- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°n-eq-sS- H- Wv- C-¥y-≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- G-‰-
gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øp-≈- {]-ap-J- 791. a[pc Xangv\mSv sshK
hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn.-
\-K-c-am-Wv- _-tden. 792. AlΩZm_mZv KpPdmØv k_¿aXn 657.- E
- t- Kz-ZØ - n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]-cm-a¿-
793. Km‘n\K¿ KpPdmØv k_¿aXn in-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂- \-Zn-bm-Wv- kn-‘p.-
tKmaXn 794. ]m‰v\ _olm¿ KwK 658.- -Cu- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- {Ko-°p-
612. DØ¿- {]-tZ-in¬- ]n-en-`-Øn-\p- aq-∂p-
795. ep[nbm\ ]©m_v kXvePv Im¿- C-¥y-sb-∂pw- A-d-_n-Iƒ- ln-µp-
In-tem-ao-‰¿- In-g-°p-\n-∂v- tKm-a-Xn- D-Zv-
796. sslZcm_mZv B{‘m{]tZiv apkn F-∂- hm-°pw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv.-
`-hn-°p-∂p.-
659.- -kn-‘p- \-Zo-X-S- kw-kv-Im-cw- tem-I-Øn-
613.- -e-Iv-\u,- e-Jnw-]q¿- tJ-cn,- kp¬-Øm- 797. PwjUv]q¿ Pm¿J¨Uv kph¿WtcJ
se- G-‰-hpw- {]m-No-\-am-b- kw-kv-Im-c-
≥]q¿,- Pu-¨-]q¿- F-∂n-h- tKm-a-Xo-Xo- 798. D÷bn\n a[y{]tZiv in{] ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.-
c-Øm-Wv.- 799. Beph s]cnbm¿ tIcfw 660.- -ssN-\-bn¬- Sn-_-‰n¬- am-\-k-k-tcm-h¿-
614.- ]
- p-cm-W{- ]-Im-cw,- h-kn-jvT
- a
- p-\n-bp-sS- ]p-
800. aebm‰q¿ s]cnbm¿ tIcfw X-Sm-I-Øn-\p- k-ao-]w- sk-\v-s§,- Km¿-
{Xn-bm-Wv- tK-maXn.
F-∂o- \-Zn-Iƒ- tN¿-∂v- kn-‘p- cq-]w-
KmLv c ´v- dn-l-≠n-em-Wv- (bp.-]n.-).- In-gt- °m-´v- H-gp-Ip-∂p.- Cu- L-´Ø sIm-≈p-∂p.-
- n¬- k-
615. ssN\-bn-se- Sn-_-‰v,- t\-∏mƒ- F-∂n-hn- 627.- -tkm-¨- \-Zn-bn-se- s\-{lp- tk-Xp-hm- ap-{Z-\n-c∏ - n¬-\n-∂v- i-cm-ic 661.- P
- Ω
- n- 4000 ao-‰¿-- p- I-iva - o-cn-se- e-Um-°n-eq-sS-bpw- Xp-
S-ß-fn-eq-sS- H-gp-In- C-¥y-bn¬- {]-th- Wv- D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- D-bc - Ø- n-em-Wv- \-Zn-bp-sS- H-gp-°v.- S¿-∂v- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-eq-sS-bpw- H-gp-In- I-
in-®v- Kw-K-bn¬- tN-cp-∂p.- sd-bn¬-th-∏m-ew- (3.-065 In,-ao.-).- 641.- -tem-I-Øn-se- {]-[m-\- \-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰- dm-®n- Xp-da - p-JØ- n-\p- k-ao-]w- A-td-_y-
616.- -t\-∏m-fn¬- 507 In.-ao.- ]n-∂n-Sp-∂- Km- 628.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- h-√m¿-]m-Sw- ]m-e-am-Wv- hpw- D-b-c-Øn¬- H-gp-Ip-∂-Xv- {_-“-]p- ≥ I-S-en¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂- kn-‘p- ]m-In-
Lv-c- A-hn-S-sØ- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- sd- {X-bm-Wv.- kv-Xm-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn-
\-Zn-bm-Wv.- bn¬-th- ]m-ew- (4.-62 In.-ao.-).- 642.- -In-g-t°m-´p-≈- {]-bm-W-Øn-s\m-Sp-hn¬- bm-Wv.-
617.- -t\-∏m-fn¬- I¿-\m-en- F-∂- t]-cn¬- A- 629.- C- {- µ-]p-cn- X-Sb - W- - tkm-¨- \-Zn-bn-em- Wv. \w-N- _-dp-h- ]¿-h-X-sØ- h-ew-h-s®m- 662.- \
- n-ch - [- n- t]m-jI - \- Z- n-Iƒ- kn-‘p-hn-s\-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn- 1080 In.-ao.- ]n-∂n-´m- gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn- Xp-S¿-∂v- kn-bm-Mv- F-∂- P-e-k-º-∂-am-°p-∂p.- ]-©m-_n-se- A-
Wv- _o-lm-dn-se- tUm-dn-K©- n¬-h® - v- Kw- ZmtamZ¿ t]-cn¬- A-cp-Wm-N¬- {]-tZ-in¬- {]-th- ©p- \-Zn-I-fm-b- Q-ew,- Nn-\m-_v,- c-hn,-
K-bn¬- tN-cp-∂-Xv. 630. Pm¿J-Wv-Un-se- tOm-´m-\m-Kv-]q¿- ]o-T- in-°p-∂p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- Ip-Ø-s\- Xm-tgm- _n-bm-kv,- k-Xv-e-Pv- F-∂o- \-Zn-I-fn-se-
`q-an-bn¬- ]-em-ap-hn¬- D-Zv-`-hn-°p-∂p.- ]- s´m-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn-sb- k-aX - e - Ø P-ew- kn-‘p-hn-em-Wv- h-∂p-tN-cp-∂-Xv.-
- n-se-Øp-
K‘In ›n-a- _w-Km-fn¬-I-S-∂v- lq-•n-bn¬- e- tºmƒ- Zn-lm-Mv- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂p.- Xp- 663.- Q
- e - h- pw- cm-hn-bpw- Nn-\m-_n¬- e-bn-°p-
618. sX-°-≥ t\-∏m-fn¬- \m-cm-b-Wn- A-Y- bn-°p-∂p.- 592 In.-ao.-\o-f-ap-≠v.- S¿-∂v- Zn-_m-Mv,- tem-ln-Xv- \-Zn-Iƒ- h- ∂p.- _n-bm-kv- tN-cp-∂-Xv- k-Xv-e-Pn-em-
hm- Ir-jv-W- K-‘-In- F-∂- t]-cn-epw- 631.- -{]-[m-\-t]m-j-I-\-Zn- _-cm-I¿.- _w-Km- ∂p-tN-cp-∂t- Xm-sS- P-e{- ]-hm-lw- h-fs Wv.- - c-
C-¥y-bn¬- K-‘-In- F-∂- t]-cn-epw- A- fn-s‚- Zp-:J - w- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X - v- Zm-tam- hn-im-ea - m-Ip-Ib - pw- A-Xv- {_-“] 664.- -Xp-S¿-∂v- k-Xv-e-Ppw- Nn-\m-_pw- tbm-Pn-
- p-{X- F-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn- _o-lm-dn¬- tkm-Wn- Z-dm-Wv.- ∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- ®v- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂- ]-©-\-Zv- F-∂-dn-
∏q-cn-\p- k-ao-]w- Kw-Kb
- n¬- tN-cp-∂p.- \o- 632.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn-hn- 643.- A - k - a - n-s‚- Po-h\ - m-Un-bm-bn- I-S∂ b-s∏-Sp-∂- P-e-{]-hm-lw- an-Øm-≥tIm-
- p-t]m-
fw- 630 In.-ao.- t[m-tZy-iy- ]-≤-Xn- Zm-tam-Z¿- hm-en- Ip-∂- {_-“-]p-{X-bp-sS- Xo-c-sØ- ]-´- ´n-\p-k-ao-]w- kn-‘p-hn¬- tN-cp-∂p.-
619.- -t\-∏m-fn-se- Nn-Xv-h-≥ tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\- tIm¿-∏-td-j-\m-Wv- (1948).- W-ß-fm-Wv- Zn-{_p-K-Vv,- Kp-h-l-Øn,- 665.- k
- n-‘p-hn-s‚- A-el - _ - m-Zv- F-∂m-Wv- an-
hpw- _o-lm-dn-se- hm-ev-ao-In- tZ-io-tbm- 633.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- `q-K¿-`- P-es - sh- lm-tPm- Xp-S-ßn-b-h.- Øm-≥tIm-´v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
Zym-\w- Cu- \-Zn-°v- k-ao-]-a-mWv. Zyp-Xn- \n-e-b-am-b- ssa-tXm-¨- Cu- ]- 644.- l - n-µp,- _p-≤,- C-…mw- a-X° 666.- -Cu- kw-K-a-tØm-sS- G-gp-\-Zn- I-fn-se-
- m¿- ]m-h\ - -
≤-Xn-bp-sS- `m-Ka - m-Wv.- Pm¿-JW - U v- n¬- _- am-bn- I-W° - m-°p-∂- ÿ-ea- m-W-v lm-tPm.- P-ew (kn-‘p-hpw- A-©p- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-
tImkn cm-I¿- \-Zn-bn-em-Wn-Xv.- I-fpw- Im-_pƒ- \-Zn-bpw-)- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-
620. ssN-\,- t\-∏mƒ,- C-¥y- F-∂o- cm-Py- 645.- -h-S-°p- In-g-°-≥ C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw-
634.- -P¿-a-\n-bn¬- J-\-\-˛-hy-h-km-b- ta-J-e- ∂-Xn-\m¬- A-Xn-s\- km-Xv-\-Zv- F-∂p-
h-en-b- \-Kc - a
- m-bK - p-hl - Ø - n-b° v- p-≈n-em-
ß-fn-em-bn- X-S{- ]-tZ-iw- hym-]n-®p-In-S° - p- b-mb Ruhr Xm-gh v- c
- t- bm-Sp-≈- km-Zr-iyw- hn-fn-°p-∂p.-
Wv- A-ka - n-s‚- X-eÿ - m-\a - m-b- Zn-k] v- q¿.-
∂- \-Zn-bm-Wv- tIm-kn.- Im-c-Ww- Zm-tam-Z¿- Xm-gv-h-c-sb Ruhr of 667.- -A-td-_y-≥ I-S-en-\v- A-`n-ap-J- am-bn-´p-
646.- {- _-“] - p-{X-b° -v -v k-ao-]w- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-
621.- -_o-lm-dn-s‚- Zp-:-Jw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- India F∂p hnfn°mdp≠v. ≈- kn-‘p-hn-s‚- A-gn-{]-tZ-i-Øn-\v- k-
tIm-kn-bn-se- sh-≈s - ∏m-°h - pw- K-Xn-am- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\a- m-W-v H-‰s - °m-º≥ - Im-≠m-
{_“]p{X ar-KØ - n-\p- {]-kn-≤a - m-b- Im-kn-cw-K.- ]v-X- kn-‘p- sU¬-‰- F-∂m-Wv- t]-c.v-
dn-sbm-gp-I-epw- B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p- Po- 668.- j
- t- bm-Kv,- jn-K¿,- Pn¬-Pn-Xv- F-∂n-hb - pw-
h-≥ A-]l - c- n-°m-dp-≠v.- A-Xn-\m¬- tIm- 635. ssN-\,- C-¥y,- _w-•m-tZ-iv- F-∂o- cm- 647.- -sX-°-t\-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ip-
Py-ß-fn-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn-bm-Wv- {_- ≤-P-e-Zzo-]m-b- a-Pp-en- (421.-65 N.-In.-ao.-)- kn-‘p-hn-s‚- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fm-Wv.-
kn-sb- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- A-]I - S- I- m- 669.- E-tKz-Z-Øn-se- k-]v-X- kn-‘p-hn¬- Dƒ-
cn-bm-b- \-Zn- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.- “-]p-{X.- {_-“-]p-{X-bn-em-Wv.-
636.- -]p-cp-j-\m-aw- t]-dp-∂- C-¥y-bn-se- A- 648.- -{_-“-]p-{X-bn-se- sh-≈-s∏m-°w- ]-e- s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- kn-‘p-hpw- A-©p- t]m-j-
622.- -E-tKz-Z-Øn¬- Iu-in-I- F-∂- t]-cn¬- I-\-Zn-I-fpw- k-c-kz-Xn- \-Zn-bp-am-Wv.
Cu- \-Zn- ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.- ]q¿-hw- \-Zn-I-fn-sem-∂m-b- C-Xv- cm-Py- t∏m-gpw- Ak-an¬- I-\-Ø- \m-iw- kr-
623.- -t\-∏m-fn-se- k-K¿-am-Xm- tZ-io-tbm-Zym- sØ- \-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- P-e-k-º-∂- jv-Sn-°m-dp-≠v.- A-Xn-\m¬- Cu- \-Zn- B- Qew
\w- Cu- \-Zn-°p- k-ao-]-am-Wv.- am-Wv.- km-an-‚- Zp-:-Jw- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
670. ]©m-_v- \-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-Sn-™m-
624.- -C-¥y-˛-t\-∏mƒ- X-Ωn¬- 1954˛¬- Im-Tv-a- 637.- 2- 900 In-tem-ao-‰d- m-W-v {_-“] - p-{X-bp-sS- \o- 649.- -A-ka - n-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-tºmƒ- 10 In.-ao-‰¿-h-
dp-≈-Xv.- {]m-No-\- \m-aw- hn-Xm-kv-X.-
Wv-Up-hn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- D-S-º-Sn- {]-Im-cw- fw.- \-Zn-bp-sS- i-cm-ic - n- B-gw- 124 A-Sn- sc- ho-Xn-bm¿-Pn-°p-∂- \-Zn-bp-sS- ho-Xn- ta-
671.- -Nn-\m-_n¬- e-bn-°p-∂p.- a-lm-\m-b- A-
\n¿-an-®- kw-bp-‡- kw-cw-`-am-Wv- tIm- bpw- ]-ca - m-h[ - n- B-gw- 380 A-Sn-bp-am-Wv.- Lm-eb - - ]o-T`- q-an-bn-se-Øp-tºm-fm-W-v G-
e-Iv-km-≠-dpw- t]m-d-kpw- X-Ωn¬- _n.-
kn- t{]mPIvSv. 638.- -C-¥y-bn-se- Np-h-∂- \-Zn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏- ‰-h pw- Ip- dh - ˛-v H - c
- p- In-tem-ao-‰¿- am-{Xw.-
kn.- 326˛¬- ssl-Um-kv-]-kv- bp-≤w- \-
Sp-∂-Xv- {_-“-]p-{X-bm-Wv.- 650. Bkm-an¬- {_-“] - p-{X-bn¬- \n¿-an-®n-cn-
S-∂-Xv- Q-e-Øn-s‚- Xo-c-Øm-Wv.- Cu-
tkm¨ 639.- -ssN-\-bn-se- Sn-_-‰n¬- D-Ø-c- ln-am-e- °p-∂- \-c\ - m-cm-b¨ - - tk-Xp-hm-Wv- h-S-
bp-≤-Øn¬- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- hn-P-bn-s®-
625. a[y-{]-tZ-in¬- D-Zv` - h
- n-°p-∂p.- sX-°p-`m- b-Øn-se- ssI-em-k- ]¿-h-X-Øn-\p- k- °p-In-g° - ≥ - C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- \o-fw-
¶n-epw- t]m-d-kn-s‚- hy-‡n-Xz-Øn¬- a-
K-Øp-\n-∂v- Kw-Kb - n¬-t®-cp-∂- t]m-jI - - ao-]w- Pn-am- bm-Mv-tkm-Mv- ln-am-\n-bn¬- Iq-Sn-b- sd-bn¬-th-∏m-ew- (2.-3 In.-ao.-).-
Xn-∏p-tXm-∂n-b-Xn-\m¬- cm-Pyw- Xn-cn-®p-
\-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-Xm-Wn-Xv.- 784 \n-∂v- {_-“-]p-{X- D-Zv-`-hn-°p-∂p.- 651.- t- Km¬-]m-cb - ° v- p-ka - o-]w- _w-•m-tZ-in-te-
\¬-In.-
In.-ao.- \o-f-ap-≠v.- 640.- b- m¿-eM - v,- km-Mvt- ]m- F-∂o- t]-cp-If - n¬- °v- I-S-°p-∂- {_-“-]p-{X- c-≠p- im-J-
672.- -hp-fm¿- X-Sm-I-Øn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-
626.- -dn-l-≠v- C-Xn-s‚- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv.- Sn-_-‰n¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn- A-Xn-s‚- I-fm-bn- ]n-cn-bp-∂p.- {]-[m-\-im-J- P-ap-
∂- \-Zn- Q-e-am-Wv.- Xpƒ- _pƒ- ]-≤-
tKm-hn-µv- h-√-`v- ]-¥v- km-K¿- A-W-s°- D-Zv`- h
- ÿ
- m-\Ø - p-\n-∂v- 1700 In-tem-ao-‰¿- \-sb-∂- t]-cn¬- Kw-K-bp-sS- ap-Jy- P-e-
Xn- hp-fm¿- X-Sm-I-Øn-em-Wv.- C-sXm-cp-

056
 "navigation lockcumcontrol structure-" ]-©m-_n¬-h® - v- k-Xve - P
- n¬- \n-∂m-Wv.- ≥ B-bn-cp-∂p- i-Xh - m-l\- - hw-iØ- n-s‚- Atd_y≥ ISen¬
B-Wv.- 700.- ]- © - m-_v,- l-cn-bm-\,- cm-Pÿ - m-≥ F-∂o- X-e-ÿm-\w.- a-lm-\-Zn-
673.- -Q-ew- \-Zn-bn¬- P-e-{]-hm-lw- Ip-d-bp- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂- 721.- -O-Øn-kv-K-Vv,- ]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ- F-∂o- ]Xn°p∂ {][m\ \ZnIƒ
tºmƒ- hp-fm¿- X-Sm-I-Øn-se- P-ew- {]- I-\m¬ cm-P-ÿm-\n-em-Wv- G-‰-hpw- Iq- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-∂- a-lm-
tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ Xpƒ- _pƒ- ]-≤- Sp-X¬- Zq-cw- ]n-∂n-Sp-∂-Xv.- \-Zn-bp-sS- \o-fw- 858 In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv.- \¿aZ
Xn- e-£y-an-Sp-∂p.- 701.- - kp¬-Øm-≥]q-cn-se- l-cn-sI- X-S-b-W- 722.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- 749. t]cn\¿Yw kt¥mjw \¬Ip∂Xv
674.- -1984˛¬- \n¿-am-Ww- B-cw-`n-®- ]-≤-Xn- bn¬-\n-∂v- B-cw-`n-°p-∂- I-\m¬- cm-P- A-W-s°-´m-b- ln-cm-°p-Uv- a-lm-\-Zn- F∂mWv.
1987˛¬- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- F-Xn¿-∏p-Im-c- ÿm-\n-se- P-bv-km¬-ao-dn-\p-k-ao-]w- bn-em-Wv.- 750. \ofw 1290 In.-ao.-
Ww- \n¿-Øn-h-®p.- cmw-K-Vn¬- A-h-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ- 650 723.- l
- n-cm-°p-Uv- dn-k¿-thm-bd - n- emWv Cattle 751.- -C-¥y-bn¬- {`w-i- Xm-gv-h-c-bn-eq-sS- H-gp-
675.- - P-Ωp- I-iv-ao-cn-se- bp-dn- ]-≤-Xn- Q-e- In-tem-ao-‰¿- ]n-∂n-´v- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰- Island. CXn¬- a-\p-jy-hm-k-an-√,- I-∂p- Ip-∂- \-Zn-I-fm-Wv- \¿-a-Z,- Xm-]v-Xn,- am-
Øn-e-mWv. hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b- I-\m-ep-If - n-sem-∂v- F- Im-en-I-tf-bp-≈p.- ln,- k-_¿-a-Xn- F-∂n-h.-
∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- kz-¥-am-°p-∂p.- 724.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy-h-Xv-I- 752.- -a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se- A-a¿-Im-≠-Iv- a-e-\n-c-
Nn\m_v 702.- `-{Im- Um-an-s‚- dn-k¿-thm-b-dm-Wv- tKm- cn-°-s∏-´- \-Zn-bm-b- jn-tbm-\m-Yv- a-lm- I-fn-em-Wv- \¿-a-Z- D-Zv-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.-
676. ]u-cm-Wn-I- \m-aw- A-iv-In-\n.- hn-µv- km-K¿.- kn-Jv- Kp-cp-hm-bn-cp-∂- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv- (B- \-S- 753.- -hn-‘y-˛- km-Xv-]p-c- \n-c-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-eq-
677.-N-{µ,- `m-K- F-∂o- \-Zn-Iƒ- tbm-Pn-®v- cq- tKm-_n-µv- knw-Kn-s‚- _-lp-am-\m¿-Y-am- ]-Sn- ]n-∂o-Sv- d-±m-°n-).- sS-bm-Wv- \¿-a-Z-bp-sS- {]-bm-Ww.-
]w-sIm-≈p-∂p.- Wv- Cu- t]cv. 725.- -H-do-k-bp-sS-Zpx-Jw-F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-Xv- a- 754.- -\¿-aZ- m- Xo-cØ
- m-Wv- am¿-_nƒ- tdm-°k v- v.-
678.- -N-{µ- \-Zn- F-∂v- t]-cn-\¿-Y-ap-≈- \-Zn- lm-\-Zn-bm-Wv.-
kn‘p \ZoPe Icm¿ 755.- -Hmw-Im-tc-iz¿- Zo-]v,- [zm-‘¿- sh-≈-®m-
bm-Wv- Nn-\m-_v.- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn¬- C- 726.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-I- N-cn-™- t£-{X-am- ´w- F-∂n-h- \¿-a-Z-bn-em-Wv.-
kv-Iv-a-Xn- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- \- 703. kn‘p-hn-se-bpw- A-©v- t]m-j-I-\-Zn- Wv- a-lm-\-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øp-≈ The 756.- -k¿-Zm¿- k-tcm-h¿- ]-≤-Xn- \¿-a-Z-bn-em-
Zn-sb- ]p-cm-X-\- {Ko-°p-Im¿- hn-fn-®n-cp- I-fn-se-bpw- P-ew- ]-¶n-Sp-∂-Xp- kw-_- Leaning Temple of Huma. CXv inh\p Wv.-
∂- t]cmWv Acesines. ‘n-®- kn-‘p- \-Zo-P-e- I-cm¿- 1960 sk- ka¿∏n®ncn°p∂p. 757.- -\¿-a-Z-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- t]m-
679. Nn-\m-_n-\v- 960 In.-ao,- \o-f-ap-≠v.- kn- ]v-Xw-_¿- 19˛-\v- C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-
Irjv W j-I- \-Zn-bm-Wv- Xm-h-
‘p- \-Zo-P-e- D-S-º-Sn- {]-Im-cw- Nn-\m- \pw- H-∏p-sh-®p.-
758.- -C-¥y-bn¬- ]-Sn-™m-tdm-s´m-gp-Ip-∂- \-
_n-se- P-ew- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\v- A-h-Im-i- 704.- -tem-I- _m-¶v- Cu- I-cm-dn-se- aq-∂mw- 727. alm-cm-jv{- S-bn¬- a-lm-_t- e-iz-dn-\p- k-
Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b-Xv-˛- \¿-
s∏-´-Xm-Wv.- I-£n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- I-cm¿- {]-Im-cw- kn- ao-]w- B-cw-`n-°p-∂p.- \o¿-hm¿-®m- {]-
a-Z-
680.- P- Ω
- p- I-iva - o-cn-se- Zp¬-lk - vX
- n,- k-em¬,- ‘p-\-Zo-hyq-l-Øn-se- ]-Sn-™m-dp-`m-K- tZ-iw- a-lm-cm-jv-{S,- I¿-Wm-S-Iw,- B-
759.- C
- ¥ - y-bn¬- {`w-iX- m-gvh
- c
- b
- n-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-
_m-•n-lm¿- ]-≤X - n-Iƒ- Nn-\m-_n-em-Wv.- sØ- \-Zn-I-fm-b- kn-‘p,- Q-ew,- Nn-\m- {‘m-{]-tZ-iv- F-∂o- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-em-
∂- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-Zn-˛- \¿-a-Z-
681.- -C¥ - y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- D-bc - a
- p-≈- sd-bn¬- _v- F-∂n-h-bn-se- P-e-Øn¬- ]m-In-kv- bn- hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂p.- 1290 In.-ao.- \o-
760.- D
- Ø- t- c-¥y-sb-bpw- Z-£n-tW-¥y-sb-bpw-
∏m-ew- P-Ωp- I-iva - o-cn-se- I-{X-bn¬- \n¿- Xm-\v- A-h-Im-iw- e-`n-®p.- f-ap-≠v.- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- \-Zn-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
an-°p-∂- Nn-\m-_v- ]m-ea - m-Wv- (1053 ASn). 705.- -In-g-°-≥ `m-K-sØ- k-Xv-e-Pv,- _n-bm-kv,- 728.- -{io-ssi-ew,- \m-Km¿-Pp-\- km-K¿,- A-ea - m- Xv- \¿-a-Z-bm-Wv.-
c-hn- F-∂o- \-Zn-I-fn-se-bpw- A-h-bp-sS- ´n- F-∂o- ]-≤X - n-Iƒ- Ir-jW v- b - n-em-Wv.-
chn t]m-j-I- \-Zn-I-fn-se-bpw- P-ew- ]m-In- 729.- -{io-ssi-ew- ]-≤-Xn- \-√-a-e-bn-se- a-e-
761.- -I-≥l- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°v- \¿-a-Z-bv-°p-
682. ]cp-jvW - n,- sF-cm-hX - n- F-∂o- ]u-cm-Wn- k-ao-]-am-Wv.-
kv-Xm-\n-te-°v- I-S-°pw-ap-ºv- D-]-tbm-Kn- bn-Sp-°n-em-Wv.-
I- \m-a-ß-fn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- \-Zn- 762.- d- p-Uvb
- m¿-Uv- In-πn-Mn-s‚- Pw-Knƒ- _p-°v-
°m-≥ C-¥y-°pw- A-h-Im-iw- hy-h-ÿ- 730.- -Ir-jv-W-bn¬-\n-∂v- sN-ss∂- \-K-c-Øn-
bp-sS- Xp-S-°w- ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-in-se- F-∂- t\m-h-en-s‚- ]-›m-Ø-ew- I-≥l-
sN-bv-Xp.- te-°v- Ip-Sn-sh-≈w- F-Øn-°m-\p-≈- ]-
Nw-_m- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv.- h-\-ß-f-mWv.
706.- s\-{lp-hpw- ]m-Iv- {]-kn-U-‚ v- A-bp-_v- ≤-Xn-bm-Wv- sX-ep-¶p-Kw-K.-
683.- \o-fw- 720 In-tem- ao-‰-dm-Wv.-
684.- -sX-bn-≥ Umw- A-Y-hm- c-Rv-Pn-Xv- km-
Jm-\pw- H-∏p-sh-®- kn-‘p- \-Zo-P-e- I- 731.- I- r-jW v- b - p-sS- Xo-cØ - v- a-lm-cm-j{v- S-bn-ep- Xm]v X n
cm-dn-\v- a-[y-ÿ-X- h-ln-®-Xv- tem-I-_m- ≈- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- \-Kc - w- kmw-•n-bm-Wv.- 763. a[y-{]-tZ-in-se- km-Xv-]p-cm- \n-c-I-fn¬-
K¿- A-Ws - °-´v- c-hn-bn-em-Wv.- ]-©m-_n- ¶m-Wv.
se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X- ]-≤- k-Øm-db - m-Wv- a-s‰m-cp- {]-[m-\- \-Kc - w.- Xp-S-°w.- a-[y-{]-tZ-iv,- a-lm-cm-jv-{S,-
Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.- D]Zzo]ob \ZnIƒ 732.- -B-{‘m-{]-tZ-in¬- Ir-jv-Wm-Xo-c-Øp- Kp-P-dm-Øv- F-∂n- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬-
685.- -em-tlm-dn-se- \-Zn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- c- 707. Ingt°m-s´m-gp-Ip-∂- D-]-Zzo-]o-b- \-Zn- ≈- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-cw- hn-P-b-hm- X-S-{]-tZ-iw- hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂- \-Zn-
hn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- P-lmw-Ko-dn- s‚- Iƒ- _w-Kmƒ- Dƒ-°-S-en-epw- ]-Sn-™m- U-bm-Wv.- kq-d-Øv- \-K-c-Øn-\p- k-ao-]w- I-S-en¬-
bpw- \q¿-P-lm-s‚-bpw- i-h-Ip-So-c-߃.- tdm-s´m-gp-Ip-∂h - - A-td-_y-≥ I-Se - n-epw- 733.- I- r-jW v- b - p-sS- G-‰h - pw- {]-[m-\s - ∏-´- t]m- t®-cp-∂p.-
686.- t- h-ZI- m-eØ - v- Z-ic - m-Pb - p-≤w- \-S∂ - X - v- ]- ]-Xn-°p-∂p.- j-I-\-Zn- Xpw-K-`-{Z-bm-Wv.- 764.- -Xm-]v-Xn-bp-sS- \o-fw- 724 In.-ao.-
cp-jv-Wn- \-Zn-bp-sS- X-ocØph®mWv. 708.- -tKm-Zm-h-cn,- Ir-jv-W,- Im-th-cn- Xp-S-ßn- 734.- -Xpw-K,- `-{Z- F-∂o- \-Zn-Iƒ- tN¿-∂m-Wv- 765.- -\¿-a-Z-˛- Xm-]v-Xn- Xm-gv-h-c-I-sf- th¿-Xn-
b-h- B-Zy- K-W-Øn-epw- \¿-a-Z,- X-]v-Xn,- Xpw-K-`-{Z- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.- cn-°p-∂-Xv- km-Xv-]p-c- a-e-\n-c-I-fm-Wv.-
_nbmkv am-ln,- k-_¿-a-Xn- F-∂n-h- c-≠m-a-sØ- 735.- h- n-Pb - - \-Kc - - km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- X-eÿ - m- 766.- -D-Im-bv,- I-{Im-]m-d- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- Xm-]v-Xn-
687. kwkvIrX \maw hn]mk. {Ko°pIm¿ Xn-epw- Dƒ-s∏-S-p∂p. \-am-bn-cp-∂- l-ºn- Xpw-K-`-{Z-bp-sS- Xo-c- bn-em-Wv.-
hnfn®ncp∂ t]cv Hyphasis. Øm-Wv.- 767.- -X-]v-Xn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øp-≈- {]-[m-\- \-K-c-
688. lnamN¬ {]tZinse lnameb Ingt°ms´mgpIp∂ 736.- -tIm-bv-\,- `o-a,- a-e-{]-`,- L-S-{]-`,- ap-kn,- am-Wv- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- kq-d-Øv.-
\ncIfn¬ DZv`hw. \ZnIƒ tKmZmhcn [q-Xv-Kw-K- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- a-‰p- {]-[m-\- 768.- -kq-d-Øv- C-¥y-bp-sS- h-{P-\-K-cw- F-∂-
689. _nbmkv 470 In.ao. HgpIn kXvePn¬ 709. U°m-Wn-se- \-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- \o-f- t]m-j-I- \-Zn-Iƒ.- dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
tNcp∂p. _nbmkns‚ c£m]pcpj≥ ap-≈-Xpw- h-en-∏-ap-≈-Xp-am-b- \-Zn- (1465 737.- I- ¿-Wm-SI - Ø
- n-se- Ip-SI - p-Pn-√b - n-se- {_- 769.- -a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se- t_-Xpƒ,- apƒ-´m-bn,-
thZhymks\∂mWv hnizmkw. In.-ao.-).- “-Kn-cn-bn-se- X-e° - m-th-cn- X-Sm-IØ - n¬- _¿-lm-≥]q¿- F-∂n-hb - pw- X-]vX
- n-bp-sS-
690. kn‘phns‚ A©p 710.- -]q¿-W-am-bn- C-¥y-bn-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-∂- \- \n-∂m-Wv- Xp-S-°w.- Xo-c-Øm-Wv.
t]mjI\ZnIfn¬ CXv am{XamWv Zn-I-fn¬- \o-f-Øn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-ap- 738.- 7- 65 In-tem-ao-‰d - m-Wv- Im-th-cn-bp-sS- \o-fw.-
]mInkvXm\nte°v IS°mØXv. ≈- \-Zn-bm-Wv- tKm-Zm-h-cn.- 739.- -X-an-gv-\m-´n-eq-sS-bpw- \-Zn- H-gp-Ip-∂p.- k_¿aXn
691. t]mMv AWs°´v _nbmknemWv. 711.- -al- m-cm-j{v- S-bn¬- \m-kn-Iv- Pn-√b - n-se- {X- 740.- -in-h-k-ap-{Zw,- {io-cw-Kw- F-∂o- Zzo-]p-I- 770. cmPÿm-\n-se- B-ch - √- n- a-e\
- n-cI
- f
- n¬-
bw-_I - v- {Km-aØ - n¬- D-Zv`- h - n-°p-∂p.- B- fpw- tlm-K-\-°¬- sh-≈-®m-´-hpw- Im- D-Z`v- h
- n-®v- Kp-Pd
- m-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- H-gp-In- Jw-
kXv e Pv \v{- [m- kw-ÿm-\Ø - n-eq-sS-bpw- H-gp-Ip-∂p.- `m-Xv- Dƒ-°-S-en¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂- \-Zn-bm-
692. kn-‘p-hn-s‚- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰- 712.- -Kw-K-sb-°mƒ- ]-g-°-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬- hr- th-cn-bn-em-Wv.-
741.- -KwK-sb-t∏m-se- P-t\m-]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn- Wv- k-_¿-a-Xn.-
hpw- ]-Sn-™m-td-b-‰-tØ-Xv.- ≤-Kw-K- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn¬- A-dn-b- 771.- -k-_¿-a-Xn-bp-sS- \o-fw- 371 In-tem-ao-‰-
693.- -{]m-No-\- \m-aw- i-X-{Zp.- H-gp-Ip-∂- ]p-Wy-\Z- n-bm-Wv- Im-th-cn.- A-
s∏-Sp-∂p.- Xn-\m¬- Z-£n-W- Kw-K- F-∂p- hn-fn-°- dm-Wv- .-
694.- -]-©m-_n-se- \-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- 713.- -tKm-Zm-h-cn-bn-em-Wv- P-b-Iv-hm-Sn,- t]m-®- 772.- -k-_¿-a-Xn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- A-l-Ω-
Iq-Sn-b-Xv.- s∏-Sp-∂p.-
ºm-Sv- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ.- 742.- -tNm-f- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\- \-Zn-bm-bn-cp- Zm-_m-Zv.-
695.- -kX - ev- P
- n-em-Wv- `-{Im-\w-K¬- A-Ws - °-´v.- 714.- t- ]m-jI - \ - Z- n-bm-b- am-RvP - n-db- n-em-Wv- \n- 773.- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- k-_¿-a-Xn- B-{i-aw- A-
696.- -ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-in-se- _n-em-kv-]q¿- ta- ∂p- Im-th-cn-
kmw- km-K¿- ]-≤-Xn. l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-em-Wv.-
J-e-bn¬- `-{I- {Km-a-Øn¬- `-{Im- Umw- 715. D]Zzo]ob C¥ybnse G‰hpw \ofw 743.- -ta-´q¿- Um-an-s‚- dn-k¿-thm-b-dn-s‚- t]-
774.- -Kp-P-dm-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- Km-‘n-
ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂p.- sX-lv-cn- Umw- I-gn- cm-Wv- Ãm-≥en.-
IqSnb \ZnbmWv tKmZmhcn. \-K-dpw- k-_¿-a-Xn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-W-v.
™m¬- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq- 716. C¥y-bn-se- \-Zn-I-fn¬- \o-f-Øn¬- c- 744.- -I-cn-Im-e-≥ H-∂mw- i-X-I-Øn¬- Im-th-
Sn-b- A-W-s°-´m-Wn-Xv- (225.-55 ao-‰¿-).- ≠mw- ÿm-\-hpw- tKm-Zm-h-cn-°m-Wv.- cn-bn¬- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®- I-√-ssW- B-Wv- amln
697.- -B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bn-se- t£-{X-sa-∂m- 717.- t- Km-Zm-hc - n-bp-sS- Xo-cØ - p-≈- G-‰h - pw- h- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-W-s°-´v.- 776. a[y{]-tZ-in¬- hn-‘y- ]¿-h-X-Øn-s‚-
Wv- Cu- A-W-s°-´n-s‚- D-Zv-Lm-S-\-th- en-b- \-K-c-am-Wv- \m-kn-Iv.- 745.- -I-√-ssW- C-t∏mƒ- {Km-≥Uv- A-W-s°- h-S-t°-s®-cp-hn¬- B-cw-`n-®v- Jw-`m-Xv-
f-bn¬- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\- 718.- -B-{‘m-{]-tZ-in¬- tKm-Zm-h-cn-bp-sS- Xo- ´v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- Dƒ-°-S-en¬- ]-Xn-°p-∂- \-Zn-bm-Wv- am-
{lp- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- (1963).- c-Øp-≈- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-cw- cm-P-ap- 746.- X- a - n-g\
-v m-´n-se- ]pw-]p-lm-dn-\p- k-ao-]w- Im- ln.-
698.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-e- ssh- {µn-bm-Wv.- th-cn- _w-Kmƒ- Dƒ-°S- e - n¬- tN-cp-∂p.- 777.- \-Zn-bp-sS- X-S-{]-tZ-iw- a-[y-{]-tZ-iv,- Kp-
Zyp-X- ]-≤-Xn-I-fn-sem-∂m-b- \m-Xv-]- P- 719.- -Ipw-`-ta-f- \-S-°p-∂- \m-ev- ÿ-e-ß-fn- 747.- I- r-jvW - c - m-Pk - m-K¿- Umw- Im-th-cn-bn-em- P-dm-Øv,- cm-P-ÿm-≥ F-∂o- kw-ÿm-
{In- ]-≤-Xn- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- k-Xv-e- sem-∂m-b- \m-kn-Iv- tKm-Zm-hc - n-bp-sS- Xo- Wv.- \-ß-fn-em-Wv.-
Pn-em-Wv.- c-Øm-Wv.- 748.- -C-Xn-\p- k-ao-]-am-Wv- ssa-kq-dn-se- hr- 778.- am-ln- \-Zn-bp-sS-\o-fw- 500 In-tem-ao-‰-
699.- -C-µn-cm- Km-‘n- I-\m¬- B-cw-`n-°p-∂X - v- 720.- t- Km-Zm-hc - n-bp-sS- Xo-cØ - p-≈- {]-Xn-jvT - m- µm-h-≥ Km¿-U-≥kv. dm-Wv-.-

057
 LGS ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS
hb\mSv
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1.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Ip-d-
™- Pn-√-
2.- -sd-bn¬-th-sse-≥ C-√m-Ø- Pn-√-Iƒ- ˛-
C-Sp-°n,- h-b-\m-Sv-
3.- X - a- n-gv\
- m-Sp-am-bpw- I¿-Wm-SI - h
- p-am-bpw- A-
Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- Pn-√-
4.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- \-K-c-k-`-I-fp-≈- Pn-√-
5.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-≈-
Pn-√-
6.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®v- A-kw-ªn- a-Wv-U-e-ß-
fp-≈- Pn-√- (3)-
7.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- tªm-°v- ]-©m-b-Øp-I-
fp-≈- Pn-√-(3)-
8.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- hm-l-\-ß-fp-≈- Pn-√-
9.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- \-K-c-hm-kn-I-fp-≈- Pn-√-
10.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]-´n-I-h¿-K- P-\-kw-
Jy-bp-≈- Pn-√-
11.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- B-Zn-hm-kn- P-\-kw-
Jy-bp-≈- Pn-√-
12.- -kv-{Xo- km-£-c-Xm-\n-c-°v- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-
™- Pn-√-
13.- -]-´n-I-h¿-K-\n-c-°v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-
Pn-√-
14.- -km-£-c-cp-sS- F-Æw- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hp-≈-
Pn-√-
15.- -]´- n-IP - m-Xn-°m¿- G-‰h - pw- Ip-dh
- p-≈- Pn-√-
19.- -C-¥y-bn¬- a-Æp-sIm-≠v- \n¿-an-®- G-‰-
16.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- ssa-t{Im- ssl-
U¬- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- B-cw-`n-®- Pn√.
{][m\ hkv X pXIƒ
17. h-b-\m-´n-se- B-Zy- P-e-tk-N-\-]-≤-Xn-
˛- Im-cm-∏p-g-
18.- -h-b-\m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se,- k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-
∂pw- D-b-c-Øn-em-bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
X-Sm-Iw-˛- ]q-t°m-Sv- (13 G-°-dm-Wv- X-
Sm-I-Øn-s‚- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww-)-
1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
tIcfØnse Pn√Iƒ
Hmkv{Snb
351. a[y-bq-tdm-]y-≥ cm-jv{- Sw.- X-eÿ - m-
\w- hn-b-∂.- -
352.- t- em-IØ - n-se- sa-Un-°¬- kn-‰n- F-
∂- d n- b -s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- hn-b-∂-bm-Wv.-
353.- s- F-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k` - b- p-sS- sk-{I-´d - n-
P-\-d-em-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw- kz-¥w- cm-
Py-Øv- {]-kn-U‚ - m-bX - v- Ip¿-´v- hmƒ-
´v - sslw.-
354.- -hn-Jym-X- \-S-\m-b- B¿-t\mƒ-Uv-
jzm¿-Sv-kv-s\-K¿- P-\n-®-Xv- Hm-kv-{Sn-
b-bn-em-Wv.- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-ta-cn-°-≥
]u-c-\m-bn.-
355.- - k w- K o- X - ⁄ - \ m- b - sam- k m¿- ´ v -
(1756˛-1791 P-\n-®-Xv- Hm-kv-{Sn-b-bn-
em-Wv.-
356.- bq- t dm- BWv - Hmkv { Sn- b - b n- s e
\m-Wbw-.
hpw- h-en-b- A-W-s°-´v-˛- _m-Wm-kp-c-
km-K¿- (I-_-\n- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-
Zn-bm-b- I-c-a-\-tØm-Sn-\p- Ip-dp-sI- \n¿-
an-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- I-°-bw- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X-
]-≤-Xn-°v- P-ew- F-Øn-°p-I- F-∂-Xpw-
h-c-≠- Im-em-h-ÿ-bp-≈- Cu- {]-tZ-i-
Øv- P-e-tk-N-\w- \-S-Øp-I,- Ip-Sn-sh-
≈w- F-Øn-°p-I- F-∂n-h-bp-am-Wv- Cu-
]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- e-£y-߃-)-
A¬t_-\nb
347. `qan-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b- ÿm-\w- sX-°p-In-g-°-≥bq-tdm-∏v,- X-e-ÿm-\w- Sn-
cm-\,- \m-W-bw- te-Iv-
348.‘Land of eagles’ or ‘Land of mounatin Eagle’ F∂-dn-bs
349. A¬t_-\n-b-bpsS Xt±-iob \maw Shqipery
350. aZ¿ sXtck ]nd-∂Xv A¬t_-\n-b≥ hwi-P-cmb amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ°v
(ap≥)- bptKm-…m-hn-b-bnse kvtIm]vsP F∂ ÿeØmWv.
058
20.- -c-Pn-ÿ- sN-bv-X- sXm-gn¬- c-ln-X¿- G-
‰-hpw- Ip-d-hp-≈- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√- h-
b-\m-Sm-Wv.-
21.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®v- k¿-°m¿-
kv-Iq-fp-I-fp-≈- Pn-√- h-b-\m-Sm-Wv.-
22.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®v- Xm-eq-°p-
I-fp-≈- Pn-√-bm-Wv- h-b-\m-Sv- (ssh-Øn-
cn,- kp¬-Øm-≥ _-tØ-cn,- am-\-¥-hm-
Sn-).- Xm-eq-°v- ]p-\- w-L-S-\-tbm-sS-bm-
Wv- Cu- {]-tXy-I-X- Im-k¿-tIm-Sn-\v-
\-jv-S-am-bn- h-b-\m-Sn-\v- e-`n-®-Xv.-
23.- t- I-cf - Ø
- n-se- Nn-dm-]q-©n-sb-∂d - n-bs - ∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- -e-°n-Sn- (]m-e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-
se- In-≈n-°p-dn-»n-aw-K-e-Øn-\pw- e-°n-
Sn- F-∂p- t]-cp-≠v-).-
24.- -kp¬-Øm-≥ _-tØ-cn-bp-sS- ]-g-b- t]-
cv-˛-K-W-]-Xn-h-´w- (In-S-ß-\m-Sv- F-∂pw-
ap-ºv- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.- B-Zn-hm-kn- hn-
`m-K-am-b- In-S-ß-cp-sS- km-∂n-[y-am-Wv-
Im-c-Ww-).-
25.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- Im-in- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp
-∂-Xv-˛-Xn-cp-s\-√n-
26.- - h - b - \ m- S n- s \- tIm- g n- t °m- S p- a m- b n-
_- ‘ n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - Np- c w- ˛ - Xm- a - c - t »- c n-
(h-b-\m-Sv- Np-cw-)-
27.- -Xn-cp-s\-√n- t£-{X-Øn-se- B-cm-[-\m-
aq¿-Øn-˛- hn-jv-Wp-
28.- -k-ly-]¿-h-X- \n-c-bn-se- sN-{º- sIm-
Sp-ap-Sn- G-Xv- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛- h-b-\m-Sv-
29.- - G - X p- \- Z n- b n- e m- W v - Ip- d p- h - Z zo- ] v - ˛ -
I-_-\n-
30.- -G-Xv- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv- ]-£n-]m-Xm-fw-˛-
h-b-\m-Sv-
31.- -F-S-bv-°¬- Kp-l- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn¬-˛-
h-b-\m-Sv-
32.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- ]-´n-I- h¿-K- kw-h-c-W-
a- W v - U - e - ß - f m- W v - am- \ - ¥ - h m- S n- b pw-
kp¬-Øm-≥_-tØ-cn-bpw.-
33.- - ] - g - » n- cm- P m- h n- s ‚- b- Y m¿- Y - t ]- c v - ˛ -
tIm-´-bw- tI-c-f-h¿-a-
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
34.- -]-g-»n- I-em-]w- A-Sn-®-a¿-Øn-b- {_n-´o-
jv- k-_v- I-e-Iv-S¿-˛- tXm-a-kv- lm¿-th-
_m-_¿-
35.- -1890˛¬- F-S-bv-°¬- Kp-l-Iƒ- I-s≠-
Øn-b- a-e-_m¿- Pn-√-bn-se- s]m-eo-kv-
kq-{]-≠v- ˛- t^m-k-‰v- (Fawcett)
36.- - h - b - \ m- S v - Pn- √ - b p- s S- B- ÿ m- \ w- ˛ -
I¬-∏-‰-
37.- -G-Xv- a-e-bn-em-Wv- F-S-bv-°¬- Kp-l-˛-
A-ºp-Ip-Øn- a-e-
_m¿_-tUmkv
357. ]-d-°p-∂- a-’y-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- C-Xv- H-cp- Zzo-]v- cm-
jv-{S-am-Wv.-
358.- -{_n-´o-jv- cm-⁄n-bm-Wv- cm-jv-{S-
ta-[m-hn.-
359.- -{_n-Uv-Pv-Su-¨- B-Wv- _m¿-_-
tUm-kn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w.-
360.- -cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\-`m-j- Cw-Kv-fo-
jm-Wv.- {In-kv-Xp-a-X-am-Wv- {]-[m-\-
a-Xw.-
361.- -{In-°-‰m-Wv- tZ-io-b- Im-bn-I-hn-
t\m-Zw.- _m¿-_m-Un-b-≥ tUm-f-dm-
Wv- \m-W-bw.-
362.- Im-\U - - I-gn-™m¬- A-ta-cn-°b - n-
se- G-‰-hpw- A-gn-a-Xn- Ip-d-™- cm-
Py-am-Wv- _m¿-_-tUmkv.
38.- -h-b-\m-Sv- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-X-Øn-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w-˛- kp¬-Øm-≥ _-tØ-cn-
39.- - ] - g - » n- Ip- S o- c w- F- h n- s S- b m- W v- ˛ -
am-\-¥-hm-Sn-
40.- -B-Zn-hm-kn- k-a-cw- \-S-∂- ÿ-ew-˛-
ap-Ø-ß-
41.- -Ip-dn-Ny-I-em-]w- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1812
(Ip-dn-Ny- I-em-]-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- a-
s‰m-cp- B-Zn-hm-kn- hn-`m-K-am-Wv- Ip-dp-
{º¿.- Ip-dn-Ny-I-em-]w- A-a¿-®- sN-bv-
X-Xv- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-)-
42.- -sl-dn-t‰-Pv- ayq-kn-bw-˛- A-º-e-h-b¬-
43.- -Im-∏n- K-th-j-W- tI-{µw-˛- Nq-≠¬-
44.- C- ©
- n- K-th-jW - - tI-{µw-˛A - º - e
- h
- b - ¬-
45.- -H-∂mw- ]-g-»n- k-a-cw- 1793˛-97 Im-e-b-f-
hn-epw- c-≠mw- ]-g-»n- hn-π-hw- 1800˛-05
Im-e-b-f-hn-ep-am-Wv- \-S-∂-Xv.-
46.- -X-an-gv-\m-Sp-am-bpw- I¿-Wm-S-I-hp-am-bpw-
A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- tI-c-f-Øn-se-
G-I- Xm-eq-°v-˛- kp¬-Øm-≥ _-tØ-cn-
47.- -tIm-´-bw- cm-Pm-°-≥am-cp-sS- Ip-Spw-_-tZ-
h-X-˛- {io-t]m¿-°-eo- `-K-h-Xn-
48.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-I- ]o-T-`q-an-˛- h-b-\m-Sv-
49.- -kn-°nƒ- sk¬- A-\o-an-b- F-∂- P-\n-
X-I- tcm-Kw- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- Im-W-s∏-Sp-
∂- H-cp- P-\-hn-`m-K-am-Wv- h-b-\m-´n-se-
B-Zn-hm-kn-Iƒ.-
50.- -kp¬-Øm-≥ _-tØ-cn-°v- ssP-\¿- \¬-
In-b- t]-cm-Wv- sl-∂-cp- _o-Un-sI.-
51.- -I¬-∏-‰-bn-em-Wv- ao-≥ap-´n- sh-≈-®m-´w-
(C-tX-t]-cn¬- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- Pn-√-bn-
epw- H-cp- sh-≈-®m-´-ap-≠v-).-
52.- - I m- ¥ - ≥ ]m- d - sh- ≈ - ® m- ´ w- h- b - \ m- S v -
Pn-√-bn-em-Wv.
tImgnt°mSv
{]tXyIXIƒ
53. {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- a-e-_m¿- Pn-√-
bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
54. C¥y-bnse BZysØ Nh¿ clnX (lit-
ter-free)\K-cw- (2004)-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
55. C¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn-i∏ - v- c-ln-X- \-
K-cw- (hunger-free city)˛ tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
56. tI- c - f - Ø n¬- B- Z y- a m- b n- 3Pn- sam-
ss_¬- kw-hn-[m-\w- e-`y-am-b- \-K-cw-
(2010)-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
57.- -1920˛¬- {]-Y-a- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\w- \-S-
Øn- b - t ∏mƒ- Km- ‘ n- P n- {]- k w- K n- ® -
ÿ-ew-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
{][m\ hkv X pXIƒ
58. C¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-ayp-Wn-‰n- dn-
k¿-hv-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se- I-S-ep-
≠n-˛- a-e-∏p-dw Pn-√bn-se- h-≈n-°p-∂v-
59. ae_m-dn-se- B-Zy-sØ- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X-
]-≤-Xn-˛- -Ip-‰ym-Sn-
60.- - { _n- ´ o- j v - a- e - _ m- d n- s e- B- Z y- s Ø-
I-e-Iv-S¿-˛- hn-eyw- a-Iv-en-tbm-Uv-
61.- -tI-c-fo-b¿- B-Zy-am-bn- kn-\n-am- {]-Z¿-
i-\-Øn-\v- km-£yw- h-ln-®- ÿ-ew-˛-
tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
62.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k-ºq¿-W- t\-
{X-Zm-\- {Km-aw-˛- sN-dp-Ip-f-Øq¿- (2003)-
63.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-
Wn-Iv- tSm-bv-e-‰v- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- ÿ-ew-
˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
64.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-c-Iu-i-e-
{Km-aw-˛- C-cn-߬-
65.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- P-e-ayq-kn-bw-˛-
tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- Ip-µ-aw-K-ew-
66.- t- I-cf
- Ø- n-se- B-Zy-sØ- sF-Fk - H
-v - k¿-
´n-ss^-Uv- s]m-eo-kv- tÃ-j\ - m-Wv- tIm-
gn-t°m-Sv- Su-¨- s]m-eo-kv- tÃ-j≥
67.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- πm-Ãn-Iv- hn-
ap-‡- Pn-√-bm-Wv- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv.-
Iwt_mUnb
364. ap-ºv- Iw-]q-®n-b- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw.-
367.- t- em-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- t£-{X-am-Wv- A-
t¶m¿-hm-´v.- C-Xv- hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-
°p- ∂ p-
68.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- in¬-]-\-K-c-
am-Wv- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv.-
69.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k-ºq¿-W- πm-
Ãn- I v - am- e n- \ y- hn- a p- ‡ - Pn- √ - b m- W v -
tIm-gn-t°m-Sv.-
70.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp- X ¬- C- c p- º p- \ n- t £- ] - a p- ≈ - X v - ˛ -
tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
71.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-
Sn-b- Xm-eq-°v-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
72.- - t I- c - f - Ø n- s e- G- ‰ - h pw- P- \ - k w- J y-
Iq-Sn-b- ]-©m-b-Øv-˛- t_-∏q¿-
73.- -a-e-_m-dn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Xo-h-≠n-
b-]-I-Sw-˛- I-S-ep-≠n- (2001 Pq-sse- 21)-˛-
57 t]¿- a-cn-®p.-
74.- -]-tøm-fn- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-˛- ]n.-Sn.-D-j-
75.- - t I- c - f - Km- ‘ n- F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- ´ - X v - ˛ -
sI.-tI-f-∏-≥
76.- -tI-c-f- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-_v-Zp- d-“m-≥
77.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- ]m¬-°m-c-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- tUm.- h¿-Ko-kv- Ip-cy-≥ (C-¥y-
bn-se- [-h-f- hn-π-h-Øn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw-
\¬-In-b- C-t±-lw- \m-j-W¬- U-b-dn-
U-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- t_m¿-Un-s‚- B-Zy- sN-
b¿-am-\pw- a-Kv-k-tk- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-
b- B-Zy- tI-c-fo-b-\p-am-Wv-).-
78.- -kp¬-Øm-≥ ]-´-Ww- F-∂v- Sn-∏p- kp¬-
Øm- ≥ t]- c p- \¬- I n- b - ÿ- e w- ˛ -
t_-∏q¿-
79.- -\-√-fw- Xm-]-\n-e-bw- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn-em-
Wv-˛-tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
80.- G- X - p- hy-hk - m-bØ - n-\m-Wv- ^-tdm-°v- {]-
kn-≤w-˛- Hm-Sp- hy-h-km-bw-
81.- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn¬- ]-tøm-fn-°p- k-
ao-]-ap-≈- sIm-fm-hn-∏m-ew- G-Xp- Po-hn-
bp-sS- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv-
˛- I-S-em-a-
82.- -1923˛¬- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-
B-cw-`n-®- ]-{Xw-˛- am-Xr-`q-an-
83.- t- Umƒ-^n-≥kv- t]m-bn-‚ v- tI-cf - Ø- n-se-
- .- G-Xv- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
84.- -Ir-jv-W-\m-´-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-b-
km-aq-Xn-cn- cm-Pm-hv˛- - am-\t- h-Z≥ - (Ir-jv-
s_enkv
363. Cw•ojv HutZym-KnI `mj-bm-bn-´p≈ GI
sk≥{S¬ Ata-cn-°≥ cmPyw. {_n´ojv
tlm≠p-dmkv F∂mWv ]gb t]cv.
364. kv]m\njv HutZym-KnI `mj-bmb GI
sk≥{S¬ Ata-cn-°≥ cmPyw. sk≥{S¬
Ata-cn-°-bnse cmPy-ß-fn¬ ]k-^nIv
kap-{Z-hp-ambn Xoc-an-√mØ GI cmPy-am-
Wn-Xv.
365. ]›n-am¿[-tKm-f-Ønse GI _mcn-b¿
do^v s_en- k n- e m- W v (Hm- k v t {S- e n- b -
bnemWv temI- Ø nse G‰hpw henb
_mcn-b¿ do^v).
059
368.- I
- w-t_m-Un-bb - p-sS- tZ-io-b]
- X
- m-Ib
- n¬- Im-Wp-∂- \n¿-an-Xn- A-t¶m¿-
hm-´v- t£-{Xw.-
369.- -1970˛-75 Im-e-Øv- Iw-t_m-Un-b- J-a¿- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-
∂p.-
370.- -1975 ap-X¬- 1979 h-sc- Iw-t_m-Un-b-bn¬- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-b-Xv- J-a¿-
dq-jv- B-Wv.- Ip-{]-kn-≤-\m-b- J-a¿- dq-jv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-
∂p- t]mƒ- t]m-´v.- J-a¿- dq-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- \m-en-
sem-∂v- P-\-kw-Jy- sIm-√-s∏-´p.-
371.- -Iw-t_m-Un-b-bn-se- _p-≤-a-X- hn-`m-Kw- tX-cm-hm-Zw.-
372.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-£-c-ß-fp-≈-Xv- Iw-t_m-Un-b-≥ en-]n-°m-Wv.-
373.- -Iw-t_m-Un-bn-se- \mWbw Riel.Iwt_m-Un-b-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-
t\mw-s]-≥.-
374.- -tX-cm-hm-Z- _p-≤-a-X-am-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\-a-Xw.-
375.- -Iw-t_m-Un-b-bp-sS- {]m-No-\-\m-a-am-Wv- Iw-_p-P.- bp-Wn-‰-dn- ]m¿-e-
sa-‚-dn- tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-j-W¬- sam-Wm¿-°n-bm-Wv- Iw-t_m-Un-b-bn¬-
\n-e-hn-ep-≈-Xv.-
W-\m-´Ø - n-se- `m-j- kw-kvI - r-Xa - m-Wv)- .- tI-{µ- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an- A-hm¿-Un-
85.- -am-∏n-f- I-em-]-Im-cn-Iƒ- sIm-e- sN-bv- \¿-l-\m-b-Xv-˛- sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-ta-t\m-≥
X- {_n-´o-jv- a-e-_m¿- I-e-Iv-S¿-˛- F-®v.- 92.- -A¬- A-ao-≥ F-∂- ]-{Xw- 1924˛¬- ÿm-
hn.- sIm-t\m-en- ]n-®-Xv-˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-_v-Zp- d-“m-≥
86.- -]-Xn-s\-´-c-I-hn-Iƒ- G-Xp-cm-Pm-hn-s‚- 93.- -⁄m-\-]o-T-Øn-\¿-l-\m-b- (1980)- B-
k-Z  - n-s\- A-e¶- c
- n-®n-cp-∂p-˛- am-\h- n-{I- Zy- a-e-bm-f- t\m-h-en-Ãv-˛- F-kv.- sI.-
a-tZ-h-≥ s]m-‰-°m-´v- (i-¶-c-≥Ip-´n- Ip-™n-cm-a-
87.- -tI-{µ- {]-Xn-tcm-[- a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- a- ≥ s]m-‰-°m-´v- F-∂m-Wv- ]q¿-W-\m-aw.-
H-cp- tZ-i-Øn-s‚- I-Y- F-∂- t\m-h-em-
tImÃm- dn° Wv- ⁄m-\-]o-T-Øn-\¿-l-\m-°n-b-Xv.-
376. dn®v- tIm-Ã-v F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- ]-gb - -
1965˛¬- ⁄m-\-]o-T-Øn-\¿-l-\m-b- a-
e-bm-f-I-hn-bm-b- Pn.- i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏n-\p-
t]-c.v - X-eÿ
- m-\w- km-≥ tPm-k.v - kv-
]m-\n-j-v B-W-v Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j.-
ti-jw- Cu- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- t\-Sn-b- B-
Zy- a-e-bm-fn-bm-Wv.-)-
377.- a
- [
- y- A-ta-cn-°≥
- cm-j{-v S-am-b- tIm-
94.- -k-⁄-b-≥ F-∂- t]-cn¬- tIm-gn-t°m-
Ãm- dn-°,- \n-°c - m-Kz-bp-am-bpw- ]-\m-
´p-\n-∂v- am-kn-I- B-cw-`n-®X - v- ˛- Fw.-B¿.-
a-bp-am-bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂p.-
\m-b¿-
378.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- k-am-[m-
95.- t- em-Ik v- `- mw-Ka
- m-bn-cp-∂- ⁄m-\] - o-Tt- P-
Xm-hv-˛- F-kv.- sI.- s]m-‰-°m-´v-
96.- -X-t®m-fn- H-tX-\-≥ P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- h-S-
I-c-
97.- -tem-I-\m¿-°m-hn-se- B-cm-[m-\m-aq¿-
Øn-˛- Zp¿-K-
98.- -{_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- a-e-_m¿- Pn-√-
bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- tIm-gn-
t°m-Sv-
99.- -km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- tIm-gn-
t°m-Sv-
100.- -Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-≥ X-s‚- A-[o-\-X-bn-
\- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ÿm-]n-®n-cn- ep-≈- a-e-_m¿- {]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sS- `-c-W-
°p-∂-Xv- tIm-Ãm- dn-°-bn-em-Wv.- tI-{µ-am-°n-b-Xv-˛- ^-tdm-°v-
379.- -`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- am¿-K-ß-fn- 101.- -tc-h-Xn- ]-´-Øm-\-Øn-s‚- th-Zn-˛- tIm-
eq-sS- tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- ssk-\y- gn-t°m-Sv- X-fn- t£-{Xw-
sØ- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b- B-Zy- cm- 102.- h- S- °
- ≥- ]m-´n-se- D-Æn-bm¿-®- X-s∂- A-
Py-am-Wv- tIm-Ãm- dn-°.- [n-t£-]n-®- sX-Ωm-Sn-I-fp-am-bn- G-‰p-ap-
380.- t- Im-Ãm-dn-°≥ - tIm-tfm-¨- B-Wv- ´n-b- ÿ-ew-˛- \m-Zm-]p-cw-
\m-W-bw.- 103.- -]-≠v- tIm-hn¬-I-≠n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-
381.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ h-≥I-c-bn¬ recre- ∂- ÿ-ew-˛- sIm-bn-em-≠n-
ational hunting \ntcm-[n-®- B- 104.- -hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a- tIm-gn-t°m-Sn-\-Sp-
Zy- cm-Py-am-Wv- tIm-Ãm- dn-°.- Øv- Im-∏m-Sv- F-∂- ÿ-e-sØ- ]-¥-em-
382.- -I-tØm-en-°-cm-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- {]- b-\n- I-S-∏p-d-Øv- I-∏-en-d-ßn-b- h¿-jw-
[m-\- a-X-hn-`m-Kw.- c-≠mw- ÿm-\- ˛- 1498 (hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a-bp-sS- I-∏¬-
Øv- s{]m-´-Ã-‚p- hn-`m-Kw.- km-thm- K-{_n-tb¬-)-
105.- -tIm-gn-t°m-´p-\n-∂v- tZ-im-`n-am-\n- ]-{Xw-
B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1942
e- b m- f n- ˛ - hn.- s I.- I r- j v - W - t a- t \m- ≥ 106.- S- n-∏p- kp¬-Øm-\n¬- \n-∂v- a-e_ - m¿- {_n-
´o-jp-Im¿-°p- e-`n-®- {io-cw-K-]-´-Ww- D-
(ssk-\n-I- kv-Iqƒ- F-∂- B-i-b-Øn-
s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv- C-t±-l-am-Wv-)- S-º-Sn- H-∏p-sh-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1792
107.- -a-e-_m-dn-s\- t_mw-s_- {]-hn-iy-bn¬-
88.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-I- ap-…nw- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
\n-∂p-am-‰n- a-{Zm-kv- {]-hn-iy-tbm-Sv- tN¿-
˛- kn.-F-®v.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- tIm-b-
Ø- h¿-jw-˛- 1800
89.- -Xn-t°m-Sn-b-s‚- b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛- ]n.-Ip-
108.- -hn.-sI.-Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m-≥ ayq-kn-bw- F-
™-\-¥-≥ \m-b¿- (2001˛¬- {]-Y-a- am-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
Xr-`q-an- km-ln-Xy- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v-
109.- -kp-K-‘-hn-f- K-th-j-W- tI-{µw-˛- tIm-
A¿-l-\m-b- C-t±-l-Øn-s‚- B-fl-I-
gn-t°m-Sv-
Y-bm-Wv- A-c-ßp- Im-Wm-Ø- \-S-≥.- )-
110.- -]-g-»n- cm-Pm- ayq-kn-bw-˛- sh-Ãv- ln¬-
90.- -am-Xr-`q-an-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I- ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-
111.- -\m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- t^m¿- dn-k¿-
˛- sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-ta-t\m-≥ (am-Xr-`q-an-
®v- B-‚ v- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- C-≥ Un-^-
F-∂- t]-cn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hpw- A-
≥kv- jn-∏v- _n¬-Unw-Kv- (\n¿-tZ-jv-)- ˛-
t±-l-am-Wv-)-
Nm-en-bw-
91.- -B-fl-I-Y-bm-b- I-gn-™-Im-e-Øn-\v-

sUman-\n-°≥
dn∏-ªnIv
383. Ico_n-b-≥ I-S-en¬- ln-kv-]m-
\n-tbm-f- Zzo-]n¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-
∂- c-≠v- cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv- sUm-an-
\n-°-≥ dn-∏-ªn-°pw- sl-bv-Øn-
bpw.-
384. Iyq-_- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰-hpw- h-
en-b- I-co-_n-b-≥ cm-Py-am-Wv-
sUm-an-\n-°-≥ dn-∏-ªn-Iv.-
385.- -km-t‚m- sUm-anw-tKm-bm-Wv- X-
e-ÿm-\w.- bq-Wn-‰-dn- {]-kn-U-
≥jy¬- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b- Cu- cm-
Py-sØ- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j- kv-
]m-\n-jm-Wv.-
386.- -tNw-_¿- Hm-^v- sU-]yq-´o-kpw-
sk-\-‰pw- A-S-ßp-∂- tIm-¨-{K-
kv- B-Wv- \n-b-a-\n¿-amWk`.
\mWbw s]tkm.
112.- -D-j- kv-Iqƒ- Hm-^v- A-Xv-e-‰n-Iv-kv- sIm-
bn-em-≠n-bn-em-Wv.- ]n.-Sn.- D-j- tIm-®nw-
Kv- sk-‚¿- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øm-Wv.-
113.- -tZ-io-b- t\-Xm-°-fp-sS- kv-a-c-W-bv-°m-
bn- hr-£-tØm-´-ap-≈- ÿ-ew-˛- s]-cp-
h-Æm-aq-gn-
114.- k- w-kY v- m-\w- \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - t- ∏mƒ- D-≠m-
bn-cp-∂-Xpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- hn-`-Pn-®-t∏mƒ- C-
√m-Xm-b-Xp-am-b- Pn-√-bm-Wv- a-e-_m¿-
115.- sIm-√w- F-∂- t]-cp-≈- ÿ-ew- a-e-
_m-dn-epw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-ep-ap-≠v.- Xn-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- sIm-√-Øp-\n-∂pw- \n-
c-h-[n- t]¿- a-e-_m-dn-te-°v- Ip-Sn-tb-dn-
b-Xn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn-´m-Wv- Cu- t]-cp-≠m-
b-sX-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.- a-e-_m-dn¬-
sIm-bn-em-≠n-°-Sp-sØ- sIm-√w,- ]-¥-
em-b-\n- sIm-√w- F-∂pw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-
Iq-dn-te-Xv- Ip-c-t°-Wn- sIm-√w- F-∂pw-
A-dn-bs - ∏-´n-cp-∂p-).- ]-≠p-Im-eØ - v- sIm-
bn-em-≠n,- ]-¥-em-b-\n- F-∂pw- A-dn-
b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.- ]-¥-ep-t]m-ep-≈- A-b-
\n- a-cw- ÿn-Xn-sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-em-
Wv- ]-¥-em-b-\n- F-∂- t]-cp- h-∂-sX-
∂m-Wv- sF-Xn-lyw.-
]-g-b- a-e-_m¿- Pn-√-bn¬- sX-°-≥ a-e-
_m-dn-\pw- h-S° - ≥ - a-e_ - m-dn-\pw- A-Xn¿-
Øn-bm-bn- I-W-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv- tIm-
c-∏p-g-sb-bm-Wv.-
116.- -1956¬- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b-
Pn-√- ˛-a-e-_m¿- (]n-∂o-Sv- B- Pn-√m-\m-
aw- C-√m-Xm-bn-)-
117.- -F-≥ F-®v- 212 _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂- ÿ-e-
߃-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-˛- sIm-≈-Km¬-
118.- c- ≠
- mw- tem-Ia - l
- m-bp-≤m-\¥ - c- w- P-bn¬-
tam-Nn-X-\m-b,- tI-c-f-Øn-se- A-h-km-
\-sØ- cm-jv-{So-b- X-S-hp-Im-c-\m-Wv- ap-
l-Ω-Zv- A-_v-Zp- d-“m-≥ km-ln-_v-
119.- -sIm-√-∏p-g,- I-√m-bn-∏p-g,- t_-°¬-∏p-g-
F-∂n-h-sb- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- tIm-
gn-t°m-s´- sIm-t\m-en-°m-b¬.-
120.- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se- s]-cp-h-Æm-
ap-gn- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-
kw-ÿm-\-sØ- 16˛m-a-sØ- h-\y-Po-hn-
k- t ¶- X - a m- W v - a- e - _ m¿- h- \ y- P o- h n-
kt¶-Xw.-
121.- -kn.-F-®v.-ap-l-Ω-Zv- tIm-b- ]m-ew- tIm-
gn-t°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv.-
122.- -am-\m-©n-d- kv-Iz-b¿- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- \-
K-c-Øn-em-Wv.-
123.- -Kƒ-^v- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- a-e-_m¿- lp-°-
Iƒ- F-∂- t]-cn¬- {]-kn-≤-am-b- lp-
°-Iƒ-°p- t]-cp-tI-´- ÿ-e-am-Wv- sIm-
bn-em-≠n.-
124.- -I-fn-bm-´-Øn-\p- {]-kn-≤-am-b- sIm-√w-
]n-jm-cn-Im-hv- t£-{Xw- sIm-bn-em-≠n-
bv-°-Sp-Øm-Wv.- `-K-h-Xn-bm-Wv- C-hn-Sp-
sØ- B-cm-[\ - m-aq¿-Øn.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq- s]meokv tk\bpw ssN\-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.
dn-se- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- cm-Pm-hv- A- 137.G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp≈
a¿-®- sN-bv-X- F-´p-ho-´n¬-]n-≈-am-cp-sS- cmPyhpw ssN\-bm-Wv.
Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- A-h-ti-jn-®-h¿- a-e- 138.temI-Ønse G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb
_m-dn-te-°v- Ip-Sn-tb-dp-I-bpw- A-h-cp-sS- sdbn¬∏mX ssN\-bnse Quinsang
B-cm-[-\-bv-°m-bn- ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw- Railway BWv.- C-Xv- Sn-_-‰n-s\- Izn-
sN-bv-X-Xm-Wv- t£-{Xw- F-∂m-Wv- hn- ≥lm-bn-bp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.- C-
izm-kw.- Xn-s‚- `m-K-am-b- Sm-≥Kp-e- sd-bn¬-th-
tÃ-j-\m-Wv- tem-I-Øv- k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-
\n-∂v- G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈- sd-bn¬-
th- tÃ-j-≥ (5,-068 ao.-).-
tem-I-cm-Py-߃- 139.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X-Iq-
]ip
Sn-b- Zzo-]m-bn- ]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ap 398.- -G-Xv- ar-K-Øn-s‚- C-\-am-Wv- kp-
Lei chau ssN\-bpsS `mK-am-Wv. \-µn-\n-
ssN-\- 140.lqW-≥am-cp-sS- B-{I-a-Ww- X-S-bm-≥ 399.- -G-Xv- ar-K-Øn-s‚- C-\-am-Wv- B-
\n¿-an-®- h-≥a-Xn-em-Wv- tem-I-Øn-se- Zy-sØ- t¢m-¨- ]-Xn-∏m-Wv- hn-
125.- G
- j - y-bn¬- P-\k - w-Jy-bn-epw- hn-kvX - o¿- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- a-\p-jy- \n¿-an-X-am-b- Iv-tSm-dn-b-
W-Øn-epw- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-Øp-≈- cm-Py- h-kv-Xp.- 400.- -t\-∏m-fn-s‚- tZ-io-b- ar-Kw-
am-Wv- ssN-\.- 141.- -h-≥a-Xn-en-s‚- \n¿-am-Ww- B-cw-`n-®- jn- 401.- -G-Xv- ar-K-sØ- I-im-∏p-sN-ø-em-
126.- -{]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- ssN-\-sb- hn-fn-®n-cp- lp-hm-Mv- Xn,- ssN-\s - b- G-Io-Ic - n-®- B- Wv- C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- \n-
∂- t]-cm-Wv- Im-tY-bv.- Zy-sØ- N-{I-h¿-Øn- B-bX - n-\m¬- ssN- tcm-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
127.- s
- sN-\b - p-sS- X-eÿ- m-\a
- m-b- s_-bvP
- nw- \-bn-se- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-≥ F-∂p- hn- 402.- -Im¬-ky-Øn-s‚- Ip-d-hp-aq-e-ap-
Kv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ssk-°n-fp-I-fp-sS- ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ≠m-Ip-∂,- an¬-°v- ^n-h-¿ (Hy-
\-K-cw- F-∂m-Wv.- 142.- -200 _n.-kn.-bn-em-Wv- h-≥a-Xn-en-s‚- \n¿- pocalcemia) GXv- ar-K-sØ- _m-
128.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈- cm- am-Ww- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.-
[n-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv-
Py-am-b- ssN-\b - v°
- v- hnkvXo¿W-Øn¬ 143.- -]-e- L-´-ß-fm-bn-´m-Wv- h-≥a-Xn-en-s‚- 403.- -G-Xv- ar-K-Øn-s‚- C-\-am-Wv- kzn-
aq∂mw ÿm\- a m- W v (djybpw \n¿-am-Ww- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv.-
kv- {_u-¨-
I\Ubp-am-Wv- B-Zy- ÿm-\-ß-fn¬-)- 144.- -N-{µ-\n¬-\n-∂v- \-·- t\-{Xw-sIm-≠v- h- 404.- Bovine F∂ \mahntijWw
129.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn- A- ≥a-Xn¬- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-sa-∂- [m-c-
GXv ar-K-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-
Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Py-߃- d-jy-bpw- W- hym-]I - a
- m-bn- {]-Nc- n-®n-´p-s≠-¶n-epw- °p-∂p-
ssN-\-bp-am-Wv-˛- 14 ho-Xw.- A-Xv- A-km-[y-am-sW-∂v- _-ln-cm-Im-i-
405.- -E-tKz-Z-Im-e-Øv- {]-[m-\- k-º-
130.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-c- A-Xn¿-Øn-bp- bm-{Xn-I-cp-sS- A-\p-`-h-߃- km-£y- Øm-bn- I-W° - m-°n-bn-cp-∂X
- v- G-
≈- tem-I- cm-Py-hpw- (22,-117 In,-ao.-)- ssN- s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.-
Xp- ar-K-sØ-bm-Wv-
\-bm-Wv.- 145.- s- F-Iy-cm-j{-v S- c-£m-ka - n-Xn-bn¬- ÿn-cmw- 406.- -G-Xv- ar-K-Øn-s‚- C-\-am-Wv- P-
131.- -tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]-Nm-c-ap-≈- K-Xz-hpw- hn-e° - [- n-Im-ch - pw- (ho-t‰m-)- D-≈-
gv-kn,- sd-Uv- kn-‘n,- tlmƒ-sÃ-
`m-j-bm-Wv- ssN-\-bn-se- a-Wv-Um-cn-≥.- G-I- G-jy-≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- ssN-\.- bn-≥ F-∂nh
132.- -G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \- 146.- -1971˛-em-Wv- X-bv-hm-\p-]-I-cw- ]o-∏nƒ-kv-
Zn-bm-Wv- bm-Mv-kn- In-bm-Mv.- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- Hm-^v- ssN-\-bv-°v- sF-Iy-cm-
133.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kz¿-Ww- D¬-]m-Zn- jv-{S- c-£m-k-an-Xn-bn¬- ÿn-cmw-K-Xzw- Gjy≥ cmPyw ssN\-bm-Wv.
∏n-°p-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- ssN-\.- Z-£n-Wm- e-`n-®-Xv.- 153.bmMv- se-hn-bm-Wv- ssN-\-bp-sS- B-Zy-
{^n-°-sb- ]n-¥-≈n-bm-Wv- ssN-\- Cu- 147.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- ]o-c-¶n- \n¿-an-®-Xv- _- l n- c m- I m- i - k- © - m cn (2003).
t\-´w- kz-¥-am-°n-b-Xv.- ssN-\-°m-cm-Wv.- Shenzhou 5 F∂- hm-l-\-Øn-em-Wv- C-
134.- b
- m-Mvk - n- \-Zn-bn¬- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂- {Xo- 148.- -ssN-\-bp-sS- a-l-Øm-b- \m-ev- I-≠p-]n- t±-lw- _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øv- t]m-b-Xv.-
tKm¿-P-kv- A-W-s°-´v- tem-I-Øn-se- Sn-Øß - f- m-Wv- h-S° - p-t\m-°n-b{- ¥w,- sh- 154.- -_-ln-cm-Im-i- k-©m-cn-°v- ssN-\- D-]-
G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X- ]-≤-Xn- Sn-a-cp-∂v,- t]-∏¿,- A-®-Sn- F-∂n-h.- ]-´v,- tbm-Kn-°p-∂- hm-°m-Wv- X-bv-t°m-t\m-
bp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv.- I-fn-a-¨- ]m-{X-߃- F-∂n-h-bpw- ssN- ´v- (d-jy-˛-tIm-kv-tam-t\m-´v,- sF-Iy-\m-
135.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Aw-K-_-e-ap-≈- \n- \-bp-sS- kw-`m-h-\-I-fm-Wv.- Sp-Iƒ-˛- B-kvt{Smt\m´v).
b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bm-Wv- ssN-\-bn-se- 149.- -D-∏n-\v- \n-Ip-Xn- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy- 155.C¥ysb-bpw- ssN-\-tb-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-
\m-j-\¬- ]o-∏nƒ-kv- A-kw-ªn.- G-I- cm-Py-am-Wv- ssN-\.- °p-∂- A-Xn¿-Øn- tc-Jb - m-Wv- a-Iva - t- lm-
a-Wv-U-e- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W- k-`-bp-≈- G- 150.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- H-cp- ]-{Xw- {]-kn-≤o- ≥ sse-≥.-
‰-hpw- h-en-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- ssN-\.- (ssN- I-cn-®-Xpw- ssN-\-bn-em-Wv.- 156.- 1- 914˛¬- t{K-‰v- {_n-´W - pw- Sn-_‰ - pw- X-Ωn¬-
\-sb-°mƒ- h-ep-∏a - p-≈- d-jy-bn-epw- Im- 151.- t- em-IØ - m-Zy-am-bn- a-’c - ∏
- c- o-£I - ƒ- \- H-∏p-h® - - D-Sº
- S- n- {]-Im-ca - m-Wv- a-Iva- t- lm-
\-U-bn-epw- Zzn-a-Wv-U-e- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W- S-Øn- D-tZym-K-ÿ-sc- Xn-c-s™-SpØ ≥ sse-≥ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv.-
k-`-bm-Wp-≈-Xv-).- cmPy-amWv ssN\. 157.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- t^m-dn-≥ sk-{I-
136.- -G‰ - h
- pw- h-en-b- km-bp-[- ssk\yhpw 152.kv t ]kv j´n¬ hnt£- ] n® BZy ´-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂- k¿- sl-≥dn- a-Iv-a-tlm-
s‚- t]-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- a-Iv-a-tlm-≥ tc-
J-bv-°v- B- t]-cp- e-`n-®-Xv.-
^n≥e≥Uv 158.- -a-Iv-a-tlm-≥ sse-≥ tc-J-bp-sS- \n-b-a-
km-[p-X- X¿-°-hn-j-b-am-sW-¶n-epw- C-
387.- D-Ø-c- bq-tdm-∏n¬,- kv-Im-≥Un-t\-hn-b- A-Y-hm- t\m¿-Un-Iv- cm-Py-߃- F-∂- Xm-Wv- ^-e-Øn¬- C-¥ym-˛-ssN-\- A-
K-W-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- ^n-≥e-≥Uv.- Xn¿-Øn.-
388.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b- ^n-≥e-≥Un-se- \n-b-a-\n¿-a-mWk` Eduskunta 159.- -I-¨-^yq-jy-\n-kw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- I-¨-
BWv. ^yq-jy-kv- B-Wv.-
389. bq-tdm-]y-≥ bq-Wn-b-\n-se- Aw-K-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Ip-d-hv- ^n-≥e- 160.- -Xm-thm-bn-kw- ÿm-]n-®- em-thm-s’-
≥Un-em-Wv.- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ssN-\-bn-se- Ku-X-a-
390.- -sl¬-kn-¶n-bm-Wv- X-e-ÿm-\w.- _p-≤-≥ F-∂m-Wv.-
391.- -C-hm-©-en¬-°¬- eq-Y-d-≥ N¿-®m-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\- a-X-hn-`m-Kw.- 161.- s- _-bvP - n-ßn¬-\n-∂v- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-°p-∂-
392.- -Ãm-ºp-I-fn¬- kp-thm-an- F-∂- t]-cv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- cm-Py-am-b- ^n-≥e-≥Uv- ]-{X-am-Wv- ]o-∏nƒ-kv- sU-bv-en.-
B-bn-cw- X-Sm-I-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- 162.- -{_n-´-¨- 1997˛¬- ssN-\-bv-°v- ssI-am-
393.- -t\m-°n-b- F-∂- I-º-\n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- ^n-≥e-≥Un-em-Wv.- ^n-≥e-≥Un- dn-b- {]-tZ-i-am-Wv- tlm-t¶m-Mv.- 1999˛¬-
se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- I-º-\n-bm-Wn-Xv.- t]m¿-®p-K-em-Wv- a-°m-hp- ssN-\-bv-°v-
394.- -]-d-°pw- ^n-≥/-^m-‚w- ^n-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ]m-thm- \q¿-an- F-∂- A-Xv-e-‰n- ssI-am-dn-b-Xv.- C-t∏mƒ- C-h- ssN-\-bp-
s‚- kz-tZ-iw- ^n-≥e-≥Um-Wv.- sS- \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-ep-≈- {]-tXy-I- `-c-
395.- -{]-Xn-io¿-j- sa-U-ep-I-fp-sS-bpw- kz¿-W-sa-U-ep-I-fp-sS- bpw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- W- {]-tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv.-
H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- an-I-®- {]-I-S-\w- \-S-Øn-b- cm-Pyw- F-∂- hn- 163.- -tlm-t¶m-Mn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- hn-Iv-tSm-
ti-j-Ww- ^n-≥e-≥Un-\v- kz-¥-am-Wv.- dn-b.- \m-W-bw- tUm-f¿.-
396.- -{]-Xn-io¿-j- Im-∏n- D-]-t`m-Kw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- ^n-≥e-≥Uv.- 164.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Iq-Sn-
397.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-°v- B-Zy-am-bn- hy-‡n-K-X- H-fn-ºn-Iv- sa-U¬- e-`n-®-Xv- 1952˛- b- {]- t Z- i - a m- W v - a- ° m- h p. \mWbw
se- sl¬-kn-¶n- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-em-Wv. Pataca.
165.ssN\-bp-sS- Zp-:-Jw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
060
 slm-bm-Mv-tlm- \-Zn-bm-Wv- a-™-\Zn
166.- s
F∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
- sN-\o-kv- ]-©mw-KØ - n¬- ar-Kß - f - p-sS-
t]-cm-Wv- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
167.- -1959˛¬- Sn-_-‰n-s\- ssN-\- I-tø-dn-b-Xn-
\m¬- Sn-_-‰n-se- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-b- Z-
sse-em-a- C-¥y-bn¬- A-`-bw- tX-Sn.-
168.- -Sn-_‰- n-s‚- X-eÿ - m-\a- m-b- em-kb - m-W-v hn-
e-°s - ∏-´- \-Kc - w- F-∂d- n-bs
- ∏-´n-cp-∂X - .v -
169.- -Z-sse-em-a-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-b- s]m-
´m-e- sIm-´m-cw- em-k-bn-em-Wv.-
170.- -Z-sse-em-a-bp-sS- b-Ym-¿Y-t]cv Tensin
Gyatso.
171. ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-in-se- [-cw-im-e-bm-Wv-
C-t±-l-Øn-s‚- {]-hm-k- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-
s‚- B-ÿm-\w.-
172.- -k-tX-¨- Sn-_-‰v- F-∂v- Nn-e- ssN-\o-
kv- hr-Ø-߃- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂- C-¥y-
≥ {]-tZ-i-am-Wv- A-cp-Wm-N¬.-
173.- -ssN-\o-kv- hn-π-hw- \-S-∂-Xv- 1911 em-
Wv.- a-©p- (Iznw-Kv-)- cm-P-hw-i-Øn-se-
A-h-km-\-sØ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂-
]q-bn-bp-sS- `-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®- hn-
π-hw- \-bn-®X - v- k-¨b - m-Xvs- k-≥ B-Wv.-
174.- -ssN-\- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b-Xv- 1912˛-em-Wv.-
175.- -1934˛¬- tem-Mv- am¿-®v- \-bn-®-Xv- am-thm-
tk-Xp-Mv- B-Wv.- Nn-bm-Mv- ssI-j-°n-
s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- Ip-an-Mv-Xm-Mv- `-
c- W - I q- S - s Ø- ÿm- \ - { `- j v - S - a m- ° n- b -
1949˛-se- hn-π-h-Øn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-
In-b-Xv- am-thm-bm-Wv.-
176.- -Nn-bm-Mv- ssI-j-Iv- k-ao-]-Øp-≈- Zzo-
]m-b- X-bv-hm-\n-te-°v- (t^m¿-tam-k-)-
]-em-b-\w- sN-bv-Xp.-
177.- -1949 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- H-∂n-\m-Wv- P-\-Io-b-
ssN\ (People’s Republic of China)
\ne-hn¬h-∂-Xv.
178.ssN-\-bp-sS- {]-Y-a- {]-kn-U-‚m-b- am-
thm- tk-Xp-Mv- 1949 ap-X¬- 1959 h-sc-
]-Z-hn- h-ln-®p.-
179.- -\q-dp- ]q-°ƒ- hn-cn-b-s´,- B-bn-cw- Nn-
¥m-k-c-Wn-Iƒ- ]p-e-c-s´ (“Let a hun-
dred flowers bloom and let a thou-
sand schools of thought contend”),
hnπ-hw- H-cp- A-Øm-gh - n-cp-∂√ (“Revo-
lution is not a dinner party”), A[nIm-
cw- {]-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv- tXm-°n-≥ Ip-g-en-
eq-sS-bmWv (“Power flows through
the barrel of a gun”) , kw-kv-Im-c-an-
√m-Ø- ssk-\yw- a-T-b-≥am-cp-sS- ssk-
\y-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\v- i-{Xp-hn-s\- tXm¬-
]n-°m-\mhn√ (“An army without cul-
ture is a dull-witted army, and a dull-
witted army cannot defeat the en-
emy. ”)- F∂o- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Iƒ- am-thm-
bp-tS-Xm-Wv.
180.1959¬ Great Leap Forward Bcw-`n-
®p.-
181.- -ssN-\-bn¬- km-kv-Im-cn-I- hn-π-hw- B-
cw-`n-®-Xv- 1966em-Wv.-
182.- -1989˛¬- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\p-th-≠n- ap-
d-hn-fn-Iq-´n-b- hn-Zym¿-Yn-I-sf- Sm-¶p-]-
tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- t\-cn-´-Xv.- C-
Xv- Sn-bm-\-≥sa-≥ kv-Iz-b¿- Iq-´-s°m-
e- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
183.- -ssN-\o-kv- ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X- k-{º-Zm-b-
225.- -ap-…n-߃-°v- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- {]-hn-iy-
Iiph≠n F-∂- B-i-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-t∂m-´p-
h-®-Xv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- C-Iv-_m-em-Wv.-
407. tKm-hb - n-se- {]-ik
- vX- - ]m-\o-ba
- m-b- s^-∂n- G-Xn¬- 226.- - km-tc- P-lmw- tk- A-Ov-Om- F-∂-
\n-∂m-Wv- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- tZ-i-`-‡n-Km-\w- c-Nn-®- C-t±-l-am-Wv-
408.- - G - X n- s ‚- im- k v- { X- \ maamWv Anacardium ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- tZ-io-b- I-hn.-
occidentale? 227.- -C-Iv-_m-en-s‚- i-h-Ip-So-cw- em-tlm-dn-
409. shfp-Ø- kz¿-Ww- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- \m-Wy- em-Wv.-
hn-f- 228.- -]m-In-ÿm-\n¬- 1974¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-
410.- F- ≥ - tUm-kƒ-^m-≥ F-∂- Io-S\ - m-in-\n- Im-k¿-tIm- Hm-∏-¨- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-°v- C-Iv-_m-
Sv- Pn-√-bn¬- hym-]-I-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- G-Xv- Ir- en-s‚- t]-cm-Wv- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
jn-bv-°m-Wv - 229.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- B-Zy- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- en-
411.- -a-[y-A-ta-cn-°bn¬ Maranon tree F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp- bm-J-Øv- A-en- Jm-≥ B-bn-cp-∂p.-
∂-tX-Xv- 230.- -s\-{lp-hn-s‚- C-S-°m-e- a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬-
412.- -G-Xv- Ir-jn-°v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `o-j-Wn-bm-b- Io- ap-kv-fnw-eo-Kn-s\- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-
S-am-Wv- tX-bn-e- sIm-Xp-Iv- Xv- A-t±-lw- [-\-h-Ip-∏v- ssI-Im-cyw-
413.- W onder Nut F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.-
231.- -1951˛¬- A-t±-lw- dm-h¬-]n-≠n-bn¬-h-
am-Wv- A-Iyp-]-Mv-N¿.- i-co-c-Ønse Xn- Iq-Sp-X¬- ssN\bnemWv. ®v- h-[n-°-s∏´p. Saad Akbar Babrak
Nne {]tXyI `mK-ß-fn¬ Huj-[-kq- 204.2010 Ahkm\tØmsS P∏ms\ Bbn-cp-∂p- Lm-X-I-≥.-
Nn-Iƒ IpØn-h-bv°p∂ NnIn-’m-co- ]n¥≈ns°m≠v ssN\ temIØnse 232.- -A-tX- ÿ-e-Øp-h-®m-Wv- 2007˛¬- t_-
Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. c≠masØ kmºØnI i‡n F∂ \-ko¿- `q-t´m-bpw- h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv.-
184.sk≥ _p-≤-a-X- hn-`m-Kw- ssN-\-bn¬- ÿm\w kz¥am°n. Atacn°≥ 233.- -a-c-Wm-\-¥-cw- en-bm-J-Øv- A-en- Jm-
]n-d-hn- sIm-≈p-I-bpw- P-∏m-\n¬- {]-Nm- sFIy\mSpIfmWv H∂mw ÿm\Øv. \v- j-lo-Zv˛- C
- ˛- a
- n-em-Øv- _-lp-aX
- n- \¬-
c-am¿-Pn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- 205. ssN\bpsS tZiob Km\amb am¿®v I-s∏-´p.-
185.- -t_m-Iv-k¿- I-em-]w- (1898˛-1901)- \-S-∂- Hm^v Z thmf‚ ntbgv k v cNn®Xv 234.- -Izm-bn-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw (Great Leader)
Xv- ssN-\-bn-em-Wv.- Xnbm≥ lm≥ BWv. F∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en- Pn-∂-
186.- -H-∂mw- I-dp-∏v- bp-≤w- 1839˛-42 epw- c- bm-Wv.-
≠mw- ssN-\-bp-≤w- 1856˛-60 epw- \-S-
∂p.- ssN-\-sb- {_n-´-¨- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-
]mIn-kvXm≥ 235.- -1948em-Wv- Pn-∂- A-¥-cn-®-Xv.- Pn-∂m-
lu-kv- apw-s_-bn-em-Wv.-
Sp-Øn.- 206. I\m-ep-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- 236.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bm-
187.- -ssN-\-bp-sS- B-W-h- ]-co-£-W- tI- Xv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\m-Wv.-
{µ-am-Wv- tem-]v- t\m¿.- 207.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- I-\m¬-
188.- -ssI-em-k- ]¿-h-X-hpw- am-\-k- k-tcm- kw-hn-[m-\w- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-em-Wv.-
h¿- X-Sm-I-hpw- ssN-\-bn-em-Wv.- Im-Mv- 208.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- tZ-io-b- `m-j- D-dp-Zp-hm- alvaqZv Kkv\n
dnw-t]m-s®- F-∂m-Wv- ssI-em-k-sØ- Wv.- Hu-tZym-Kn-Im-h-iy-Øn-\v- Cw-•o- 414. Xm≥ B-{I-an-®v- Io-g-S-°n-b- cm-
Sn-_-‰n¬- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.- jpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.- Py-ßf - n-se- hn-in-jvS- ß - f - m-b- I-em-
189.- -tem-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈- ]- 209.- -ap-√- tZ-io-b- ]p-jv-]-hpw- tZ-h-Zm-cp- tZ- in¬-]-ß-fm-Wv- s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥ kz-
´-Ww- ssN-\b - n-se- sh-©p-hm-≥ B-Wv.- io-b- hr-£-hp-am-Wv.- ¥w- cm- P - [ m- \ n- A- e - ¶ - c n- ° m- ≥
190.- -tkm-bm-_o-\n-s‚- kz-tZ-iw- ssN-\-bm- 210.- -ssZ-h-ß-fp-sS- a-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- sIm-≠p-t]m-b-sX-¶n¬,- B- I-em-
Wv.- Xv- tZ-h-Zm-cp-hm-Wv.- in¬- ] - ß ƒ- ° v - P- ∑ w- \ ¬- I n- b -
191.- -ssN-\o-kv- tdm-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- 211.- -]m-In-kX -v m-≥ F-∂- hm-°n-s‚- D-]⁄ - m- in¬-]n-I-sf-bpw- I-em-Im-c-≥am-sc-
sN-º-c-Øn-bm-Wv.- Xm-hv- Nu-[c - n- d-“Ø - v- A-en-bm-Wv.- bpw- sIm-≠p-h-∂v- X-s‚- cm-P-[m-
192.- -ssN-\o-kv- s]m-´-t‰m- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- 212.- Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir, Sind \n-sb- {]-_p-≤-am-°n-b- `-c-Wm-[n-
Xv- Iq¿-°.- ,Baluchistan F∂o- hm-°p-If - p-sS- A- Im-cn-bm-bn- {]-i-kv-X- N-cn-{X-Im-c-
193.- -ssN-\o-kv- B-∏nƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- £-cß - ƒ- D-]t- bm-Kn-®v- Cu- ]-Zw- \n¿-an- ≥ se-bv-≥]qƒ- hn-e-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xv-
Xv- Hm-d-©m-Wv.- ®- d-“Ø - v- A-en- ]m-In-kX v- m-≥ tZ-io-b- B-sc-b-mWv
194.- -ssN-\o-kv- ssh-‰v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm- X-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-al - ≥- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p.- 415. sXt° Gjy-bnse jm¿evam≥
k-h-kv-Xp-hm-Wv- kn-¶v- Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv.- 213.- - 1 933˛¬- {]- k n- ≤ - o Icn® “Now or (Charlemagne) F∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
195.- -tam-tWm- tkm-Un-bw- •q-´m-ta-‰v- A-Y- Never; Are W e to Live or Perish 416. -F.-Un.- 1000\pw- 1026\pw- C-Sb - v° - v-
hm- A-Pn-t\m- tam-t´m- B-Wv- ssN-\o- Forever?” F∂ e-Lp-te-J-bn-em-Wv- 17 {]m-hi - yw- C-¥y- B-{I-an-®X - m-cv-
kv- km¬-‰v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- C-Xv- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.- 417.- C- ¥- y-bn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- ap-…nw-
196.- -A-Pn-t\m- tam-t´m- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- B-Zy- 214.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hv- ap-l-Ω- B-{I-aW - I - m-cn- ap-lΩ- Z- -v _n-≥ Im-
cm-Pyw- P-∏m-\m-Wv.- Zv- A-en- Pn-∂-bm-Wv.- A-t±-l-am-Wv- ]m- knw- B-W-v (F.-Un.-712).- ]n-∂o-S-v ]-
197.- -ssN-\-bp-sS- I-d-≥kn-bm-b- bp-hm-≥ A- In-kv-Xm-s‚- B-Zy- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬.- {¥-≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- \n-ch - [- n- {]m-h-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv- sd-≥an- 215.- -Zzn-cm-jv-{S- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m- iyw- C-¥y- B-{I-an-®X - m-c-v
≥Un-_n.- Xm-hv- Pn-∂-bm-Wv.- 418.- - h n- { K- l - ` - R v- P I≥ (‘Idol
198.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- a-\p- 216.- -ap-…nw- eo-Kv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ kw-_-‘n- breaker’ )F-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-
jy-\n¿-an-X- I-\m-em-Wv- ssN-\-bn-se- ®- {]-ta-bw- ]m-km-°n-b-Xv- 1940 am¿-®v- ´- B-{I-a-W-Im-cn-bm-cv-
{Km-≥Uv- I-\m¬.- 23\v- em-tlm-dn¬-h-®m-Wv.- C-Xn-s‚- kv- 419.- -1026˛¬- I-Øn-b-hm-Un-se- tkm-
199.- 1- 776 In-tem-ao-‰¿- \o-fa
- p-≈- I-\m¬- tem- am-c-I-am-Wv- em-tlm-dn-se- an-\m¿-˛-C-˛- a-\m-Y-t£-{Xw- B-{I-an-®-Xm-cv-
I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- a-\p-jy- sj-co-^v.- 420.- -t]¿-jy-≥ tlm-a¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
\n¿-an-X- I-\m-em-Wv.- s_-bv-Pn-Mv-˛- lm- 217.- -em-tlm-dn-se- C-Iv_ - m¬- ]m¿-°n-em-Wv- ´n-cp-∂- ^n¿-Zu-kn- (jm- \m-a-bp-
Mv-jp- \-K-c-ß-sf- X-Ωn¬- C-Xv- _-‘n- 60 ao.- D-bc - a- p-≈- an-\m¿-˛C - ˛- s- j-co-^v- sS- I¿-Øm-hv-)- B-cp-sS- k-Z-ky-
∏n-°p-∂p.- F-∂- Cu- kvX - q-]w- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v.- \m-bn-cp-∂p-
200.--tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b- I-S¬- 218.- e- m-tlm¿- {]-Jym-]\ - Ø
- n-s‚- kva - c
- W- b - v- 421.- -B¿-s°m-∏-am-Wv- A¬-s_-dp-Wn-
∏m-ew- 2011˛¬- ssN-\-bn¬- D-Zv-Lm-S- °p-th-≠n-bm-Wv- ]m-In-kX v- m-≥ am¿-®v- 23 C-¥y-bn¬- h-∂-Xv-
\w- sN-ø-s∏-´p.- 42.-6 In.-ao.- \o-f-a-p≈ dn-∏ª- n-Iv- Zn-\a - m-bn- Xn-cs
- ™-Sp-ØX - v.- 422.- B- c - p-sS- ]-St- bm-´ß - ƒ-sIm-≠m-W-v
Qingdao Haiwan Bridge F∂- Cu- 219.- -1956em-Wv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ C-kv-fm-an-I- C-¥ym-cm-Py-Øn-s‚- k-ºØ - pw- sF-
]m-ew- In-g-°-≥ ssN-\-bn-se- Izn-Mv-Um- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b-Xv.- iz-cy-hpw- ]m-tS- \-in-®p-t]m-bn- F-∂-v
thm- \-Kc - s
- Ø-bpw- lp-hm-MvU - m-thm- Pn- 220.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-…m-an-Iv- dn- A¬-s_-dp-Wn- A-`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´X - -v
√-sb-bpw- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.- ∏-ªn-°m-Wv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥.- 423.- -B¬-]v-Sv-Pn-≥ F.-Un.- 933˛¬- L-
201.G‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- B-bp-[w- I-b‰ - p-aX
- n- 221.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v- C- kv-\n- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øv- H-cp- kz-X-{¥-
sN-øp-∂- G-jy-≥ cm-Pyw- ssN-\b - m-Wv- .- kv-I-µ¿- an¿-k- B-bn-cp-∂p.- cm-Pyw- ÿm-]n-®p.- A-t±-l-sØ-
202.--tem-I-Øv- B-bp-[-I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬- H- 222.- -A-h-km-\-sØ- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-epw- A- Øp-S¿-∂v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-
∂mw- ÿm-\w- A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m- t±-l-am-Wv.- km-_I - vS- n-Pn-s‚- ]n-≥Km-an- (a-I≥ - )-
Sp-Iƒ-°m-Wv- .- d-jy-°m-Wv- c-≠mw- ÿm- 223. ]mIv {]knU‚ ns‚ HutZymKnI B-cm-bn-cp-∂p-
\w.- hkXnbmWv Aiwan-e-Sadr. 424.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-h-iyw- C-
203.--]q¿-W-am-bpw- G-jy-bn¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp- 224. 1956˛¬- B-Wv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ B-Zy- `- ¥y-sb- B-{I-an-®- hn-tZ-in Bcv
∂- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-\-hn-kv-Xr- c-W-L-S-\- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv.-
061

Xz°v
425. hn-b¿-∏p- {K-Ÿn-Iƒ- F-hn-sS- Im-
W-s∏-Sp-∂p-
426.- -G-X-h-b-h-sØ- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-
kp-J-amWv Candidiasis
427. sU¿-an-kv,- F-∏n-sU¿-an-kv- F-∂n-
h- G-X-h-b-h-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-Wv-
428.- -a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-
en-b- A-h-b-hw-
429.- a- \
- p-jy-s‚- ⁄m-t\-{µn-bß - f
- n¬-
G-‰-hpw- h-ep-Xv-
430.- I- m¿-kn-t\m-a- F-∂- Im-≥k¿- G-
X-hb - h- s- Ø-bm-Wv- _m-[n-°p-∂X - v-
431.- -sk-t_-jy-kv- {K-Ÿn-Iƒ- F-hn-
sS-bm-Wv- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
432.- -G-X-h-b-h-sØ- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-
kp-J-am-Wv- F-Iv-kn-a-
433.- -sU¿-a-t‰m-f-Pn-Ãv- G-X-h-b-h-Øn-
s‚- tcm-K-_m-[-bm-Wv- Nn-In-Xv-kn-
°p-∂-Xv-
434.- -G-X-h-b-h-sØ- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-
kp- J - a m- W v - h- ´ - s ®- m dn (Ring
worm)
435. F¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv-
sU¿-a-t‰m-f-Pn-
436.- G- X - h- b- h- s
- Ø- _m-[n-°p-∂- tcm-
K-_m-[-bm-Wv- A-cn-ºmd (Wart)
437. a\p-jy-s‚- i-co-tcm-jv-am-hv- \n-b-
{¥n-°p-∂- {]-[m-\- A-h-b-hw-
438.- -tkm-dn-bm-kn-kv- G-X-h-b-h-sØ-
bm-Wv- _m-[n-°p-∂-Xv-
439.- -a-Æn-c-bp-sS- iz-k-\m-h-b-hw-
440.- -kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Øn-s‚- k-lm-b-
tØm-sS- hn-‰m-an-≥ Un- \n¿-an-°p-
∂- A-h-b-hw-
441.- -sa-e-t\m-a- F-∂- Iy-m-≥k¿- i-
co-c-Øn-s‚- G-Xp- `m-K-sØ-bm-Wv-
_m-[n-°p-∂-Xv
Wv- a-Pv-en-kv-˛-C-˛-jq-d.- C-Xn-\v- \m-j-
W¬- A-kw-ªn,- sk-\-‰v- F-∂n-ß-s\-
c-≠p- k-`-I-fp-≠v.-
237.- -1947 B-K-kv-Xv- 14˛-\v- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-
hn-`-Pn-®v- cq-]w- \¬-In-b- ]m-In-kv-Xm-
≥ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.- ]-›n-a- ]-©m-_pw-
]q¿-h- _w-Km-fpw- A-Xn¬- Dƒ-s∏-´n-cp-
∂p.-
238.- -1971˛¬- ]q¿-h- _w-Kmƒ- kzm-X-{¥yw-
{]-Jym-]n-®v- _w-•m-tZ-si-∂- ]p-Xn-b- cm-
Py-am-bn.-
239.- -C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\p-am-bp-≈- A-
Xn¿-Øn- \n¿-W-bn-®- {_n-´o-jv- \n-b-a-
⁄-\m-Wv- kn-dn¬- dm-Uv-Iv-fn-^v.-
240.- -A-Xn-\m¬- C-t¥m-˛-]m-Iv- A-Xn¿-Øn-
dm-Uv-¢n-^v- tc-J- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
241.- -kzm-X-{¥y-e-_v-[n-bp-sS- ^-e-am-bn- hn-
`-Pn-°-s∏-´- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-≥ {]-hn-iy-
I-fm-Wv- ]-©m-_pw- _w-Km-fpw.-
242.- -C-¥ym-hn-`-P-\-tØm-sS- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-
sS- 23 i-X-am-\-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-
s‚- 18 i-X-am-\-hpw- _m-¶v- dn-k¿-hn-
s‚- 30 i-X-am-\-hpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\p- e-
s\√v
442. ap-≠-I-≥ G-Xv- Ir-jn-bp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-
443.- -sF.-B¿-˛-8 G-Xp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- Im¿-jn-I-hn-f-bm-Wv-
444.- -hn-cn-∏v- G-Xv- Ir-jn-bp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-
445.- -]p-©- G-Xv- Ir-jn-bp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-
446.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬- Ir-jn- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂- hn-f-
447.- -G-Xv- Im¿-jn-I-hn-f-bp-sS- k-ky-im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv- H-ssd-k- k-ss‰-h-
448.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Ir-jn-sN-øp-∂- Jm-cn-^v- hn-f-
449.- -G-tgmw-˛-2 F-∂- t]-cv- G-Xp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-
450.- -G-Xv- Im¿-jn-I-hn-f-bp-sS- k-¶-c-bn-\w- hn-Øm-Wv- Im¿-Øn-I-
451.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ÿ-e-Øv- Ir-jn- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂- [m-\y-hn-f-
452.- -s]m-°m-fn-Ir-jn- G-Xv- hn-f-bp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p
`n-®p.-
243.- -ssk-‘-h- kw-kv-Im-c- tI-{µ-ß-fm-b-
lm-c-∏-bpw- sam-l-≥sPm-Zm-tcm-bpw- ]m-
In-kv-Xm-\n-em-Wv.-
244.- -lm-c-∏- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv- tam-≠v-tKm-a-dn-
Pn-√b - n-em-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- ]p-\¿-\m-aI
c-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw- C-t∏mƒ- A-Xv- k-
ln-hmƒ- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv.-
245.- -em¿-Jm-\m- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv- sam-l-≥sPm-
Zm-tcm.-
246.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-
Sn-b- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- Xn-cn-Nv- an¿- (7,-708 ao.-
)- B-Wv.- C-Xv- ln-µp-°p-jv- a-e-\n-c-I-
fp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv.-
247.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥,- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-≥ F-
∂o- cm-Py-ß-fn-em-bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
]¿-h-X- \n-c-bm-Wv- ln-µp-°p-jv.-
248.- ]- m-Iv- A-[n-\n-th-i- I-iva - o-cn-em-Wv- tem-
I-sØ- c-≠m-as - Ø- D-bc - w- Iq-Sn-b- sIm-
Sp-ap-Sn-bm-b- tKm-Uv-hn-≥ Hm-Ãn-≥.- C-Xv-
Im-c-t°m-dw- a-e-\n-c-I-fp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv.-
249.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- ssl-Zc - m-_m-Zn-s\-t∏m-se-
]m- I n- k v - X m- \ n- s e- kn- ‘ n- e pw- H- c p-
ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zp-≠v.- C-Xv- h-f-I-fp-sS- \-
K-c-w ("City of Bangles" )F∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p.-
250.- -C-¥y-bn-se- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv- ap-Øp-I-
fp-sS- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p ("City
of Pearls" ).
251. Idm®nbn¬\n∂v {]kn≤oIcn°p∂
]{XamWv Dawn. Zo]ßfpsS \Kcw
("City of Lights" ) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
I-dm-®n- ]m-In-kvX - m-s‚- km-ºØ
e-ÿm-\-sa-∂pw- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-
∂p.-
252.- -tÃ-‰v- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w- I-dm-®n-bm-Wv.-
253.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- hm-Wn-Py- X-e-ÿm-\w,-
hym-h-km-bn-I- X-e-ÿm-\w- F-∂o- A-
]-c-\m-a-ß-fpw- I-dm-®n-°p-≠v.-
254.- -kn-‘v- {]-hn-iy-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-hpw- I-
dm-®n-bm-Wv.-
255.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-
b- \-Zn-bm-Wv- kn-‘p.-
256.- -kn-‘p-hn-se-bpw- A-©v- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-
I-fn-se-bpw- P-ew- ]-¶n-Sp-∂-Xp- kw-_-
‘n-®- kn-‘p- \-Zo-P-e- I-cm¿- 1960 sk-
]v-Xw-_¿- 19˛-\v- C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-
\pw- H-∏p-sh-®p.-
257.- -C-¥y-°v- th-≠n- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- P-hm-
l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hpw- ]m-In-kvX
≠n- {]-kn-U-‚ v- A-bp-_v- Jm-\p-am-Wv-
I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-h® - X- v.- tem-I- _m-¶v- Cu-
I-cm-dn-se- aq-∂mw- I-£n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
258.- -I-cm¿- {]-Im-cw- kn-‘p-\-Zo-hyq-l-Øn-
se- ]-Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-sØ- \-Zn-I-fm-b-
kn-‘p,- Q-ew,- Nn-\m-_v- F-∂n-h-bn-
se- P-e-Øn¬- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\v- A-h-Im-
iw- e-`n-®p.-
259.- -In-g-°-≥ `m-K-sØ- k-Xv-e-Pv,- _n-bm-
kv,- c-hn- F-∂o- \-Zn-I-fn-se-bpw- A-h-
bp-sS- t]m-j-I- \-Zn-I-fn-se-bpw- P-ew-
]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-te-°v- I-S-°pw-ap-ºv- D-]-
tbm-Kn-°m-≥ C-¥y-°pw- A-h-Im-iw-
hy-h-ÿ- sN-bv-Xp.-
bqtdm∏nse A]c≥am¿
453. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- ]-S-°-fw- ˛- s_¬-Pn-bw-
454.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- A-d-°-an¬- ˛- kzo-U-≥
- - 455.- -bq-tdm-∏n-se- I-iv-ao¿- ˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≥Uv-
456.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- ]p-X-∏v- ˛- Kƒ-^v- kv-{Sow-
457.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- km-º-Øn-I- X-e-ÿm-\w- ˛-kq-dn-®v-
458.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- I-hm-Sw- ˛- tdm-´¿-Umw- Xp-d-ap-Jw-
459.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- tIm-°v-]n-‰v- ˛- s_¬-Pn-bw-
460.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- a-Z¿-˛-C-≥˛-em- ˛- sU-∑m¿-°v-
461.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- ap-Øv-˛-t{]-Kv-
462.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- I-fn-ÿ-ew- ˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≥Uv-
463.- -bq-tdm-∏n-se- tcm-Kn- ˛- Xp¿-°n-
464.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- ]-Wn-∏p-c-˛- s_¬-Pn-bw-
465.- -h-S-°-≥ bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- £o-c-kw-`-c-Wn- ˛- sU-∑m¿-°v
260.- -H-cp- C- m-an-I- cm-jv-{S-Øn¬- {]-[m-\-
a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X-bm-Wv- t_-\-
ko¿- `q-t´m.-
261.- -In-g-°n-s‚- ]p-{Xn- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-
Øn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- t_-\-ko-dm-Wv.-
262.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥˛-Zn- Km-X-dnw-Kv- kv-t{Smw-
t_-\-ko¿- `q-t´m- c-Nn-®- ]p-kv-X-I-am-
Wv- (Zn- Km-X-dnw-Kv- kv-t{Smw- F-∂- Ir-
Xn- hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n-en-t‚-Xm-Wv-).-
263.- -]p-cm-X-\- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-b- X-£-
in-eb - p-sS- A-hi- n-jvS- ß
- ƒ- ]m-In-kvX
- m-
\n-em-Wv.-
264.- ]- m-In-kvX - m-s\-bpw- A-^vK - m-\n-ÿm-s\-
bpw- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂- Np-c-am-Wv- ssJ-
_¿- ]m-kv.-
- n-I- X-
265.- -1947˛¬- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ cq-]w-sIm-≈p-
tºmƒ- I-dm-®n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- X-eÿ - m-\w.-
]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-
c-hpw- Xp-d-ap-J-hp-am-Wn-Xv.-
266.- ]- n-∂o-Sv- X-eÿ- m-\w- dm-h¬-]n-≠n-bn-te-
°v- am-‰n.- 1960˛-I-fn¬- X-e-ÿm-\w- C-
…m-a-_m-Zn-te-°v- am-‰n.-
267.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- C-c-´- \-K-c-߃- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- dm-h¬-]n-≠n-bpw- C-…m-
a-_m-Zp-am-Wv.-
268.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ I-c-tk-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm-
\w- dm-h¬-]n-≠n-bm-Wv.-
269.- -\m-hn-I- tk-\,- thym-a- tk-\- F-∂n-h-
bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- C-…m-a-_m-Zm-Wv.-
270.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ tIm-Ãv- Km¿-Un-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w- I-dm-®n-bm-Wv.-
271.- -1998˛¬- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ B-Zy- B-W-h-
]-co-£-Ww- N-Km-bv- Ip-∂p-I-fn¬- \-S-
- m-\p-th-
Øn.-
272.- -]m-Iv- B-W-h- t_mw-_n-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- A-_v-Zpƒ- Jm-Zn¿-
Jm-≥.-
273.- -C-t¥m-\o-jy- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- ap-…n-ß-fp-≈- cm-Py-am-Wv- ]m-
In-kv-Xm-≥.-
274.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- ap-…n-ß-fn¬- 70 i-
X-am-\w- kp-∂n-bpw- 30 i-X-am-\w- jn-b-
bp-am-Wv.-
275.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- jn-
bm- ap-…n-ß-fp-≈- c-≠m-a-sØ- cm-Py-
am-Wv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥.-
276.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- jn-b-Iƒ- D-≈-Xv- C-
dm-\n-em-Wv.-
277.- -Izm-an- X-cm-\-bm-Wv- tZ-io-b Km\w.
“Pak sarzamin shad bad” F-∂p- Xp-
S-ßp-∂- Km-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv Abu-Al-Asar
Hafeez Jullundhri BWv . Ahmed
Ghulamali Chagla Nn´s∏SpØn.
278. ]mIn-kv-Xm-\n¬- Xm¿- a-cp-`q-an- tNm-en-
kv-Xm-≥ a-cp-`q-an- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
279.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- G-‰-hpw- D-∂-X- kn-hn-
en-b-≥ _-lp-a-Xn-bm-b- \n-jm-≥ C- ]m-
In-kv-Xm-≥ e-`n-®n-´p-≈- C-¥y-°m-cm-Wv-
ap-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-
bpw- (1990)- kn-\n-am-Xm-cw- Zn-eo-]v- Ip-
am-dpw- (1997).-
280.- -\n-jm-≥ C- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\pw- `m-c-X-c-Xv-
062
\-hpw- (C-¥y-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- D-∂-X- kn-
hn-en-b-≥ _-lp-a-Xn-)- e-`n-®n-´p-≈-h-cm-
Wv- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-bpw- s\¬-k-
¨- a-t≠-e-bpw.-
281.- -Cu- _-lp-a-Xn- k-a¿-∏n-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-
hn-tZ-in- {_n-´-Wn-se- F-en-k-_-Øv- cm-
⁄n-bm-Wv- (1960)-
282.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- G-‰-hpw- D-∂-X- ssk-
\n- I - _- l p- a - X n- b m- W v - \n- j m- ≥ C-
ssl-Z¿.-
283.- -kp-°q¿- _m-tc-Pv- A-Y-hm- tem-bv-Uv-
_m-tc-Pv- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-
b- P-e-tk-N-\- ]-≤-Xn-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.-
284.- Z- £
- n-tW-jy-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- tam-
kv-Im-Wv- C-…m-a-_m-Zn-se- s^-bv-k¬-
tam-kv-Iv.- ku-Zn- A-td-_y-bp-sS- kw-
`m-h-\-sIm-≠v- \n¿-an-®- ]-≈n-°v- ku-
Zn- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- t]-cp- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-
∂p.- H-cp- e-£w- t]-sc- Dƒ-s°m-≈m-
≥ ti-jn-bp-≈- ]-≈n- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv- a-cp-`q-an-bn-se- Iq-Sm-c-Øn-s‚- B-
Ir-Xn-bn-em-Wv.-
285.- -ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂- P-lmw-Ko-
dn-s‚- i-hI - p-So-cw- em-tlm-dn-em-Wv.- Cu-
\-Kc - w- c-hn- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-cØ - m-Wv.-
286.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- kn-\n-am- hy-h-km-b-
Øn-s‚- tI-{µ-am-b- em-tlm-dn-s‚- A-
]-c-\m-a-am-Wv- tem-fn-hp-Uv.-
287.- -{_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- ]-©m-_n-s‚-
X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- em-tl-m¿.
288. G‰hpw- {]-K-ev-`- kn-Jv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
bm-bn-cp-∂- c-Rv-Pn-Xv- knw-Kn-s‚- X-e-
ÿm-\w- em-tlm-dm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚- ihIpSochpw ChnsSbmWv.
289. 1929˛-se- em-tlm¿- k-tΩ-f\ - Ø
- n-em-Wv-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]q¿-W- kz-cm-Pv- kw-_-\v-
[n-®- {]-ta-bw ]mkm°nbXv.
290. {]i-kv-X-am-b- K-±m-^n- {In-°-‰v- tÃ-Un-
bw- em-tlm-dn-em-Wv.-
291.- A- √ - m-a- C-Iv_ - m¬- C-‚¿-\m-jW - ¬- F-
b¿-t]m¿-´v- em-tlm-dn-em-Wv.-
292.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\-hpw- em-tlm-dm-Wv.-
293.- -]-©m-_v- {]-hn-iy-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-
Wv- Cu- \-K-cw.-
294.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ kn-\n-am- hy-h-km-b-Øn-
s‚- tI-{µ-am-Wv- em-tlm¿.- C-Xv- tem-
fn-hp-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
295.- -{]-iv-\-°m-cm-b- Ip-´n-I-fp-sS- cm-Pyw- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\m-Wv.-
296.- C- ¥- y-bv° - pw- ]m-In-kvX - m-\p-an-Sb- v°
- v- Hm-
Sp-∂- s{S-bn-\m-Wv- kw-tPm-X- F-Iv-kv-
{]-kv.- em-tlm-dn-s\-bpw- \yq-U¬-ln-
sb-bpw- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂- Cu- s{S-bn-≥
k¿-ho-kn-s‚- t{Im-knw-Kv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-
\n-se- hm-K-bv-°pw- C-¥y-bn-se- A-´m-
cn-°pw- C-S-bn-em-Wv- \-S-°p-∂-Xv.-
297.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- I-dm-®n,- C-¥y-bn-se-
P-bv-]q¿- \-K-c-ß-sf- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-
Xm¿- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- ap-\-_m-thm- (]m-
In-kvX - m-≥),- tJm-{Jm-]m¿- (C-¥y-)- tÃ-
j-\p-Iƒ-°n-S-bn¬- Hm-Sp-∂p.-

H.F≥.hn. Ipdp∏v
466.- -h-b-em¿- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- D-∏v-
F-∂- Ir-Xn- F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-cv-
467.- -tI-{µ- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an- A-
hm¿-Un-\¿-la - m-b- A-£c - w- F-∂-
Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-
468.- -Im-fn-Zm-k-s‚- Po-hn-Xw- ap-≥\n¿-
Øn- D-÷-bn-\n- F-∂- Zo¿-L-Im-
hyw- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-
469.- -`q-an-°v- H-cp- N-c-a-Ko-Xw- F-∂- Ir-
Xn- B-cp-tS-Xm-Wv-
470.- ⁄- m-\]- o-Tw- ]p-ck - I
-v m-cØ
- n-\¿-l-
\m-b- c-≠m-as - Ø- a-eb - m-f- I-hn
298.- -C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kX v- m-\pw- X-Ωn¬- 1947,-
1965,- 1971,- 1999 h¿-jß - f - n¬- G-‰p-ap-´n.-
299.- -C-¥y- kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- I-iv-ao¿-
\m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-
¥y-bn-tem- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-tem- tN-cm-
≥ Cu- {]-tZ-i-Øn-\p-ta¬- C-cp- cm-Py-
ß-fpw- k-Ω¿-±w- sN-ep-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-
cp-∂p.- I-iv-ao¿- cm-Pm-hv- l-cn-knw-Kv- Xo-
cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-≥ ssh-In-s°m-≠n-cn-
s°- 1947˛-H-Iv-tSm-_-dn¬- I-iv-ao-cn-te-
°v- ]m-Iv- ssk-\y-hpw- tKm-{X-hn-`m-K-
ß-fpw- I-S-∂p-I-b-‰w- \-S-Øn.-
300.- X- p-S¿-∂v- cm-Pm-hv- C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b\ - n¬-
tN-cm-≥ k-Ω-Xn-®p.- I-S-∂v-I-b-‰w- \-S-
Øn-b-h-sc- ]p-d-Øm-°m-≥ C-¥y-≥
ssk-\yw- Hm-∏-td-j-≥ Kp¬-am¿-Kv- F-
∂- ssk-\n-I- \-S-]-Sn- B-cw-`n-®p.-
301.- -]m-Iv- tk-\-bp-sS- X-e-h-≥ A-Iv-_¿-
Jm-\pw- C-¥y-≥ tk-\b - p-tS-Xv- sI.-Fw.-
I-cn-b-∏-bpw- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
302.- -Nn-e{- ]-tZ-iß- ƒ- Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-®-v C-¥y-≥tk-
\- ap-t∂-dt- h- sF-Iy-cm-j{-v S-k`- b - p-sS- C-
S-s]-S¬-aq-ew- bp-≤w- \n¿-Øn-h®
303.- -A-t∏m-g-sØ- ÿn-Xn-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- \n-
- p.-
b-{¥-Wt- c-J- Xm-evI - m-en-I- A-Xn¿-Øn-
bm-bn.-
304.- -]m-Iv- \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-ep-≈- {]-tZ-iw-
]m-Iv- A-[n-\n-th-i- I-iv-ao¿- (]m-In-kv-
Xm-≥ B-km-Zv- I-iv-ao¿- F-∂p- hn-fn-
°p-∂p-)- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
305.- -C-Xn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- ap-km-^-cm-_m-
Zm-Wv.-
306.- 1- 965em-Wv- C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kvX - m-\pw- X-
Ωn¬- A-Sp-Ø- kw-L¿-jw- D-≠m-bX
307.- -c-≠mw- I-iv-ao¿- bp-≤w- F-∂p- C-Xv- A-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
308.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- I-dm-®n-sb-bpw- C-
¥y-bn-se- P-bv-]q-cn-s\-bpw- _-‘n-∏n-
°p-∂- Xo-h-≠n-∏m-X-bv-°v- Cu- bp-≤-
Øn¬- ]m-Iv- thym-a-tk-\- \m-iw- h-cp-
Øn- (2006em-Wv- C-Xv- ]p-\-:-ÿm-]n-®-
Xv-).-
309.- -1966 P-\p-hc - n- 10˛-\v- C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kv-
Xm-\pw- X-Ωn¬- D-k_ v- ° - n-ÿm-s‚- X-
e-ÿm-\a - m-b- Xm-js v- I-‚ n¬- H-∏p-sh-®-
I-cm¿- {]-Im-cw- bp-≤w- A-hk - m-\n-®p.-
310.- C- ¥- y-°vt- h-≠n- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n- em¬- _-
lm-Zq¿- im-kv{- Xn-bpw- ]m-In-kvX - m-\p-th-
≠n- {]-kn-U-‚ v- A-bp-_v-Jm-\pw- I-cm-
dn¬- H-∏p-sh-®p- (A-∂p-cm-{Xn- im-kv-
{Xn- Xm-jv-sI-‚ n¬-h-®v- A-¥-cn-®p-).-
311.- -tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-s‚- {]o-an-b¿- A-
e-Iv-kn- sIm-kn-Pn-≥ B-Wv- Cu- I-cm-
dn-\v- a-[y-ÿ-X- h-ln-®-Xv.-
312.- -1971˛¬- \-S-∂- C-t¥m-˛-]m-Iv- bp-≤-Øn-
s‚- ^-e-am-bn- In-g-°-≥ ]m-In-kv-Xm-
≥ _w-•m-tZ-si-∂- t]-cn¬- kz-X-{¥-
cm-Py-am-bn.-
313.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p- ssZ¿-Ly-ap-≈- (13 Zn-
h-kw-)- C-t¥m-˛-]m-Iv- kw-L¿-j-am-bn-
cp-∂p- A-Xv.-
314.- -kmw- a-t\-£-bm-bn-cp-∂p- C-¥y-≥ tk-
\m-Ø-e-h-≥.-
315.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- ap-t∂-‰-Øn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn-
]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ tk-\-bp-sS- In-g-°-≥ hn-
`m-K-Øn-s‚- ta-[m-hn- e-^v-‰-\-‚ v- P-\-
d¬- F.-F.-sI.- \n-bm-kn- 1971 Un-kw-
_¿- 16\v- C-¥y-bp-sS- e-^v-‰-\-‚ v- P-\-
d¬- P-K-Pn-Xv- knw-Kv- A-tdm-d-bv-°p-ap-
∂n¬- Io-g-S-ßn.- 90000 t]-sc- bp-≤-Ø-
S-hp-Im-cm-bn- ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn.-
316.- -Cu- bp-≤-Øn-s‚- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬-
1972 Pq-sse- c-≠n-\v- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-
a-{¥n- C-µn-cm- Km-‘n-bpw- ]m-Iv- {]-kn-
U-‚ v- kp¬-^n-°¿- A-en- `q-t´m-bpw-
knw-e- I-cm-dn¬- H-∏p-h-®p.-
317.- -]p-√p-Xn-∂n-´m-bm-epw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ A-
Wp-t_mw-_v- \n¿-an-°pw- F-∂v- {]-kv-
Xm-hn-®-Xv- `q-t´m-bm-Wv.- C-¥y- 1974˛¬-
A-Wp-hn-kv-t^m-S-\w- \-S-Øn-b-Xn-s\-
Øp-S¿-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.-
318.- -cm-Py-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- cm-jv-{So-b-
I-£n-bm-b- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ ]o-∏nƒ-kv-
]m¿-´n- 1967˛¬- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- kp¬-^n-
°¿- A-en- `q-t´m-bm-Wv.-
319.- -1999˛¬- I-iv-ao-cn-se- Im¿-Kn-en¬- \p-g-
™p- I-b-dn-b-h-sc- C-¥y- Hm-∏-td-j-
≥ hn-P-bv- F-∂- ssk-\n-I- \-S-]-Sn-bn-
eq-sS- ]p-d-Øm-°n.- Im¿-Kn¬- bp-≤w-
F-∂pw- C-Xv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
320.- -C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\pw- B-W-h- i-
‡n-If - m-bn-Øo¿-∂X - n-\p-ti-jw- \-S∂
B-Zy- kw-L¿-j-am-bn-cp-∂p- Im¿-Kn¬-
bp-≤w.-
321.- -U¬-ln-sb-bpw- em-tlm-dn-s\-bpw- _-
‘n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - _- k v - k¿- h o- k m- W v
Sada-e-Sarhad (Call of the Frontier)
CXn-s‚- D-Zv-Lm-S-\- k¿-ho-kn¬- em-
tlm-dn-te-°v- v- bm-{X- sN-bv-X- C-¥y-≥
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-Wv- A-S¬- _n-lm-cn-
hm-Pv-t]-bn- (1999 s^-{_p-h-cn- 19).-
322.- -1999 s^-{_p-h-cn- 21 \v- em-tlm¿- {]-
Jym-]\ - Ø
- n¬- H-∏p-sh-®X - v- hm-Pvt- ]-bn-
bpw- ]m-Iv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- \-hm-kv- sj-
co-^p-am-Wv.-
323.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- ]-´m-f- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-
cn-bm-bn-cp-∂- ]¿-th-kv- ap-jm-d-^v- P-
\n-®-Xv- U¬-ln-bn-em-Wv.-
324.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n¬- (A-∂v- A-hn-`-‡- C-
h∆m¬
- v.-
471.- -]-d-°p-∂- k-kv-X-\w-
472.- -]-d-°p-∂- Ip-dp-°-≥ F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
473.- -Aƒ-{Sm-tkm-Wn-Iv- X-cw-K-߃- D-
]-tbm-Kn-®v- C-cp-´Ø
- v- ]-d°
- p-∂- Po-
hn-
474.- -Im-gv-N- sIm-≠-√m-sX- h-gn-b-dn-bp-
∂- k-kv-X-\n-
475.- -{]-Xn-[z-\n- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- C-c- tX-
Sp-∂- k-kv-X-\w-
476.- -C-t°m-sem-t°-j-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-
®v- ]-d-°p-∂- Po-hn-
477.- -a-c-Øn¬- X-e-Io-gm-bn- Xq-ßn-°n-
S-∂v- D-d-ßp-∂- k-kv-X-\w-
478.- -sN-hn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- C-cp-´n¬- ap-
∂n-se- X-S- -߃- Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂-
Po-hn-
\o-e-Øn-anw-Kn-ew-
479.- -G-‰-hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b- k-kv-X-\w-
480.- ]- √ - n-√m-Ø- A-Izm-´n-Iv- k-kvX - \- w-
481.- -G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w-Iq-Sn-b- Ip-™n-
s\- {]-k-hn-°p-∂- Po-hn-
482.- -G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w-Iq-Sn-b- a-kv-Xn-jv-
I-ap-≈- Po-hn-
483.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ar-Kw-
484.- `- q-ap-JØ- v- C-Xp-hs
- c- D-≠m-bX - n¬-
h-®v- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-¥p-
485.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- k-kv-X-\w-
486.- -G-‰-hpw- D-®-Øn¬- i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-
°p-∂- P-e-Po-hn-
487.- -G-Xv- Po-hn-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- Bw-
_¿-{Ko-kv- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv-
488.- -G-Xv- Po-hn-bp-sS- i-co-c-Øn-em-Wv-
ª-∫¿- F-∂- sIm-gp-∏p-]m-fn-bp-
≈-Xv-
489.- -G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \m-°v- G-
Xp- Po-hn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv-
490.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]m¬- D¬-]m-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂- Po-hn-
491.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- B-lm-cw- B-
h-iy-am-b- P-¥p-
492.- -{In¬- F-∂- B-lm-cw- `-£n-°p-
∂- Po-hn-
493.- -G-‰-hpw- `m-cw- Iq-Sn-b- P-¥p-
494.- -G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w- Iq-Sn-b- lr-Z-b-
ap-≈- Po-hn-
495.- -tam-_n- Un-°v- F-∂- A-ta-cn-°-
≥ t\m-h¬- G-Xv- P-¥p-th-´-bp-
sS- I-Y-bm-Wv-
496.- P- e- P- o-hn-If
- n¬- G-‰h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
Im-ew- B-bp- p-≈- k-k-vX\w
¥y-)- P-\n-®v- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\- a-{¥n-
bm-b-h-cm-Wv- sF.-sI.- Kp-Pv-dm-fpw- a-
- - ≥tam-l-≥knw-Kpw.-
325.- -]¿-th-kv- ap-jm-d^ - v- 2010˛¬- e-≠\ - n¬-
Hmƒ- ]m-In-kX v- m-≥ ap-…nw- eo-Kv- F-∂-
]m¿-´n- cq-]h - X
- I -v c
- n-®X- m-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®p.-
326.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- an-en-´d - n- A-°m-
Z-an- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- ÿm-]n-
°-s∏-´-Xv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- sIz-‰-bn-
em-Wv.-
327.- -I\ - n-jvI- s- ‚- X-eÿ - m-\a
- m-bn-cp-∂- ]p-
cp-j] - p-ca- m-Wv- C-t∏m-gs - Ø- s]-jh - m¿.-
328.- -t\m¿-Øv- sh-Ãv- t{^m-≠n-b¿- {s]m-
hn- ≥ kv - F- ∂ v - ap- º - d n- b - s ∏- ´ n- c p∂
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa bpsS- B-ÿm-
\-am-Wn-Xv,-
329.- -C-¥y-bn-se- Kp-P-dm-Øv,- cm-P-ÿm-≥,-
]-©m-_v,- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao¿- F-∂o- kw-
ÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bn- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ A-
Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂p.-
330.- C- ¥ - y-˛]
- m-Iv- kw-bp-‡- sN-°v- t]m-Ãm-
b- hm-K- ]-©m-_n-em-Wv.-
331.- -t]m¿-´v- ap-l-Ω-Zv- _n-≥ Im-knw- I-dm-
®n-bn-em-Wv.- Cu- Xp-d-ap-J-hpw- I-dm-®n-
bpw- tN¿-∂v- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- Xp-d-ap-Jm-
h-iy-ß-fp-sS- 90 i-X-am-\-hpw- \n-d-th-
‰p-∂p.-
332.- -A-_v-Zm-en,- l-Øv-^v,- K-kv-\-hn,-j-lo-
≥,- Lu-dn,- _m-_¿- Xp-S-ßn-b-h- ]m-
In-kv-Xm-s‚- an-ssk-ep-I-fm-Wv.-
333.- -C-¥y-bn-te-°p-≈- {]-th-i-\-I-hm-Sw-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- Np-c-am-Wv- ]m-In-
kv-Xm-\n-se- t_m-f-≥Np-cw.-
334.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- B-Zy- s\m-t_¬- k-
Ωm-\t- P-Xm-hm-Wv- 1979˛¬- `u-Xn-I- im-
kv-{X- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- t\-Sn-b- A-_v-Z-kv-
k-emw.-
335.- -1992˛¬- Cw-•-≠n-s\- tXm¬-]n-®v- ]m-
In-kv-Xm-≥ tem-I-I-∏v- {In-°-‰v- tP-Xm-
°-fm-bn.- C-{am-≥ Jm-\m-bn-cp-∂p- Iym-
]v-‰-≥.-
336.- -C-{am-≥ Jm-≥ 1996˛¬- ÿm-]n-®- ]m¿-
063
´n- b m- W v - sX- l v - d n- I v - C- C- ≥ km- ^ v
(Tehreek-e-Insaf).
337. 2007˛¬- B-Zy- sSz-‚ n-˛-20 tem-I-I-∏v-
ss^-\-en¬- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s\-bm-Wv- C-
¥y- tXm¬-]n-®-Xv.-
338.- -2009˛¬ c-≠m-a-sØ- sSz-‚ n-˛-20 tem-I-
I-∏v- {In-°-‰n¬- {io-e-¶-sb- tXm¬-]n-
®v- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ tP-Xm-°-fm-bn.-
339.- C
- ¥- y-sb-t∏m-se- ]m-In-kvX - m-s‚- tZ-io-
b- Im-bn-I- hn-t\m-Zh - pw- tlm-°n-bm-Wv.-
F-∂m-epw,- {In-°-‰pw- P-\-{]n-b- hn-t\m-
Z-am-Wv.-
340.- -B-Zy- tlm-°n- tem-I- I-∏v- tP-Xm-°ƒ-
]m-In-kv-Xm-\m-Wv.-
341.- -1971˛¬- kv-s]-bn-\n-se- _m-gv-k-tem-W-
bn¬- \-S-∂- a¬-k-c-Øn¬- A-h¿- B-
Xn-tY-b-sc-bm-Wv- tXm¬-]n-®-Xv.-
342.- C-Xp-h-sc- \-S-∂ tem-I- I-∏v- tlm-°n-
Sq¿-W-sa-‚p-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
{]m-h-iyw- tP-Xm-°-fm-b-Xpw- ]m-In-kv-
Xm-\m-Wv-˛- \m-ep-{]m-h-iyw- (1971,- 1978,-
1982,- 1994).
343.International Association of Natural
Gas Vehicles s‚- \n-e-hn-se- I-W-°p-
Iƒ- {]-Im-cw- tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sq-
X¬- kn.-F-≥.-Pn.- (Iw-{]-kv-Uv- \m-®p-
d¬- Kym-kv-)- hm-l-\-߃- D-≈- cm-Pyw-
]m-In-kv-Xm-\m-Wv.- A¿-P-‚o-\,- C-dm-≥,-
{_- k o¬- Xp- S - ß n- b - cm- P y- ß - f m- W v -
sXm-´-Sp-Ø- ÿm-\-ß-fn¬.-
344.- ]mIn-kv-Xm-s‚- A-Xn¿-Øn- c-£m-tk-
\-bm-Wv- td-t©-gvk - v.- C-¥y-bp-sS- tlmw-
Un-∏m¿-´vs - a-‚ n-\p- X-Øp-ey-am-b- ]m-In-
kvX - m-\n-se- an-\n-kv{- Sn- Hm-^v- C-‚o-cn-b-
dn-\p- Io-gn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- Cu- hn-
`m-KØ - n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- em-tlm-dm-Wv.-
345.- H-≥]-Xm-a-sØ- tem-Im-¤p-Xw- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Im-c-t°m-dw- ssl-th-
1986¬- ]q¿-Øn-bm-bn.- ssN-\-b-n-se
Xinjiang region s\-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-
\n- s e Gilgit-Baltistan s\bpw
_‘n∏n®psIm≠v Khunjerab Pass
eqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂ Cu ]mX
highest paved international road in
the world BsW-∂v- ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
1300 In.-ao.- \o-f-ap-≈- ssl-th-bp-sS-
806 In.-ao.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-em-Wv.-
346.-]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- Nm-c- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv-
C-‚¿- k¿-ho-k-kv- C-‚-en-P-≥kv- (sF.-
F-kv.-sF).
{_“]p{X
497.- -tem-ln-Xv- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]m-j-
I-\-Zn-bm-Wv-
498.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-Zo-
Zzo-]m-b- a-Pp-en- G-Xv- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-
499.- -kp-_-≥kn-cn- G-Xn-s‚- t]m-j-I-\-
Zn-bm-Wv-
500.- A- k- a - n-s‚- Zp-:J
- w- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂-
\-Zn-
501.- -G-Xv- C-¥y-≥ \-Zn-bm-Wv- Sn-_-‰n¬-
km-Mtv- ]m- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂X- v-
502.- A- -k-an-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b-
\-Zn-
503.- I- m-kn-cw-K- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-
Øm-Wv-
504.- l- m-tPm- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-cØ - m-Wv-
505.- -h-S-°p-In-g-°-≥ C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-
hpw- h-en-b- \-Zn-
506.- -G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv-
Xo-kv-X-
507.- K- w-Kb- p-am-bn- tN¿-∂v- kp-µ¿-_≥ - kv-
sU¬-‰-bv-°v- cq-]w- \¬-Ip-∂- \-Zn-
508.- ln-am-e-b-≥ \-Zn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- P--ew- h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-
509.- C-¥y-bn-se- Np-h-∂- \-Zn-
510.- Zn-{_p-K-Vv- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-
Øm-Wv-

temINcn{Xw
511. e≠\n-se- {]-kn-≤-am-b- Xo-]n-Sp-Øw-
D-≠m-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1666
512.- -a-dn-b- tam-≠n-t m-dn- P-\n-®- cm-Pyw-˛-
C-‰-en-
513.- -a-l-Øm-b- hn-π-hw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛-1688
514.- A- t- a-cn-°≥ - kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c- s
- Ø- kzm-
[o-\n-®- A-¶nƒ- tSmw-kv- Iym-_n-≥ c-
Nn-®-Xv-˛- lm-cn-b-‰v- _o-®¿- tÃm-hv-
515.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-Iƒ-°v- Ãm-
Nyp- Hm-^v- en-_¿-´n- k-Ωm-\n-®- cm-Pyw-
˛- {^m-≥kv-
516.- -C-cp-´n-s\- i-]n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°m¬- \-√-
Xv- H-cp- sa-gp-Ip-Xn-cn-sb-¶n-epw- sX-fn-
bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv-˛- Cu- k-tµ-iw B-]v-
X-hm-Iy-am-bn- kzo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂- kw-
L-S-\-˛- Bw-\-kv-‰n- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬-
517.- -B-Zy-sØ- em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°-≥ A-d-_v- D-
®-tIm-Sn-°v- (2005)- th-Zn-bm-b- \-K-cw-˛-
{_-ko-en-b-
518.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- ln-
‰ve
- ¿- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ-bm-Wv- B-Zyw- B-
{I-an-®-Xv-˛- t]m-f-≠v-
519.- -]p-cm-X-\-Im-e-Øv- A-ko-dn-b- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- {]-tZ-iw- C-t∏mƒ- G-Xv-
cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- C-dm-Jv-
520.- -B-[p-\n-I- C-‰-en-sb- G-Io-I-cn-®-Xv-˛-
Km-cn-_mƒ-Un-
521.- -B-[p-\n-I- N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛-en-tbm-t]mƒ-Uv-
thm-¨- dm-s¶-
522.- -cm-jv-{S-sa-∂-Xv- Rm-\m-Wv- F-∂p- ]-d-
™-Xv-˛- eq-bn- ]-Xn-\m-em-a-≥
523.- -c-≠mw- tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- s\-
hn¬- tNw-_¿-se-bn-≥ {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-
\-a-{¥n- ]-Z-sam-gn-™-t∏mƒ- ]-I-c-°m-
c-\m-b-Xv-˛-k¿- hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n¬-
524.- -c-≠mw- tem-I- bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- P-∏m-\n-
en-Sm-\p-≈- t_mw-_v- \n¿-an-°p-∂-Xn-\p-
≈- ]-≤-Xn-˛- am-≥l-´-≥ ]-≤-Xn-
525.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- \m-
kn-Iƒ- ÿm-]n-®- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- tIm-
¨-k-¨-t{S-j-≥ Iym-ºm-b- Hm-jv-hn-‰v-
kv- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- t]m-f-≠v-
526.- -Cw-]o-®s v- a-‚ v- `o-jW - n- t\-cn-´- B-Zy- bp.-
F-kv.- {]-kn-U‚ - v- ˛-tPm-¨- tSm-bve - ¿-
527.- -Cw-•-≠n¬- A-Sn-a-Øw- A-h-km-\n-∏n-
®- h¿-jw-˛- 1833
528.- -d-jy-≥ hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- {]-[m-\- t\-Xm-
hv-˛- se-\n-≥
529.- -\m-®p-d¬- ln-Ã-dn- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- πn-\n-
530.- -\-ho-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\w- Xp-S-ßn-b- cm-
Pyw-˛- P¿-a-\n-
Question Bag
531.- -\m-j-W¬- tkm-jy-en-kw- B-cp-sS- {]-
Xy-b-im-kv-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p-˛- ln-‰v-e¿-
532.- -\m-K-km-°n-bn¬- ho-W- t_mw-_n-s‚-
t]-cv-˛- ^m-‰v- am-≥
533.- \- t- hm-∞m-\- Nn-¥b - p-sS- ap-Jy-kz-`m-hw-
˛- am-\-hn-I-X-
534.- -]-©-io-e-X-X-Øz-ß-fn¬- H-∏n-´-Xv-˛- P-
hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hpw- Nu- F-≥ em-
bn-bpw-
535.- -1936 ap-X¬- F-tXym-]y-bp-sS- `m-K-am-
bn-cp-∂- Cu- cm-Pyw- 1993¬- kz-X-{¥-
am-bn.- t]-cv-˛-F-dn-{Xn-b-
536.- -1959˛¬- Iyq-_-bn¬- \-S-∂- hn-π-h-Øn-
s‚- t\-Xm-hv-˛- ^n-U¬- Im-kv-t{Sm-
537.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se- B-
Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- tPm¿-Pv- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨-
538.- -\-thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p- th-Zn-bm-b- h-≥I-
c-˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
539.- -\n-ln-en-kw- F-∂- hm-°v- cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b-Xv-˛- C-hm-≥ S¿-P-t\-hv-
540.- -1945¬- P-∏m-s\-Xn-sc- bp-≤- {]-Jym-]-
\-Øn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-
U-‚ v-˛-{^m-¶v-fn-≥ Un- dq-kv-sh¬-‰v-
541.- -]-cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-c-£-Ww- `-c-W-L-S-\-
bn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-˛- \-
ao-_n-b-
542.- -\-ho-I-c-W-Øn-\p- th-Zn-bm-b- h-≥I-c-
˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
543.- -am-≥l-´-≥ ]-≤-Xn-bv-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-
In-b-Xv-˛- Hm-∏-≥ssl-a¿-
544.- -am-\h - c
- m-in-bp-sS- hn-Im-kØ - n-\p- Im-c-
W-am-b- {]-[m-\- I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw-˛- N-{Iw-
545.- A- t- a-cn-°- \m-Kk - m-°n-bn-en-´- t_mw-_v-
˛- ^m-‰v- am-≥
546.- -A-P-≠m-˛-21 F-¥p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂p-˛- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-kw-c-£-Ww-
547.- -ap-t m-fn-\n- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂-
cm-Pyw-˛- C-‰-en-
548.- -bp-tKm-…m-hy-bp-sS- cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hv-˛-
am¿-j¬- Sn-t‰m-
549.- -A-ta-cn-°-bn¬- A-Sn-a-Øw- \n-tcm-[n-®-
h¿-jw-˛- 1863
550.- -]-©-io-e- X-Øz-߃- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-
k-tΩ-f-\w-˛- _m-µq-Mv-
551.- -B-Zy-am-bn- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-
Kƒ-^v- cm-Pyw-˛- Ip-ssh-‰v-
552.- -]n-F-®v-Un- _n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn-b- G-I- A-
ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- hp-Uv-tdm- hn¬-
k-¨-
553.- - \ - t hm- ∞ m- \ w- B- c w- ` n- ® - cm- P yw- ˛ - C-
‰- e n-
554.- -]n-k-bn-se- N-cn-™- tKm-]p-cw- G-Xv- cm-
Py-Øm-Wv-˛- C-‰-en-
555.- -B-[p-\n-I- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- kw-hn-[m-\w-
\n-e-hn¬-h-∂- B-Zy-cm-Pyw-˛- {_n-´-¨-
556.- -b-Mv- C-‰-en- {]-ÿm-\-sØ- \-bn-®-h¿-
˛- Km-cn-_mƒ-Un-bpw- a- o-\n-bpw-
557.- A- t- a-cn-°b - n-se- {]-ap-J- cm-jv{- So-b- ]m¿-
Sn-Iƒ-˛- dn-∏ª - n-°≥ - ]m¿-Sn-bpw- sU-tam-
{Im-‰n-Iv- ]m¿-Sn-bpw-
558.- b- p.-F≥ - .-Nm¿-´¿- H-∏p-sh-°s - ∏-´- h¿-jw-
˛- 1945
559.- -B-Zy-sØ- {]-]-©-am-Xr-I- A-h-X-cn-∏n-
064
®- {]m-No-\- {Ko-°v- tPym-Xn-im-kv-{X-
⁄-≥˛- bp-tUm-Iv-k-kv-
560.- -bp.-F-kv.-F.-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂-
ssk-\n-I- _-lp-a-Xn-˛- sa-U¬- Hm-^v-
Hm-W¿-
561.- -B-[p-\n-I- Xp¿-°n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ap-kv-X-^- I-am¬-
A-‰m-Xp¿-°v-
562.- c
- ‡
- c- l
- n-X- hn-πh
- w- \-S∂
- - cm-Pyw-˛- Cw-
•-≠v-
563.- -B-Zy-am-bn- hn-t£-]n-®- a-\p-jy-\n¿-an-
X- D-]-{K-lw-˛- kv-]p-Sv-\n-Iv-
564.- -c-≠mw- tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-sØ- P-
∏m-≥ {]o-an-b¿-˛- tSm-tPm-
565.- C- {- k-tb-en-s‚- P-\\ - Ø- n-\p- Im-cW - a- m-b-
{]-ÿm-\w-˛- kn-tbm-Wn-Ã-v {]-ÿm-\w-
566.- -c-≠mw- tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤w- B-cw-`n-°p-
tºmƒ- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛-{^m-
¶v-fn-≥ Un- dq-kv-sh¬-‰v-
567.- -]-S-hm-fn-s\-°mƒ- i-‡n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv-
Xq-en-I- F-∂p- sX-fn-bn-®- hn-π-hw-˛- {^-
©p-hn-π-hw-
568.- -]yq-\n-Iv- bp-≤-ß-fn¬- G-‰p-ap-´n-b-Xv-˛-
tdm-apw- Im¿-tØ-Ppw-
569.- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy- A-
ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- hn-eyw- sl-≥dn-
lm-cn-k-¨-
570.- -{_n-´-Wn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- k¿-
h-I-em-im-e-˛- Hm-Iv-kv-^-Uv-
571.- -c≠ - mw- tem-Ia - l
- m-bp-≤° - m-eØ - v- t]ƒ-
lm¿-_¿- B-{I-an-®- cm-Pyw-˛- P-∏m-≥
572.- -c-≠p-{]m-h-iy-Øn¬-Iq-Sp-X¬- A-ta-cn-
°-bn¬- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-
s∏-´- G-I- hy-‡n-˛-{^m-¶v-fn-≥ Un- dq-
kv-sh¬-‰v-
573.- -C-t∏mƒ- \n-e-hn-ep-≈-Xn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-
g-b- \m-K-cn-I-X-˛- ssN-\-
574.- -Cu-^¬- tKm-]p-cw- \n¿-an-®- h¿-jw-˛-
1789Cu-^¬- tKm-]p-cw- ¿-an-®- h¿-jw-
˛- 1789
575.- d- j
- y-≥ hn-πh - I- m-es- Ø- km¿- N-{I-h¿-
Øn-˛- \n-t°m-fm-kv- c-≠m-a-≥
576.- -dq-t m,- thmƒ-´-b¿,- tam-≠-kv-Iyp- F-
∂n-h¿- G-Xp- hn-π-h-sØ-bm-Wv- kzm-
[o-\n-®-Xv-˛- {^-©p-hn-π-hw-
577.- -en-¶-¨- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
˛-hm-jnw-Kv-S-¨- Un.-kn.-
578.- -In-g-°-≥ bq-tdm-∏n-se- tkm-hn-b-‰v- ta-
[m-hn-Xzw- D-t±-in-®v- A-b-¨- I¿-´-≥ F-
∂- {]-tbm-Kw- B-Zy-am-bn- \-S-Øn-b-Xm-
cv-˛-k¿- hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n¬-
579.- -A-®-Sn- B-cw-`n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
580.- a- q-h_- nƒ- ssS-∏p-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂- A-®S- n-
b-{¥w- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®X - m-c˛v- - Kp-´≥- _¿-Kv-
581.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS- tZ-io-
b-Km-\w-˛- Ãm¿- kv-]mw-Knƒ-Uv- _m-\¿-
582.- A- t- a-cn-°b- n¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sk-≥k-kv-
\-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1790
583.- - 1982˛¬- sh-Sn-tb-‰p-a-cn-®- H-tem-^v- ]m-
sa- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
bm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- kzo-U-≥
584.- -a-\p-jy-s\- N-{µ-\n-se-Øn-®- B-Zy- _-
ln-cm-Im-i- hm-l-\w- ˛-A-t∏m-tfm-˛-11
585.- -A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- h-\n-Xm- h¿-jw-˛- 1975
586.- -A-cn-tÃm-´n-en-s‚- in-jy-\m-b- am-kn-
tUm-Wn-b-≥ cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥˛-A-e-Iv-km-
≠¿-
587.- -B-Zy-sØ- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛-
tPm¿-Pv- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨-
588.- -C-¥y-bp-am-bn- \m-hn-I-am¿-Kw- hm-Wn-
Py-_‘ - w- ÿm-]n-®- B-Zy-sØ- bq-tdm-
]y-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- t]m¿-®p-K¬-
589.- -A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-]-£n-˛- _mƒ-
Uv- Cu-Knƒ-
590.- -ln-‰ve - ¿- ^yq-d¿- (k¿-hm-[n-Im-cn-)- F-∂-
ÿm-\t- ∏-cp- kzo-Ic - n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1934
591.- -ln-tcm-jn-a-bn¬- ho-W- t_mw-_n-s‚-
t]-cv-˛- en-‰n¬- t_m-bv-
592.- -s\-t∏m-fn-bs - ≥d- A-hk - m-\- ]-cP - b
- Ø
- n-
\vI
- m-cW - a- m-b- bp-≤w- \-S∂ - - hm-´¿-eq-
(1815)- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv˛- - s_¬-Pn-bw-
593.- -Sp-´-≥Jm-a-s‚- i-h-Ip-So-cw- G-Xv- cm-Py-
Øm-Wv-˛- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv-
594.- -B-Zy-am-bn- sa-bv-Zn-\w- B-tLm-jn-°-
s∏-´- \-K-cw-˛- jn-°m-tKm-
595.- -]m-co-kv- I-ayq-¨- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1871
596.- -t]¿-jy-bn-se- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- F-∂p-
hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-\m-Zn¿- jm-
597.- -\-ho-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°-an-
´-Xv-˛- am¿-´n-≥ eq-X¿-
598.- -]p-I-h-en- B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\p- lm-\n-I-cw-
F-∂v- kn-K-c-‰p-I-h-dn¬- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-
599.- -1973˛-se- H-Iv-tSm-_¿- bp-≤-Øn¬- hn-
P-bn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv-
600.- -a\p-jy-≥ B-Zy-am-bn- N-{µ-\n-en-d-ßn-
b- h¿-jw-˛- 1969
601.- -a-\p-jy¿- B-Zy-am-bn- h-f¿-Øn-b- [m-
\y-߃-˛- tKm-X-ºpw- _m¿-en-bpw-
602.- a- u- au- e-lf - - \-S∂
- - cm-Pyw-˛- sI-\n-b-
603.- -B-Zy-sØ- \-gv-k-dn- hn-Zym-e-b-Øn-s‚-
ÿm-]-I-˛- a-cn-b- tam-≠n-t m-dn-
604.- C- c- ´- k- t- lm-Zc - ≥
- am¿- {]-[m-\a- {- ¥n-bpw-
{]-kn-U-‚p-am-b- tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-
cm-Pyw-˛- t]m-f-≠v-
605.- -B-Zy-sØ- `u-a- D-®-tIm-Sn- \-S-∂- ÿ-
ew-˛- dn-tbm- Un- P-\o-tdm-
606.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bn¬- Ip-
dp-sI-bp-≈- h-c-I-fp-sS- F-Æw-˛- 13
607.- -1986˛¬- Im-W-s∏-´- hm¬-\-£-{Xw-˛-
lm-en-
608.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fp-sS- kzm-
X-{¥y- {]-Jym-]\ - w- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- t]-
cv-˛- Zn- s]¿-^yqw-
609.- a
- m-≥l-´≥ - ]-≤X - n-bv°
- v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-
In-b-Xv-˛- Hm-∏-≥ssl-a¿-
610.- -A¥ - m-cm-j{v- S- km-£c - X
- m- h¿-jw-˛- 1990
611.- 1939 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- H-∂n-s‚- {]m-[m-\yw-
˛- c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w- B-cw-`n-®p-
612.- -A-a-cn-tKm- sh-kv-]p-®n- P-\n-®- cm-Pyw-
˛- C-‰-en-
613.- -ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- P-\n-®- sa-°- G-Xv- cm-
Py-Øm-Wv-˛-ku-Zn- A-td-_y-
614.- -aq-ey-h¿-[n-X- \n-Ip-Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-b- B-
Zy- cm-Pyw-˛- {^m-≥kv-
615.- -aq-h-_nƒ- ssS-∏p-]-tbm-Kn-®v- A-®-Sn-b-
{¥-Øn-eq-sS- A-®-Sn- B-cw-`n-®- cm-Pyw-
˛- P¿-a-\n-
616.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-
hv-˛- sP-bnw-kv- am-Un-k-¨-
617.- -B-Zy-sØ- an-kv- bq-Wn-th-gv-kv-˛- A¿-
an- Ip-tk-e- (^n-≥e-≥Uv-)-
618.- -B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- _-ln-cm-Im-i-hm-
l-\w- ˛-kv-t]-kv-jn-∏v- h-¨-
619.- -A-ta-cn-°- kzm-X-{¥yw- {]-Jym-]n-®- Xo-
b-Xn-˛- 1776 Pq-sse- 4
620.- B- [ - p-\n-I- P-\m-[n-]X - y-Øn-s‚- B-Wn-
°-√v- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- - am-·I
- m¿-´-
621.- -B-Zy- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-≠v-˛- tPm¿-
Pv- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨-
622.- -B-Zy-sØ- ssk-t°m-f-Pn- e-t_m-d-´-dn-
ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛- hq-≠v-
623.- -C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- P-\n-®v- A-ta-cn-
°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛-tPm-
¨- F-^v.- sI-∂-Un-
624.- -B-Zy-sØ- tdm-a-≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛- A-K-
Ã-kv-
625.- -c-≠mw- tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-
®- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1945 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- c-≠v-
626.- -C-≥I- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚- A-h-in-jv-S-
߃- Im-Wp-∂- am-®p-]n-®p- G-Xv- cm-
Py-Øm-Wv-˛- s]-dp-
627.- -]-sØm-≥]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚- A-h-km-
\-Øn¬- s]m-Xp-]-Wn-ap-S-°v- F-∂- B-
i-bw- D-cp-Øn-cn-™-Xv- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øv-
˛- {_n-´-¨-
628.- -c-≠m-a-sØ- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-≠v-
˛- tPm-¨- B-Uw-kv-
629.- ]- o-∏nƒ-kv- dn-∏ª - n-Iv- Hm-^v- ssN-\- \n-e-
hn¬- h-∂- Xo-bX - n-˛- 1949 H-Itv- Sm-_¿- 1
630.- -]p-cm-X-\- kn¬-°p-]m-X- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-
∂- Np-cw-˛- \m-Yp-e-
631.- -]-Xn-t\-gmw- \q-‰m-≠p-ap-X¬- ]-sØm-
≥]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠p-h-sc- ^n-≥e-≥Uv- `-
cn-®n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- kzo-U-≥
632.- -^m-kn-kw- F-∂- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-
®- cm-Pyw-˛- C-‰-en-
633.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bn-ep-≈-
\-£-{X-ß-fp-sS- F-Æ-w˛ 50
634. B[p-\n-I- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚- kp-hn-
ti-jw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛- tkm-
jy¬- tIm-¨-{Sm-Iv-Sv-
635.- -B-Zy-am-bn- ku-c-I-e-≠¿- hn-I-kn-∏n-
s®-Sp-Ø- cm-Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
636.- -C-cp-]-Øn-sbm-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- cq-]w-
sIm-≠- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-˛- Cu-Ãv- Xn-aq¿-
637.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- B-
Zy-am-bn- Io-g-S-ßn-b- A-®p-X-≠v- i-‡n-
˛- C-‰-en-
638.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- k-
Jy-i-‡n-I-fp-sS- ]-›n-a-`m-K-sØ- k¿-
h-ssk-\ym--[n-]-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- ssUz-‰v-
Un- sFkt\m-h¿-
639.- -C-S-Xp-]-£w- F-∂- {]-tbm-Kw- B-Zy-
am-bn- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- {^m-≥kv-
640.- -Cu-Pn-]v-Xv- kz-X-{¥-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1922
641.- -_w-•m-tZ-iv- kz-X-{¥-cm-jv-{S-am-b- h¿-
jw-˛- 1971
642.- -_w-Kv-fm-tZ-in-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- ap-Po-_v-
d-lv-am-≥
643.- -`q-cn-]-£w- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- cm-Py-ß-
fpw- B-cp-sS- tIm-f-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- {_n-
´-¨-
644.- -{]-kn-≤-am-b- sK-‰n-kv-_¿-Kv- {]-kw-Kw-
\-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛- F-{_-lmw- en-¶-¨-
645.- -{^-©p-hn-π-hw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1789
646.- -{^-©v- hn-π-h-Im-e-sØ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛-
eq-bn- ]-Xn-\m-dm-a-≥
647.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- kw-kv-Im-c-am-Wv- ]q-
®-sb- B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂-Xv-˛- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv-
648.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- tkz-—m-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn-
cp-∂p- K-±m-^n-˛- en-_n-b-
649.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ-bm-Wv- X-t±-io-b¿- \n-
t∏m-¨- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- P-∏m-≥
650.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- sX-°p-In-g-°-t\-
jy-bn-se- tIm-f-\n-I-fm-Wv- C-t¥m-˛-
ssN-\- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- {^m-≥kv-
651.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- ]m¿-e-sa-‚m-Wv- sk-
Pw-˛-t]m-f-≠v-
652.- -{^m-≥kn-se- B-Zy- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- kv-Ym-
]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1792
653.- -{_n-´-Wn-se- B-Zy- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- tdm-
_¿-´v- hm¬-t]mƒ-
654.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- `-cn-®- {_n-´o-
jv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛- hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b- dm-Wn-
655.- G
- X - p- \q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv- tPm-≥ Hm-^v- B¿-
°v- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv-˛- 15
656.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚m-
Wv- ap-kv-X-^- I-am¬-˛- Xp¿-°n-
657.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- en-]n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- lo-
tdm-•n-^n-Iv-kv-˛- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv-
658.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tZ-io-b- Km-\-am-Wv-
Zn- tdm-b¬- am¿-®v-˛- kv-s]-bn-≥
659.- -Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cn¬-\n-∂pw- A-h-cp-sS- I-
gn-hn-\-\p-k-cn-®v-;- Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw- A-
h-cp-sS- B-h-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®v- Cu- X-
Øzw- G-Xp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-
˛- I-ayp-Wn-kw-
660.- H
- mw-_p-Uvk - va
- m-≥ kw-hn-[m-\w- B-Zy-am-
bn- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- kzo-U-≥
661.- -`q-cn-`m-Kw- A-ta-cn-°-≥]u-c-≥am-cpw- G-
Xp- cm-Py-sØ- hw-i-P-cm-Wv-˛- {_n-´-¨-
662.- -{]m-No-\- Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-Im¿- G-Xp- ]n-c-
an-Un-s‚- \n-g¬- t\m-°n-bm-Wv- E-Xp-
°ƒ- \n-›b - n-®n-cp-∂X - v˛- - Kn-kb - n-se- ]n-
c-an-Uv-
663.- -{]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- _m-Iv-{Sn-b- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- {]-tZ-iw- C-t∏mƒ- G-Xp-
cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-≥
664.- -{]m-Xn-\n-[y-an-√m-sX- \n-Ip-Xn-bn-√-˛- C-
Xv- G-Xp-am-bn- _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- A-
ta-cn-°-≥ kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cw-
665.- -{]-Xy-£- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-
e-hn-ep-≈- bq-tdm-]y-≥ cm-jv-{Sw-˛- kzn-
‰v-k¿-e-‚ v-
666.- -{^-©p- hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- B-i-b-߃-˛-
kzm-X-{¥yw,- k-a-Xzw,- km-tlm-Z-cyw-
667.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-tØm-Sm-Wv- {^m-≥kv- i-Xh - ¿-
j-bp-≤Ø - n¬- G-‰p-ap-´n-bX - ˛v- - Cw-•≠ - v-
668.- -G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-se- cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tIm-f-\n-Iƒ- ÿm-]n-
®-Xv- ˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
669.- H
- ∏- n-bw- bp-≤Ø - n¬- G-‰p-ap-´n-bX - v˛- - {_n-
´-Wpw- ssN-\-bpw-
670.- -H-∂mw- t_m-b¿- bp-≤w- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cv-˛- {Sm-≥kv-hmƒ- bp-≤w-
671.- -H-∂mw-tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤-Im-e-Øv- A-ta-
cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- hp-Uv-
tdm- hn¬-k-¨-
672.- -h-cn-Iƒ- C-√m-sX- kw-Ko-Xw- am-{X-ap-
≈- tZ-io-b- Km-\-ap-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- kv-s]-
bn-≥
673.- -hm-´¿-eq- bp-≤-°-fw- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øv-˛-
s_¬-Pn-bw-
674.- -{^-©v- hn-π-h-Øn-s≥d- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw-˛-
kzm-X-{¥yw,- k-a-Xzw,- km-tlm-Z-cyw-{^-
©vv- hn-π-h-Øn-s≥d- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw-˛- kzm-
X-{¥yw,- k-a-Xzw,- km-tlm-Z-cyw-
675.- -{^-©p- hn-π-h-Im-e-Øv- _m-ssì- P-
bn¬- X-I¿-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1789
676.- -{^m-≥kn-se- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-˛- \m-
j-W¬- A-kw-ªn-
065
677.- -{^m-≥kn-se- A-©mw- dn-∏-ªn-°n-se-
B-Zy- {]-kn-U-≠v-˛- Nmƒ-kv- Un- tKmƒ-
678.- -{_-ko¬- {]-kn-U-‚m-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X-
˛- Zn¬-a- dp-tk-^v-
679.- -{In-an-b-≥ bp-≤w- F-t∏m-gm-bn-cp-∂p-˛-
1854˛-56
680.- {- In-kv‰ - ^- ¿- sIm-fw-_k - v- P-\n-®- cm-Pyw-
˛- C-‰-en-
681.- -{io-e-¶-bp-sS- ]-Xm-I-bn¬- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-
®n-´p-≈- ar-Kw-˛- knw-lw-
682.- -{Ko-≥s_¬-‰v- F-∂- B-i-bw- D-cp-Øn-
cn-™- cm-Pyw-˛- Cw-•-≠v-
683.- -1790¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sk-≥k-kv- \-S-Øn-
b- cm-Pyw-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-
684.- -1867¬- G-Xp- cm-Py-am-Wv- bp.-F-kn-\v-
A-em-kv-I- hn-‰-Xv-˛- d-jy-
685.- -1905˛¬- kzo-U-\n¬-\n-∂v- th¿-s]-´- cm-
Pyw-˛-t\m¿-th-
686.- -1911 ¬- hn-π-h-Øn-eq-sS- k-¨- bm-Xv-
sk-≥ cm-P-`-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®- cm-
Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
687.- -B-cp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p- X-hn-
´p- Ip-∏m-b-°m¿-˛-ln-‰v-e¿-
688.- -B-cpw- ]u-c-≥am-cm-bn- P-\n-°m-Ø- kz-
X-{¥-cm-Pyw- ˛- h-Øn-°m-≥
689.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- H-Sp-
hn¬- Io-g-S-ßn-b- A-®p-X-≠v- i-‡n-˛-
P-∏m-≥
690.- -C-t∂-h-sc- e-`n-®n-´p-≈-Xn¬- G-‰-hpw-
h-en-b- h-{Pw-˛- I-≈n-\-≥
691.- -em-‰-d-≥ D-S-º-Sn- {]-Im-cw- 1929¬- \n-e-
hn¬-h-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- h-Øn-°m-≥
692.- -F-\n-s°m-cp- kz-]v-\-ap-≠v- F-∂m-cw-`n-
°p-∂- {]-kn-≤-am-b- {]-kw-Kw- B-cp-tS-
Xm-Wv-˛- am¿-´n-≥ eq-X¿- In-Mv-
693.- -F-{_-lmw- en-¶-¨- P-\n-®- 1809 s^-
{_p-hc - n- H-ºX
- n-\v- P-\n-®- im-kv{- X-⁄-
≥˛-Nmƒ-kv- Um¿-hn-≥
694.- -F-gp-Øp-hn-Zy- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-
\m-K-cn-I-X-˛- kp-ta-dn-b-≥
695.- -F-h-d-Ãv- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv-˛-
cm-[m-\m-Yv- kn-‡¿-
696.- -F-hn-S-sØ- `-c-W-Ø-e-h-s‚- Aw-K-c-
£-I-cm-Wv- kzn- v- Km¿-Uv-kv- ˛- h-Øn-
°m-≥
697.- F- h - n-sS-sh-®m-Wv- s\-t∏m-fn-b≥ - A-¥y-
izm-kw- h-en-®-Xv-˛- A-Xv-em-≥dn-°n-se-
sk-≥dv- sl-eo-\- Zzo-]n¬-
698.- -G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-
b-a-kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- cm-Pyw-˛-
kzo-U-≥
699.- -G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°w-sN-∂- s^-U-d¬- kw-
hn-[m-\-ap-≈-Xv- ˛-bp.-F-kv.-F.-
700.- -c≠m-asØ Atacn-°≥- {]kn-U≥-dv-
˛ tPm¨- BZw-kv-
701.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬- P-\-kw-
Jy-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- i-X-am-\w-
a-c-Ww- kw-`-hn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- t]m-f-≠v-
702.- c- ≠
- mw- tem-Ia - l
- m-bp-≤I - m-eØ
- v- t\m¿-
a-≥Un-bp-sS- tam-N-\-Øn-\m-bn- sF-k-
t\m-h-dp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- k-Jy-tk-
\- \-S-Øn-b- B-{I-a-W-Øn-s‚- t]-cv-˛-
Hm-∏-td-j-≥ Hm-h¿-tem¿-Uv
703.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-
°p-tºmƒ- {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-
bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en-
704.- -Cw-•o-jv- A-®-Sn-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- hn-eyw-
Im-Iv-Ã-¨-
705.- -Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-em- {I-a-Øn¬- A-
h-km-\-sØ- cm-Pyw-˛- knw-_m-_v-sh-
706.- -d-jy- hn-t£-]n-®- B-Zy- _-ln-cm-Im-
i- hm-l-\w-˛- kv-]p-Sv-\n-Iv-
707.- -dn-h-©v- {]-ÿm-\w- D-S-se-Sp-Ø- cm-Pyw-
˛- {^m-≥kv-
708.- -d-∫¿- bp-≤-Øn¬- G-‰p-ap-´n-b- cm-Py-
߃-˛- s_m-fo-hn-b,- {_-ko¬-
709.- -_-ln-cm-Im-i- k-©m-cn-bm-b- B-Zy- h-
\n-X-˛- hm-e-‚o-\- sX-c-jv-tIm-h-
710.- -_w-•m-tZ-in-s‚- cm-jv-{S-in-ev-]n-˛- ap-Po-
_p¿- d-lv-am-≥
711.- -_w-•m-tZ-in-s‚- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\m-bn-
t]m-cm-Sn-b- P-\-Io-b-tk-\-˛- ap-‡n-_m-
ln-\n-
712.- - c - ≠ mw- tem- I - a - l m- b p- ≤ w- Xp- S - ß p-
tºmƒ- {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-
∂-Xv-˛- s\-hn¬- tNw-_¿-se-bn-≥(1908˛-
16)-
713.- -c-≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\p-ti-j-ap-
≈- 55 h¿-j-ß-fn¬- 57 a-{¥n-k-`-I-fp-
sS- `-c-W-Øn-\p- hn-t[-b-am-b- bq-tdm-
]y-≥ cm-jv-{S-ta-Xv-˛-C-‰-en-
714.- -c-≠p- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-ß-fn-epw- ]-cm-
P-b-s∏-´- cm-Pyw-˛- P¿-a-\n-
715.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- cm-Py-߃-°v- kzm-
X-{¥yw- \¬-In-b- cm-Pyw-˛- {_n-´-¨-
716.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- A-ta-cn-°-≥
{]-kn-U-‚ v-]-Zw- h-ln-®-Xv-˛-{^m-¶v-fn-≥
Un- dq-kv-sh¬-‰v-
717.- -G-I-I-£n-`-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®- B-
Zy-sØ- ]q¿-hb - q-tdm-]y-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- t]m-
f-≠v-
718.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- \n-ln-en-kw- F-∂-
Zm¿-i-\n-I- {]-ÿm-\w- D-cp-Øn-cn-™-
Xv-˛- d-jy-
719.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- tIw-{_n-Uv-Pv- k¿-
h-I-em-im-e-˛- {_n-´-¨-
720.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- tam-≠n-
s\-t{Km- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛- sk¿-
_n-b-
721.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tIm-f-\n-bm-Wv- Pn-
{_mƒ-´¿-˛- Cw-•-≠v-
722.- -hn-π-h- I-hn-bm-b- ]m-tªm- s\-dq-X- G-
Xp- cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p-˛- Nn-en-
723.- -hn-π-h-ß-fp-sS- am-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
´-Xv-˛- {^-©p-hn-π-hw-
724.- -hn-π-hm-\-¥-c- {^m-≥kn-s≥d- B-Zy-
tIm-¨-kp¬- B-bn- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰-Xv-˛-
s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥
725.- -hn-b-‰v-\mw- bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-®- h¿-jw-
˛- 1973
726.- -hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚- {]m-Y-an-I-
cq-]w- \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - - B-Zy- cm-Pyw-˛- kzo-
U-≥
727.- -Im-d¬- am¿-Iv-kn-s\- a-d-hp-sN-bv-X- ÿ-
ew-˛- e-≠-≥
728.- -Im-d¬- am¿-Iv-kn-s‚- aq-e-[-\w- F-∂-
Ir-Xn- ]p-d-Øp-h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1867
729.- -im-kv-{Xo-b- tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚- ]n-
Xm-hv-˛- Im-d¬- am¿-Iv-kv-
730.- i
- m-kv{- Xo-b- tPym-Xn-im-kv{- X-Øn-s‚- ]n-
Xm-hv-˛- sI-]v-f¿-
731.- -k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚- Nn-”w-˛- {]m-hv-
732.- k
- mw-_n-bb - p-sS- kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c
- w- \-bn-
®-Xv-˛- sI-\-Xv- Iu-≠-
733.- -kn-\m-bv- bp-≤-Øn¬- (1973)- Cu-Pn-]v-
Xn-t\m-Sv- G-‰p-ap-´n-b- cm-Pyw-˛- C-{k-
tb¬-
734.- -Kq¿-J-Iƒ- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- I-Øn-bp-
sS- t]-cv-˛- Ip-{In-
735.- -kv-]m-\n-jv- ]n-¥p-S¿-®m- bp-≤w- Xp-S-ßn-
b-Xv-˛- 1701
736.- -kv-^n-≥Iv-kv- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- Cu-
Pn-]v-Xv-
737.- -C-Zn- A-ao-≥ G-Xp- cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛-
D-Km-≠-
738.- -D-Ø-c-hn-b-‰v-\m-apw- Z-£n-W-hn-b-‰v-\m-
apw- Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1976
739.- -d-jy-≥ hn-π-hw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1917
740.- -en-‰n¬- tIm¿-∏-d¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-
s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥
741.- -F-^v.-Un.-B¿.- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-{^m-
¶v-fn-≥ Un- dq-kv-sh¬-‰v-
742.- F
- {- _-lmw- en-¶¨ - - A-¥y-hn-{i-aw- sIm-
≈p-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- kv-]n-Mv-^o¬-Uv-
743.- -F-{_-lmw- en-¶-¨- h-[n-°-s∏-´- h¿-
jw-˛- 1865
744.- -{_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- k-tΩ-fn-°p-∂-
sIm-´m-cw-˛- sh-Ãv-an-≥ÿ- sIm-´m-cw-
745.- -{_n-´o-jv- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-tc-
J-bp-sS- t]-cv-˛- \o-e- ]p-kv-X-Iw-
746.- -{_n-´-Wn¬- B-cp-sS- `-c-W-Im-e-am-Wv-
Zn- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-
∂-Xv-˛- H-fn-h¿- t{Imw-sh¬-
747.- {- _n-´W- n-se- In-co-Sm-hI - m-in-bp-sS- ÿm-
\-t∏-cv-˛- {]n-≥kv- Hm-^v- sh-bn¬-kv-
748.- -F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv- F-{_-lmw- en-¶-¨- h-
[n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛-hm-jnw-Kv-S-¨- Un.-kn.-
749.- F- U - n-k¨ - - P-\n-®- A-ta-cn-°≥ - ]-´W - w-
˛- an-em-≥ (1847)-
750.- -kw-c-£-I- {]-`p- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- H-
fn-h¿- t{Imw-sh¬-
751.- -Kym-e-]v- t]mƒ- F-∂- k-t¶-X-Øn-\p-
Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-
752.- -Lm-\-bn-se- (B-{^n-°-)-kzm-X-{¥y-{]-
ÿm-\-Øn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛-
Izm-an- F-≥{Iq-a-
753.- -ln-‰v-e-dp-sS- B-fl-I-Y-˛- sa-bv-≥ Imw-
^v-
754.- -ln-‰v-e-dp-sS- P-∑-Zn-\w- ˛- 20.-4.-1889
755.- -P-∏m-\n¬- t_mw-_n-Sm-≥ A-\p-a-Xn-
\¬-In-b- A-ta-cn-°≥ - {]-kn-U‚ - v˛- - lm-
cn- F-kv.- {Sq-am-≥
756.- -tem-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew-
Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp-∂- {]-
[m-\a - {- ¥n-˛- en- Izm-≥ bp- (cm-Pyw-˛- knw-
K-∏q¿-)-
757.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy- sS-Ãv- Syq-_v- in-
ip- P-\n-®- \-K-cw-˛- e-≠-≥
758.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \n-b-a-Zm-Xm-
hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- l-Ωp-dm-_n-
759.- -G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- s^-U-d¬- `-c-W-
L-S-\-bp-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-
760.- -kn-dn-b-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w- ˛- U-am-kv-
I-kv-
761.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-b- \m-K-cn-
I-X-˛- kp-ta-dn-b-≥
762.- -tIm-∏¿-\n-°-kv- G-Xp-cm-Py-°m-c-\m-bn-
cp-∂p-˛- t]m-f-≠v-
763.- t- km-jy-en-kØ - n-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv˛- - tdm-_¿-
´v- Hm-h-≥
764.- -tPm¿-Pv- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-
kn-U-‚m-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1789
765.- k- p-Mv- hw-iw- `-cn-®n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
766.- -{In-kv-Xp-a-kv- t_mw-_nw-Kv- F-∂- t]-
cn¬- A-ta-cn-°- t_mw-_m-{I-a-Ww- \-
S-Øn-b-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- hn-b-‰v-\mw-
767.- -1776 Pq-sse- \m-en-s‚- {]m-[m-\yw-˛- A-
ta-cn-°-bv-°v- kzm-X-{¥yw-
768.- h- [ - n-°s - ∏-´- c-≠m-as - Ø- A-ta-cn-°≥
{]-kn-U‚ - v˛- - sP-bnw-kv- F.-Km¿-^o¬-Uv-
769.- -Hm-t´m-a-≥ kp¬-Øm-≥am¿- `-c-Ww- \-
S-Øn-bn-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- Xp¿-°n-
770.- -Iyq-_-bp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-sS- 1965˛¬-
t_m-fo-hn-b-bn¬- km-bp-[- hn-π-hw- \-
S-Øn-b- hn-π-h-Im-cn-˛- sN- Kp-th-c-
771.- l- n-‰ve - d
- pw- ap-t m-fn-\n-bpw- a-cW- a - S- ™
- -
h¿-jw-˛- 1945
772.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-hn-°-∏¬-
˛- F-‚¿-ss{]-kv-
773.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- tZ-
io-b- ]-Xm-I- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xv-˛-
sU-∑m¿-°v-
774.- -tem-Is - s]-Xr-I∏ - ´- n-Ib
- n¬- G-‰h
- pw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- ÿ-eß - ƒ- D-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- C-‰e - n-
775.- -tlm-an-tbm-∏-Xn-bp-sS- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-
˛- km-ap-h¬- lm-\n-am-≥
776.- -tN-cn-tN-cm- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-
d-]m-In-b- t\-Xm-°ƒ-˛- s\-{lp,- am¿-
j¬- Sn-t‰m,- K-am¬- \m-k¿-
777.- -X-]m¬-Ãm-ºv- B-cw-`n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- Cw-
•-≠v-
778.- -X-Øz-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- A-cn-
tÃm-´n¬-
779.- -Z-bm-h-[-Øn-\p- \n-b-a-km-[p-X- \¬-In-
b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-˛- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kv-
780.- -{^m-≥kn-se- F-{Xm-a-sØ- dn-∏-ªn-°m-
Wv- C-t∏mƒ- \n-e-hn-ep-≈-Xv-˛- A-©m-
a-sØ
781.- -{_n-´-\pw- Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn-se- Ip-Sn-
- tb-‰-°m-cpw- X-Ωn¬- 1889˛¬- \-S-∂- bp-
≤w-˛- t_m-b¿- bp-≤w-
782.- -G-Xp- h¿-j-am-Wv- tem-I-P-\-kw-Jy-
B-dp-tIm-Sn- Xn-I-™-Xv-˛- 1999
783.- -G-Xv- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ n-s\-bm-
Wv- eo- lm¿-hn- Hm-kv-hmƒ-Uv- sIm-e-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v˛- t- Pm-¨- F-^v.- sI-∂U - n-
784.- -h-[n-°-s∏-´- G-I- {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n- ˛-kv-s]-≥k¿- s]¿-kn-h¬-
785.- -hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b- sh-≈-®m-´w- I-s≠-Øn-
b- tU-hn-Uv- en-hn-Mv-Ã-¨- G-Xp- cm-
066
Py-°m-c-\m-Wv-˛- kv-tIm-Sv-e-≥Uv-
786.- -h-S-°p-t\m-°n-b-{¥w- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-
tbm-Kn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
787.- -I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- am-\n-s^-tÃm- {]-kn-≤o-I-
cn-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1848
788.- -Im¬-hn-\n-kw- ]n-d-hn-sIm-≠- h-≥I-c-
˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
789.- k
- z-X{- ¥-am-bn- \n-es - Im-≠- B-{^n-°≥ -
cm-Py-߃-˛- F-tXym-]y,- sse-_o-cn-b-
790.- l
- m-Mnw-Kv- Km¿-U≥ - F-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
˛- _m-_n-tem-¨-
791.- N
- c- n-bp-∂- tKm-]p-cw- F-hn-sS-bm-W˛-v ] - n-k-
792.- -P-\-kw-Jym-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚- D-]-≠-
⁄m-Xm-hv- ˛-tXm-a-kv- am¬-Øq-kv-
793.- -jm¿-ev-am-≥ `-cn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- {^m-≥kv-
794.- j
- n-\h - {- X- k-tlm-Zc - ß- ƒ- {]-[m-\a- {- ¥n-
am-cm-b- cm-Pyw-˛-Xm-bv-e-≥Uv-
795.- -k-±mw- lp-ssk-≥ G-Xv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS-
t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- _m-Øv- ]m¿-´n-
796.- k
- ¿-hc - m-Py-kJ- yw- G-Xp-h¿-ja - m-Wv- \n-
e-hn¬- h-∂-Xv-˛- 1920
797.- -k-b-‚ n-^n-Iv- tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚- ]n-
Xm-hv-˛- Im-d¬- am¿-Iv-kv-
798.- -kn-dn-b-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂- tKm-em-≥
Ip-∂p-Iƒ- G-Xv- cm-Py-am-Wv- 1967¬- ]n-
Sn-®-S-°n-b-Xv- ˛-C-{k-tb¬-
799.- -kp-{]nw-tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-kv-‰n-km-b- H-
tc-sbm-cp- A-ta-cn-°≥ - {]-kn-U≠ - v˛- - hn-
eyw- tlm-hm¿-Uv- Xm-^v-‰v-
800.- -kp-ta-dn-b-≥ kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚- a-s‰m-
cp- t]-cv-˛- D¿- kw-kv-Im-cw
 LGS ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS 1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
temIcmPy߃

47.-8 i-X-am-\w- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.- 17.- t- em-II- ∏

- v- ^p-Svt- _mƒ- a-’c - Ø
- n¬- G-
{_ko¬ 10.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- a-s‰-√m- cm-Py- ‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-h-iyw- tP-Xm-°-fm-
ß-fp-sS-bpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-s‚- G-I- b- cm-Pyw- (1958,- 1962,- 1970,- 1994,- 2002).-
1.- -{_-ko-en-se-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- bq-tdm-]y- tZ-iw- Xp-I-bm-Wv- {_-ko-en-s‚- hn-kv- aq-∂p-h-´w- tem-I- I-∏v- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- tP-
≥ \m-hn-I≥- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-c\ - m-b- I- Xo¿-Ww.- Xm-°-fm-b-Xn-\m¬- I-∏v- kz-¥-am-b- cm-
{_mƒ- B-Wv- (1500 G-{]n¬- 22).- I-{_m- 11.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hy-h- Py-am-Wv- {_-ko¬.- F-√m- tem-I- I-∏v-
fn-\v- k-lm-bw- \¬-In-b- t]m¿-®p-K¬- cm- km-bh - X- I
v- r-Xa- m-b- cm-Pyw- {_-ko-em-Wv.-
Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂p- am-\p-h¬- H-∂m-a≥- .- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv.-
2.- -t]m¿-®p-K-en-s‚- tIm-f-\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- 12.- -em-‰n-≥ A-ta-cn-°≥ - cm-Py-ßf - n¬- G-‰h - pw-
{_-ko¬.- t]m¿-®p-K-en¬-\n-∂m-Wv- {_- h-ep-Xv,- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°p-
ko¬- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b-Xv- (1822).- ∂-h¿- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-Xe- p-≈- cm-Pyw- F-
3.- -X-e-ÿm-\w- {_-ko-en-b.- 1960 em-Wv- C- ∂o- {]-tXy-IX - I- ƒ- {_-ko-en-\p-≠.v -
Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b-Xv.- 13.- -t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- `m-j- ap-Jy-`m-j-bm-b- G-
4.- -{_-ko-en-s‚- ]-g-b- X-e-ÿm-\w- dn-tbm- I- em-‰n-≥ A-ta-cn-°≥ - cm-jv{- S-am-Wv- {_-
Un- P-\o-tdm-bm-Wv.- \m-W-b-w dnb¬ ko¬.-
(Brazilian Real). 7.- -D-Ø-cm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-epw- Z-£n-Wm¿-[- 14.- -aq-ey-h¿-[n-X- \n-Ip-Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-b- B-
5. ^pSvt_mƒ I¨{Sn F∂ A]c\maw tKm-f-Øn-ep-am-bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- G- Zy-sØ- em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw- {_-ko-
{_koen\p≠v. ‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw- {_- em-Wv.- (tem-IØv- {^m≥-kv-) ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-‚-bpw- B-Zy- du-≠n¬- I-fn-
6. hnkv-Xo¿-W-Øn-epw- P-\-kw-Jy-bn-epw- ko-em-Wv.- 15.- -tem-I-Øv- t]m-ì- Ãm-ºv- ]p-d-s∏-Sp- ®- cm-Py-am-Wv- {_-ko¬.- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-
tem-I-sØ- A-©m-a-sØ- cm-Pyw,- sX- 8.- -\m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-km-Wv- \n-b-a-\n¿- hn-®- c-≠m-a-sØ- cm-Py-am-Wv- {_-ko¬.- X¬- tem-I- I-∏v- am-®p-I-fn¬- hn-P-bn-®-
t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- In-g-°m- am-W-k-`.- 16.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-ß-fn¬- A- cm-Py-hpw- {_-ko-em-Wv.-
bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- cm-Pyw- F-∂o- {]- 9.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en- Xn¿-Øn-bp-sS- \o-fw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep- 18.- -{_-ko-en-se- X-t±-io-b- B-tbm-[-\-I-
tXy-I-X-Iƒ- {_-ko-en-\p-≠v.- b- cm-Py-am-b- {_-ko¬,- h-≥I-c-bp-sS- ≈- cm-Py-am-Wv- {_-ko¬- (14,-691In.-ao.-).- e-bm-Wv- I-t∏mbvd (Capoeira).
19. tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ^p-Sv-
t_mƒ- tÃ-Un-bw- {_-ko-en-se- a-c-°m-
`q´m≥ \-bm-W-v.-
20.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tdm-a-≥ I-tØm-en-
58. `q´ms‚ Xe-ÿm\w Xnºp. \mWbw Kp¬{Sw °-cp-≈- cm-Py-am-Wn-Xv.-
(Ngultrum). CXn\v- C-¥y-≥ I-d-≥kn-bp-sS- A-tX- 21.- -h-\-hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bn¬- {_-ko-en-\v- tem-I-
aq-ey-am-Wv.- Øv- c-≠mw- ÿm-\-ap-≠v- (d-jy-°m-Wv-
59.- -CS- n-an-∂e- n-s‚- \m-Sv- A-Yh - m Land of Thunderbolt H-∂mw- ÿm-\w-).-
F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p.- {]-[m-\`- m- j Dzongkha.`q´m-s‚- ]-›n-am¿-[- tKm-f-Øn-se- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- {_-
tZ-io-b- Km-\w Druk Tsendhen BWv. ko-en-\v- h-\-hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bn¬- H-∂mw-
60.- -C-¥y-bp-am-bn- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- ÿm-\-ap-≠v-)-
G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Ip-d-™-Xv- `q-´m-\m-Wv- (C- 22.- N- n-en,- C-Iz-tUm¿- H-gn-sI- F-√m- sX-t°-
¥y-bp-sS- A-b¬- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- sN-dp-Xv- am- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bpw- A-Xn¿-
e- Zzo-]v-)- Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- {_-ko¬.-
61.- -C-¥y-≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- 23.- -d-∫¿- bp-≤-Øn¬- G-‰p-ap-´n-b- cm-Py-ß-
hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Ip-d-™-Xv- `q-´m-\m-Wv.- io-b- ar-Kw Takin. fm-Wv- {_-ko-epw- s_m-fo-hn-b-bpw.-
62.- -X-t±-io-b- `m-j-bn¬- {Uq-Iv-˛-bp¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp- 67. ]m¿e-sa‚ v Tshongdu. `q´m≥ \nb-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS- A-t[m- 24.- -{_-ko-em-Wv- tem-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
∂p.- {Up-Iv-˛-bp¬- F-∂m¬- {Um-K-s‚- \m-Sv.- a-Wv-U-ew- \m-j-W¬- A-kw-ªn- F-∂pw- D-]-cn-k-`- \m-j-W¬- Iu- Sp-X¬- Im-∏n- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw.-
63.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]p-I-bn-e- hn-ap-‡- cm-Py- ¨-kn¬- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- 25.- {- _-ko-en-se- km-t‚m-kv- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂-
am-Wv- `q-´m-≥.- 68.- -`q-´m-\n-se- B-Zy-sØ- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂-Xv- 2008˛- Xv- tem-IØ - n-s‚- Im-∏n-°S- h - v- F-∂m-Wv-
64.- s- X-°t- \-jy-bn-se- cm-Py-ßf - n¬- cm-Pm-hv- cm-jv{- S-Ø- em-Wv.- (Im-∏n-bp-sS- P-∑-tZ-iw- B-{^n-°-bn-se-
e-h-\m-bn-´p-≈- G-I- cm-Py-hpw- `q-´m-\m-Wv.- 69.- -2007˛¬- `q-´m-≥ C-¥y-bp-am-bp-≈- ku-lr-Z- D-S-º-Sn- ]p-Xp-°n.- F-tXym-]y-bm-Wv-).-
65.- -C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw- `q-´m-s‚-bpw- kw-bp-‡- ]-≤-Xn-bm- 70.- -{Up-Iv- F-b¿- B-Wv- `q-´m-s‚- hn-am-\- k¿-ho-kv.- 26.- -{_-ko-en-se- km-thm- t]m-tfm- Z-£n-
Wv Tala Hydroelectric Project. 71.- -sam-Øw- B-`y-¥-c- k-¥p-jv-Sn- A-f-°p-∂- cm-Pyw- F-∂- {]-tXy-I- Wm¿-[t- Km-fØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- P-\k - w-Jy-
66.- -\o-e- t]m-∏n-bm-Wv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- ]p-jv-]w.- tZ-io-b- X-bpw- `q-´m-\p-≠v.- Iq-Sn-b- \-K-c-am-Wv.-
hr-£w- ssk-{]-kv.- `q-´m-\n¬- A-Xv Tseden F∂pw- 72.- -]m-tcm- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- `q-´m-\n-em-Wv.- 27.- t- ]m¿-®p-Ko-k-v `m-jb
- °-v m-bn- km-thm- t]m-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- tZ-io-b- ]-£n Raven BWv.- C- 73.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- a-’-cn-°m-≥ _n-cp-Zw- th-W-sa-∂v- tfm-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®- ayq-kn-ba - m-W-v tem-I-
Xv- {]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn- Jarogi F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- tZ- \n-jv-I¿-j-bp-≈- cm-Py-am-Wv- `q-´m-≥.- Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- `m-jm- ayq-kn-bw.-

067

Im\U
74. hS-t°- A-ta-cn-°b - n-se- G-‰h- pw-
h-en-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- Im-\-U.-
75.- -]-›n-am¿-[- tKm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-
hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Py-
am-Wv- Im-\-U.-
76.- -tem-I-Øv- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬-
Im-\-U-bv-°v- c-≠mw- ÿm-\-ap-
≠v.-
77.- -]¿-h-X-ß-fpsS IS¬ (‘Sea of
Mountains’) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv- {_n-´o-jv- sIm-fw-_n-b.-
78.- -a-™n-s‚- \m-Sv,- en-√n-bp-sS- \m-
Sv,- ta-∏n-fn-s‚- \m-Sv,- Pq-\n-b¿- A-
ta-cn-°- F-∂o- A-]-c-\m-a-ß-
fn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Im-\-U-
bm-Wv.-
79.- -sF-kv- tlm-°n-bm-Wv- Im-\-U-
bp-sS- io-X-Im-e- tZ-io-b- Im-bn-
I- hn-t\m-Zw.- em-t{Im-sk- B-
Wv- th-\¬-°m-e- tZ-io-b- Im-bn-
I- hn-t\m-Zw.-
80.- -G-‰-hpw- X-Sm-I-ß-fp-≈- cm-Pyw,-
G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-
≈- cm-Pyw,- {]-Xn-io¿-j- P-e-e-
`y-X- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- cm-
Pyw- F-∂n- {]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ- Im-
\-U-bv-°v- kz-¥-a-m-Wv.-
81.- -\-bm-{K- sh-≈-®m-´w- Im-\-U-bv-
°pw- bp.-F-kv.-F.-bv-°pw- C-S-bv-
28.- B- Z- y-sØ- `u-a- D-®t- Im-Sn- \-S∂
- X
- v- {_-
ko-en-se- dn-tbm- Un- P-\o-tdm- \-Kc- Ø- n-
em-Wv- (1992).-
29.- dn-tbm- Un- P-\o-tdm-bp-sS- t]-cn-\¿-Yw-
P-\p-h-cn-bp-sS- \-K-cw- F-∂m-Wv.-
30.- -B-Zy-sØ- em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°-≥ A-d-_v- D-
®-tIm-Sn-°v- (2005)- th-Zn-bm-b- \-K-c-am-
Wv- {_-ko-en-b.-
31.- -dn-tbm- Un- P-\o-tdm-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-
°p-∂- {In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚- {]-Xn-a-bm-Wv-
ss{I-Ãv- Zn- sd-Uo-a¿.- 39.-6 ao-‰-dm-Wv-
C-Xn-s‚- D-b-cw- (9.-5 ao-‰¿- D-b-c-ap-≈-
s]-U-ì- Dƒ-s∏-sS-).- C-Xv- ]p-Xn-b-
k-]v-Xm-Zv-`p-X-ß-fn¬- H-∂m-Wv.-
32.- c-≠p- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- `q-an-im-kv-{X-tc-J-
Iƒ- (`q-a-[y-tc-J-bpw- Z-£n-Wm-b-\- tc-
J-bpw-)- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂- G-I- cm-Pyw
{_-ko-em-Wv.-
Iyq_
88. Ico-_n-b≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw
hnkv X o¿Ww IqSnb cmPy- a mWv
Iyq_. Ico-_n-b≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬
G‰hpw ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb IS¬Øo-
chpw Iyq_-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.
89. 1492-˛¬ sImfw-_kv Iyq_-bn-se-
Øn. Iyq_-bnse HutZymKnI `mj
kv]m\n-jm-Wv.
90. Iyq_bnse \nba\n¿amWk`
\mjW¬ AkwªnbmWv.
91. \mep \q‰m≠v Iyq_-bn¬ `cWw
\S-Ønb bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-amWv
kvs]bn≥.
92. Ico-_n-b≥ taJ-eb- nse GI Iayp-
WnÃv cmPy-amWv Iyq_.
93. 1959-emWv P\-d¬ _m‰n-Ãsb ]pd-
Øm°n ^nU¬ Imkvt{Sm A[n-
Imcw kz¥-am-°n.
94. Iyq_- b nse Kzm≠- \ mtam Pbn-
ens‚ DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw Ata-cn-°-
bv°m-Wv.
95. B‚n-e-kns‚ apØv F∂-dn-b-s∏-
°m-Wv.- tlm-gv-kv- jq- ^mƒ-kv- (Im-\-U-
),- A-ta-cn-°-≥ ^mƒ-kv- (bp-F-kv-F-)-F-
∂o- c-≠v- sh-≈-®m-´-߃- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wn-
Xv.-
82.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]¿- Ip-Sn-tb-dp-∂- cm-
Pyw- Im-\-U-bm-Wv.-
83.- -aq-∂v- a-lm-k-ap-{Z-ß-fp-am-bn- A-Xn¿-Øn-
]-¶n-Sp-∂- c-≠v- cm-Py-ßt- f- tem-IØ - p-≈p-
˛- Im-\-U-bpw- bp-F-kv-F-bpw.- A-Xv-em-
‚n-Iv,- ]-k-^n-Iv,- B¿-´n-Iv- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv-
B- k-ap-{Z-߃.-
84.- I
- m-\U - b- n-se- G-‰h
- pw- h-en-b- \-Kc- w- sSm-
d-t‚m-bpw- X-e-ÿm-\w- H-´m-h-bp-am-Wv.-
85.- I
- m-\U- b- n-se- {^-©p- kw-km-cn-°p-∂- {]-
hn-iy-bm-Wv- Iyq-_-Iv-.-
86.- -H-cp- cm-Py-hp-am-bn- am-{Xw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-
¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Py-ßf - n¬- G-‰h- pw- h-ep-Xv- Im-
\-U-bm-Wv.-
87.- -N¿-®n¬- \-Zn- Im-\-U-bn-e-mWv.
33.- - H fn- º n- I v - k n- \ v - thZn- b m- I p- ∂ BZy-
sXt° Atacn- ° ≥- cm- P y- a m- W v-
{_ko¬.-
34. Ba-tkm¨ \Zn G‰hpw IqSp-X¬
Zqcw Hgp-Ip∂ cmPyw {_ko-em-Wv.
35. {_ko- e ns‚ tZiob ]Xm- I - b n¬
^pSvt_m-fns‚ Nn”-ap-≠v.
36. d∫- d ns‚ P∑- t Ziw {_ko- e m- W v .
slhnb {_ko-en-b≥knkv F∂mWv
Cu hr£-Øns‚ imkv{X-\m-aw.
37. Im-tºm-kv- ]p¬-ta-Sv- {_-ko-en-em-Wv.- `q-
an-bp-sS- izm-kt- Im-iß - ƒ- F-∂m-Wv- B-
a-tkm-¨- a-g° - m-Sp-Iƒ- A-dn-bs
38.- -G-jy-bv-°p- ]p-d-Øv,- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
A-cn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- {_-
ko¬.-
39.- -kmw-_m- \r-Øw- D-Zv-`-hn-®-Xv- {_-ko-en-
em-Wv.-
Sp∂ cmPyw Iyq_-bm-Wv.
96. temI- Ø ns‚ ]©- k m- c - ° nÆw
F∂v Iyq_ hnti-jn-∏n-°s- ∏-Sp-∂p.
97. temI-tØ-‰hpw IqSp-X¬Imew `c-
Ww-\-S-Ønb Iayp-WnÃv t\Xmhv
^nU¬ Imkvt{Sm-bm-Wv.
98. Iyq_bv°pw Ata-cn-°bv°pw CS-
bn-ep≈ IS-en-Sp-°mWv ^vtfmdnU
IS-en-Sp-°v,
99. Iyq_-bpsS tZiob ImbnI hnt\m-
Zw t_kvt_m-fm-Wv.
40.- -{_-ko¬- {]-kn-U-‚m-b- B-Zy-sØ- h-
\n-X-bm-Wv- Zn¬-a- dp-tk^v (Dilma
Roussef). h¿-t°-gvk - v- ]m¿-´n- t\-Xm-hm-
Wv- A-h¿.-
41.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-
b- km-º-Øn-I- i-‡n-bm-Wv- {_-ko¬.-
42.- D- u¿-P- D-]t- `m-KØ - n¬- G-‰h - pw- ap-∂n¬-
\n¬-°p-∂- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-
am- W v - {_- k o¬- (tem- I - Ø v - H- ∂ mw-
ÿm-\-Øv- A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-
I-fm-Wv-)-
43.- BRIC AY-hm- _n-Kv- t^m¿- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Py-ßf - m-Wv- {_-ko¬,- d-jy,-
C-¥y,- ssN-\- F-∂o- cm-Py-߃.-
44.- I- i- p-h≠ - n-bp-sS- P-∑t- Z-iw- {_-ko-em-Wv.-
t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-Wv- A-Xv- C-¥y-bn-
se-Øn-®-Xv.- ]m-gv-`q-an-bn-se- I¬-]-hr-
£w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Cu- a-c-Øn-s‚-
k-ky-im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv- A-\m-Im¿-Un-
bw- Hm-Iv-kn-sU-t‚¬.-
45.- {- _-ko-en-se- Im-∏n-tØm-´ß - f - m-Wv- s^-
k-≥U-Iƒ (Fazendas).
46.- t- em-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- hn-kvX
- o¿-Ww- Iq-
S-nb littoral Zzo]v {_koense Marajo
bpw G‰hpw hnkvXo¿Ww IqSnb flu-
vial Zzo]v {_koenseXs∂ Bananal
Dw- B-Wv.- k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚-tbm- I-Se - n-s‚-
tbm- Xo-c-Øn-\-Sp-Øv- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-
Zzo-]p-I-sf-bm-Wv- km-[m-c-W-am-bn lit-
toral Zzo]p-Iƒ- F-∂p- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- \-
Kmw_nb
100.]›n-a- B-{^n-°b - n¬- Kmw-_n-b- \-
Zn-bp-sS- C-cp-I-c-I-fn-ep-am-bn- ÿn-
Xn- sN-øp-∂- Kmw-_n-b-bp-sS- X-e-
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- v.- ÿm-\w- _m-≥Ppƒ- B-Wv.-
101.- B
- {- ^n-°b- p-sS- sa-bn-≥em-≥Un-se-
G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- Kmw-
_n-b(- sk-bvj- ¬-kv- F-∂- Zzo-]m-Wv-
G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- B-{^n-°-≥ cm-
Pyw-).-
102.- -1965 s^-{_p-h-cn- 18\v- bp-ssW-‰-
Zn-I-fn-se- F-°¬- A-Sn-™p-Iq-S-en-s‚-
^-e-am-bn- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂- Zzo-]p-I-fm-
Wv fluvial Zzo]p-Iƒ.- B-a-tkm-¨- \-
Zn-bp-sS- ]-X-\-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv Marajo
Zzo-]v.- C-Xn-s‚- h-S-°p-In-g-°p-`m-Kw- A-
Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-\v- A-`n-ap-J-am-bn-
´m-sW-¶n-epw- B-a-tkm-Wn¬-\n-∂p-≈-
A-Xn-i-‡-am-b- H-gp-°p-Im-c-Ww- Zzo-]n-
s‚- Xo-c-`m-K-Øp-\n-∂v- Ip-d-®p-Zq-cw-h-sc-
P-e-Øn-\v- D-∏p-c-k-an-√.- A-Xn-\m¬- tem-
I-Øn-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- ip-≤P - e - Z- zo-
]v- F-∂v- 47,-573 N - X
- p-c{- i- In-tem-ao-‰¿-
hn-kvX - r-Xn-bp-≈ Marajo Zzo-]n-s\- hn-
ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.- {_-ko- e - n- ¬ Araguaia
\Znbnse Bananal Zzo-]n-\v- 19,-162.-25 N-
Xp-c{- i-In-tem-ao-‰¿- hn-kvX - o¿-Wa - p-≠v-
47.- -FIFA Player of the Year A-hm¿-Uv- aq-
∂p- {]m-h-iyw- kz-¥-am-°n-b- {_-ko-en-
b-≥ ^p-Sv-t_m-f-dm-Wv- sdm-Wmƒ-tUm.-
tem-I- I-∏n¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tKm-f-
Sn-®-Xv- (15)- C-t±-l-am-Wv- (1998˛-2006).-
48.- -{_-ko-ep-Im-c\ - m-b- {]-ik - vX- - ^p-Svt- _m-
f¿- s]-eb - p-sS- b-Ym¿-Yt- ]-cv- F-Uvk - ¨ - -
068
A-cm-‚k - v- Un- \m-kn-sa-t‚m- F-∂m-Wv.-
49.- -tem-I- I-∏n¬- tKm-fS- n-®- G-‰h - pw- {]m-bw-
Ip-d™
- - Xm-cw,- lm-{Sn-I-v A-Sn-®- G-‰h - pw-
{]m-bw- Ip-d™- - Xm-cw,- tem-I- I-∏-v ss^-
\-en¬- tKm-fS- n-®- G-‰h - pw- {]m-bw- Ip-d™
- -
Xm-cw- F-∂o- sd-t°m-Up-Iƒ- s]-se-bp-
sS- t]-cn-em-Wv. International Federa-
tion of Football History and Statistics
1999˛¬- C-t±-l-sØ- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚- ^p-Sv-
t_m-f-dm-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Øp.-
50.- -2016˛-se- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv- {_-ko-en-se- dn-
tbm- Un- P-\o-tdm-bn¬- h-®p- \-S-°pw.- -
51.- -2014 se- tem-I- I-∏v- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- a-’-
c-th-Zn-bpw- {_-ko-en-em-Wv.-
Uv- Inw-KU v- Ø
- n¬-\n-∂v- kzm-X{- ¥yw-
t\-Sn.-
103.- -C-…m-am-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\- a-
Xw.- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j- Cw-•o-jv.-
\m-W-bw- U-em-kn.-
104.- -{]-kn-U-≥jy¬- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b- Kmw-
_n-b-bp-sS- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`- \m-
j-W¬- A-kw-ªn-bm-Wv.-
105.- -2013 H-Iv-tSm-_-dn¬- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-
Øn¬-\n-∂v- ]n-≥hm-ßn-b- cm-Py-am-
Wv- K-mw_nb.
52.- -t_m-K-≥hn-√-bp-sS- P-∑-tZ-iw-
B-a-tkm-¨- a-g-°m-Sp-I-f-mWv.
53.- -C-µn-cm- Km-‘n- k-am-[m-\- k-Ωm-\-Øn-
\¿-l-\m-b- hy-‡n-bm-Wv- {_-ko-en-b-≥
{]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-∂- eq-bn-kv- C-\m-tjym-
ep-em- Un-kn¬-h.-
54.- -{_-ko-en-se- ]p¬-ta-Sp-I-fm-Wv- sk-dm-
tUm (Cerrado), Im-tºm-kv- (Campos)
F∂n-h.-
55. {_ko-en-s‚- B-sI- hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-sS-
\m¬-]X - v- i-Xa- m-\t- Øm-fw- B-at- km-¨-
X-Sa- m-Wv.- `u-am-¥c - o-£Ø - n-se- Hm-Ivk- n-
P-s‚- 20 i-X-am-\-tØm-fw- B-a-tkm-¨-
a-g-°m-Sp-I-fp-sS- kw-`m-h-\-bm-Wv.- C-hn-
Sp-sØ- P-em-i-b-ß-fn¬- Im-Wp-∂- A-
\m-tIm-≠,- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-
b- ]m-ºp-I-fm-Wv.-
56. {_ko¬,- A¿-P‚ - o-\,- ]-cm-Kzm-bv- F-∂o-
cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- A-Xn¿-Øn-bn¬- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- a-t\m-l-c-am-b- sh-≈-®m-´-am-
Wv- CKzmIp.
57. {_koense hnam\ k¿hokmWv
Varig.
 FOCUS
N{µKp]vX aucy≥
148.C¥ym-Nc - n-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
bm-Wv- au-cy-hw-i-ÿm-]-I-\m-b- N-{µ-
Kp-]v-X-au-cy-≥.-
149.--]p-cm-W-a-\p-k-cn-®v- A-h-km-\-sØ- \-
µ-cm-Pm-hn-\v- ap-c- F-∂- iq-{Z-kv-{Xo-bn¬-
P-\n-®- k-¥m-\-am-Wv- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-
≥ (ap-c-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- au-cy- F-∂- hm-
°v- D-≠m-b-Xv-).-
150.--B-Zy-Im-e- _p-≤-a-X-tc-J-Iƒ- N-{µ-Kp-
]vX
- a- u-cy-≥ £-{Xn-bh - w-iØ - n-em-Wv- ]n-
d-∂-Xv- F-∂p- Im-Wn-°p-∂- kq-N-\-I-
fm-Wv- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.-
151.- -{Ko-°p-tc-J-I-fn¬- km-≥t{Um-tIm-´-kv-
F-∂p- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂- cm-Pm-hv- N-{µ-
Kp-]v-X-au-cy-\m-Wv.- km-≥t{Um-tIm-´-
kv- F-∂- t]-cv- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-s\- kq-
Nn-∏n-°m-\m-Wv- D-]t- bm-Kn-®X - v- F-∂v- B-
Zy-am-bn- sX-fn-bn-®-Xv- hn-eyw- tPm-¨-kv-
F-∂- K-th-j-I-\m-Wv.-
152.--\-µ-hw-i-Øn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- cm-Pm-
hv- [-\-\-µ-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-l-sØ-
Nm-W-Iy-≥ F-∂- {_m-“-W-s‚- k-lm-
b-tØm-sS- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-≥ ÿm-\-
{`-jv-S-\m-°p-I-bpw- au-cy-`-c-Ww- ÿm-
]n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp- (_n.-kn.-321).-
153.--F.-Un.-A-©mw-i-X-I-Øn-\p-ti-jw- Po-
hn-®n-cp-∂- hn-im-J-Z-Ø-≥ c-Nn-®- ap-{Zm-
cm- £ - k w- F- ∂ - kw- k v - I r- X - \ m- S - I -
Øn¬- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-s‚- i-{Xp-°ƒ-
s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈- Nm-WI - y-s‚- X-{¥-߃-
hn-i-Z-am-bn- hn-h-cn-®n-´p-≠v.-
154.--\-µ-hw-i-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- X-s‚- {]-Xn-Im-
cw- \n¿-h-ln-°m-≥ Nm-W-Iy-≥ N-{µ-Kp-
]vX- a- u-cy-s\- {]-tbm-P\ - s- ∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - m-
bn-cp-∂p- F-∂v- Nn-e- N-cn-{X-Im-c-≥am¿-
hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-∂p-≠v.-
155.--hn-jv-Wp-Kp-]v-X-≥ F-∂v- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-
cp-≈- Nm-WI - y-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv- Iu-
S-ey-≥.- Ip-Se - t- Km-{X-Øn¬- P-\n-®X - n-\m-
em-Wv- B- t]-cn-epw- A-dn-bs - ∏-´X
- v.-
156.--N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-s‚- D-]-tZ-jv-Sm-hm-Ipw-
ap-ºv- Nm-WI - y-≥ X-£i - n-e- k¿-hI - e - m-
im-eb - n-se- A-[ym-]I - \- m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v-
]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
157.--au-cy-`-c-Ww- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-tXm-sS- Nm-
W-Iy-≥ N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-s‚- ap-Jy-k-
Nn-h-\m-bn.- cm-jv-{S-X-{¥-sØ- A-[n-I-
Incn_m‰n
106.temIØv - G- ‰ - h pw- In- g - ° m- b n-
ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- In-cn-
_m-‰n.- Cu- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b-
t]-cm-Wv- Kn¬-_¿-´v- Zzo-]p-Iƒ.-
107.- -]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-se- Cu- Zzo-
]- cm-{„-Øn-s‚- X-eÿ - m-\w- ku-
Øv- S-cm-h-bm-Wv.-
108.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b- In-cn-
_m-‰n-bp-sS- \m-W-bw- In-cn-_m-‰n-
tUm-f-dm-Wv.-
109.- - 1 979˛¬- bp- s sW- ‰ - U v - Inw- K v - U -
Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- In-cn-_m-‰n- kzm-
X-{¥yw t\SnbXv.
{]mNo\ C¥ybnse almcY∑m¿
cn-®v- Nm-W-Iy-≥ c-Nn-®- 15 A-[ym-b-ß-
fp-≈- A¿-Y-im-kv-{Xw- F-∂- {K-Ÿ-sØ-
°n-bn-cp-∂p.- {I-a-k-am-[m-\-hpw- `-£y- 176.- -N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-s‚- ]u-{X-\pw- _n-µp-
km-c-s‚- a-I-\p-am-b- A-tim-I-s‚- Po-
k-ar-≤n-bpw- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X- `-c-W-Øn-≥Io-
C-‰m-en-b≥ - cm-j{v- S-X{- ¥-⁄\ - m-b- am-°n- gn¬- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.- hn-X-Im-e-L-´w- _n.-kn.- 304 ap-X¬- _n.-
b-sh-√n- c-Nn-®- Zn- {]n-≥kv- F-∂- Ir-Xn- 166.- -N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-≥ 24 h¿-j-sØ- `-c-W- kn.-232 h-sc-bm-Wv- .-
tbm-Sm-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-≥am¿- Xp-e-\w- sN- Øn-\p-ti-jw- ÿm-\-Xym-Kw- sN-bv-Xp- 177.- -km-©n-bn-se- H-cp- h¿-Ø-I- {]-am-Wn-
øp-∂-Xv.- sh-∂p- hn-iz-kn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p.- ]p-{X-≥ _n- bp-sS- a-I-sf- hn-hm-lw-I-gn-®- A-tim-
158.--C-¥y-≥ am-Iy-sh-√n- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-aw- µp-km-c-\m-Wv- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ]n-≥Km- I-\v- c-≠p- a-°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-˛- a-tl-
Nm-W-Iy-\p- t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø- Cu- Ir-Xn- an-bm-b-Xv.- {µ-Ip-am-cpw- kw-L-an-{X-Ipamcnbpw.
au-cy-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- K-k‰ - n-b¿,- au-cy- 167.- -ssP-\-a-Xw- kzo-I-cn-®- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy- 178. _n-µp-km-c-≥ A-¥-cn-®- k-a-b-Øv- A-
`-c-W-Øn-s‚- am-\z¬- F-∂n-ß-s\- A- ≥ `-{Z-_m-lp-sh-∂- k-∂ym-kn-s°m-∏w- tim-I-≥ D-÷-bn-\n-bn-se- cm-P-{]-Xn-\n-
dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p- (C-‰m-en-b≥ - Nm-WI - y-≥ F- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- sX-°p-`m-K-Øp-≈- {im-h- [n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- k-tlm-Zc - ≥- am-sc- tXm¬-
∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- am-Iy-sh-√n- W-_e - t- Km-fb - n-te-°p-t]m-bn-(C-∂s - Ø- ]n-®v- A-t±-lw- `-c-Ww- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Øp-
bp-sS- Po-hn-X-Im-ew- 1469 ap-X¬- 1527 h- I¿-Wm-S-I- kw-ÿm-\-Øn¬-).- 179.- - _ n- µ p- k m- c - ≥ A- ¥ - c n- ® - X v - _n.- k n.-
sc-bm-Wv-).- 168.- -ssP-\-a-Xw- kzo-I-cn-®- B-Zy- au-cy- N- 273˛¬- B-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- \m-ep-h¿-jw-
{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-≥.- I-gn-™-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv- A-tim-I-≥
169.- -Ip-td- sIm-√-߃-°p-ti-jw- N-{µ-Kn-cn- ÿm-\m-tcm-l-Ww- \-S-Øn-b-Xv.-
In¿KnkvYm≥ °p-∂n¬- ssP-\-a-Xm-Nm-c-{]-Im-cw- \n- 180.- -`-c-W-Øn-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- F-´p-h¿-jw-
cm-lm-c{- h-Xa - \- p-jvT - n-®v- N-{µ-Kp-]vX - a- u-cy- km-{am-Py- hn-]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn¬- {i-≤-
110. at[y-jy-bn-se- kzn-‰vk - ¿-e≠ - v- F- ≥ \n¿-hm-Ww- {]m-]n-®p.- tI-{µo-I-cn-®- A-tim-I-≥ \n-c-h-[n- ]-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- In¿- 170.- -C-¥y-sb-∂-Xv- H-cp- cm-Py-am-sWpw- A-Xn- S-tbm-´-߃- \-S-Øn.- C-¥y-≥ D-]-`q-J-
Kn-ÿm-≥.- \v- H-tc- kw-kv-Im-c-am-Wv- D-≈-sX-∂pw- Wv-U-Øn-s‚- `q-cn-`m-Kw- {]-tZ-i-߃-
111.- -]¿-h-X-\n-_n-U-am-b- Cu- cm-Pyw- B-Zy-am-bn- sX-fn-bn-®- `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-bm- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- km-{am-Py-Øn¬- Dƒ-
I-c-_-≤-am-Wv.- Wv- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-≥.- s∏-´n-cp-∂p.-
112.- -cm-Py-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c- 171.- -C-¥y-bn-se- jn- lp-hm-Mv- Xn- F-∂p- hn- 181.- -]-Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-Øv- C-∂-sØ- ]m-In-
am-b- _n-jv-tI-°v- B-Wv- X-e- ti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏-´X - v- N-{µ-Kp-]vX - a
- u-cy-\m- kvX - m-\pw- A-^vK - m-\n-kvY - m-\pw- In-g° - p-
ÿm-\w.- tZ-io-b- `m-j- In¿-Kn-kv.- Wv- (ssN-\m-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy- N-{I- `m-K-Øv- C-∂-sØ- _w-•m-tZ-ipw- A-
113.- -bp-Wn-‰-dn- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- dn-∏-ªn- h¿-Øn-bm-b- jn- lp-hm-Mv- Xn-bm-Wv- h- k-apw- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- Io-gn-em-bn-cp-∂p.-
°m-b- In¿-Kn-ÿm-s‚- \n-b-a-\n¿- ≥a-Xn¬- \n¿-an-®-Xv-).- 182.- -_n.-kn.- 261˛¬- I-enw-K-cm-Pyw- (C-∂-
am-W-k-`-bm-Wv- kp-{]ow- Iu-¨- 172.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- X-]m¬- Ãm-ºn-eq- sØ- H-do-k-)- ]n-Sn-®-S-°m-≥ X-s‚- `-c-
kn¬.- sS- B-Z-cn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ N-{I- W-Øn-s‚- F-´mw- h¿-jw- A-tim-I-≥
114.- -tkmw- B-Wv- In¿-Kn-ÿm-s‚- \m- h¿-Øn- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-\mWv. \-S-Øn-b- bp-≤w- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- Po-hn-
W-bw.- X-Øn¬- h-gn-Øn-cn-hm-bn.-
115.- {- ]-kn-U‚ - n-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-k- AtimI≥ 183.- b- p-≤Ø - n-s‚- `-bm-\I - X- - A-tim-I\
am-\-km-¥-c-ap-≠m-°n.- A-tim-I-s‚- ]-
- n¬-
Xn- ssh-‰v- lu-kv.-
173. Ncn-{X-Øn-s‚- ]w-‡n-I-fn¬- \n-d-™p- Xn-aq-∂mw- in-em-im-k-\-Øn¬- I-enw-K-
\n¬-°p-∂- ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-\p- cm- bp-≤-sØ-°p-dn-®- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂p-≠v.-
159.--B-[p-\n-I-Im-e-Øv- Cu- Ir-Xn- I-s≠- Pm-°-≥am-cp-sS- Iq-´-Øn¬,- X-ºp-cm-°- 184.- -ta-en¬- bp-≤w- sN-øn-s√-∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-
Sp-Øv- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- iym-a-im- ≥am-cp-sS-bpw- Xn-cp-ta-\n-am-cp-sS-bpw- Xn- ®- A-t±-lw- _p-≤a - X
- Ø- n-te-°v- B-I¿-
kv-{Xn-bm-Wv- (1909).- cp-hp-≈ß - f- p-sS-bpw- a-lm-al - n-a{- io-If - p- jn-°-s∏-´p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-tim-I-≥ D-]-Kp-
160.--\n-c-h-[n- ]-S-tbm-´-߃- \-S-Øn- N-{µ- sS-bpw- Iq-´-Øn¬- A-tim-I-s‚- \m-aw- ]vX- s- ‚- kzm-[o-\Ø - m¬- _p-≤a - X- w- kzo-
Kp-]vX - a - u-cy-≥ X-s‚- km-{am-Py-hn-kvX - r- G-Im-t¥m-÷z-e-am-b- H-cp- \-£-{Xw- I-cn-®p.-
Xn- h¿-[n-∏n-®p.- {Ko-°v- A-[o-\- {]-tZ- t]m- s e- tim- ` n- ° p∂p˛ {]ikv X 185.- -_p-≤-a-X-Øn-s‚- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\m-bn-
i-ß-fp-sS- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Ncn{XImc≥ F®v . Pn.sh¬kmWv hn-]p-e-am-b- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv- A-
sk-eyp-°k - ,v- N-{µ-Kp-]vX - a - u-cy-\p-am-bn- C{]Imcw {]kvXmhn®Xv. tim-I-≥ \-S-Øn-b-Xv.- _p-≤-a-X-sØ-
k-‘n- sN-øp-Ib - pw- X-s‚- ]p-{Xn-sb- au- 174. F®v.Pn.-sh¬-kn-s‚- A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- X-s‚- cm-jv-{S-a-X-am-°n.-
cy-N-{I-h¿-Øn-°v- hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-Xp- tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- a-lm-\m- 186.- -_p-≤-a-X-Øn-s‚- tIm-¨-Ã-ss‚-≥ F-
\¬-Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp- (]-S-\m-b-I-\m- b- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv- A-tim-I-≥.- km- ∂m-Wv- A-tim-I-s\- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-
bn-cp-∂- sk-eyp-°-kn-\v- A-e-Iv-km-≠- {am-Py-hym-]vX - n-b√ - m,- kvt- \-lm-[n-jvT - n-X- Xv- ({In-kv-Xp-a-X-sØ- cm-jv-{S-a-X-am-bn-
dp-sS- a-cW - t- i-jw- G-jy-ssa-\¿- ap-X¬- hpw- am-Xr-Im-]c - h- p-am-b- B-Z¿-iß - s - f- kzo-I-cn-®- tdm-a-≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv-
C-¥y-hs - c-bp-≈- cm-Py-ßf - p-sS- ta¬- A- {]-Nc- n-∏n-°p-Ib - pw- {]m-h¿-Øn-Ia - m-°p-I- tIm-¨-Ã-ss‚-≥).-
h-Im-iw- e-`n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv-).- bpw- sN-bvX - - H-cp- a-lm-\m-b- a-\p-jy-\pw- 187.- -]-e- _p-≤-a-X- tI-{µ-ß-fpw- A-t±-lw-
161.- C
- u- k-‘n-sb-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv- sk-eyp-°- `-cW
- m-[n-Im-cn-bp-sa-∂- \n-eb - n-em-Wv- A- k-µ¿-in-®p.- _p-≤-s‚- A-\p-im-k-\-
kv- {Ko-°v- Aw-_-k-U-sd-∂- \n-e-bn¬- t±-ls - Ø- N-cn-{Xw- hm-gv-Øp-∂-Xv.- ߃- Po-hn-X-Øn¬- ]I¿-Øn.- hn-tZ-i-
sa-K-kv-X-\o-kn-s\- au-cy- cm-P-[m-\n-bn- 175.- -bp-≤w- hn-P-bn-®-ti-j-hpw- k-am-[m-\- \-b-Øn-epw- ssk-\n-I- \-b-Øn-epw- am-
te-°v- A-b-®-Xv.- Øn-s‚- am¿-Kw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø- Cu- N- ‰w- h-cp-Øn.-
162.--sa-K-kv-X-\o-kv- c-Nn-®- C-≥Un-°- F-∂- {I-h¿-Øn-sb- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿,- ko-k¿,- 188.- -F-√m- hn-`m-K-Øn-epw-s]-Sp-∂- D-tZym-K-
Ir-Xn- au-cy-Im-es - Ø- `-cW - w,- k-aq-lw,- s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥,- tIm-¨-Ã-ss‚-≥ Xp-S- ÿ-≥am-sc- A-t±-lw- [¿-a-{]-Nm-c-W-
km-ºØ - n-I- ÿn-Xn- Xp-Sß - n-bh - s - b-°p- ßn-b- N-cn-{X-]p-cp-j-≥am-tcm-Sv- ]-e-cpw- Øn-b-®p.- [¿-a-kw-c-£-Wm¿-Yw- [¿-a-
dn-®v- A-dn-hp- \¬-Ip-∂p- (C-Xn-s‚- aq-e- Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- a-lm-am-{X-≥am¿- F-∂- {]-tXy-Ih - n-`m-Kw-
Ir-Xn- C-t∏mƒ- e-`y-a-√.- a-‰p- ]-e- {K- D-tZym-K-ÿ-≥am-sc- \n-tbm-Kn-®p.-
Ÿ-Im-c≥ - am¿- ]-I¿-Øn-b- D-≤c - W- n-Iƒ- 189. bp-≤-hn-P-b-ß-sf-°mƒ- [¿-a-hn-P-b-am-
am-{X-am-Wv- C-∂v- C-≥Un-°-bp-sS- `m-K-
am-bn- e-`y-am-bn-´p-≈-X-v).
Wv- a-l-Ø-c-sa-∂v- Xn-cn-®-dn-™- A-t±-
lw- X-s‚- B-i-b-ß-fpw- B-{K-l-ß-
163.Xn-I™ - - Im-cy-£a - X
- t- bm-Sp-Iq-Sn- {]-h¿- fpw- in-em-im-k-\-߃-h-gn- P-\-a-[y-
Øn-®n-cp-∂- ap-\n-kn-∏¬- A-Y-h- X-t±- Øn¬- {]-N-cn-∏n-®p.-
i-kz-bw-`c - W- h - y-hÿ - - N-{µ-Kp-]X -v a- u-cy- 190.- c- m-Py-Øn-s‚- h-S° - p-]S- n-™m-d≥ - {]-tZ-
s‚- Im-eØ - v- B-hn-jvI - c - n-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂p- i-ß-fn¬- J-tcm-jv-Tn- en-]n-bn-epw- _m-
F-∂p- Im-Wn-°p-∂- hn-hc - ß - ƒ- sa-Kk - v- °n- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- {_-“n- en-]n-bn-epw-
X-\o-kpw- Iu-Se - y-\pw- \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.- F-gp-Xn-b- A-t\-Iw- in-em-im-k-\-ß-
164.--sa-K-kv-X-\o-kn-s‚- hn-h-c-W-߃- A- fn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- A-tim-I-s‚- N-cn-{X-Øn-
Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-sW-¶n¬- kq-£v-amw- s‚- hn-i-Zmw-i-߃- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.-
i-ß-fn¬-t∏m-epw- A-Xo-h- {i-≤-sN-ep- 191.- {- _n-´o-jp-Im-c\ - m-b- sP-bnw-kv- {]n-≥sk-
Øn- km-{am-Pyw- `-cn-®n-cp-∂- H-cp- N-{I- ]v- B-[p-\n-I-Im-e-Øv- Cu- en-]n- hym-
Jym-\n-®-tXm-sS-bm-Wv- A-tim-I-s\-∂-
h¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥.-
165.--`c- W
- k - u-Ic - y-Øn-\p-th-≠n- cm-Py-sØ- a-lm-\m-b- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Hu-∂X - yw-
Xn-cn-®-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv.-
{]-hn-iy-I-fm-°n-Øn-cn-®v- Hm-tcm- {]-hn-
iy-bpw- Hm-tcm- K-h¿-W-dp-sS- Io-gn-em- 192.- -Cu- in-em-im-k-\-ß-fn¬- A-tim-I-≥
069

A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v- tZ-hm-\mw-]n-bZ- i
hm-\mw-]n-b- F-∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv.- tZ-hm-
\mw-]n-b- F-∂m¬- tZ-h≥ - am-cp-sS- kvt- \-
l-`m-P-\w- F-∂m-Wv.-
193.- ]- n-bZ- i- n-bp-sS- A¿-Yw- Z¿-i\
F-∂m-Wv.- in-em-im-k-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- X-
s‚- {]-P-I-tfm-Sv- kw-h-Zn-®- B-Zy- cm-Pm-
hm-Wv- A-tim-I-≥.-
194.- -X-s‚- P-\-X-bv-°m-bn- hn-`m-h-\w- sN-
bv-X- Po-hn-X-co-Xn- G-‰-hpw- I¿-i-\-am-bn-
kz-Po-hn-X-Øn¬- ]-I¿-Øn- a-‰p-≈-h¿-
°v- am-Xr-I-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂p- A-t±-lw.-
195.- A- t- im-I\ - m-Wv- ]m-Se - o-]p-{X-Øv- _n.-kn.-
250˛¬- \-S∂ - - aq-∂mw- _p-≤a
\w- hn-fn-®p-Iq-´n-bs - X-∂v- Zo-]h
∂- _p-≤a - X- I- r-Xn- A-hI - m-is - ∏-Sp-∂p.-
196.- s- am-Ke - n-]p-ØX - n- s - \-∂- `n-£p-hc
A-[y-£-\m-b- Cu- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- Xn-
 - ≥ IYmhØpsh∂ {]_‘w
AhXcn∏n®v AXn¬°qSn A`n[¿aw
B[n-Im-cn-I-am-°n-Øo¿-Øp.- Cu- k-
tΩ-f\ - w- _u-≤k - `- b
- n-ep-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-
∂- hn-`-P-\w- H-gn-hm-°n.- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-
se- Xo-cp-am-\-߃- km-c-\m-Yn-se- in-
em-kv-Xw-`-Øn¬- {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
197.- -k-tΩ-f-\m-h-km-\w- sam-K-en-]p-Ø-Xn-
-bp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-{]-Im-cw- N-{I-h¿-
Øn- hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn-te-°v- _p-≤-a-
X-{]-Nm-c-W-kw-L-ß-sf- \n-tbm-Kn-®p.-
A-Xp-{]-Im-cw- e-¶-bn-te-°v- t]m-b-Xv-
a-tl-{µ-\pw- kw-L-an-{X-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
kn-dn-b,- Cu-Pn-]v-Xv,- am-kn-tUm-Wn-b,-
_¿- a - F- ∂ n- h n- S - ß - f n- t e- ° pw- Zq- X -
≥am¿- t]m-bn.-
198.- -a-K-[-bp-sS- a-Æn¬- ]n-d-∂- _p-≤-a-X-
sØ- tem-Ia - X- a - m-°n- h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-Ø-
Cu- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- t\-´w- ]-cn-K-Wn-®m-Wv-
A-t±-l-sØ- _p-≤-a-X-Øn-s‚- sk-‚ v-
t]mƒ- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.-
199.- -_p-≤-a-X-Øn-s‚- kp-h¿-W-Im-ew- B-
cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv- A-tim-I-s‚- Im-e-tØm-
sS-bm-Wv.- ÿm-]-I-\p-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ay-
s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ- am-{X-am-Wv- _p-≤-a-X-
N-cn-{X-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- c-≠mw-ÿm-\-
°m-c-\m-Ip-∂-Xv.-
200.- -tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn¬-Ø-s∂- k-am-[m-\-
ÿm-]-\-Øn-\m-bn- B-flm¿-Y-am-bn- ]-
cn-{i-an-®- H-∂m-a-Ø- cm-jv-{So-b- t\-Xm-
hm-Wv- A-tim-I-≥.-
201.- -A-tim-I-N-{I-h¿-Øn- a-\p-jy¿-°v- am-
{X-a-√- ar-K-߃-°pw-Iq-Sn- [m-cm-fw- B-
ip-]-{Xn-Iƒ- ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw- ]-e-`m-K-
Lm\
116. bpWn‰-dn- {]-kn-U-≥jy¬- tIm-¨-
Ãn-‰yq-j-W¬- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b- H-cp- ]-
›n-am-{^n-°-≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- Lm-\.-
Cw-Kv-fo-jm-Wv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j.-
\m-W-bw- Lm-\- sk-Un.-
117.- -tKmƒ-Uv- tIm-Ãv- F-∂m-Wv- ]-g-b-
t]-cv.- {_n-´-Wn¬-\n-∂v- kz-X-{¥-am-
b- B-Zy- B-{^n-°-≥ cm-Py-am-Wn-
Xv- (1957).-
118.- -Lm-\-bn-se- kz-X-{¥y- k-a-cw- \-bn-
®- Izm-an- F-≥ {Iq-a- B- cm-Py-sØ-
B-Zy- {]o-an-bd - p-am-bn- ({]-[m-\a
- {- ¥n-
).-
119.- `- q-an-im-k{v- X- tI-{µ-Øn-\S- p-Øv- ÿn-
Xn-sN-øp-∂- X-e-ÿm-\- \-K-c-am-Wv-
Lm-\-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- A-{I,-
`q-a[- y-tc-Jb - pw- {Ko-≥hn-®v- tc-Jb
C-Xn-\p- k-ao-]w- Iq-´n-ap-´p-∂p.-
120.--sF-Iy- cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- sk-{I-´-dn-
P-\-d¬- ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b- c-≠m-a-
sØ- B-{^n-°-°m-c-\m-Wv- Lm-\-
°m-c-\m-b- tIm-^n- A-∂m-≥.-
121.- -8502 N.-In.-ao.- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap-≈-
thmƒ-´m- X-Sm-Iw- tem-I-Øn-se- G-
‰-hpw- h-en-b- dn-k¿-thm-b-dpw- a-\p-
jy- \n¿-an-X- X-Sm-I-hp-am-Wv.-
- n,- tZ-
tPm¿Zm≥
122.]›ntajy-bn¬- tPm¿-Zm-≥ \-Zn-
- t- bm-Ky-≥ bp-sS- In-g-°-≥Xo-c-Øm-bn- ÿn-
Xn- sN-øp-∂- H-cp- A-d-_v- Inw-Kv-
U-am-Wv- tPm¿-Zm-≥.-
123.- -A-Ωm-≥ B-Wv- tPm¿-Zm-s‚- X-e-
ÿm-\w.- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j- A-d-
_n-bm-Wv.-
124.- -bp-Wn-‰-dn- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- tIm-¨-
Ãn-‰yq-j-W¬- sam-Wm¿-°n-bm-b-
tPm¿-Zm-\n¬- cm-Pm-hn-\v- hn-]p-e-
- X
- - k-tΩ-f- am-b- F-Iv-kn-Iyp-´o-hv,- \n-b-a-\n¿-
- w-iw- F-
am-W- A-[n-Im-c-ß-fp-≠v.-
125.- -tNw-_¿- Hm-^v- sU-]yq-´o-kpw-
- y-≥ sk-\-‰pw- A-S-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv- ]m¿-
e-sa-‚.v-
126.- t- Pm¿-Zm-\n-b≥
- Zn-\m-dm-W-v \m-Wb- w.-
127.- t- em-IØ - n-se- I-c-`m-K-Øn-s‚- G-
‰-hpw- Xm-gv-∂- {]-tZ-iw- tPm¿-Zm-
s‚- `m-K-am-b- Nm-hp-I-S¬- Xo-c-
am-Wv.-
128.- -\n-e-hn-ep-≈- cm-Pm-hv- ]n-≥Km-an-
sb- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂- co-Xn-bm-Wv-
tPm¿-Zm-\n-ep-≈-Xv.- C-Xv- cm-Pm-
hn-s‚- _-‘p-hm-b- hy-‡n-tbm-
A-√m-Ø-h-tcm- B-Imw.-
129.- -]p-Xn-b- k-]v-Xm-¤p-X-ß-fn¬- H-
∂m-b- s]-{S- tP-m¿Zm\nemWv.
Øpw- Hu-j-[-s®-Sn-Iƒ- \-´p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-
I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
202.- t- em-IØ - m-Zy-am-bn- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-Xw-
\n¿-an-®- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- A-t±-l-am-Wv.-
A-tim-I≥ - K-Xm-KX - k- u-Ic - yw- hn-]p-eo-
I-cn-°p-I-bpw- \n-c-h-[n- k-{X-߃- \n¿-
an-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
203.- -Np-cp-°-Øn¬,- H-cp- t£-a-cm-jv-{S-Øn-
\pw- [¿-a-cm-jv-{S-Øn-\pw- th-≠- k-hn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ- A-tim-I-s‚- `-c-Ww- {]-Zm-
\w- sN-bv-Xp.-
204.- -C-cp-f-S-™- am-\-h-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- 41 h¿-
j-sØ- an-I-hm¿-∂- {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-eq-
sS- {]-Im-i-am-\-am-b- H-c-[ym-bw- F-gp-
Xn-t®¿-Ø-ti-jw- _n.-kn.-232˛¬- A-
tim-I-≥ A-¥-cn-®p.-
205.- -]p-{X-\m-b- Ip-\m-e-\m-Wv- ]n-≥Km-an-bm-
b-Xv.- F-´p-h¿-jw- `-cn-®- A-t±-l-Øn-\p-
ti-jw- a-I-≥ Z-i-c-Y-≥ cm-Pm-hm-bn.-
206.- -A-h-km-\-sØ- au-cy-cm-Pm-hv- _r-l-{Z-
Y-≥ k¿-h-ssk-\ym-[n-]-\m-b- ]p-jy-an-
{X-kp-Ks - ‚- hm-fn-\n-cb - m-bn- (]p-jy-an-{X-
kp-K\ - m-Wv- au-cy¿-°p-ti-jw- `-cn-®- kpw-
K-hw-i-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥).- A-ß-s\,-
_n.-kn.- 185Hm-Sp-Iq-Sn- au-cy-km-{am-Pyw-
N-cn-{X-am-bn.-
207.- -C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- km-{am-Py-hn-kvX
Xn- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-Xe- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- `-cW
[n-Im-cn-If - n-sem-cm-fm-Wv- A-tim-I≥
208.- ]- m-Se
- o-]p-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚-
X-e-ÿm-\w.-
209.- -A-tim-I-≥ ÿm-]n-®- \n-c-h-[n-kv-Xq-]-
ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- a-t\m-l-cw- km-©n-bn-
te-Xm-Wv-(a-[y-{]-tZ-iv-).-
210.- A- t- ±-lØ - n-s‚- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw- in-em-en-Jn-
X-Øn¬- tI-c-f-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ]-cm-a¿-in-
°p-∂p-≠v.-
211.- -km-c-\m-Yv- kv-Xq-]-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- (D-
Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv)- - C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-bN
am-b- A-tim-Ik - vX
- w-`w- kzo-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-
- pw- ∂-Xv.-
212.- -k-am-[m-\-Im-e-sØ- [o-c-X-bv-°p- `m-
c-X- k¿-°m¿- \¬-Ip-∂- ]-c-tam-∂-X-
_-lp-a-Xn-bm-b- A-tim-I-N-{I-hpw- C-
¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- a-lm-\m-b-
N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- \m-aw- Nn-c-kv-a-c-Wo-
b-am-°p-∂p.-
213.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- a-[y-
Øn-ep-≈- A-tim-I-N-{I-hpw- km-c-\m-
Yv- kvX - q-]Ø - n¬-\n-∂m-Wv- I-Sw-sIm-≠n-
cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
∂v- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
I-\n-jv-I-≥ 234. _p-≤a - X- Ø - n-s‚- \m-emw- k-tΩ-f\ - Ø
- n-
214.- -Ip-jm-\-hw-i-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- a-lm-\m- s‚- c-£m-[n-Im-cn- I-\n-jvI - \ - m-bn-cp-∂p.-
b- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv- I-\n-jv-I-≥.- 235.- -I-iv-ao-cn-se- Ip-¥-f-h-\-Øn¬-h-®p-\-S-
215.- -sbz- Nn- tKm-{X-Øn-s‚- A-©p-Ip-e-ß- ∂- Cu- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-iz-tLm-j-
fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- Ip-jm-\¿.- \pw- h-kp-an-{X-\pw- b-Ym-{I-aw- A-[y-£,-
216.- -ssN-\-bp-sS- k-ao-]-Øp- Po-hn-°p-∂- D-]m-[y-£- ]-Z-hn-Iƒ- h-ln-®p.-
Xpw- a-t[y-jy-bp-sS- D-Ø-c-`m-K-Øp-≈- 236.- -a-lm-bm-\-sa-∂pw- lo-\-bm-\-sa-∂pw-
sÃ-∏n-I-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈- \m-tSm-Sn-I-fp-am- _p-≤-a-Xw- c-≠m-bn- hn-`-Pn-®-Xv- Cu- k-
b- Ip-jm-\¿- B-Zyw- _m-Iv-{Sn-b- A-Y- tΩ-f-\-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- (_p-≤-\pw- A-
hm- D-Øc - - A-^vK - m-\n-ÿm-≥ Io-gS- ° - n.- tim-I-\pw- {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xn¬-\n-∂v- `n-∂-
217.- -i-I-≥am-sc- A-h¿- ]p-d¥ - ≈ - n.- {I-ta-W- am-bn-cp∂p- a-lm-bm-\w.- ]-g-b- _p-≤-a-
A-h¿- Im-_qƒ- Xm-gh -v c- b - n-te-°p- \o-ßp- Xw- lo-\-bm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p-).-
I-bpw- ln-µp-°p-jv- I-S∂ - v- Km-‘m-cØ - n- 237.- -a-lm-bm-\- _p-≤-a-X-Øn-\v- Hu-tZym-Kn-
se- {Ko-°p-Im-cp-sS-bpw- ]m¿-Yn-bc - p-sS-bpw- Imw-Ko-Im-cw- \¬-In-b- Cu- k-tΩ-f-\-
`-cW - w- A-hk - m-\n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- B- {]- Øn¬-h-®m-Wv- h-kp-an-{X-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-
Øn¬- a-lm-hn-`m-jw- F-∂- _u-≤-{K-
tZ-iw- ]n-Sn-®-S-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
218.- -H-Sp-hn¬- A-h¿- kn-‘p-X-S-Øn-s‚- Xm- Ÿw- X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv.-
238.- -_p-≤-s‚- cq-]w- \m-W-b-Øn¬- B-Zyw-
gv-∂- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- Kw-Km-X-
S-Øn-s‚- `q-cn-`m-Kw- {]-tZ-i-Øpw- X-ß- B-te-J-\w- sN-ø-s∏-´-Xv- I-\n-jv-I-s‚-
Im-e-Øm-Wv.-
fp-sS- B-[n-]-Xyw- ÿm-]n-®p.-
239. _p-≤a - X- h - n-Im-kØ - n-\p-th-≠n- I-\n-jv-
219.- -Ip-jm-\-cp-sS- c-≠p-hw-i-߃- C-¥ym-
I-≥ A-\p-jvT - n-®- tk-h\ - ß - ƒ- ap-≥\n¿-
N-cn-{X-Øn-ep-≠v.- Im-U^ v- n-sk-kv- F-∂p-
hn-fn-°-s∏-´- Ip-Spw-_-am-Wv- B-Zy-tØ- Øn- A-t±-l-sØ- c-≠mw- A-tim-I-≥
F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂p.-
Xv.- F.-Un.- 50 ap-X¬- F.-Un.- 78 h-sc- `-
cn-®- Cu- hw-i-Øn¬- Im-Uv-^n-sk-kv- 240.- -I-\n-jv-I-s‚- cm-P-[m-\n-sb- ]-e- {]-K-
H-∂m-a-≥,- Im-Uv-^n-sk-kv- c-≠m-a-≥ F- ev`- - ]-WU v- n-X≥ - am-cpw- A-e¶ - c - n-®n-cp-∂p.-
∂o- cm-Pm-°-≥am-cm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- \m-Km¿-Pp-\≥ - ,- h-kp-an-{X-≥,- A-iz-tLm-
220.- -Im-Uv-^n-sk-kv- hw-i-Øn-\p-ti-jw- `- j-≥ F-∂n-h-cm-Wv- A-h-cn¬- {]-ap-J¿.-
cn-®-Xv- I-\n-jv-I-s‚- hw-i-am-Wv.- C-¥y- 241.- \- m-Km¿-Pp-\≥ - a-lm-bm-\- _p-≤a - X
- Ø - n-
bn¬- hym-]-I-am-bn- kz¿-W-\m-W-b-ß- s‚- G-‰-hpw- {]m-am-Wn-I- h-‡m-hm-bn-
fn-d-°n-b- B-Zy- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- Ip- cp-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øn-‚- am-[y-an-I- kq-{X-
jm-\-cm-Wv.- ߃,- [¿-ak - w-{K-lw- F-∂o- {K-Ÿß - ƒ-
_u-≤-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬- D-∂-X- ÿm-\-
221. Ip-jm-\k - m-{am-Pyw- hn-kvX - r-Xn-bp-sS- ]-
c-tIm-Sn-bn-se-Øn-bX - v- I-\n-jvI - s - ‚- Im- ap-≈-h-bm-Wv.-
242.- -_p-≤-s‚- B-Zy- Po-hN - c- n-{X-am-b- _p-≤-
e-Øm-Wv.-
222.- -]p-cp-j-]p-cw- (C-t∏mƒ- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n- N-cn-Xw- c-Nn-®X - -v A-iz-tLm-j\ - m-W.v - kq-
{Xm-e¶ - m-ch - pw- ku-µc - m-\µ - h - p-am-Wv- A-
se- s]-j-hm¿-)- X-e-ÿm-\-am-°n- `-cn-
®- I-\n-jv-I-s‚- km-{am-Py-Øn¬- _p- t±-lØ - n-s‚- a-‰p- {]-ik - vX- - Ir-Xn-Iƒ.-
243.- -_p-≤-a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈- G-‰-hpw- k-
≤-K-b,- amƒ-h,- kn-‘v,- I-iv-ao¿- ap-X-
em-b- {]-tZ-i-߃- Dƒ-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.- a-{K-hn-⁄m-\t- Im-is - a-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- a-
lm-hn-`m-jw- c-Nn-®-Xv- h-kp-an-{X-\m-Wv.-
223.- b- a - p-\m-Xo-cØ - p-≈- a-Yp-cb - m-bn-cp-∂p- (D-
Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv-)- I-\n-jv-I-s‚- c-≠mw- X- 244.- -B-bp¿-th-Z- Nn-In-’m-co-Xn-bp-sS- hym-
Jym-Xm-°-fm-b N-c-I-\pw- kp-{ip-X-\pw-
e-ÿm-\w.-
224.- -C-¥y-bv-°p- ]p-d-ta- a-‰p-]-e- {]-tZ-i-ß- Ip-jm-\-Im-e-Øm-Wv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.-
245.- -N-c-I-≥ c-Nn-®- ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X- {K-Ÿ-
fpw- X-s‚- A-[o-\-X-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-∂-
I-\n-jv-I-≥ tZ-h-]p-{X- F-∂- _n-cp-Zw- am-Wv- N-c-I-kw-ln-X.-
246.- -C-°m-e-Øv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂- a-s‰m-cp- {]-
kzo-I-cn-®p.-
225.- -]m-≥ Nu- F-∂- ssN-\o-kv- N-{I-h¿- K-ev-`-\m-Wv- \m-Sy-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- I¿-
Øm-hm-b- `-c-X-ap-\n.-
Øn-sb- sh-√p-hn-fn-®- A-t±-lw- B-Zy-
L-´Ø - n¬- ]-cm-Pn-X\ - m-sb-¶n-epw- ]n-∂o- 247.- -I-\n-jv-I-s‚- a-c-W-ti-jw- (F.-Un.-120)-
h-kn-jv-I-≥,- lp-hn-jv-I-≥,- hm-kp-tZ-h-
Sv- Nn-e- ssN-\o-kv- {]-tZ-i-߃- Io-g-S-
°n- X-s‚- km-{am-Py-tØm-Sp- tN¿-Øp.- ≥ F-∂n-h¿- b-Ym-{I-aw- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
I-fm-bn.-
226.- -I-iv-ao-cn¬- A-t±-lw- \n¿-an-®- a-t\m-l-
c-am-b- \-K-c-am-Wv- I-\n-jv-I-]p-cw.- 248.- -a-lm-bm-\- _p-≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn- B-bn-cp-
∂- lp-hn-jv-I-≥ a-Yp-c-bn¬- H-cp- _p-≤-
227.- a- t- [y-jy-hs - c- km-{am-Py-]c - n-[n-bn¬- Dƒ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-b- G-I- C-¥y-≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im- k-∂ym-kn-a-µn-c-hpw- I-iv-ao-cn¬- lp-hn-
jv-I-]p-c-sa-∂- ]-´-W-hpw- \n¿-an-®p.-
cn-bm-Wv- I-\n-jv-I-≥.-
- r- 228.- -ssk-\n-I- hn-P-b-߃- am-{X-a-√- I-\n-
- m- jvI - s - \- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- A-hn-kva - c - W
- o-b-
- .- \m-°p-∂-Xv.- a-Xw,- km-ln-Xyw,- I-e- F- tlm≠p-dmkv
∂n-h-bp-sS- hn-Im-k-Øn-epw- A-t±-lw-
130.sk≥{S¬- A-ta-cn-°-bn¬- h-ep-
{i-≤-b¿-∏n-®p.-
229.- -]m-S-eo-]p-{X-sØ- B-{I-an-®-t∏mƒ- ]- ∏-Øn¬- c-≠mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈- cm-
cn-N-b-s∏-´- _p-≤-a-X-t\-Xm-hv- A-iz- Py-am-Wv- tlm-≠p-dm-kv.- X-eÿ - m-
tLm-j-s\- H-∏w-sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw- A- \w- sX-Kp-kn-Km¬-].-
t±-lØ - n-s‚- ]p-ck - I v- ¿-Øm-hm-Ip-Ib - pw- 131.- -tlm-≠p-dm-kn-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cv- kv-
sN-bv-Xp.- ]m-\n-jv- tlm-≠p-dm-kv- F-∂m-Wv.-
230.- -A-iz-tLm-j-≥ I-\n-jv-I-s\- _p-≤-a- {_n-´o-jv- tlm-≠p-dm-kn¬-\n-∂v-
X-Øn-te-°v- B-I¿-jn-®p.- A-tim-I- (C-t∏mƒ- s_-en-kv- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-
- n-”- s\- A-\p-I-cn-®v- I-\n-jvI - ≥ - cm-Py-Øn- Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-)- Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-≥ th-
s‚- hn-hn-[- `m-Kß - f - n¬- \n-ch - [
- n- k-\ym- ≠n-bm-Wv- A-{]-Im-cw- D-]t- bm-Kn-
km-{i-aß - f - pw- _p-≤k - X v- q-]ß - f - pw- ÿm- ®n-cp-∂-Xv.-
]n-®p.- 132.--^p-Sv-t_mƒ- bp-≤w- tlm-≠p-dm-
231.- -s]-j-hm-dn¬- I-\n-jv-I-≥ ÿm-]n-®- kpw- F¬- km¬-h-tUm-dpw- X-
tKm-]p-cw- A-°m-e-sØ- A-¤p-X-ß-fn- Ωn¬- 1969 \-S-∂p.-
sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- 133.--k] v- m-\n-jm-Wv- tlm-≠p-dm-kn-se-
232.- -_m-Iv-{Sn-b-≥˛- {Ko-°p-Im-cp-sS- B-[n-]- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j.- \m-W-bw-
Xy-Im-e-Øv- cq-]w-sIm-≠- Km-‘m-c-I-e- sew-]n-d.-
C-°m-e-Øv- Iq-Sp-X¬- h-f¿-®- {]m-]n-®p.- 134.--tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \-
233.- -Kp-]v-X- Im-e-L-´-Øn-s‚- I-em-kmw-kv- c-l-Xym-\n-c-°p-≈- cm-Py-ß-fn-
Im-cn-I- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d- sem-∂m-Wv- tlm-≠p-dm-kv.
]m-In-b-Xv- I-\n-jv-I-s‚- Im-e-Øm-sW-
070
249.- -Ip-jm-\- hw-i-Øn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- F.-Un.-319˛-334)- ]n-≥Km-an-sb-∂- \n-eb - n- b- Im-e-Øn-\v- km-£n-bm-b- `-c-Wm-[n-
{]-[m-\- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂p- hm-kp-tZ-h-
cp-{Z-Zm-a-≥ em-Wv- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-≥ cm-Py-`m-c-ta-‰-Xv.- Im-cn-bm-Wv- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ H-∂m-a-s‚-
≥.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- Im-e-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn- 255.- -i-I-hw-i-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-i-kv-X-\m- 275.- -k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-s‚- tPy-jv-T- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ ]u-{X-\pw- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]vX - s- ‚- ]p-{X-\p-am-
Ip-jm-\-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- hn-kv-Xr-Xn- b- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂p- cp-{Z-Zm-a-≥.- I-N-Kp-]v-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- k-ap-{Z- b N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ c-≠m-a-≥ (380˛-413).-
Ip-d-bp-I-bpw- ]n-∂o-S-Xv- On-∂-`n-∂-am- 256.- -]-›n-a- ssN-\-bn-se- kn-Xn-b-≥ h¿-K- Kp-]vX - s - \-Xn-sc- I-N≥ - ]-S- s]m-cp-Xn-sb- 290.- -D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn¬- {]-Nm-c-Øn-en-cp-∂- ]-
Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Øn¬-s∏-´h - c
- m-bn-cp-∂p- i-I≥ - am¿.- A- ∂pw- Nn-e- N-cn-{X-Im-c-≥am¿- hn-iz-kn- e- sF-Xn-ly-ß-fn-se-bpw- I-Ym-\m-b-I-
250.- I- \- n-jvI
- ‚- - `-cW - I- m-es- Ø-°p-dn-®v- [m- h¿- {Ko-°p-Im-cn¬-\n-∂v- _m-Iv-{Sn-b- ]n- °p-∂p.- I-N-s‚- Nn-e- \m-W-b-ß-fm-Wv- \m-b- hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy-\pw- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ c-
cm-fw- hy-Xy-kvX - - A-`n-{]m-bß - ƒ- D-≠v.- Sn-®-S-°n.- t_m-f-≥Np-cw-h-gn- h-S-°p-]- Cu- hn-izm-k-Øn-\v- A-Sn-ÿm-\w.- ≠m-a-\pw- H-cm-fm-sW-∂m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-
F.-Un.- aq-∂mw-\q-‰m-≠n-em-Wv- I-\n-jv- Sn-™m-d-≥ A-Xn¿-Øn-I-S-∂v- kn-‘p-\- 276.- F- ∂- m¬- Kp-]X v- h
- w-im-he - n-bn¬- I-Ns - ‚- ≥am-cp-sS- \n-K-a-\w.- Kp-]vX - k - m-{am-Pyw-
I-≥ Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- F-∂m-Wv- Nn-e-cp- Zo-X-S-Øn¬- B-[n-]-Xy-ap-d-∏n-®p.- t]-cv- {]-kX v- m-hn-°s - ∏-´n-´n-√m-ØX - n¬- I- A-Xn-s‚- hn-Ik - \ - Ø - n-s‚- ]-ct- Im-Sn-bn-
sS- a-Xw.- 257.- -A-hn-sS-\n-∂v- A-h¿- Np-‰p-ap-≈- {]-tZ- N-s\-∂p-≈-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-s‚- a-s‰m- se-Øn-bX - -v C-t±-lØ - n-s‚- Im-eØ - m-W.v -
251.- -I-\n-jvI - s- ‚- Im-ew- F.-Un.- H-∂mw- \q- i-ß-fn-te-°v- kzm-[o-\w- hym-]n-∏n-°p- cp- t]-tcm- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-≥ F-∂-Xv- I- 291.- -{]m-No-\- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- kp-h¿-
‰m-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw- F.-Un.-78˛¬- B- I-bpw- ]-e- ]p-Xn-b- cm-P-hw-i-ß-fpw- N-\p- e-`n-®- H-cp- _n-cp-Zt- am- B-bn-cn-°m- W-Im-ew- F-∂m-Wv- Kp-]vX - h - w-iØ - n-s‚-
cw-`n-°p-∂- i-Ih - ¿-jw- A-t±-lw- ÿm- ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- sa-∂v- H-cp- hn-`m-Kw- ]-Wv-Un-X¿- A-\p- `-c-W-Im-ew- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
]n-®X - m-sW-∂p-ap-≈- A-`n-{]m-bw- s]m- 258.- -i-I-≥am¿-°v- C-dm-\n-se- ]m¿-Yn-b-≥am- am-\n-°p-∂p.- 292.- - B- kp-h¿-W-Im-e-Øn-s‚- k-ap-{Z-Kp-
Xp-sh- kzo-Im-cy-am-bn-Øo¿-∂n-´p-≠v.- cp-am-bn-(]-lv-e-h¿-)- A-Sp-Ø- _-‘-ap- 277.- -D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-se- A-b¬- cm-Py-ß-sf- ]v-X-s‚- (335˛-380)- Im-e-tØm-sS-bm-Wv.-
252.- -]›- n-ta-¥y-bn-se- cm-Pm-°≥ - am¿- Iq-Sp- ≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]m¿-Yn-b≥ - _n-cp-Zß - ƒ- B-{I-an-®p- Io-g-S-°n-s°m-≠v- Zzn-§zn-P-b- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-≥ ]m-In-b- A-Sn-Ø-d- D-
X-em-bpw- D-]t- bm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øn-bX - p-sIm- D-]t- bm-Kn-®n-cp-∂X - n-\m¬- A-hs - c- i-I- Øn-\p- Xp-S° - w-Ip-dn-®- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]X -v ≥ - Xp- ]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn- D-÷z-e-am-b- H-cp- cm-
≠m-Wv- I-\n-jI v- ≥ - B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jØ - n- ]-le v- h
- ≥
- am¿- F-∂m-Wv- hn-fn-®n-cp-∂X - v.- S¿-∂v- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-te-°p- Xn-cn-™p. jv-{So-b-˛-km-º-Øn-I-˛-kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-
\v- i-Ih - ¿-jw- F-∂- t]-cp-≠m-bX - v.- 259.- -B-Zy-Im-e-Øv- A-h¿- ]m¿-Yn-b-≥ ssh- A-hn-sS-bpw- Zu-Xy-hn-Pb - w- t\-Sn-b- A-t±- ]m-c-º-cyw- ]-Sp-Øp-b¿-Øm-≥ N-{µ-Kp-
253.- -{Kn-tKm-dn-b-≥ I-e-≠-dn-s\m-∏w- `m-c-X- t{km-bn-am-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-h¿- km-{S-]v- lw- ho-≠pw- B-cym-h¿-ØØ - n-te-°p- Xn- ]v-X-\p- I-gn-™p.-
k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- Im-e-K-W- am¿- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´p.- X-£-in-e,- cn-bp-Ib - pw- H-≥]-Xv- cm-Pm-°-≥am-sc- H- 293.- -k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-s‚- ]n-≥Km-an-bm-bn-´m-Wv-
\m- k-{º-Zm-ba - m-bn- i-Ih - ¿-js- Ø-bpw- a-Yp-c- F-∂o- cm-Py-߃- `-cn-®n-cp-∂- i- cp-an-®p- tXm¬-]n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ c-≠m-a-≥ `-c-W-`m-c-ta-‰-
1957 am¿-®v- 22˛-\v- kzo-I-cn-®p.- I-cm-Pm-°-≥am¿- h-S-°-≥ km-{S-]v-am¿- Kp-]v-X-cm-Py- hn-kv-Xr-Xn- h¿-[n-∏n-®- Xv- F-∂m-Wv- s]m-Xp-th- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-
254.- -km-[m-c-W-h¿-j-ß-fn¬- am¿-®v- 22\pw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.- hn-P-b-{]-Z-am-b- \n-c-h-[n- ssk-\n-I- \o- ´p-≈- A-`n-{]m-bw.- F-∂m¬- k-ap-{Z-Kp-
A-[n-h¿-j-ß-fn¬- am¿-®v- 21˛-\p-am-Wv- 260.- \m-kn-°pw- D-÷b - n-\n-bpw- B-ÿm-\a - m- °-߃-s°m-Sp-hn¬- X-s‚- km-{am-Py-{]- ]v-X-\pw- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ c-≠m-a-\p-an-S-bv-
i-I-h¿-jm-cw-`-am-b- ssN-{X-am-kw- H- bn- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂- c-≠p- cm-Py-ß-fn-se- `m-hw- hn-fw-_-cw- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn- k- °v- cm-a-Kp-]v-X-≥ F-s∂m-cp- cm-Pm-hv- D-
∂mw- Xo-b-Xn.- ^m¬-Kp-\-am-Wv- i-I-h¿- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sf- ]-Sn-™m-d-≥ km-{S- ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-≥ H-cp- A-iz-ta-[-bm-Kw- \-S- ≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- H-cp- hm-Zw- A-Sp-Ø-
j-Øn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- am-kw.- ]v-am¿- F-∂pw- hn-fn-®p.- Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.- Im-e-Øv- cq-]-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.-
261.- -\m-kn-Iv- hw-i-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥ `q-a- 278.- -ln-am-e-bw- ap-X¬- Im-©n-h-sc-bpw- {_- 294.- -hn-im-J-Z-Ø-s‚- tZ-ho-N-{µ-Kp-]v-Xw- F-
I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- D-÷b - n-\n-bn-te-Xv- ÿm- “-]p-{X-ap-X¬- A-^v-Km-\n-ÿm-≥h-sc- ∂- kw-kv-Ir-X-\m-S-I-sØ- A-h-ew-_n-
]n-®-Xv- N-jv-S-I-\pw.- bpw- hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂- A- ®m-Wv- Cu- \n-K-a-\w- D-cp-Øn-cn-™n-´p-
Ab¿e≥Uv 262.- c-≠m-aØ - - km-{S-]c - m-Py-Øn-se- `-cW - m- t±-l-Øn-s‚- km-{am-Pyw.- ≈-Xv.- tUm.-B¬-tS-°¿- Xp-S-ßn-b- Nn-
135. bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- h-S° - p-]S- n-™m-dp-Xo- [n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- cp-{Z-Zm-a-≥.- 279.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- hn-hn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬- \n-c-h- e- N-cn-{X-Im-c-≥am-cm-Wv- B- hm-Z-Øn-
c-Øp-≈- H-cp- Zzo-]m-Wv- A-b¿-e- 263.- F.-Un.- 130 ap-X¬- 150 h-sc- `-cn-®- cp-{Z- [n- B-{I-a-W-߃- \-S-Øn- hn-P-b-{io- s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-°ƒ.-
≥Uv.- Zm-a-s‚- cm-Py-Øn¬- kn-‘pw- Kp-P-dm- em-fn-X-\m-b- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-s\- {]-i-kv- 295.- -ka - p-{Z-Kp-]X v- \ - p-ti-jw- aq-Øa - I- ≥ - cm-a-
136.- b- q-tdm-∏n-se- aq-∂m-as - Ø- h-en-b- Zzo- Øn-s‚- \-s√m-cp- `m-K-hpw- sIm-¶-Wpw- X- N-cn-{X-Im-c-≥ hn-≥sk-‚ v- F.- kv-an- Kp-]X -v ≥ - Kp-]X -v N - {- I-h¿-Øn-bm-sb-∂pw- i-
]m-b- A-b¿-e≥ - Un-s‚- In-g° - p-`m- \¿-a-Zm- Xm-gv-hm-c-hpw- amƒ-h-bpw- I-Øn- Øv- C-¥y-≥ s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥ F-∂m-Wv- I-≥am-cp-am-bp-≈- bp-≤Ø - n¬- tXm-‰- cm-
K-Øm-Wv- t{K-‰v- {_n-´¨ - .- C-cp-Zzo-]p- b-hm-dpw- Dƒ-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.- a-Kp-]X -v ≥ - cm-Py-c£ - s - b-°c - p-Xn- X-s‚- `m-
I-sf-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂X - v- sF-dn- 264.- -]-Ip-Xn- h-c-≠- I-Øn-b-hm¿- ta-J-e- 280.- -I-e-I-fp-sS-bpw- im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS-bpw- cy- {[p-ht- Z-hn-sb- i-Ic - m-Pm-hn-\v- A-Sn-b-
jv- I-Se - pw- t\m¿-Øv- Nm-\e - p-am-Wv.- bn-se- kp-Z¿-i-\- X-Sm-Iw- sa-®-am-°m- t{]m-’m-l-I-≥ Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- k-ap- d- h-b° v- m-≥ X-øm-dm-sb-∂pw- B- A-]-
≥ \-S-Øn-b- A-‰-Ip-‰-∏-Wn-I-fp-sS- t]- {Z-Kp-]v-X≥.- am-\Ø - n¬-\n-∂v- B- kzm-[n-sb-bpw- cm-
137.- c- m-jv{- So-ba - m-bn- A-b¿-e≥ - Uv- c-≠m-
cn¬- A-t±-lw- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤- 281.- -H-cp- I-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- I-hn-I- Py-sØ-bpw- c-£n-°p-∂X - n-\v- A-\p-P\ - m-
bn- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- h-S-°-≥ \m-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- sf-bpw- ]-WvU - n-X≥ - am-sc-bpw- t{]m-’m-
A-b¿-e≥ - Uv- bp-ssW-‰U - v- In-MvU - - b- N-{µ-Kp-]X v- ≥ - kv{- Xo-th-jØ - n¬- i-I-
265.- -P-e-tk-N-\m-h-iy-Øn-\m-bn- h-f-sc- \m- ln-∏n-°p-I-bpw- I-hn-cm-P- F-∂- ÿm- k-t¶-XØ - n-se-Øn- i-{Xp-hn-s\-s°m-∂v-
Øn-s‚- `m-Ka - m-Wv.- _m-°n-bp-≈- `m- fp-I-fm-bn- D-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- \-t∏-cp- kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
K-am-Wv- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- Hm-^v- A-b¿-e- {[p-ht- Z-hn-sb- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®X - m-bn- tZ-
B- X-Sm-I-Øn-\v- au-cy-Im-e-tØm-fw- ]- 282.- -km-t¶-Xn-I- ta-∑-bpw- `w-Kn-bp-ap-≈- \n- ho-N{- µ-Kp-]X -v Ø - n-epw- _m-W`- ´- ≥ - c-Nn-®-
≥Uv.- g-°-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- c-h-[n- \m-W-b-߃- A-°m-e-Øv- {]-Nm- l¿-jN - c - n-XØ - n-epw- {]-kX v- m-hn-°p-∂p.-
138.- -A-b¿-e-≥Un-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- 266.- -Kn¿-\m¿- im-k-\-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- C-Xp- c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. k-ap-{Z-Kp-]X -v ≥ - ho- 296.- -cm-P-ti-J-c-s‚- Im-hy-aow-amw-k- F-∂-
U-ªn-≥ cm-Py-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en- kw-_-‘n-®- hn-h-cw- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.- W-hm-bn-®p- sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- Nn-{Xw- A- Ir-Xn-bn-epw- Cu- hm-Z-Øn-s\- ]n-¥m-
b- \-K-cw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.- 267.- -cp-{Z-Zm-a-≥ kw-kv-Ir-X-sØ- G-sd- kv- t±-lØ - n-s‚- Nn-e- \m-Wb - ß - f - n-ep-≠v.- ßp-∂- ]-cm-a¿-i-ß-fp-≠v.- Cu- Ir-Xn-
139.- -sF-dn-jpw- Cw-•o-jp-am-Wv- cm-Py- t\-ln-®n-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-bn¬- ÿn-ca - m-°n- 283.- k- w-Ko-Xw,- Nn-{X-cN - \ - ,- hm-kvX - p-in¬-]w- I-fn-se- N-cn-{X-aq-ey-sØ- an-°- N-cn-{X-
sØ- {]-[m-\-`m-j-Iƒ.- b- hn-tZ-in-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- A-t±-l- F-∂n-h-sb- D-Zm-c-am-bn- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-≥ Im-c≥ - am-cpw- \n-tj-[n-°p-∂X - n-\m¬- k-
140.- a- c
- X - I - Z- zo-]v- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v- A- am-Wv- ip-≤-kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn¬- \o-≠-en- t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-®p.- a-X-Øn-s‚- Im-cy- ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-s‚- ]n-≥Km-an-bm-bn- N-{µ-Kp-
b¿-e-≥Um-Wv.- Jn-Xw- G-‰-hpw- B-Zyw- X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv.- Øn-epw- A-t±-lw- X-s‚- hy-‡n-ap-{Z- ]- ]v-X-≥ c-≠m-a-s\- I-W-°m-°p-∂p.-
141.- -1916˛¬- Cu-ÿ- hn-π-hw- \-S-∂-Xv- 268.- -A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- \o-≠-en-Jn- Xn-∏n-®p.- 297.- -]n-Xm-hv- cm-Pym-h-Im-in-bm-bn- N-{µ-Kp-
A-b¿-e-≥Un-em-Wv.- X-ß-fn-se-√mw- {]m-Ir-X-`m-j-bm-Wv- D- 284.- -ssh-jv-W-h-a-X-Øn-s‚- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p- ]v-X-≥ c-≠m-a-s\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Øp- F-
142.- -A-b¿-e-≥Un-se- tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm- ]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-Xv.- th-≠n- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]vX - ≥ - A-tß-b‰ - w- Xm- ∂v- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- a-Yp-c- in-em-en-Jn-
\-am-Wv- kn-≥ s^-bn-≥.- 269.- -cp-{Z-Zm-a-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- 18 cm-Pm-°-≥am¿- Xv-]-cy-tØm-sS- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- _p-≤-a- Xw- hy-‡-am-°p-∂p.-
143.- A- b - ¿-e≥ - Un-se- B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- {]- Iq-Sn- ]-Sn-™m-td- k-{X-]-≥am-cp-sS- cm- X-tØm-Sv- k-ln-jv-Wp-Xm-\-bw- kzo-I-cn- 298.- -N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ c-≠m-a-\p-ap-ºv- cm-a-Kp-]v-
kn-U-‚m-Wv- ta-cn- tdm-_n-≥k-¨.- Pyw- `-cn-®p.- ®p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- ln-µp-a-X-sØ- ]p-\- X-≥ F-s∂m-cp- N-{I-h¿-Øn- C-√m-bn-
144.- -tPm¿-Pv- s_¿-Wm-Uv- jm,- hn-eyw- 270.- -A-h-km-\-sØ- cm-Pm-hm-b- cp-{Z-knw-l- cp-≤-cn-®v- ap-Jy-a-X-am-°n-am-‰m-≥ A-t±- cp-∂p- F-∂-Xn-\v- a-s‰m-cp- sX-fn-hm-Wv-
_-Sv-e¿- tb-‰v-kv,-km-ap-h¬- s_-°- s\- (F.-Un.-348˛-395)- Kp-]vX - N- {- I-h¿-Øn- l-Øn-\p- km-[n-®p.- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ c-≠m-a-s‚- ÿm-\m-tcm-
bm-b- N-{µ-Kp-]X v- ≥
- c-≠m-a≥ - h-[n-®v- hw- 285.- -ka - p-{Z-Kp-]vX - s- \- {]-Io¿-Øn-®p-sIm-≠v- l-W-N-cn-{Xw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂- kv-I-µ-
‰v,- ko-a-kv- lo-\n- F-∂o- km-ln-
i-sØ- D-∑q-e-\w- sN-bv-Xp.- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- tk-\m-[n-]X - n- (a-lm-ZW - -v Kp-]v-X-s‚- in-em-en-Jn-Xw.-
Xy- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-°-fp-sS- kz- 271.- -ln-µp-a-X-Øn¬-t®¿-∂- i-I-≥am-sc- U-\m-bI - ≥ - )- l-cn-tk-\≥ - c-Nn-®- kvX - p-
tZ-i-am-Wv- A-b¿-e-≥Uv.- 299.- -N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-s‚- cm-jv-{So-b-cw-K-sØ- an-
£-{Xn-b-h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-´m-Wv- Xn- A-el - _ - m-Zv- kvX - q-]Ø - n¬- Im-Wmw.- I-®- t\-´-߃- hm-Im-S-I-cp-am-bp-≈- k-
145.- U- ª - n-≥ \-Kc - Ø- n¬- P-\n-®- km-ln- I-W-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C-h-cm-Wv- ]n- 286.- -k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-s‚- `-c-W-{]m-K-ev-`y-sØ-
Xy- s\m- t _¬- tP- X m- ° - f m- W v - Jy-hpw- ]-›n-ta-¥y-bn-se- i-I-≥am-sc-
∂o-Sv- c-P-]p-{X-hw-i-Øn-s‚- D-Zv-`-h-Øn- bpw- km-{am-Py- hn-kvX - r-Xn-sb-bpw- km-a- tXm¬-]n-®-Xp-am-Wv.-
tPm¿-Pv- s_¿-Wm-Uv- jm-bpw- hn- \p- h-gn- sX-fn-®-Xv.- ¥-≥am-sc-bpw- kw-_‘ - n-®- hn-hc - ß - ƒ- 300.- -a-t≤y-¥y-bn-se- cm-jv-{So-b- i-‡n-bm-
eyw- _-Sv-e¿- tb-‰k v- pw.- Sm-tKm-dn-s‚- C-Xn¬-\n-∂v- G-sd-°p-sd- hy-‡a - m-Wv.- bn-cp-∂- hm-Im-SI - c- p-am-bp-≈- _-‘w- sa-
Ko-Xm-RvP - e - n-bp-sS- Cw-•o-jv- ]-cn-`m-
j-b° v- v- A-hX - m-cn-I- F-gp-Xn-bX - v- hn-
k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-≥ 287.- -Cu- en-Jn-Xw- hn-iz-k-\o-b-am-sW-¶n¬-
H-cn-°-hpw- ]-cm-P-b-a-dn-™n-´n-√m-Ø- ]-
®-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ A-t±-lw- X-s‚- ]p-{Xn-
272.- -tbm-≤m-hv,- ]-cm-{I-an,- cm-Py-X-{¥-⁄- {]-`m-h-Xn-sb- hm-Im-S-I- cm-Pm-hm-b- cp-
eyw- _-Sve - ¿- tb-‰vk - m-Wv.- cm-{I-an-bm-Wv- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-≥ F-∂p- I- {Z-tk-\-≥ c-≠m-a-\p- hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-
146.- C- c - p-]X - mw- \q-‰m-≠n-se- G-‰h - pw- {]- ≥,- kw-Ko-X-⁄-≥,- I-hn- F-∂n-ß-s\- cp-tX-≠n-h-cpw.-
hn-hn-[- \n-e-I-fn¬- hy-‡n-ap-{Z- ]-Xn-∏n- Xp-sIm-Sp-Øp.-
i-kv-X- F-gp-Øp-Im-cn-sem-cm-fm-b- 288.- -a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se- G-dm-\n¬-\n-∂p- e-`n-®- 301.- c- p-{Z-tk-\≥ - A-Im-eØ - n¬- a-cn-®t- ∏mƒ-
®- cm-Pm-hm-Wv- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-≥.- en-Jn-X-hpw- Cu- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- N-cn-{Xw- a-
sP-bnw-kv- tPm-bv-kv- (1882˛-1941)-A- `-c-W-ta-‰-Xv- {]m-b-]q¿-Øn-sb-Øm-Ø-
273.- {- ]m-No-\C
- ¥- ym-Nc - n-{X-Øn¬- C-{X-bpw- {]- \- n-em-°m-≥ k-lm-bI - a - m-Wv.- F.-Un.-
b¿-e-≥Up-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±- Xn-`m-im-en-bm-b- a-s‰m-cp- cm-Pm-hn-s\- I- a-I\ - m-Wv.- ^-eØ - n¬,- {]-`m-hX - n- `-cW
- m-
l-Øn-s‚- {]-i-kv-X- Ir-Xn-bm-Wv- 380h-sc-bm-Wv- k-ap-{Z-Kp-]v-X-s‚- `-c-W- [n-Im-cn-bm-bn.- A-h¿- X-s‚- ]n-Xm-hn-
s≠-Øp-I- A-km-[y-am-Wv.- _-lp-ap-Ja - m-
bp-fn- -kv.- Im-ew- F-∂v- A-\p-am-\n-°p-∂p.- s‚- Xm-Xv-]-cy-ß-sf- kw-c-£n-°p-I-bm-
b- kn-≤n-Iƒ-aq-ew- Kp-]X -v h- w-iØ- n-se- G-
147.- Celtic Tiger F∂p- hn-ti-jn-°s - ∏- ‰-hpw- {]m-]X v- \
- m-b- `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn- Wv- sN-bv-X-Xv.-
Sp-∂- cm-Pyw- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- Hm-^v- A- ´m-W-v k-ap-{Z-Kp-]X-v s- \- ]-cn-KW - n-°p-∂X - .v - N-{µ-Kp-]vX
- ≥
- c-≠m-a≥
- 302.- -Kp-]v-X-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚-bpw- i-I-cm-Py-
b¿-e-≥Um-Wv.- 274.- -N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ H-∂m-a-s‚- (`-c-W-Im-ew- 289.- -Kp-]v-X-hw-i-Øn-s‚- G-‰-hpw- D-÷z-e-am- Øn-s‚-bpw- C-S-bv-°p-≈- `q-{]-tZ-i-am-b-
hm-Im-S-I- cm-Py-hp-am-bp-≈- k-Jyw- i-

071
 I-≥am¿-s°-Xn-sc- \-S-Øn-b- ]-S-\o-°- 316.- N
- {- µ-Kp-]vX
- s
- ‚-bpw- {[p-ht- Z-hn-bp-sS-bpw- 330.- -cm-Py-h¿-[-\-≥ tXm¬-]n-®- tZ-h-Kp-]v-X- t±-lw- ]p-e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- _p-≤-a-Xw-
Øn¬- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-s‚- hn-P-b-Øn-\p- h- a-I-\m-b- Ip-am-c-Kp-]v-X-≥ H-∂m-a-\m-Wv- s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- k-Jy-Øn¬- i- kzo-I-cn-®- C-¥y-bn-se- a-‰p- cm-Pm-°-
gn-sX-fn-®p- (F.-Un.-395).- A-t±-lw- A- (a-tl-{µm-Zn-Xy-≥)- Xp-S¿-∂v- (415˛-455)- cm- im-¶-\p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- (C-t±-l-am-Wv- ≥am-sc-t∏m-se- l¿-j≥ - H-cp- ln-µp-hpw-
h-km-\-sØ- i-I-cm-Pm-hm-b- cp-{Z-knw- Pm-hm-b-Xv- (C-t±-l-am-Wv- \-f-µm- k¿-h- t_m-[-K-b-bn-se- t_m-[n-hr-£w- ap-dn- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
l-s\- tXm¬-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sIm-√p-I- I-em-im-e- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-).- ®p-I-f-™-Xv-).- 345.- -kz-¥w- Ir-Xn-I-fn¬-Ø-s∂- A-t±-lw-
bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- 317.- -kv-I-µ-Kp-]v-X-\m-Wv- (455˛-467)- Ip-am-c- 331.- b- p-≤] - c - m-Pb - Ø - n¬- \n-cm-i\ - m-b- i-im- {]m¿-Yn-°p-∂-Xv- in-h-s\-bm-Wv.- l¿-j-
303.- -i-I-≥am-sc- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- N-{µ- Kp-]v-X-s‚- ]n-≥Km-an.- C-t±-l-am-Wv- Kp- ¶-≥ Xp-S¿-∂v- B-kq-{X-Ww- sN-bv-X- N- s‚- cm-P-k-Z- n-s\-bpw- A-°m-e-sØ-
Kp-]vX - ≥ - hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy-iI - m-cn- F-∂- _n- ]v-X-hw-i-Øn-se- H-Sp-hn-e-sØ- {]-[m-\n- Xn-bn¬- A-I-∏-´- cm-Py-h¿-[-\-≥ sIm- Po-hn-X-sØ-bpw- Ip-dn-®v- lyp-bm-≥km-
cp-Zw- kzo-I-cn-®p.- bm-b- cm-Pm-hv.- √-s∏-´p.- Mv- hy-‡-am-bn- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.-
304.- i- I
- ≥ - am-cp-sS- `-cW - Ø - n-em-bn-cp-∂- amƒ- 318.- -]n¬-°m-e-Øv- lq-W-≥am-cp-sS- B-{I- 332.- -X-s‚- ]p-{Xn-sb- Zm-\w-sN-øm-sa-∂v- k- 346.- -l¿-j-s‚- Im-e-Øv- in-£m-\n-b-aw- I¿-
h-bpw- kucm-jv-{S-hpw- (Kp-P-dm-Øv-)- Io- a-W-Øm¬- Kp-]v-X-hw-iw- Zp¿-_-e-am-Ip- Xyw- sN-bvX - v- i-im-¶≥ - cm-Py-h¿-[\ - s
- \- i-\-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- lyp-bm-≥km-Mv-
g-S° - n-bX - n-eq-sS,- hm-Wn-Py-Øn-\p- {]-kn- I-bpw- {I-ta-W- `-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-°p- X-s‚- Iq-Sm-c-Øn-te-°p- £-Wn-°p-I- kq-N-\- \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.- F-∂m¬,- ]n¬-
≤-am-bn-cp-∂- ]-›n-a-I-S¬-Øo-cw- N-{µ- I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- bpw- A-hn-sS- h-®v- D-Zym-\-hn-cp-∂n-\n-S- °m-e-Øv- _p-≤-a-X-kzm-[o-\-Øm¬- in-
Kp-]v-X-\p- kz-¥-am-bn.- C-Xv- amƒ-h-bp- bn¬- i-im-¶-s‚- In-¶-c-≥am¿- cm-Py-h¿- £m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬- Nn-e- C-f-hp-Iƒ- h-
sS-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- D-÷-
bn-\n-bp-sS-bpw- A-`n-hr-≤n-°p- Im-c-W- l¿-j-h¿-[-\-≥ [-\-s\- h-[n-°p-I-bp-am-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.-
333.- -Cu- kw-`-h-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v- i-im-¶-≥
cp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.-
347.- X- o¿-Ym-SI - c - n¬- cm-PI - p-am-c≥ - F-∂p- hn-
am-bn.- A-ß-s\,- D-÷-bn-\n- Kp-]v-X-km- 319.- -ap-…nw- B-[n-]-Xyw- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- Xm-t\-iz-c-hpw- I-\ym-Ip-_v-P-hpw- I-ø-S- ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´- lyp-bm-≥km-Mv- _o-
{am-Py-Øn-s‚- c-≠mw- X-e-ÿm-\w- F- Xn-\p-ap-ºp-≈- D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-se- A-h- °n. I-\ym-Ip-_v-P-Øn-se- P-\-ß-sf- lm-dn-ep-≈- _p-≤-a-X- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-
∂- \n-e-bn¬- hn-I-kn-®p.- km-\-sØ- ln-µp- N-{I-h¿-Øn- F-∂p- {]o-Wn-∏n-°m-≥ cm-Py-{io-sb- tam-Nn-X- bm-b- \m-f-µ-bn¬- ]-Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- C-
305.- -Kp-]v-X-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- l¿-j-h¿-[-\-≥ bm-°n.- A-h¿- hn-‘ym- ]¿-h-X-Øn-se- ¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- _p-≤-{K-Ÿ-߃- ti-J-
bn-cp-∂- ]m-S-eo-]p-{X-Øn-s‚- {]m-[m-\y- ]p-jy-`q-Xn-bp-sS- hw-i-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-\m-¥-c-ß-fn¬- A-`-bw-tX-Sn.- cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-Wv- h-∂-Xv.-
Øn-\v- C-Xp-aq-ew- Ip-d-shm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn- {]-i-kv-X-\m-b- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-Wv.- 334.- -cm-Py-h¿-[-\-s‚- a-c-W-ti-jw- D-S-≥X- 348.- -F.-Un.- 629˛¬- ssN-\-bn¬-\n-∂v- bm-{X-
√.- Im-fn-Zm-kI - r-Xn-If - n-sem-∂n¬- D-÷- 320.- -l¿-j-s‚- B-ÿm-\-I-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂- s∂- l¿-j-≥ Im-a-cq-]-Øn-se- (A-kw- Xn-cn-®v- C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- Zo¿-
bn-\n- hn-h-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.- _m-W-`-´-≥ (b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv- hn-jv-Wp- )- cm-Pm-hv- `m-kv-I-c-h¿-a-\p-am-bn- k-Jyw- L-Im-e-sØ- hm-k-Øn-\p-ti-jw- F.-
306.- k- n-‘p-ap-X¬- {_-“] - p-{X-hs - c-bpw- ln- tKm-]-≥)- c-Nn-®- l¿-j-N-cn-Xw,- l¿-j- sN-bv-X-Xp-sIm-≠v- i-im-¶-≥ X-s‚- cm- Un.-645˛¬- B-Wv- kz-tZ-i-tØ-°p- a-S-
am-e-bw- ap-X¬- hn-‘y-≥h-sc-bpw- Kp- s‚- Im-e-Øv- C-¥y- k-µ¿-in-®- ssN- Pyw- Im-Øp-c-£n-°m-≥ Ku-U-tZ-i- ßn-b-Xv.-
]v-X-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- A-Xn-cp-Iƒ- hn- \o-kv- k-©m-cn- lyp-bm-≥km-Mn-s‚- hn- tØ-°p-a-S-ßn.- 349.- -At- \-Ih - ¿-jw- l¿-js - ‚- cm-Pk - Z-   - n¬-
I-kn-∏n-®- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ Xn-I-®pw- Im- h-cW - ß - ƒ- (kn-˛b - p-˛I - n-)- F-∂n-hb - n¬- 335.- k- nw-lm-k\ - m-tcm-lW - w- \-SØ - p-tºmƒ- Po-hn-®- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- kzm-[o-\^ - e - a - m-
cy-{]m-]X v- n-bp-≈- `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp- \n-∂m-W-v A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- `-cW - I - m-es - Ø- l¿-j-≥ ]-Xn-\m-ep-h-b- p- Xn-I-™- bn-´m-Wv- l¿-j≥ - _p-≤a - X- Ø- n-s‚- A-
∂p-sh-∂v- N-cn-{Xw- hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.- °p-dn-®p-≈- hn-hc - ß - ƒ- e-`n-°p-∂X - v.- _m-e≥ - am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.- X-s‚- k-tlm- `yp-Zb- m-Imw-£n- B-bn- am-dn-bX - v.-
307.- -I-hn-bpw- ]-Wv-Un-X-\p-am-bn-cp-∂- A-t±- 321.- -Kp-]v-X-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- X-I¿-®-tbm- Z-cn-sb- c-£n-°p-Is - b-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p- A- 350.- -lyp-bm-≥km-Mn-s‚- _-lp-am-\m¿-Yw-
lw- ln-µp-aX - Ø - n-s‚- ]p-ck - vI - ¿-Øm-hp- sS- hn-hn-[-{]-tZ-i-߃- km-a-¥-≥am-cp- t±-l-Øn-s‚- B-Zy- I¿-Ø-hyw.- l¿-j-≥ I-\u-Pn¬- H-cp- k-tΩ-f-\w- hn-
Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- \-hc - X - v\- ß - s - f-∂d - n-b- sS- \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn.- A-h¿- Kp-]v- 336.- -hn-‘ym-h-\-Øn¬- \-S-Øn-b- Xn-c-®n-en- fn-®p-Iq-´p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-
s∏-´n-cp-∂- ]-Wv-Un-X-k-`- A-t±-l-Øn- X- km-{am-Py-sØ- X-߃-°n-S-bn¬- ]- s\m-Sp-hn¬,- B-fl-l-Xy-bv-°v- H-cp-ßn- 351.- -kw-kv-Ir-X- km-ln-Xy-Øn¬- k-ap-∂-X-
s‚- k-Z- n-s\- A-e-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂p.- ¶p-h-®p.- A-h-bn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- Xm- s°m-≠n-cp-∂- cm-Py-{io-sb- c-£n-°p-hm- ÿm-\-am-Wv- l¿-j-\p-≈-Xv.- c-Xv-\m-h-
308.- -[-\z-¥-cn,- £-]-W-I-≥,- A-a-c-knw-l- t\-iz¿- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- `-cn-®n-cp-∂- ]p- ≥ l¿-j-\p- I-gn-™p.- en,- {]n-b-Z¿-in-I,- \m-Km-\-µw- F-∂n-h-
≥,- i-¶p-I-≥,- th-Xm-f-`-´-≥,- L-S-I¿- jy-`q-Xn-bp-sS- hw-iw.- 337.- -`m-kI v- c - h- ¿-a‚ - b - pw- a-K[ - Ø - n-se- am-[h - - A-t±-lw- c-Nn-®- \m-S-I-{X-b-am-Wv.-
∏-c-≥,- Im-fn-Zm-k-≥,- h-cm-l-an-ln-c-≥,- 322.- -F.-Un.- 606 ap-X¬- 647 h-sc- `-cn-®- l¿- Kp-]X -v s - ‚-bpw k-lm-bt- Øm-sS- l¿-j≥ - 352.- -H-cp- hym-I-c-W-Ir-Xn-bpw- _p-≤-s\-°p-
h-c-cp-Nn- F-∂n-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p- hn-{I-am- j-≥ a-‰p- km-a¥ - c - m-Pm-°≥ - am-cp-sS-ta¬- i-im-¶s - \- I-\u-Pn¬-\n-∂-v ]p-dØ - m-°n.- dn-®p-≈- c-≠p- kv-tXm-{X-Ir-Xn-I-fpw-Iq-
Zn-Xy- k-Z- n-se- \-h-c-Xv-\-߃- (H- A-[n-Im-cw- D-d-∏n-®p.- Xm-t\-iz-c-Øp-\n- 338.- -X-s‚- {]-[m-\-i-{Xp-hm-bn-cp-∂- i-im-¶- Sn- (A-jv-S-a-lm- {io- ssN-X-\y-kv-tXm-
tc-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- Cu- H-≥]-Xv- hn- ∂v- I-\u-Pn-te-°v- X-e-ÿm-\w- am-‰n.- s\- \-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- kw-cw-`-ß- {X-hpw- kp-{]-`m-X- kv-tXm-{X-hpw-)- l¿-
Zzm-≥am-cpw- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p- F-∂-Xv- tI- 323.- -I-\u-Pn-s‚- X-{¥-]-c-am-b- {]m-[m-\yw- tfm-sS-bm-Wv- l¿-j-≥ Zzn-Kzn-P-b-Øn-\v- j-≥ c-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.-
h-ew- A-kw-`m-hy-am-Wv- F-∂v- Nn-e¿- l¿-j-s‚- ssk-\n-I-\o-°-߃-°v- A- B-cw-`w- Ip-dn-®-sX-∂v- _m-W-≥ {]-kv- 353.- -_m-W-s‚- l¿-j-N-cn-X-hpw- Im-Zw-_-cn-
\n-co-£n-°p-∂p-).- \p-Iq-e-am-bn.- Xm-hn-°p-∂p.- F-∂m¬- ]n-∂o-sS-¥m-Wv- bpw- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-se- A-aq-ey-Ir-Xn-
309.- -kw-kv-Ir-X- km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚- A-K-Ã- 324.- X- m-t\-iz-cØ - n-s‚- ÿm-]I - ≥
- ]p-jy-`q- kw-`h - n-s®-∂v- _m-W≥ - hy-‡a - m-°p-∂n- I-fm-Wv.- ]m¿-hX - o-]c - n-Wb - a- m-Wv- _m-W-
≥ bp-Ka - m-bn- hn-eb - n-cp-Øs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v- N- Xn-bm-sW-∂v- _m-W≥ - kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.- √.- lyp-bm-≥km-Mpw- A-tX-°p-dn-®v- ]- s‚- a-s‰m-cp- ap-Jy-Ir-Xn.-
{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ c-≠m-a-s‚- Im-e-am-Wv-(tdm- 325.- -l¿-j-N-cn-Xw- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv- {]-`m-I- cm-a¿-in-°p-∂n-√.- F-¥m-bm-epw- F.-Un.- 354.- -a-bq-c-i-X-I-Øn-s‚- I¿-Øm-hm-b- a-bq-
am-km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- kp-h¿-WI - m-ew- A- c-h¿-[-\-s‚- Im-ew- ap-X¬-°m-Wv.- ]p- 619˛¬- i-im-¶≥ - A-¥c - n-®t- Xm-sS- ssh- c-≥,- hm-Iy-]Z- o-bw- c-Nn-®- `¿-Xr-lc - n,- tk-
K-Ã-kn-s‚- k-a-b-Øm-Wv-).- jy-`q-Xn-bv° - p-ti-ja - p-≈- l¿-js - ‚- ap- c-Øn-\pw- A-¥y-am-sb-∂p- I-cp-Xmw.- Xp-_‘ - \ - Ø - n-s‚- c-Nb - n-Xm-hm-b- am-L-
310.- -]-e-bn-\w- \m-W-b-ß-fpw- A-t±-lw- ]p- ≥Km-an-Iƒ- \-ch - ¿-[\ - ≥ - ,- cm-Py-h¿-[\ - - 339.- -l¿-j-≥ I-\ym-Ip-_v-P-Øn-se- `-c-Ww- ≥,- Pm-\-Io-l-c-Ww- F-gp-Xn-b- Ip-am-c-
d-Øn-d-°n-bn-cp-∂p.- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ≥,- B-Zn-Xy-h¿-[\ - ≥ - ,- {]-`m-Ic - h
- ¿-[\ - ≥ - ,- Iq-Sn- G-s‰-Sp-sØ-∂pw- in-em-Zn-Xy-s\-∂- Zm-k-≥ F-∂n-h-cpw- l¿-j-s‚- t{]m¬-
kz¿-W-\m-W-b-߃- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b-Xv- cm-Py-h¿-[\ - ≥ - F-∂n-hc - m-sW-∂v- A-\p- _n-cp-Zw- kzo-Ic - n-s®-∂pw- ]-WU -v n-X≥- am¿- km-l-\w- e-`n-®- {]-Xn-`m-im-en-I-fm-Wv.-
Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-°-≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- am-\n-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- sX-fn-hp-If - p-≠v.- A-`n-{]m-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p.- F.-Un.- 612˛¬- B- 355.- -am-Xw-KZ- n-hm-Ic - ≥ - F-∂- X-Øz-Nn-¥I - -
311.- -C¥ - ym-Nc - n-{X-Øn-se- s]-cn-¢n-b≥ - Im- 326.- -lq-W-≥am-cm-b- am-\p-Iƒ-°v- H-cp- knw- Wv- A-t±-lw- k-ºq¿-W-am-b- cm-P-]-Z-hn- \pw- [¿-aI - o¿-Øn- F-∂- Xm¿-°n-I\ - pw-
e-L´- w- ( s]-cn-¢n-kn-s‚- `-cW - a - m-Wv- {Ko- lw- F-∂v- _m-W-`-´-≥ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p- kzo-Ic - n-°p-Ib - pw- X-eÿ - m-\w- I-\u-Pn- Cu- Im-eL - ´- Ø - n-em-Wv- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂X - v.-
kn-s‚- kp-h¿-WI - m-ew-)- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-´- ∂- {]-`m-I-c-h¿-[-\-\v- aq-∂p-k-¥m-\- te-°v- am-‰p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- 356.- -l¿-j-≥ X-s‚- t]-cn¬- H-cp- Im-e-K-W-
Kp-]vX - I - m-eØ - m-Wv- A-P¥ - m-s]-bn-‚ nw- ߃- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- cm-Py-h¿-[-\-≥,- 340.- -\n-c-h-[n- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- B-[n-]-Xyw- \m- k-{º-Zm-bh - pw- Xp-Sß - n-bn-cp-∂p.- l¿-
Kp-Iƒ- h-c® - X - v- F-∂p- A-\p-am-\n-°p-∂p.- l¿-jh - ¿-[\ - ≥- F-∂o- ]p-{X-≥am-cpw- cm- ÿm-]n-®v- km-{am-Py-hn-]p-eo-I-c-Ww- \- j-h¿-jw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- A-Xn-s‚-
312.- -U¬-ln-bn-se- Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-\p- k- Py-{io- F-∂- ]p-{Xn-bpw.- S-Øm-≥ l¿-j-\p- I-gn-™p.- F-∂m¬,- Xp-S°- w- F.-Un.- 606˛¬- B-bn-cp-∂p.- l¿-
ao-]-ap-≈- H-cp- D-cp-°p-kv-Xq-]-Øn-se- 327.- -I-\ym-Ip-_v-P-Øn-se- (I-\u-Pv-)- cm-Pm- sX-t°m-´p- ssk-\n-I-\o-°w- \-S-Øn-b- j-s‚- a-c-W-ti-j-hpw- Ip-td-°m-ew- C-
en-Jn-X-Øn¬- (sa-lv-tdm-fn- en-Jn-Xw-)- hm-b- {K-l-h¿-a-\m-Wv- cm-Py-{io-sb- hn- l¿-j-s\- \¿-a-Zm-Xo-c-Øp-h-®v- ]-›n-a- Xv- D-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
N-{µ- F-s∂m-cp- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- ho-c-iq-c- hm-lw- I-gn-®-Xv.- Xm-t\-iz-c-hpw- I-\u- Nm-eq-Iy-cm-Pm-hv- ]p-en-tI-in- c-≠m-a-≥ 357.- ]- c
- m-{I-ai- m-en-bm-b- ssk-\n-I- ta-[m-hn,-
Xz-sØ-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.- Ppw- Cu- hn-[-Øn¬- k-Jyw- ÿm-]n-®- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn.- \o-Xn-am-\m-b- `-c-W-I¿-Øm-hv,- a-X-Øn-
A-Xv- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ c-≠m-a-\m-sW-∂p- t∏mƒ- C-Xn-\p- k-am-¥-c-am-bn- amƒ-h- 341.- -l¿-j-s‚- tXm¬-hn-sb-°p-dn-®v- ]p-en- s‚-bpw- hn-⁄m-\Ø - n-s‚-bpw- h-en-sbm-
I-W° - m-°p-Ib - m-sW-¶n¬- A-t±-lw- D- bn-se- (am-f-hw-)- tZ-h-Kp-]v-X-\pw- Ku-U- tI-in-bp-sS- sF-tlmƒ- im-k-\-Øn¬- cp- c-£m-[n-Im-cn- F-∂o- \n-eI - f - n-se- {]-
Ø-c- ]-›n-a- C-¥y-bn-epw- _w-Km-fn-s‚- cm-Pm-hm-b- (hw-Kt- Z-iØ - n-s‚- ]-›n-at- a- hn-h-cn-®n-´p-≠v.- {_-“-]p-{X- ap-X¬- I- h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- A-tim-I-≥,- k-ap-
h-en-sbm-cp-`m-K-Øpw- Kp-]v-X-`-c-Ww- J-e-)- i-im-¶-\pw- H-cp- F-Xn¿-k-Jyw- cq- Øn-b-hm¿-h-sc-bpw- P-e-‘¿-h-sc-bpw- {Z-Kp-]v-X-≥,- I-\n-jv-I-≥,- hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy-≥
ÿm-]n-®p-sh-∂- \n-K-a-\-Øn-se-Øn- ]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.- hym-]n-®p-In-S-∂- l¿-j-km-{am-Pyw- Kp- F-∂n-hs - c- A-\p-kva - c - n-∏n-°p-∂- Cu- cm-
t®-tc-≠n-h-cpw.- 328.- -amƒ-h-bp-sS- i-{Xp-hm-b- {]-`m-I-c-h¿-[- ]v-X- km-{am-Py-sØ-°mƒ- Ip-d-®p-Iq-Sn- Pm-hn-s\- H-cp- bq-tdm-]y-≥ N-cn-{X-Im-c-
313.- -N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-≥ c-≠m-a-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv- \-≥ A-Im-eØ - n¬- A-¥c - n-®t- ∏mƒ- B- hn-]p-ea - m-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂v- s{]m-^.- k-Xy- ≥ ln-µp-Im-e-L-´-Øn-se- A-Iv-_¿- F-
^m-ln-bm-≥ _p-≤-a-X-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ]- Zn-h-kw-X-s∂ tZ-h-Kp-]v-X-≥ I-\ym-Ip- \m-Y-A-ø¿- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. H-do- - ∂m-Wv- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-\-∂-Xv.-
Tn-°m-≥ F-Øn-b-Xv- (399˛-414).- C-¥y- _vP - Ø- n-s\-Xn-sc- ]-S\ - o-°w- \-SØ - n- {K- bpw- t\-∏m-fpw- I-®pw- l¿-j-km-{am-Py- 358.- -l¿-j-≥ F.-Un.- 646˛-tem- 647˛-tem- A-
k-µ¿-in-®- B-Zy-sØ- ssN-\o-kv- _u- l-h¿-as - \- tXm¬-]n-®-v h-[n-°p-Ib - pw- cm- Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏´n-cp-∂p.- ¥-cn-®p-sh-∂v- I-cp-Xp-∂p.- X-s‚- ÿm-
≤-k-©m-cn-bm-Wv- A-t±-lw.- Py-{io-sb- X-Sh - n-em-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bvX - p.- 342.- B- Z- y-Im-eØ - v- in-h`- ‡ - \ - m-bn-cp-∂- l¿- \w- G-s‰-Sp-°m-≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\v- ]p-{X-
314.- -]m-S-eo-]p-{X-Øn-se- ssh-Zy-ip-{iq-jm- 329.- l- q-W≥ - am¿-s°-Xn-sc- ]-S\ - o-°w- \-SØ - p- j-≥ ]n-∂o-Sv- _p-≤-a-Xm-\p-bm-bn-bm-bn.- ≥am-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-Xn-\m¬- l¿-
tI-{µ-ßf - pw- kp-{]-kn-≤a - m-b- cm-Ps - Im- I-bm-bn-cp-∂- cm-Py-h¿-[\ - ≥ - X-eÿ - m-\- A-©p-h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬-ho-Xw- A- j-≥ A-¥c - n-®X - n-\p-ti-jw- A-t±-lØ - n-
´m-c-hpw-I-≠v- ^m-ln-bm-≥ A-¤p-X- ]- Øv- Xn-cn-s®-Øn.- am-Xm-hn-s‚- k-Xn- A- t±-lw- ]-Xn-hm-bn- {]-bm-Kn¬-h-®v- (C- s‚- km-{am-Pyw- in-Yn-e-am-bn.-
c-X-{¥-\m-bn-t∏m-bn.- \p-jvT - m-\Ø - n¬- a-\w-s\m-¥v- cm-Py-h¿-[- t∏mƒ- A-e-l-_m-Zv-)- a-X-a-lm-k-tΩ-f- 359.- - N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-\n¬- Xp-S-ßp-∂- km-
315.- -a-[y-tZ-i-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-cw- \-≥ cm-Pÿ - m-\w- D-t]-£n-®v- k-∂ym-kw- \-߃- hn-fn-®p-Iq-´n-bn-cp-∂p.- {am-Py-ÿm-]-I-cpw- a-lm-≥am-cp-am-b-
]m-S-eo-]p-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- Cu- k- kzo-Ic - n-°m-≥ X-øm-dm-bn.- A-t∏m-gm-Wv- 343.- -a-lm-bm-\- _p-≤-a-X-Øn-s‚- hn-I-k-\- {]m-No-\- C-¥y-bn-se- `-c-W-I¿-Øm-°-
©m-cn- kq-N-\- \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.- Kp-]v-X- X-s‚- k-tlm-Zc - n- hn-[h - b - m-b- hn-hc - w- A- Øn-\m-bn- D-Zm-ca - m-b- kw-`m-h\ - I- ƒ- l¿- fp-sS- ]-´n-I-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- t]-
`-cW - s - Ø-°p-dn-®v- ]-e- A-aq-ey-am-b- hn- t±-lw- A-dn-™X - v.- Xm-t\-iz-cw- B-{I-an- j-≥ \¬-In.- \m-f-µ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- cm-Wv- l¿-j-h¿-[-\-t‚-Xv- F-¶n-epw- C-
h-c-ß-fpw- ^m-ln-bm-s‚- hn-h-c-W-ß- °m-≥ tIm-∏p-Iq-´n-b- tZ-hK - p-]vX - s - \- cm- A-t±-lw- ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-Xp.- ¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- a-l-
fn¬-\n-∂v- e-`n-®n-´p-≠v.- Py-h¿-[\ - ≥- bp-≤Ø - n¬- h-[n-®p.- 344.- -k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bp-≈- a-X-\-b-am-Wv- A- \o-b- ÿm-\-am-Wp-≈Xv.

072

ae∏pdw
{]tXyIXIƒ
360.- -A-£-b- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-`n-®- Pn-√-
361.- -G- ‰ - h pw- Iq- S p- X ¬- P- \ - k w- J y- b p- ≈ -
Pn- √ -
362.- -ap-…n-߃- F-Æ-Øn-epw- i-X-am-\m-Sn-
ÿm-\-Øn-epw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- Pn-√-
363.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-kw-
ªn- \n-tbm-P-I- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fp-≈- (16)-
Pn-√-
364.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-I-
fp-≈- Pn-√-
365.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- X-t±-i-`-c-W-ÿm-]-
\-ß-fp-≈- Pn-√- ({Xn-X-e- {Km-a-]-©m-
b-Øp-I-fpw- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fpw- Dƒ-
s∏-sS-)-
366.- G- ‰ - h - pw- Iq-Sn-b- P-\k
- w-Jym- h-f¿-®m- \n-
c-°p-≈- Pn-√-
367.- -G‰- h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {Km-ah
- m-kn-If - p-≈- Pn-√-
368.- -km-£-c-cp-sS- F-Æw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-
ep-≈- Pn-√- (i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬-
tIm-´-bw-)-
369.- G- ‰ - h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]¿- hn-tZ-iØ - v- tPm-
en-°v- t]m-Ip-∂- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√.-
370.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- k¿-
°m¿- kv-Iq-fp-I-fp-≈- Pn-√-
{]- [ m- \ - s ∏- ´ - h- k v - X p- X - I ƒ-
371.- tIm-´-bv-°¬- B-cy-ssh-Zy-im-e- ÿm-
]n-®-Xv-˛- ]n.-F-kv.-hm-cy¿- (1902)-
372.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sd-bn¬-th-
sse-≥˛- Xn-cq¿-˛-t_-∏q¿- (1861)-
am¿-Øm-fih¿-a
409.-tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- kp-{]-[m-\-am-b-
ÿm-\a - m-Wv- am¿-Øm-fih - ¿-ab - v° - p-≈-
Xv.- sN-dn-sbm-cp- `q-{]-tZ-ia - m-bn-cp-∂- th-
Wm-Sn-s‚- A-Xn¿-Øn- sIm-®n-bp-sS- A-
Xn-cp-h-sc- \o-´n- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- Z-£n-W-
a-[y-`m-K-ß-sf- X-s‚- B-[n-]-Xy-Øn-≥
Io-gn-em-°n-b- A-t±-lw- Cu- {]-tZ-i-ß-
fp-sS- cm-{„o-b- G-Io-Ic - W
- Ø - n-s‚- in¬-
]n-bm-bn.-
410.--A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- F-Sp-Øp-]d - b- Ø - °
s‰m-cp- t\-´a - m-Wv- ssk-\n-Ii - ‡ - n-bn¬-
A-[n-jvT - n-Xa - m-b- H-cp- tI-{µo-Ir-X- cm-P-
`-cW- w- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ I-gn-™p-sh-∂X
411.- P-∑n--ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn-s‚- A-¥yw- Ip-dn-
°p-I-bpw- sIm-´m-c-Øn-s‚- \m-ep- Np-h-
cp-Iƒ-°p-≈n¬- H-Xp-ßn-\n-∂n-cp-∂- `-c-
W-kw-hn-[m-\s - Ø- Im-tem-Nn-Xa - m-b- \-
ho-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sS- D-S-®p-hm¿-°p-I-bpw-
sN-bv-X-Xp-h-gn- B-[p-\n-I-bp-K-Øn-s‚-
B-cw-`w- Ip-dn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-
lw.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv- "-B-[p-\n-I- Xn-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚- kr-„m-hv'- - F-∂t- ±-lw-
hm-gv-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
412.--am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a- P-\n-®-Xv- 1706˛-em-Wv.-
C-cp-]-Øn-aq-∂mw- h-b- n-em-Wv- A-t±-
lw- th-Wm-Sv- knw-lm-k-\-Øn-se-Øp-
∂-Xv.-
413.--I-\-Ø- {]-Xn-k‘ - n-If - m-Wv- `-cW - Ø - n-
s‚- B-Zy-Im-eß - f- n¬- A-t±-lØ - n-\v- A-
`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-t°-≠n-h∂ - X - v.- 1721 ap-X¬-
1729 h-sc- th-Wm-Sv- `-cn-®n-cp-∂- cm-ah
bp-sS- ]n-≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.-
414.- c
- m-ah
- ¿-ab - p-sS- a-°f - m-b- ]-∏p-غ - n-bpw-
(h-en-bX - º - n-)- A-\p-P≥ - cm-a≥ - X-ºn-bpw-
tIcfØnse Pn√Iƒ˛3
373.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-£-b-tI-
{µw- B-cw-`n-®- ]-©m-b-Øv-˛- sIm-t≠m-
´n- tªm-°n-se- ]-≈n-°¬- ]-©m-b-Øv-
374.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- G-I- tX-°v- ayq-kn-bw-˛- sh-
fn-b-t¥m-Sv-
375.- -Ip-Spw-_-{io- ]-≤-Xn- B-Zyw- \-S-∏n-em-
°n-b- Pn-√-(1998)-˛- a-e-∏p-dw- (B-e-∏p-g-
Pn-√b - n¬- k-am-\k - z-`m-ha - p-≈- kw-cw-`w-
ap-ºv- Xp-Sß - n-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw-
Ip-Spw-_-{io- F-∂- \m-a-t[-b-tØm-sS-
]-≤-Xn- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- a-e-∏p-d-Øm-Wv.- A-
∂-sØ- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- F.-_n.-hm-Pv-t]-
bn-bm-Wv- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-)-
376.- t- I-cf - Ø
- n-se- B-Zy-sØ- _-tbm- dn-tkm-
gv-k-kv- \m-®p-d¬- ]m¿-°v-˛- \n-e-ºq¿-
377.- a- e
- b - m-fw- k¿-hI - e- m-im-eb - p-sS- B-Zy-sØ-
ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿-˛- sI.-Pb - I
- p-am¿-
378.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- tX-
°p-tXm-´w-˛- \n-e-ºq-cn-se- sIm-t\m-en-
tπm-´v-
380.- G- X - p- ÿ-eØ - n-s‚- ]-gb - - t]-cm-Wv- sh-
¶-S-tIm-´-˛- tIm-´-bv-°¬-
381.- -\n-f,-t]-cm¿- F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-Zn-˛-
`m-c-X-∏p-g-
382.- -sN-dn-b- a-°- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂,- a-e-∏p-
dw- Pn-√-bn-se- ÿ-ew-˛- s]m-∂m-\n-
383.- -a-e-∏p-d-Øn-s‚- Du-´n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- sIm-Sn-Ip-Øn-a-e-
384.- -kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn¬- h-√-`-t£m-Wn- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- {]-tZ-iw-˛- h-≈p-h-\m-Sv-
385.- I- q-S√ - q-cn-s‚- I-Ym-Im-c≥ - ˛- Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-
tZ-h-≥ \m-b¿-
386.- \- n-fb - p-sS- I-Ym-Im-c≥ - ˛- Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-
XncphnXmwIq¿ cmPm°≥am¿˛1
(Ip-©p-Xº - n-)b - pw- knw-lm-k\ - Ø - n-\v- A-
h-Im-i-ap-∂-bn-°p-I-bpw- \m-K¿-K-tIm-
hn¬- B-ÿm-\-am-°n-s°m-≠v- I-em-]-
Øn-\p- ap-Xn-cp-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.-
415.--F.-Un- 1341 ap-X¬- th-Wm-´p- cm-P-Ip-Spw-
_w- a-cp-a°
- Ø - m-b{- I-aa - m-Wv- kzo-Ic - n-®p-
t]m-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬,- X-ºn-am-cp-sS-
am-Xm-hm-b- A-`n-cm-an-sb- ]-cn-W-bn-°p-
∂- th-f-bn¬- cm-a-h¿-a,- B- _-‘-Øn-
ep-≠m-Ip-∂- k-¥m-\ß - ƒ-°m-bn-cn-°pw-
In-co-Sm-h-Im-iw- F-∂v- hm-Kv-Zm-\w- \¬-
- - a- In-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp- ]m-en-°s - ∏-Sm-Xn-cp-∂-
Xm-Wv- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-bv-s°-Xn-sc- Xn-
cn-bm-≥ X-ºn-am¿- t{]-cn-X-cm-b-Xv.-
- v.- 416.--]-t£,- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a- D-cp-°p-ap-„n-
tbmsS- B- I-em-]-ß-sf- A-Sn-®-a¿-Øp-
I-bpw- knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬- X-s‚- ÿm-
\w- D-d-∏n-°p-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.-
417.--am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bv-°v- bp-≤-X-{¥-Øn-
epw- cm-{„-X-{¥-Øn-epw- H-cp-t]m-se- ]-
cn-io-e-\w- In-´n-bn-cp-∂p.- bp-h-cm-Pm-sh-
∂- \n-e-bn¬- cm-a-h¿-a-sb- `-c-W-Im-cy-
ß-fn¬- k-lm-bn-®n-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- "-"-
s\-øm-‰n-≥I-cb - n-se- C-fa- p-dØ- º - p-cm-≥'-
'- F-∂v- kz-bw- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- cm-
Pm-hn-\p-th-≠n- 1723¬- Cw-•o-jv- Cu-kv-
‰n-¥ym- I-º\ - n-bp-am-bn- H-cp- D-Sº - S- n-bn¬-
H-∏p-sh-®n-cp-∂p.-
418.--am¿-Øm-fih - ¿-ab - m-Wv- cm-Py-Øn-\p- sh-
fn-bn¬-\n-∂v- "-a-d-h-∏-S-'- F-∂- Iq-en-∏-´m-
f-sØ- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°m-≥ cm-Pm-hn-s\- D-
]-tZ-in-®-Xv.-
- ¿-a- 419.--am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bp-sS- Im-ew-h-sc- am-
S-ºn-am¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- {]m-tZ-in-
I- {]-`p-°ƒ- h-f-sc- i-‡-cm-bn-cp-∂p.-
420.-\n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-°m-≥ A-hI - m-ia - p-≠m-bn-cp-
073
387.- a
h-≥ \m-b¿-
- m-am-¶t- h-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b- G-
Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-bn-cp-∂p- ˛- `m-c-
X-∏p-g-
388.- a- m-am-¶Ø - n-te-°v- Nm-th-dp-Is - f- A-b® - n-
cp-∂- cm-Pm-hv-˛- h-≈p-h-t°m-\m-Xn-cn-
389.- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- I
- c- n-∏q¿- G-Xp- Pn-√b
- n¬-
˛- a-e-∏p-dw-
390.- -hm-K-¨- {Sm-P-Un- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- lmƒ-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- Xn-cq¿-
391.- -Xp-©-≥ ]-d-ºv- F-hn-sS- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-
∂p-˛- Xn-cq¿-
392.- -\m-hm-ap-Ip-µt- £-{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-W˛v- - Xn-
cp-\m-hm-b- (C-Xv- hn-jvW - p-t£-{X-am-Wv)- -
393.- -Im-en-°-‰v- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\-am-b- tX-™n-∏m-ew- G-Xp- Pn-√-
bn¬-˛- a-e-∏p-dw-
394.- -A-h-km-\-sØ- am-am-¶w- \-S-∂-Xm-bn-
s]m-Xp-th- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1755
395.- -a-e-_m¿- I-em-]w- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1921
396.- -tI-c-f- {Km-ao-¨- _m-¶n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-
˛- a-e-∏p-dw- (t\m¿-Øv- a-e-_m¿- {Km-ao-
¨- _m-¶pw- ku-Øv- a-e-_m¿- {Km-ao-
¨- _m-¶pw- kw-tbm-Pn-®v- (2013)- cq-]w-
sIm-≠-Xm-Wv- tI-c-f- {Km-ao-¨- _m-¶v-).-
397.- -a-e-bm-fw- dn-k¿-®v- sk-‚¿-˛- Xn-cq¿-
398.- -tI-c-f- hp-Uv- C-≥U-kv-{So-kn-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- \n-e-ºq¿-
399.- -ta¬-∏Ø - q¿- kva - m-cI- w- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- -
Xn-cp-\m-hm-bb - v°
- S- p-Øv- N-µ\ - °
- m-hn¬-
400.- a- e- _
- m¿- kvs - ]-jy¬- s]m-eo-kn-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- a-e-∏p-dw- (1921em-Wv- Fw.-F-
∂- A-h-cm-Wv- \m-´n-se- {I-a-k-am-[m-\-
hpw- ]-cn-]m-en-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- cm-Pm-[n-Im-c-
sØ- tNm-Zyw-sN-ø-Ø-°-X-c-Øn¬- h-
f¿-∂- Cu- ^yq-U¬- L-S-I-ß-sf- A-Sn-
®-a¿-Øn- `-cW - h - y-hÿ
- b
- p-sS- ap-°n-epw-
aq-e-bn-epw- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw-
A-c-°n-´p-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬- am¿-Øm-fi-
h¿-a- hn-P-bn-®p.-
421.- - {io-]fl - \- m-`k - zm-an- t£-{X-Øn-se- Du-
cm-f-∑m¿- A-Y-hm- {S-kv-‰n-Iƒ- B-bn-cp-
∂- tbm-K-Øn¬- t]m-‰n-am-cp-sS-bpw- A-
h-cp-sS- Bƒ-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂- F-´p-ho-´n¬-
]n-≈a - m-cp-sS-bpw- t\-sc- I¿-i\ - a- m-b- \-
S-]-Sn-bm-Wv- A-t±-lw- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.-
422.-ap-ºv- cm-P-i-‡n-sb- B-Z-cn-®n-cp-∂- A-
h¿- A-°m-e-am-b-t∏mƒ- cm-Py-Øv- k-
am-¥-c-am-b- H-cp- A-[n-Im-c-i-‡n- ÿm-
]n-®p-Ig- n-™n-cp-∂p.- am¿-Øm-fih - ¿-as- b-
`-b∂- -v H-fn-hn¬-t]m-sb-¶n-epw- H-Sp-hn¬- A-
h-sc- cm-PI - n-¶c- ∑- m¿- X-Sh- n-em-°n.-
423.- t- ]m-‰n-am-cn¬- \m-ep-t]-sc- \m-Sp-IS- Ø - n.-
]n-≈-am-sc- h-[n-°p-I-bpw- A-h-cp-sS- h-
kv-Xp-h-I-Iƒ- ]-≠m-c-h-I-bv-°p- I-≠p-
sI-´p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
424.- -A-h-cp-sS- kv-{Xo-I-sf-bpw- Ip-™p-ß-
sf-bpw- A-Sn-a-I-sf-∂- \n-e-bn¬- Xp-d-bn-
se- ap-°p-h¿-°p- hn¬-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.-
425.- -]n-≈-am-cp-sS-bpw- t]m-‰n-am-cp-sS-bpw- ho-
Sp-Iƒ- C-Sn-®p-\n-c-Øn- A-hn-sS- Ip-f-
߃- \n¿-an-®p- ("-Ip-fw- tIm-cp-I-'- F-∂-
ssi-en- `m-j-bv-°pw- kz-¥-am-bn-).-
426.- -X-s‚- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\-I-Øp-\n-∂v- D-b¿-
∂p-h-∂- {]-iv-\-ß-fpw- cm-Py-sØ- B-
`y-¥-c- {]-Xn-k-‘n-I-fpw- ]-cn-l-cn-®-Xn-
\p-ti-jw- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a- {i-t≤- tI-
{µo-I-cn-®-Xv- cm-Py-hn-kv-Xr-Xn- h¿-[n-∏n-
kv.-]n.- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv-)-
401.- -I-en-°-‰v- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- tX-™n-∏-ew- (I-en-°-‰v- k¿-
h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-]v-X-hm-Iy-am-Wv-
\n¿-am-b- I¿-a-Wm-{io-)-
402.- -I-ip-h-≠n- K-th-j-W- tI-{µw-˛- B-\-
°-bw-
403.- -am-∏n-f- I-em-]-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®v- X-S-
hp-]p-≈n-I-sf- Xn-cq-cn¬-\n-∂v- s_-√m-
cn- P-bn-en-te-°v- am-‰m-≥ Kp-Uv-kv- hm-
K-Wn¬- Ip-Øn-\n-d-®v- A-b-bv-°p-I-bpw-
A-h-cn¬- Ip-td-t∏¿- bm-{Xm-a-t[y- izm-
kw-ap-´n- a-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- kw-`-h-
am-Wv- hm-K-¨- {Sm-P-Un- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂X- v.- t]m-Ø∂ - q-cn¬-h®- m-Wv- C-Xv- {i-
≤-bn¬-s∏-´X - v.- 64 t]¿- bm-{X-at- [y-bpw-
8 t]¿- tIm-bº - Ø - q¿- B-ip-]{- Xn-bn¬-
h-®pw- a-c-W-a-S-™p.- 1921 \-hw-_¿- ]-
Øn-\m-Wv- Cu- kw-`-hw- \-S-∂-Xv.-
404.- -C-¥y-bn-se- H-tc-sbm-cp- tX-°v- ayq-kn-
bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- \n-e-ºq¿-
405.- -hm-K-¨- {Sm-P-Un-sb-°p-dn-®v- A-t\z-jn-
®- I-Ωo-j-≥ ˛- t\-∏v- I-Ωo-j-≥
406.- t- I-cf - Ø- n-se- {_m-“W - c- p-sS- B-Nm-cy-
ÿm-\-hpw- cm-Pm-°-≥am-sc- A-cn-bn-´p-
hm-gn-°m-≥ A-[n-Im-c-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
B-gv-hm-t©-cn- X-{ºm-°-≥am-cp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- B-X-h-\m-Sv-
407.- `- m-cX
- ∏ - p-gs
- b- sh-fn-bm-t¶m-´p-Im-be - p-am-
bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- s]m-∂m-\n-°-
\m¬.-
408.- -B-Vy-≥]m-d- sh-≈-®m-´w- a-e-∏p-dw- Pn-
√-b-nemWv.
°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-
427.- - th-Wm-´p- cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se- aq-Ø-
h-\n-Xmw-Ka - m-bn-cp-∂p- B-‰n-߬-dm-Wn.-
C-h¿- ap-≥Im-e-Øv- th-Wm-´p- cm-Pm-°-
∑m-tcm-Sm-tem-Nn-°m-sX- ssh-tZ-in-I-cp-
am-bn- I-cm-dn-te¿-s∏-Sp-Ib- pw- A-Xv- ]n¬-
°m-e-Øv- cm-Py-Øn-\v- tZm-j-I-c-am-b-
ÿn-Xn-hn-ti-ja - p-fh
- m-°p-Ib
- pw-sN-bX-v p.-
428.- -Cu- G¿-∏m-Sv- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v-
B-‰n-ß-en-s\- X-s‚- ]q¿-W- \n-b-{¥-
W-Øn¬- sIm-≠p-h-cm-≥ am¿-Øm-fi-
h¿-a- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.-
429.- -A-ß-s\- th-Wm-´p- cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-
se- Im-c-W-h¿- (Xr-∏m-∏q¿- aq-Ø-Xn-cp-
h-Sn-)- F-∂- \n-e-bv-°pw- cm-Pm-hv- F-∂-
\n-e-bv-°pw- Nn-c-Im-e-am-bn- X-∂n¬- \n-
 £n-]X v- a - m-b- A-[n-Im-cw- {]-tbm-Kn-®v- _-
e-{]-tbm-Kw- Iq-Sm-sX- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-
a- B-‰n-ß-en-s\- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-t\m-
Sv- tN¿-Øp.-
430.- -th-Wm-Sn-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- im-J-bm-b- sIm-
√w- A-Y-hm- tZ-in-ß-\m-Sv- ]n-Sn-®-S-°p-
I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bp-sS-
A-Sp-Ø- e-£yw.-
431.- -H-cp- \n-e-bv-°v- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bp-sS-
am-Xp-e-\m-bn-cp-∂- D-Æn- tI-c-f-h¿-a-bm-
bn-cp-∂p- sIm-√w- cm-Pm-hv.-
432.- -th-Wm-Sn-s‚- knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬- A-t±-
l-Øn-\p- t\m-´a - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-lw-
Im-bw-Ip-fØ - p-\n-∂v- H-cp- cm-PI - p-am-cn-sb-
Z-sØ-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠v- A-hn-S-sØ- cm-Pm-
hp-am-bn- th-Wm-Sn-s\-Xn-cm-b- k-Jy-Øn-
te¿-s∏-´p.-
433.- ]- n-∂o-St- ±-lw- am¿-Øm-fih - ¿-ab- °
h-Im-i-s∏-´- I-√-S- B-{I-an-®v- Io-g-S-°p-
I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
434.- -c-≠pw- X-\n-s°-Xn-cm-b- {]-hr-Øn-I-fm-
sW-∂v- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a- I-cp-Xn.- Z-Øv-
A-ÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw- I-√-S-bn¬-\n-∂v-
]n-∑m-dm-\pw- A-t±-lw- tZ-in-ß\ - m-Sn-t\m-
Sv- B-h-iy-s∏-´p.-
435.- -Xp-S¿-∂v- ssk-\y-sØ- A-b-®v- am¿-Øm-
fi-h¿-a- sIm-√w- Io-g-S-°n.-
436.- -]-cm-Pn-X-\m-b- cm-Pm-hv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-
dp-am-bn- sN-bv-X- D-S-º-Sn-bn¬- Z-Øv- A-
ÿn-cs - ∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂pw- sIm-√Ø - v- D-b¿-
Øn-b- tIm-´-sIm-Ø-f-߃- s]m-fn-®p-
I-f-bm-sa-∂pw- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bp-sS-
ta¬-t°m-bva - - Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°m-sa-∂pw- k-
Ω-Xn-®p.-
437.- -D-Æn- tI-c-f-h¿-a-sb- X-S-hp-Im-c-s\-∂-
\n-e-bn¬- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- sIm-≠p-
h-∂v- h-en-b- tIm-bn-°¬- sIm-´m-cØ
cm-P-Io-b- X-S-hp-Im-c-\m-bn- ]m¿-∏n-®p.-
438.- s- Im-√s - Ø- kw-`h - ß- f - n¬- ]-cn-{`m-¥\
b- Im-bw-Ip-fw-cm-Pm-hv- sIm-®n,- ]p-d-°m-
Sv,- h-S-°pw-Iq¿- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se- cm-
Pm-°-∑m-cp-am-bn- k-Jy-Øn-te¿-s∏-´p.-
439.- -sIm-√w- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- \-„-s∏-´- knw-lm-
k-\w- Xn-cn-®p- t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p- e-£yw.- c-l-ky-Nm-c-∑m¿- h-gn- h-
S-°-≥ {]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sS- ]n-¥p-W- sIm-
√w- cm-Pm-hn-s\- A-dn-bn-®p.- A-t±-lw- X-
S-hp-Nm-Sn- sIm-√-sØ-Øn.-
440.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬-\n-∂v- ho-≠pw- B-{I-
a-W-ap-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- {]-Xo-£n-®v- tIm-´-
sIm-Ø-f-߃- i-‡-am-°n.-
441.- - A-t±-l-Øn-\v- U-®p-Im-cp-sS- k-lm-b-
hpw- e-`n-®p.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ssk-\yw-
cm-a-ø-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- sIm-√w- B-
{I-an-s®-¶n-epw- kp-k-÷-am-b- i-{Xp-
ssk-\y-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p.-
442.- X- p-S¿-∂v- am¿-Øm-fih - ¿-a- Cw-•o-jp-Im-
cn¬-\n-∂v- {^-©p-Im-cn¬-\n-∂pw- B-h-
iy-am-b- bp-≤k - m-a{- Kn-Iƒ- hm-ßn- X-s∂-
ssk-\n-IL - S- \ - b - n-se- t]m-cm-ba v- I
- ƒ- ]-
cn-lc - n-®v- ho-≠pw- sIm-√t- Ø-°A v- b
443.- -P-bm-]-cm-P-b-߃- Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-≥ I-
gn-bm-Ø- \n-c-h-[n- bp-≤-߃- \-S-∂p.-
444.- -1734¬- ssk-\y-sØ- t\-cn-´p- \-bn-®n-cp-
∂- Im-bw-Ip-fw- cm-Pm-hv- bp-≤-Øn¬- a-
c-W-a-S-™p.- F-∂m¬,- bp-≤w- A-h-km-
\n-®n-√.-
445.- -Im-bw-Ip-fw- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- k-tlm-Z-c-≥
am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-sb- ho-≠pw- ]-cm-P-b-
s∏-Sp-Øn.-
446.- X- p-S¿-∂v- U-®p- k-lm-bt- Øm-Sp-Iq-Sn- Im-
bw-Ip-fw- ssk-\yw- a-{¥n- A-Nyp-X-hm-
cy-cp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- am¿-Øm-fih
a-sb- B-{I-an-°p-Ib - pw- In-fn-am-\q¿-hs
]n-Sn-®-S-°p-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.-
447.- -Xn-cp-s\¬-th-en-bn¬-\n-∂v- Ip-Xn-c-∏-´m-
f-sØ- h-cp-Øn- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a- Im-
bw-Ip-f-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- s]m-cp-Xn.- Im-bw-
Ip-fw- ]n-≥hm-ßn.-
448.- -1742¬- am-∂m¿- h-®p-≠m-b- D-S-º-Sn-{]-
Im-cw- Im-bw-Ip-fw- cm-Pm-hv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw- 466.- s- Im-®n-°v- A-hI - m-is - ∏-´- I-c∏- p-dw- am¿- ≥ h-kv-Xp-°-sf- tZ-h-kzw,- {_-“-kzw,-
Iq-dn-\v- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw- ÿ-e-߃- hn-´p- Øm-fi-h¿-a- Io-g-S-°n-b-Xv- sIm-®n-sb- Zm-\w,- ]-≠m-c-h-I- F-∂n-ß-s\- \m-em-
sIm-Sp-Øp.- F-∂m¬,- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿- t£m-`n-∏n-®p.- bn- hn-`-Pn-°p-∂- co-Xn- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn.-
a-bvs - °-Xn-cm-b- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß
- ƒ- Im-bw- 467.- -A-º-e-∏p-g,- sX-°pw-Iq¿,- h-S-°pw-Iq¿- 485.- -I-cw- ]p-Xp-°n- \n-iv-N-bn-°p-I-bpw- `q-hp-
Ip-fw- cm-Pm-hv- Xp-S¿-∂pw- \-S-Øn.- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- Hm-Sn-t∏m-b- cm- S-aI
- ƒ-°v- ]-´b - w- \¬-Ip-Ib - pw-sN-bvX - p.-
449.- h- S- ° - pw-Iq¿,- sX-°pw-Iq¿,- ]p-d° - m-Sv- F- Pm-°-∑m¿- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚- A-[o- 486.- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- hym-]m-ck - w-hn-[m-\w- ]p-\-
∂n-hb - p-am-bn- k-Jyw- sN-bvX - v- Im-bw-Ip- i-Xz-Øn¬-\n-∂v- c-£-s∏-Sm-≥ sIm-®n-  w-hn-[m-\w- sN-bX -v p.- am-th-en-°c - b - m-bn-
fw- F-Xn¿-∏p-Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ- ho-≠pw- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- k-lm-bw- tX-Sn.- cp-∂p- hym-]m-c`- c - W- Ø - n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w.-
cm-a-ø-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- kp-i-‡-am- 468.- -I-c-∏p-d-Øn-s‚- Im-cy-Øn¬- A-a¿-j-ap- 487.- ]- p-Ib - n-e,- Ip-cp-ap-fI - v,- A-Sb - v°- - Xp-Sß - n-
sbm-cp- tk-\- Im-bw-Ip-f-sØ- B-{I-an- ≠m-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn- b-hb - p-sS- I-®h - S- h - pw- D-∏p-\n¿-am-Wh - pw-
®p.- s\-Xn-cm-bn- cq-]w-sIm-≠- k-Jy-Øn-s‚- tZ-i-h¬-°-cn-®p.-
450.- -Im-bw-Ip-fw- cm-Pm-hv- Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ß-fp- t\-Xr-Xzw- D-’m-l] - q¿-hw- G-s‰-Sp-Øp.- 488.- -km-º-Øn-I-cw-K-Øv- A-t±-l-ta¿-s∏-Sp-
sam-Øp- th-j{- ]-—∂ - \ - m-bn- Xr-iq-cn-te- C-tXm-sSm-∏w- sIm-®n-bn-se- U-®p-Im-cpw- Øn-b- ]-Xn-hp- I-W-°v- F-∂- hm¿-jn-
°v- H-fn-t®m-Sn.- 1746¬- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿- ssI-tIm¿-Ø-tXm-sS- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿- I- _-P-‰v- k-{º-Zm-bw- kp-{]-[m-\- \-S-]-
a- Im-bw-Ip-fs - Ø- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- e- a-bv-s°-Xn-sc- A-h-km-\- t]m-cm-´-Xn-\p- Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
bn-∏n-®p.- k-∂m-l-am-bn.- 489.- -C-Xn-eq-sS- s]m-Xp-sN-eh - n-s‚- hn-hn-[- h-
451.- C- f - b - n-SØ
- p- kz-cq-]Ø - n-se- (sIm-´m-c° - - 469.- -sIm-®n-cm-Py-sØ- tk-\m-[n-]-\m-b- ]- Ip-∏p-If - m-b- tZ-hk - zw,- sIm-´m-cw,- ssk-
v- v- A- c-)- dm-Wn- U-®p-Im-cp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm- Wn-bn¬- C-Sn-t°-f- ta-t\m-\m-bn-cp-∂p- \n-It- I-{µ-߃- ap-Xe - m-bh - b - ° v- m-bn- sh-
sS- am¿-Ø-fi-h¿-a-bp-sS- B-[n-]-Xy- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s\-Xn-cm-b- ]-S\ - o-°Ø - n- t∆-sd- \n-ivN - n-X- Xp-I- \o-°n-h® - p.-
sØ- tNm-Zyw-sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ- A-t±-lw- s‚- t\-Xr-Xzw.- 490.- -`-c-W-ku-I-cy-Øn-\m-bn- am¿-Øm-fi-
C-cp-Iq-´-cp-sS-bpw- ssk-\y-sØ- ]-cm-P- 470.- -1754¬- A-º-e-∏p-g-bn¬-h-®p- \-S-∂- bp- h¿-a- cm-Py-sØ- ]-Ip-Xn-I-fm-bpw- (hn-
b-s∏-Sp-Øn.- ≤-Øn¬- sIm-®n- ssk-\yw- On-∂-`n-∂- t√-Pp-Iƒ-)- a-fi-]-Øpw- hm-Xp-°-fm-
452.- -C-f-bn-S-Øp- kz-cq-]w- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn- am-bn-t∏m-bn.- bpw- (Xm-eq-°p-Iƒ-)- Xn-cn-®p.-
s‚- `m-K-am-bn- am-dn.- sIm-®n-bn-te-°p- 471.- -C-Sn-t°-f- ta-t\m-s\- X-S-hp-Im-c-\m-bn- 491.- -b-Ym-{I-aw- ]m¿-h-Xy-Im-c-≥,- Im-cy-°m-
]-em-b-\w-sN-bv-X- dm-Wn- U-®p-Im-cp-sS- ]n-Sn-®v- h-[n-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- sIm-®n- k-‘n- c-≥ F-∂o- X-kv-Xn-I-I-fn-ep-≈- D-tZym-
kw-c-£-W-Øn-≥ Io-gn-em-bn.- °v- A-t]-£n-®p.- K-ÿc - m-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xn-s‚- Np-aX - e - ° - m¿.-
453.- -U-®p-Im¿-°p- t\-cn-´- ]-cm-P-bw- A-h-cp- 472.- -A-cq-°p-‰n-h-sc-bp-≈- ÿ-e-߃- Xn-cp- 492.- -\m-Sn-s‚- \m-\m-`m-K-Øpw- P-\-t£-a-I-
sS- A-`n-am-\-Øn-t\-‰- h-en-b- £-X-am- hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-\v- A-[o-\-am-bn.- 1757¬- Xn- c-am-b- \n-c-h-[n- \n¿-am-W-{]-h¿-Ø-\-
bn-cp-∂p.- A-h¿- {]-Xn-Im-c-Øn-\p- X-øm- cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dpw- sIm-®n-bpw- X-Ωn¬- k- ߃- \-S-Øn.-
sd-Sp-Øp.- ‘n-bp-≠m-°n.- 493.- I- m¿-jn-Ih - n-Ik - \ - Ø - n¬- A-t±-lØ - n-\v-
454.- -am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bp-sS- cm-Pyw- sX-°p- 473.- -sIm-®n-bn-se- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- tIm-an- A- {]-tXy-I- Xm¬-]-cyw- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
\n-∂m-{I-an-°m-\m-bn-cp-∂p- A-hc - p-sS- Xo- ®-\m-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- k-‘n-°p- ap-≥ssI- 494.- -A-W-s°-´p-Iƒ,- P-e-kw-`-c-Wn-Iƒ,-
cp-am-\w.- sb-Sp-Ø-Xv.- tXm-Sp-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- \n¿-am-W-
455.- -kn-tem-Wn¬-\n-∂v- ]o-c-¶n-∏-S-sb- h-cp- 474.- -km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- B-{I-a-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- Øm¬- P-e-tk-N-\-ku-I-cy-߃- sa-®-
Øn- Ip-f® - ¬-h® - v- am¿-Øm-fih - ¿-at- bm- sIm-®n-sb- k-lm-bn-°m-sa-∂v- am¿-Øm- s∏-Sp-Øn.-
Sv- G-‰p-ap-´n.- 1741 B-K-kv-Xv- ]-Øn-\v- \- fi-h¿-a-bpw- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b- ÿ-e-ß-fn- 495.- K- X- m-KX - k - u-Ic - y-Øn-s‚- hn-]p-eo-Ic - W - -
- n¬- S-∂- bp-≤-Øn¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ssk- se- ÿm-\-{`-„-cm-b- cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc- k- Øn-\m-bn- A-t\-Iw- tXm-Sp-I-fpw- tdm-
\yw- A-Xn-[o-c-am-bn- ap-t∂-dn.- lm-bn-°p-I-bn-s√-∂v- sIm-®n-bpw- k-Ω- Up-I-fpw- \n¿-an-®p.-
- m- 456.- -h-ºn-®- \m-iw- G-‰p-hm-ßn- U-®p-Im¿- Xn-®p.- 496.- c- m-aø- ≥ - ,- A-ø∏ - ≥ - am¿-Øm-fi≥ - ]n-≈,-
]n-¥n-cn-™p.- U-®p- I-∏n-Øm-\m-b- Un- 475.- C- X - n-\n-Sb
- n¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s\-Xn-sc- Un-e-t\m-bn- Xp-S-ßn-b- [o-c-cpw- {]-K-¤-
e-t\m-bn- Dƒ-s∏-sS- \n-c-h-[n- bq-tdm-]y- hn-tZ-im-{I-a-W-ß-fpw- D-≠m-bn.- 1740¬- cpw- cm-P` - ‡ - c - p-am-b- hy-‡n-If - p-sS- tk-
∑m¿- X-S-hp-Im-cm-bn- ]n-Sn-°-s∏-´p.- (C- B¿-°m-´p- \-hm-_n-s‚- _-‘p-°-fm-b- h-\w- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bp-sS- I-c-߃-
t±-lw- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- h-en-b- I-∏n-Øm- N-µm-km-ln-_pw- _-µm-km-ln-_pw- \m- °p- i-‡n-]-I¿-∂p.-
≥ F-∂- t]-cn¬- tk-\m-\m-b-I-\m-bn-).- K¿-tIm-hn¬,- ip-No-{µw,- tIm-´m¿- F-∂n- 497.- \- n¿-Wm-bI - - ssk-\n-I\ - o-°ß - f - n¬- cm-
457.- a- m¿-Øm-fih - ¿-ab - p-sS- {]-[m-\- t\-´ß - - hn-Sß- ƒ- B-{I-an-®t- ∏mƒ- cm-aø - ≥ - ssI- a-ø-\pw- A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-fi-≥]n-≈-
fn-sem-∂m-bn- Cu- bp-≤-hn-P-bw- I-W- °q-en- sIm-Sp-Øv- A-h-sc- Xn-cn-®-b-®p.- bpw- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- h-ew-ssI-bpw- C-Sw-
°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- 476.- -1752¬- Xr-»n-\m-∏-≈n- K-h¿-W-dm-b- ap- ssI-bp-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.-
458.- -Im-bw-Ip-f-Øn-\p- h-S-°p-≈- A-º-e-∏p- tZ-an-b- I-f-°m-Spw- k-ao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpw- 498.- -Un-e-t\m-bn- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ssk-\y-
g- Io-gS- ° - p-Is - b-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂- am¿-Øm- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ- C-tX- \-bw- kzo-I- Øn-\v- bq-tdm-]y-≥ co-Xn-bn¬- ]-cn-io-e-
fi-h¿-a-bp-sS- A-Sp-Ø- e-£yw.- cn-®p.- \w- \¬-In.-
459.- -A-º-e-∏p-g- cm-Py-sØ- ssk-\n-I-ta-[m- 477.- -F-∂m¬,- C-Xv- H-cp- im-iz-X-]-cn-lm-c- 499.- -]-fl-\m-`-]p-cw,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- Xp-S-
hn-I-fm-b- am-Øp-∏-Wn-°-c-sc-bpw- sX- am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- I¿-Wm-´n-Iv- \-hm-_m-b- ßn-b- ÿ-e-ß-fn¬- ]p-Xn-b- tIm-´-Iƒ-
t°-S-Øp- `-´-Xn-cn-sb-bpw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw- ap-l-Ω-Zm-en- kz-k-tlm-Z-c-\m-b- a-lv- \n¿-an-°p-Ib - pw- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- hn-hn-[- `m-
Iq¿- kz-¥w- h-i-Øm-°n.- ^-kv-Jm-s\- ap-tZ-an-b-bp-sS- ta¬- {]- K-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- ]-g-b- tIm-´-Iƒ-
460.- -A-º-e-∏p-g- cm-Pm-hv- Un-e-t\m-bn- \-bn- Xn-jv-Tn-®p.- ]p-Xp-°p-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.-
®n-cp-∂- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ssk-\y-Øn-s‚- 478.- a- p-tZ-an-b- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k-µ¿-in-®v- \- 500.- -{io-]-fl-\m-`-kzm-an- t£-{X-Øn¬- ]p-
ssI-bn¬- H-cp- X-S-hp-Im-c-\m-bn-Øo¿- „-s∏-´- {]-tZ-i-߃- Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-°m-≥ Xn-b- a-fi-]-ß-fpw- F-Sp-∏p-I-fpw- \n¿-
∂p.- A-t±-l-sØ- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-sb- t{]-cn-∏n-®p.- an-®p.-
°v- sIm-≠p-t]m-bn- (1746).- 479.- - a m¿- Ø m- fi - h ¿- a - a- l v - ^ - k v - J m- s \- 501.- {- io-]fl - \ - m-`h - n-{K-lw- ]p-Xp-°n-∏W - n-Xp.-
461.- -Im-bw-Ip-fw- cm-Pm-hn-\v- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn- tXm¬-]n-®v- Ip-f-°m-Spw- k-ao-]-{]-tZ-i- t£-{X-Øn-s‚- In-gt- °- tKm-]p-cØ - n-s‚-
- ® - p.- s\-Xn-cm-b- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-In-b- sX-°pw- ß-fpw- Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Øp.- A-©mw-\n-e-h-sc- ]-Wn-Xp.-
Iq-dpw- h-S° - pw-Iq-dp-am-bn-cp-∂p- am¿-Øm- 480.- -\n-c-h-[n- {]-tZ-i-߃- sh-´n-∏n-Sn-®v- Xm- 502.- t- £-{X-k∂ - n-[n-bn¬- kz¿-Æs - °m-Sn-ac - w-
fi-h¿-ab - p-sS- ]n-∂s - Ø- e-£y-߃.- ≥ hn-kv-Xr-X-am-°n-b- cm-Pyw- 1750 P-\p- ÿm-]n-®p.- `-{Z-Zo-]w,- ap-d-P-]w- Xp-S-ßn-
462.- -Cu- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- {]-Xn-tcm-[w- Zp¿-_- h-cn- aq-∂n-\v- am¿-Øm-fih - ¿-a- Ip-es - sZ- b- N-S-ßp-Iƒ- B-Uw-_-c-]q¿-hw- Xp-S-
e-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬- A-\m-bm-kw- A-h- h-am-b- {io-]-fl-\m-`-\p- k-a¿-∏n-®p.- ßn.-
sb- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-t\m-Sp- tN¿-Øp- 481.- X- r-∏S- n-Zm-\w-F∂ - m-Wv- A-Xn-s\- hn-fn-°p- 503.- -I-em-Im-c-∑m-sc- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-®- am¿-
(1749˛-50).- ∂-Xv.- Xm-\pw- ]n-≥Km-an-I-fpw- ]-fl-\m- Øm-fi-h¿-a-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- in¬-]w,-
463.- -GX - m-≠v- A-tX- Im-eØ - p-Xs - ∂- Rm-h- `-s‚- Zm-k∑ - m¿- F-∂- \n-eb - v°
- v- tZ-hm¿- kw-Ko-Xw,- Nn-{X-c-N-\- F-∂o- I-e-Iƒ-
°m-´p- I¿-Øm-°∑ - m-cn¬-\n-∂v- ao-\® - e - n- ∏n-X- \n-tbm-Ka - m-bn- `-cW- w- \n¿-hl - n-°p- °p- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-bn.-
epw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-t\m-Sv- tN¿-Øp.- sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- Xr-∏-Sn-Zm-\-Øn-s‚- A- 504.- -a-‰p- {]-tZ-i-߃- cm-Py-tØm-sS- Iq-´n-
464.- -Xp-S¿-∂v- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bv-°-[o-\-am- Iw-s]m-cpƒ.- t®¿-ØX - p-aq-ew- cm-a] - p-cØ- p- hm-cy¿,- Ip-
b- {]-tZ-iw- tN¿-Ø-e- (I-c-∏p-dw-)-bm-bn- 482.- -am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a- ap-X¬- Nn-Øn-c-Xn-cp- ©-≥\-ºym¿- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-Xn-`m-[-\-
- ¿- cp-∂p.- \mƒ- h-sc-bp-≈- cm-Pm-°-∑m¿- "-{io-]- ∑m¿- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- cm-P-k-Z- n-se-
- c- 465.- -1753¬- am-th-en-°-c-bn¬-h-®v- U-®p-Im¿- fl-\m-`-Zm-k-≥'- F-∂- _n-cp-Z-tØm-sSm- Øn.-
am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bp-am-bn- k-‘n-sN-øp- ∏-am-Wv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- `-cn-®-Xv.- 505.- -tI-c-fo-b- hm-kv-Xp-hn-Zy-bp-sS- D-Pz-e-kv-
I-bpw- B-`y-¥-c-I-em-]-ß-fn¬- ]-s¶-Sp- 483.- -am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- `-c-W- am-cI - a - m-b- ]-fl\ - m-`] - p-cw- sIm-´m-cw- ]p-
°p-Ib - n-s√-∂v- am¿-Øm-fih - ¿-ab - v°
- v- D- k-{º-Zm-bw- k-a-{K-am-b- A-gn-®p-]-Wn-b- Xp-°n-∏-Wn-bm-\pw- Ir-jv-W-]p-cw- sIm-
d-∏p-\¬-Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Cu- D-S-º- en-\v- hn-t[-b-am-bn.- ´m-cw- t]m-se-bp-≈- a-t\m-⁄-\n¿-an-Xn-
Sn- am¿-Øm-fi-h¿-a-bv-°v- h-en-b- t\-´- 484.- -\n-ew- ]p-c-bn-S-ß-fp-sS- I-s≠-gp-Øp- \- Iƒ- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- \n¿-an-°m-\pw- A-t±-
am-bn-cp-∂p.- S-Øm-≥ \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´- a-√-≥ i-¶-c- lw- ap-≥ssI-sbSp-Øp.-
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cmjv{Sob hyhÿbpw
507. \nbaØn\pap∂n¬ F√mh¿°pw
XpeyX Dd∏p-hc - p-Øp-∂- `-cW - L - S- \
A-\p-Ov-tO-Zw-˛- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 14
508.- -]© - m-bØ - c v- m-Pv- kw-hn-[m-\Ø - n-\v- B-
t]-cp- \¬-In-bX - ˛-v - P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
509.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- Aw-K-a-√m-Ø- H-cmƒ-°v-
]-c-am-h-[n- F-{X- Im-ew- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
]-Z-Øn¬- Xp-S-cmw-˛- B-dv- am-kw-
510.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- C-cp-k-`-I-fp-sS-bpw-
kw-bp-‡-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X-
h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛- tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°¿-
511.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- I-Ωn-
‰n-bm-b- F-Ãn-ta-‰vk - v- I-Ωn-‰n-bn-se- Aw-
K-߃-˛- 30
512.- -`-c-W-L-S-\- F-∂- B-i-bw- G-Xp- cm-
Py-Øm-Wv- D-cp-Øn-cn-™-Xv-˛- {_n-´-¨-
513.- `- c
- W- L- S- \
- {- ]-Im-cw- C-¥y-bn¬- b-Ym¿-
Y- \n¿-h-l-Wm-[n-Im-cw- \n-£n-]v-X-am-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- Iym-_n-\-‰n¬-
514.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 52˛mw- t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-
sS-(1985)- cm-jv-{So-b-°m-cp-sS- Iq-dp-am-‰-
Øn-\pw- A-Xp-h-gn- ]m¿-´n-I-fp-sS- ]n-f¿-
∏n-\pw- \n-b{- ¥-Ww- sIm-≠p-h∂
≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- cm-Po-hv-Km-‘n-
515.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- F-{Xm-a-sØ- ]-´n-I-
bn-em-Wv- ]-©m-b-Øv- cm-Pn-s\- Dƒ-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- 11
516.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- F-∂m¬- tem-Iv-k-`-bpw-
cm-Py-k-`-bpw- ˛-˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- Dw- tN¿-∂-Xm-
Wv-˛- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
517.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- k-tΩ-fn-°m-Ø-t∏mƒ- {]-
kn-U-‚ v- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂- D-Ø-c-hv-˛-
Hm¿-Un-\-≥kv-
518.- `- c
- W- L- S- \- b - p-sS- H-∂mw- t`-ZK
sS- Iq-´n-®¿-Ø- ]-´n-I˛- - H-ºX - mw- ]-´n-I-
519.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- Xm-t°m¬- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- B-ap-Jw-
520.- -a-Xn-bm-b- {]m-Xn-\n-[y-ap-d-∏m-°m-≥ \n-
b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v- Bw-t•m- C-¥y-≥ Aw-
K-ß-sf- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-øm-≥ B¿-
°m-Wv- A-[n-Im-cw-?-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
521.- -B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m¿- Zzo-]-k-aq-l-
Øn-s‚- `-c-W-Ø-e-h-≥˛- e-^v-‰-\-‚ v- K-
h¿-W¿-
522.- -B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωn-j-≥ \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-
h¿-jw-˛- 1950
523.- -C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-\v- F-{X- k-`-I-fp-
≠v-˛-2
524.- -]-ªn-Iv- A-°u-≠v-kv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- sN-
b¿-am-\m-bn- km-[m-c-W- \n-b-an-X-\m-Ip-
∂-Xv-˛- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hv-
525.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- \-S-]-Sn- {I-a-ß-fn¬- iq-\y-
th-f- F-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- C-¥y-bn¬- B-
cw-`n-®- h¿-jw- ˛- 1962
526.- -`-c-W-L-S-\- D-d-∏p-\¬-Ip-∂- au-en-I-
A-h-Im-i-߃-˛- 6
527.- -C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-s‚- F-Iv-kn-Iyp-´o-hv-
X-e-h-≥˛- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
528.- -C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
Xv- F-hn-sS- ˛- \yq-U¬-ln-bn¬-
529.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- G-Xv- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw-
{]-Im-c-am-Wv- cm-jv-{S-]-≠-Xn- Hm¿-Un-\-
≥kp-Iƒ- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- 123
530.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- G-Xv- A-\p-t—-Zw- {]-
Im-c-am-Wv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- C-cp-k-`-I-
fp-sS-bpw- kw-bp-‡- k-tΩ-f-\w- hn-fn-
®p- Iq-´p-∂-Xv-˛- 108
531.- -`-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k-`- `-c-W-L-S-
\- C-¥y-≥ Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1949
\-hw-_¿- 26
532.- -{Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-I-fp-sS- cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-
Ww- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m- A-
\p-Nv-tO-Zw-˛- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 40
533.- -60¬- Ip-d-hv- Aw-K-kw-Jy-bp-≈- \n-b-a-
k-`-bp-≈- kw-ÿm-\-߃-˛- kn-°nw,-
tKm-h,- an-skm-dw-
534.- -A-[n-Im- c - ÿ m- \ - s Ø- s °m- ≠ v - H- c p-
Question Bag
s]m-Xp- I¿-Ø-hyw- \-S-∏n-em-°n-°n-´m-
≥ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂- I-ev-]-\-˛- am-
≥Um-a-kv-
535.--B-kq-{X-W-I-Ωn-j-s‚- B-Zy- D-]m-[y-
£-≥˛-Kp¬-k-cn-em¬- \-µ-
- m- 536.--bp.-]n.-F-kv.-kn.-ÿm-]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-
˛- 1950
537.--bp.-]n.-Fk - v.k - n.-sN-b¿-am-s\- \n-ba
∂-Xm-cv-˛- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
538.--C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- aq-∂p- L-S-
I-߃-˛- tem-Iv-k-`,- cm-Py-k-`,- cm-jv-
{S-]-Xn-
539.--C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\- \n-e-hn¬- h-cp-
tºmƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂- `-cW - L
Uyq-fp-I-fp-sS- F-Æw-˛- 8
540.--C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- Xo-
b-Xn-˛- 1950 P-\p-h-cn- 26
541.- -C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se- G-Xv- en-Ãn-
em-Wv- hn-Zym-`ym-kw-˛- I-¨-I-d-‚ v-
542.--a-[y-{]-tZ-iv - ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- P-_¬-]q¿-
543.--`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- lr-Z-b-hpw- B-flm-
hpw-F-∂v- tUm.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- hn-ti-jn-
∏n-®-Xv-˛- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 32
544.--C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- D-]-cn-k-`- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- cm-Py-k-`-
- - C-¥y- 545.--]m¿-es - a-‚ n-s‚- C-cp-k`- I - f - p-sS-bpw- kw-
bp-‡-k-tΩ-f-\w- hn-fn-®p-tN¿-°p-∂-Xv-
˛- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-
546.--]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- a-µn-cw- cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-
bv-X-Xv-˛- sl¿-_¿-´v- t_-°¿-
547.--^n-\m-≥kv- I-Ωn-j-≥ sN-b¿-am-s\- \n-
b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
548.--`-c-W-L-S-\-{]-Im-cw- C-¥y-bn¬- \n¿-h-
l-Wm-[n-Im-cw- B-cn¬- \n-£n-]v-X-am-
bn-cn-°p-∂p-˛- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
549.--`-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se- au-en-I- I¿-Ø-hy-
- X
- n-bn-eq- ߃-˛-11
550.--`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 73mw- t`-Z-K-Xn- F-{Xm-
a-sØ- `m-K-Øm-Wv- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂-Xv-˛- 11
551.- -`c- W
- L - S- \
- b - p-sS- G-Xp- h-Ip-∏v- A-\p-
k-cn-®m-Wv- tI-{µ-k¿-°m-cn-s≥d- \n¿-h-
l-Wm-[n-Im-cw- cm-jv{- S-]X - n-bn¬- \n-£n-
]vX- a- m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v˛- - 53˛mw- h-Ip-∏v-
552.--au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃- \-S-∏m-°m-≥ kp-
{]ow- tIm-S-Xn- F-¥m-Wv- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-
°p-∂-Xv-˛- dn-´v-
553.--A-t‰m¿-Wn- P-\-d-en-s\-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-
]m-Zn-°p-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m-A-\p-t—-Zw-˛-
B¿-´n-°nƒ- 76
554.--au-en-I- I-Sa - I- s
- f- `-cW- L - S- \ - b
K-am-°n-b-Xv- F-{Xm-a-sØ- t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-
eq-sS-bm-Wv-˛- 42
555.--A-Uz-t°-‰v- P-\-d-en-s\- \n-b-an-°p-∂-
Xm-cv-˛- K-h¿-W¿-
556.--a-Wn- _n¬- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- A-h-X-cn-
∏n-°m-≥ A-\p-a-Xn- \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-cv-˛-K-
h¿-W¿-
557.--C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\- {]-Im-cw- kw-km-
c-kzm-X-{¥yw- A-\p-h-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂- h-
Ip-∏v-˛- 19
558.--`-c-W-L-S-\- {]-Im-cw- K-h¿-W-dp-sS- A-
`m-h-Øn¬- Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- \n¿-h-ln-°p-
∂-Xv-˛- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv-
559.--]m¿-e-sa-‚p-I-fp-sS- am-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- {_n-´-¨-
560.--a-Wn-_n-√n-s\-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-
Xv-˛- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 110
561.- -\n-b-a-hn-cp-≤-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- I-≠m¬-
kz-bw- tI-sk-Sp-°m-≥ a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰n-\v-
A-[n-Im-cw- \¬-Ip-∂- h-Ip-∏v-˛- kp-thm-
tam-t´m-
562.--\n-b-a-k-`- ]m-km-°n-b- _n-√p-Iƒ- cm-
jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS- A-\p-a-Xn-°m-bn- k-a¿-
∏n-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
563.--]-ªn-Iv- A-°u-≠v-kv- I-Ωn-‰n- sN-b¿-
am-s\- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv- ˛-kv-]o-°¿-
564.--]-Xn-\m-em-a-sØ- `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-Z-K-
Xn-bn-eq-sS- C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-t\m-Sv- Iq-
´n-t®¿-°-s∏-´- {]-tZ-iw-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn-
565.--]-›n-a-_w-Km-fn-se- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- sk-
{I-t´-dn-b-‰v- a-µn-c-Øn-s‚- t]-cv-˛- ssd-
t‰-gv-kv- _n¬-Un-Mv-
566.--`c- W - L - S- \ - b - p-sS- a-\x- m-£n- F-∂≠
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 19
567.--`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- F-{Xm-a-sØ- t`-Z-K-
Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- `m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\Ø
- n-°p- ≈- ]p-\- w-L-S-\- \-S-∂-Xv-˛- 7
568.--`-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k-`-bn-se- G-‰-
hpw- {]m-bw- Iq-Sn-b- Aw-Kw-˛- k-®n-Zm-\-
µ- kn-≥l-
569.--`-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS- A-[y-
£-≥˛- cm-tP-{µ- {]-km-Zv-
- S- \
- m- sj- 570.--{]-kn-U‚ - pw- Iym-_n-\‰
Æn- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X
571.- C
- ¥ - y-≥ ]m¿-es - a-‚ n-s‚- A-t[m-k`
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- tem-Iv-k-`-
572.--\n-b-a-k-`- ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sm-≥ B¿-°m-W-
[n-Im-c-ap-≈-Xv-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
573.--`c - W - L - S- \ - b - p-sS- F-{Xm-as
bn-eq-sS-bm-W-v tkm-jy-en-Ã,v - sk-°p-e¿-
F-∂o- ]-Zß - ƒ- Iq-´n-t®¿-ØX
574.--`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- G-Xv- t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-
sS-bm-Wv- kv{- Xo-Iƒ-°v- 33%- kw-hc
{]m-tZ-in-I- kz-bw-`-c-W- ÿm-]-\-ß-
fn¬- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- 73,-74
575.--2014 se- \n-e- {]-Im-cw- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-
sS- F-´mw- sj-Uyq-fn-ep-≈- `m-j-I-fp-
sS- F-Æw- ˛- 22
576.--bq-Wn-t^mw- kn-hn¬- tIm-Un-s\-∏‰
Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m- A-\p-t—-
Zw-˛- 44
577.--bq-Wn-t^mw- kn-hn¬- tIm-Uv- \n-eh
≈- G-I- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- tKm-h-
578.--C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se- \n¿-t±-i-I-
X-Øz-ß-sf- 1935se- K-h.-Hm-^v- C-¥y-
B-Iv-Sn-se- C-≥kv-{Sp-sa-‚ v- Hm-^v- C-
≥kv-{S-£-≥kp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-
Øn-b-Xm-cv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
579.--C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-kw-
ªn,-e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬,- tem-Iv-
k-`m,- cm-Py-k-`m- ko-‰p-Iƒ- D-≈- kw-
ÿm-\w-˛- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv-
580.--\n-ba - k - `- - ]m-km-°p-∂- \n-ba
cv- H-∏n-Sp-∂t- Xm-sS-bm-Wv- \n-ba
Xv-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
581.- -C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- _m-e-th-e-
\n-tcm-[n-°p-∂- A-\p-t—-Zw-˛- 24
582.--`-c-W-L-S-\m- hy-h-ÿ- {]-Im-cw- cm-Py-
k-`b - p-sS- ]-ca - m-h[ - n- Aw-Kk
583.--{]-[m-\-a-{¥n,- a-{¥n-k-`mw-K-߃,- kp-
- p-sS- `m- {]ow-tIm-S-Xn-˛-ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-
am¿,- K-h¿-W¿,-Iw-]v-t{Sm-f¿- B-‚ v- Hm-
Un-‰¿- P-\-d¬,-A-t‰m¿-Wn- P-\-d¬,-C-
e-£-≥ I-Ωn-j-W¿-am¿ F-∂n-h-sc- \n-
b-an-°p-∂-Xv-˛- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
584.--\n-ba - k - `- mw-Kß - f - p-sS- F-Æw- G-‰h
d-hp-≈- `-cW - L - S- I - w-˛- t]m-≠n-t®-cn- (30)-
585.--\n-b-a-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-sS- F-Æw- G-‰-hpw-
Ip-d-hp-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- kn-°nw- (32)-
586.--`m-c-X- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- F-√m- {]-hr-Øn-
I-fpw- B-cp-sS- t]-cn-em-Wv- \-S-Øp-∂-
Xv-˛- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-
587.--{]-kn-U‚ - n-s\- ]-Zh - n-bn¬- \n-∂v- \o-°w-
sN-øp-∂- \-S-]-Sn-˛- Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ v-
588.--C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-
[m-\-s∏-´-Xpw- ssZ¿-Lyw- Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-
b- sk-j-≥ ˛-_-Uv-P-‰v- sk-j-≥
589.--C¥ - y-≥ `-cW - L - S- \ - - {]-Im-cw- a-Xk
X-{¥yw- A-\p-hZ- n-®n-cn-°p-∂- h-Ip-∏˛v- - 25
590.--C-¥y-bp-sS- cm-jv-{So-b-Pm-X-Iw- F-∂p-
hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m-`m-
Kw-˛- B-ap-Jw-
591.- -{]-kn-U-‚p-`-c-Ww- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- B-Zy-
C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- ]-©m-_v-
592.--a-{¥n-k-`- ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sm-≥ B¿-°m-W-[n-
Im-c-ap-≈-Xv-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
593.--Bk - q-{X-WI - Ω - n-js
≥˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
594.--bq-Wn-th-gv-k¬- A-U¬-‰v- {^m-ss©-
kn-bn-eq-sS- (km¿-h{- Xn-I- {]m-b]
075
thm-´h - I - m-iw-)- D-d∏
jv-{So-b- kzm-X-{¥yw-
- m-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- - cm-
595.- -C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- G-Xp- k-`-bn-
- - em-Wv- Aw-K-a-√m-Ø- H-cmƒ- A-[y-£-
X- h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛- cm-Py-k-`-
596.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- tZ-io-b- A-Sn-b-¥-
- n-ep- cm-h-kv-Y- {]-Jym-]n-®- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛-
tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-≥
597.- -C-¥y-bn-se- H-∂m-a-sØ- ]u-c-≥˛- {]-
kn-U-‚ v-
598.- -C-¥y-bn-se- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-≈-Xv-˛- A-
e-l-_m-Zv-
- pw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- I- 599.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- thm-´¿-am-cp-sS- F-
- v˛- - {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n- Æw- Ip-d-hp-≈- tem-Iv-k-`m- a-Wv-U-ew-
- - F- ˛- e-£-Zzo-]v-
600.- -a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j-≥ sN-b¿-am-
s\- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv- ˛-K-h¿-W¿-
601.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- G-Xv- A-\p-t—-Zw- {]-
- Ø- t`-ZK - X - n- Im-ca - m-Wv- cm-jv{- S-]X - n- Bw-t•m-˛- C-¥y-
≥ Aw-K-ß-sf- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-øp-
- v˛- - 42 ∂-Xv-˛- 331
602.- -A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\-\n-b-aw- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v-
- W - w- ]m-km-°n-b- h¿-jw-˛-1955
603.- -\n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- \-b-{]-Jym-]-\- {]-kw-
Kw- \-S-Øp-∂-Xm-cv-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
604.- - \ n- b - a - k - ` mw- K w- A- h - X - c n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ -
_n¬- F-{X- hm-b-\-bn-eq-sS- I-S-∂p-
t]m-Ip-∂p-˛- 3
- n- {]- 605.- ]- ª - n-Iv- A-°u-≠vk - v- I-Ωn-‰n-bn-se- Aw-
K-kw-Jy-˛- 22
606.- -]p-Xn-b- A-Jn-te-¥ym- k¿-ho-kv- cq-]-
- n-ep- h¬-°-cn-°m-\p-≈- {]-ta-bw- B-Zyw- A-
h-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv-˛- cm-Py-k-`-bn¬-
607.- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy-sØ-
tem-Ivk - `- m- kv] - o-°¿-˛- Pn.-hn.-am-hve - ¶ - ¿-
608.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- C-t∏mƒ- D-≈- ]-´n-I-
Iƒ-˛-12
609.- B- c - p-sS- D-]t- Z-i{- ]-Im-ca - m-Wv- K-h¿-W¿-
\n-ba - k- ` - - ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂X - v˛- a
- p-Jy-a{- ¥n-
610.- C- ¥ - y-≥ ]m¿-es - a-‚ n¬- K-h¨ - s - a-‚ n-s‚-
ap-Jy-h-‡m-hv-˛- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
611.- -C-¥y-bn-se- {]-Xn-tcm-[- tk-\-I-fp-sS-
- ß - ƒ- B- ]-ca - m-[n-]X - yw- B-cn¬- \n-£n-]vX - a - m-bn-
- a
- m-Ip-∂- cn-°p-∂p-˛- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-
612.- -cm-Py-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-sS- F-Æ-Øn¬- c-
≠mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- a-lm-
cm-jv-{S-
613.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- F-{Xm-a-sØ- A-\p-
- w-Jy-˛- 250 t—-Z-am-Wv- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS- H-cp- bq-
Wn-b-\m-Wv- C-¥y- F-∂p- {]-kv-Xm-hn-
°p-∂-Xv-˛- H-∂v-
614.- -{Km-a-k-`-Iƒ- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- `-c-W-L-
S-\m- t`-Z-K-Xn-˛- 73
615.- -1976¬- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 42˛mw- t`-Z-K-
Xn-bn-eq-sS- tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- Im-em-h-[n-
- pw- Ip- F-{X- h¿-j-am-bn- D-b¿-Øn-˛- 6
616.- a- p-Jy-a{- ¥n-bp-sS- D-]t- Z-i{- ]-Im-cw- a-{¥n-
am¿-°v- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- hn-`-Pn-®p- \¬-Ip-
∂-Xm-cv-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
617.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- A-\p-t—-Zw- 352 {]-
Im-cw- {]-kn-U-‚ v- B-Zy-am-bn- A-Sn-b-
¥-cm-h-ÿ- {]-Jym-]n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1962
618.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- F-{Xm-a-sØ- `m-K-
Øn-em-Wv- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃- tN¿-
Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- 3
619.- -a-s‰-ßpw- ]-cm-a¿-in-®n-´n-√m-Ø- hn-j-b-
߃- a-{¥n-k-`-bv-°p-th-≠n- B-cm-Wv-
- zm- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
620.- -C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- B-Zy-sØ-
kw-bp-‡- k-tΩ-f-\w-˛- 1961
621.- -C-¥y-bn-se- ]-c-tam-∂-X- \o-Xn-]o-Tw-˛-
kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-
622.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- thm-´¿-
am-cp-≈- tem-Ivk - `- m-aW - vU- e - w-˛- D-∂m-hp-
623.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-`-c-Ww- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ in-
]m¿-i- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- K-h¿-W¿-
- ‚- B-Zy- A-[y-£- 624.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-sb- ]-Z-hn-bn¬-\n-∂pw- \o-
°w- sN-øm-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn-{I-aw-˛- Cw-]o-
®v-sa-‚ v-
- q¿-Øn- 625.- -cm-P-ÿm-≥ ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-
 ÿm-\w-˛- tPm-[v-]q¿-
626.--C-¥y-bn-se- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- kw-hn-[m-\w-
G-Xp- cm-Py-tØ-Xn-t\m-Sm-Wv- km-Zr-iyw-
˛- {_n-´-¨-
627.--C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-∂-X-am-b- A-
∏o¬-t°m-S-Xn-˛- kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn-
628.--cm-Py-Øm-Zy-am-bn- B-`y-¥-c- A-Sn-b-¥-
cm-h-ÿ- {]-Jym-]n-®-Xv- G-Xv- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- ˛- C-µn-cm- Km-‘n-
629.--G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-
≈- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv-
630.--kw-ÿm-\- `-c-Ww- kw-_-‘n-®- F-√m-
D-Ø-c-hp-I-fpw- B-cp-sS- t]-cn-em-Wv- ]p-
d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- K-h¿-W¿-
631.- -aq-∂v- `-cW - L - S- I - ß - f
b- G-I- C-¥y-≥ \-Kc
632.--C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-
Sn-b- tem-Iv-k-`m- a-Wv-U-ew- ˛- e-Um-°v-
633.--`-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k-`-bn¬- H-_v-
P-Iv-So-hv- sd-skm-eq-j-≥ A-h-X-cn-∏-®-
Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
634.--\n-b-a-k-`- tN-cm-Ø- k-a-b-ß-fn¬- Hm¿-
Un-\-≥kv- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-≥ B¿-°m-
Wv- A-[n-Im-cw-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
635.--`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- G-Xv- A-\p-t—-Zw- {]-
Im-c-am-Wv- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-߃- \n-tj-
[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- A-h-k-c-ß-fn¬- H-cn-¥y-
≥ ]u-c-\v- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-sb- k-ao-]n-
°m-hp-∂-Xv-˛- 226
636.--`-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-W-k-`- cq-]-h¬-°-
cn-°-s∏-´- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1946 Un-kw-_¿- 6
637.--a-{¥n-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-sS- F-Æ-Øn-s‚- I-
W-°v- \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- `-c-W-L-S-\-
638.--A-©p-X-cw- dn-´p-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-
Zn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 32
639.--A-Jn-te-¥ym- k¿-ho-kn-se- D-tZym-K-
ÿ-sc- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xv-˛- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
640.--C¥ - y-≥ `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS- c-£m-[n-Im-cn-
F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- - kp-{]ow- tIm-SX
641.- C
- ¥ - y-≥ `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS- F-{Xm-as
`m-K-Øn-em-Wv- (]m¿-´v-)- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao-cn-
s\- kw-_-‘n-®- {]-tXy-I- hy-h-ÿ-
Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- 21
642.--C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ n-s≥d- kv-Ym-\-sØ-
G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s≥d- `-c-W-Ø-e-h-\p-
am-bn-´m-Wv- km-[m-c-W-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw-
sN-øp-∂-Xv- ˛-{_n-´-¨-
643.- C
- ¥ - y-≥ {]-kn-U‚ - v- A-[n-Im-ct- a¬-°p-
tºmƒ- k-Xy-hm-NI - w- sNm-√n-s°m-Sp-°p-
∂-Xv˛- - kp-{]ow- tIm-SX
644.--C-¥y-bn¬- Iym-_n-\-‰v- sk-{I-´-dn-bp-sS-
Im-em-h-[n- F-{X- h¿-jw-˛- 3
645.--cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-sb- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛-
]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se- C-cp- k-`-I-fn-se-bpw-
kw-kv-Ym-\- \n-b-a-k-`-I-fn-se-bpw- Xn-
c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- Aw-K-߃-
646.--cm-Py-k-`-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- A-[y-£-≥
˛- tUm.- F-kv.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-≥
647.--cm-Py-k-`-bv-°p- Xp-ey-am-b- Cw-•o-jv- t]-
cv-˛- Iu-¨-kn¬- Hm-^v- tÃ-‰v-kv-
648.--F-{X- h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°-em-Wv- C-¥y-
bn¬- [-\-Im-cy- I-Ωn-j-s\- \n-b-an-°p-
∂-Xv-˛- 5
649.--C-¥y-≥ kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn¬- kz-¥w- `-
c-W-L-S-\-bp-≈- G-I- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- P-
Ωp-˛-I-iv-ao¿-
650.--\n-ba - k - `- - hn-fn-®p-tN¿-°p-∂X
W¿-
651.- -`c
- W - L - S- \ - m- \n¿-am-Wk
en-I- A-[y-£≥ - ˛- k-®n-Zm-\µ
652.--Ab - n-Ø- \n¿-am¿-P\ - s
≠-]m-Zn-°p-∂- `-cW - L
653.--B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωn-j-s‚- A-[y-£-≥˛-
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
654.--C¥ - y-≥ `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p-sS- B-ap-Jw- (]o-
Tn-I-)- X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬-
s\-{lp-
655.--C¥ - y-≥ {]-kn-U‚ - n-s\- X¬-ÿm-\Ø
\n-∂pw- \o-°m-\p-≈- hy-h-ÿ- {]-Xn-]m-
Zn-°p-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m- A-\p-t—-Zw-˛- 61
656.--C¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-
b- Pn-√-˛- am-ln-
657.--C¥ - y-bn¬- b-Ym¿-Y- \n¿-hl
hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - -v ˛- tI-{µ- a-{¥n-k`- -
658.--C-¥y-bn¬- F-{X- h¿-jw- Iq-Sp-tºm-gm-
Wv- ^n-\m-≥kv- I-Ωn-j-s\- \n-b-an-°p-
∂-Xv-˛- A-©p-h¿-jw- tW-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-߃- I¿-Wm-S- h¿-Ø-\w- F-∂o- cw-K-ß-fn¬- {]-K¬-`-
659.- -cm-jv-S-]-Xn- ÿm-\w- H-gn-hp-h-∂m¬- D- Iw,-B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv- cm-b- 12t]-sc- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- \m-a-\n¿-tZ-
]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v- B- ]-Z-hn- F-{X- Im- 692.- -F-{X- Zn-h-k-Øn-\p-≈n-em-Wv- cm-Py-k- iw- sN-øp-∂-Xv- ˛-80˛mw- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw-
ew- A-e-¶-cn-°mw-˛- 6 am-kw- `- H-cp- _n¬- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-te-°v- ]p-\- 726.- a- {- ¥n-am¿-°v- h-Ip-∏p-If - p-sS- Np-aX - e - - hn-
660.- -cm-Py-k-`-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- D-]m-[y-£- ∏-cn-K-W-\-bv-°v- A-b-bv-t°-≠-Xv-˛- 14 `-Pn-®p-\¬-Im-≥ K-h¿-W-sd- D-]-tZ-in-
≥˛- F-kv.-hn.-Ir-jv-W-aq¿-Øn- 693.- -F-{X-hn-[-Øn-ep-≈- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-kv-Y- °p-∂-Xv- B-cm-Wv-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
661.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-km-{µ-X-bp-≈- {]-Jym-]n-°m-≥ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v- A-[n- 727.- C- ¥ - y-≥ `-cW - L - S- \- b- p-sS- F-{Xm-as - Ø-
tI-{µ- `-c-W- {]-tZ-iw-˛- U¬-ln- Im-c-ap-≠v-˛- aq-∂v- ]-´n-I-bn-em-Wv- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn,- D-]-cm-jv-{S-
662.- -tI-{µ- s]m-Xp-_-P-‰v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂- 694.- -F-{Xm-a-sØ- `-c-W-L-S-\m- t`-Z-K-Xn-bn- ]-Xn,- K-h¿-W¿-am¿- ap-X-em-b-h-sc-∏-‰n-
Zn-h-kw-˛- ^n-{_-h-cn-bn-se- A-h-km-\- eq-sS-bm-Wv- au-en-I- Np-a-X-e-Iƒ- Iq- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- c-≠mw- ]-´n-I-bn¬-
sØ- {]-hr-Øn- Zn-h-k-Øn¬- ´n-t®¿-Ø-Xv-˛- 42 728.- -C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS- i-º-f-hpw-
663.- -K-h¿-W-sd- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛- {]-kn- 695.- -Iym-_n-\-‰v- k-tΩ-fn-°p-tºmƒ- A-[y- B-\p-Iq-ey-ß-fpw- \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-
U-‚- v- £-X- h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v-
664.- -km-[m-c-W-am-bn- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- k-`m- 696.- -kw-ÿm-\Ø - -v A-t‰m¿-Wn- P-\d- e - n-\p- k- 729.- -C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv- hy-‡-am-b- `q-
- p-sS- B-ÿm-\a - m- t\-Xm-hv- ÿm-\w- h-ln-°p-∂-Xv- B-cm- am-\a - m-b- ]-Zh - n-˛- A-Uz-t°-‰v- P-\d - ¬- cn-]-£-tØm-sS- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-
- w- ˛- N-WvU - n-KV - v- Wv- ˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n- 697.- -kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- B-Zy-sØ- {]m-tZ-in-I- cm-jv-{So-b- ]m¿-
665.- -kw-kv-Ym-\- ap-Jy-a-{¥n,- tem-Iv-k-`m-kv- sb-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂- B¿-´n- ´n-˛- Un.-Fw.-sI.-
]o-°¿,- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- F-∂o- ]-Z-hn-Iƒ- °nƒ- ˛- 356 730.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- km-bp-[t- k-\I - f- p-sS- k¿-h-
h-ln-®- G-I- hy-Iv-Xn-˛- \o-ew- k-Rv-Po- 698.- - tem-Ivk - `- m-Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p- sN- ssk-\ym-[n-]≥ - B-cm-Wv˛- - {]-kn-U‚ - v-
h- sd-Uv-Un- bv-X- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- sI- B¿- \m- 731.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- k¿-h-ssk-\ym-[n-]-≥˛- {]-
666.- -tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- tem-Iv- cm-b-W-≥ kn-U-‚ v-
k-`-bn¬- ]-c-am-h-[n- F-{X- Aw-K-ß-fm- 699.- -A-¨-S-®-_n-en-‰n- H-^-≥k-kv- B-Iv-Sv- 732.- -Ce - £- ≥ - I-Ωn-j\ - p-am-bn- _-‘s - ∏-´- `-
Imw-˛- 20 ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- ]m-km-°n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1955 c-WL - S- \
- m- A-\p-t—-Zw-˛- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 324
667.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ap-Jw- C-Xp-h-sc- 700.- -C-¥y-bn-se- {]-Y-a- ]u-c-≥ F-∂p- hn- 733.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v- k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄m-hm-N-
F-{X- {]m-h-iyw- t`-Z-K-Xn- sN-bv-Xn-´p- ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn- Iw- sNm-√n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛- kp-{]ow-
≠v- ˛-H-∂v- U-‚ v- tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv-
668.- -C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\- F-{X- X-cw- ]u-c- 701.- \- n-ba - k - `- b - n¬- _-UvP - ‰- v- A-hX - c - n-∏n-°p- 734.- -cm-Pn-sh-°m-≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂-]-£w- {]-
Xzw- hy-h-ÿ- sN-øp-∂p-˛- H-∂v- ∂-Xv-˛- [-\-a-{¥n- kn-U-‚ v - B¿-°m-Wv- cm-Pn-°-Øv- \¬-
669.- B- c - p-sS- \n¿-t±-i{- ]-Im-ca - m-Wv- K-h¿-W¿- 702.- \- n-ba - k - `- m- kv] - o-°¿- cm-Pn- k-a¿-∏n-t°- tI-≠-Xv-˛- ssh-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ n-\v-
kw-ÿm-\- a-{¥n-k-`mw-K-ß-sf- \n-b-an- ≠-Xm¿-°v-˛- U-]yq-´n- kv-]o-°¿- 735.- -cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sm-
°p-∂-Xv- ˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n- 703.- -\n-Ip-Xn-io-´v- B-hi - y-am-bn- h-cp-∂n-Sß - - \m-h-iy-am-b- Ip-d-™- {]m-bw-˛- 30
670.- -C-¥y- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c- dn-∏-_v-fn-Iv- B-b- fn¬- lm-Pc - m-°p-∂X - v- G-Xp- X-cw- \n-Ip- 736.- -D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-
Xv-˛- 1950 P-\p-h-cn- 26 Xn- A-S® - X - n-s‚- c-ko-Xm-Wv˛- - `q-\n-Ip-Xn- °p-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m- A-\p-t—-Zw-˛- 63
671.- -C-¥y-bn¬- an-I-®- ]m¿-e-sa-t‚-dn-b-\p- 704.- -`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- ]-cn-lm-c-߃-°v- 737.- -D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS-
≈- A-hm¿-Uv- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv- G-Xv- t\- C-¥y-≥ `-cW - L - S- \ - b - n¬- hy-hÿ - - sN- B-ÿm-\w-˛- ss\-\n-Ømƒ-
Xm-hn-s‚- t]-cn-em-Wv-˛- Pn.-_n.-]-¥v- bv-Xn-´p-≈- dn-´p-I-fp-sS- F-Æw-˛- A-©- v- 738.- -e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn-en¬- G-‰-hpw-
672.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn,- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn,- tem-Iv-k- 705.- `- c
- W - L - S- \ - m-t`-ZK - X - n-Is - f-∏‰ - n- {]-Xn-]m- Iq-Sp-X¬- Aw-K-ß-fp-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-˛-
`mw-Kw- F-∂n-h-cp-sS- Im-em-h-[n-˛- A- Zn-°p-∂- h-Ip-∏v-˛- 368 D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv-
- n-- ©p-h¿-jw- 706.- -A-Æm- {Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-I-Øn-s‚- 739.- -Iq-dp-am-‰- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw- H-
- Ø- 673.- -F-Xn-cn-√m-sX- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- B- Nn-”w-˛- c-≠n-e- cp- Aw-K-Øn-s‚- Im-cy-Øn¬- Xo-cp-am-
Zy-sØ- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-˛- \o-ew- k-Rv-Po- 707.- -B-cp-sS- in-]m¿-i-{]-Im-c-am-Wv- {]-kn- \-sa-Sp-°m-≥ A-[n-Im-c-s∏-´-Xm-cv- ˛-kv-
h-sd-Uv-Un- U-‚ v- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- {]-Jym-]n-°p- ]o-°¿-
674.- -G-sX-¶n-epw- I-£n-bp-sS- t\-Xm-hn-s\- ∂-Xv-˛- Iym-_n-\-‰v- 740.- -kw-ÿm-\- a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS- X-e-h-≥˛-ap-
{]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p- 708.- -Bw-t•m- C-¥y-≥ k-ap-Zm-bØ - n-\v- {]m- Jy-a-{¥n-
∂-Xv-˛- kv-]o-°¿- Xn-\n-[y-an-s√-¶n¬- cm-jv{- S-]X - n-°v- F-{X- 741.- -kw-ÿm-\-Øv- sk-≥k-kv- B-cw-`n-°p-
675.- H- ∂ - n-e[ - n-Iw- tem-Ivk - `- mw-Kß - f - p-≈- tI- Aw-Kß - s - f- \m-a\ - n¿-t±-iw- sN-ømw-˛2- ∂-Xv- B-cp-sS- hn-h-c-߃- ti-J-cn-®p-
{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-iw-˛- U¬-ln- 709.- -C-¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\- F-{X- co-Xn-bn¬- Xp-S-ßp-∂-tXm-sS-bm-Wv-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
676.- -H-cp- _n¬- \n-b-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- A- t`-Z-K-Xn- sN-ømw-˛- 3 742.- -kw-ÿm-\-sØ- {]-Y-a- ]u-c-≥ F-∂-
Xv- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- F-{X- {]-h-iyw- hm- 710.- -C-¥y-≥ ssh-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ n-s\- Xn-c- dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
- n- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv- bn-°pw-˛- 3 s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv-˛- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se- F- 743.- t- I-{µ- a-{¥n-k`- b - v°
- v- Iq-´p-Øc - h- m-Zn-Xzw-
677.- -hn-Zym-`ym-kw- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn- `- √m- Aw-K-ß-fpw- D-≈-Xv-˛- tem-Iv-k-`-tbm-Sv-
c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- hy-h-kv-Y-sN-bv-X-Xv- F- 711.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Iym-_n-\-‰v- ao-‰n-Mn¬- A-[y- 744.- d- qƒ-kv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- F-Ivk - v- H-^o-tjym-
{Xm-a-sØ- t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv-˛- 86 £-X- h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- A-[y-£-\m-cv-˛-kv-]o-°¿-
678.- -km-º-Øn-I- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-sb-°p- 712.- C- e - I - vt- {Sm-Wn-Iv- thm-´n-Mv- sa-jn-\n¬- tc- 745.- k- w-ÿm-\ß - f - n¬-\n-∂v- tem-Ik v- `- b - n-te-
dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m- A- J-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- ]-c-am-h-[n- °v- ]-ca - m-h[ - n- F-{X- Aw-Kß - f - m-Imw-˛- 530
\p-t—-Zw-˛- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 360 thm-´p-I-fp-sS- F-Æw-˛- 3840 746.- -H-cp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\- \n-b-aw-
679.- -P-\-d¬- ]¿-∏-kv- I-Ωn-‰n- B-sc-bm-Wv- 713.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- \n-hm-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- `-c-W-L-S-\-
D-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xv-˛-kv-]o-°¿- jnw-e- 747.- -cm-Pn-h-bv-°m-≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂-]-£w- ap-
680.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn-epw- cm-Py-k-`-bn-epw- Aw- 714.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn,- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- Xn-c-s™- Jy-a-{¥n- B¿-°m-Wv- cm-Pn-°-Øv- \¬-
K-am-b- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-X-˛-A-Ωp- kzm-an- Sp-∏p-I-fn¬- a-’-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b- Ip- tI-≠-Xv- ˛-K-h¿-W¿-
\m-Y-≥ d-™- {]m-bw-˛-35 748.- k- w-ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚- \n¿-hl - W - m-[n-Im-cw-
681.- -Iym-_n-\-‰n-s‚- kp-c-£m- k-an-Xn-bp-sS- 715.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- `-c-W-L-S-\-bm-Wv- B-cn-em-Wv- \n-£n-]v-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
X-e-h-≥˛- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- am-Xr-Im-`c - W - L - S- \ - s - b-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n- ˛-K-h¿-W¿-
682.- -C-¥y-bn¬- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS- c- °-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- {_n-´-¨- 749.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ v- t\-cn-tS-
£m-[n-Im-cn-˛- Pp-Uo-jy-dn- 716.- G- X - v- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\Ø - n-\m-Wv- kz- ≠n-h-∂- B-Zy- P-Uv-Pn-˛- hn.-cm-a-kzm-an-
683.- c- m-Py-k`- b - p-sS- aq-∂n-sem-∂v- Aw-Kß - ƒ- ¥w- `-cW - L - S- \ - b- p-≈X - v˛- - P-Ωp- I-iva - o¿- 750.- -kw-ÿm-\- ]n.-F-kv.-kn.- sN-b¿-am-s\-
- m-cv˛- K
- h - ¿- F-{X- h¿-jw- Iq-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv- hn-c-an-°p- 717.- -cm-Py-k-`- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- Xo-b-Xv-˛- 1952 \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛- K-h¿-W¿-
∂-Xv-˛- 2 G-{]n¬- 3 751.- -Iq-´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw- F-∂- B-i-bw- G-
- `- b - p-sS- Xm-XI -v m- 684.- -C-¥y-≥ ]u-c-Xzw- F-{X- co-Xn-bn¬- \- 718.- -cm-Py-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- a-’-cn-°m- Xp- cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂p-am-Wv- C-¥y-≥ `-c-
- - kn-≥l- jv-S-s∏-Smw-˛- 3 \m-h-iy-am-b- Ip-d-™- {]m-bw-˛-30 W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-Xm-°ƒ- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv-
- Ø-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn- 685.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- `m-jm-Sn-kvY - m-\Ø - n¬- cq-]w- 719.- -A-hn-`-‡- C-¥y-bn-se- `-c-W-L-S-\m- ˛-{_n-´-¨-
- S- \ - m- h-Ip-∏v˛- - 17 sIm-≠- B-Zy- kw-kv-Ym-\w-˛- B-\v-{[- \n¿-am-W-k-`-bn-se- Aw-K-߃-˛-389 752.- -kw-ÿm-\- D-∂-X- hn-Zym-`ym-k- Iu-¨-
(1953 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 1)- 720.- -C-¥y-bn-se- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-I-fp-sS- F- kn-en-s‚- hn-kn-‰¿- ]-Z-hn- A-e-¶-cn-°p-
686.- -C-¥y-bn¬- kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- B- Æw-˛- 24 ∂-Xv- ˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
ÿm-\w-˛- \yq-U¬-ln- 721.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- {]-kn-U‚ - p-`c - W- w- \n-eh - n¬- 753.- k- w-ÿm-\s - Ø- k¿-hI - e - m-im-eI - f - p-sS-
687.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS- A-km-∂n-≤y-Øn¬- h-∂- B-Zy- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- ]-©m-_v- Nm-≥k-e¿- B-cm-Wv-˛- K-h¿-W¿-
Np-a-X-e- \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛- D-]-cm-jv- 722.- -P-Ωp- I-iv-ao-cn-\v- {]-tXy-I- ]-Z-hn- \¬- 754.- -P-Ωp-˛-I-iv-ao-cn-s‚- io-X-Im-e- X-e-ÿm-
- p- {S-]-Xn- Ip-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m- h-Ip-∏v-˛- 370 \w-˛- P-Ωp-
688.- -cm-Py-k-`-bn¬- C-t∏mƒ- F-{X- Xn-c- 723.- - k w- ÿ m- \ - k¿- h - I - e m- i m- e - I - f p- s S- 755.- -Pn-√m- P-Uv-Pn-am-sc- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛-
s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- Aw-K-߃- D-≠v-˛- 233 ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿-am-sc- \n-b-an-°p-∂- K-h¿-W¿-
689.- -cm-Py-k-`mw-K-ß-sf- Xn-c-s™-≠-Sp-°p- Xm-cm-Wv-˛-K-h¿-W¿- 756.- -Pp-Uo-jy¬- dn-hyq- F-∂- B-i-bw- G-
∂-Xv-˛- kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-߃- 724.- -cm-Py-k`- b - n-te-°v- cm-j{v- S-]X - n-°v- F-{X- Xp- cm-Py-Øn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- C-¥y- kzo-
- W- m-[n-Im-cw- 690.- D- ]- c - m-jv{- S-]X- n-sb- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°p-∂X - v- Aw-Kß - s - f- \m-a\ - n¿-t±-iw- sN-ømw-˛- 12 I-cn-®-Xv-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-
˛- tem-Iv-k-`-bn-se-bpw- cm-Py-k-`-bn-se- 725.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- G-Xv- A-\p-Nv-tO-Zw- 757.- -s]m-Xp-[-\-Øn-s‚- Im-h¬-\m-b- F-∂p-
bpw- F-√m- Aw-K-ß-fpw- tN¿-∂v.- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v- km-ln- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sc-˛- Iw-]v-t{Sm-f¿-
691.- -e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬-D-≈- Z-£n- Xyw,- im-kv-{Xw,- I-e,- km-aq-ln-I- {]- B-‚ v- Hm-Un-‰¿- P-\-d¬-
076
758.- -s]m-Xp-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p-sN-øm-
≥ C-¥y-≥ ]u-c-\m-h-iy-am-b- Ip-d-™-
{]m-bw- ˛-18
759.- -s^-U-d¬- `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ap-≈- cm-Py-
Øn-s‚- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- k-hn-ti-j-X-
˛- A-[n-Im-c-hn-`-P-\w-
760.- -sk-≥{S¬- e-Pn-kv-te-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-bp-
sS- kv-]o-°-dm-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-
B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-°m-c-≥˛- hn-ج-`m-
bn- sP- ]-t´¬-
761.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn-epw- cm-Py-k-`-bn-epw- {]-Xn-
]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b- G-I-hy-‡n-˛- F¬.-
sI.-A-Zzm-\n-
762.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- tIzm-dw- ˛- 55 Aw-K-
߃- (k-`m-[y-£-≥ Dƒ-s∏-sS,- A-Xm-
b-Xv- sam-Øw- Aw-K-kw-Jy-bp-sS- ]-Øn-
sem-∂v-)-(1/-10)-
763.- -tem-Iv-k-`m- sU-]yq-´n- kv-]o-°¿- cm-Pn-
°-Øv- \¬-tI-≠-Xv-˛- kv-]o-°¿-°v-
764.- -tZ-io-b- kp-c-£m-k-an-Xn-bp-sS- A-[y-
£-≥˛- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
765.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚- {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-bn-
F-{X-t]-cm-Wv- tIm-¨Ã - n-‰p-h‚ - v- A-kw-
ªn-bn¬- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- 6
766.- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-
\p-≈- cm-Pyw- F-¥p- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p- ˛- dn-∏-ªn-Iv-
767.- -Kp-P-dm-Øv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv-
768.- -C-¥y-≥ s^-U-d¬- kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚-
kw-c-£-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- kp-
{]ow- tIm-S-Xn-
769.- -cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-
bp-sS-bpw- A-km-∂n-≤y-Øn¬- Np-a-X-e-
\n¿-hl - n-°p-∂X - v˛- - kp-{]ow-tIm-SX
^v- P-Ãn-kv-
770.- -e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬- \n-e-hn-ep-≈-
kw-ÿm-\ß - ƒ-˛- I¿-Wm-SI - w,- B-{‘m-
{]-tZ-iv,- a-lm-cm-jv-{S,- _o-lm¿,- D-Ø¿-
{]-tZ-iv,- P-Ωp- Im-iv-ao¿,-
771.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-em-h-[n-bp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂- tem-Iv-k-`-˛- A-©mw- tem-Iv-k-`-
772.- G- X - v- k-ap-Zm-bØ- n¬-s∏-´h - s- c-bm-Wv- e-
Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn-te-°v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-
iw- sN-øm-≥ K-h¿-W¿-°v- A-[n-Im-c-
ap-≈-Xv-˛- Bw-t•m- C-¥y-≥
773.- -h-\w,- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- {]-iv-\-߃- am-{Xw-
ssI-Im-cyw- sN-øm-≥ C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn-
{Ko-≥ s_-©v- ÿm-]n-®- C-¥y-bn-se- B-
Zy-sØ- ssl-t°m-SX - n-˛- I¬-°´- -
774.- -H-cp- _n¬- a-Wn- _n-√m-tWm-sb-∂p- Xo-
cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv-˛- kv-]o-°¿-
775.- -H-cp- tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-Øn-\v- Cw-•o-jn-tem-
ln-µn-bn-tem- {]-kw-Kn-°m-≥ A-dn-bn-√m-
F-¶n¬- am-Xr-`m-j-bn¬- k-`-bn¬- {]-
kw-Kn-°m-≥ A-\p-a-Xn- \¬-Im-≥ B¿-
°m-Wv- A-[n-Im-cw-˛-kv-]o-°¿-
776.- H- m¿-Un-\≥ - kn-s‚- Im-em-h[ - n-˛- 6 am-kw-
777.- -hn-h-cm-h-Im-i- \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw- k-a¿-∏n-
t°- ≠ - A- t ]- £ - b n¬- ]- X n- t °- ≠ -
tIm¿-´v- ^o- Ãm-ºv- F-{X- cq-]-bp-sS-Xm-
Wv-˛- 10 cq-]-
778.- -hn-tZ-im-{I-a-Ww,- km-bp-[-I-em-]w- F- c-W-L-S-\-bp-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y- kw-ÿm-\-Øv- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- ]-Z-hn-
∂n-hb - p-≠m-bm¬- A-Sn-b¥ - c- m-hÿ - - {]- 801.- t- em-Ivk - `- - B-cw-`n-®m¬- B-Zy-sØ- sk- bp-≈-Xm¿-°m-Wv-˛-K-h¿-W¿-
Jym-]n-°m-≥ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v- A-[n-Im- j-≥˛- Iz-Ãy-≥ A-h¿- 828.- t- Z-io-b- A-Sn-b¥ - c - m-hÿ - - {]-Jym-]n-°p-
cw- \-ev-Ip-∂-Xv-˛- B¿-´n-°nƒ- 352 802.--tem-Iv-k-`- B-Zy-am-bn- k-tΩ-fn-®-Xv-˛- ∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m- h-Ip-∏v-˛- 352
779.- -hy-‡n-kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚- kw-c-£-I-≥ 1952 sa-bv- 13 829.- -U¬-ln-bp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-b- \m-
F- ∂ - d n- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v - ˛ - tl- _ n- b - k v - 803.--kw-ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚- \n¿-hm-lI - m-[n-Im-cw- aw-˛- tZ-io-b- X-e-ÿm-\- {]-tZ-iw-
tIm¿-∏-kv- \n-£n-]X v- a - m-bn-cn-°p-∂X - ˛v- - K-h¿-Wd - n¬- 830.- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS- ho-≠pw- A-[n-Im-
780.- -Im-iv-ao-cn-\v- {]-tXy-I- ]-Z-hn- \¬-Ip-∂- 804.--kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- X-e-h-≥˛- K-h¿-W¿- c-Øn¬- h-∂- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-¨-{K-kn-
`-c-W-L-S-\m- h-Ip-∏v-˛- 370 805.--tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- Im-em-h-[n- I-gn-™m- X-c- {]-[m-\- a-{¥n-˛- F.-_n.-hm-Pv-t]-bn-
781.- -in-h-tk-\- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- cm- epw- ]p-Xn-b- k-`- k-tΩ-fn-°p-∂-Xp-h- 831.- -P-Ωp- I-iv-ao-cn-\v- {]-tXy-I- `-c-W-L-S-
jv-{So-b- I-£n-bm-Wv- ˛-a-lm-cm-jv-{S- sc- Xp-S-cp-∂-Xv-˛- kv-]o-°¿- \- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv-˛- 1957 P-\-h-cn- 26
782.- -kw-ÿm-\- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kn-se- G-‰h - pw- 806.--tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS-/-\n-b-a-k-`-bp-sS- A-[y- 832.- -s]m-Xp-am-∏v- sIm-Sp-°m-≥ cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-
D-b¿-∂- D-tZym-Kÿ - ≥ - ˛- No-^-v sk-{I-´d- n- £-≥˛-kv-]o-°¿- °v- A-[n-Im-cw- \-ev-Ip-∂-Xv-˛- B¿-´n-
783.- k- ¿-°m-cn-b- I-Ωn-j≥ - F-¥n-s\-∏‰ - n-bm- 807.--kw-ÿm-\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- I-Ωn-j-W-sd- °nƒ- 72
Wv- ]-T\ - w- \-SØ - n-bX - v˛- - tI-{µ- kw-ÿm- \n-b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛-K-h¿-W¿- 833.- -t£-a-cm-jv-S-k-¶¬-]-sØ-°p-dn-®v- C-
\- _-‘-߃- 808.--kw-ÿm-\\ - n-ba
- k
- `- I - f- n-se- G-‰h - pw- Ip- ¥y-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
784.- -am-\-hv- A-[n-Im¿- `-h-≥ G-Xp- ÿm-]- d-™- Aw-Kk - w-Jy- F-{X-hs - c-bm-Imw-˛- 60 {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- \n¿-t±-i-I-X-
\-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-Wv-˛- tZ-io-b- a- 809.--tem-Iv-k-`m- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-en-s\- \n- Øz-ß-fn¬-
\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j-≥ b-an-°p-∂-Xm-cv-˛- kv-]o-°¿- 834.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bv-°p- Xp-ey-am-b- Cw-•o-jv-
785.- -K-h¿-W-dp-sS- A-km-∂n-≤y-Øn¬- Np-a- 810.- t- em-Ivk - ` - m- sk-{I-´d - n-tb-‰n-s‚- \n-b{- ¥- t]-cv-˛- lu-kv- Hm-^v- ]o-∏nƒ-
X-e- \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛- tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°¿- 835.- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- Zn-h-kw- km-[m-c-W- co-
No-^v- P-Ãn-kv- 811.- -kw-ÿm-\- a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se- H-cp- a-{¥n- Xn-bn¬- t]m-fn-Mv- B-cw-`n-t°-≠- k-a-
786.- -kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS- hn-c-an- cm-Pn-h-bv-°p-∂-]-£w- B- h-Ip-∏v- B- bw-˛- cm-hn-se- 7 a-Wn-
°¬- {]m-bw-˛- 65 h-b- v- cn¬- h-∂p-tN-cpw-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n- 836.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p-sN-
787.- -kv-]o-°-dp-sS-bpw- sU-]yq-´n- kv-]o-°-dp- 812.- -kw-ÿm-\- B-kq-{X-W- t_m¿-Un-s‚- øm-\m-h-iy-am-b- Ip-d-™- {]m-bw-˛- 18
sS-bpw- A-`m-h-Øn¬- k-`-bn¬- A-[y- A-[y-£-≥˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n- 837.- -cm-Py-k-`-bp-sS- A-[y-£-≥˛- D-]-cm-jv-
£-X- h-ln-°p-∂-Xv-˛- kv-]o-°¿- A-∏- 813.- -tem-Ik v- `- mw-Kß - ƒ,- cm-Py-k`- mw-Kß - ƒ-,- {S-]-Xn-
t∏mƒ- \m-a\ - n¿-tZ-iw-sN-øp-∂- B-dp-t]- kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-߃- F-∂n- 838.- -hn-h-cm-Im-i- \n-b-aw- ]m-km-°m-≥ Im-
cp-sS- ]m-\-en¬-\n-∂v- H-cw-Kw- h- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D-≈- kw-ÿm-\w- c-W-am-b- {]-ÿm-\w-˛- a-kv-Zq¿- In-km-
788.- -kv-s]-jy¬- am-tcy-Pv- B-Iv-Sv- _m-[- ˛- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv- ≥ i-‡n- kw-L-X-≥
I-a-√m-Ø- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- P- 814.- -tem-Iv-k-`mw-K-ß-fp-sS- F-Æ-Øn¬- c- 839.- -kw-kv-Ym-\-sØ- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ- \-
Ωp- I-iv-ao¿- ≠mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-˛- a-lm- S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- kw-_-
789.- -kw-ÿm-\-Øn-se- {]-Y-a- \n-b-a- D-tZym- cm-jv-{S-(48)- \v-[n-®- a-‰p- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°v- ta¬-
K-ÿ-≥˛- A-Uz-t°-‰v- P-\-d¬- 815.- -tI-{µ-`-c-W- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se- se-Pn-kv- t\m-´w- h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- tI-{µ- Xn-c-
- n- No- 790.- -kw-ÿm-\Ø - -v {]-kn-U‚ - -v `-cW- w- {]-Jym- tf-‰o-hv- A-kw-ªn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g- s™-Sp-∏v- I-Ωn-j-≥ \n-b-an-°p-∂- D-
]n-°p-tºmƒ- tI-{µ-Øn-\p-th-≠n- kw- °-ap-≈-Xv-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn- tZym-K-kv-Y-≥˛- No-^v- C-e-Iv-{S¬- Hm-
ÿm-\- `-cW - w- \-SØ - p-∂X - m-c˛-v K
- h
- ¿-W¿- 816.- -tI-{µ-a-{¥n-k-`mw-K-߃-°v- hy-‡n-]-c- ^o-k¿-
791.- -kz-¥-am-bn- ]-Xm-I-bp-≈- G-I- C-¥y- am-b- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw- B-tcm-Sm-Wv-˛- {]- 840.- -kw-ÿm-\- a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se- H-∂m-a-\m-
≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao¿- [m-\-a-{¥n-tbm-Sv- bn- I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
792.- -No-^v- C-e-£-≥ I-Ωn-j-W-sd- \n-b-an- 817.- -tI-c-f- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- 841.- -kz-¥-am-bn- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-≈- tI-{µ-
°p-∂-Xv-˛- {]-kn-U-‚ v- ˛- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- `-c-W-{]-tZ-iw-˛- U¬-ln-
793.- -ÿm-\a - m-\ß - f - p-sS-bpw- a-‰pw- A-Sn-ÿm-\- 818.- t- I-cf- Ø
- n-\p- ]p-dØ - v- tI-cf - - ssl-t°m- 842.- -tI-{µ- a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS- X-e-h-≥˛- {]-[m-
Øn¬- hy-‡n-Is - f- X-cw-Xn-cn-°m-sX- F- S-Xn-°v- A-[n-Im-c- ]-cn-[n-bp-≈- ÿ-ew- \-a-{¥n-
√m-h¿-°pw- \n-ba - Ø- n-s‚- ap-∂n¬- Xp-ey- ˛- e-£-Zzo-]v- 843.- -tIm¿-∏-td-j-\n¬- {]-Y-a-ÿm-\w- h-ln-
]-cn-KW- \ - - \¬-Ip-I- F-∂X - m-W˛-v - k-aX - zw- 819.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- cm-Py-k-`m-ko-‰p-Iƒ-˛-9 °p-∂- hy-‡n-˛- ta-b¿-
794.- -P-\-ß-fp-sS- au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS- 820.--tKm-h-[w- \n-tcm-[n-°-Ww- F-∂-Xv- `-c- 844.- -kw-ÿm-\- Zp-cn-X- \n-hm-c-W- A-tXm-cn-
kw-c-£-I-\m-Wv-˛- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn- W-L-S-\-bp-sS- G-Xv- `m-K-Øm-Wv- tN¿- ‰n-bp-sS- sN-b¿-am-≥˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
795.- - s k- ≥ {S¬- e- P n- t …- ‰ o- h v - A- k w- ª n- Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- \n¿-t±-i-I- X-Øz-߃- 845.- k- w-ÿm-\\ - n-ba - k- `- I- f - n-se- G-‰h - pw- Iq-
bn¬- B-Zy-sØ- sU-]yq-´n- kv-]o-°- 821.- -tl-_n-b-kv- tIm¿-∏-kv- F-∂m¬- A¿- Sn-b- Aw-Kk - w-Jy- F-{X-hs - c-bm-Imw-˛- 500
dm-bn-cp-∂- hy-Iv-Xn- ˛- k-®n-Zm-\-µ- kn- Yw-˛- i-co-cw- lm-P-cm-°p-I- 846.- s- sl-t°m-SX - n- P-UvP - n-bp-sS- hn-ca - n-°¬-
≥l- (1921 s^-{_p-h-cn- aq-∂n-\v- Xn-c- 822.--tem-Ivk - ` - b- n¬- A-hn-izm-k{- ]-ta-bw- A- {]m-bw-˛- 62 h-b- v-
s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p-)- h-X-cn-∏n-°m-≥ F-{X- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS- ]n- 847.- t- em-Ivk - `- b- n¬-/- \n-ba - k - `- b - n¬- Im-Ãnw-
796.- -ssh-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ n-s\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p- ¥p-W- th-Ww-˛- 50 Kv- thm-´v- {]-tbm-Kn-°m-≥ A-[n-Im-c-ap-
∂-Xv-˛- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-se- C-cp- k-`-I-fn- 823.--tem-Ivk - `- b - n¬- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´- Aw- ≈-Xm¿-°m-Wv-˛-kv-]o-°¿-
se-bpw- Aw-K-߃- K-߃- ˛- 543 848.- t- em-Ik v- `- m- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬- a-’c - n-°m-
797.- -ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn- cm-Pn-°-Øv- k- 824.--tem-Iv-k-`b - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- Aw-Ko-Ir-X- \m-h-iy-am-b- Ip-d-™- {]m-bw-˛- 25
a¿-∏n-°-≠-Xv- B¿-°m-Wv-˛- {]-kn-U-‚ v- {]-Xn-]£ - - t\-Xm-h˛v- - cmw- kp-`K - v- kn-Mv- 849.- -tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°¿- cm-Pn-°-Øv- sIm-
798.- -ssl-t°m-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-sb- \n-b-an-°p- 825.--Iym-_n-\-‰v- ]-Z-hn- e-`n-®- B-Zy-sØ- {]- Sp-t°-≠-Xv- B¿-°m-Wv-˛- U-]yq-´n- kv-
∂-Xv-˛- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- Xn-]-£- t\-Xm-hv-˛- ssh.-_n.-N-hm-≥ ]o-°¿-°v-
799.- -sX-ep-¶p-tZ-iw- ]m¿-Sn- kvY - m-]n-®X - v- F- 826.--tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- ]-c-am-h-[n- Aw-K-kw- 850.- -tI-{µ- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- \n¿-h-l-Wm-[n-Im-
≥ Sn- cm-ad - m-hp- (Nn-lv\ - w-˛- ssk-°nƒ-)- Jy-˛- 552 (530+-20+-2)- cw- \n-£n-]v-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- {]-kn-
800.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- _r-l-Øm-b- `- 827.--tS-_nƒ- Hm-^v- {]-kn-U-≥kv- {]-Im-cw- U-‚ n¬
077
 LGS ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS
shfp∏v
1.- -{_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-sØ- sh-fp-Ø- \o-N-≥
F-∂pw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- `-c-W-sØ-
A-\-¥-]p-cn-bn-se- \o-N-≥ F-∂pw- hn-
ti- j n- ∏ n- ® - X v - k- a - X z- k - a m- P - Ø n- s ‚-
ÿm-]I - \
- m-b- ssh-Ip-WvT - k- zm-an-bm-Wv.-
2.- B - X - p-ct- k-h\ - c - w-KØ - v- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-
h-cp-sS- bq-Wn-t^m-an-s‚- \n-dw- s]m-Xp-
th- sh-fp-∏m-Wv.-
3.- C-¥y-bn¬- Bw-_p-e≥ - kn-s‚- \n-dw- sh-
≈-bm-Wv.-
4.- - A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ n-s‚- Hu-tZym-
Kn-I- h-k-Xn-bm-Wv- ssh-‰v- lu-kv.- In¿-
Kn-ÿm-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ n-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-
h-k-Xn-bpw- A-tX-t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂p.- {_n-´o-jv- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-s\-bm-Wv-
ssh-‰v- lmƒ- F-∂- ]-Zw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-
∂-Xv.-
5.- -[-h-f- hn-π-hw- C-¥y-bn-se- £o-tcm¬-
]m-Z-\-cw-K-sØ- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-Wv- e-
£y-an-´-Xv.- C-Xn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- tUm.- h¿-
Ko-kv- Ip-cy-≥.-
6.- s - F-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k` - b- p-sS- ]-Xm-Ib - n¬- cm-
Py-ßs - f- Nn-{Xo-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v- sh-≈-
\n-d-Øn-em-Wv.-
7.- -C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bn¬- \-Sp-°p-
≈- \n-d-am-b- sh-fp-∏v- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-
øp-∂-Xv- k-Xy-sØ-bpw- k-am-[m-\-sØ-
bp-am-Wv.-
8.- -C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bn¬- sh-fp-∏v-
Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- \n¿-
t±-i- {]-Im-c-am-Wv.-
9.- ssS-‰m-\n-bw- U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv- tN¿-
Øm¬- d-∫-dn-\v- \n-dw- sh-fp-∏v- \n-dw-
In-´pw.-
10.- -Xm-]w- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p- B-Kn-c-Ww- sN-
øp-∂-Xv- sh-fp-∏v- \n-d-ap-≈- {]-X-e-am-Wv.-
11.- -{]-Im-i-Øn-se- F-√m- L-S-I-h¿-W-ß-
sf-bpw- B-Kn-cW - w- sN-øp-∂- {]-Xe - Ø
- n-
s‚- \n-dw- sh-fp-∏m-bn-cn-°pw.-
12.- -i-co-c-Øn-se- Im-h¬- `-S-≥am¿- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- sh-fp-Ø- c-‡m-Wp-°-
fm-Wv.-
13.- {]-[m-\-s∏-´- kw-K-Xn-Iƒ- P-\-ß-sf- A-
dn-bn-°m-≥ C-¥ym- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- ]p-d-s∏-
Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- [-h-f- ]-{Xw- A-Y-hm-
ssh-‰v- t]-∏¿.-
14.- -ssh-‰v- hn-{Sn-tbmƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
kn-¶v- kƒ-t^-‰v.-
15.- k- {v- Xo-Iƒ-s°-Xn-cm-b- A-{I-aw- \n-cp-’m-
l-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂- kw-L-S-\-Iƒ- ssh-‰v- dn-
_-¨- [-cn-°p-∂p.-
16.- -ssN-\o-kv- ssh-‰v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
kn-¶v- Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv.-
17.- -P¿-a-\n,- t]m¿-®p-K¬- Xp-S-ßn-b- cm-Py-
ß-fp-sS- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- ]-ªn-t°-j\ - m-Wv-
ssh-‰v- _p-°v.-
1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
18.- -I-cm-s´-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Xm-gv-∂- t{K-Un-
ep-≈- A-`ym-kn-Iƒ- ssh-‰v- s_¬-‰m-
Wv- [-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
19.- C- ¥- y-bn¬- kz-Im-cy- hm-l\ - ß
- f
- p-sS- \-
º¿-]v-tf-‰v- sh-≈-\n-d-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn-
°-Ww- F-∂m-Wv- N-´w.-
20.- -Np-Æm-ºp-sh-≈-sØ- ]m¬-\n-d-am-°p-
∂- hm-X-I-am-Wv- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-
ssk-Uv.-
21.- -sh-fp-∏p-\n-d-ap-≈- s]-bn-‚p-≠m-°m-≥ D-
]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- kw-bp-‡-am-Wv- ssS-‰m-
\n-bw- U-tbm-Ivs - sk-Uv.- tem-IØ- n-se-
G-‰-hpw- sh-fp-Ø- ]-Zm¿-Y-am-bn- C-Xn-
s\- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.-
22.- -{]m-Yn-an-I- h¿-W-߃- tN¿-∂m¬- In-
´p-∂- \n-dw- sh-fp-∏m-Wv.-
23.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-hn-I-tk-\mw-K-ß-fp-sS- bq-
Wn-t^m-an-s‚- \n-dw- sh-fp-∏m-Wv.-
s\X¿e≥Uvkv
583. ` - c
- W
- L - S- \
- m-[n-jvT - n-X- cm-Ph- m-gvN
- - \n-
e-\n¬-°p-∂- bp-Wn-‰-dn- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-
dn- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- cm-jv-{S-am-Wv- ]-›n-a-
bq-tdm-∏n¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- s\-X¿-
e-≥Uv-kv.-
584.- -cm-Py-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-am-
b- Bw-ÿ-Um-am-Wv- (`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-
c-am-b)- - X-eÿ- m-\w.- K-h¨ - s- a-‚ n-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w- tl-Kv- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv.-
585.- -k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂v- Xm-sg-bm-bn-
ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- X-e-ÿm-\- \-K-c-am-
Wv- Bw-ÿ-Umw.-
586.- -U-®m-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-
j.- ap-ºv- Cu- cm-Pyw- tlm-f-≠v- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.-
587.- -t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- I-gn-™m¬- C-
¥y-bp-am-bn- \m-hn-Ia - m¿-Kw- hm-Wn-Py-
_-‘w- ÿm-]n-®- cm-Py-am-Wv- s\-X¿-
e-≥Uv-kv.- C-¥y-bp-am-bn- \m-hn-I-am¿-
Kw- hm-Wn-Py-_‘ - w- ÿm-]n-®- bq-tdm-
∏n-se- B-Zy-sØ- s{]m-´-Ã-‚ v- cm-jv-
{Sw- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-km-Wv.-
588.- t- Ã-‰vk- v- P-\d - ¬- B-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- \n-
b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`.- C-Xn-\v- lu-kv- Hm-
^v- d-{]-k-t‚-‰o-hv-kv,- sk-\-‰v- F-∂o-
c-≠p- k-`-I-fp-≠v.-
589.- -bq-tdm-∏n-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Xp-d-ap-
J-am-b- tdm-´¿-Umw- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kn-
em-Wv.-
590.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- I-hm-Sw- F-∂m-Wv- tdm-
´¿-Umw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
591.- -cm-Py-sØ- P-\-ß-fn¬- `q-cn-]-£-hpw-
a-Xh - n-izm-ka - n-√m-Øh - c
- m-sW-∂v- ÿn-
Xn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-Iƒ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-
078
\nd߃
24.- -]q¿-W- N-{µ-{K-l-Ww- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv- sh-
fp-Ø- hm-hv- Zn-\-Øn-em-Wv.-
25.- -{[p-h-°-c-Sn-bp-sS- \n-dw- sh-fp-∏m-Wv.-
26.- -sh-≈-°-Sp-h-Iƒ-°v- \o-e-\n-d-ap-≈- I-
∂p.- ]-›n-a- bq-tdm-∏n¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- a-tX-X-c- kz-`m-hw- ]p-e¿-Øp-
∂- cm-Py-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- s\-X¿-e-
≥Uv-kv.-
592.- -sdw-{_m-≥Uv,- hn-≥sk-‚ v- hm-≥tKm-
Kv- F-∂n-h¿- tem-I- {]-i-kv-X- Nn-{X-
Im-c-≥am-cm-Wv.-
593.- k- q-cy-Im-¥n-∏q-°ƒ,- D-cp-f° - n-gß
- v- Xn-
∂p-∂-h¿- F-∂n-h- hm-≥tKm-Kv- h-c-®-
{]-i-kv-X-am-b- Nn-{X-ß-fm-Wv.-
594.- Z- b
- m-h[
- Ø
- n-\v- \n-ba
- k- m-[p-X- \¬-In-
b- B-Zy- cm-Py-am-Wv- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-
kv- (Hm-kvt- {S-en-bb
- n-se- Um¿-hn-≥ {]-
hn-iy-bm-Wv- Z-bm-h-[-Øn-\v- \n-b-a-
km-[p-X- \¬-In-b- B-Zy- k-_v-\m-j-
W¬- F-‚ n-‰n-).-
595.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn,- H-tc- enw-K-]-Z-hn-
bp-≈-h¿- X-Ωn-ep-≈- hn-hm-lw- \n-b-
a- hn-t[-b-am-°n-b- cm-Pyw- s\-X¿-e-
≥Uv-km-Wv- (2001).-
596.- t- lmƒ-sÃ-bn-≥ ]-ip-hn-s‚- P-∑t- Z-iw-
s\-X¿-e-≥U-vkmWv.
Æp-I-fpw- ]n-¶v- \n-d-Øn-ep-≈- aq-°p-am-
Wp-≈-Xv.-
27.- I- Y - I
- f
- n-bn¬- l-\p-am-≥ th-jØ - n-\v- sh-
≈-Øm-Sn-bm-Wv.-
28.- -A-tam-Wn-bw- Iv-tfm-ssd-Un-\v- sh-fp-∏v-
\n-d-am-Wv.-
29.- - d-jy-bp-sS- h-S-°p-]-Sn-™m-d-≥ Xo-c-
Øp-≈- _m-c‚ - vk
- v- I-Se
- n-s‚- `m-Kw- ssh-
‰v- ko- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
30.- -sh-fp-Ø- h-kv-{Xw- [-cn-®- ssP-\-a-X- hn-
`m-K-am-Wv- tiz-Xw-_-c-≥am¿.-
31.- -tiz-X- c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS- [¿-aw- {]-Xn-
tcm-[-am-Wv.-
32.- -ssh-‰v- d-jy- F-∂v- t]-cn-\¿-Y-ap-≈- cm-
Py-am-Wv- s_-em-d-kv.-
33.- -\yq-tbm¿-°n-se- t{_m-Uv- th- B-Wv- a-
lm-[-h-f-]m-X- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
34.- -H-do-j-bn-se- (H-do-k-)- ]p-cn-bn-se- P-K-
∂m-Y- t£-{X-am-Wv- ssh-‰v- ]-tKm-U- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- {_n-´o-jv- \m-hn-I-cm-
Wv- Cu- t]-cv- \¬-In-b-Xv.-
35.- - sa-em-\n-≥ F-∂- L-S-I-am-Wv- X-e-ap-
Sn-°pw- Xz-°n-\pw- \n-dw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.- sa-
em-\n-s‚- Ip-d-hp-aq-e-am-Wv- sh-≈-∏m-≠v-
D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.-
Idp∏v
36. _ln-cm-Im-i- k-©m-cn-°v- B-Im-iw- I-
dp-∏p- \n-d-Øn¬- Im-W-s∏-Spw-
37.- -{]-Xn-tj-[w- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂- sIm-Sn-bp-sS- \n-dw- I-dp-∏m-Wv.-
38.- -F-√m- \n-d-ß-sf-bpw- B-Kn-c-Ww- sN-øp-
∂- {]-X-ew- I-dp-∏v- \n-d-Øn¬- Im-W-
s∏-Sp-∂p-
39.- -]-®- C-e- Np-h-∂- {]-Im-i-Øn¬- I-dp-
∏v- \n-d-Øn¬- Im-W-s∏-Spw-
40.- -A-¥-co-£-an-s√-¶n¬- B-Im-i-Øn-s‚-
\n-dw- I-dp-∏m-Wv.-
41.- Zp-:-J-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂- \n-dw- I-dp-
∏m-Wv.-
42.- -^p-Sv-t_m-fn-se- I-dp-Ø- ap-Øv- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- s]-se-bm-Wv.-
43.- -I-dp-Ø- a-c-Ww- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- tπ-
Km-Wv.-
44.- -C-cp-ºpw- I¬-°-cn-bp-am-Wv- I-dp-Ø- C-
c-´-Iƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
45.- -N-{µ-\n¬-\n-∂v- t\m-°n-bm¬- B-Im-iw-
I-dp-∏v- \n-d-Øn¬- Im-W-s∏-Spw-
46.- -{]-]-©-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- I-dp-∏m-Wv.-
47.- h- n-f°
- p-Ic- n-bn¬-\n-∂v- \n¿-an-°p-∂- a-jn-
bp-sS- \n-dw- I-dp-∏m-Wv.-
48.- -I-dp-Ø- ]-tKm-U- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
sIm-Wm¿-°n-se- kq-cy-t£-{X-am-Wv.-
49.- -{_n-´-¨- ssN-\-sb- tXm¬-]n-®- bp-≤-
am-Wv- I-dp-∏p- bp-≤w (Opium War).
50. IdpØ- kz¿-Ww- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
s]-t{Sm-fn-b-am-Wv.- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- I-dp-
Ø- s]m-∂v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Im¿-jn-
 I- hn-f-bm-Wv- Ip-cp-ap-f-Iv.-
51.- -A-®-Sn- cw-K-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D-]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂- \n-dw- I-dp-∏m-Wv.-
52.- -Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn-se- sh-fp-Ø-h¿-K- `-
c-W-Iq-Sw- I-dp-Ø- h¿-K-°m¿-s°-Xn-sc-
]p-e¿-Øn-h-∂- hn-th-N-\-\-b-am-Wv- h¿-
W-hn-th-N-\w- A-Y-hm- A-∏m¿-Øo-Uv.-
53.- -h-en-b- I-dp-Ø- s]m-´v- (t{K-‰v- Um¿-°v-
kv-t]m-´v-)- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- s\-]v-‰yq-Wn-
em-Wv.-
54.- -I-dp-Ø- N-{µ-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
sNm-∆-bp-sS- D-]-{K-l-am-b- t^m-t_m-kv-
B-Wv.-
55.- -]-cp-Øn-Ir-jn-°v- tbm-Pn-®- a-Æv- I-dp-
Ø- a-Æm-Wv.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- C-Xv- Im-W-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ]m-e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se- Nn-‰q¿-
Xm-eq-°n-em-Wv.-
56.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Xm-]w- B-Kn-c-Ww-
sN-øm-≥ I-gn-hp-≈- \n-dw- I-dp-∏m-Wv.-
57.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]m-bn-‚p-I-fp-≈- kv-
\q-°-dn-se- t_m-fn-s‚- \n-dw- I-dp-∏m-Wv.-
58.- -tI-cw-kn¬- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- t]m-bn-‚p-
≈- tIm-bn-\n-s‚- \n-dw- I-dp-∏m-Wv.-
59.- ]- p-hp-Iƒ-°v- s]m-Xp-th- Im-Ws - ∏-Sm-Ø-
\n-d-am-Wv- I-dp-∏v.-
60.- -C-cp-≠- `q-J-Wv-Uw- F-∂p- hn-fn-®n-cp-∂-
Xv- B-{^n-°-sb- B-Wv.-
61.- -I-dp-Ø- a-Æn-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv- dn-
K¿- tkm-bn¬.-
62.- _- vf- m-°v- Iym-‰vk
- v- A-Yh - m- I-cn-ºq-®I- ƒ-
{]-tXy-I- ]-cn-io-e\ - w- e-`n-®- I-am-≥tUm-
I-fm-Wv.- C-h¿- \m-j-W¬- sk-Iyq-cn-‰n-
Km¿-Uv-kv- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- C-
Xv cq-]w-sIm-≠v-Xv- 1984em-Wv.-
63.- -Im¿-_-Wn-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- h-I-t`-Z-am-b- Km-
ss^-‰v- v- ªm-°v- se-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂p.-
64.- -H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv- Nn-”-Øn-se- I-dp-Ø- h-f-
bw- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv- B-{^n-
°-sb- B-Wv.-
65.- -ªm-°v- X-≠¿- Xow- ]m¿-°v- ÿn-Xn-sN-
øp-∂-Xv- X-an-gv-\m-´n¬- tIm-b-º-Øq-cn-\-
Sp-Øv- ta-´p-∏m-f-b-Øm-Wv.-
66.- -I-cm-s´-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- D-∂-X- \n-e-hm-cw-
ssI-h-cn-°p-∂- B-tbm-[-\- I-em-]m-S-
h-Øn-\p- \¬-Ip-∂- t{K-Unw-Km-Wv- _v-
fm-°v- s_¬-‰v.-
67.- -t]m¿-®p-K-en¬- C-S-Xp-]-£- ]m¿-´n-I-fp-
sS- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- \n-dw- I-dp-t∏m- Np-h-
t∏m- B-bn-cn-°pw.-
68.- -B-kv-t{Sm-W-an-bn¬- _v-fm-°v- Uzm¿-^v-
F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂X - v- I-Øn-ba - ¿-∂- \-£-
{X-am-Wv.-
69.- -ªm-°v- ]-tKm-U- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
sIm-Wm¿-°n-se- kq-cy-t£-{X-am-Wv.- h-
º-≥ c-YØ - n-s‚- B-Ir-Xn-bn-em-Wv- t£-
{X-Øn-s‚- \n¿-am-Ww.- 24 N-{I-߃-
t£-{X-Øn-s‚- c-≠p-h-i-Øm-bp-≠v.-
70.- -\n-b-am-\p-kr-X-a-√m-Ø- hn-]-W-\-am-Wv-
_v-fm-°v- am¿-°-‰v- A-Y-hm- I-cn-©-¥.-
71.- -_ƒ-tK-dn-b,- tPm¿-Pn-b,- sdm-ta-\n-b,- d-
jy,- Xp¿-°n,- D-{I-bn-≥ F-∂o- cm-Py-
߃-°n-S-bn-em-Wv- I-cn-¶-S¬- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂-Xv.-
72.- -ssl-µ-h- tZ-h-\m-b- Ir-jv-W-\v- B- t]-
cp- In-´m-≥ Im-c-Ww- I-dp-∏p-\n-d-am-Wv.-
73.- -ªm-°v- {Kmw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- D-gp-
∂m-Wv.-
74.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Ãm-ºm-b- s]-
∂n- ªm-°n-s‚- \n-dw- I-dp-∏m-bn-cp-∂p.-
75.- -{Um-°p-f-bp-sS- h-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- I-
\yqkoe≥Uv
597. Z£nW ]›na ]k^nIv kap{Z-Øn-
se- H-cp- Zzo-]-cm-jv-{S-am-Wv- \yq-kn-e-
≥Uv.-
598.- -t\m¿-Øv- sF-e-≥Upw- ku-Øv- sF-
e-≥Up-am-Wv- \yq-kn-e-≥Un-se- {]-[m-
\- Zzo-]p-Iƒ.-
599.- B- t- _¬- Sm-ka v- m-\m-Wv- \yq-kn-e≥ - Un-
se-Øn-b- B-Zy- bq-tdm-]y-≥ (1642).-
600.- s- h-√nw-KvS- W
- m-Wv- \yq-kn-e≥ - Un-s‚- X-
e-ÿm-\w.- tem-IØ - v- G-‰h- pw- sX-°m-
bn- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- X-e-ÿm-\- \-K-
c-am-Wn-Xv.-
601.- -tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- hn-Zq-c-am-b- X-e-
ÿm-\- \-Kc - w- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂X- v- sh-
√nw-Kv-S-¨- B-Wv.- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bp-sS-
X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- Im-≥_-d-bn¬-\n-∂v-
2326 In-tem-ao-‰¿- A-I-se-bm-Wn-Xv.-
602.- -Cw-•o-jm-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\- `m-
j.- \yq-kn-e-≥Un-se- hw-io-b-hn-`m-K-
am-b- am-thm-dn-I-fp-sS- `m-j-bm-b- am-
thm-dn-bm-Wv- c-≠m-a-Xv.-
603.- -bq-tdm-]y-≥ hw-i-P-cm-Wv- cm-Py-sØ-
P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS- `q-cn-`m-Kw.- c-≠mw-
ÿm-\-Øv- am-thm-dn-I-fm-Wv.-
604.- -\yq-kn-e-≥Uv- tUm-f-dm-Wv- cm-Py-sØ-
\m-W-bw.-
605.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚m-Wv- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`.-
dp-∏m-Wv.-
76.- -I¬-°-´-bn-se- ªm-°v- tlmƒ- {Sm-P-Un-
F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X - v- H-cp- C-cp-´d- b
- n¬- A-
S-bv-°-s∏-´- \n-c-h-[n- sh-≈-°m¿- a-c-W-
s∏-´- kw-`-h-am-Wv.-
77.- -_v-fm-°v- en-Ãv- A-Y-hm- I-cn-º-´n-I-bn¬-
Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv- A-\-`n-a-X-cm-b- ÿm-
]-\-߃,- hy-‡n-Iƒ- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bm-
Wv.-
78.- -k-Ω¿-±- X-{¥w- {]-tbm-Kn-®v- e-£yw- t\-
Sm-≥ {i-an-°p-∂X - m-Wv- _vf - m-°v- sa-bn¬-
sN-ø¬.-
79.- -ssk-‘-h- kw-kv-Im-c- tI-{µ-ß-fn-sem-
∂m-bn-cp-∂- I-en-_w-Ks - ‚- (cm-Pÿ - m-≥)-
t]-cn-\¿-Yw- I-dp-Ø- h-f-Iƒ- F-∂m-Wv.-
80.- -]-©-km-c- tN¿-°m-Ø- tIm-^n-bm-Wv-
_v-fm-°v- tIm-^n.-
81.- -{]-Xn-tj-[-kq-N-I-am-bn-´m-Wv- I-cn-s¶m-
Sn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.-
82.- -P¿-a-\n-bn-se- ªm-°v- t^m-d-Ãv- H-cp- a-
e-\n-cb - m-Wv.- \n-_n-Vh - \ - ß- ƒ-Im-cW - w-
C-cp-´v- A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv- Cu-
t]-cv.-
83.- -X-t±-io-b- `m-j-bn¬- I-dp-Ø- ]¿-h-Xw-
F-∂v- t]-cn-\¿-Y-ap-≈- cm-Py-am-Wv- tam-
≠n-s\-t{Km.-
84.- Unidentified bodies s\°p-dn-®v- hn-h-
cw- e-`n-°m-≥ C-‚¿-t]mƒ- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-
°p-∂- t\m-´o-km-Wv- ªm-°v- t\m-´o-kv.-
85.- -ªm-°v- sd-h-eq-j-≥ s]-t{Sm-fn-bw- D¬-
]-∂-ß-fp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.-
86.- -C-‰-en-bn-se- ap-t m-fn-\n-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-
bn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p- I-cn-¶p-∏m-b-°m¿- (ªm-
°v- j¿-´v-kv-).-
87.- -I¬-°-cn- J-\n-I-fn¬- ]-Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-
h¿-°v- I-cn-s∏m-Sn- iz-kn-°p-∂-Xp-aq-e-ap-
≠m-Ip-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- ªm-°v- t_m-¨-
Un-ko-kv.-
88.- a- ’
- c - ß - f- n-se- A-{]-Xo-£n-X- tP-Xm-°-
sf-bm-Wv- I-dp-Ø- Ip-Xn-c-Iƒ- F-∂p- hn-
fn-°p-∂-Xv.-
89.- -H-∏w- \n-∂-ti-jw- hn-izm-k- h-©-\-Im-
Wn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv- I-cn-¶m-en-Iƒ.-
90.- -`q-]-S-ß-fn¬- tdm-Up-I-sf- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-
∂- \n-dw- I-dp-∏m-Wv.-
91.- C- ¥- y-bn¬- hm-l\ - ß- f - n¬- c-Pn-kvt- {S-j-
≥ \-º¿- I-dp-∏p-\n-d-Øn-em-Wv- F-gp-tX-
079
bq-Wn-‰-dn- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- tIm-¨-Ãn-
‰yq-jW- ¬- sam-Wm¿-°n-bm-b- \yq-kn-
e-≥Un-s‚- cm-jv-{S-ta-[m-hn- {_n-´o-jv-
sam-Wm¿-°m-Wv.-
606.- \
- yq-kn-e≥
- Un-s‚- tZ-io-b- {]-Xo-Ia - m-
b- ]-d-°m-≥ I-gn-en-√m-Ø- ]-£n-bm-
Wv- In-hn.-
≠-Xv.-
92.- -Nn-e- ko-{_-I-fp-sS- i-co-c-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-
`m-Kw- sh-fp-∏p-\n-d-am-b-Xn-\m¬- ko-{_-
Iƒ- I-dp-Ø-h-c-I-fp-≈- sh-fp-Ø- ar-
K-ß-sf-∂m-Wv- I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- F-
∂m¬,- {`q-Wi - m-k{-v X-]c - a- m-b- sX-fn-hp-Iƒ-
{]-Im-cw- ko-{_-If - p-sS- i-co-cØ - n-s‚- \n-
dw- I-dp-∏pw- h-cI- ƒ- sh-fp-∏p-am-Wv.-
93.- -Id- p-Ø- hn-[h - I
- ƒ- (ªm-°v- hn-tUm-kv)- -
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Xo-{h-hm-Zn- kw-L-S-
\-Iƒ- D-≈- cm-Pyw- d-jy-bm-Wv.-
94.- -]q¿-W- kq-cy-{K-l-Ww- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv- I-
dp-Ø- hm-hv- Zn-\-Øn-e-mWv.
\oe
95. lo-tam-k-bm-\n-≥ c-‡-Øn-\v- \o-e- \n-
d-am-Wv- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv-
96.- -H-®n-s‚- c-‡-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
97.- t- Z-io-b- ]-Xm-Ib
- n-se- A-tim-IN
- {- I-Øn-
s‚- \n-dw- t\-hn- ªq- B-Wv.-
98.- -£m-c-]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sS- km-∂n-[y-Øn¬-
en-‰v-a-kn-s‚- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
99.- -hn-k-c-W-Øm¬- B-Im-iw- \o-e- \n-d-
Øn¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-
100.- -{_n-´o-jv- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-
{]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- \o-e-]p-kv-X-I-sa-∂v-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-
101.- -Hm-tkm-Wn-s‚- \n-dw- C-fw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
102.- -sIm-t_mƒ-´v- tN¿-Øm¬- •m-kn-s‚- \n-
dw- \o-e-bm-Ipw.-
103.- s- am-fk- vI
- p-If
- p-sS- c-‡Ø
- n-s‚- \n-dw- \o-
e-bm-Wv.-
104.- -km-[m-c-W- hn-jmw-i-am-Wp-≈-Xv- F-∂v-
kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ Io-S\ - m-in-\n-bp-sS- ]m-°-
‰n-se- {Xn-tIm-W-Øn-s‚- \n-dw-
105.- -C-¥y-≥ {In-°-‰v- So-an-s‚- bq-Wn-t^m-an-
s‚- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
106.- s
- sl-{U-P≥ - th-∏¿- em-ºn-s‚- \n-dw- \o-
e-bm-Wv.-
107.- -G-‰-hpw- Nq-Sp- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- \-£-{X-Øn-
s‚- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
108.- -{Z-h- Hm-Iv-kn-P-s‚- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
109.- -Xp-cn-iv- A-Y-hm- tIm-∏¿- k¬-t^-‰n-s‚-
\n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
110.- -_o-‰v- dq-´n-\v- ]¿-∏nƒ- \n-dw- e-`n-°m-≥
Im-c-Ww- _o-‰m- k-bm-\n-≥ B-Wv.-
111.- -Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se- kn-Uv-\n- \-K-c-Øn-
\-Sp-Øm-Wv- ªq- au-≠-≥kv.-
112.- -{_-ko-en-s‚- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bn¬- Im-
Wp-∂- ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-s‚- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-
Wv.-
113.- s
- F-Iy-cm-jv{- S-k` - b
- p-sS- ]-Xm-Ib - p-sS- ]-
›m-Ø-e-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
114.- -`q-]-S-Øn¬- k-ap-{Z-ß-sf- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-
≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
I-Spw-\o-e- B-gw-Iq-Sn-b- `m-K-ß-sf-bpw-
C-fw-\o-e- B-gw-Ip-d-™- `m-K-ß-sf-bpw-
kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p.-
115.- -H-fn-ºn-Iv- Nn-”-Øn¬- bq-tdm-∏n-s\- kq-
Nn-∏n-°p-∂- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
116.- H
- m-kvt- {S-en-bb- n-em-Wv- _vf - q- au-≠≥ - kv.-
\o-e-Kn-cn- X-an-gv-\m-´n-em-Wv.-
117.- ]
- ©- m-_n-se- kp-h¿-Wt- £-{X-Øn¬- X-
º-Sn-®n-cp-∂- kn-Jv- `o-I-c-sc- ]p-d-Øm-
°m-≥ C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- \-
S-Øn-b- ssk-\n-I- \-S-]-Sn-bm-Wv- Hm-∏-
td-j-≥ ªq-Ãm¿- (1984).-
118.- -H-cp- am-k-Øn¬- Im-Wp-∂- c-≠m-a-sØ-
]q¿-W- N-{µ-\m-Wv- ªq- aq-¨- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
119.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- s]m-eo-kv- hm-l-\-߃-
°v- \o-e-\n-d-am-Wv.-
120.- C
- ¥ - y-≥ thym-at- k-\mw-Kß - f - p-sS- bq-Wn-
t^m-an-s‚- \n-dw- C-fw-\o-e-bm-Wv.-
121.- -]-›n-am¿-[-tKm-f-Øn¬- ]p-cp-j-≥am-sc-
kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ \o-e- \n-d-hpw- kv-{Xo-I-
sf- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ ]n-¶v- \n-d-hpw- D-]-
tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.-
122.- -`q-an-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Po-hn-bpw- `q-
tKm-fØ - n¬- C-Xp-hs - c- D-≠m-bn-´p-≈- Po-
hn-I-fn¬- G-d-d-hpw- h-ep-Xpw- \o-e-Øn-
anw-Kn-e-am-Wv.-
123.- -Z-£n-W- sIm-dn-b-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ n-s‚- Hu-
tZym-Kn-I- h-k-Xn-bm-Wv- ªq- lu-kv.-
124.- -\o-e- kz¿-Ww- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- P-
e-am-Wv.- P-e-Øn-s‚- km-∂n-[y-am-Wv-
`q-an-°v- \o-e-{K-lw- F-∂- t]-cp- t\-Sn-
s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv.- P-e-sØ- \o-e- kz¿-Ww-
F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®X - v- tam-Uv- _m¿-tem-
B-Wv.-
125.- -{_n-´-Wn-se- I-¨-k¿-th-‰o-hv- ]m¿-´n-bp-
sS-bpw- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- sU-tam-{Im-‰n-
Iv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS-bpw- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- \n-dw-
\o-e-bm-Wv.-
126.- -A-iv-fo-e- N-e-®n-{X-ß-sf- ªq- ^n-enw-
F-∂pw- hn-fn-°m-dp-≠v.-
127.- -D-∂-X-am-b- Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈- kw-K-
Xn-I-sf- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ _v-fq- dn-_-¨-
F-∂- kw-⁄- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.-
128.- -\o-e- hn-π-hw- e-£y-an-´-Xv- ^n-j-do-kv-
cw-K-sØ- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-Wv.-
129.- \
- o-e° - p-dn-™n- ]q-°p-∂X - v- 12 h¿-jØ - n-

samWmt°m
607. ]cam[nImcap≈ \Kc cmjv{Samb samtWmt°m ]›na bqtdm∏n¬
ÿnXn sNøp∂p.
608. samtWmt°mbpsS Xeÿm\hpw samWmt°m Xs∂bmWv.
samWmt°mbpw samWmt°m \Kchpw XΩn¬ hyXymksam∂pan√.
609. {^©mWv samWmt°mbnse HutZymKnI `mj.
610. bpWn‰dn tIm¨Ãn‰ypjW¬ {]n≥kn∏men‰nbmWv samWmt°mbpsS
\nba\n¿amWk` \mjW¬ Iu¨knemWv.
611. {InkvXpaXamWv samWmt°mbnse {][m\ aXw. bqtdmbmWv \mWbw.
612. temIØv G‰hpw hnkv X o¿Ww Ipd™ c≠masØ cmPyamWv
samWmt°m.
613. temIØv G‰hpw hnkvXo¿Ww Ipd™ c≠masØ samWm¿°nbpw
(cmP`cWap≈ {]tZiw) samWmt°mbmWv.
614. temIØv G‰hpw P\km{µX IqSnb cmPyamWv samWmt°m.
615. sFIycmjv { Sk`bn¬ AwKXzap≈ G‰hpw sNdnb cmPyamWv
samWmt°m.
616. samt≠ Im¿tem Im¿ dmen \S°p∂Xv samWmt°mbnemWv.
617. IS¬Øocw G‰hpw Ipd™ cmPyamWv samWmt°m
sem-cn-°-em-Wv.-
130.- -C-¥y-≥ t]m-ì- h-Ip-∏v- t]m-Ãp-am-
≥am-cp-sS- bq-Wn-t^m-an-s‚- \n-dw- \o-e-
bm-bn- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-®p.-
131.- -]-®-bpw- \o-e-bpw- tN¿-Øm¬- kn-b-≥
\n-dw- In-´pw.-
132.- -\o-e,- Np-h-∏v- \n-d-߃- tN¿-Øm¬- a-
P-¥- \n-dw- In-´pw.-
133.- -\o-e,- a-™- \n-d-߃- tN¿-Øm¬- ]-®-
\n-dw- In-´pw.-
134.- -ss\-en-s‚- c-≠p- {]-[m-\- D¬-]-Øn- {]-
hm-l-ß-fm-b- ªq-ss\-epw- ssh-‰v- ss\-
epw- kw-K-an-°p-∂-Xv- kp-Um-s‚- X-e-
ÿm-\-am-b- Jm¿-Øq-an-em-Wv.-
135.- -ªq-ss\-en-s‚- Xp-S-°w- F-tXym-]y-bn-
se- Xm-\m- X-Sm-I-Øn¬- \n-∂m-Wv.-
136.- -C-¥y-≥ sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS- Hm¿-Un-\-dn-
s{S-bn-\p-I-fp-sS- \n-dw- \o-e-bm-Wv.-
137.- -H-cp- Ip-‰-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- H-cp- hy-
‡n-sb-°p-dn-®v- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-h-c-߃-
B-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-≠v- C-‚¿-t]mƒ- \¬-
Ip-∂- t\m-´o-km-Wv- _v-fq- t\m-´o-kv.-
138.- -kn-a-‚ n¬- sIm-_mƒ-´v- Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv-
tN¿-Øm¬- \o-e-\n-d-am-Ipw.-
139.- -B-Im-iw- \o-e-\n-d-Øn¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xn-\p- Im-c-Ww- hn-k-c-Ww- F-∂- {]-
Xn-`m-k-amWv.
]®
140.temIv-k-`-bn-se- ]-c-h-Xm-\n-bp-sS- \n-dw-
]-®-bm-Wv.-
141.- -l-cn-X-I-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
142.- -Hm-∏-td-j-≥ Xn-tb-‰-dn¬- tUm-Iv-S¿-am¿-
D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- {U-kn-s‚- \n-dw- ]-®-
bm-Wv.-
143.- -{Sm-^n-Iv- kn-·-en¬- G-‰-hpw- A-Sn-bn-ep-
≈- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.- A-]m-b-an-√m-sX-
ap-t∂m-´p- t]m-Imw- F-∂v- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-
∂- {Sm-^n-Iv- kn-·¬- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
144.- -t¢m-dn-≥ th-∏¿- em-ºn-s‚- \n-dw- ]-®-
bm-Wv.-
145.- -A-\-en-Up-I-fp-sS- c-‡-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- ]-
®-bm-Wv.-
146.- -a-g-hn-√n-s‚- \-Sp-°p-≈- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
147.- -s^-d-kv- k¬-t^-‰n-s‚- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-
Wv.-
148.- \
- h- c- X
- v\
- ß
- f
- n-sem-∂m-b- a-cX
- I
- Ø
- n-s‚-
\n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.- t{Im-an-bw,- h-t\-Un-
bw- F-∂o- tem-l-ß-fp-sS- km-∂n-[yw-
sIm-≠m-Wv- a-c-X-I-Øn-\v- ]-®-\n-dw.-
149.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- Xm-g-
sØ- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
150.- -en-_n-b-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- \n-
dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.- H-cp- \n-dw- am-{X-ap-≈- G-
I- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bm-Wn-Xv,-
151.- -H-fn-ºn-Iv- Nn-”-Øn¬- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-sb-
{]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂- h-f-b-Øn-s‚-
\n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
152.- -t\-cn-b- hn-jmw-i-am-Wp-≈-Xv- F-∂v- kq-
Nn-∏n-°m-≥ Io-S-\m-in-\n-bp-sS- ]m-°-‰n-
se- {Xn-tIm-W-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
153.- -s^-d-kv- t{Im-an-bw- A-tbm-Wp-Iƒ- •m-
kn-\p- \¬-Ip-∂- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
154.- -t_-cn-bw- k¬-t^-‰v- tN¿-Øm¬- a-Øm-
∏n-s‚- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
155.- -]-®- kz¿-Ww- hm-\n-e-bm-Wv.-
156.- -]-®- {K-lw- bp-dm-\-km-Wv.-
157.- -Im¿-jn-I-cw-K-sØ- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-Wv-
{Ko-≥ sd-h-eq-j-≥ A-Y-hm- l-cn-X- hn-
π-hw- e-£y-an-´-Xv.- sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bn-em-
Wv- C-Xn-s‚- Xp-S-°w.- A-ta-cn-°-≥ Im¿-
jn-I- im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-b- tUm.- t\m¿-a-
≥ t_m¿-tem-Kv- B-Wv- C-Xn-s‚- ]n-Xm-
hv.- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\v- A¿-l-\m-
b- C-t±-lw- tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-
X¬-t]-sc- ]-´n-Wn-a-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- c-
£n-®-bm-fm-bn- I-cp-X-∏-Sp-∂p.- G-jy-
bn¬- l-cn-X- hn-π-h-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°-an-´-
cm-Pyw- ^n-en-ss∏-≥kv.- C-¥y-bn-se- l-
cn-X- hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- Fw.-F-kv.-
kzm-an-\m-Y-≥.-
158.- -t¢m-dn-≥ hm-X-I-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- a-™- I-
e¿-∂- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
159.- b- p-td-\n-bw- Hm-Ivs- sk-Uv- tN¿-Øm¬- Kv-
fm-kn-\v- a-™- I-e¿-∂- ]-®-\n-dw- e-`n-
°pw.-
160.- t- {Im-an-bw- Hm-Ivs
- sk-Uv- tN¿-Øm¬- •m-
kn-\v- ]-®-\n-dw- e-`n-°pw.-
161.- -]-®-°p-Xn-c- A-Y-hm- hn-´n¬- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn- B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- hn-`m-
K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
162.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- ]-Xm-I-bp-sS- ]-›m-Ø-
e-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
163.- -]-cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-c-£-W-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-
°p-∂- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
164.- -\n-e-hn-ep-≈- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- h¿-[n-®-
K-Xm-K-Xw- ssI-Im-cyw-sN-øm-≥ A-{]m-
]v-X-am-Ip-tºmƒ- \n¿-an-°p-∂- ]p-Xn-b-
hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-am-Wv- {Ko-≥^o¬-Uv- hn-
am-\-Øm-h-fw.-
165.- t- em-IØ - m-Zy-am-bn- {Ko-≥ se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv-
A-kw-ªn- \n¿-an-®X - v- X-an-gv\
- m-´n-em-Wv.-
166.- -]-cn-ÿn-Xn- tI-kp-Iƒ- am-{Xw- ssI-Im-
cyw- sN-øp-∂- {Ko-≥ s_-©v- B-Zy-am-
bn- ÿm- ] n- ® - ssl- t °m- S - X n- b m- W v -
sIm¬-°-Ø- ssl-t°m-S-Xn.-
167.- -C-‰-en,- C-dm-≥ F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-fn-se- Hu-
tZym-Kn-I- tc-J-bm-Wv- {Ko-≥ _p-°v.-
168.- -{Ko-≥ lu-kv- C-^-Iv-Sn-\p-Im-c-W-am-b-
{]-[m-\- hm-X-Iw- Im¿-_-¨- U-tbm-Iv-
ssk-Um-Wv.-
169.- A- t- a-cn-°≥- sF-Iy-\m-Sp-If - n¬- s]m-Xp-
th- t\m-´p-Iƒ- ]-®-\n-d-Øn-s‚- tj-Un-
em-Wv- A-®-Sn-°p-∂-Xv.-
170.- -l-cn-X- Z-£n-tW-jym-h¿-j-am-bn- km¿-
°v- B-N-cn-®-Xv- 2007 B-Wv.-
171.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- l-cn-X- sd-bn¬-
080
th- tÃ-j-≥ F-∂- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- P-Ωp-˛-
D-[w-]q¿- dq-´n-se- a-≥hm¬- tÃ-j-\v- kz-
¥-am-Wv.- ku-tcm¿-Pw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- {]-
h¿-Øn-°p-∂- tÃ-j≥ - F-∂- \n-eb - v°
- m-
Wv- Cu- _-lp-a-Xn.-
172.- -a-c-X-I- Zzo-]v- A-Y-hm- F-a-dmƒ-Uv- sF-
e-‚ v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- A-b¿-e-≥Uv.-
173.- -C-…mw- a-Xw- ]-cn-ip-≤-am-bn- I-W-°m-
°p-∂- \n-d-am-Wv- ]-®.-
174.- -{Ko-≥ ]o-kv- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-c-£-W-hp-
am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- H-cp-
kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv.-
175.- -H-cp- Ip-‰-hm-fn- H-cp- cm-Py-Øv- \-S-Øn-b-
Ip-‰-Ir-Xyw- a-s‰m-cp- cm-Py-Øv- B-h¿-
Øn-°m-\n-S-bp-s≠-∂v- ap-∂-dn-bn-∏v- \¬-
Im-≥ C-‚¿-t]mƒ- \¬-Ip-∂- t\m-´o-km-
Wv- {Ko-≥ t\m-´o-kv.-
176.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se- H-cp-
cm-jv-{So-b- I-£n-bm-Wv- {Ko-≥ ]m¿-´n.-
C-Xn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
177.- -`q-]-S-ß-fn¬- h-\-{]-tZ-i-ß-sf- kq-Nn-
∏n-°m-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- \n-dw- ]-®-bm-
Wv.-
178.- -h¿-Wm-‘-X-bp-≈-h¿-°v- Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-≥
I-gn-bm-Ø- {]-[m-\- \n-d-ß-fm-Wv- ]-®-
bpw- Np-h-∏pw.-
179.- -C-¥y-≥ I-c-tk-\mw-K-ß-fp-sS- bq-Wn-
t^m-an-s‚- \n-dw- I-Spw-]-®-bm-Wv.-
180.- -]-®-\n-d-ap-≈- tIm¿-´n¬- I-fn-°p-∂- a-
’-c-bn-\-am-Wv- tKmƒ-^v.-
181.- I- Æ- n-\v- G-‰h
- pw- B-bm-kc - l
- n-Xa
- m-b- \n-
dw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
182.- -tcm-Kn-I-sf- dn-em-Iv-kv- sN-øn-°m-≥ I-
gn-bp-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬- B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fn¬-
D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- \n-d-am-Wv- ]-®.-
183.- -en-_n-b-bp-sS- `-c-W-L-S-\- F-∂- \n-e-
bn¬- K-±m-^n- c-Nn-®- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv- {Ko-
≥ _p-°v.-
184.- -l-cn-X- th-´- F-∂- ssk-\n-I- \-S-]-Sn-
\-Iv-k-sse-‰p-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc-bm-Wv.-
185.- -A© - p- cq-]m- t\m-´n-s‚- \n-dw- ]-®b- m-Wv.-
186.- -{Ko-≥ {Kmw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- sN-dp-
]-b-dm-Wv.-
187.- -I-Y-I-fn-bn¬- [o-tcm-Zm-Ø-cm-b- cm-Pm-
°-≥am-sc- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-
∂- th-jw- ]-®-bm-Wv.-
188.- -km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hm-b- ]m-
tªm- s\-cp-Z- {]-Xym-i-bp-sS- \n-d-am-b-
]-®- D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- c-N-\- \-S-Øn-
bn-cp-∂-Xv.
{_u¨
189. 1933˛¬ \mknIƒ P¿a\nbn¬
A[nIm-cw- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b-Xv- {_u-¨- hn-
π-hw- F-∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
190.- -C-¥y-bn¬- {_u-¨- hn-π-hw- e-£y-an-
´-Xv- Xp-I¬- D¬-]m-Z-\w- h¿-[n-∏n-°-em-
bn-cp-∂p.-
191.- -`q-]-S-ß-fn¬- a-cp-`q-an-sb- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-
∂- \n-dw- {_u-Wm-Wv.-
192.- P
- ¿-a-\n-bn-se- ln-‰v-e-dp-sS- \m-kn- ]m¿-
´n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- {_u-¨-
lu-kv.- \m-kn- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- ]m-cm-an-
en-´-dn- hn-`m-Kw- t]m-se- {]-h¿-Øn-®n-
cp-∂- kv-t{Smw- {Sq-t∏-gv-kv- A-dn-b-s∏-
´n-cp-∂- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv- {_u-¨- j¿-
´v-kv- (X-hn-´p- Ip-∏m-b-°m¿-).- A-h-cp-
sS- bq-Wn-t^mw- B- \n-d-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-
b-Xn-\m-em-Wv- A-{]-Im-cw- A-dn-b-s∏-
´-Xv.-
193.- -{_u-¨- tImƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- I¬-
°-cn- h-I-t`-Z-am-Wv- en-ss·-‰v.-
194.- -tNm-°-te-‰n-s‚- \n-dw- {_u-Wm-Wv.-
195.- -{_u-¨- jp-K¿- H-cp- e-l-cn- ]-Zm¿-Y-
am-Wv.-
196.- -{]-Ir-Xn-Z-Ø- kn-a-‚ n-\v- {_u-¨- \n-d-
am-Wv.- C-X-v \n¿-an-°p-∂X- -v I-fn-aÆ
- -v Im¬-
kyw- Im¿-_t- W-‰v,- sN-dn-b- tXm-Xn¬- a-
·o-jyw- Im¿-_t- W-‰v- F-∂n-hb - S- ß
- n-
b- I-√p-Iƒ- Nq-Sm-°n- s]m-Sn-®m-Wv.-
197.- -Np-h-∏pw- ]-®-bpw- tN¿-Øm¬- {_u-¨-
\n-dw- In-´-pw.
]n¶v
198. P∏m-\n¬- A-iv-fo-e- kn-\n-a-I-sf- kq-
Nn-∏n-°m-≥ ]n-¶v- aq-ho-kv- F-∂- kw-⁄-
D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.-
199.- -]n-¶v- kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- cm-P-
ÿm-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- P-bv-]q-cm-Wv.-
200.- -]n-¶n-s\- {]-W-b-Øn-s‚- \n-d-am-bn- I-
W-°m-°m-dp-≠v.-
201.- -]-sØm-≥]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-epw- C-cp-]-
Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-epw- `q-]-S-ß-fn¬- {_n-´o-
jv- km-{am-Py-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ D-]-
tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- \n-d-am-Wv- ]n-¶v.-
202.- -]n-¶v- \n-d-Øn-ep-≈- ]m¬- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-
°p-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- bm-Iv.-
203.- -I-c-fn-s‚- \n-dw- ]n-¶v- {_u-¨- B-Wv.-
204.- k- {v- Xo-Iƒ-°p- th-≠n- ]n-¶v- Sm-Ikv- n- G¿-
s∏-Sp-Øn-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- Ip-ssh-‰v.-
205.- k- vX - \
- m¿-_p-ZØ- n-s‚- A-¥m-cm-jv{- S- {]-
Xo-I-am-Wv- ]n-¶v- dn-_-¨.-
206.- -]m-›m-Xy-cm-Py-ß-fn¬- ]n-¶v- I-f¿- h¿-
°¿- F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v- D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv- ]-
c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn- kv-{Xo-I-fp-tS-sX-∂p- I-
W-°m-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- tPm-en-If
- n¬- G¿-s∏-
Sp-∂-h-sc-bm-Wv.-
207.- -kv-]m-\n-jv,- C-‰m-en-b-≥ km-ln-Xy-ß-
fn¬- ]n-¶v- t\m-h¬- F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-t±-
in-°p-∂-Xv- h-\n-X-Iƒ-°p-th-≠n-bp-≈-
sk-‚ vn-sa-‚¬- t\m-h-ep-I-fm-Wv.-
208.- -]n-¶v- Un-ko-kv- F-∂- t]-cn-ep-≈- tcm-
K-_m-[- ]n-Sn-s]-Sp-∂- Im¿-jn-I- hn-f- d-
∫-dm-Wv.-
209.- -A¿-P-‚-\o-\-bn¬- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-s‚- F-
Iv-kn-Iyp-´o-hv- {_m-©n-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-
Wv- ]n-¶v- lu-kv.-
210.- -^n-t\mƒ-^v-X-en-\v- £m-c-Øn-s‚- km-
∂n-[y-Øn¬- ]n-¶v- \n-d-am-Wv.- B-kn-Un-
s‚- km-∂n-[y-Øn¬- \n-d-an-√.-
211.- -]n-¶v- Un-ko-kv- A-Y-hm- A-t{Im- ssU-
\n-b-bv-°p- Im-c-Ww- sa¿-°p-dn- Xp-S-ßn-
b- tcm-K-ß-fp-am-bp-≈- k-º¿-°-am-Wv.-
C-Xv- s]m-Xp-th- Ip-´n-I-fn-em-Wv- Im-W-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
212.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- 2010¬- X-t±-i-`-c-W- ÿm-
]-\-ß-fn-te-°p-≈- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-
∂-t∏mƒ- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fn-te-°v- ]n-
¶v- \n-d-Øn-ep-≈- _m-e-‰v- t]-∏-dm-Wv- D-
]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.
Nph∏v
213. amWn-Iy-Øn-s‚- (dq-_n-)- \n-dw- Np-h-∏m-
Wv.-
214.- -ss\-{S-P-≥ th-∏¿- em-ºn-s‚- \n-dw- Np-
h-∏m-Wv.-
215.- -am-c-I-hn-j-a-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v- F-∂v- Im-Wn-
°m-≥ Io-S\ - m-in-\n-If
- p-sS- I-hd
- n-se- {Xn-
tIm-W-Nn-”-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- Np-h-∏m-bn-
cn-°pw.-
216.- -a-Æn-c-bp-sS- c-‡-Øn-s‚- \n-dw- Np-h-
∏m-Wv.- a-Æn-c-bp-sS- c-‡-Øn-se- h¿-W-
h-kv-Xp- lo-tam-t•m-_n-\m-Wv.-
217.- -B-kn-Un-s‚- km-∂n-[yw- en-‰v-a-kv- t]-
∏-dn-s\- Np-h-∏v- \n-d-am-°pw.-
218.- -ln-t∏m-s]m-´m-a-kn-s‚- hn-b¿-∏n-s‚- \n-
dw- Np-h-∏m-Wv.-
219.- -ssh-Zyp-X- I-W-£-\n¬- t^-kv- sse-
≥ B-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- tI-_n-fn-s‚-
\n-dw- Np-h-∏m-Wv.-
220.- -X-cw-K-ssZ¿-Lyw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-
\n-dw- Np-h-∏m-Wv.-
221.- -a-g-hn-√n¬- G-‰-hpw- ]p-d-Øm-bn- Im-Wp-
∂- \n-dw- Np-h-∏m-Wv.-
222.- -lo-tam-t•m-_n-\n-s‚- km-∂n-[y-am-Wv- c-
‡-Øn-\v- Np-h-∏p-\n-dw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.-
223.- -^p-Sv-t_m-fn¬- d-^-dn- Np-h-∏p-\n-d-Øn-
ep-≈- Im¿-Uv- t\¿-°p-Im-Wn-°p-∂- I-
fn-°m-c-≥ ]p-d-Øp-t]m-I-Ww.-
224.- -cm-Py-k-`-bn-se- ]-c-h-Xm-\n-bp-sS- \n-dw-
Np-h-∏m-Wv.-
225.- -c-‡-Øn-se- F-cn-t{Xm-ssk-‰p-I-fp-sS-
\n-dw- Np-h-∏m-Wv.-
226.- -{Sm-^n-Iv- kn-·-en¬- G-‰-hpw- ap-I-fn¬-
 Im-Wp-∂- \n-dw- Np-h-∏m-Wv.-
227.- N- p-h∂
- - {K-lw- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v- sNm-
∆-bm-Wv.- A-b-¨- Hm-Iv-ssk-Un-s‚- km-
∂n-[y-am-Wv- Im-c-Ww.-
228.- -Ip-{]-kv- Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv- tN¿-Øm¬- •m-
kn-\v- Np-h-∏p-\n-dw- In-´pw.- sIm-tfm-bv-
U¬- tKmƒ-Uv- tN¿-Øm-epw- Np-h-∏v- \n-
dw- In-´pw.-
229.- -kv-t{Sm-¨-jyw- tN¿-Øm¬- I-cn-a-cp-∂v-
{]-tbm-K-Øn-\v- Np-h-∏v- \n-dw- In-´pw.-
230.- -{]-Im-i-kw-iv-tf-j-Ww- G-‰-hpw- Du¿-
P-kz-e-am-bn- \-S-°p-∂-Xv- Np-h-∏v- \n-d-
Øn-em-Wv.-
231.- -hr-°-I-fp-sS- \n-dw- Np-h-∏m-Wv.-
232.- -tI-cw-kv- I-fn-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
t]m-bn-‚p-≈- tIm-bn-\n-s‚- \n-dw- Np-h-
∏m-Wv.-
233.- s- d-Uv- t{Im-kv- 1863˛¬- ÿm-]n-®X - v- sl-
≥dn- Up-\m-‚ v- B-Wv.- C-…m-an-I- cm-
Py-ß-fn¬- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- \-S-Øp-tºmƒ-
kw-L-S-\- sd-Uv- {I-k-‚ v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p.- sd-Uv- {In-ì- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-
Xv- Pq-X-cm-jv-{S-am-b- C-{k-tb-en-em-Wv.-
234.- -C-¥y-bn-se- Np-h-∂- \-Zn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv- {_-“-]p-{X-bm-Wv.-
235.- -_mw-•q-cn-se- s_m-´m-Wn-°¬- Km¿-U-
\m-Wv- em¬- _m-Kv.-
236.- -ss{S-πw-_n-Iv- sS-t{Sm-Iv-ssk-Uv- B-Wv-
sd-Uv- se-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ss{S-
πw-_n-Iv- sS-t{Sm-Iv-ssk-Uv- kn-µq-cw-
\n¿-an-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- h¿-W-h-kv-
Xp-hm-Wv.-
237.- -a-Æn-\v- Np-h-∏p-\n-dw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv- A-
b-¨- Hm-Iv-ssk-Un-s‚- km-∂n-[y-am-Wv.-
238.- -sd-Uv- j¿-´v- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®- kzm-
X-{¥y- k-a-c- tk-\m-\n-bm-Wv- Jm-≥ A-
_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿- Jm-≥.-
239.- -\n-°¬- tN¿-Øm¬- •m-kn-\v- Np-h-∏p-
\n-dw- e-`n-°pw.-
240.- -sN-¶-S-em-Wv- H-cp-Im-e-Øv- F-cn-{Xn-b-≥
I-S¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.-
241.- -I-S-en-s‚- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- `m-K-Øv- B¬-
K-Iƒ- s]-s´-∂v- A-\n-b-{¥n-X-am-bn- s]-
cp-Ip-∂-Xn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn-´m-Wv- Np-h-∏v-
th-en-tb-‰w- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.- Un-t\m-^v-f-
K-t√-gv-kv- F-∂- B¬-K-I-fm-Wv- Np-h-∏v-
th-en-tb-‰-Øn-\p- Im-c-Ww.-
242.- -cm-P-[m-\n- s{S-bn-\p-I-fp-sS- \n-dw- Np-h-
∏m-Wv.-
243.- -ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn- jm-P-lm-≥ 1618˛¬-
sN-t¶m-´-bv-°v- X-d-°-√n-´p.-
]-Wn-]q¿-Øn-bm-bn.- I-cn-¶-√n-epw- sN-
1647˛¬-
¶-√n-epw- ]-Wn-X- tIm-´-bv-°v- 14 I-hm-S-
ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.-
244.- -]m-h-ß-fp-sS- Xm-Pv-a-l¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- Hu-dw-K-_m-Zn-se- _o-_n- Im- a-Jv-
_-cm- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v- Np-h∂ - - a-W¬-
°-√n-em-Wv.-
245.- -Ip-Spw-_m-kq-{X-W-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-
Nn-”-am-Wv- Np-h-∏v- {Xn-tIm-Ww.-
246.- -Xo-s∏-´n- \n¿-am-W-Øn-\v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂- t^m-kv-^-d-kn-s‚- h-I-t`-Z-am-Wv- Np-
h-∏v- t^m-kv-^-d-kv.-
247.- -sd-Uv- dn-_-¨- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- e-£y-an-Sp-
Pn_q´n
618. B{^n-°-bp-sS- ]-W-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b- sIm-ºv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-
Py-am-Wv- Pn-_q-´n.- A-d-_n-bpw- {^-
©p-am-Wv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-Iƒ.-
{]-[m-\-a-Xw- C-…mw.-
619.- 1977˛¬- {^m-≥kn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- Pn-
_q-´n- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b-Xv.- Pn-
_q-´n- kn-‰n-bm-Wv- X-e-ÿm-\w.-Pn-
_q-´n-bp-sS- ]-g-b-t]-cm-Wv- {^-©v-
skm-am-en-em-≥Uv.-
620.- e-h-W-Xz-Øn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-ap-
≈- X-Sm-I-am-Wv- Pn-_q-´n-se- A-
 m¬- X-Sm-Iw- (34.-8 i-X-am-\w-).-
∂-Xv- F-bvU - vk - v- t_m-[h - X - vI
- c- W
- a - m-Wv.-
248.- -t\-∏m-fn-s‚- ]-Xm-I- Np-h-∏p-\n-d-am-Wv.-
N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-e-√m-Ø- G-I- tZ-io-b-
]-Xm-I-bm-Wn-Xv.-
249.- -I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- cm-Py-߃- s]m-Xp-th- Np-
h-∏v- \n-d-ap-≈- ]-Xm-I-bm-Wv- D-]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂-Xv.-
250.- -Np-h-∂- sX-cp-hp-Iƒ- th-iym-e-b-߃-
°p- {]-kn-≤a - m-Wv.- C-Øc - Ø- n-ep-≈- kw-
cw-`-߃- \n-d-™- \-K-c-`m-K-am-Wv- sd-
Uv- sse-‰v- Un-kv-{Sn-Iv-Sv.- tem-I-Øn-se-
G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- sd-Uv- sse-‰v- Un-kv-{Sn-
Iv-Sm-Wv- apw-ss_-bn-se- Im-am-Øn-]p-c.-
251.- -t\-{Xm-h-c-W-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip-∂- A-Wp-
_m-[-bm-Wv- I-¨-P-Iv-Sn-ssh-‰n-kv- A-Y-
hm- sN-¶-Æv.-
252.- ]- e
- - I-fn-If - n-epw- \n-ba - ß- ƒ- ew-Ln-°p-
∂-hs - c- Np-h∏ - v- Im¿-Uv- Im-Wn-®m-Wv- ]p-
d-Øm-°p-∂-Xv.-
253.- I- p-‰h
- m-fn-If - p-sS- ssI-am-‰w- B-hi - y-s∏-
´p-sIm-≠v- C-‚¿-t]mƒ- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-
∂- t\m-´o-km-Wv- sd-Uv- t\m-´o-kv.-
254.- -ap-≥ tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-s‚- ssk-\yw-
B-Zy-Im-e-ß-fn¬- sd-Uv- B¿-an- F-∂m-
Wv- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.- 1946˛¬- tkm-
hn-b-‰v- B¿-an- F-∂- t]-cp- kzo-I-cn-®p.-
255.- -X-°m-fn- ]m-I-am-Ip-tºmƒ- Np-h-∏v-\n-d-
am-Im-≥ Im-c-W-am-b- ]n-s‹-‚m-Wv- sse-
t°m-]o-≥.-
256.- -I-Y-If - n-bn¬- `-bm-\I - - {]-Ir-Xn-If - m-b-
I-Ym-]m-{X-ßs - f- A-hX - c - n-∏n-°m-≥ D-]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂- th-ja - m-Wv- Np-h∂ - - Xm-Sn-
257.- -1000 cq-]m- t\m-´n-s‚- \n-dw- Bw-_¿- sd-U.v -
tdmkv
258. tdmkv- sd-he - yp-j≥
- \-S∂ - - cm-Pyw- tPm¿-
Pn-b-bm-Wv.-2003˛¬- \-S-∂- Cu- hn-π-h-
Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Mikhail Saakashvili
{]knU-‚m-b-Xv.-
259.- -Hm-∏-td-j-≥ sd-Uv- tdm-kv- F-∂- ssk-
\n-I- Hm-∏-td-j-≥ B-{‘m-{]-tZ-in¬- \-
Iv-k-sse-‰p-Iƒ-°v- F-Xn-sc-bm-Wv- \-S-
Øn-b-Xv.-
260.- -tdm-km-∏q-hn¬-\n-∂v- kp-K-‘- ssX-e-
߃- \n¿-an-°p-tºmƒ- D-≠m-Ip-∂- D-
t]m¬-]-∂-am-Wv- tdm-kv- hm-´¿.-
261.- -_n-kv-a-Øv,- se-Uv,- Sn-≥ F-∂o- tem-l-
ß-fp-sS- k-¶-c-am-Wv- tdm-kv- sa-‰-¬.
a™
262. ^pSv-t_mƒ- a-’-c-Øn¬- \n-b-aw- ew-
Ln-®m¬- d-^-dn- B-Zyw- Im-Wn-°p-∂-
Im¿-Un-s‚- \n-dw- a-™-bm-Wv.-
263.- ]- I- ¿-®h
- ym-[n- ]n-Sn-s]-´h - ¿- k-©c - n-°p-
∂- I-∏-en¬- A-Xv- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ a-™-
∏-Xm-I- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.-
264.- -{Sm-^n-Iv- kn-·-en¬- a-[y-Øv- Im-Wp-∂-
\n-dw- a-™-bm-Wv.-
265.- -Np-h-∏pw- ]-®-bpw- Iq-Sn-t®-cp-tºmƒ- D-
≠m-Ip-∂- \n-d-am-Wv- a-™.-
266.- -tkm-Un-bw- th-∏¿- em-ºv- a-™- \n-d-
Øn¬- {]-Im-in-°pw.-
267.- -I-tcm-´n-\n-s‚- km-∂n-[yw- ]m-en-\v- a-
™- \n-dw- \¬-Ipw-
268.- c- ‡
- Ø - n-se- πm-kva - b- p-sS- \n-dw,- A-tbm-
tUm-t^m-an-s‚- \n-dw- F-∂n-h- a-™-bm-
Wv.-
269.- -{]-Im-i- kw-t»-j-Ww- G-‰-hpw- a-µ-K-
Xn-bn¬- \-S-°p-∂-Xv- a-™- {]-Im-i-Øn-
em-Wv-
270.- -se-Uv- t{Im-ta-‰v- d-∫¿- D¬-]-∂-߃-
°v- a-™- \n-dw- \¬-Ip-∂p.-
271.- -tkm-Un-bw- tN¿-Øm¬- Pzm-e-bp-sS- \n-
dw- a-™-bm-Wv.-
272.- -a-™p-ho-gv-N-bp-≈- k-a-b-Øv- hm-l-\-
ß-fn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- em-ºn-s‚- \n-
dw- a-™-bm-Wv.-
273.- s- b-t√m- tP¿-We - n-kw- a-™∏ - {- X-{]-h¿-
Ø-\w- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv- A-{]-[m-\-
am-b- hm¿-Ø-Iƒ-°v- {]-tXy-I- co-Xn-
bn¬- {]-[m-\yw- sIm-Sp-Øv- {]-kn-≤o-I-
081
emtlm¿
621. ]mIn-kv-Xm-\n-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- c-
≠m-a-sØ- \-K-cw-
622.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- B-
ÿm- \ - a m- b n- I- W - ° m- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ -
\-K-cw-
623.- -{io-cm-a-s‚- a-I-\m-b- e-h-≥ ÿm-
]n-s®-∂p- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂- \-K-cw-
624.- -1940˛¬- ap-…ow-eo-Kv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥
{]-ta-bw- ]m-km-°n-b-Xv- F-hn-sS-h-
®m-Wv-
625.- -a-lm-cm-Pm- c-Rv-Pn-Xv- kn-Mn-s‚- X-
e-ÿm-\w-
626.- -ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn- jm-P-lm-≥ P-
\n-®- ÿ-ew-
627.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-
s‚- A-¥n-a-am-b- e-£yw- C-¥y-bp-
sS- ]q¿-W-kzm-X-{¥y-am-sW-∂v- {]-
Jym-]n-®- 1929˛-se- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\v-
th-Zn-bm-b- \-K-cw-
628.- -jm-P-lm-≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- jm-en-
am¿- Km¿-U-≥ \n¿-an-®-Xv-
629.- -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- A-[y-£-X-
h-ln-®- B-Zy- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-
\w- (1929)- \-S-∂-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
630.- -P - h m- l ¿- e m¬- s\- { lp- A- [ y- £ -
X- h- l n- ® - B- Z y- tIm- ¨ - { K- k v - k-
tΩ- f - \ w- (1929)- \- S - ∂ - s X- h n- s S-
bm- W v -
631.- -P-lmw-Ko¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-
ew- Po-hn-®- \-K-cw-
632.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- ]-©m-_v- kw-
ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-
633.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ kn-\n-am- hy-h-km-b-
Øn-s‚- tI-{µw-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bm-Wv.-
274.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-
\-am-Wv- A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-
se- sb-t√m- tÃm-¨- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-
°v.-
275.- -Im-Wm-Xm-b- hy-‡n-I-sf- I-s≠-Øm-
\m-bn- C-‚¿-t]mƒ- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-
t\m-´o-km-Wv- sb-t√m- t\m-´o-kv.-
276.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Sm-Iv-kn- hm-l-\-ß-fp-sS- \-
º¿-]v-tf-‰v- a-™-\n-d-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-bn-cn-
°-Ww- F-∂m-Wv- N-´w.-
277.- -]m-›m-Xy¿- `o-cp-Xz-Øn-s‚- \n-d-am-bn-
a- ™ - s b- hym- J ym- \ n- ° m- d p- ≠ v . - F-
∂m¬,- P-∏m-\n¬- a-™- [o-c-X-bp-sS- \n-
d-am-Wv.-
278.- -Zr-jv-Sn- ]-S-e-Øn-s‚- a-[y-`m-K-Øm-bn-
Im-Wp-∂-Xm-Wv- ]o-X- _n-µp- A-Y-hm-
sb-t√m- kv-t]m-´v.- C-hn-sS- tIm-¨- tIm-
i-߃- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
279.- -sb-t√m- tI-°v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- bp-
td-\n-bw- Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv.- A-Wp-i-‡n- \n-
e-b-ß-fn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- bp-td-\n-
bw- kw-bp-‡-am-Wn-Xv.-
280.- -Cu-Un-]v-kv- C-\-Øn¬-s∏-´- sIm-Xp-Ip-
I-fm-Wv- sb-t√m- ^n-h¿- ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv.-
281.- -kv-Iqƒ- _-kp-Iƒ-°v- \n-jv-I¿-jn-®n-´p-
≈- \n-dw- C-fw- a-™-bm-Wv.-
282.- -a-™-fn-\v- a-™-\n-dw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv- Ip¿-
°p-an-≥ B-Wv.-
283.- -]-®- I-e¿-∂- a-™-\n-d-am-Wv- t¢m-dn-≥
hm-X-I-Øn-s‚- \n-dw.-
284.- -I-c-fn-s\- _m-[n-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- a-
™-t\m-hv.-
285.- -ss\-{Sn-Iv- B-kn-Uv- sXm-en-∏p-d-Øv- ho-
Wm¬- sXm-en- a-™- \n-d-am-Ipw.-
286.- -k-b-‚ n-^n-Iv- e-t_m-d-´-dn-I-fn¬- A-]-
I-S-sØ- kq-Nn-∏n-°m-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂- \n-dw- a-™-bm-Wv.-
287.- -Im-Uv-an-bw- kƒ-ss^-Uv- tN¿-Øm¬-
•m-kn-\v- a-™-\n-dw- In-´pw.-
288.- -500 cq-]m- t\m-´n-s‚- \n-dw- H-en-hv- a-™-
bm-Wv.-
289.- -[m-cm-X-eo-b- `q-]-S-Øn¬- Ir-jn-ÿ-e-
߃- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-hm-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-
634.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ sd-bn¬-th-bv-kn-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w-
635.- -A-√m-a- C-Iv-_m¬- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬-
F-b¿-t]m¿-´v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
636.- -A-√m-a- C-Iv-_m-en-s‚- i-h-Ip-So-cw-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
637.- -a-lm-cm-Pm- c-Rv-Pn-Xv- knw-Kn-s‚- k-
am-[n- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
638.- -an-\m¿- C- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-
639.- F
- h - n-Ss
- Ø- kn-\n-am- hy-hk - m-ba - m-W-v
tem-fn-hp-U-v F-∂d- n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - -v
640.- -F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv- A-Sn-a-hw-i-ÿm-]-
I- \ m- b - Ip- Ø - _ v - ± o- ≥ sF- _ - I v -
t]m-tfm- I-fn-°n-sS- Ip-Xn-c-∏p-d-Øp-
\n-∂v-ho-Wv- A-¥-cn-®-Xv-
641.- -Ip-Ø-_v-±o-≥ sF-_-°n-s‚- i-h-Ip-
So-cw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
642.- -1998˛-C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- F.-_n.-
hm-Pv-t]-bn-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ {]-[m-
\-a-{¥n- \-hm-kv- sj-co-^pw- {]-Jym-
]-\-Øn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- \-K-cw-
643.- F
- h - n-Sp-sØ- P-bn-en-em-W-v `-KX - -v kn-Mn-
s\-bpw- Iq-´s - c-bpw- Xq-°n-s°m-∂X - -v
644.- -G-Xv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-am-Wv-
t\-Xr-Xzw- bp-h-X-e-ap-d-bv-°v- ssI-
am-dn-b-Xv- (1929)-
645.- -K-±m-^n- {In-°-‰v- tÃ-Un-bw- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-
646.- -kw-tQm-X- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- U¬-ln-
sb- G-Xp- \-Kc - h
- p-am-bn-´m-Wv- _-‘n-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv-
647.- P
- l- mw-Ko-dn-s‚- i-hI - p-So-cw- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-
∂- \n-dw- a-™-bm-Wv.-
290.- -bq-tdm-t{Im-an-s‚- km-∂n-[yw- aq-{X-Øn-
\v- a-™- \n-dw- \¬-Ip-∂p-
291.- -]n-Ø-c-k-Øn-‚- \n-dw- a-™-bm-Wv-
292.- -H-fn-ºn-Iv- Nn-”-Øn¬- G-jy-sb- {]-Xn-
\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂- h-f-b-Øn-s‚- \n-dw-
a-™-bm-Wv.-
293.- -ssN-\-bn-se- slm-bm-Mv-tlm- a-™-\-
Zn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- In-g-°-≥ ssN-
\m-°-S-em-Wv- a-™-°-S¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv.-
294.- -F-Æ-°p-cp-°-fp-sS- D¬-]m-Z-\w- h¿-[n-
∏n-°-em-Wv- a-™- hn-π-hw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv.
Hmd©v
295. Hfn-∏n-®- B-bp-[ß - ƒ,- ]m-gvk
- ¬- t_mw-
_p-Iƒ,- a-‰v- A-]-I-S-Im-cn-bm-b- h-kv-Xp-
°ƒ- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®v- ap-∂-dn-bn-
∏v- \¬-Im-≥ C-‚¿-t]mƒ- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-
°p-∂- t\m-´o-km-Wv- Hm-d-©v- t\m-´o-kv.-
296.- s
- sl-µh - - k-∂ym-kn-am-cpw- tX-ch- m-Z- hn-
`m-K-°m-cm-b- _u-≤- k-∂ym-kn-am-cpw-
Im-hn-\n-d-Øn-ep-≈- h-kv-{X-am-Wv- D-]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.- ssl-µ-h-t£-{X-ß-fp-
sS- sIm-Sn-bp-sS- \n-d-hpw- Im-hn-bm-Wv.-
297.- -Np-h-∏pw- a-™-bpw- tN¿-Øm¬- Hm-d-©v-
\n-dw- In-´pw.- ssN-\o-kv- B-∏nƒ- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Hm-d-©m-Wv.- hn-b-‰v-\mw-
bp-≤-Im-e-Øv- A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-
Sp-Iƒ- hym-]-I-am-bn- {]-tbm-Kn-®- cm-k-
h-kv-Xp-hm-Wv- G-P-‚ v- Hm-d-©v.-
298.- H
- m-d©
- v- ko-co-kv- F-∂- s]-bn-‚ nw-Kv- sI.-
kn.-F-kv.- ]-Wn-°-cp-tS-Xm-Wv.-
299.- -Hm-d-©v- \-Zn- B-{^n-°-bn-em-Wv.- Hm-d-
©v- hn-π-hw- \-S-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- D-{I-bn-
≥.-^m¿-a-kyq-´n-°¬- D¬-]-∂-ß-fp-sS-
\n¿-am-W-Øn-se- Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-´-am-Wv- Hm-
d-©v- hn-π-hw- e-£y-an-´-Xv.-
300.- h
- n-am\-Øn-se- ªm-°v- t_m-Ivk - n-s‚- \n-
dw- Hm-d© - m-Wv.- C-Xn-s‚- a-‰p- t]-cp-If - m-
Wv- ^vs - sf-‰v- Um-‰m- sd-t°m¿-U¿,- tIm-
Iv]- n-‰v- thm-bvk - v- sd-t°m¿-U¿- F-∂n-h.-

]me°mSv
{]tXyIXIƒ
301. hnkv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈-
Pn-√-
302.- G- ‰ - h
- pw- Nq-Sp- Iq-Sp-Xe
- \
- p-`h
- s- ∏-Sp-∂- Pn-
√-
303.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- s\-√p¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-
∂- Pn-√-
304.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- km-£-c-X- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-
™- Pn-√-
305.- -G-‰-hpw- hy-h-km-b-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´- c-
≠m-a-sØ- Pn-√-
306.- -]-´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m¿- F-Æ-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw-
Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- Pn-√-
307.- t- I-cf - Ø- n¬- ]-cp-Øn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-
Pn-√-
308.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- d-h-\yq- hn-t√-Pp-Iƒ-
D-≈- Pn-√-
309.- ]- ´- n-IP - m-Xn-\n-c°
- v- G-‰h- pw- Iq-Sp-Xe- p-≈-
Pn-√-
{][m\s∏´ hkv X pXIƒ
310. 1921˛¬- B-Zy-sØ- A-Jn-e- tI-c-f- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- -k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\p- th-Zn-
bm-bX - v˛- - H-‰∏
- m-ew- (k-tΩ-f\ - Ø- n¬- A-
[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv-˛- Sn.-{]-Im-iw-)-
311.- -Im-‰n¬- \n-∂pw- ssh-Zyp-Xn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-
°p-∂- ]-≤-Xn- t- I-cf - Ø
- n-se-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
B-Zy-am-bn- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- I-©n-t°m-Sv-
312.- -]q¿-W-am-bn- ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-cn-®- tI-c-f-
Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]-©m-b-Øv-˛- I-Æm-
Sn-
313.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Iw-]yq-´¿-h-Xv-
Ir-X- Xm-eq-t°m-^o-kv-˛- H-‰-∏m-ew-
314.- t- I-cf - Ø - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn-hc
Xn-I- hn-Zym- Pn-√-˛- ]m-e-°m-Sv-
315.- -]q¿-W-am-bpw- ku-tcm¿-P-Øn¬- {]-h¿-
Øn-°p-∂- tI-cf - Ø- n-se- B-Zy-sØ- {Km-
a-]-©m-b-Øv- ˛- s]-cp-am-´n-
316.- -F¬.-C.-Un.- {Km-aw- ]-≤-Xn-°m-bn- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- ]-©m-b-Øm-Wv- ]m-e-
°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se- s]-cn-tßm-´p-Ip-dn-»n.-
317.- t- I-cf - Ø - n-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- A-Ws - °-
´v-˛- a-e-ºp-g-
318.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- sd-bn¬-th- Pw-Kv-j-\p-I-
fn¬- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-Xv-˛- sjm¿-Wq¿-
319.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- a-g-°m-Sv-
˛- ssk-e-‚ v- hm-en-
320.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-cn-ºv- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-
°p-∂- Pn-√-
321.- G- ‰ - h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-´p-t]m-Øp-Iƒ- Im-
W-s∏-Sp-∂- tI-cf - Ø
- n-se- h-\y-Po-hn- k-
t¶-Xw-˛- ]-d-ºn-°p-fw-
322.- t- I-cf - Ø - n¬- k-ly-\p- Ip-dp-sI-bp-≈- G-
Icƒ
648. ]nØckw Dev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- {K-Ÿn-
649.- -a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬- c-‡w- I-´- ]n-Sn-
°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b- h-kv-Xp- \n¿-an-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
650.- -A-an-X-am-bn- e-l-cn-]m-\o-b-߃- D-]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-aq-ew- G-X-h-b-h-Øn-
\m-Wv- Iq-Sp-X¬- \m-i-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv-
651.- -a-Zy-]m-\w- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tZm-j-
I-c-am-bn- _m-[n-°p-∂- i-co-cm-h-b-hw-
652.- i
- c- o-cØ
- n¬- I-S∂
- p-Iq-Sp-∂- hn-jh
- k
- v-
Xp-°ƒ- \-in-∏n-°m-≥ \n-bp-‡-am-b-
A-h-b-hw-
653.- -i-co-c-Øn-se- cm-k-]-co-£-W-im-e-
654.- -ko-tdm-kn-kv- _m-[n-°p-∂- A-h-b-hw-
655.- -G-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®m-Wv- sl-t∏m-t‰m-f-Pn-
Ãv- ]-T-\w- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv-
tIcfØnse Pn√Iƒ˛4
‰-hpw- h-en-b- Np-cw-˛- ]m-e° - m-Sv- Np-cw-
323.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `q-an-
Im¿-jn-Im-h-iy-Øn-\v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-
Pn-√- ]m-e-°m-Sm-Wv.-
324.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- hr-µm-h-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- a-e-ºp-g- D-Zym-\w-
325.- -]m-h-ß-fp-sS- Du-´n-˛- s\-√n-bm-º-Xn-
326.- -a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn¬- ssk-c-{‘o-h-\w- F-
∂- t]-cn¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
ssk-e-‚ v- hm-en-
327.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- sd-bn¬-th- kn-‰n- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- sjm¿-Wq¿-
328.- -]m-e-°m-S-≥ Ip-∂p-I-fp-sS- dm-Wn- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- s\-√n-bm-º-Xn-
329.- ]- g
- b
- I - m-eØ
- v- \m-ep-tZ-iw- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-
´n-cp-∂- ÿ-e-am-Wv- Nn-‰q¿.-
330.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- in-
h-t£-{X-ßf - n-sem-∂m-b- I¬-∏m-Øn- hn-
iz-\m-Y-t£-{Xw- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛-
]m-e-°m-Sv-
331.- -I¬-∏m-Øn- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- B-tLm-j-
am-Wv- c-tYm¬-k-hw-
332.- t- I-cf- Ø- n-se- c-≠m-as- Ø- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-
\w-˛- ssk-e-‚ v- hm-en-
333.- -]m-e-°m-Sv- tIm-´- \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- ssl-Z-
cm-en-
- - km-t¶-
334.- -C-t∏mƒ- ]m-e-°m-Sv- tIm-´- B¿-°n-tbm-
f-Pn-°¬- k¿-th- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- Io-
gn-em-Wv.-
335.- -ssl-Z-cm-en-sb- tI-c-fw- B-{I-an-°m-≥
£-Wn-®-Xv-˛- ]m-e-°m-Sv- tIm-an- A-®-≥
336.- ]
- m-e°- m-Sv- a-Wn- A-ø¿- G-Xv- kw-Ko-tXm-
]-I-c-W-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-
ar-Zw-Kw-
337.- F
- w.-Sn.- hm-kp-tZ-h≥- \m-b¿- P-\n-®- ÿ-
ew-˛- Iq-S-√q¿- (a-T-Øn¬- sX-t°-∏m-´v-
hm-kp-tZ-h-≥ \m-b¿- F-∂m-Wv- ap-gp-h-
≥ t]-cv-)-
338.- a
- e
- ∏
- p-dw- Pn-√b
- n-em-Wv- P-\n-®s
- X-¶n-epw-
656.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- bq-dn-b- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-
°p-∂- A-h-b-hw-
657.- -]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\- ti-jn-bp-≈- G-I- B-
¥-cm-h-b-hw-
658.- -F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv- sl-
∏m-t‰m-f-Pn-
659.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- {K-Ÿn-
660.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- B-¥-cm-h-b-hw-
082
]m-e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se- Nn-‰q-cn¬- Po-hn- 359.- -i-cm-i-cn- Xm-]-\n-e- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-b- Pn-
X-Øn-s‚- A-h-km-\-Im-ew- I-gn-®p-Iq-´n- √-bm-Wv- ]m-e-°m-Sv.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-
b- I-hn-˛- F-gp-Ø-—-≥ hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Nq-S-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂- ÿ-
339.- -bp.-F-≥.- A-≠¿- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-em-b- ew- sIm-√w- Pn-√-bn-se- ]p-\-eq-cm-Wv.-
a-e-bm-fn-˛- i-in- X-cq¿-
340.- C- ¥ - y-≥ \m-jW - ¬- tIm-¨{- K-kv- A-[y-
£-\m-b- G-I- a-e-bm-fn-bm-b- kn.-i-¶-c-
≥ \m-b-cp-sS- kz-tZ-iw- a-¶-c-bm-Wv.-
341.- -Ip-©-≥ \-ºym¿- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- e-°n-
Sn- (]n-∂o-Sv- \-ºym¿- A-º-e-∏p-g-bn-epw-
Xn-cp-h\ - ¥
- ] - p-cØ - pw- Xm-ak - n-®p.- kw-kv-
Ir-X- I-hn-bm-b- cm-a- ]m-Wn-hm-Z-\pw- Ip-
©-≥ \-ºym-cpw- H-cm-fm-sW-∂v- Nn-e- ]-
Wv-Un-X¿- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-)-
342.- I- p-©≥ - \-ºym¿- kva - m-cI
- w- ÿn-Xn- sN-
øp-∂-Xv-˛- In-≈n-°p-dn-»n- aw-K-ew-
343.- -a-e-_m¿- kn-a-‚ v-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- hm-
f-bm¿-
344.- -Hm-d-©p-tXm-´-߃-°p- {]-kn-≤-am-b-
ÿ-ew-˛- s\-√n-bm-º-Xn- 360.- -knw-l-hm-e-≥ Ip-c-ßp-Iƒ-°p- {]-kn-
≤-am-b- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-˛- ssk-e-‚ v-
345.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-dp-Ø- a-Æv- Im-W-s∏-Sp-
∂- {]-[m-\- {]-tZ-iw-˛- Nn-‰q¿- (]-cp-Øn- hm-en-
361.- -ssk-e-‚ v- hm-en-bp-sS- {]-tXy-I-X- B-
Ir-jn-°v- A-\p-tbm-Pyw-)-
346.- ]- m-e° - m-Sv- Pn-√b - n¬- sd-bn¬- tIm-®v- ^m- Zy-am-bn- Xn-cn-®d - n-™X - pw- B- t]-cp- \¬-
Iv-S-dn- -ÿm-]n-°m-≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂- ÿ- In-b-Xpw- {_n-´o-jp-Im-cm-Wv.-
ew-˛- I-©n-t°m-Sv- 362.- s- h-Sn-πm-hp-Iƒ- [m-cm-fa - p-≈X - n-\m-em-Wv-
347.- -ssP-\n-ta-Sv- F-∂- Ip-∂v- G-Xv- Pn-√-bn- ssk-e‚ - v- hm-en- knw-lh - m-e≥ - Ip-cß - p-
em-Wv-˛- ]m-e-°m-Sv- I-fp-sS- B-hm-kt- I-{µ-am-Im-≥ Im-cW - w,-
348.- -am-º-g-Ir-jn-°v- {]-kn-≤-am-b- ]m-e-°m- 363.- -tI-c-f-Øn-eq-sS- {]-th-i-\- am¿-K-an-√m-
S-≥ {Km-a-am-Wv- ap-X-e-a-S.- Ø- tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-I- h-\y-Po-hn- k-
349.- -I¿-Wm-S-I- kw-Ko-X-Øn-se- A-Xn-Im-b- t¶-Xw-˛- ]-d-ºn-°p-fw-
\m-bn-cp-∂- sN-ssº- ssh-Zy-\m-Y- `m-K- 364.- X- a
- n-gv\ - m-´n-se- s]m-≈m-®n- h-gn-bm-Wv- C-
h-X-cp-sS- kz-tZ-i-am-Wv- tIm-´m-bn.- hn-tS-°v- {]-th-i-\w.-
350.- ]- d
- º - n-°p-fw- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-XØ - n-s‚- 365.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-I- a-bn¬- k-t¶-X-am-
B-ÿm-\-am-Wv- Xq-W-°-S-hv.- b- Nq-e-∂q¿- ]o-^uƒ- km-Mv-Nz-dn- ]m-
351.- I- m-´p-t]m-Øp-Iƒ-°v- {]-kn-≤a - m-b- h-\y- e-°m-Sv,- Xr-»q¿- Pn-√-I-fn-em-bn- hym-]n-
Po-hn- k-t¶-X-am-Wv- ]-d-ºn-°p-fw.- ®p-In-S-°p-∂p.-
352.- -G‰ - h- pw- ]-g° - w-Iq-Sn-b- tX-°p-ac - a- m-b- I- 366.- -aw-K-ew- Umw- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- aw-K-
∂n-ac - w- ]-dº- n-°p-fw- k-t¶-XØ - n-em-Wv.- ew-\Z- n-bp-sS- H-cp- t]m-jI - \
- Z- n-bm-b- sN-
353.- ]- d- º - n-°p-fw- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-Xw- ÿm- dp-Ip-∂-∏p-g-bn-em-Wv.-
]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1973 367.- -]m-e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se- A-\p-jv-Tm-\-I-e-
354.- -ssk-e-‚ v- hm-en- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\-am-bn- bm-Wv- I-Wym¿-I-fn.-
-{]-Jym-]n-°s - ∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1984 (tI-cf - - 368.- I- m-\m-bn- Ip-™n-cm-a≥ - cq-]I - ¬-]\ - - sN-
Øn-se- c-≠m-as - Ø- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\a - m- bv-X- b-£n- F-∂- {]-Xn-a- a-e-ºp-g- D-Zym-
b- C-Xv- \n-eh - n¬- h-∂t- ∏mƒ- cm-Po-hv- Km- \-Øn-em-Wv.-
‘n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-).- 369.- -ti-J-co-h¿-a-≥am¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-
355.- -C-¥y-≥ sS-e-t^m-¨- C-≥U-kv-{So-kv- Xv- ]m-e° - m-s´- \m-´p- cm-Pm-°≥ - am-cm-Wv.-
]m-e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- I- 370.- t- im-I\ - m-in-\n-∏p-gb - p-sS- Xo-cØ - m-Wv- F-
©n-t°m-Sv- gp-Ø-—-≥ ÿm-]n-®- a-Tw.-
356.- -]m-e-°m-Sv- sd-bn¬-th- Un-hn-j-s‚- B- 371.- -tIm-b-º-Øq¿- \-K-c-Øn¬- P-e-sa-Øn-
ÿm-\w-˛- H-e-h-t°m-Sv- (]m-e-°m-Sv-)- °p-∂-Xv- in-cp-hm-Wn- A-W-s°-´n¬-\n-
357.- -s\-√p- K-th-j-W- tI-{µw-˛- ]-´m-ºn- (C- ∂m-Wv.-
¥y-bn-se- {]-kn-≤-am-b- s\-√p- K-th-j- 372.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- Hm-d-©p-Ir-jn-bp-≈- G-I-
W- tI-{µw- H-do- -bn-se- I-´-°n-em-Wv-)- Pn-√-bm-Wv- ]m-e-°m-Sv.-
358.- I- c - n-ºv- K-th-jW - - tI-{µw-˛- ta-t\m-≥]m- 373.- A- ´- ∏ - m-Sn- h-\h - X- vI
- c- W - - ]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-sS-
d- (]-Ø-\w-Xn-´- Pn-√-bn-se- Xn-cp-h-√-bn- `m-K-am-bn- ]p-\¿-P-\n-®- \-Zn-bm-Wv- sIm-
epw- I-cn-ºv- K-th-j-W- tI-{µ-ap-≠v-)- Sp-ß-c- ]-≈w.-
374.- s- N-≠,-a±- f - w- Xp-Sß - n-b- Xp-I¬- hm-tZym-
]-Ic - W- ß - f - p-sS- \n¿-am-WØ - n-\p- {]-kn-
661.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- C-cp-ºv- ti-J-cn-
®p-h-®n-cn-°p-∂- A-h-b-hw-
≤-am-b- ÿ-e-am-Wv- s]-cp-th-º.-
375.- -`m-c-X-∏p-g-bp-sS- \m-ep- {]-[m-\- t]m-j-
662.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- F-≥ssk-ap-Iƒ- I-\-Zn-I-fm-Wv- Km-b-{Xn-∏p-g,- I-Æm-Sn-∏p-
D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- A-h-b-hw- g,- I¬-∏m-Øn-∏p-g,- Xq-X-∏p-g- F-∂n-h.-
663.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-‰m-an-≥ F- ti- 376.- - N n- ‰ q¿- ∏ p- g ,- A- a - c m- h - X n- ∏ p- g - F- ∂ o-
J-cn-°p-∂- A-h-b-hw- t]-cp-I-fn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- I-Æm-Sn-∏p-
664.- -i-co-c-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A- g-bm-Wv.-
tam-Wn-b- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- A-h-b- 377.- ]- m-em¿,- B-fn-bm¿,- D-∏m¿- F-∂n-h- tN¿-
hw- ∂v- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂- \-Zn-bm-Wv- I-Æm-
665.- -a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en- Sn-∏p-g.-
b- c-≠m-a-sØ- A-h-b-hw- 378.- -Km-b-{Xn-∏p-g-bp-sS- A-©v- t]m-j-I-\-
666.- -a-™-∏n-Øw- _m-[n-°p-∂- i-co-cm- Zn-I-fm-Wv- aw-K-ew- ]p-g,-A-b-eq¿- ]p-g,-
h-b-hw- h-≠m-gn-∏p-g,- ao-¶-c-∏p-g,-Np-≈n-bm¿- F-
667.- -c-‡-Øn-se- A-tam-Wn-b- bq-dn-b- ∂n-h.-
B-°n- am-‰-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- F-hn-sS-h-®m- 379.- -tIm-c-bm¿,- h-c-´m¿,- hm-f-bm¿,- a-e-ºp-g-
Wv- F-∂n-h- I¬-∏m-Øn-∏p-g-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-
668.- -ssl-∏-ss‰-‰n-kv- _m-[n-°p-∂- A- \-Zn-I-fm-Wv.-
h-b-hw- 380.- -Ip-¥n-∏p-g-bpw- Im-™n-c-∏p-g-bpw- Xq-X-
∏p-g-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-IfmWv.
 XncphnXmwIq¿ cmPm°≥am¿˛2
t{km-X p-Ifm-bn-cp-∂p.-
[¿-acm-Pm-hv- 394. \n- I p- X n- h Ip- ∏ p- ]p- \ kw- L Sn- ∏ n- ®
407. ae_m-dn-s\ ASn-bdhv- ]dbn-®v- Bep-
hhsc ap-t∂dn-b Sn-∏p- kp¬Øm-s‚
Iem-kmw-kI
hm-gvØ
v- m-cn-I ]cn-t]m-jI\m-bpw-
- s∏Sp-∂ t{ijvT - hy-‡n-Xz-am-Wv-
381. Im¿-Øn-IXn-cp-\mƒ- cm-ah¿-a alm-cm- Aø∏≥- am¿-Øm-fi≥-]n-≈ cm-Py- ap-t∂‰Øn-\p- XSbn-Sm≥- ]cym-]v-Xam- [¿-acm-Pm-hn-t‚Xv.-
Pm-hm-Wv- [¿-acm-Pm-hv- F∂dn-bs∏Sp- sØ sXt°ap-Jw,- hSt°ap-Jw,- ]Sn- b XcØn¬- {]Xn-tcm-[w- kw-LSn-∏n- 415. km-aq-Xn-cn-sb ]cm-Pbs∏Sp-Øp-Ibqw-
∂Xv.- ™m- t dap- J w- F∂n- ß s\ aq- ∂ p- ®Xpw- cm-Pm-tIihZm-ks‚ t\´am-Wv.- Sn-∏p-hn-s\ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-
382. 1758 ap-X¬- 1798 hsc 40 h¿-jw- `cn-® dh\yq-taJeIfm-bn- Xn-cn-®p.- 408. "hen-b Zn-hm≥-Pn'- F∂v- P\w- BZc]q¿- X At±lw-1766¬- c≠mw- Xr-∏Sn-Zm-
At±lam-Wv- B[p-\n-I Xn-cp-hn-Xmw- 395. Chbp-sS `cWm-[n-Im-cw- k¿-hm-[n-Im- hw- hn-fn-® At±lw- cm-Py-]p-tcm-KXn-°m- \hpw- \SØn.-
Iq¿- G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- `cn-® cm- cy-°m¿-°m-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-Ip-Xn-]n-cn-hv- bn- _lphn-[Øn-ep-≈ I¿-a]cn-]m-Sn- 416. kz-¥w- Ir-Xn-Ifm¬- At±lw- aebm-
Pm-hv.- {Iao-Icn-°p-Ibpw- Ir-Xy-am-bn- IW°p- Iƒ- Bhn-jvI - cn-®p \S∏m-°n.- fkm-ln-Xy-sØ [\y-am-°n.- `cXap-\n-
383. ssakq¿- ]Stbm- ´ sØØp- S ¿- ∂ v - kq-£n-°m≥- G¿-∏m-Sp-≠m-°p-Ibpw- 409. 1773¬- At±lw- ka{Kam-b Hcp- dh\yp- bp-sS "\m-Sy-im-k{v- X'-sØ At±lw- kw-
ae_m-dn¬-\n-∂p- ]em-b\w-sNbv-Xv- Xn- sNbv-Xp.- k¿-th \SØn.- At\Iw- tXm-Sp-Ifpw- kIr-XØn¬- cNn-®Xm-Wv- "_m-ecm-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-seØn-b A`bm¿-Yn-Iƒ- 396. Ir- j n- s Nøm- h p- ∂ Xcn- i p- tdm-Up-Ifpw- \n¿-an-®v- KXm-KXku-Icyw- a`cXw'.-
°v- [m¿-an-I\o-Xn-tbm-sS A`bw- \¬- {]tZißsf√mw- h≥-tXm-Xn¬- Ir-jn- sa®s∏Sp-Øn- hym-]m-csØ t{]m-’m- 417. _m-ecm-ah¿-a cNn-® B´°YIfm-Wv-
In-bXn-\m-em-Wv- At±lw- "[¿-acm-Pm- °v- D]bp-‡am-°n¿-Ø At±lam-Wv- ln-∏n-®p.- cm-Pkq-bw,- kp-`{Zm-lcWw,- ]m-©m-eo-
hv'- F∂dn-bs∏´Xv.- \o-≠Icbv-°Sp-Ø h\{]tZiw- Ir-jn- 410. PetkN\ ku-Icy-߃- sa®s∏Sp- kz-bw-hcw,- _Ih[w,- Ieym-Wku-
384. `cWX{¥⁄m-XsIm-≠pw- kw-kv-Im- `qan-bm-°n- am-‰n-bXv.- Øn- ]p-Xn-b `q-an-Iƒ- Ir-jn-°-v A\p-tbm- K‘n-Iw- Xp-Sßn-bh.-
ckºØp-sIm-≠pw- D∂Xio¿-j\m-b 397. h¿-°esb Hcp- ]´Wam-°n- hIkn- Py-am-°n-Øo¿-Øp.- Cu- hn-[Øn¬- \m- 418. Iem-Im-c∑m-sc At±lw- Bhp-∂{X
Cu- cm-Pm-hn-s\ ]n-Xr-\n¿-hn-tijam-b ∏n-® t\´hpw- Aø∏≥- am¿-Øm-fi≥- \m-hn-[ {]h¿-Ø\ßfn-eq-sS D¬-°r-„ t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-®p.- {]ikv-X \S∑m-
_lp- a m- \ tØm- s S "In- g h≥- c m- P m- ]n-≈bv-°v- AhIm-is∏´Xm-Wv.- tkh\w- Im-gvN - h® B I¿-atbm-Kn-sb scbpw- Km-bIscbpw- taf°m-scbpw-
sh∂pw'- hn-fn-®p.- 398. sIm-®n-cm-Pm-hp-am-bpw- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-am- ]n¬-°m-eØv- Zp-c¥ßƒ- th´bm-Sn.- Dƒ-s∏Sp-Øn- Hcp sIm-´m-cw- IYIfn-
385. am¿-Øm-fih¿-asbØp-S¿-∂v- A[n-Im- bp-≈ bp-≤߃-°v- t\Xr-Xzw- ]I¿-∂ 411. [¿- a cm- P m- h n- s ‚ acWtijw- tbm-Kw- At±lw- G¿-s∏Sp-Øn.-
cta‰ Im¿-Øn-IXn-cp-\mƒ- cm-ah¿-a At±lw- bq-k^vJ - m-\p-am-bp-≈ If°m- At±lsØ D]Pm-]Ikw-Lw- A[n- 419. Ip-©≥-\ºym¿-°pw- DÆm-bn-hm-cy¿-
Xs‚ ap≥- K m- a n- b p- s S ssk\n- I hpw- Sv- bp-≤hpw- \bn-®p.- Im-c{`„\m-°n.- °pw- At±lØn-s‚ t{]m-’m-l\w-
`cW]chpw- kmw- k v - I m- c n- I hp- a m- b 399. Ir-jv-W]p-cw- sIm-´m-cw- ]p-Xn-b ÿm- 412. Xm-akn-bm-sX Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cØv- tIm- e`n-®n-cp-∂p.-
\b߃ Xp-S¿-∂p.- \Øv- ]Wn-bn-°p-∂Xn-\pw- At±lw- ´bv-°IsØ hkXn-bn¬- Zp-cq-lam-b 420. ]fin-X∑m-scbpw- Ihn-Isfbpw- t{]m-
386. Beßm-Spw- ]dhq-cpw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq- ta¬-t\m-´w- hln-®p.- km-lNcy-Øn¬- A¥cn-®p (1799).- ’m-ln-∏n-°m-\pw- ]m-cn-tXm-jn-I߃-
dn-t\m-Sv- Iq-´n-t®¿-ØXv- Im¿-Øn-IXn-cp- 400. sIm-√w-˛]p-d°m-Sv- tdm-Un-s‚ \n¿-am- 413. Un-et\m-bn-bp-sS tkh\hpw- [¿-acm- \¬-In- _lp-am-\n-°m-\pw- Im¿-Øn-IXn-
\m-fm-Wv.- Whpw- At±lØn-s‚ `cWt\´am-Wv.- Pm-hn-\v- ap-X¬-°q-´m-bn.- ssakq¿-∏Sbp- cp-\mƒ- CSbv-°n-sS ]fin-XkZ p-
387. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ cm-P[m-\n- ]fl\m- 401. DØtc¥y≥- am-Xr-I A\p-kcn-®v- "Zn- sS ap-t∂‰sØ {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂Xn¬- Iƒ- hn-fn-®p-Iq-´m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- a‰p-
`]p-cØp-\n-∂v- Xn-cp-h\¥]p-ctØ°v- hm≥'- F∂ ]Zhn- kzo-Icn-® BZy-sØ \n¿-Wm-bI ]¶p-hln-® s\Sp-t¶m-´bp- aXßtfm-Spw- At±lw- Hu-Zm-cy-]q¿-hw-
am-‰n-bXv- At±lØn-s‚ Im-eØm-Wv.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- {][m-\a{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- sS \n¿-am-WØn-\p- ta¬-t\m-´w- hln- s]cp-am-dn.- tIcfØn-s‚ kmw-kv-Im-cn-
388. am¿-Øm-fih¿-abp-sS Im-eØv- ]p-tcm- tIih]n-≈.- ®Xv- Un-et\m-bn-bm-Wv.- INcn-{XØn¬- Hcp- kp-{][m-\ A[ym-
Kan-®n-cp-∂ ]fl\m-`kzm-an- t£{XØn- 402. At±lØn-s‚ `cWX{¥⁄Xbn¬- 414. alm-]fin-X\m-bpw- tbm-≤m-hm-bpw- bam-Wv- [¿-acm-Pm-hn-s‚ `cWIm-ew.-
se tKm-]p-cØn-s‚ \n¿-am-Ww- ]q¿-Øn- aXn- ® p- t Xm- ∂ n- b Kh¿- W ¿- P\d¬-
bm-°n-bXv- Ct±lØn-s‚ `cWIm- tam¿-Wn-Mv-S¨- {]`p- (sh√…n- {]`p)-
eØm-Wv.- At±lØn-\v- "cm-Pm'- F∂ _lp-aXn-
389. k]v-Xkz-c߃- tIƒ-∏n-°p-∂ {]tXy- \¬- I n.- tIih]n- ≈ hn- \ b]q¿- h w-
t]cn-s\m-∏w- "Zm-k≥'- F∂p-Iq-Sn- Iq-´n-
samdm¿Pn tZimbn
IXcw- I¬- Ø q- W p- I tfm- S v - Iq- S n- b
{]ikv-Xam-b Ip-etiJcafi]w- {io- t®¿-Øv- cm-Pm-tIihZm-k\m-bn.-
403. Be∏p-gsb Hcp- Xp-dap-J]´Wam-°n- 691. \meph¿jØn-sem-cn-°¬- ]n-d-∂m- 706.- -ap-Jy-a-{¥n-ÿm-\w- h-ln-®-ti-jw-
]fl\m-`kzm-an- t£{XØn¬- \n¿-an- fm-tLm-jn-®n-cp-∂- (^n-{_-h-cn- 29 {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-b- B-
®Xpw- C°m-eØm-Wv.- hn-Ikn-∏n-®Xv- cm-Pm-tIihZm-kv- BWv.-
404. Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cØv- Nm-e°tºm-fhpw- B-Wv- P-∑-Zn-\w-)- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- Zy- hy-‡n-
390. {_n-´o-j-v ta¬-t°m-ba-v Aw-Ko-Icn-®p-sIm- 692.- -`m-cy-bpw- `¿-Øm-hpw- B-Zm-b- \n-Ip- 707.- -cm-Pn-h-®- B-Zy- D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
≠p-≈ DSºSn- H∏p-h®Xv 1795em-Wv.- At±lw- ]Wn-Ign-∏n-®p.-
405. sX°≥- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se tIm-´m-dn- Xn- Zm-b-I-cm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ- \¬-In- 708.- c- m-PvL
- ´- n¬-h® - v- k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄- sN-
391. CXv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-¿- Ncn-{XØn¬- Zq- h-∂n-cp-∂- Po-hn-X-]-¶m-fn- A-e-h- bv-X- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
chym-]Iam-b ^e߃- Dfhm-°n.- s\ Hcp- hym-]m-c\Kcam-°n- hn-Ikn-∏n-
s®Sp-Ø At±lw- Ip-f®¬,- hn-gn-™w, ≥kv- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b- [-\-a-{¥n- 709.- -D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-\p- ]p-d-Øv- (A-l-Ω-
392. 1789¬- U®p-Im-cn¬-\n-∂v- sIm-Sp-ß√q¿- 693.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-¨-{K- Zm-_m-Zv)- - kw-kvI - c- n-°s - ∏-´- B-Zy- {]-
tIm- ´ bpw- ]≈n- ∏ p- d w- tIm- ´ bpw- ]q-¥p-d Xp-Sßn- \n-ehn-ep-≈ Xp-dap-
J߃- sa®s∏Sp-Øn.- kn-X-c- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- [m-\-a-{¥n-
At±lw- hn-ebv-°p-hm-ßn.- 694.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Iq-Sn- 710.- -kn-hn¬- sk¿-h-‚m-bn- (U-]yq-´n- I-
393. ssk\n-IX{¥⁄Xbn-epw- `cWIp- 406. hym- ] m- c ]p- t cm- K Xn- ° p- t h≠n- hn- g n-
™w- Hcp- sNdn-b Xp-dap-Jam-°n- hn- b- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- f-Iv-S¿-)- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- Po-hn-X-am-cw-
ieXbn-epw- A{KKWy-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂ 695.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- ]-c-tam-∂-X- _-lp-a-Xn- `n-®v- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- ÿm-\-
Aø∏≥- am¿- Ø m- fi ≥- ] n- ≈ bpw- Ikn-∏n-®v- Ahn-sS I∏ep-Iƒ- \n¿-an-
°m≥- G¿-∏m-Sp-≠m-°p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- bm-b- `m-cX - c
- X
- v\- b - pw- ]m-In-kvX
- m-s‚- sØ-Øn-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-
tIih]n-≈bpw- cm-Pm-hn-s‚ i‡n- ]-c-tam-∂-X- _-lp-a-Xn-bm-b- \n-jm- 711.- -tem-Im-bp-‡- cq-]h - X - I
-v c - n-°p-∂X - n-\-v
≥˛-C˛- ] - m-In-kvX - m-\pw- e-`n-®- G-I- C- ip-]m¿-i- sN-bX -v - `-cW - ] - c - n-jI
-v m-c- k-
¥y-°m-c-≥ an-Xn-bp-sS- A-[y-£\ - m-bn-cp-∂X - v-
e≠≥ 696.- -cm-Pn-sh-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a- 712.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bp-sS- Im-em-h-[n- A-©p-
669. ^vfo-‰v- kv-{So-‰v- G-Xp- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv- {¥n- h¿-j-Øn¬-\n-∂v- 42a-sØ- t`-Z-K-Xn-
670.- -{_n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-k-Xn-bm-Wv- _-°nw-Kv-lmw- sIm-´m-cw- F- 697.- -D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b-ti-jw- C-¥y- bn-eq-sS- B-dp-h¿-j-am-°n-b-Xv- A-
hn-sS-bm-Wv- ≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n- ©p-h¿-j-am-bn- ]p-\-ÿm-]n-®- {]-[m-
671.- -bp-ssW-‰-Uv- Inw-Kv-U-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- 698.- -D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-\p- ]p-d-Øp-≈- a-Wv- \-a-{¥n-
672.- -bq-tdm-∏n¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ssl-Uv- ]m¿-°v- U-e-Øn¬-\n-∂p-P-bn-®v- {]-[m-\-a- 713.- -]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-\p-]p-d-Øp-h-®v- k-Xy-{]-
673.- -Im-d¬- am¿-Iv-kn-s\- a-d-hp-sN-bv-X- ÿ-ew- {¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n- Xn-⁄- sN-bv-Xv- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰- {]-
674.- -lm¿-en- kv-{So-‰v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- 699.- D- Ø
- ¿-{]-tZ-in-\p- ]p-dØ - p-P\- n-®- B- [m-\-a-{¥n-
675.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S- s]m-Xp-k-`-bp-sS- B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-\p- th-Zn-bm-b- \-K-cw- Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- 714.- -_m-¶v- tZ-i-km-Xv-I-c-Ww- \-S-Øpw-
676.- -t_m-≠v- kv-{So-‰v- G-Xp- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv-˛- 700.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- _-P-‰v- (10)- A-h- ap-ºv- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- B-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv-
677.- -td-Un-tbm- {]-t£-]W - w,- sS-en-hn-j≥
- kw-t{]-£W - w- F-∂n-e- B-cw-`n-®- \-Kc- w- X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈- tI-{µ-[-\-a-{¥n- [-\-a-{¥n-]-Zw- G-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xv-
678.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- s{S-bn-≥ k¿-ho-kv- B-cw-`n-®- \-K-cw- 701.- -U-]yq-´n- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- F-∂- \n-e- 715.- -1966˛¬- \n-b-an-°-s∏-´-H-∂mw- `-c-W-
679.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- sa-t{Sm- sd-bn¬-th- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- \-K-cw- bn-epw- [-\-a-{¥n- F-∂- \n-e-bn-epw- ]-cn-jv-Im-c- k-an-Xn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-
680.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy- sS-Ãv- Syq-_v- in-ip- P-\n-®- \-K-cw- _-UvP - ‰- v- A-hX - c - n-∏n-®- B-Zy- `-cW- m- \m-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
681.- -_m-¶v- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bm-Wv- cm-Py-Øn-\p-]p-d-Øv- im-J- B-cw-`n-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ [n-Im-cn- 716.- -1977˛¬- A-tim-Iv- ta-Ø- I-Ωn-‰n-sb-
_m-¶v- (1946).- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- Cu- im-J- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- 702.- -\m-Nyp-tdm-∏-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®v- ]p-kv-X- \n-tbm-Kn-®- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
682.- -_n-Kv- s_-≥ F-∂- t¢m-°v- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- I-sa-gp-Xn-b- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- 717.- -1977˛¬- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®- P-\-Xm-]m¿-
683.- -B-[p-\n-I- _m-_n-tem-¨- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- 703.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 44˛mw- t`-Z-K-Xn-bn- ´n-bp-sS- B-Zy- A-[y-£-≥
684.- -bp-ssW-‰-Uv- Inw-Kv-U-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- eq-sS- kz-Ø-h-Im-i-sØ- au-en-Im- 718.- -a-Wv-U¬- I-Ωo-j-s\- \n-b-an-®-Xv- G-
685.- -eo-Kv- Hm-^v- t\-j-≥kv- B-Zy-am-bn- tbm-Kw-tN¿-∂- \-K-cw- h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS- ]-´n-I-bn¬-\n-∂pw- Xv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv-
686.- -G-Xv- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv- ssl-tK-‰v- sk-an-tØ-cn- \o-°w- sN-bv-X- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- 719.- -H-∂mw- A-Uva - n-\n-kvt- {S-‰o-hv- dn-t^mw-
687.- -hnw-_nƒ-U-¨- Sq¿-W-sa-‚ v- \-S-°p-∂- \-K-cw- 704.- -`m-c-X-c-Xv-\- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- tIm-¨- kv- I-Ωn-js - ‚- A-[y-£\ - m-bn-cp-∂X - v-
688.- -tem¿-Uv-kv- {In-°-‰v- tÃ-Unbw FhnsSbmWv {K-kn-X-c- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- 720.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- kz-¥w- P-\-\-Øo-
689. temIØmZyambn t]mUv Im¿ kwhn[m\w \nehn¬ h∂Xv 705.- -A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-se- A-`-b-L-´n¬- b-Xn-bn¬- (^n-{_-h-cn- 29)- _-Uv-P-‰v-
690. tIma¨sh¬Øns‚ Bÿm\w A-¥y-\n-{Z- sIm-≈p-∂- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- G-I- [-\-a-{¥n

083
 Question Bag
456.- -k-b-‚ n-^n-Iv- am-t\-Pv-sa-‚ n-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-
`mjbpw sØ-°p-dn-®v- B-Zyw- Nn-¥n-®-Xv-˛- B¬-
{^-Uv- B-Uv-e¿- ˛- s{^-U-dn-Iv- sS-bv-e¿- 482.- h
≈- t]-cv-˛- A-se-Iv-kn-b-
- n-Pb- - \-Kc- - cm-Pm-°≥- am¿- t{]m¬-km-
hn⁄m\imJIfpw 440.- -B-[p-\n-I- tkm-tjym-f-Pn-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-
hv- ˛-am-Iv-kv- sh-_¿-
457.- -G-Xp- `m-j-bm-Wv- Iym-ºv- emw-tKz-Pv- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- D¿-Zp-
ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂- `m-j-˛- sX-ep-¶v-
483.- -¢m-kn-°¬- `m-jm- ]-Z-hn- \¬-I-s∏-´-
421. skt^m-f-Pn- F-¥p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- 441.- -A-©p-`m-j-I-fn¬- h-cn-I-fp-≈- tZ-io-b- 458.- -Kp-l-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w-˛- kv-]o-en- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ `m-j-˛- X-an-gv-
]-T-\-am-Wv-˛- C-e-£-≥ Km-\-ap-≈- cm-Pyw-˛-Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°- tbm-f-Pn- 484.- -]-c-{¥o-kp-`m-j- F-∂-Xp- sIm-≠v- N-
422.- t- cm-Kß- s - f-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T\ - w-˛- ]m-tXm- 442.- -sN-hn-sb-bpw- A-Xn-s\- _m-[n-°p-∂- 459.- k- q-cy-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T\ - w-˛- lo-en-tbm- cn-{X-Im-c-≥am¿- D-t±-in-°p-∂- `m-j-tb-
≠-f-Pn- tcm-K-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°p-∂- im- f-Pn- Xv-˛- {^-©v-
423.- -sIm-¶-Wn- G-Xv- `m-jm-tKm-{X-Øn-se- kv-{X-im-J-˛- Hm-t´m-f-Pn- 460.- -I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se- kw-kv-Ir-X- {Km-aw-˛- 485.- -]-g-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w-˛- t]m-tam-
`m-j-bm-Wv-˛- C-t¥m- B-cy-≥ 443.- -ln-µp-˛-ap-…nw- sF-Iy-Øn-s‚- ^-e-am- am-´q¿- f-Pn-
424.- -Kp-]v-X-cm-P-k-Z- n-se- `m-j-˛- kw-kv-Ir- bn- cq-]w-sIm-≠- `m-j-˛- D¿-Zp- 461.- -G-Xp- `m-j-bn-se- a-lm-I-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- 486.- -F-¥n-s‚- {]-Xo-I-am-Wv- {Xm-kv-˛- \o-Xn-
Xw- 444.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-bn-se- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m- hn¿-Pn¬-˛- em-‰n-≥ 487.- -C-t°m-f-Pn- F-∂- ]-Zw- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-
425.- -X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- c-≠m-a- j-Iƒ-˛- 6 462.- -B-[p-\n-I- ssh-Zy- im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n- tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛- G-W-Ãv- sl-°¬-
sØ- `m-j-˛- sX-ep-¶v- 445.- -I-Æp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°p-∂- im-kv-{X- Xm-≠-hv-˛- ln-t∏m-{Im-‰-kv- 488.- -im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS- cm-⁄n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
426.- -tUm-{Kn- `m-j- D-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈- kw- im-J-˛- H-^v-Xm¬-tam-f-Pn-`m-c-Xo-b- `m- 463.- -C-¥y-bn¬- ¢m-kn-Iv- `m-jm- ]-Z-hn- e-`n- Sp-∂-Xv-˛- K-Wn-X-im-kv-{Xw-
ÿm-\w-˛- P-Ωp-˛-Im-iv-ao¿- j-I-fn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- a-lm-Im-hyw- cq- ®- c-≠m-a-sØ- `m-j-˛- kw-kv-Ir-Xw- 489.- -Ivf- m-kn-°¬- `m-jm- ]-Zh - n- e-`n-®- B-
427.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\- `m-j-bm-Wv- ]w-sIm-≠- `m-j-˛- kw-kv-Ir-Xw- 464.- -In-‚¿-Km¿-´-≥ G-Xp- `m-j-bn-se- ]-Z-am- Zy- C-t¥m- B-cy-≥ `m-j˛- - kw-kvI - r-Xw-
Zm-cn-˛-A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-≥ 446.- -\-Zn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w-˛- t]m-´-tam- Wv-˛- P¿-a-≥ 490.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- G-Xv- A-b¬- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
428.- -Sm-t°m-t^m-_n-b- F-¥n-t\m-Sp-≈- `-b- f-Pn- 465.- i- n-eI - s- f- kw-_‘ - n-®- ]-T\ - w-˛- en-tØm- Zn-th-Kn- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- am-
am-Wv-˛- th-Kw- 447.- -]¿-h-X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w-˛- Hm- f-Pn- en-Zzo-]v-
429.- C- ¥- y-≥ I-d≥ - kn-bn¬- F-{X- `m-jb - n¬- tdm-f-Pn- 466.- G- ‰ - h
- pw- h-en-b- `m-jm- tKm-{Xw-˛- C-t¥m- 491.- -h-e-Øp-\n-∂pw- C-S-tØm-´v- F-gp-Xn-bn-
aq-eyw- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v-˛- 17 448.- -k-b-‚ n-^n-Iv- am-t\-Pv-sa-‚ n-s‚- ]n-Xm- ˛-bq-tdm-]y-≥ cp-∂- {]m-No-\-`m-c-X-Øn-se- en-]n-˛- J-
430.- -\m-Km-em-≥Un-se- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j- hv-˛- s{^-U-dn-Iv- sS-bv-e¿- 467.- -`-K-h-Xv-Ko-X- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- `m-j-˛- kw-kv- tcm-jv-Sn-
˛- Cw-•o-jv- 449.- -B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- tXm- Ir-Xw- 492.- -A-\v-[¿-°p-th-≠n-bp-≈- en-]n- I-≠p-
431.- -H-dn-b- `m-j- G-Xv- `m-jm-tKm-{X-Øn¬- a-kv- sP-t^-gv-k-¨- 468.- -^n-tem-f-Pn- F-¥p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn- ]n-Sn-®- {^-©p-Im-c-≥˛- eq-bn- {_-bv¬-
s∏-Sp-∂p-˛- C-t¥m- B-cy-≥ 450.- -C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq- °p-∂p-˛- `m-j- 493.- -a-\x-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-
432.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `m-j-Iƒ- kw-km-cn- Sp-X¬- X-t±-io-b- `m-jI - f
- p-≈- kw-ÿm- 469.- -`m-jm-im-kv-{Xw- (enw-Kzn-Ãn-Iv-kv-)- D-cp- b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- kn-‹-≠v- t{^m-bv-Uv-
°-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- ]-∏p-h- \yq-Kn-\n- \w-˛- A-cp-Wm-N¬- {]-tZ-iv- Øn-cn-™- cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y- 494.- I- m-Øe - n-Iv- F-∂- ]-Zw- G-Xp- `m-jb - n¬-
433.- -Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-e-bn-se- kz-cm-£- 451.- C- ¥- y-bn¬- {^-©p-`m-j- kw-km-cn-°s - ∏- 470.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- `m-j-˛- {^- \n-∂m-Wv- \n-jv-]-∂-am-b-Xv-˛- {Ko-°v-
c-ß-fp-sS- F-Æw-˛- 5 Sp-∂- tI-{µ-`c - W
- {- ]-tZ-iw-˛] - p-Xp-t®-cn- ©v- 495.- -Im-gv-N- C-√m-Ø-h¿- F-gp-Xm-≥ D-]-tbm-
434.- -B-tbm-[-\- I-e-I-fp-sS- am-Xm-hv-˛- I-f- 452.- -a-e-bm-f-`m-j- B-Zy-am-bn- A-®-Sn-°-s∏- 471.- -C-t¥m-f-Pn- F-∂m¬-˛- C-¥y-sb-°p-dn- Kn-°p-∂- en-]n-˛- {_-bv¬-
cn-∏-b-‰v- ´-Xv- G-Xp- {K-Ÿ-Øn¬-˛- tlm¿-Øq-kv- ®p-≈- ]-T-\w- 496.- -G-‰-hpw- {]m-No-\-am-b- a-e-bm-fw- en-]n-
435.- -A-\-en-‰n-°¬- tPym-a-{Sn-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- a-e-_m-dn-°-kv- 472.- -\yq-tdm-f-Pn- F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\- ˛- h-s´-gp-Øv-
˛- sd-s\- Z-°m¿-sØ- 453.- a- l
- m-ho-c≥ - ssP-\a - X
- [
- ¿-tam-]t- Z-iw- \- am-Wv-˛- \m-Uo-hyq-lw- 497.- -C-ayp-tWm-f-Pn-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- F-tUz¿-
436.- a- p-Kƒ- `-cW - I - m-es- Ø- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m- S-Øm-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- `m-j-˛- {]m- 473.- - _ - l n- c m- I m- i - Ø v - Po- h - s ‚- Aw- i - a p- Uv- sP-∂¿-
j- ˛- t]¿-jy-≥ Ir-Xw- t≠m- F-∂X - n-s\-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°p-∂- im- 498.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-£-c-ß-fp-≈- `m-
437.- i- m-kv{- Xo-ba - m-bn- ap-b¬- h-f¿-Øp-∂- co- 454.- -G-Xp- `m-j-bn-se- ]-Z-am-Wv- tl-_n-b- kv-{X-im-J-˛- F-Iv-tkm-_-tbm-f-Pn- j-˛- Iw-t_m-Un-b-≥
Xn-°p- ]-d-bp-∂- t]-cv-˛- Iq-Wn-Iƒ-®¿- kv- tIm¿-∏-kv- ˛- em-‰n-≥ 474.- -A-Xy-[n-Iw- Xm-gv-∂- Du-jv-am-hn-s\-°p- 499.- -hm¿-[-Iy-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv-
438.- -]p-cm-h-kv-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°p-∂- 455.- -Izn-kv- F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm- dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w-˛- {I-tbm-P-\n-Iv-kv- ˛- sP-dn-bm-{Sn-Iv-kv-
im-kv-{X-im-J-˛- B¿-°n-tbm-f-Pn- hv-˛- Pnw- sU-bv-en-(A-b¿-e-≥Uv-)- 475.- -Cw-•o-jv- `m-jb - n-se- 5 kz-cm-£c - ß
- f
- pw- 500.- -Hm¿-tØm-{K-^n- F-¥p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-
439.- -A-]-I¿-j-Xm- t_m-[w- F-∂- kz-`m-h- t]-cn-ep-≈- H-cp- k-kyw-˛- tIm-fn-^v-f-h¿- ´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- i-cn-bm-b- D-®m-c-Ww-
476.- -F-¥m-Wv- ho-\-kv-t{Sm-^n-b-˛- ku-µ-cy- 501.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]¿- kw-km-cn-°p-
ap-≈- kv-{Xo-I-tfm-Sp-≈- `-bw-
aZ¿ sXtck 477.- -`q-I-º-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- ko-
∂- {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-˛- sX-ep-¶v-
502.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D-]-tbm-
721. `mcX cXv\w t\Snb c≠m-a- kv-tam-f-Pn- Kn-°p-∂- hn-tZ-i-`m-j-˛- Cw-•o-jv-
sØ- C-¥y-≥ h-\n-X- 478.- a- Æ
- n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T\ - w-˛- s]-tUm-fP - n- 503.- G- X - p- `m-jb- n-se-gp-Xp-∂h- ¿-°m-Wv- km-
479.- ]- l- m-cn- `m-j- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-W-v D- ln-Xy- s\m-t_¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
722.- -A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- [m-c-W-bv-°p-≈- ]-tbm-KØ - n-ep-≈X - ˛-v - ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-i-v
a-Kv-k-tk- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- e-`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv-˛- {^-©v-
480.- -]-Xm-I-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w-˛- sh-Iv- 504.- -Im-\-U-bp-sS- am-Xr-`m-j- ˛- Cw-Kv-fo-jv-
B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kn-t√m-f-Pn-
723.- a- K
- vk
- t- k- A-hm¿-Upw- s\m-t_- 505.- -i-X-hm-l-\- cm-Pm-°-≥am-cp-sS- k-Z- n-
481.- -hm-bn-°m-≥ I-gn-bm-Ø- A-h-ÿ-bv-°p- se- `m-j-˛- {]m-Ir-X-`m-j-
epw- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥
724.- a- K
- vk
- t- k- A-hm¿-Upw- s\m-t_-
epw- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-hpw- t\-Sn-b- G-
I- hy-‡n- aplΩZv _n≥ Xp•Iv
725.- -A-K-Xn-I-fp-sS- A-Ω- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-´-Xm-cv- 741. \mWb\n¿amXm°fpsS cmPIpamc≥ F∂v FtUz¿Uv tXmakv BscbmWv
726.- a- n-j\ - d- o-kv- Hm-^v- Nm-cn-‰n- ÿm- hntijn∏n®Xv
]n-®-Xm-cv- 742. _p≤nam\mb hnUvVn F∂dnbs∏´ `cWm[nImcn
727.- a- Z- ¿-lu-kn¬- A-¥y-\n-{Z- sIm- 743. BcpsS kvacWm¿YamWv ^ntdmkv jm Xp•Iv Pu¨]q¿ \KcØn\v t]cn´Xv
≈p-∂-Xm-cv- 744. C_v≥ _ØpØ C¥y kµ¿in°ptºmƒ U¬ln kp¬Øm≥
728.- -B-cp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cm-Wv- B- 745. C¥ybnemZyambn ASbmf \mWb (tSm°≥ Id≥kn) k{ºZmbw BhnjvIcn®
·-kv- tKm-¨-Iv-km- s_m-Pm-Iv-kv-lyp- cWm[nImcn
729.- -sk-bn-‚ v- Hm-^v- K-t´-gv-kv- B-cp-sS- A-]-c-\m-a-am-Wv- 746. hnPb \Kc km{amPyØns‚ XpS°w GXv U¬ln kp¬Øms‚
730.- -sS-ºnƒ-S-¨- A-hm¿-Un-\v- (1973)- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- B-Zy-am-bn- A¿-l-bm- ImeØmbncp∂p
b-Xv- 747. PqWm Jm≥ BcpsS bYm¿Y t]cmWv
731.- v-s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\-Øn-\¿-l-bm-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ h-\n-X- 748. sshcp[yßfpsS k¶e\w F∂dnbs∏´ kp¬Øm≥
732.- -]n¬-°m-e-Øv- C-¥y-bp-sS- No-^v- C-e-£-≥ I-Ωo-j-W-dm-b- \-ho-≥ Nu- 749. Xeÿm\w tZhKncnbnte°v am‰nb U¬ln kp¬Øm≥
f- F-∂- kn-hn¬- sk¿-h-‚ v- 1992˛¬- c-Nn-®- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- Po-h-N-cn-{Xw- 750. Zp¿\£{X°mc\mb BZ¿ihmZn F∂dnbs∏´ U¬ln kp¬Øm≥
14 `m-j-I-fn-te-°v- hn-h¿-Ø-\w- sN-ø-s∏-´p.- B-cp-tS-Xm-Wv- B- Po-h-N-cn- 751. _m“\nhwiw ÿm]n°s∏´Xv GXv U¬ln kp¬Øms‚ ImeØmbncp∂p
{Xw-?- 752. apbn\p±o≥ NnjvSnbpsS kam[n kµ¿in® BZy sU¬ln kp¬Øm≥
733.- -A-\m-Y-Xz-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- am-c-I-am-b- tcm-Kw- F-∂v- A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-Xv- 753. C_v≥ _ØpØ cNn® k^¿\ma BcpsS t\´ßsf°pdn®v {]Xn]mZn°p∂p
734.- -a-µ-_p-≤n-I-sf-bpw- a-t\m-tcm-Kn-I-sf-bpw- Nn-In-’n-°m-≥ 1971˛¬- \n¿-a¬- 754. Irjn°pth≠n {]tXyI hIp∏v BhnjvIcn® BZy kp¬Øm≥
sI-∂-Un- tlmw- ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv- 755. Knbmkp±o≥ Xp•°ns‚ ]n≥Kman
735.- -a-Kv-k-tk- A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-bm-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥h-\n-X- 756. Knbmkp±o≥ Xp•°ns‚ acWØn\p ImcW°mcs\∂v Nne Ncn{XImc≥am¿
736.- -A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- Hm-W-d-dn- ]u-c-Xzw- e-`n-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ A\pam\n°p∂Xv BscbmWv
737.- -B-cp-sS- A-h-km-\- hm-°p-I-fm-Wv- Rm-≥ kz-]v-\w- Im-Wp-I-bm-Wv- 757. U¬ln kp¬Ømt\‰nse `cWm[nImcnIfn¬ G‰hpw ]mWv T nXyap≈
738.- -hm-gv-Ø-s∏-´-h-fm-bn- {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-´- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\- tP-Xm-hv- hy‡nbmbn hnebncpØs∏Sp∂Xv
739.- -Ip-jv-T-tcm-K- \n¿-am¿-P-\- tI-{µ-am-b- Km-‘n-Pn- t{]w- \n-hm-kv- 1958˛¬- 758. U¬ln kp¬Ømt\‰v hnkv X o¿WØns‚ ]mcayXbnseØnbXv BcpsS
ÿm-]n-®-Xv- B-cm-Wv-?- ImeØmWv
740.- -s\m-t_-epw- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-hpw- t\-Sn-b- G-I- h-\nX 759. U¬lnbn¬ Pl≥]\ \Kcw ÿm]n®Xv

084
506.- -Jm-kn- `m-j- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- `m-
j-bm-Wv-˛- ta-Lm-e-b-
507.- -em-‰n-≥ Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-bm-b- G-I-
cm-Pyw- ˛- h-Øn-°m-≥
508.- -J-a¿- `m-j- D-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv- G-
Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- Iw-t_m-Un-b-
509.- -jm-\m-a- G-Xp- `m-j-bn¬- c-Nn-°-s∏-´p-
˛- t]¿-jy-≥
510.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ]-Z-k-º-Øp-≈- `m-j-˛-
Cw-•o-jv-
511.- ]- g- b- I
- m-eØ - v- am-∏n-f- ]m-´p-Iƒ- c-Nn-°m-
≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- `m-j-˛- A-d-_n- a-
e-bm-fw-
512.- ]- m-en-bt- ‚m-fP - n- F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-
T-\-am-Wv-˛- t^m-kn¬-
513.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-t]¿- am-Xr-`m-j-bm-bn-
D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- {Zm-hn-U- `m-j-˛- sX-
ep-¶v-
514.- -Cu-\m-Sv- G-Xp- `m-j-bn-se- ]-{X-am-Wv-˛-
sX-ep-¶v-
515.- -A-tem-∏-Xn-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- ln-t∏m-{Im-
‰-kv-
516.- -\p-an-kv-am-‰n-Iv-kv- F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈-
]-T-\-am-Wv-˛- \m-W-bw-
517.- -{_-bv¬- en-]n-bn¬- F-{X- Ip-Øp-Iƒ-
D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw- km-
[y-am-°p-∂-Xv-˛- 6
518.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `m-j-I-fn-te-°v- sam-
gn-am-‰w- sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p-≈- a-e-bm-f- t\m-
h¬-˛- sN-Ωo-≥
519.- -I-iv-ao-cn-se- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-`m-j-˛- D-dp-Zp-
520.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®v- hm-°p-Iƒ- B-cw-`n-°p-
∂- Cw-•o-jv- A-£-cw-˛- F-Iv-kv-
521.- -e-£-Zzo-]n-se- {]-[m-\-`m-j-˛- a-e-bm-fw-
522.- h- o-™n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T\ - w-˛- Cu-t\m-
f-Pn-
523.- -h-tµ-am-X-cw- F-∂- {]m¿-Y-\m- Km-\w- c-
Nn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂- `m-j-˛- kw-kv-Ir-Xw-
524.- -Kp-cp-ap-Jn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- en-]n- G-
Xp- `m-j-bp-tS-Xm-Wv-˛- ]-©m-_n-
525.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-\m-Wv- 3 `m-j-bn¬- Hu-
tZym-Kn-I-\m-a-ap-≈-Xv-˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≥Uv-
526.- B- [ - p-\n-I- ]m-›m-Xy- Nn-¥b - p-sS- ]n-Xm-h-v
F-∂d- n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛-v - sd-s\- sZ-°m¿-sØ-
527.- -A-k-em-ap- A-sse-°pw- G-Xp- `m-j-bn-
se- A-`n-hm-Zy-am-Wv-˛- D¿-Zp-
528.- -X¿-°-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- A-cn-
tÃm-´n¬-
529.- -tcm-K-{]-Xn-tcm-[-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-
\mKv]q¿
760. almcmjv{S AkwªnbpsS ioXIme ktΩf\w \S°p∂ hn[m≥ `h≥
FhnsSbmWv
761. almcmjv{SbpsS auxiliary capital F∂p hntijn∏n°p∂Xv
762. almcmjv{SbpsS c≠mw Xeÿm\w F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv
763. apwss_bpw \mkn°pw Ign™m¬ almcmjv{Sbnse G‰hpw henb \Kcw
764. Awt_ZvI¿ FhnsSh®mWv _p≤aXw kzoIcn®Xv
765. B¿.Fkv . Fkns‚ (cmjv { Sob kzbw tkhIv kwLv ) BZy imJ
cq]wsIm≠ ÿew
766. C¥y≥ Fb¿t^mgvkns‚ sabn‚\≥kv Iam≥Uns‚ Bÿm\w
767. C¥ybnse BZysØ \mjW¬ ^b¿ k¿hokv tImtfPv ÿm]n°s∏´Xv
FhnsSbmWv
768. C¥ybpsS a[yØmbn ÿnXn sNøp∂ \Kcw
769. hnZ¿` taJebnse G‰hpw henb \Kcw
770. kzmX{¥ym\¥cw a[y`mcXv kwÿm\Øn‚ Xeÿm\ambncp∂ \Kcw
771. t`m¨s… hwiØns‚ Xeÿm\ambncp∂Xv
772. temIØns‚ ssSK¿ Iym]n‰¬ F∂p hnfn°p∂ \Kcw
773. tKm≠v `cWm[nImcnbmb ]Xns\´mw \q‰m≠n¬ `‡v _peµv ÿm]n®
\Kcw
774. tUm. _m_m kmtl_v Awt_ZvI¿ Fb¿t]m¿´v FhnsSbmWv
775. tZiob \mcI KthjW tI{µw FhnsSbmWv
776. ZfnXv _p≤nÃpIfpsS tI{µamb Zo£`qan FhnsSbmWv
777. \mjW¬ A°mZan Hm^v UbdIvSv SmIvkkv FhnsSbmWv
778. \mjW¬ F≥htbm¨sa‚¬ F©n\obdnwKv dnk¿®v C≥Ãn‰yq´v
FhnsSbmWv
779. {_n´ojv C¥ybpsS kabØv cmPyØns‚ a[y`mKØmbncp∂ \Kcw
780. 1861˛¬ sk≥{S¬ s{]mhn≥kns‚ Bÿm\amb \Kcw
781. 1920˛¬ C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨{Kkns‚ ktΩf\thZn
782. C¥ybnse Hmd©v kn‰n
783. cmjv{Sob kzbw tkhIv kwLns‚ Bÿm\w
784. FhnsSbmWv kotdm ssa¬ tÃm¨
785. NWvUnKVv Ign™m¬ C¥ybnse G‰hpw lcnXm`amb c≠masØ \Kcw
F∂v hntijn∏n°s∏Sp∂ \Kcw
786. sk≥{S¬ C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v tIm´¨ dnk¿®v FhnsSbmWv
787. Sm‰ {Kq∏ns‚ BZysØ sSIvssì an¬ 1877˛¬ ÿm]n® ÿew
hv-˛- F-tUz¿-Uv- P-∂¿-
530.- -Cu-Pn-]vX - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- lo-tcm-•n-^n-
Iv-kv- en-]n-bn-se- A-Sn-ÿm-\- Nn-”-ß-
fp-sS- F-Æw-˛- 24
531.- -tIm-Øm-cn- I-Ωn-j-s‚- {Xn-`m-jm- ]-≤-
Xn-bn¬- \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-´- `m-j-Iƒ-˛-
ln-µn,- Cw-•o-jv,- {]m-tZ-in-I- `m-j-
532.- t- lm¿-Øq-kv- a-e_ - m-dn-°k - v- c-Nn-°s - ∏-
´- `m-j-˛- em-‰n-≥
533.- -P-Ωp- Im-iv-ao-cn-se- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-
˛- D¿-Zp-
534.- -kp-\m-an- G-Xp- `m-j-bn-se- hm-°m-Wv-
˛- P-∏m-\o-kv-
535.- P- o-hn-If - p-sS- im-k{v- Xo-b- \m-aI - c- W
- Ø- n-
\v- D-]t- bm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂- `m-j˛- - em-‰n-≥
536.- -kv-]m-\n-jv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-b-√m-Ø-
H-tc-sbm-cp- a-[y- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw-˛-
s_-en-kv-
537.- -ss{S-t°m-f-Pn- F-¥n-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-
T-\-am-Wv-˛- tcm-aw-
538.- l- o-{_p- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-jb - m-bp-≈- cm-
Pyw-˛- C-{k-tb¬-
539.- -N-{µ-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w- ˛-sk-e-t\m-
f-Pn-
540.- -P-¥p-°-fp-sS-bpw- k-ky-ß-fp-sS-bpw- cq-
]-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w-˛- tam¿-t^m-
f-Pn-
541.- -tdm-a-≥ A-°-߃- F-gp-Xm-≥ F-{X- {]-
Xo-I-߃- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-˛- 7
542.- t- em-I- sd-t°m¿-Up-Iƒ- tc-Js - ∏-Sp-Øp-
∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw-˛- Kn-∂-kv- _p-°v-
543.- -tem-I-Øn-se- F-√m- `m-j-I-fn-te-°pw-
hn-h¿-Ø\ - w- sN-øs - ∏-´- hn-ip-≤- {K-Ÿw-
˛- ss_-_nƒ-
544.- -Xp-fp- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- `m-jm-tKm-{Xw-˛- {Zm-
hn-U- `m-jm-tKm-{Xw-
545.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
kw-km-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- `m-j-˛- sX-ep-¶v-
546.- -kw-L-Im-e-Ir-Xn-Iƒ- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- `m-
j-˛- X-an-gv-
547.- -ssh-\p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w-˛- Cu-
t\m-f-Pn-
548.- -t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°p-∂-
B-fp-Iƒ- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- cm-Pyw-
˛- {_-ko¬-
549.- ]-{Xw- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- C-
¥y-≥ `m-j-˛- _w-Km-fn-
550.- I-®n- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- C-¥y-
≥ kw-ÿm-\-w˛ KpPdmØv
085
temIcmPy߃
t\∏mƒ
551. Z£n-tW-jy-bn¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- H-
cp- I-c-_-≤- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c- cm-jv-{S-am-Wv-
t\-∏mƒ.-
552.- -t\-∏m-fn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- Im-Tv-a-Wv-Up-
hm-Wv.-
553.- -t\-∏m-fn-bm-Wv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j.- \m-
W-bw- t\-∏m-fo-kv- dp-∏n.-
554.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-I- ln-µp- cm-jv-{S-am-bn-
cp-∂p- t\-∏mƒ.- C-t∏mƒ- a-tX-X-c- cm-
jv{- S-am-b- C-Xv- G-jy-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- {]m-
bw- Ip-d-™- dn-∏-ªn-°m-Wv.-
555. s]-‰-Ω-bpw- ]n-d-∂-\m-Spw- kz¿-K-sØ-
°mƒ- a-lØcw ("Mother and Moth-
erland are Greater than Heaven")
F∂Xv- t\-∏m-fn-s‚- {]-am-Wh - m-Iy-am-Wv.-
556.- -t\-∏m-fn-s‚- tZ-io-b- Km-\-amWv Made
of Hundreds of Flowers.
557. tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b-
sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bm-b- F-h-d-kv-‰v- t\-∏m-fn-em-
Wv.-
558.- -F-h-d-kv-‰v- t\-∏m-fn¬- k-K¿-am-Xm- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- _m-_p-em¬- B-Nm-cy-
bm-Wv- B- t]-cp- \¬-In-b-Xv.-
559.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b-
sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bm-Wv- F-h-d-Ãv- F-∂v- Xn-cn-
®-dn-™-Xv- cm-[m-\m-Yv- kn-‡¿- B-Wv.-
560.- C- ¥- y-bp-sS- k¿-th-b¿- P-\d - e- m-bn-cp-∂-
k¿- tPm¿-Pv- F-h-d-Ãn-s‚- kv-a-c-Wm¿-
Yw- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sNbvXXv Andrew
Waugh BWv.
561. Sn-_-‰n¬- F-h-d-Ãv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- t]-
cm-Wv- tNm-a-ep-Mv-a.- tem-I-Øn-s‚- am-
Xr-tZ-h-X- F-∂m-W-Xn-\¿-Yw.-
562.- t- Z-io-b- ]-Xm-I- N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-e√ - m-Ø-
G-I- cm-Py-am-Wv- t\-∏mƒ.-
563.- c- ≠
- p- {Xn-tIm-Wß - ƒ- tN¿-∂X - m-Wv- t\-
∏mƒ- ]-Xm-I.-
564.- -t\-∏m-fn-s‚- tZ-io-b- ar-Kw- ]-ip-hm-Wv.-
565.- -tZ-io-b- ]-£n Lophophoros. abnen-
t\m-Sv- km-Z-iy-ap-≈- Cu- ]-£n Hima-
layan Monal Pheasant F∂pw- A-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p.-
566.- -t\-∏m-fn-s‚- tZ-io-b- ]p-jv-]w- ]q-h-c-iv-
B-Wv- (tdm-tUm-sU-≥t{Um-¨-).-
567.- -Kq¿-J-Iƒ- t\-∏m-fn-se- H-cp- P-\-hn-`m-
K-am-Wv.- C-h-cp-sS- ss[-cyw- {]-kn-≤-am-
Wv.-
568.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b-
sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-Iƒ- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- cm-Py-
am-Wv- t\-∏mƒ.-
569.- -C-¥y-≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn¬- H-cp- hn-tZ-
s\t∏mfnb≥ t_mW∏m¿´v
788. \qdp _bW‰pIsf°mƒ i‡nbp≈hbmWv \mep ]{X߃ F∂p
]d™Xv
789. `mKt[bØns‚ a\pjy≥ F∂dnbs∏´Xv
790. {^©phnπhØns‚ inip F∂dnbs∏´Xv
791. {_n´ojpIm¿ sk‚ v sleo\bnte°v \mSpISØnb {^©p N{Ih¿Øn
792. 1821˛¬ sk‚ v sleo\bn¬h®v A¥cn® ap≥{^©p N{Ih¿Øn
793. Ahkcan√mØ]£w IgnhvsIm≠v {]tbmP\an√ F∂p ]d™Xv
794. Akm[yw F∂Xv hnUvVnIfpsSam{Xw \nL≠phnse ]ZamWv F∂p
]d™Xv
795. en‰n¬ tIm¿∏d¬ F∂dnbs∏´Xv
796. i{Xp ]nghphcpØptºmƒ XS s∏SpØcpXv F∂p ]d™Xv
797. {S^¬K¿ bp≤Øn¬ AUvand¬ slmtdtjym s\¬k¨
B¿s°XnscbmWv ]S \bn®Xv
798. BcpsS djy≥ B{IaWamWv tSmƒtÃmbnbpsS bp≤hpw kam[m\hpw
F∂ t\mhens‚ ]›mØeØn\p \nZm\ambXv
799. F\n°v {^m≥kns\ Bhiyap≈Xns\°mƒ {^m≥kn\v
Fs∂bmWhiyw F∂p ]d™Xv
800. hm´¿eq bp≤Øn¬ UyqIv Hm^v sh√nwKvS¨ BscbmWv
]cmPbs∏SpØnbXv
i-i‡ - n-bp-sS-bpw- ta¬-t°m-ba v- b
- °
v- v- hn-
t[-b-am-Im-Ø- G-I- cm-Py-am-Wv- t\-
∏mƒ.-
570.- t- em-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- in-ht- £-
{X-am-b- ]-ip-]-Xn-\m-Y- t£-{Xw- t\-∏m-
fn-em-Wv.-
571.- -a-lm-`m-c-Xv- a-e-\n-c-Iƒ- t\-∏m-fn-s\- C-
¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.-
572.- H- t- c- enw-K]- Z- h
- n-bp-≈h - ¿- X-Ωn-ep-≈- hn-
hm- l - Ø n- \ v ( same-sex marriage)
AwKo-Im-cw- \¬-In-b- B-Zy- G-jy-≥
cm-Py-am-Wv- t\-∏mƒ (judicially man-
dated but not yet legislated). temI-
Øm-Zy-am-bn,- H-tc- enw-K-]-Z-hn-bp-≈-h¿-
X-Ωn-ep-≈- hn-hm-lw- \n-b-a- hn-t[-b-am-
°n-b- cm-Pyw- s\-X¿-e≥ - Uvk - m-Wv- (2001).-
573.- t- \-∏mƒ- I-c_ - ≤ - c- m-Py-am-bX - n-\m¬- k-
ap-{Z-hm-Wn-Py-Øn-\v- sIm¬-°-Ø- Xp-d-
ap-J-sØ- B-{i-bn-°p-∂p.-
574.- t- \-∏m-fn-se- epw-_n-\n-bn-emWv _n.kn.
563˛¬ sshimJ]u¿Wan \mfn¬
_p≤≥ P\n-®-Xv.
575. t\∏m-fns‚ BZy {][m-\-a-{¥n-bmWv
cmw _c¨ bmZ-hv. t\∏mƒ dn∏-ªn-
°ns‚ BZy {][m-\-a{¥n {]NWvU
F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]pjv] Ia¬ Zl¬
BWv.
576. t\∏m-fnse Ah-km-\sØ cmPm-hm-
bn-cp∂ ⁄mt\-{µ-bmWv temI-Øn¬
G‰hpw- A-h-km-\w- A-[n-Im-cw- ssI-
bm-fn-b- ln-µp- cm-Pm-hv.-
577.- -t\-∏mƒ- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-
k-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂- \m-cm-b-¨-ln-Xn- sIm-
´m-cw- C-t∏mƒ- ayq-kn-b-am-Wv.-
578.- -F-h-d-Ãn¬- a-{¥n-k-`m-tbm-Kw- tN¿-∂-
cm-Py-am-Wv- t\-∏mƒ.-
579.- I- m-Tva - W
- vU
- p-hn¬- P-\n-®v- C-¥y-bn¬- hn-
Zym-`ym-kw- t\-Sn-b- {]-i-kv-X- t_m-fn-hp-
Uv- \-Sn-bm-b- a-\o-j- sIm-bv-cm-f- ap-≥
t\-∏mƒ- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- _n.-]n.- sIm-bv-
cm-f-bp-sS- sN-dp-a-I-fm-Wv.-
580.- -sIm-bv-cm-f- k-tlm-Z-c-≥am¿- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-bm-bn- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-Tn-®- cm-Py-am-
Wv- t\-∏mƒ.-
581.- -t\-∏m-fn-s‚- Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- k-a-bw- {Ko-
≥hn-®v- k-a-b-sØ-°mƒ- 5.-45 a-Wn-°q¿-
ap-∂n-em-Wv.- Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- k-a-b-hpw-
{Ko-≥hn-®v- k-ab - h- pw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- hy-Xym-
kw- 30 an-\n-´n-s‚- Kp-Wn-Xa - √
- m-Ø- c-≠p-
{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- t\-∏mƒ.-
582.- -\yq-kn-e-≥Un-\p- k-ao-]-ap-≈- Nm-Øw-
Zzo-]p-I-fm-Wv- Cu- {]-tXy-I-X-bp-≈- a-
s‰m-cp- {]-tZ-iw- (+-12.-45 aWn°q¿).
 LGS ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS 1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-

C¥ybn¬ BZyambn
FOCUS
C¥ybn¬- BZy-am-bn- \-de - n-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-kX - n-bn-em-Wv-
en-^v-‰v- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv.- Cu- a-µn-cw- Xmbve≥Uv
C-t∏mƒ- ]-›nw- _w-K-bn-se- cm-Pv-`-h-
\m-Wv.- 639. ^ptI-Xv- F-∂- kp-J-hm-k-tI-{µw-
1.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- 1960¬- F-kv.-Sn.-Un.- 8.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- hr-°- am-‰-i-kv-{X- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
kw-hn-[m-\Ø - n-eq-sS- _-‘s - ∏-Sp-Øn-b- {In-b- \-S-Øn-b- B-kv-]-{Xn-bm-Wv- {In- 640.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tZ-io-b- ar-K-
\-Kc - ß - f
- m-Wv- Im-¨] - q-cpw- e-Iv\- u-hpw.- kv-Xy-≥ sa-Un-°¬- tIm-tf-Pv,-sh-√q¿.- am-Wv- Xm-bv- B-\-
2.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sF-F-kv- Un- kw- 9.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- lr-Z-b-am-‰- i- 641.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- a-c-X-I- _p-≤-
hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- \-K-cw- apw- kv-{X-{In-b- \-S-∂-Xv- \yq-U¬-ln-bn-se- s‚- t£-{Xw-
ss_-bm-Wv.- Hmƒ- C-¥y- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- sa-Un- 642.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- cm-jv-{So-b- I-£n-
3.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- A-‘-hn-Zym-e-bw- °¬- k-b-≥k-kn-em-Wv.- i-kv-{X-{In-b- bm- W v - ]o- ∏ nƒ- k v - A- e - b - ≥ kv -
ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- ÿ-e-am-Wv- A-ar-Xv- bv-°p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- tUm.- ]n.- t^m¿- U-tam-{I-kn-
k¿.- th-Wp-tKm-]m-em-Wv.- 643.- -a-lm-N-{In- hw-iw- `-cn-°p-∂-Xv- G-
4.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \m-ep- h-cn- F- 10.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- k¿-°m¿- B-`n-ap- Xv- cm-Py-a-mWv
Ivk- v{- ]-kv- th- A-lΩ - Z- m-_m-Zv˛- - h-tUm- Jy-Øn¬- tem-´-dn-bpw- Nn-´n-bpw- B-cw- 644. Land of Free F∂v t]cn-\¿-Y-ap-
Z-c- (Kp-P-dm-Øv-)- B-Wv.- \m-j-W¬- F- `n-®- kw-ÿm-\w- tI-c-f-am-Wv.- ≈- cm-Pyw-
Iv-kv-{]-kv- th-˛-1 F-∂m-Wn-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp- 11.- ]- n.-sI.-Ip-™v- [-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bn-cn-s°-bm- 645.- G- ‰- h- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-hi- yw- G-jy-
∂-Xv.- Wv- C-Xv- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.- ≥ sK-bnw-kn-\v- th-Zn-bm-b- cm-Pyw- a-c-X-I- _p-≤≥-
5.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-dp-h-cn- F- 12.- C- ¥ - y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- tIm-´¨ - - an¬- ÿm- 646.- -k-bmw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw- ∫¿- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-
Iv-kv-{]-kv- th-bm-Wv- apw-ss_-˛- ]q-sW- ]n-°s - ∏-´X- v- sIm¬-°Ø - b - n-se- t^m¿- 647.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am- 650.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-bm-
(a-lm-cm-jv-{S-).- ´v- t•m-Ã-dn-em-Wv- (1818).- Wv- _m-t¶m-°v-?- b- a-lm-N-{In- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- cm-
6.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- en-^v-‰v- ÿm-]n-°- 13.- -B-[p-\n-I- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- ]-cp-Øn-an¬- 648.- G- X - v- cm-Py-sØ- \m-Wb - a- m-Wv- _m- P-Ip-am-cn-bm-Wv-
s∏-´- \-K-cw- sIm¬-°-Ø-bm-Wv.- 1854˛¬- apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.- Øv (Baht) 651.- -jn-\-h-{X- k-tlm-Z-c-߃- {]-[m-\-
7.- -{_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- K-h¿-W¿- P- 649. G‰hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kzm-`m-hn-I- d- a-{¥n-am-cm-b- cm-Pyw-

sh-√…
- n- {]-`p- 14.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- N-W-an¬- ÿm-]n-
®- ÿ-ea - m-Wv- sIm¬-°Ø - b- v°
- S- p-Øp-
21.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- kn-a-‚ v- ^m-Iv-S-dn-
ÿm- ] n- X - a m- b - X v - sN- s s∂- b n- e m- W v -
631.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- Zn-hm-≥ tI-i-
≈- dn-jv-d- .- (1904).-
h-]n-≈-bv-°v- cm-Pm- _-lp-a-Xn- \¬-
In-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- 15.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- t]-∏¿- an¬- ÿm- 22.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- cm-k-h-f- \n¿-
]n-°-s∏-´- ÿ-e-am-Wv- _w-Km-fn-se- am-W-im-e- 1906˛¬- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- dm-
632.- -C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- tam¿-Wnw-Kv-S-
sk-lv-dmw-]q¿.- Wn-s]-´v- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øv- B-cw-`n-®p.-
¨- {]-`p- F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- K-h¿-
W¿- P-\-d¬- 16.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \yq-kv-{]n-‚ v- 23.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-≥tXm-Xn-ep-
^m-Iv-S-dn- a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se- t\-∏m-\-K-dn- ≈- B-Zy-cm-k-h-f- \n¿-am-W-im-e- kn-
633.- -]-g-»n- cm-P-bv-s°-Xn-sc- ssk-\n-I-
em-Wv- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv.- {‘n-bn¬- B-cw-`n-®p-(1951).- ap-ºv- _o-
\o-°-Øn-\v- B¿-X¿- sh-√-…n- \n-
tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-´X
- v- G-Xv- K-h¿-W¿- P- 17.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-ºn-fn- hy-h- lm-dn-em-bn-cp-∂- kn-{‘n- Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv-
km-bw- 1876˛¬- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-se- Im- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-tXm-sS- B- kw-ÿm-\-
\-d-en-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv-
¨-]q-cn¬- B-cw-`n-®p.- Øm-bn.- 2002¬- kn-{‘n- h-f-\n¿-am-W-
634.- - S n- ∏ p- k p¬- Ø m- ≥ h- [ n- ° - s ∏- S p-
tºmƒ- (1799)- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- 18.- -]-›n-a-_w-Km-fn-se- lu-d-bn-em-Wv- C- im-e- A-S-®p.-
¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-[p-\n-I- ]-´p- 24.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-{Kn-Iƒ-®¿-
635.- -s\-t∏m-fn-b-s\- hm-´¿-eq- bp-≤-
\n¿-am-W-im-e- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- (1832).- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- D-
Øn¬- tXm¬-]n-®- B¿-X¿- sh-√-
…n-bp-sS- k-tlm-Z-c-\m-bn-cp-∂- K- 19.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- F-Æ-°n-W¿- Ø-cm-J-¨-Un-se- ]-¥v- \-K-dn¬.-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- Ip-gn-®-Xv- 1889˛¬- Zn-Kv-t_m-bn-bn-em-Wv.- 25.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sk-≥{S¬- A-
h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- 638.- {- _n-´o-jp-Im-cpw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dpw- 20.- -I-S¬-Ø-d-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈- F-Æ- J-\-\w- {Kn-Iƒ-®¿- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n- Cw-^m-en-
636.- s
- sk-\n-Ik - l
- m-b- hy-hÿ - - B-hn- X-Ωn¬- 1805se- k-_v-kn-U-dn- D-S-
jv-I-cn-®- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- B-Zy-am-bn- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- 1970˛¬- Kp-P- em-Wv.-
º-Sn- H-∏p-h-®-Xv- G-Xv- K-h¿-W¿- dm-Øn-se- A-en-bm-s_-‰v- F-∂- ÿ-e- 26.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Un-Ã-≥kv- F-Uyp-t°-j-
637.- -{_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se- A-Iv-_¿- F- P-\-d-en-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv- Øm-Wv.- t_mw-s_- ssl-bn¬- F-Æ- ≥ B-cw-`n-®- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-h-I-em-im-
I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv.- e- U¬-ln- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n.-

086

Sn∏p kp¬Øm≥
652. sslZ-cm-en-bp-sS- a-I-≥
653.- - \ m- e mw- ssa- k q¿- bp- ≤ - Ø n¬-
sIm-√-s∏-´- (1799)- ssa-kq¿- `-c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-
654.- -B-bn-cw- h¿-jw- B-Sm-bn- Po-hn-
°p-Xn-s\-°mƒ- \-√-Xv- H-cp- Zn-h-
kw- knw-l-am-bn- Po-hn-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv- F-∂p- ]-d-™-Xv-
655.- -B-cp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cm-Wv- ^-
tØ-lv- A-en-
656.- -^-tdm-°n-s\- a-e-_m-dn-se- X-s‚-
A-[o-\- {]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sS- B-ÿm-
\-am-°n-b-Xv-
657.- -ssl-Z-cm-en-bp-sS- a-I-≥
658.- -{io-cw-K-]-´-W-Øn¬- kzm-X-{¥y-
Øn-s‚- a-cw- \-´-Xm-cv-
659.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- tdm-°-‰v- km-
t¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zy- bp-≤Ø
- n-\v- D-]t- bm-
Kn-®-Xm-cv-
660.- -ssa-kq¿- I-Sp-h- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
661.- -sh-√q¿- I-em-]-k-a-b-Øv- B-cp-
sS- a-°-sf-bm-Wv- tam-Nn-∏n-®-Xv-
662.- 1- 784˛¬- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°º - \ - n-bp-am-
bn- aw-K-em-]p-cw- D-S-º-Sn-bn¬- H-
∏p-h-®-Xm-cv-
663.- -1792˛¬- {io-cw-K-]-´-Ww- D-S-º-Sn-
{]-Im-cw- a-e-_m¿- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-
°v- hn-´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xm-cv-
664.- -kp¬-Øm-≥ _-tØ-cn-°v- B-cp-
sS- t]-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- B- t]-cp-
In-´n-b-Xv
27.- -kz-¥-am-bn- td-Un-tbm- \n-e-bw- B-cw-
`n-®- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-h-I-
em-im-e- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-se- k¿-Zm¿-
]-t´¬- k¿-h-I-em-im-e.-
28.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Hm-∏-¨- bp-Wn-
th-gv-kn-‰n-bm-Wv- B-{‘-{]-tZ-in-se-
tUm.- _n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- Hm-∏-¨-
bp-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n.-
29.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn¿-Nz¬- bq-
Wn-th-gvk- n-‰n-bm-Wv- C-t·m- (C-µn-cm-Km-
‘n- \m-j-W¬- Hm-∏-¨- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-
‰n-).-
30.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Hm-∏-¨- kv-Iq-
fm-Wv- kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C.-
31.- -B-cy-≥am¿- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- Ip-Sn-
tb-dn-b- ÿ-e-am-Wv- ]-©m-_v.-
32.- -k-]v-X-kn-‘p- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ]-©m-
_m-Wv.-
33.- - kn-‘p-hpw- Q-ew,- Nn-\m-_v,- c-hn,- _n-
bm-kv,- k-Xv-e-Pv- F-∂o- A-©p-t]m-j-
I-\-Zn-I-fpw- k-c-kz-Xn- \-Zn-bpw- tN¿-∂-
Xm-Wv- k-]v-X-kn-‘p.-
34.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- s]m-
eo-kv- tÃ-j≥ - ÿm-]n-®X - v- tIm-gn-t°m-
´m-Wv- (1973).-
35.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-am-≥tUm-
s]m-eo-kv- bq-Wn-‰v- ÿm-]n-®- kw-ÿm-
\w- X-an-gv-\m-Sm-Wv.-
36.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- tIm-
tf-Pm-b- t_-Xq-¨- tIm-tf-Pv- \n-e-hn¬-
h-∂-Xv- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv- (1879).-
37.- -1849˛¬- H-cp- kv-Ip-fm-bn-´m-Wv- C-Xv- B-
cw-`n-®-Xv.-
38.- C
- ¥- y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- ]-©m-bØ - v- cm-Pv- \-
S-∏m-°n-b- kw-ÿm-\a - m-Wv- cm-Pÿ - m-≥.-
39.- -1959˛¬- cm-P-ÿm-\n-se- \-Ku-cn¬- C-
Xv- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- ]-©m-b-Øv-
cm-Pv- F-∂- hm-°n-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-
b- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hm-Wv.-
40.- -sX-t°- C-¥y-bn¬- ]-©m-b-Øv- cm-Pv-
kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- B-Zy- kw-
ÿm-\w- B-{‘-{]-tZ-im-Wv- (1959).-
41.- -1993˛¬- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- 73˛mw- t`-Z-K-Xn-
bn-eq-sS- ]-©m-b-Øv- cm-Pv- kw-hn-[m-
42.-
\w- `-c-W-L-S-\m-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-bn.-
-A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- X-t±-i-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-
te-°v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-Øn-b- B-Zy-
kw-ÿm-\w- a-[y-{]-tZ-im-Wv.-
43.- -C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]m-No-
\- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- X-£-in-e-bm-Wv.-
A-Xn-s‚- A-h-in-jv-S-߃- ]m-In-kv-Xm-
\n-em-Wv.-
44.- -tlm-ì- kw-hn-[m-\w- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ k¿-h-I-em-im-e- \m-
f-µ-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
45.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- D-]-{K-lw- B-
cy-`-´-bm-Wv- (1975 G-{]n¬- 19).- X-t±-
io-b-\n¿-an-X-am-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ D-]-
{K-lw- C-≥km-‰v- 1 F- B-Wv- (1992).-
46.- -C¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I¬-°c - n-J\- n-
bm-Wv- dm-Wn-KR - vP - v- (]-›n-a- _w-Kmƒ-)-
47.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- ]-{X-am-b- _w-Kmƒ-
K-k-‰v- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-
am-Wv- 1780.-
48.- -sP-bnw-kv- A-K-kv-X-kv- ln-°n- ÿm-]n-
®- Cu- ]-{Xw- ln-°o-kv- K-k-‰v,- sIm¬-
°-Ø- P-\-d¬- A-ssUz¿-ssS-k¿- F-
∂o- t]-cp-I-fn-epw- A-dn-b-s∏-´p.-
49.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-‚¿-s\-‰v- ]-
{X-am-Wv- ^n-\m-≥jy¬- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv.-
50.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- `m-jm-]-{X-am-
Wv- 1818 sa-bv- 23˛-\v- sk-dmw-]q¿- an-j-
≥ {]-kn¬-\n-∂v- _w-Km-fn-bn¬- {]-kn-
≤o-I-cn-®- k-am-Nm¿- Z¿-∏-¨.-
51.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Pq-X-∏-≈n,- {In-
kv-Xy-≥ ]-≈n,- ap-…nw- ]-≈n- F-∂o-h-
ÿm-]n-°s - ∏-´X- v- sIm-Sp-ß√ - q-cn-em-Wv.-
52.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-t°m- Su-¨-
ISph
665. dp-Uv-bm¿-Uv- In-πn-Mn-s‚- Pw-Knƒ- _p-
°n¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂- tj¿-Jm-
≥ G-Xn-\w- ar-K-am-Wv-
666.- k
- p-µ¿-_≥ - kv- k-t¶-Xw- G-Xv- ar-KØ - n-
s‚- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\m-Wv- {]-kn-≤w-
667.- -tNm-f-≥am-cp-sS- Nn-”w- G-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-
668.- -G-Xv- ar-K-Øn-s‚- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\m-
Wv- s]-cn-bm¿- k-t¶-Xw- {]-kn-≤w-
669.- -sl-bv-en- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°v- G-Xv- ar-
K-Øn-s‚- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\m-Wv- {]-kn-
≤w-
670.- G
- X - v- Po-hn-bp-sS- ]m-Za
- p-{Z-bm-Wv- ]-‹m¿-
°v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
671.- -H-do-k-bn-se- \-µ-≥ Im-\-≥ k-t¶-Xw-
G-Xv- ar-K-Øn-s‚- kw-c-£-W-Øn-\m-
Wv- {]-kn-≤w-
672.- -G-Xv- ar-K-Øn-s‚- im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv-
]m-s¥-d- ssS-{Kn-kv-
673.- -knw-l-hpw- G-Xv- Po-hn-bpw- C-W- tN-
cp-∂-Xn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn-´m-Wv- ssS-K-¨,-
sse-K¿- Xp-S-ßn-b- Po-hn-Iƒ- D-≠m-Ip-
∂-Xv-
087
l-cn-bm-\-bn-se- ]m-\n-∏-´v- B-Wv.- Cu-
\-K-cw- W eaver’s City (s\-bv-Øp-Im-
cp-sS- \-K-cw-)- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
53.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- C-t°m-˛-Sq-dn-kw- ]-
≤-Xn- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xv- sIm-√w- Pn-√-bn-
se- sX-∑-e-bn-em-Wv.-
54.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- cm-
jv-{So-b- I-£n- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- (1885).-
55.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- {]-
tZ-in-I- cm-jv-{So-b-I-£n- {Zm-hn-U- ap-
t∂-‰- I-g-Iw.-
56.- -C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv- kz-¥w- \n-e-
bn¬- hy-‡a - m-b- `q-cn-]£
- t- Øm-sS- A-
[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂- B-Zy-sØ- {]-tZ-in-
I- I-£n-bpw- Un.-Fw.-sI.- B-Wv- (X-
an-gv-\m-Sv,- 1967).-
57.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \n-»-_v-Z- kn-
\n-a-bm-Wv- ]p-≠m-en-Iv- (1912)- .-
58.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^o-®¿- ^n-enw-
cm-Pm- l-cn-iv-N-\v-{Z-bpw- (1913)- B-Zy- i-
_v-Z-kn-\n-a- B-ew- B-c-bp-am-Wv- (1931).-
59.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- N-e-®n-{X- {]-
Z¿-i-\w- \-S-∂- \-K-c-am-Wv- apw-ss_.-
60.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S-
N-e-®n-t{Xm-’-hw- 1952˛¬- \-S-∂-Xpw-
apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.-
61.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kn-\n-am-{]-Z¿-
i-\l - m-fm-Wv- sIm¬-°Ø - b- n-se- F¬-
^n-≥Ã-¨- ]n-Iv-N¿- ]m-e-kv.-
62.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^n-enw- C-≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- ]q-s\-bn-em-Wv.- k-
Xy-Pn-Xv- td- ^n-enw- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- sIm¬-
°-Ø-bn-em-Wv.-
63.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _-tbm- Uo-
k¬- πm-‚ v- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- B-{‘-
{]-tZ-in-em-Wv.-
64.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _-tbm-f-Pn-
°¬- ]m¿-°m-Wv- A-K-kv-Xym¿-Iq-Sw.-
65.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {I-a-h-Xv-Ir-X-
sk-≥k-kv- \-S-∂- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1881.- dn-
∏-¨- {]-`p-hm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t∏mƒ- ssh-
t{km-bn.-
66.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-®-Sn-b-{¥w-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv- tKm-h-bn-em-Wv.-
67.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- a-ssd-≥ \m-j-
W¬- ]m¿-°m-b- ]n-tdm-´-≥ Kp-P-dm-Øn-
em-Wv.-
68.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B¿-°n-tbm-f-
Pn- ° ¬- ]m¿- ° v - ÿm- ] n- X - a m- b - X v -
sU¬-ln-bn-em-Wv.-
69.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B¿-´v- Km-e-dn-
674.- -thƒ-Uv- ssh¬-Uv- sse-^v- ^-
≠n-s‚- I-W-°p-{]-Im-cw- tem-I-
Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hw-i-\m-
iw- t\-cn-Sp-∂- Po-hn-
675.- -A-\n-a¬- πm-\-‰v- \-S-Øn-b- k¿-
th-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- P-\-{]n-b-ar-K-
am-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏´Xv-.-
tXmakv B¬hm
FUnk¨
676. I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-ß-fp-sS- cm-Pm-hv- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´- im-kv-{X-⁄-≥
677.- -1847˛¬- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- an-e-≥ \-
K-c-Øn¬- P-\n-®- im-kv-{X-⁄-≥
678.- -t^m-Wm-{Km-^v- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-
679.- {- ]-Xn-`s - b-∂m¬- H-cp- i-Xa - m-\w- {]-
tNm-Z-\-hpw- 99 i-X-am-\w- {]-b-Xv-
\-hp-am-Wv- F-∂p- ]-d-™-Xv-
680.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-
߃-°v- t]-‰-‚ v- t\-Sn-b-Xv-
681.- -sa-≥tem- ]m¿-°n-se- am-Pn-°p-Im-
c-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
682.- -C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv- _ƒ-_v- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-
im-kv-{X-⁄-≥
683.- -ssI-\t- ‰m-{Km-^n-‚- D-]⁄ - m-Xm-hv-
684.- -B-cp-sS- \n-cym-W-Øn¬- A-\p-
tim-Nn-°m-\m-Wv- ssh-‰v- lu-kv-
Dƒ-s∏-sS- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- F-√m-
ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-se-bpw- ho-Sp-I-fn-
se-bpw- sse-‰p-Iƒ- A¬-]-t\-c-
tØ-°v- A-W-®-Xv-
685.- I- T- n-\{- ]-bX - v\
- Ø
- n-\v- ]-Ic - w- a-s‰m-
∂n-√- (There is no substitute for
hard work. )F∂p- ]-d-™-Xv-
686.- A- X - r-]vX - n-bm-Wv- ]p-tcm-KX - n-°vt- h-
≠- B- Z y- s Ø- B- h - i yw
(Discontent is the first necessity
of progress.) F∂p- ]-d-™-Xv-.
1814˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- sIm¬-°-Ø-
bn-em-Wv.-
70.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- bq-tdm-]y-≥
tIm-´- \n¿-an-°s - ∏-´X
- v- sIm-®n-bn-em-Wv.-
71.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-≥jp-d-≥kv-
I-º-\n-bm-Wv- t_mw-s_- ayq-Nz¬- A-
jz-d-≥kv- skm-ssk-‰n- en-an-‰-Uv.-
72.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-…m-an-I- kv-
am-c-I-am-Wv- U¬-ln-bn-se- Ip-h-Øp¬-
C-…mw- tam-kv-Iv.- Ip-Ø-_v-±o-≥ sF-_-
°n-s‚- \n¿-t±-i-{]-Im-c-am-Wv- C-Xv- ]-
Wn-I-gn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv.-
73.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sa-t{Sm- ÿm-]n-X-
am-b- \-K-c-am-Wv- sIm¬-°-Ø.-
74.- -U¬-ln-bm-Wv- c-≠m-a-sØ- sa-t{Sm.-
75.- Z- £
- n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- sa-t{Sm- ÿm-
]n-X-am-b-Xv- _mw-Kv-fq-cn¬.-
76.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kv-ssI- _-kv-
kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-Xv- tKm-h-
bn-em-Wv.-
77.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sF.-F-kv.-H.- k¿-
´n-^n-t°-j-≥ e-`n-®- _m-¶m-Wv- Im-\-
d- _m-¶v.-
78.- -C-Xn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- _mw-•q-cn-em-Wv.-
79.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-
`- B-cw-`n-®- \m-´p- cm-Py-am-Wv- ssa-kq¿-
(1881).-
80.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- Un.-]n.-C.-]n.- (Un-
kv-{Sn-Iv-Sv- ss{]-a-dn- F-Uyp-t°-j-≥

tUm.- k°o¿- lp-ssk≥-
687. Pm-an-b- an-en-b- k¿-hI - e- m-im-eb - n¬-
21 h¿-j-°m-ew- A-°m-Z-ao-b- `-c-
W-Im-cy-ß-fn¬- t\-Xr-Xzw- h-ln-®-
t\-Xm-hv-
688.- -cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw-
sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy- hy-‡n-
689.- -tπ-t‰m-bp-sS- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- D-dp-Zp-hn-te-
°v- X¿-P-a- sN-bv-X- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-
U-‚ v-
690.- -A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®-
B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v- (1969)-
691.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- C-¥y-≥ {]-
kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-∂-Xv- (1967˛-69)-
692.- K
- m-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- sXm-gn-e[ - n-jT
v- n-X- hn-
Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚- kn-e-_-kv- X-øm-
dm-°m-\p-≈- k-an-Xn-bp-sS- A-≤y-£-
\m-bn- \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´- (1937)- t\-
Xm-hv-
693.- -A-en-K-Uv- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ssh-kv-
Nm-≥k-e¿- ]-Zw- h-ln-®-ti-jw- C-
¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-b- hy-‡n-
694.- D
- ]
- c
- m-j{-v S-]X
- n- ÿm-\w- h-ln-s°- `m-
c-Xc - X
- \
-v w- e-`n-®- c-≠m-as- Ø- hy-‡n-
t{]m-{Kmw-)- B-cw-`n-®- kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv-
D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv.-
81.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- \yq-¢n-b¿- dn-bm-Iv-
S¿- A-]v-k-c-bm-Wv- (1956).-
82.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-W-h-ssh-
Zyp-X- \n-e-bw- 1969˛¬- Xm-cm-∏q-cn¬-
ÿm-]n-X-am-bn.- c-≠pw- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-
em-Wv.-
83.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv- Im-
dm-Wv- td-h.-
84.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-t°m- Su-¨-
l-cn-bm-W-bn-se- ]m-\n-∏-´v.-
85.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-∫¿- ^m-Iv-S-
dn- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-
Øm-Wv.- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-∫¿-
]m¿-°v- s]-cp-ºm-hq-cn-\-Sp-Øv- sF-cm-
]p-c-Øm-Wv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-
86.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-∫¿- A-W-
s°-´v- \n¿-an-®- kw-ÿm-\w- B-{‘-{]-
tZ-im-Wv.-
87.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- e-b-¨-kv- ¢-
_v- 1956˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- apw-ss_-
bn-em-Wv.-
88.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- F-©n-\o-b-dn-
Mv- tIm-tf-Pv- dq¿-°n- (1847)-bn-em-Wv-
89.-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-
-C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Ão¬- πm-‚ v-
A-b-¨- h¿-°v- I-º-\n- 1870˛¬- _w-
Km-fn-se- Ipƒ-´n-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®-Xm-Wv.-
90.- -F-∂m¬- h-≥tXm-Xn-ep-≈- D¬-]m-Z-\w-
B-cw-`n-®-Xv- Sm-‰- A-b-¨- B-‚ v- Ão¬-
I-º-\n- 1907˛¬- Pw-j-Uv-]q-cn¬- {]-h¿-
Ø-\w- Xp-S-ßn-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv.-
91.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn-i-∏p-c-ln-X-
\-K-cw- F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- kz-¥-am-°n-
b-Xv- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv.-
92.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hym-I-c-W-{K-
Ÿw- ]m-Wn-\n- c-Nn-®- A-jv-Sm-[ym-bn.-
93.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-∏¬- \n¿-am-
W-im-e- ÿm-]n-®X - v- hn-im-J]- ´- W- Ø- v.-
94.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-≠b - v\ - ¿- sS¿-
an-\¬- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- h-√m¿-]m-Sw.-
95.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-≠¬- K-th-
j-W- tI-{µw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- sIm-√w- Pn-
√-bn-se- B-bn-cw- sX-ßv- F-∂- ÿ-e-
Øm-Wv.-
96.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kw-ÿm-\- a-
en-\o-Ic- W
- - \n-b{- ¥-W- t_m¿-Uv- ÿm-
]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- tI-c-f-Øn-em-Wv.-
97.- -Xn-cp-h-¥-]p-c-Øm-Wv- B-ÿm-\w.-
98.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- hn-
695.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- c-≠m-a-sØ- D-]-cm-jv-
{S-]-Xn- (1962˛-67)-
696.- K
- h
- ¿-W¿-]Z- w- (1957˛-62)- h-ln-®t- i-
jw- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-
b- B-Zy- h-y‡n
am-\-Øm-h-fw- s\-Sp-ºm-t»-cn-bm-Wv.-
99.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- P-e-ayq-kn-bw-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv- Ip-∂-aw-K-ew- F-∂- ÿ-
e-Øm-Wv.-
100.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- s]m-Xp- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂-Xv- 1951˛-52 em-Wv.-
101.- -C-¥y-bn¬- ]m-gv-kn- (skm-cm-jv-{S-a-X-
°m¿-)- A-`-bm¿-Yn-Iƒ- B-Zy-sa-Øn-b-
ÿ-e-am-Wv- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- k-≥Pmw-
(]m-gvk
- n-If- p-sS- D-Zv`
- h
- w- C-dm-\n-em-Wv)- -
102.- C
- ¥- y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sa-Un-°¬- tIm-tf-
Pv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv.-
K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- hn-eyw- s_-‚ n-°m-
Wv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-
103.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sa-Un-°¬-
k¿-hI - e
- m-im-e- ÿm-]n-®X - v- hn-Pb
- h
- m-
U-bn¬- (B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv-).-
104.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sk-≥{S¬- A-
{Kn-Iƒ-®¿- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n- ÿm-]n-®-
Xv- Cw-^m-en-em-Wv.-
105.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sS-en-tImw- C-
≥Ip-t_-j-≥ sk-‚¿- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-
`n-®-Xv- I-f-a-t»-cn-bn-em-Wv.-
h√`v `mbn ]t´¬
697. C¥ybn-se- B-Zy-am-bn- kz-¥w- td-Un-
tbm- tÃ-j-≥ ÿm-]n-®- k¿-h-I-em-
im-e- G-Xv- t\-Xm-hn-s‚- t]-cn¬- A-
l-ΩZ- m-_m-Zn¬- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂- k¿-
h-I-em-im-e-bm-Wv-
698.- -au-en-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fp-sS- in¬-]n- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
699.- -kz-X-{¥-C-¥y-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c- ssI-
am-‰-tc-J-bn¬- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
hn-s\m-∏w- H-∏n-´-Xv-
700.- -1938se- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\- th-Zn-
bm-bn- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- l-cn-]p-c- \n¿-t±-
in-®- t\-Xm-hv-
701.- -ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-s\- C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-
\n¬- e-bn-∏n-®- ssk-\n-I- \-S-]-Sn-bm-
b- Hm-∏-td-j-≥ t]m-tfm-bp-sS- k-a-b-
sØ- tI-{µ- B-`y-¥-c-a-{¥n-
702.- -`-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k-`-bn¬- Comm-
i-tte-e- on- Fun-d-am-en-ta-l- R-i-g-h-
ts s‚- t\-Xr-Xzw- B¿-°m-bn-cp-∂p-
703.- -1931˛-se- I-dm-®n- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-
f-\-Øn-s‚- A-[y-£-≥
704.- -1946˛¬- `q-cn-]-£w- {]-tZ-iv- tIm-¨-{K-
088
106.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- So- ayq-kn-b-am-
Wv- aq-∂m-dn-se- tI-c-f- So- ayq-kn-bw.-
107.- C- ¥- y-bn¬-BZ- y-am-bn-kz-Im-cy-h¬-°c - n-
°-s∏-´- \-Zn-bm-Wv- O-Øn-kv-K-Vn-se-
jn-tbm-\m-Yv- (Cu- \-S-]-Sn- ]n-∂o-Sv- d-
±m-°n-).-
108.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-am-\- A-W-
s°-´m-b- C-Sp-°n- Umw- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv- Im-\-U-bp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-sS-
bm-Wv.-
109.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- im-kv-{X-\-K-cw-
sIm¬-°-Ø-bm-Wv.-
110.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- Xp-d-
ap-J-am-Wv- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- ]n-]-hm-hv.-
111.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k-ºq¿-W- km-
£-c- \-K-cw- tIm-´-b-hpw-(1989)- Pn-√- F-
d-Wm-Ip-f-hpw- (1990)- kw-ÿm-\w- tI-
c-f-hp-am-Wv- (1991).-
112.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- km-{am-Pyw-
ÿm-]n-®- hw-iw- au-cy-≥am-cm-Wv.-
113.- -C-¥ym- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy- N-{I-h¿-
Øn-bm-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv- N-{µ-Kp-]v-
X- au-cy-s\-bm-Wv.-
114.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv-
ayq-kn-bw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- ]m-Sym-e-bn-em-
Wv.-
115.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- K-co-_v- c-Yv- s{S-
bn-≥ Hm-Sn-b-Xv- _o-lm-dn-se- k-l¿-k-
ap-X¬- ]-©m-_n-se- A-ar-’¿- h-sc-
bm-Wv- (2006 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 5).-
116.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sS-e-{Km-^v-
sse-≥ ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- sIm¬-°-Ø-
bv-°pw- U-b-a-≠v- lm¿-_-dn-\pw- C-S-bv-
°m-Wv.-
117.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv-
Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- tem-ج- (kn-‘p- \-
Zo-X-S- kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-bn-cp-
∂p-)-
118.- -G-Io-Ir-X- kn-hn¬- tIm-Uv- \-S-∏m-°n-
b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\a - m-Wv- tKm-
h.- (G-Io-Ir-X- kn-hn¬- tIm-Un-s\-∏-
‰n- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m- A-
\p-t—-Zw- 44)-
119.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ssk-_¿- {Km-
ao-¨- sk-‚¿- ÿm-]n-°s - ∏-´- kw-ÿm-
\-am-Wv- B-{‘-{]-tZ-iv.- C-¥y-bn-se-
B-Zy-sØ- ssk-_¿- s]m-eo-kv- tÃ-
j-≥ _m-•q-cn-em-Wv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-
120.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t]m-fn-tbm- hn-
ap-‡- Pn-√-bm-Wv- ]-Ø-\w-Xn-´.-
121.- -C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thm-´n-Mv- sa-jo-≥ D-
kv- I-Ωn-‰n-I-fpw- C-S-°m-e- k¿-
°m-cn-s‚- t\-Xr-ÿm-\t- Ø-°v-
]n-¥p-W-®- t\-Xm-hv-
705.- -C-¥y-≥ _n-kv-am¿-°v- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv-
706.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- D-]-{]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-
]-tbm-Kn-®v- ]q¿-W-am-bpw- C-e-£-≥ \-
S-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\- tKm-
h-bm-Wv- .-
122.- -tI-c-f-Øn-em-Wv- G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp- a-
Wv-U-e-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- C.-hn.-Fw.- D-
]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛- 1982 ¬- tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]-
d-hq¿- D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬.-
123.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t]m-tÃm-^o-
kv- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-em-Wv.-
124.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tÃm-°v- F-Iv-
kv-tN-©v- apw-ss_-bn¬- 1875˛¬- ÿm-
]n-X-am-bn.-
125.- -Z-em¬- sX-cp-hn-em-Wv- B-ÿm-\- a-µn-
cw.-
126.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- {]-tXy-I- km-º-
Øn-I- ta-J-e- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- Xp-d-ap-
J-am-Wv- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- Im-≠v-e.-
127.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- aƒ-
´n- ]¿-∏-kv- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- B-Wv- Zm-tam-
Z¿- hm-en- tIm¿-∏-td-j-≥ .-
128.- -bp-F-kv-F-bn-se- sS-∂n-kn- hm-en- A-
tXm-cn-‰n-bp-sS- am-Xr-I-bn-em-Wv- C-Xv-
\n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
129.- -Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- `m-K-am-b- B-Zy-sØ-
A-W-s°-´v- Zm-tam-Z-dn-s‚- t]m-j-I-\-
Zn-bm-b- _-cm-I-dn¬- 1953˛¬- \n¿-an-®-
Xn-e-ø- A-W-s°-´v- B-Wv.-
130.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-
\-am-Wv- D-Ø-cm-J-¨-Un-se- tIm¿-_-
‰v- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w.-
131.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn-am-\-Øm-h-
f-am-Wv- apw-ss_-bn-se- Pq-lp-hn-se-
{Km-kv- F-b-tdm-t{Umw- (1932).-
132.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-kq-{Xn-X-˛-
hy-h-km-b- \-K-c-am-Wv- Pw-j-Uv-]q¿.-
133.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hn-c-e-S-bm-f-
_yq-tdm- B-cw-`n-®- ÿ-e-am-Wv- sIm¬-
°-Ø.-
134.- -B-Zy-am-bn- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂pw- th¿-]n-
cn-°-s∏-´- `q-hn-`m-K-am-Wv- _¿-a.-
135.- -1935˛-se- K-h-¨-sa-≥dv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- B-
Iv-Sv- {]-Im-cw- 1937˛¬- th¿-]n-cn-°-s∏-
´p.-
136.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t\-{X-_m-¶v-
ÿm-]n-X-am-b- \-K-c- sIm¬-°-Ø-bm-
Wv.-
137.- -C-¥y-bn¬- k-Xn- F-∂- B-Nm-cw- kw-
_-‘n-®v- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- sX-fn-hv-
e-`n-®- ÿ-e-am-Wv- a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se- G-
dm-≥
138.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \-thm-Z-b- kv-
Iqƒ- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-
bn¬- \m-Kv-]q-cn-\-Sp-Øv- ssJ-cn- F-∂-
ÿ-e-Øm-Wv.-
139.- -C-¥y-bn¬- tIm¿-∏-td-‰v- ta-J-e-bp-sS-
k-l-I-c-W-tØm-sS- \n¿-an-®- B-Zy- ta-
P¿- Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- F-
Æq¿-
140.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- A-‚m¿-´n-Iv- F-
Iv-kv-s]-Un-j-≥ 1981˛¬- ]p-d-s∏-´-Xv-
tKm-h-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.-
141.- -A-‚m¿-´n-°-bn¬- F-Øn-b-Xv- 1982˛¬.-
142.- -D-]-tbm-Kn-®- hm-l-\w- Fw-hn- t]m-fm¿-
k¿-°nƒ.-
143.- S- o-an-s\- \-bn-®X
- v- F-kv.C
- k
- U- v- Im-knw.-
144.- -N-Xp-∏p-\n-e- kw-c-£-Wm¿-Y-ap-≈- dw-
km¿- I-¨s - h-≥j-≥ ]-´n-Ib - n¬- C-¥y-
bn¬-\n-∂v- B-Zy-am-bn- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Ø-b-
Xv- H-Un-j-bn-se- Nn¬-°- X-Sm-Iw.-
145.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ap-…nw- cm-P-hw-
iw- Xp¿-°n- hw-i-P-cm-b- A-Sn-a-hw-i-am-
bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xv- C¬-_m-cn- hw-i-sa-∂pw-
ta-a-ep-Iv- hw-i-sa-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´p.-
146.- -Ip-Ø-_v-±o-≥ sF-_-°m-Wv- C-¥ym-
N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy- ap-…nw- `-c-Wm-[n-
Im-cn.-
147.- -C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy- A-^v-Km-
≥ hw-iw- tem-[n- hw-i-am-Wv.-
148.- -Cu- hw-i-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-\m-b- _-lv-

DØ¿ {]tZiv
707. C¥ybn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Pn-
√-Iƒ- D-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-
708.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-ÿn-c- k¿-
°m-cp-Iƒ- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-
C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w.-
709.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- H-cp- h-\n-
X- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b- kw-ÿm-\w.-
710.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tZ-
io-b- ]m-X-Iƒ- I-S-∂p- t]m-Ip-
∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
711.- -a-[y-tZ-iw- F-∂- t]-cn¬- {]m-No-
\-Im-e-Øv- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- kw-
ÿm-\w-
712.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
am-sc- kw-`m-h-\- sN-bv-X- C-¥y-
≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
713.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
h¿-Ø-am-\- ]-{X-߃- D-≈- kw-
ÿm-\w-
714.- -Kw-K- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Zq-cw- H-
gp-Ip-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
715.- -tem-I- P-\-kw-Jy- 700 tIm-Sn- Xn-
I-®p-sIm-≠v- \¿-Ko-kv- F-∂- in-
ip- P-\n-®- kw-ÿm-\w-
716.- C
- ¥- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Un-Pn-‰¬-
B-ip-]-{Xn- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- _m-
cm-a-Xn- G-Xv kwÿm\ØmWv-
ep¬- tem-[n-bm-Wv- C-¥ym- N-cn-{X-Øn-
se- A-^v-Km-≥ hw-i-P-\m-b- B-Zy- `-
c-Wm-[n-Im-cn.-
149.- -C-¥y- A-‚m¿-´n-°-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®- B-
Zy-sØ- ]-cy-th-j-W-tI-{µw- Z-£n-W-
Kw-tKm-{Xn-bpw- c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv- ssa-{Xn-
bp-am-Wv.-
150.- -B¿-´n-Iv- {]-tZ-i-Øv- ÿm-]n-®- B-Zy-
sØ- ]-cy-th-jW - t- I-{µ-am-Wv- ln-am-{Zn.-
151.- -Z-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw-
{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-tbm-Sp- tN¿-Ø- B-Zy-
\m-´p-cm-Py-am-Wv- k-Øm-d- (U¬-lu-kn-
{]-`p-hm-Wv- Z-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-
b-aw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-).-
152.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ,- B-kq-{Xn-X- kw-
ÿm-\- X-eÿ - m-\w- N-WvU
- n-KV
- m-Wv.-
153.- -aq-∂v- `-c-W-L-S-I-ß-fp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\-
am-b- G-I- \-K-cw- F-∂- {]-tXy-I-X-bpw-
N-Wv-Un-K-Vn-\p-≠v.-
154.- -]-©m-_v,- l-cn-bm-W- F-∂o- kw-ÿm-
\-ß-fpw- tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-am-b- N-Wv-
Un-K-Vn-s‚-bpw- B-ÿm-\-am-Wv- Cu-
\-K-cw.-
155.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tdm-°v- Km¿-U-
≥ \n¿-an-®-Xv- N-Wv-Vo-K-Un-em-Wv.-
156.- -cm-Py-sØ- B-Zy- ]p-I-bn-e- hn-ap-‡- \-
K-c-am-Wn-Xv.-
157.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚-
B-Zy-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚- (1885 Un-kw-
_¿-)- th-Zn- apw-s_-bn-se- tKm-Ip¬-Zm-
kv- tX-Pv-]m¬- kw-kv-Ir-X- tIm-tf-Pv- .-
158.- -B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- {]-
Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ- 72.-
159.- -1953˛¬- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- `m-jm-
Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-\p-
cq-]w- \¬-Inv.-
160.- -Ip¿-Wq¬- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn- cq-]w-sIm-
≠- Cu- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- t]-cv- B-
{‘- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.-
161.- -Sn.- {]-Im-i-am-bn-cp-∂p- B-Zy-sØ- ap-
Jy-a-{¥n.- 1956˛¬- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-
G-gmw- t`-Z-K-Xn-{]-Im-cw- `m-jm-Sn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬- kw-ÿm-\- ]p-\- w-L-S-\- \-
S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv- {]-tZ-i-
hpw- B-{‘-tbm-Sv- Iq-´n-t®¿-°p-I-bpw-
t]-cv- B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv- F-∂p- ]-cn-jv-I-
cn-°p-I-bpw- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-s\- ]p-Xn-
b- X-e-ÿm-\-am-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
162.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- s]-¨] - ≈
- n-°q-
S-am-Wv- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- 1789˛¬- B-
cw-`n-®- sk-‚ v- tXm-a-kv- tKƒ-kv- kv-
Iqƒ.-
163.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sd-bn¬-∏m-X-
bm-Wv- apw-ss_-˛-Xm-s\- (1853 G-{]n¬-
26).- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sd-bn¬-
th- kv-t‰-j-≥ t_m-dn-_-µ¿- (1853).-
164.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-Ws - °-´m-Wv-
I-cn-Im-e- tNm-f-≥ Im-th-cn-bn¬- \n¿-
an-®- I-√-ssW.-
165.- -C-¥y- hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø- B-Zy-sØ-
kq-∏¿- Iw-]yq-´-dm-Wv- ]-cw- 10000.-
166.- -t{i-jv-T- `m-jm- ]-Z-hn- e-`n-®- B-Zy- C-
¥y-≥ `m-j-bm-Wv- X-an-gv- (c-≠m-a-sØ-
Xv- kw-kv-Ir-Xw-).-
167.- -]q¿-W-am-bpw- C-¥y-bn¬- \n¿-an-®- B-
Zy-sØ- bm-{Xm-hn-am-\-am-Wv- k-c- v.-
168.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I-
_-©v- ÿm-]n-®- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bm-Wv-
I¬-°-´- ssl-t°m-S-Xn.-
169.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- _n-cp-
Z-[m-cn-I-fm-Wv- N-{µ-a-Xn- _-kp-hpw- Im-
Zw-_n-\n- Kmw-Kp-en-bpw-(1883).-
170.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- _n-cp-Zm-\-¥-c- _n-
cp-Zw- t\-Sn-b- h-\n-X- N-{µ-a-Xn- _-kp.-
171.- -]m-›m-Xy- ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-Øn¬- _n-
cp-Zw- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ h-\n-X-I-
fm-Wv- Im-Zw-_n-\n- Kmw-Kp-en-bpw- B-\-
µn-_m-bn- tPm-jn-bpw- (1886).-
172.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- \n-b-a-_n-cp-Zw- t\-
Sn-b- h-\n-X-bm-Wv- tIm¿-tW-en-b- tkm-
dm-_v-Pn- (1894).-
173.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- a-Pn-
kv-t{S-‰v- Hm-a-\-°p-™-Ω-bm-Wv.-
174.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- P-Uv-
Pn- a-e-bm-fn-bm-b- A-∂m- Nm-≠n-bm-Wv-
(1937,- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-).- B-Zy-am-bn-
ssl-t°m-SX - n- P-UvP
- n-bm-b- h-\n-Xb - pw-
A-h-cm-Wv- (1959˛-67,- tI-c-fw-).-
175.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- H-cp- kw-ÿm-
\- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-
b-Xv- eo-em- tk-Øv.- 1991˛¬- ln-am-N¬-
{]-tZ-in¬.-
176.- k- p-{]ow- tIm-SX - n-bn¬- P-UvP - n-bm-b- B-
Zy- h-\n-X- P-Ãn-kv- ^m-Øn-am- _o-hn-
bm-Wv- (1989).-
177.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-X- sF.-F.-
F-kv.- Hm-^o-k¿- A-∂m- cm-Pw- a¬-
tlm-{X.-
178.- -B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-X- sF.-]n.-F-kv.- Hm-^o-
k¿- In-c-¨- t_-Zn.-
179.- -C-¥y-bn¬- h-\n-X- Un-Pn-]n- ÿm-\-
sØ-Øn-b- B-Zy- kw-ÿm-\w- D-Ø-cm-
J-Wv-Um-Wv.- Im-©-≥ `-´m-Nm-cy-bm-Wv-
B- h-\n-X.-
180.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- hn-tZ-
i- Im-cy- sk-{I-´-dn- sNm-In-e- A-ø¿,-
h-\n-Xm- hn-tZ-i-Im-cy- h-‡m-hv- \n-cp-
]-am- dm-hp.-
181.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- hn-tZ-
i-Im-cy- a-{¥n- e-£v-an- F-≥.-ta-t\m-≥.-
182.- t- I-{µ-Øn¬- Iym-_n-\‰ - v- a-{¥n-bm-b- B-
Zy- h-\n-X-bm-Wv- cm-Pv-Ip-am-cn- A-ar-Xv-
Iu¿.-
183.- -`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS- 352a-sØ- A-\p-t—-
Zw- {]-Im-cw- tZ-io-b- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-
{]-Jym-]n-®- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v- tUm.-F-
kv.-cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-\m-Wv.-
184.- -1962 ¬- ssN-\- C-¥y- B-{I-an-®-Xn-s\-
Øp-S¿-∂v- H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 26 \m-Wv- A-Sn-
b-¥-cm-h-ÿ- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv.- P-hm-
l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hm-bn-cp-∂p- {]-[m-\-
a-{¥n.-
185.- -1968 P-\-h-cn- ]-Øn-\m-Wv- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-
h-ÿ- A-h-km-\n-®-Xv.- tUm.- k-°o¿-
lp-ssk-\m-bn-cp-∂p- A-t∏mƒ- cm-jv-{S-
]-Xn.-
186.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- B-`y-¥-c- A-Sn-b-
089
¥-cm-h-kv-Y- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- {]-kn-U-
‚ v- ^-{Ip-Zo-≥ A-en- A-l-Ω-Zv- B-Wv.-
C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cn-
s°- 1975 Pq-¨- 26\v- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-ÿ-
\n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.-
187.- -^-{Ip-Zo-≥ A-en- A-l-Ω-Zv- ]-Z-hn-bn-en-
cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- B-Iv-
Snw-Kv- {]-kn-U-‚m-b- _n.-Un.- P-´n-bp-sS-
Im-e-Øm-Wv- 1977 am¿-®v- 21˛-\v- A-Sn-b-
¥-cm-h-ÿ- ]n-≥h-en-®-Xv.-
188.- -21 am-k-am-Wv- B-`y-¥-c- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-
h-ÿ- \o-≠p-\n-∂-Xv.-
189.- C- ¥ - y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- C-‚¿-s\-‰v- I-W£ - -
≥ In-´n-b- hy-‡n- j-Ωn- I-]q-dm-Wv-
(1994).- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-‚¿-
s\-‰v- tk-h-\- Zm-Xm-hv- hn-tZ-iv- k-©m¿-
\n-Kw- en-an-‰-Um-Wv.-
190.- -B-Zy- kz-Im-cy- C-‚¿-s\-‰v- tk-h-\- Zm-
Xm-hv- k-Xyw- C-≥t^m-th.-
191.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- h-\n-Xm- ta-b¿- A-
[n-Im-ct- a-‰- \-Kc - a
- m-Wv- apw-ss_- (1956).-
kp-tem-N-\m- tam-Un-bm-Wv- B- h-\n-X.-
192.- - tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- ta-b-dm-
Wv- ssl-a-h-Xn- Xm-bm-´v- (tIm-gn-t°m-
Sv-).-
193.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- s]-¨-in-ip-l-Xy-
s]m-Xp-P-\-{i-≤-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-
tPm-\m-Y-≥ U-¶-≥ B-Wv.-
194.- -B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- a-
\p-jy-≥ F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X - v- cm-
Pm- dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv.-
195.- -Cw-•-≠v- k-µ¿-in-®- B-Zy- {_m-“-W-
\m-Wv- A-t±-lw.-
196.- -C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- hn-tZ-i- k-
©m-cn-bm-Wv- sa-K-kv-X-\o-kv.-
197.- -N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv- C-
t±-lw- C-hn-sS- h-∂-Xv.-
198.- -C-¥y- k-µ¿-in-®- B-Zy-sØ- ssN-\o-
kv- k-©m-cn-bm-Wv- ^m-ln-bm-≥.-
199.- -Kp-]v-X-`-c-W-Im-e-Øm-Wv- A-t±-lw- F-
Øn-b-Xv.-
200.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- ss]-e-‰v- sse-k-
≥kv- t\-Sn-b- hy-‡n- sP.-B¿.-Un.-Sm-‰-
bm-Wv.-
201.- -`m-c-X- c-Xv-\-bv-°v- A¿-l-\m-b- B-Zy-
hy-h-km-bn-bpw- A-t±-l-am-Wv.-
202.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn,- cq-]-bp-sS- ap-≥Km-
an-sb- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-
Wv- tj¿-jm.-
203.- -kq¿-hw-i-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-K-ev-`-\m-
b- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-b- C-t±-l-Øn-s‚-
`-c-W-Im-ew- 1540˛-45.-
204.- -C-¥y-bn-se- {]-Y-a- h-\n-Xm-k¿-h-I-em-
im-e- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- Un.-sI.- Im¿-th- B-
Wv.-
205.- -a-l¿-jn- F-∂- Xq-en-Im-\m-a-Øn¬- A-
dn-b-s∏-´- C-t±-l-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw-
Iq-Sn-b- `m-c-X- c-Xv-\- tP-Xm-hv.-
206.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- _-P-‰v- A-h-X-c-Ww-
\-S-Øn-b- hy-‡n-bm-Wv- k¿- sP-bnw-kv-
hn¬-k-¨- (1860).-
207.- -K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-en-s‚- Iu-¨-kn-en¬-
^n-\m-≥kv- sa-º-dm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.-
208.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- _-Uv-P-‰v- A-h-X-
cn-∏n-®- B-Zy-sØ- [-\-a-{¥n- B¿.-sI.-
j-¨-ap-Jw- sN-´n-bm-Wv- .-
209.- -F-∂m¬,- P-\-d¬- _-Uv-P-‰v- A-h-X-cn-
∏n-®- B-Zy- [-\-a-{¥n- kn.-Un.-tZ-iv-ap-Jv-
B-Wv.-
210.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωo-j-s‚-
B-Zy-sØ- A-[y-£-≥ P-hm-l¿-em¬-
s\-{lp-hpw- D-]m-[y-£-≥ Kp¬-k-cn-
em¬- \-µ-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
211.- -H-∂mw- [-\-Im-cy- I-Ωo-j-s‚- A-[y-
£-≥ sI.-kn.-\n-tbm-Kn- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
212.- -cm-Py-k` - b
- p-sS- B-Zy-sØ- A-[y-£≥ - 729.- G- j- y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈-
tUm.- F-kv.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW - \- pw- D-]m-[y-
£-≥ F-kv.h - n.-Ir-jW v- a- q¿-Øn-bp-am-Wv.-
213.- -F-≥.-tKm-]m-e-kzm-an- A-ø-¶m-dm-bn-cp-
∂p- B-Zy- k-`m-t\-Xm-hv.-
214.- `
- c
- W
- L- S- \
- b
- p-sS- 80˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- {]-
Im-cw- cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v- I-e,- km-ln-
Xyw,-im-kv{- Xw,- km-aq-ln-I- tk-h\ - w- F-
∂o- ta-J-e-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- 12 {]-K-ev-`-sc-
cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-°v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ømw.-
215.- -1952¬- C-{]-Im-cw- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw-sN-bv-
X- 12 {]-K-ev-`-cn¬- B-Zy- t]-cv- tUm.-k-
°o¿- lp-ssk-t‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.-
216.- -cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-
ø-s∏-´- B-Zy- h-\n-X- cp-Iv-an-Wn- tZ-hn-
A-cp-Wv-tU¬- B-Wv- (1952).- C-h-cm-Wv-
sN-ss∂-bv-°-Sp-Øv- I-em-t£-{X- ÿm-
]n-®-Xv.-
217.- -kn-\n-am- cw-K-Øp-\n-∂v- cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-
°v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-
sØ- hy-‡n- ]r-Yzn-cm-Pv- I-]q¿- B-Wv-
(1952).-
218.- -\¿-Ko-kv- Z-Øm-Wv- cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v-
\m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ-
kn-\n-am-\-Sn-(1980).-
219.- -cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-
ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- ap-gp-h-≥k-a-b- Im-
bn-I-Xm-cw- k-®n-≥ sS-≥Up¬-°-dm-Wv-
(2012).-
220.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
kp-tN-X- Ir-]-em-\n-bm-Wv.- B-Nm-cy-
Ir-]-em-\n-bp-sS- `m-cy-bm-b- A-h¿- D-
Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-em-Wv- Cu- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-
®-Xv.-
221.- -kzm-X-{¥y-e-_v-[n-bp-sS- k-a-b-Øv- 1947
B-K-kv-Xv- 15\v- tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-h-‚ v- A-
kw-ªn-bn¬- h-tµ-am-X-cw- B-e-]n-®-Xv-
kp-tN-X- Ir-]-em-\n-bm-Wv.-
222.- -1988 P-\-h-cn- 7 ap-X¬- 30 h-sc- X-an-gv-
\m-´n¬- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b- Pm-\-Io- cm-a-
N-{µ-\m-Wv- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-
Øv- ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X.- Fw.-
Pn.- B-dn-s‚- `m-cy-bm-b- A-h¿- A-t±-
DØcmJWvUv
717. C¥ybnse G‰hpw Dbcw
IqSnb A-W-s°-´m-b- sX-lv-cn-
ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
718.- -Ipw-`-ta-f-bp-sS- th-Zn-I-fn-sem-∂m-
b- l-cn-Zzm¿- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-
Wv-
719.- -b-ap-\- D-Zv-`-hn-°p-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
720.- -\-µm-tZ-hn- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w- G-Xv-
kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
721.- -C-¥y-bn-se- a-e-I-fp-sS- dm-Wn-bm-
b- a-kq-dn- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
722.- -tem-I-Øn-s‚- tbm-K- X-e-ÿm-\w
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- E-jn-tI-iv- G-
Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
723.- -ssh-jv-W-hm-cm-[-\m- tI-{µ-am-b-
_-Zc - o-\m-Yv- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-
Wv-
724.- -cm-Pm-Pn- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°v- G-Xv-
kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
725.- -]q-°-fp-sS- Xm-gv-h-c- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-
\w- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
726.- -C-¥y-bn¬- sF.-F.-F-kv.- D-tZym-
K-ÿ¿-°p- ]-cn-io-e-\w- \¬-Ip-∂-
em¬- _-lm-Zq¿- im-kv-{Xn- \m-j-
W¬- A-°m-Z-an- Hm-^v- A-Uv-an-\n-
kv-t{S-j-≥ G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-
Wv-
727.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tZ-io-tbm-
Zym-\w- (tIm¿-_-‰v-)- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-
∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
728.- s- si-hm-cm-[\ - m- tI-{µ-am-b- tI-Zm¿-
\m-Yv- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
F- © n- \ o- b - d n- M v - tIm- t f- P v - ( dq¿-
°n-)- G-Xv- -kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
 l-Øn-s‚- a-c-W-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv- ap-
Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv.-
223.- C- ¥- y-bn¬- kw-ÿm-\K - h- ¿-Wd - m-b- B-
Zy- h-\n-X- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up.-
224.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- h-\n-Xm- K-
h¿-W¿- im-c-Zm- ap-J¿-Pn.-
225.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- [-\-X-Øz-im-
kv{- X-Nn-¥I - ≥ - F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v- Zm-
Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-bm-Wv.-
226.- -{_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- A-t[m-k-`-
bm-b- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kn¬- Aw-
K-am-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-W-t±-lw.-
227.- - D-]-cn-k-`-bm-b- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tem¿-
Uv-kn¬- Aw-K-am-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-
≥ F-kv.-]n.-kn-≥l.-
228.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \n-b-a-Zm-Xm-hm-
b- a-\p-hm-Wv- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- F-∂- \n-b-
a-kw-ln-X-bp-sS- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv.-
229.- -cm-Pn-h-®- B-Zy- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- sam-dm¿-
Pn- tZ-im-bn.- cm-Pn-h-®- B-Zy- D-]-{]-[m-
\-a-{¥n-bpw- A-t±-l-am-Wv.-
230.- -U¬ln-°p-]p-dØ - -v (A-lΩ - Z- m-_m-Zn¬-)-
kw-kv-I-cn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
bm-W-t±-lw.-
231.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-[n-°-s∏-´- ap-
Jy-a-{¥n- ]-©m-_n-se- _n-bm-¥v- kn-
Mv.-
232.- -h-[n-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- tI-{µ-a-{¥n- F¬-
F-≥ an-{i.-
233.- -{]-[m-\-a-{¥n- ]-Zw- h-ln-®-h-cn¬- h-[n-
°-s∏-´-h¿- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-bpw- (1917˛-
1984)- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n-bpw-(1944˛-1991).- cm-
Po-hv- Km-‘n- ]-Z-hn-en-cn-s°-b-√- h-[n-
°-s∏-´-Xv.-
234.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sS-Ãv- Syq-_v-
in-ip- Zp¿-K-bm-Wv.-
235.- Z- £
- n-Wm-{^n-°b - n¬- t]m-Im-≥ tbm-Ky-
X- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-≥ _m-cn-
ÿ- Km-‘n-Pn-bm-Wv.-
236.- -tem-I-kp-µ-cn-∏-´w- kz-¥-am-°n-b- B-
Zy- C-¥y-°m-cn- do-Ø- ^-cn-b- (1966).-
237.- -C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- B-Zy-am-bn- hn-iz-kp-
µ-cn-∏-´w- t\-Sn-b-Xv- kp-kv-an-X- sk-≥
(1994).-
238.- -`u-a- kp-µ-cn-a¬-k-c-Øn¬- H-∂m-a-sX-
Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-cn- \n-t°mƒ- ^-
cn-b- (2010).-
239.- -kz-X-{¥-C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- ^o¬-
Uv- am¿-j-em-Wv- F-kv.-F-®v.-F-^v.-sP.-
a-t\-£m.-
240.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv-
ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- Un- A¬-ta-
U.- c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv- A¬-_p-°¿-Iv-
241.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-¨{- K-kn-X-
c- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn-bpw-
D-]{- ]-[m-\a - {- ¥n- N-c¨- k - nw-Kp-am-Wv.-
242.- -C-¥y- B-{I-an-®- B-Zy-sØ- bq-tdm-]y-
≥ A-e-Iv-km-≠-dm-Wv- (_n.-kn.-327˛-
326).-
243.- -C-¥y- B-{I-an-®- B-Zy- ap-…nw- ap-l-
Ω-Zv- _n-≥ Im-kn-am-Wv- (F.-Un.-712).-
244.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- {_n-´o-jv-
k-©m-cn-bm-Wv- am-kv‰ - ¿- dm¬-^v- ^n-®v.-
245.- -{^-©v- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- sj-h-en-b¿- ]p-
c-kvI - m-cw- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-°m-
c-\m-Wv- in-hm-Pn- K-tW-i-≥.-
246.- -Cw-Kvf - o-jv- Nm-\¬- \o-¥n-°S- ∂ - - B-Zy-
sØ- C-¥y-°m-c\ - m-Wv- an-ln¿-sk-≥.-
247.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Im-em-h-[n- Xn-I-®- B-Zy-
sØ- tIm-¨-{K-kn-X-c- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
F.-_n.- hm-Pv-t]-bn-bm-Wv.-
248.- -ho-≠pw- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-b- G-I-
tIm-¨-{K-kn-X-c- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bpw- A-
t±-l-am-Wv.-
249.- -C-¥y-bn¬- ]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-
®- B-Zy- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- P-hm-l¿-em¬-
s\-{lp-hpw- (1964)- {]-kn-U-‚ v- k-°o¿-
lp-ssk-\p-am-Wv- (1969).-
250.- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy- tI-
{µ- a-{¥n- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-em-Wv- (1950).-
]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®- D-]-{]-[m-
\-a-{¥n-bm-W-t±-lw.-
251.- -]Z- h- n-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥c - n-®- B-Zy-sØ- C-
¥y-≥ ssh-k-v {]-kn-U‚ - -v Ir-j≥ - Im-¥.v -
252.- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-s°- A-¥-cn-®- B-Zy-sØ-
tem-Ivk - ` - m- kv] - o-°¿- Pn.-hn.-am-hve
253.- -cm-Pn-h-®- B-Zy- tI-{µ-a-{¥n- B¿.-sI.-
j-¨-ap-Jw- sN-´n-bm-Wv.-
254.- -tem-Ik v- `- b - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- Aw-Ko-Ir-X-
{]-Xn-]£ - - t\-Xm-hv- cmw-kp-`K - v- knw-Kv.-
255.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- Iym-_n-\-‰v- ]-Z-hn-tbm-
sS- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b- B-Zy- hy-
‡n- ssh.-_n.-N-hm-≥.-
256.- -C-¥y- k-µ¿-in-®- B-Zy-sØ- {_n-´o-jv-
cm-Pm-hv- tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥ (1911).-
257.- -C-¥y- k-µ¿-in-®- B-Zy-sØ- {_n-´o-jv-
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n- lm-tcmƒ-Uv- am-Iv-an-√-≥.-
258.- - t ^m¿- a p- e - h- ¨ - Im- t dm- ´ - a¬- k - c -
Øn¬- a¬-k-cn-°m-≥ A¿-l-\m-b- B-
Zy-sØ- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-Wv- \m-cm-b-¨-
Im¿-Øn-tI-b-≥.-
259.- -C-¥y-bn¬- kw-ÿm-\- \n-b-a-k-`-bn¬-
{]-Xn-]£ - t- \-Xm-hm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-Xb
Wv- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- P-b-e-fn-X- (1989).-
260.- -tI-{µ-a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬- Aw-K-am-b- B-Zy-
sØ- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- C-{µ-Pn-Xv- Kp-]v-X-bm-
Wv.-
261.- -tem-Iv-k-`m-kv-]o-°-dm-b- B-Zy- I-ayp-
Wn-Ãv- tkm-a-\m-Yv- Nm-‰¿-Pn-bm-Wv.-
262.- C
- ¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy- h-\n-Xm-{]-[m-\a
bm-b- C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn-
se- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-\n-Xm- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
bm-Wv.-
263.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- D-cp-°p-h-\n-X- F-∂- A-]-
c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-´- C-µn-c-bm-Wv- `m-
c-X- c-Xv-\-bv-°v- A¿-l-bm-b- B-Zy- h-
\n-X- (1971).-
264.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-b-
B-Zy- h-\n-X- tkm-Wn-b- Km-‘n-bm-Wv.-
c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv- kp-j-am- kz-cm-Pv-
265.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-
[y-£-bm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X- B-\n-_-‚ v.-
266.- -Cu- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ h-
\n-X- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up.-
267.- -kz-X{- ¥- C-¥y-bn¬- tIm-¨{- K-kv- A-[y-
£-bm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X- C-µn-cm- Km-‘n.-
268.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-
[y-£-bm-b- G-I- bq-tdm-]y-≥ hw-i-P-
bm-Wv- tkm-Wn-bm- Km-‘n.-
269.- C
- ¥ - y-°m-c\ - √- m-Ø- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-¨-
{K-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ v-tPm¿-Pv- bqƒ- .-
270.- ]
- n-Xr-lX - y- \-SØ - n-b- C-¥ym-Nc - n-{X-Øn-
se- B-Zy-sØ- cm-Pm-hv- A-Pm-X-i-{Xp-
hm-Wv.-
271.- ]
- n-Xm-hv- _nw-_n-km-cs - \- h-[n-®m-Wv- A-
t±-lw- a-K[ - - knw-lm-k\ - w- ssI-bS- °
b-Xv.-
272.- -a-X-sØ- cm-jv-{So-b-Øn¬-\n-∂p- th¿-
s]-Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-≥ `-cW
[n-Im-cn- A-em-hp-±o-≥ Jn¬-Pn-bm-Wv.-
273.- -C-…m-an-I- ssZ-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- h-
‡m-°-fm-b- D-te-a-Iƒ- F-∂- ]-Wv-Un-
X-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚- D-]-tZ-i-߃- A-h-K-
Wn-®- B-Zy-sØ- U¬-ln- kp¬-Øm-
≥ A-t±-l-am-Wv.-
274.- -bp-≤-Øn-\v- tdm-°-‰p-]-tbm-Kn-®- B-Zy-
sØ- C-¥y-≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- ssa-kq-
dn-se- Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-\m-Wv.-
275.- s
- S-Ãv- {In-°‰ - v- I-fn-®- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥ym-
°m-c-≥ c-Rv-Pn-Xv- kn-Mv-Pn-bm-Wv.-
276.- -_p-≤-a-X-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k-\ym-kn-
\n-bm-Wv- Ku-X-an- {]-Pm-]-Xn.- _p-≤-s‚-
h-f¿-Ø-Ω-bm-W-h¿.-
277.- -C-¥y-≥ kw-kv-Ym-\-Øv- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-kv-
Ym-\-sØ-Øn-b- B-Zy- kn-\n-am- \-S-\m-
Wv- Fw- Pn- cm-a-N-{µ-≥ (X-an-gv-\m-Sv-).-
278.- -`m-c-X- c-Xv-\- _-lp-a-Xn-bn-eq-sS- B-Z-
cn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- kn-\n-am-Xm-c-am-W-t±-
lw- (X-an-gv-\m-Sv- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-sb-∂- \n-
e-bn¬- {io-e-¶-≥ A-`-bm¿-Yn- {]-iv-\w-
ssI-Im-cyw-sN-bv-X-Xn-ep-≈- `-c-W-{]m-
K-ev`- y-am-Wv- A-t±-ls - Ø- _-lp-aX - n-°v-
A¿-l-\m-°n-b-Xv-).-
279.- -kw-Ko-X- tem-I-Øp-\n-∂pw- B-Zy-am-bn-
- ¶ - ¿.- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-bv-°v- A¿-l-X- t\-Sn-b-Xv-
I¿-Wm-S-I- kw-Ko-X-Øn-s‚- hm-\-ºm-
Sn- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-´- Fw.-Fk
- v.k
- p-∫e- £
- v-
an-bm-Wv-(1998).-
280.- -F-∂m¬- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy-
sØ- D-]-I-c-W-kw-Ko-X-hn-Z-Kv-[-≥ kn-
Xm¿- hm-Z-I-\m-b- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- c-hn-i-¶¿-
(1999)-B-Wv.-
281.- -C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-
b- B-Zy- k-∂ym-kn-\n-bm-Wv- a-[y-{]-
tZ-in¬- `-c-W-km-c-Yn-bm-b- D-am-`m-c-Xn.-
282.- -Hmƒ- C-¥ym- In-km-≥ k-`-bp-sS- B-
Zy-sØ- {]-kn-U-‚m-b-Xv- k-l-Pm-\-µv-
k-c-kz-Xn- (1936).-
283.- -F.-sF.-Sn.-bp.-kn-bp-sS- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-
‚m-b-Xv- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn- (1920).-
284.- -sF.-F-≥.-Sn.-bp.-kn-bp-sS- B-Zy- {]-kn-
- m- U-‚ v- F-kv.-kn.-_m-\¿-Pn- (1947).-
285.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚-
B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v- U-_v-fyp- kn- _m-
\¿-Pn,- B-Zy-sØ- P-\-d¬- sk-{I-´-dn-
F.-H.-lyqw.-
286.- -C-¥y-°v- th-≠n- H-cp- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv- sa-
U¬- B-Zy-am-bn- t\-Sn-b-Xv- t\m¿-a-≥
- {- ¥n- {]n-‰v-Nm¿-Uv- (1900˛- Hm-´-a¬-k-cw-).-
287.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- hy-‡n-K-
X- H-fn-ºn-Iv- sa-U¬- tP-Xm-hv- J-k-_m-
bm-Zh - v- (1952˛-200 ao-‰¿- l¿-Un¬-kv,- 200
ao.- Hm-´w-).-
288.- -H-fn-ºn-Iv- sa-U¬- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-
°m-cn- I¿-Ww- a-t√-iz-cn- (2000˛-`m-c-Zz-
l-\w-).-
289.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y- sa-U¬- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy-
H-fn-ºn-Iv- C-\w- tlm-°n- (1948).-
290.- -H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬- kz¿-W-sa-U¬- t\-Sn-b-
B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-≥ A-`n-\-hv- _n-{µ-
(2008˛-jq-´nw-Kv-).-
291.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- `q-Zm-\- {]-ÿm-
\-Øn-\v- hn-t\m-_m- `m-sh- (hn-\m-b-Iv-
\-c-l-cn- `m-sh- F-∂v- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv-)-
Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®- ÿ-e-am-Wv- B-{‘-{]-
tZ-in-se- t]m-®w-]-≈n- (1951).-
292.- -`q-Zm-\- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-\v- `q-an- Zm-\w- sN-
bv-X- B-Zy- hy-‡n- cm-a-N-{µ- sd-Õn.-
293.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- X-]m¬- Ãm-ºv-
(kn-‘v- [m-°v-)- ]p-d-Øn-d-°-s∏-´- \-K-
cw- I-dm-®n-bm-Wv.-
294.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- X-]m¬- Ãm-ºn¬- Nn-{Xw-
A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- hy-‡n- hn-Iv-tSm-
dn-b- dm-Wn.-
- n- 295.- k- z-X{- ¥- C-¥y-bn-se- X-]m¬- Ãm-ºn¬-
Nn-{Xw- A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- hy-Iv-Xn-
a-lm-flm-Km-‘n.-
- m- 296.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- Ãm-ºn¬- A-®-
Sn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- Nn-{Xw- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-
b- ]-Xm-I.-
297.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- B-[p-\n-I- k¿-h-
I-em-im-e-bm-Wv- I¬-°-´- k¿-h-I-em-
im-e.-
298.- -Im-\nw-Kv- {]-`p- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-bn-
cn-s°-bm-Wv- C-Xv- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-
(1857).-
299.- - B - Z y- Nm- ≥ k- e ¿- Im- \ nw- K v - {]- ` p.-
James W illiam Colvile BWv- B-Zy-
ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿.-
300.- C- u- ]-Zh - n-bn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-
c-≥ Kp-cp-Zm-k-v _m-\¿-Pn-bm-W-v (1890˛-92).-
301.- -sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H.-bp-sS- B-Zy- sN-b¿-
am-≥ hn-{Iw- km-cm-`m-bn.-
302.- -{]-km¿- `m-c-Xn- t_m¿-Un-s‚- B-Zy-
sØ- sN-b¿-am-≥ \n-Jn¬- N-{I-h¿-Øn.-
303.- -B-Zy-sØ- aq-∂p- sS-Ãp-am-®p-I-fn-epw-
sk-©z-dn- A-Sn-®- C-¥y-≥ {In-°-‰-dm-
090
Wv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-k-dp-±o-≥.-
304.- -C-¥y-bn¬- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-
b- B-Zy-sØ- sF.-F.-F-kp-Im-c-\m-Wv-
A-Pn-Xv- tPm-Kn- (O-Øn-kv-K-Vv-).-
305.- -F-Xn-cn-√m-sX- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- G-
I- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv- \o-ew- k-Rv-Po-
h- sd-Õn.-
306.- -F-Xn-cn-√m-sX- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- B-
Zy- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv- tUm.-F-kv.-cm-
[m-Ir-jv-W-≥.-
307.- -s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hm-b- B-Zy- `m-c-Xo-
b-≥ c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- (1913,-km-
ln-Xyw-).-
308.- -im-kv-{X-hn-j-b-Øn¬- s\m-t_-en-\¿-
l-\m-b- B-Zy- `m-c-Xo-b-≥ kn.-hn.-cm-a-
≥ (1930,-`u-Xn-I-im-kv-{Xw- ).-
309.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- P-\n-®-h-cn¬- B-
Zy-am-bn- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-Øn-\v- A¿-l-\m-b-
Xv- sh-¶-Sv-cm-a-≥ cm-a-Ir-jv-W-≥ (2009,-
c-k-X-{¥w-).-
310.- -dn-t°m¿-Up-Iƒ- hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\v- tdm-
b¬-‰n- e-`n-®- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-°m-c-
\m-Wv- Sm-tKm¿.-
311.- -C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {_n-
´o-jv- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- hm-d-≥ tl-Ãn-
Mv-kv- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
312.- -K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- Hm-^v- _w-Kmƒ- F-
∂m-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- Hu-tZym-
Kn-I- ]-Z-hn.-
313.- -1773˛-se- d-Kp-te-‰nw-Kv- B-Iv-Sv- {]-Im-c-
am-Wv- A-t±-lw- B- ]-Z-hn-bn¬- \n-b-an-
X-\m-b-Xv.-
314.- -]n¬-°m-e-Øv- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- Hm-
^v- _w-Kmƒ- F-∂-Xv- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-
d¬- Hm-^v- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y- F-∂p- ]-cn-
jv-I-cn-®p-(1833).-
315.- -K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- Hm-^v- {_n-´o-jv- C-
¥y- F-∂- ÿm-\-t∏-tcm-sS- C-¥y- `-
cn-®- B-Zy- hy-‡n- hn-eyw- s_-‚ n-Iv-
{]-`p-hm-Wv.-
316.- -Im-\n-Mv- {]-`p- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-bn-cn-
s°-bm-Wv- 1857 ¬- I-em-]w- \-S-∂-Xv.-
317.- -Xp-S¿-∂v- C-¥y-bp-sS- `-c-Ww- Cu-Ãn-
¥ym-°-º-\n-bn¬-\n-∂v- {_n-´o-jv- cm-
⁄n- t\-cn-´v- G-s‰-Sp-°p-Ib - pw- cm-⁄n-
bp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-sb-∂- \n-e-bn¬- `-c-
W-\n¿-h-l-Ww- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v- ssh-
t{km-bn-sb- \n-b-an-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
A-ß-s\- Im-\n-Mv- {]-`p- B-Zy- ssh-
t{km-bn-bm-Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
318.- -1947se- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv-
B-Iv-Sv- {]-Im-cw- C-¥y- kz-X-{¥-am-b-
t∏mƒ- A-∂v- ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂-
(1947 am¿-®v- 13˛- 1947 B-K-kv-Xv-14)- au-
≠v-_m-‰-¨- {]-`p- kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-sS-
{]-Y-a- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-bn- (1947 B-
K-kv-Xv-15˛- 1948 Pq-¨-20).-
319.- -Xp-S¿-∂v- A-t±-lw- ÿm-\-sam-gn-™-
t∏mƒ- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn- K-h¿-
W¿- P-\-d-em-bn- (1948 Pq-¨-21).-
320.- 1- 950 P-\h - c- n- 26\v`- c- W
- L- S- \- - \n-eh- n¬-
h-∂-tXm-sS- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬- ]-Z-hn-
C-√m-Xm-bn.-
321.- -A-ß-s\- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-°v-
kz-X{- ¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ-bpw- A-
h-km-\s - Ø-bpw- C-¥y-°m-c\ - m-b- K-h¿-
W¿- P-\-d-se-∂- ]-Z-hn- kz-¥-am-bn.-
322.- -sN-kn¬- tem-I- In-co-Sw- t\-Sn-b- B-
Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-≥ hn-iz-\m-Y-≥ B-\-µm-
Wv.-
323.- b- p-≤°- ∏ - ¬,- bp-≤h - n-am-\w- F-∂n-hb - n¬-
bm-{X- sN-bvX - - B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-
‚ v- F.-]n.-sP.- A-_vZ- pƒ- I-em-am-Wv.-
324.- t- em-Ivk
- ` - m- Xn-cs- ™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p-sN-
bv-X- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v- sI.-
B¿.-\m-cm-b-W-≥.-
325.- -A-kw-ªn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p-sN-
bv-X- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v- F.-
]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw.-
 XncphnXmwIq¿ cmPm°≥am¿˛3
_m-ecm-ah¿-a
(1798˛1810)-
326. [¿-acm-Pm-hn-\p-tijw- A[n-Im-cØn¬-
hcp- t ºmƒ- _m- e cm- a h¿- a bv - ° p- 16
hb m-bn-cp-∂p- {]m-bw.-
327. Ai‡\pw- A{]m-]y-\p-am-b `cWm-
[n- I m- c n- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p- At±lsa∂v
N c n { X I m c ≥ a m ¿
tcJs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p.-
328. cm- P y- ` cWw- Zp¿- L SL´Øn- e m- b n.-
Pb¥≥- i¶c≥- \ºq-Xn-cn,- i¶c\m-
cm-bc≥- sN´n,- am-Øq-ØcI≥- F∂n-
h¿- tN¿-∂p-≠m-b Hcp- D]Pm-]Ikw-
LØn-s‚ ssIbn-em-bn- `cWw.-
329. kz- m ¿- Y Xm¬- ] cy- kw- c £Wm¿- Y w-
Ah¿- ssIs°m-≠ \S]Sn-Iƒ- s]Xp-
P\t£aØn-\v- {]Xn-tem-aIcam-bn-
Øo¿-∂p.-
330. iq- \ y- a m- b JP\m- h p- \n- d bv - ° m≥-
{][m-\ hy-‡n-Ifn¬-\n-∂v- \n¿-_‘n-
Xam-bn- ]Ww- ISw-hm-ßp-Ibpw-sNbv-
Xp.- Xe°p- f w- Im- c y- ° m- c m- b n- c p- ∂
thep-غn-tbm-Sv- ]Ww- ISw-hm-ßn-
bXv- Im-cy-߃- Io-gv-ta¬- adn-®p.
331. D]Pm-]Ikw-LØn-s\Xn-sc P\Io-
b {]t£m- ` Ww- kw- L Sn- ∏ n- ° p-
∂Xn¬- At±lw- hn-Pbn-®p.-
332. \m-©n-\m-´n¬-\n-∂v- Bbn-c°W°n-\v-
{]t£m-`Im-cn-Iƒ- thep-غn-bp-sS
t\Xr- X z- Ø n¬- Xn- c p- h \¥]p-
csØØn.-
333. P\t{Zm-ln-Ifm-b aq-h¿-kw-LsØ \n-
jv-Im-k\w-sNbv-Xv- Ah¿-°v- DNn-Xam-
b in-£ \¬-Ip-∂Xn-\v- {]t£m-`Im-
cn-Iƒ- cm-Pm-hn-s\ \n¿-_‘n-X\m-°n.-
334. {]t£m- ` w- \bn- ® Nn- d bn≥- I o- g v -
sNºIcm- a ≥- ] n- ≈ pw- Xe°p- f Øp-
thep- Ø ºn- b pw- bYm- { Iaw- hen- b
k¿-hm-[n-Im-cy-°m-cm-bpw- - ap-fIp-aSn-
»o-e Im-cy-°m-cm-bpw- (hm-Wn-Py-a{¥n)-
\n-ban-°s∏´p.-
335. 1801¬- dkn-U‚ v- sa°m-sfbp-sS Aw-
Ko-Im-ctØm-Sp-Iq-Sn- cm-Pm-hv- thep-
غn-sb Zfhbm-°n- \n-ban-®p.-
336. 1809 hsc Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Zfhm-]´w-
Ae¶cn-® thep-غn-°v- tIcfNcn-
{XØn-se [o- c tZim- `n- am- \ n- I ƒ- ° n-
Sbn¬- kap-∂Xÿm-\am-Wp-≈Xv.-
Xp¿°n
730. t\mlbpsS- t]-SI - w- D-d®
- p-\n-∂- ]¿-h-
X-am-b- A-dm-dØ- -v G-X-v cm-Py-Øm-W-v
731.- -1453˛¬- F-hn-S-Øp-Im-cm-Wv- tIm-¨-
Ãm-‚ n-t\m-∏nƒ- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b-Xv-
732.- -GX - p- cm-Py-Øm-W-v l-Kn-b- tkm-^n-b-
733.- -c-≠p- h-≥I-c-I-fn-em-bn- ÿn-Xn-sN-
337. 1795se Xn- c p- h n- X mw- I q¿- ˛ {_n- ´ o- j v -
kJy-w-aq-ew- cm-Py-Øn-s‚ ]cam-[n-Im-
cw- ASn-bdhbv-°s∏´n-cp-∂p.
338. \b]cam-b F√m-°m-cy-ßfn-epw- {_n-
´o-jv- dkn-U‚p-am-bn- Btem-Nn-t°≠
ÿn-Xn-h∂p.-
339. Cu- km-lNcy-Øn¬- `cWta‰ thep-
غn-°v- Ht´sd hn-jbL´ßsf
AXn-Po-hn-t°≠n-h∂p.-
340. P\t£aIcam- b ]e ]cn- j v - I m-
cßfpw- thep-غn- \S∏m-°n.-
341. Agn- a Xn- ° m- c pw- kXy- k ‘c√m-
Øhcp-am-b DtZym-Kÿsc ]n-cn-®p-hn-
´v- At±lw- `cWcw-Kw- ip-≤o-Icn-®p.-
342. ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- k¿-th \SØn- `q-an-hn-kv-
Xo¿-Ww- \n-Ps∏Sp-Øn-b At±lw- \n-
Ip-Xn-hn-`m-Kw- ]p-\ w-LSn-∏n-°p-Ibpw-
\n-Ip-Xn-bp-sS Ir-Xy-am-b kw-`cWw-
Dd∏p-hcp-Øp-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.-
343. CXp-aq-ew- `q-\n-Ip-Xn-bn-\Øn¬- km-
cam-b h¿-[\hp-≠mbn.-
344. cm-Py-Øn-s‚ km-ºØn-Iÿn-Xn-bpw-
sa®s∏´p.- hym-hkm-bn-IIm-cy-ßfn¬-
At±lw {]tXy-I {i≤]Xn-∏n-®p.- hy-
hkm- b ]p- t cm- K Xn- ° m- b n- KXm-
KXku- I cy- ß ƒ- Iq- S p- X ¬- Im- c y-
£aam-°n.-
345. ]´Wßfp- s S hn- I k\Øn- e pw-
At±lw- {i≤n-®p.-
346. Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw- \Kcw- \∂m-°n.- tIm-
´bv-°IsØ Akw-ªn- lm-ƒ- Dƒ-
s∏sS \n-ch[n- k¿-°m¿- sI´n-S߃-
\n¿-an-®v- Xeÿm-\\KcØn-s‚ {]u-
Vn- Iq-´n.
347. sIm-√Øv- lPq¿-It®cn- ÿm-]n-°p-
Ibpw- ]p-Xn-b Itºm-f߃- \n¿-an-°p-
Ibpw- a‰p- ÿeßfn¬-\n-∂v- hym-]m-
cn-Isf £Wn-®p-hcp-Øn- I®hSku-
Icy- ß ƒ- sNbv - X p- s Im- S p- ° p- I bpw-
sNbv-Xp.-
348. Be∏p- g \KcØn- s ‚bpw- Xp- d ap-
JØn-s‚bpw- hn-Ik\Øn-epw- thep-
غn- hfsc Xm¬-]cyw- Im-Wn-®p.-
349. hy-hkm-b\KcsØ ]e Zn-°p-Ifp-am-
bn- _‘s∏Sp-∂ XcØn¬- [m-cm-fw-
tdm-Up-Iƒ- At±lw- \n¿-an-®p.
350. - Nß\m-t»cn-bn-epw- Xetbm-e∏dºn-
epw- Beßm-´pw- Hm-tcm- hen-b Itºm-
fw- ÿm-]n-®p.-
351. Be∏p-gbp-sS hS°p-`m-KØm-bn- Nn-
øp-∂- sa-s{Sm-s]m-fn-‰-≥ \-K-c-am-b-
C-kv-Xm-≥_pƒ- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
734.- -Jn-em-^-Øv- {]-ÿm-\w- ]n-d-hn-sb-
Sp- ° m- ≥ Im- c - W w- F- h n- S p- s Ø-
kp¬-Øm-s\- ÿm-\{- `-jvS- \ - m-°n-b-
kw-`-h-am-Wv-
735.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-
‚m-Wv- ap-kv-X-^- I-am¬-
736.- -Cu-Pn-b-≥ I-S¬- {Ko-kn-\pw- G-Xp-
cm-Py-Øn-\p-an-S-bv-°m-Wv-
737.- -ap-kv-X-^- I-am¬- F-hn-S-sØ- cm-jv-
{S-in¬-]n-bm-Wv-
738.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-
Wv- A-¶m-d-
739.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- G-jy-≥ `m-K-am-
Wv- G-jym-ssa-\¿- A-Y-hm- A-\-
t‰m-fn-b-
740.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- bq-tdm-]y-≥ `m-
K-am-Wv- t{X-kv-
091
e Xp-cp-Øp-Ifn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ apƒ-°m-
Sp-Iƒ- \in-∏n-®v- B ÿew- Ir-jn-tbm-
Ky-am-°n-bXv- Ct±lam-Wv.-
352. Cu- co-Xn-bn¬- hn-PbIcam-bn- `cWw-
\SØn- s °m- ≠ n- c p- ∂ t∏mƒ- thep-
غn-°v- A`n-ap-Jo-Icn-t°≠n-h∂
Hcp- {]iv-\w- {_n-´o-jv- Kh¨-sa‚n-\v-
sIm-Sp-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂ I∏°p-Sn-»n-
Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.-
353. `cWs®ehp- sh´n- ® p- c p- ° n- ]Ww-
Is≠Øm-\p-≈ At±lØn-s‚ {iaw-
{]iv-\߃-°v- Im-cWam-bn.- Zfhbp-
sS i{Xp-°ƒ- Cu-bhkcap-]tbm-Kn-
®v- P\ßsf Cf°n-hn-´p.-
354. XShn- e m- ° s∏´hsc Xp- d ∂p- h n- S p-
Ibpw- ]´m-f°m¿- Xm-hfw- hn-´p-t]m-
hp-Ibpw-sNbv-Xp.- elf°m¿- Hcp-an-®v-
Xn-cp-h\¥]p-csØØn.-
355. Zfhsb \o- ° wsNbv- X v- ]Icw-
ssk\y-ta[m-hn-Iƒ- sXcs™Sp-°p-
∂ Hcm-sf a{¥n-bm-°Wsa∂v- Iem-
]Im-cn-Iƒ- cm-Pm-hn-t\m-Sm-hiy-s∏´p.-
356. thep-غn- sa°m-sfbp-sS klm-
btØm-sS elf Aa¿-®sNbv-Xp.-
357. ssk\n-Icp-sS Xeh\m-bn-cp-∂ Ir-jv-
W]n- ≈ sb Zm- c p- W amw- h n- [ w- sIm-
esNbv-Xp.-
358. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚ B`y-¥cIm-cy-
ßfn¬- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°v- A[n-Im-cap-
≠m-IWsa∂v- Hcm-ibw- sa°m-sf ap-
t∂m-´p-sh®p.-
359. HSp- h n¬- Xn- c p- h n- X mw- I q- d n- s \ kw-
_‘n-®n-StØm-fw- ]n¬-°m-eØv- Xn-
I™ A]ISØn-\p- hgn-h® ]Øv-
\n-_‘\Ifn¬- H∏p-hbv-°m≥- alm-
cm-Pm-hv- \n¿-_‘n-X\m-bn.-
360. \n-_‘\Iƒ- H∏p-hs®¶n-epw- (1805)
I∏°p- S n- » n- I bp- s S Im- c y- Ø n¬-
sa°m- s fbpw- thep- Ø ºn- b pw-
CS™p.- Xºn-sb Zfhm-]ZØn¬-\n-
∂pw- \o-°w-sNøWsa∂v- sa°m-sf
cm-Pm-hn-t\m-Sm-hiy-s∏´p.-
361. sIm-´m-cØn-se kz¿-Ww- ]Wbw-h®v-
I∏w- Ip-Sn-»n-I Ip-sdsbm-s° AS®p.-
362. F∂n- ´ pw- sa°m- s fbpw- \o- c kw-
sI´Sßn-bn-√.- thep-غn- X{¥]q¿-hw-
Bbp-[_ew- KWy-am-bn- h¿-[n-∏n-°p-
Ibpw- tIm-´Iƒ- sI´p-Ibpw- sNbvX - p.-
363. 1805se DSºSn-bn-se \n-_‘\Iƒ-
adn-IS∂v- thep-غn- sIm-®n- Zn-hm≥-
]m-en-bØ®\p-am-bn-t®¿-∂v- i‡am-
b B{IaWØn-\v- Xp-S°w- Ip-dn-®p.-
364. sa°m-sf-bpw- h-[n-°m-≥ {i-an-s®-¶n-
epw- A-t±-lw- A-¤p-X-I-c-am-bn- c-£-
s∏-´p.-
365.- -]n-∂o-Sv- th-ep-Ø-ºn- sIm-√-Øv- X-º-
Sn-®n-cp-∂- I-º\ - n- ssk-\y-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-
bp-≤w- {]-Jym-]n-®p.- G-‰p-ap-´-en¬- th-
ep-Ø-ºn-°v- hn-P-bn-°m-≥ I-gn-™n-√.-
366. {_n-´o-jv- ssk\y-sØ t\cn-Sp-∂Xn-\v-
k÷cm-Im≥- P\ßtfm-Sv- Blzm-\w-
sNbv-Xp-sIm-≠v- 1809 P\p-hcn- ]Xn-
s\m-∂n-\v- thep-غn- Ip-≠d hn-fw-
_cw- \SØn.
367. CXv P-\-ß-sf- k-L-Sn-X-cpw- B-th-i-
`-cn-X-cp-am-°n.- sIm-√-Øpw- sIm-®n-bn-
epw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ssk-\yw- ]-cm-P-
b-s∏-´p.-
368.- -]m-en-b-Ø-®-≥ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°v- Io-
g-S-ßn.- B-cp-hm-sam-gn-bn¬-h-®v- Xn-cp-
s\¬-th-en-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈- ssk-\y-hp-
am-bp-≈- G-‰p-ap-´-en-epw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-
Iq¿- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´p.-
369.- X- p-S¿-∂v- D-Ωn-Wn-غ - n-bp-sS- \n¿-tZ-im-
\p-k-c-Ww- cm-Pm-hv- th-ep-Ø-ºn-sb- Z-
f-hm-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂p- am-‰n.-
370.- -1809 am¿-®v- 18\v- D-Ωn-Wn-Ø-ºn-sb- Zn-
hm-\m-bn- \n-b-an-®p.- th-ep-Ø-ºn-sb- \-
in-∏n-°m-\m-Wv- D-Ωn-Wn-Ø-ºn- {i-≤-
tI-{µo-I-cn-®-Xv.-
371.- -th-ep-Ø-ºn-bp-sS- X-e-bv-°v- 10000 cq-
]- hn-e-]-d-™p.- Po-h-t\m-sS- {_n-´o-jp-
Im¿-°v- Io-gS- ß - p-Ib - n-s√-∂v- {]-Xn-⁄-
sN-bv-X- th-ep-Ø-ºn- H-fn-hn¬- I-gn-
™p.-
372.- -X-s‚- D-S-hmƒ- A-t±-lw- In-fn-am-\q¿-
tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm-s\- G¬-]n-®p.-
373.- -a-Æ-Sn- `-K-h-Xn-t£-{X-Øn¬- H-fn-hn¬-
I-gn-™n-cp-∂- A-t±-l-sØ- 1809 G-
{]n¬- F-´n-\v- i-{Xp-°ƒ- h-f-™p.-
374.- i
- {- Xp-°f - p-sS- ]n-Sn-bn¬-s∏-Sp-sa-∂p-d∏ - m-
b-t∏mƒ- D-d-bn¬- kq-£n-®n-cp-∂- I-Tm-
c- s\-©n¬- Ip-Øn-bn-d-°n.- A-Xp-sIm-
≠pw- Po-h≥ - t]m-Im-ØX - p-Im-cW
- w- A-
t±-l-Øn-s‚- A-`y¿-Y-\-{]-Im-cw- A-\p-
P-≥ ]-fl-\m-`-≥X-ºn- in-c- v- sh-´n-am-
‰n.-
375.- -{_n-´o-jp-Im¿- X-ºn-bp-sS- ar-X-tZ-lw-
Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- sIm-≠p-h-∂v- I-gp-
a-cØ - n¬- sI-´n-Øq-°n- {]-Xn-Im-cw- Xo¿-
Øp.-
376.- -A-\p-P-≥ ]-fl-\m-`-≥X-ºn-sb- sIm-√-
Øp-h® - v- h-[n-®p.- th-ep-غ - n-bp-sS- ho-
Sv- C-Sn-®p-\n-cØ - p-Ib - pw- _-‘p-°s - f- am-
e-Zzo-]n-te-°v- \m-Sp-I-S-Øp-I-bpw-sN-bv-
Xp.-
377.- -th-ep-Ø-ºn-°p-]-I-cw- Zn-hm-\m-b- D-Ωn-
Wn-Ø-ºn- _p-≤n-bpw- km-a¿-Yy-hpw- cm-
Py-Øn-s‚- s]m-Xp-ÿn-Xn-sb-∏-‰n- [m-
c-W-bp-≈- B-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- F-¶n-epw,- X-
s‚- ap-≥Km-an-tb-°mƒ- {]-K-ev-`-\m-sW-
∂p- h-cp-Øm-\p-≈- B-{K-l-hpw- A-[n-
Im-c-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- Zp¿-tam-l-hpw-
A-t±-l-sØ- ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p.-
378.- -Cu- e-£y-tØm-sS- `-c-W-k-{º-Zm-bw-
B-sI- A-gn-®p-]W - n-bm-≥ A-t±-lw- Xo-
cp-am-\n-®p.- a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-s‚- {]o-Xn-°p-
]m-{X-am-bn-cp-∂- D-Ωn-Wn-Ø-ºn-°v- X-
∂n-„-߃- \-S-∏m-°m-≥ a-lm-cm-Pm-
hn¬-≥n-∂v- bm-sXm-cp- X-S- -hp-ap-≠m-
bn-√.-
379.- -D-Ωn-Wn-Ø-ºn-bp-sS- \-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬- ]-
e-Xpw- cm-Py-t£-a-Øn-\v- h-f-sc- A-\p-
tbm-Py-am-bn-cp-∂p.- s]m-eo-kv- kw-hn-[m-
\-Øn-s‚- {]m-Iv-cq-]-am-b- "-Im-h¬-'- B-
hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv- D-Ωn-Wn-Ø-ºn-bm-Wv.-
380.- -\o-Xn-\ym-b-kw-hn-[m-\w- Im-cy-£-a-am-
°p-∂X - n-\v- cm-Py-Øv- Pn-√m- P-bn-ep-Iƒ-
ÿm-]n-®p.-
381.- -k¿-°m¿- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc- kw-L-
Sn-X-am-bn- {]-Xn-tj-[n-°m-≥ \m-©n-\m-
´v- P-\-߃-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- A-h-Im-iw-
\n¿-Ø-em-°n.-
382.- -s\-øm-‰n-≥I-c-bv-°pw- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-
Øn-\pw- C-Sb - v°- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Im-Sp-Iƒ-
sh-´n-sØ-fn-®v- hm-k-tbm-Ky-am-°n- A-
hn-sS- I-tºm-f-ß-fpw- A-{K-lm-c-ß-fpw-
sIm-´m-c-ß-fpw- kw-`-c-W-im-e-I-fpw- D-
≠m-°n-b-Xn-\p-]p-d-sa- B- ÿ-e-Øv-
s\-bv-Øp-Im-sc- Ip-Sn-]m¿-∏n-°p-hm-≥
C-S-]m-Spw- sN-bv-Xp.-
383.- -cm-Pm-hn-s‚- \m-a-t[-b-Øn¬- B- {]-tZ-
i-Øn-\v- _m-e-cm-a-]p-c-sa-∂v- t]-cn-Sp-I-
bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
384.- -hn-gn-™w- H-cp- Xp-d-ap-J-am-bpw- hy-h-
km-b-tI-{µ-am-bpw- hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-
\p-≈- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- A-t±-lw- B-hn-jv-
I-cn-®p.-
385.- C
- {- ]-Im-ca
- p-≈- t£-aI - c - a- m-b- {]-h¿-Ø- ∏w- ho-≠pw- Ip-Sn-»n-I-bm-bn.- ]-e- h- 390.- -C-Xp-aq-ew- A-t±-lw- X-s‚- k-Nn-h-s‚- 394.- -]-{¥-≠p-h¿-j-hpw- F-´p-am-k-hpw- \o-
\-߃- H-cp-hi - Ø
- v- \-S° - p-tºm-gpw- a- Ip-∏p-If- n-epw- i-ºf
- w-Xs
- ∂- sIm-Sp-Øp- B-{K-l-߃-°p- h-g-ßn.- ≠p-\n-∂- `-c-W-Im-e-Øn-\n-S-bv-°v- X-
dp-hi - Ø
- v- D-Ωn-Wn-غ - n-bp-s P-\{- ]o- Xo¿-°m-≥ I-gn-™n-√.- 391.- -cm-Py-sØ- Ip-g-∏-߃- ]-cn-l-cn-°-W- s‚- ]n-≥Km-an-Iƒ-°p- I-gn-™-Xp-t]m-
Xn- C-Sn-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.- 388.- -s]m-Xp-`-c-Ww- sam-Ø-Øn¬- Ip-Ø-gn- sa-∂v- d-kn-U-‚ v- sa-°m-sf- B-h-iy- se- `-cW- ] - c - n-jvI
- m-cØ- n-\p-th-≠n-tbm-
386.- c
- ≠
- p-sIm-√s - Ø- `-cW
- Ø - n-\n-Sb - v°
- v- X- ™- a-´m-bn.- a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Zu¿-_- s∏-´p.- P-\t- £-aØ - n-\p-th-≠n-tbm- bm-sXm-cp-
s‚- Io-gp-tZym-K-ÿ¿- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂- eyw- Zn-hm-\v- A-\p-{K-l-am-bn.- 392.- -I-∏-a-S-bv-°m-≥ Xm-a-k-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn- h-I- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-hpw- \-S-Øm-≥ A-
A-gn-a-Xn-°v- X-S-bn-Sm-≥ A-t±-l-Øn-\v- 389.- -k¿-h- A-[n-Im-c-hpw- ssI-b-S-°n-b- Zn- \v- H-gn-I-gn-hm-bn- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- t]¿- D- t±-l-Øn-\v- I-gn-™n-√.-
I-gn-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v- `-c-W-kw-hn- hm-≥ cm-Pm-[n-Im-c-sØ- \n-c¿-Y-I-am- ]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p- D-Ωn-Wn-Ø- 395.- X
- r-]vX
- n-Ic
- a- m-b- km-ºØ - n-Im-hÿ - - \n-
[m-\-Øn-s‚- k-a-kv-X-ta-J-e-I-fn-epw- °n.- Zn-hm-s\-Xn-sc- F-s¥-¶n-epw- {]- ºn-bp-sS- ]-Xn-hv.- e-\n-∂t- ∏mƒ- `-cW - t- a-‰- A-t±-lw- 29˛m-
{I-a-t°-Spw- A-[n-Im-c-Zp¿-hn-\n-tbm-K- h¿-Øn-®m¬-A-Xp-aq-ew- X-s‚- cm-P- 393.- -C-ß-s\-bn-cn-s°- 1810 \-hw-_¿- G- a-sØ- h-b  - n¬- \m-Sp-\o-ßp-tºmƒ- J-
hpw- \-S-am-Sn.- ÿm-\w- t]m-epw- \-„-am-tb-°p-sa-∂v- gn-\v- cm-Pm-hv- B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn- \m-Sp- P-\m-hv- Im-en-bm-bn- `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\w-
387.- -Cu-kv-‰n-¥ym- I-º-\n-°v- \¬-tI-≠- I- cm-Pm-hn-\v- i-¶-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- \o-ßn.- Xm-dp-am-dm-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.-

tIcfØnse Pn√Iƒ
1958˛¬- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- ]o-®n-˛-hm-gm-\n- k- 440.- -c-≠mw- tN-c- km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e- A-[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xv- a-∂-Øp- ]-Zv-a-
Xr»q¿ t¶-Xw.- ÿm-\w-˛- a-tlm-Z-b-]p-cw- \m-`-≥,- sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv- sI.-tI-
416.- t- I-cf - - hym-k≥ - F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´X - v˛- - sIm- 441.- -G-Xp- h¿-jw- s]-cn-bm-dn-ep-≠m-b- sh- f-∏-≥.- F-∂m¬,- 1914˛¬- s]-cp-∂-bn¬-
{]tXyIXIƒ Sp-ß-√q¿- Ip-™n-°p-´-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥ ≈-s∏m-°-am-Wv- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- Xp-d-ap- cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b- \m-b¿- k¿-ho-kv-
396. tIc-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]m- 417.- t- I-cf - Ø- n-s‚- kmw-kvI - m-cn-I- X-eÿ - m- J-Øn-s‚- \m-i-Øn-\p- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv- skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
tÃm-^o-kp-I-fp-≈- Pn-√- \w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Xr-»q¿- ˛- 1341 sI.- tI-f-∏-\pw- B-Zy- sk-{I-´-dn- a-∂-
397.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tªm-°v- ]-©m-b- 418.- -{]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- ap-kn-cn-kv- F-∂-dn-b- 442.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-{K-lw- \-S-∂- h¿- hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
Øp-I-fp-≈- Pn-√- (17)- s∏-´n-cp-∂- Xp-d-ap-Jw-˛- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- jw-˛-1931 466.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- `-c-X-\p- k-a¿-∏n-®n-´p-≈-
398.- -G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw- {]-tZ-i-Øv- P-e-tk-N-\- 419.- -Z-£n-W- Zzm-c-I- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- 443.- -Xr-»q-cn¬- sI.-tI-f-∏-s‚- A-[y-£-X- t£-{Xw- ˛-Iq-S¬-am-Wn-Iy-t£-{Xw,- C-
ku-I-cy-ap-≈- Pn-√- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- t£-{Xw- bn¬- sF-Iy- tI-c-f- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S- cn-ßm-e-°p-S-
399.- -]q-c-Øn-s‚- \m-Sv- 420.- -tN-∂m-kv- \-ºq-Xn-cn-am-cm-Wv- Kp-cp-hm- ∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1947 G-{]n¬- 467.- t- I-cf- Ø - n-se- tIm¿-∏t- d-j\ - p-If- n¬- I-
bq¿- t£-{X-Øn-se- ]-cº - c - m-KX- - X-{¥n- 444.- -tI-c-f- I-em-a-Wv-U-e-sØ- tI-c-f- k¿- S¬-Øo-ca - n-√m-ØX - v- Xr-»q¿- am-{X-am-Wv.-
{]-[m-\s
- ∏-´- h-kvX
- p-XI
- ƒ- am¿.- °m¿- G-s‰-Sp-Ø- h¿-jw-˛- 1957 468.- -sIm-®n- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- C-°-
400.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- {In-kv-Xy-≥ ]-≈n-
421.- -G-Xv- ÿ-e-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cm-Wv- Ip- 445.- -]o-®n-˛-hm-gm-\n- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-Xw- ≠-hm-cy¿- ap-≥ssI-sb-Sp-Øv- \n¿-an-®-
ÿm-]n-®- -ÿ-ew-˛- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿-
cp-hm-bq¿-h-´w-˛- Kp-cp-hm-bp¿- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1958 A-W-s°-´m-Wv- ]o-®n.- tI-c-f-Øn-se-
401.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- b-lq-Z-cp-sS- B-Zy- k-t¶-
422.- -hr-j-`m-{Zn-]p-cw- F-∂m-Wv- Xr-»q-cn-s‚- 446.- -Nn-Ωn-\n- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-Xw- ÿm-]n- F-©n-\o-b¿-am¿- ]-≤X - n-sb- F-Xn¿-Ø-
Xw-˛- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿-
]-g-b- t]-cv.- X-am-b- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1984.- C-Xv- ap-Ip-µ- Xn-\m¬- B-{‘-bn¬-\n-∂v- dn-´-tb¿-Uv-
402.- -tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS- B-
423.- -]o-®n-˛-hm-gm-\n- A-W-s°-´v- G-Xp- Pn- ]p-cw- Xm-eq-°n-em-Wv.- F-©n-\o-b-sd- sIm-≠p-h-∂m-Wv- \n¿-
Zy- A-[y-£-≥˛- k¿-Zm¿- sI.- Fw.-]-
√-bn¬-˛- Xr-»q¿- 447.- -tI-c-f- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- tem-°¬- A- am-Ww- \-S-Øn-b-Xv.- 213 ao-‰-dm-Wv- A-
Wn-°¿- (Im-hm-ew- am-[-h-∏-Wn-°¿-
424.- -B-Xn-c-∏-≈n- sh-≈-®m-´w- G-Xp- \-Zn- Uv-an-\n-kv-t{S-j-≥ (In-e-)- F-hn-sS-bm- W-s°-´n-s‚- \o-fw.-
F-∂m-Wv- ]q¿-W-\m-aw-)-
bn¬-˛- Nm-e-°p-Sn-∏p-g- (sh-≈-®m-´-Øn- Wv-˛- ap-f-¶p-∂-Øp-Im-hv- 469.- -tdm-a-≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂- A-K-Ã-
403.- -tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS-
\v- 80 A-Sn- (24 ao.-)-tbm-fw- D-b-c-ap-≠v-)- 448.- -tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS- B- kn-s‚- tZ-hm-e-bw- H-∂mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬-
B- Z y- D- ] m- [ y- £ - ≥ ˛- h- ≈ - t Ømƒ-
425.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- \-bm-{K- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn- ÿm-\w-˛- Xr-»q¿- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - m-bn- I-cp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂- ÿ-
\m-cm-b-W-ta-t\m-≥
∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- tI-c-f-Øn-se- sh-≈-®m- 449.- -tI-c-f- kw-Ko-X- \m-S-I- A-°m-Z-an-bp- e-am-Wv- ap-kn-cn-kv.-
404.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Iw-]yq-´¿- km-
´-am-Wv- B-Xn-c-∏-≈n.- sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛-Xr-»q¿- 470.- t- I-cf - Ø - n¬- kz-¥a - m-bn- ssh-Zyp-Xn- hn-
£-c- {Km-aw-˛- X-øq¿- (2003)-
426.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- t£-{X-Øn-se- {]-[m-\- 450.- -tI-c-f- e-fn-X-I-em- A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS- B- X-c-Ww- \-S-Øp-∂- ap-\n-kn-∏¬- tIm¿-
405.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- hy-h-lm-c- c-
D¬-k-hw-˛- -G-Im-Z-in- ÿm-\w-˛- Xr-»q¿- ∏-td-j-\m-Wv- Xr-»q¿.-
ln-X- hn-t√-Pv-˛- h-c-hq¿-
427.- -sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- t£-{X-Øn-se- {]-[m-\- 451.- -tI-c-f- I-em-a-Wv-U-e-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm- 471.- -tjm-f-bm¿- A-W-s°-´v- Nm-e-°p-Sn-∏p-
406.- -C¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \n-ba - - km-£-
D¬-k-hw-˛- `-c-Wn- \w-˛- sN-dp-Xp-cp-Øn- g-bn-em-Wv.-
c- hy-hl - m-c- hn-ap-‡- {Km-aw-˛- H-√q-°c - -
428.- -aq-cn-bm-Sv- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn¬-˛- Xr- 452.- -ssI-X-®-°- K-th-j-W- tI-{µ-Øn-s‚- 472.- -A-©p-t£-{X-߃- ho-Xw- ]m-d-ta-°m-
407.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sa-Un-°¬-
»q¿- B-ÿm-\w-˛- sh-≈m-\n-°-c- hv- `-K-h-Xn- t£-{Xw,- Xn-cp-h-ºm-Sn- {io-
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- Xr-
429.- -]m-d-ta-°m-hv- `-K-h-Xn- t£-{Xw- Xr-»q- 453.- -tI-c-f- Im¿-jn-I- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp- Ir-jv-Wt- £-{Xw- F-∂o- t£-{X-ßf - p-
»q¿-
cn-em-Wv.- sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- a-Æp-Øn- sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- c-≠v- {Kq-∏m-bn- h-S-
408.- -C.-Fw.-F-kv.- `-h-\- ]-≤-Xn- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w-
430.- -Xr-»q¿- ]q-cw- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv-˛- i-‡-≥ X- 454.- -tI-c-f- t^m-d-Ãv- dn-k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- °pw-\m-Yt- £-{X-k∂ - n-[n-bn-se-Øn- \-S-
sN-bv-X-Xv- Xr-»q¿- Pn-√-bn-se- sIm-S-I-
ºp-cm-≥ ˛-]o-®n- Øp-∂- B-tLm-ja - m-Wv- Xr-»q¿- ]q-cw.-
c-bn-em-Wv.-
431.- 1- 930˛¬- tI-cf - - I-em-aW - vU - e - w- ÿm-]n- 455.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- t£-{Xw- h-I- B-\-I-sf- 473.- -Xn-cp-h-ºm-Sn-°pw- ]m-d-ta-°m-hn-\pw- 15
409.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww-
®-Xv˛- - h-≈t- Ømƒ- \m-cm-bW - t- a-t\m-≥ kw-c-£n-°p-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- ]p-∂-Øq¿- B-\I - ƒ-ho-Xa - m-Wv- A-Wn-\n-c° - p-∂X - v.-
Ip-d-™ -ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- ˛-Kp-cp-hm-bq¿-
432.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-{K-lw- \-bn-®-Xv-˛- tIm-´- 474.- -Ip-S-am-‰w,- C-e-™n-Ø-d-ta-fw,- shSn-
410.- C- ¥- y-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- ]-g°
- a
- p-≈- ap-…nw-
sI.-tI-f-∏-≥ 456.- -2004˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- tI-c-f- s]m-eo- s°´v - F- ∂ n- h - b m- W v - Xr- » q¿- ]q- c -
]-≈n-˛- -tN-c-am-≥ tam-kv-Iv,- sIm-Sp-ß-
433.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚- thm- kv- A-°m-Za - n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- cm-ah - ¿- Øn-s‚- {]-[m-\- N-S-ßp-Iƒ.-
√q¿-
f-≠n-b¿- Iym-]v-‰-≥ ˛ a-]p-c-Øm-Wv.- 475.- -ta-S-am-k-Øn-se- ]q-cw- \m-fn-em-Wv- Xr-
411.- -am-en-Iv- _n-≥ Zn-\m-dm-Wv- F.-Un.-629˛¬-
-F.-sI.-tKm-]m-e-≥ 457.- -_-\m-\- dn-k¿-®v- tÃ-j-≥ ÿn-Xn-sN- »q¿- ]q-cw- \-S-°p-∂-Xv.-
C-Xv- \n¿-an-®-Xv.-
434.- t- I-cf - Ø- n-s‚- {]-Ya - - hn-Zym-`ym-k- a-{¥n- øp-∂- ÿ-e-am-Wv- I-Æm-d.- 476.- ]- q-cw- sIm-Sn-tb-dp-∂X - n-s‚- \m-emw- \mƒ-
412.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ssP-h-ssh-hn-[y-
bm-bn-cp-∂- tPm-k-^v- ap-≠-t»-cn- P-\n- 458.- - A - t {Km- W - a n- I v - dn- k ¿- ® v - kv - t ‰- j - ≥ \-S°- p-∂- kmw-]nƒ- sh-Sn-s°-´n-s‚- th-
ap-≈- \-Zn-bm-Wv- Nm-e-°p-Sn-∏p-g.-
®-Xv- I-≠-»mw-I-S-hn-em-Wv.- 1952 h-sc- Nm-e-°p-Sn-bn-em-Wv.- Zn- Xr-»q-cn-se- kz-cm-Pv- du-≠m-Wv.-
413.- -Zn-h-tk-\-bp-≈- `-‡-cp-sS- F-Æ-Øn¬-
A-t±-lw- Xr-»q¿- sk-‚ v- tXm-a-kv- tIm- 459.- -am-S-°-Ø-d-bn-em-Wv- I-ip-h-≠n- dn-k¿- 477.- -]q-c-Øn-s‚- A-h-km-\- N-S-ßm-Wv- G-
C-¥y-bn¬- \m-emw- ÿm-\-ap-≈- t£-
tf-Pn-se- A-[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- ®v- kv-t‰-j-≥.- gmw- Zn-h-kw- \-S-°p-∂- D-]-Nm-cw-sNm-
{X-am-Wv- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- t£-{Xw.-
435.- X- r-»q¿- Pn-√b - n¬- ]p-Xp-°m-Sv- F-∂- ÿ- 460.- -^m¿-a-kyq-´n-°¬-kv- tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚- √n-∏n-cn-b¬.- C-Xn-s‚- th-Zn-bpw-kz-cm-Pv-
414.- -tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-i-kv-
e- Ø m- W v- kn.- A - N yp- X - t a- t \m- ≥ (Hu-j-[n-)- B-ÿm-\w- Xr-»q-cm-Wv.- du-≠m-Wv.-
X-\m-b- B-\-bm-Wv- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- tI-
P-\n-®-Xv- (1913).- 461.- -Pq-_n-en- an-j-≥ sa-Un-°¬- tIm-tf-Pv- 478.- -{]-kn-≤-am-b- B-dm-´p-]p-g- im-kv-Xm-
i-h≥ - .- 1916˛¬- \n-eº- q¿- cm-PI - p-Spw-_w-
436.- t- X-°n-≥Im-Sv- ssa-Xm-\w- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- Xr-»q-cn-em-Wv.- t£-{X-Øn-se- ]q-c-hpw- Xr-»q¿- Pn-√-
Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- t£-{X-Øn¬- \-S-bv-°n-cp-
˛- Xr-»q¿- 462.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- aq-∂v- sk-≥{S¬- P-bn-ep- bn-em-Wv- \-S-°p-∂-Xv.-
Øn-b- Cu- B-\- 1976˛-se- G-Im-Z-in-
437.- -A-∏-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥ kv-am-c-Iw- F-hn-sS- I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- hn-øq¿- P-bn¬.- 479.- -sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- tIm-´- \n¿-an-®-Xv- t]m¿-
\m-fn¬- N-cn-™p.- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- tZ-h-
bm-Wv-˛- A-ø-t¥mƒ- 463.- -tI-c-f- F-Iv-ssk-kv- A-°m-Z-an- Xr-»q- ®p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-Wv- (1523).- C-Xv- ]n¬-°m-
kzw- Cu- B-\-bv-°v- K-P-cm-P-]-´w- \¬-
438.- -tN-c- cm-Pm-°-≥am-cp-sS- kw-c-£-W- cn-em-Wv.- e-Øv- U-®p-Im-cp-sS-bpw- Xp-S¿-∂v- Sn-∏p-
Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn.- D-Æn-Ir-jv-W-≥ ]q-Xq¿-
Øn¬- H-cp- tKm-f- \n-co-£-W-im-e- 464.- -tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an- 1956˛¬- kp¬-Øm-s‚-bpw- ssI-h-i-am-bn.-
c-Nn-®v- `-c-X-≥ kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-bv-X- Kp-
{]-h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂- ÿ-ew-˛ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-t∏mƒ- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c- 480.- s- Im-®n- cm-Ph - w-iØ - n-s‚- Ip-Spw-_t- £-
cp- h m- b q¿- tI- i - h - ≥ F- ∂ - kn- \ n- a -
-a-tlm-Z-b-]p-cw- Øm-bn-cp-∂p- B-ÿm-\w.- ]n-∂o-Sm-Wv- {X-am-Wv- Xn-cp-h-©n-°p-fw- a-lm-tZ-h-
1977˛¬- dn-eo-km-bn.-
439. Xr-iq¿- Pn-√bp-sS hn-kv-Xo¿-Æw-˛ B-ÿm-\w- Xr-»q-tc-°v- am-‰n-b-Xv.- t£{Xw.- C-hn-Sp-sØ- {]-kn-≤-am-b-
415.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-\y-Po-hn-
3032 N.-In.-an.-- - 465.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-{K-l- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- D-’-h-am-Wv- B-\-tbm-´w.-
k-t¶-X-am-Wv-

092
481.- -sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- cm-P-hw-i-Øn-s‚- B-
ÿm-\-am-b- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- tIm-hn-e-
I-Øn-s‚- c-≠p- im-J-I-fm-Wv- Nn-d-
bv° - ¬- tIm-hn-eI - h- pw- ]p-Ø≥ - tIm-
hn-e-I-hpw.- Kp-cp-Ip-e- k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-
\p- {]-kn-≤a - m-bn-cp-∂p- sIm-Sp-ß√ - q¿-
tIm-hn-e-Iw.- C-hn-sS- hn-Zym-`ym-kw-
t\-Sn-bh - c - n¬- G-‰h - pw- {]-ap-J≥ - sIm-
Sp-ß-√q¿- Ip-™n-°p-´-≥ X-ºp-cm-\m-
Wv.-
482.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq-cn-se- t£-{X-{]-th-i-\w-
kw-_-‘n-®v- ln-X- ]-cn-tim-[-\- \-S-
Øn-b- Xm-eq-°v- s]m-∂m-\n-bm-Wv.-
483.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- t£-{X-Øn¬- `-P-\-an-
cp-∂v- ta¬-∏-Øq¿- \m-cm-b-W-`-´-Xn-
cn- tcm-K-tam-£m¿-Yw- c-Nn-®-Xm-Wv-
\m-cm-b-Wo-bw.- Xp-©-Øv- F-gp-Ø-
—-s‚- \n¿-t±-i-{]-Im-c-am-Wv- C-Xv- sN-
bv-X-Xv.- 1586˛¬- c-Nn-s®-¶n-epw- 250
h¿-jw- I-gn-™m-Wv- \m-cm-b-Wo-bw-
A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´-Xv.-
484.- -a-Ωn-bq¿- t£-{X-Øn-se- B-cm-[-\m-
aq¿-Øn- cu-{Z-`m-h-Øn-ep-≈- in-h-\m-
Wv.-
485.- I- c- p-hÆ - q¿-∏p-gb - p-sS- t]m-jI - \ - Z- n-bm-
b- Nn-Ωn-Wn-bn-em-Wv- Nn-Ωn-Wn- Umw-
\n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
486.- -i-‡-≥ X-ºp-cm-s‚- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv-
cm-P- cm-a- h¿-a- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.-
487.- -sIm-®o-cm-Py-sØ- `-c-Wm-[n-]-\m-bn-
cp-∂- i-‡-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥ Xr-»q¿- B-
ÿm-\-am-bn-´m-Wv- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-
cp-∂-Xv.-
488.- -Xr-»q¿- kz-cm-Pv- du-≠v- \n¿-an-®-Xv- i-
‡-≥ X-ºp-cm-\m-Wv.-
489.- -i-‡-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥ sIm-´m-c-Øn-s‚-
]-gb - t- ]-cm-Wv- h-St- °-°c - - sIm-´m-cw.-
tI-cf - o-b˛- U - ®- p- hm-kvX - p-ssi-en-Iƒ-
k- t Ω- f n- ° p- ∂ - Cu- sIm- ´ m- c w-
2005˛¬- tI-c-f- k¿-°m¿- H-cp- ayq-
kn-b-am-°n.-
490.- -1949˛¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- sIm-®n-≥ tZ-
h-kzw- t_m¿-Un-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- Xr-
»q-cm-Wv.- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw,- Xr-»q¿,- ]m-
e-°m-Sv- F-∂o- Pn-√-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-s‚-
]-cn-[n-bn¬-h-cp-∂-Xv.-
491.- -1920˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- Im-Ø-en-Iv-
kn-dn-b-≥ _m-¶n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- Xr-
»q-cm-Wv.-
492.- -Xr-»q¿- B-ÿm-\-am-b- [-\-e-£v-an-
_m-¶v- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv- 1927˛-em-Wv.-
493.- -ku-Øv- C-¥y-≥ _m-¶v- Xr-»q-cn¬-
1929˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-bn.-
494.- -sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- B-ÿm-\-am-b- tem¿-
Uv - Ir- j v - W m- _m- ¶ v - ÿm- ] n- X -
am-b-Xv- 1940˛-em-Wv.-
495.- -kw-ÿm-\- B-tcm-Ky-a-{¥n- t{]m-thm-
Ãv- (t{]m-˛-ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿-)- ]-Zw-
h-ln-°p-∂- k¿-hI - e- m-im-eb - m-Wv- Xr-
»q¿- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- 2010˛¬- ÿm-]n-
X-am-b- B-tcmKy- k¿-h-I-em-im-e.-
496.- -Xr-»q¿- I-f-Iv-S-dm-bn-cn-s°- \-S-Øn-b-
\-K-c-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-߃- hn-t\m-Zv- dm-
bn-°v- (]n¬-°m-e-Øv- Iw-]v-t{Sm-f¿-
B-‚ v- Hm-Un-‰¿- P-\-d¬-)- c-≠mw- i-
‡-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥ F-∂- A-]-c-\m-aw-
t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.-
497.- -Xr-»q-cn¬-\n-∂v- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-
`n-®- B-Zy-sØ- hm¿-Øm-]-{Xn-I-bm-
Wv- tem-I-am-\y-≥.-
498.- -tI-c-f- cm-jv-{So-b-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- \n¿-
Wm-bI - a - m-b- I-cp-\o-°ß - ƒ-°v- km-
£yw-hl - n-®- Xr-»q-cn-se- cm-a\ - n-eb - w-
F-∂- A-Xn-Yn- a-µn-cw- {_n-´o-jv- `-cW - -
Im-eØ - v- s]m-fn-‰n-°¬- Hm-^o-k¿-am-
cp-sS- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-kX - n-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
499.- tI-cf - - tÃ-‰-v ^n-\m-≥jy¬- F-‚¿-ss{]-
k-kn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- Xr-»q-cm-Wv.-
500.- 1969˛- - e m- W v - sI- F - k v - F - ^ v - C -
ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv.-
Nnen
501. hoXnbpambn XmcXayw sNøptºmƒ
temIØnse G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb
cmPyamWv Nnen. jq kv{SnwKv cmPyw
(Shoe string country) F∂v- Nn-en-sb- hn-
fn-°m-dp-≠v- (cm-Py-Øn-s‚- H-c-‰w- ap-X¬-
a-t‰- A-‰w- h-sc- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Zq-c-
ap-≈- cm-Pyw- d-jy-bm-Wv-).-
502.- -Nn-en-bp-sS- sX-°p- ap-X¬- h-S-°p-h-sc-bp-
≈- \o-fw- 4684 In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv.-
503.- -sX-°p-h-S-°p-\o-f-Øn-s‚- Im-cy-Øn¬- c-
≠mw- ÿm-\-Øp-≈- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
≥ cm-Pyw- {_-ko-em-Wv.-
504.- -1818 em-Wv- kv-s]-bn-≥ Nn-en-°v- kzm-X-
¥yw- \¬-In-b-Xv-
505.- N - amWv s]tkm (Chil-
- n-en-bn-se- \m-Wb
ean Peso)
506. Organisation for Economic Co-opera-
tion and Development (OECD) bn¬-
Aw-K-am-b- B-Zy-sØ- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- Nn-en.-
507. NnenbpsS tZiob arKw am\mWv
(Hippocamelus).
508. am¿Iv-kn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-
B-Zy-sØ- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-am-
Wv- Nn-en.-
509.- -1970˛¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂- km¬-h-
tUm¿- A-e-≥sU- 1973˛¬- ÿm-\-{`-jv-S-
\m-°-s∏-´p.-
510.- A- t- a-cn-°≥- h-≥I-cb - n¬- P-\m-[n-]X
Xn-bn¬- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ-
am¿-Iv-kn-kv-‰v- {]-kn-U-‚m-Wv- km¬-h-
tUm¿- A-e-≥sU (Salvador Allende).
511. At±-l-sØ- ÿm-\-{`-jv-S-\m-°n-b-Xv- ]-
´m-f- ta-[m-hn-bm-b- B-K-tÃm- ]n-t\-msj
(Augusto Pinochet) BWv.
512. 1990 h-sc- A-t±-lw- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- Xp-
S¿-∂p.- ÿm-\-sam-gn-™-ti-jw- ]n-t\m-
sj-bv-°v- \n-c-h-[n- \n-b-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- t\-
cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.-
513.- -1945˛¬- km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_-en-\v- A¿-l-
bm- b - Nn- e n- b - ≥ F- g p- Ø p- I m- c n- b - m Wv
Gabriela Mistral. em‰n-\-ta-cn-°-bn¬-\n-
∂v- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy-sØ- km-
ln-Xy-{]-Xn-`-bm-W-h¿.-
514.- A
- ‚ - m¿-´n-°t- bm-Sv- G-‰h
- pw- A-Sp-Øp- ÿn-
Xn- sN-øp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- Nn-en.-
515.- -A-‚m¿-´n-°-bn¬-\n-∂v- Nn-en-sb- th¿-Xn-
cn-°p-∂-Xv- t{U-Iv- ]m-tk-Pv- B-Wv.-
516.- -{]-i-kv-X- I-hn- ]m-tªm- s\-cp-Z- Nn-en-°m-
c-\m-Wv,- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- b-Ym¿-Yt]cv
Ricardo Neftali Reyes.
517. 1971se- km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_-en-\v- A¿-l-
\m-b- A-t±-lsØ “The greatest poet
of the 20th century – in any language”
temIcmPy߃
F∂m-Wv- a-s‰m-cp- em-‰n-\t- a-cn-°≥ - km-
ln-Xy- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hm-b- (1982)-
K-{_n-tb¬- Km¿-jym- am¿-tIz-kv- hn-ti-
jn-∏n-®-Xv.-
518.- -{]-Xym-ib
- p-sS- \n-da
- m-b- ]-®- D-]t- bm-Kn-
®m-Wv- s\-cp-Z- c-N\ - - \-SØ - n-bn-cp-∂X - v.-
519.- I- m-≥k¿- _m-[n-X\ - m-b- s\-cp-Z- 1973˛¬-
A-¥c - n-®p.-
520.- N- n-en-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- {]-kn-U-
‚mWv Michelle Bachelet.
521. tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- sX-°m-bn- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- \-K-c-amWv (Southern most
city)]yq¿-t´m- hn-eyw-kv- Nn-en-bn-se-
ÿn-Xn-hn-h-c-°-W-°v- h-Ip-∏n-s‚- \n-
e-]m-Sv- {]-Im-cw- 5000˛¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- ÿn-
c-Xm-a-k-°m-cp-≈- P-\-hm-k- tI-{µ-ß-
sf- kn-‰n-bm-bn-´m-Wv- ]-cn-KW - n-°p-∂X - v.-
522. A¿P‚o\nb≥ {]tZiamb Ushuaia
BWv- {_n-´m-Wn-b- F-≥ssk-t¢m-]o-
Un-b- {]-Im-cw- G-‰h - pw- sX-t°-b‰ - s - Ø-
kn-‰n.- C-hn-S-sØ- P-\-kw-Jy- 64000 B-
Wv.- kn.-F-≥.-F-≥,- _n.-_n.-kn.- F-∂n-
h- G-‰-hpw- sX-t°-b-‰-sØ- kn-‰n-bm-
bn- ]- c n- K - W n- ° p- ∂ - X v - Nnenbnse
Punta Arenass\bmWv. Chn-sS- 120,-
000 ÿn-c-Xm-a-k-°m-cp-≠v.-
523.- -A-‚m¿-´n-°-bn-se- K-th-j-W- tI-{µ-
߃- H-gn-h-m°nbm¬, temIØnse
southernmost permanently inhabited
community F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv
Nnenbnse Puerto Toro BWv,-
524.- -a-K-√-≥ I-S-en-Sp-°v- Nn-en-bp-sS- sX-t°-
- y- co-
b-‰-sØ- c-≠m-bn- hn-`-Pn-°p-∂p.-
525.- -Cu- I-S-en-Sp-°v- ]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-sØ-
bpw- A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-sØ-bpw- _-
‘n-∏n-°p-∂p.-
526.- -tem-I-Øn¬- sN-ºv- D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬-
H-∂mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈- cm-Py-am-Wv- Nn-en.-
527.- -2010˛¬- C-hn-sS-bp-≈- km-≥ tPm-kv-
sN-ºp-J-\n-bn¬- 700 ao-‰¿- B-g-Øn¬-
Ip-Sp-ßn-t∏m-b- 33 J-\-\-sØm-gn-em-fn-
I-sf- c-£-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- hm¿-Ø- tem-
I-{i-≤- t\-Sn-bn-cp-∂p.-
528.- -sN-ºp¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬- ap-∂n-´p-\n¬-°p-
∂- a-s‰m-cp- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-
Py-am-Wv- s]-dp.-
529.- -im-¥-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se- Cu-ÿ- Zzo-]v- Nn-
en-bp-sS- \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-em-Wv.-
530.- - i n- e m- i n¬- ] - ß ƒ- ° v - {]- k n- ≤ - a m- W v -
1722˛-se- Cu-ÿ- Zn-\Ø - n¬- I-s≠-Øn-
b- Cu- Zzo-]v.-
531.- -B-ÿm-\w- Hanga Roa.
532.- -Nn-en-bn¬-\n-∂v- 2300 ssa¬- A-I-se-
ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- Cu-ÿ- Zzo-]p-Iƒ-
`q-an-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn- sX-t°- A-ta-
cn-°-bp-sS- `m-K-a-√,- Hm-jym-\n-b-bp-sS-
`m-K-am-Wv.-
093
533.- - sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-
fw- Iq-Sn-b- A-Xn¿-Øn- Nn-en-˛- A¿-P-
‚o-\- A-Xn¿-Øn- (5150 In.-ao.-)- B-Wv.-
534.- -sh-Sn-bp-∏v- [m-cm-f-am-bn- e-`n-°p-∂- cm-
Py-am-Wv- Nn-en.- tkm-Un-bw- ss\-t{S-‰v-
F-∂- cm-k-\m-a-ap-≈- C-Xv- Nn-en- km¬-
‰v- ]o-‰¿- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
535.- -[m-cm-fw- P-\-߃-°v- sXm-gn¬- \¬-Ip-
∂- H-cp- kw-cw-`-am-Wv- C-Xn-s‚- J-\-\w.-
536.- -\m-\q-dv- h¿-j-Øn-te-sd- a-g- e-`n-°m-
Ø- {]-tZ-i-am-b- Nn-en-bn-se- A-‰-°m-
a- a-cp-`q-an- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-c-
≠- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wn-Xv.-
537.- -105,-000 N.-In.-ao.- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap-≈- C-
Xv- tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-c-≠- a-cp-`q-
an-bm-Wv.-
538.- B
- ≥ - Uo-kv- a-e\ - n-cI
- f
- p-sS- a-g\
- n-g¬- {]-
tZ-i-Øm-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv- C-hn-sS- a-g- Xo-
sc- Ip-d-hm-Im-≥ Im-c-Ww.-
539.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- sX-
t°-b-‰-am-b- tI-]v- tlm-¨- Nn-en-bn-em-
Wv- (B-{^n-°-≥ h-≥I-c-bp-sS- sX-t°-
b-‰-am-Wv- Cape Agulhas. B-{^n-°-bp-
sS- sX-°p-]-Sn-™m-dv- `m-K-Øm-Wv- {]-
i-kv-X-am-b- ip-`-{]-Xo-£m- ap-\-ºv-)-
540.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- sX-t°-b-‰-
Øp-≈- Zzo-]-k-aq-l-am-b- Tierra del
Fuego sb ]¶nSp∂ cmPyßfmWv
A¿P‚o\bpw Nnenbpw.
CIz-tUm¿
541. `qa- [ y- t cJ (C- t Iz- ‰ ¿) bn¬\n∂v
t]cp e`n® cmPyamWv CIztUm¿.
542. Xeÿm-\-am-b- Izn-t‰m,- bq-Wn-b-≥ Hm-
^v- ku-Øv- A-ta-cn-°-≥ tÃ-‰v-kv- F-
∂- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-Wv- .-
543.- -C-Iz-tUm¿- 1822˛¬- kv-s]-bn-\n¬-\n-∂v-
kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn.-
544.- -cm-Py-sØ- \m-W-bw- bp.-F-kv.- tUm-f-
dm-Wv.- F.-Un.- 2000 ¬- \-S-∂- tUm-f-
ssd-tk-j-\p- ti-j-am-Wv- Cu- am-‰w.-
A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- cm-Py-sØ- \m-W-bw- kp-
{In- (Sucre)-B-bn-cp-∂p.-
545.- -tem-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- D-bc - w-Iq-Sn-b- k-
Po-h- A-·n-]¿-hX - ß - f - n-sem-∂m-W-v C-Iz-
tUm-dn-se- tI-t‰m-]m-Ik v- n- (5,-897ao-).-
546.- -tem-I-Øn-te-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hm-g-∏-gw-
I-b‰ - p-aX
- n- sN-øp-∂- cm-Py-ßf - n-sem-∂m-
Wv- C-Iz-tUm¿.-
547.- -Um¿-hn-s‚- \n-co-£-W-߃-°p-th-Zn-
bm-bn-cp-∂- Km-e-∏m-tKm-kv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ-
C-Iz-tUm-dn-s‚- \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-em-Wv,-
_o-Knƒ- F-∂- I-∏-en-em-Wv- Um¿-hn-
≥ C-hn-sS- F-Øn-b-Xv.- Km-e-∏m-tKm-kv-
Zzo-]p-I-fn-se- `m-j- kv-]m-\n-jv- B-Wv.-
tem-I-Øv- a-s‰m-cn-S-Øpw- Im-Wm-≥ I-
gn-bm-Ø- ssP-h- ssh-hn-[y-Øm¬- k-
º-∂-am-Wv- Cu- Zzo-]p-Iƒ.-
548.- -]-k-^n-°n-s‚- ap-Øv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- Kp-b-bm-Izn¬- Xp-d-ap-Jw- C-Iz-tUm-
dn-em-Wv.- C-Iz-tUm-dn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-
b- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.-
549.- -C-t°m-kn-Ãw- kw-_-‘n-®- A-h-Im-i-
߃- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- tem-IØ - n-se- B-
Zy-sØ- `-cW - L
- S- \
- - C-Iz-tUm-dn-s‚-Xm-
Wv- (2008).-
550.- -k] v- m-\n-jm-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\- `m-j.-
551.- -`q-tI-{µ-Øn¬-\n-∂v- G-‰-hpw- A-I-se-
bm-bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bm-
b- Nnw-_c - m-tkm- C-Iz-tUm-dn-em-Wv.- k-
ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂v- 6,-310 ao-‰¿- D-b-c-Øn-
em-Wn-Xv.- F-∂m¬- `q-an-bpsS Oblate
Spheroid BIr-Xn- Im-c-Ww- C-Xv- 8848
 ao-‰¿- D-bc- a
- p-≈- F-hd- Ã
- n-s\-°mƒ- `u-
a-tI-{µ-Øn¬-\n-∂v- A-I-se-bm-Wv- (6,-
384.-4 In.-ao.-).-
552.- -sSm-Izn-e- sN-Sn-bp-sS- X-≠p-]-tbm-Kn-®v-
\n¿-an-°p-∂- ]-\m-a- sXm-∏n-Iƒ-°v- {]-
kn-≤-am-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- C-IztUm¿.
{^m≥kv
553. ]›na bqtdm∏nse G‰hpw henb
cmPyamWv {^m-≥kv.-
554.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- Im-tdm-´- a¬-k-cw,-
hn-Uv-Vn-Zn-\m-tLm-jw- F-∂n-h- kw-L-
Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv- {^m-≥kn-em-Wv.- tem-
I- _m-¶n¬-\n-∂v- tem-sW-Sp-Ø- B-Zy-
cm-Py-hpw- {^m-≥km-Wv- (1947).-
555.- -{^m-≥kn-se- Im-_n-\-‰v- ao-‰nw-Kn¬- A-
[y-£-X- h-ln-°p-∂-Xv- {]-kn-U-‚m-Wv.-
556.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- sa-{Sn-Iv- kw-hn-[m-
\w- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv- {^m-≥kn-em-Wv.-
557.- -te- tam-s≠- F-∂- ]-{Xw- {]-kn-≤o-I-
cn-°p-∂-Xv- {^m-≥kn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-
b- ]m-co-kn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.- tem-I-Øn-s‚-
^m-j-≥ kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ]m-
co-k-mWv.
558. cmjv-{So-b-Øn¬- h-e-Xp-]-£w,- C-S-Xp-
]-£w- Xp-S-ßn-b- kw-⁄-Iƒ- B-Zy-
am-bn- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv- {^m-≥kn-em-Wv.-
559.- -tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-t\m-Z-k-
©m-cn-Iƒ- F-Øp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- {^m-
≥kv.-
560.- -]m-cn-kn-em-Wv- Cu-^¬- S-h¿.- sk-bv-
≥ \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- ]m-cn-kv.-
561.- -{^m-≥kn-se- ep-hv-dv- ayq-kn-b-Øn-em-Wv-
{]-kn-≤-am-b- tam-W-en-k- F-∂- s]-bn-
‚nw-Kv- kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-Xv- h-c-
®-Xv- Um-hn-©n-bm-Wv.-
562.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ]m-k-
©¿- hn-am-\-am-b- F-˛-380 \n¿-an-°p-∂-
Xv- {^m-≥km-Wv.-
563.- -{^-©v- hn-π-hw- \-S-∂-Xv- 1789em-Wv.- C-
Xv- hn-π-h-ß-fp-sS- am-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p.- {^-©p-hn-]v-f-h-Øn-s‚- {]-
hm-N-I-≥ F-∂v- dq-tkm-bpw- {^-©v- hn-
π-h-Øn-s‚- in-ip- F-∂v- s\-t∏m-fn-b-
\pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- kzm-X-{¥yw,- k-
a-Xzw,- km-tlm-Z-cyw- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-
{^-©p-hn-]v-f-h-Øn-s‚- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw.-
564.- -{^-©p-hn-π-h-Im-e-sØ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
eq-bn- ]-Xn-\m-dm-a-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-
565.- i
- X- h - ¬-kc - b
- p-≤w- \-S∂- X
- v- {^m-≥kpw-
Cw-•-≠pw- X-Ωn-em-Wv.-
566.- - G - ‰ - h pw- Iq- S p- X ¬- km- l n- X y- s\m-
t_¬- t\-Sn-b-Xv- {^-©p-`m-j-bn-se- c-
N-bn-Xm-°-fm-Wv.-
567.- t- h-gvk - b- n¬-kv- sIm-´m-cw- \n¿-an-®X - v- eq-
bn- ]-Xn-\m-em-a-\m-Wv- (1638˛-1715).- H-
∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-∏n-
®- th-gv-k-bn¬-kv- D-S-º-Sn- H-∏p-sh-®-
Xv- Cu- sIm-´m-c-Øn-se- lmƒ- Hm-^v-
an-td-gv-kn¬- h-®m-Wv.-
568.- s- a-Un-‰t- d-\n-b≥ - I-Se - n-se- tIm¿-kn-°-
Zzo-]n-em-Wv- s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥ P-\n-®-Xv-
(1769).-
569.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-i-kv-X-am-b-
N-e-®n-t{Xm¬-k-h-am-b- Im-≥ s^-Ãn-
h¬- \- S - ° p- ∂ - X v - {^m- ≥ kn- e m- W v . -
tKmƒ-U-≥ ]mw- A-hm¿-Uv- C-Xn-t\m-S-
\p- _ - ‘ n- ® v - \¬- I p- ∂ p.- sk- ≥ k¿-
t_m¿-Un-√m-Ø- cm-Py-am-Wv- {^m-≥kv.-
570.- -Cw-Kv-f-≠n-s\-bpw- {^m-≥kn-s\-bpw-
th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- I-S-en-Sp-°m-Wv- Cw-•o-
jv- Nm-\¬.- C-Xn-s‚- {^-©v- t]-c-mWv
La Manche.
571. tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- aq-ey-h¿-[n-X- \n-Ip-
Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- {^m-≥kv.-
572.- -{^-©p- ssk-\n-I-≥ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
t]-cm-Wv- ]q-ep.-
573.- -eo-Kv- Hm-^v- t\-j-≥kv- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv-
]m-co-kn-em-Wv.-
574.- -{^m-≥kn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-b- \-
Zn- tem-bn¿.-
575.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- thm-´p-sN-øm-≥ `q-
kz-Øv- th-W-sa-∂v- \n-_-‘-\- H-gn-hm-
°n-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- {^m-≥kv.-
576.- -{^m-≥kn-s‚- B-W-h-]-co-£-W- tI-
{µ-amWv Mururo atoll.
577. Fan-en- tkm-f,- thmƒ-´-b¿,- eq-bn- ]m-
ÿ- Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿- P-\n-®-Xv- {^m-≥kn-
em-Wv.- thmƒ-´-b-dp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-
cm-Wv Francois Marie Auret.
578. {^m≥kn-se- A-©mw- dn-∏-ªn-°n-s‚-
B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v- Nmƒ-kv- Un- tKmƒ-
B-Wv.- Nmƒ-kv- Un- tKmƒ- hn-am-\-Øm-
h-fw- {^m-≥kn-em-Wv.-
579.- -thym-a-tk-\- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®- B-Zy-sØ-
cm-Py-am-Wv- {^m-≥kv.-
580.- -C-‚¿-t]m-fn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- {^m-≥kn-
se- en-tbm-¨-kn-em-Wv.-
581.- t- em-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- ]-g°- a- p-≈- hm¿-
Øm- G-P-≥kn-bm-Wv- {^m-≥kn-se
AFP (Agence France Press). 1835˛¬
BWv CXv ÿm]n°s∏´Xv.
582. tem-I- I-∏v- ^p-Sv-t_m-fn¬- B-Zy-sØ-
tKm-f-Sn-®-Xv- {^m-≥kn-se- eq-kn-b-≥
tem-d-‚ v- B-Wv- (1930).-
583.- - em-t_m-gv-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Hm-l-
cn- hn-]-Wn- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚-Xm-Wv-
584.- -kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- ]-s¶-Sp-°m-≥ A-h-k-cw-
e-`n-®- B-Zy- H-fn-ºn-Iv-km-Wv- 1900 se-
]m-cn-kv- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv.-
585.- -1761˛¬- tem-I-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- sh-‰n-
\-dn- kv-Iqƒ- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- {^m-≥k-n-em-
Wv.
586. h[in£ \n¿Øem°nb BZy
cmPyamWv- {^m-≥kv.-
587.- -C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- kv-t]-kv- bq-Wn-th-gv-
kn-‰n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- {^m-≥kn-se-
kv-{Sm-kv-_¿-Kn-em-Wv.
Kmt_m¨
588. a[yB-{^n-°-bp-sS- ]-Sn-™m-d-≥ Xo-
c-Øp-ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- - H - c p- cm- P y- a m-
Wv- Km-t_m-¨.-
1960 B-K-kv-Xv- 17˛-\v- {^m-≥kn¬-\n-∂v- kzm-
X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b- Km-t_m-¨- H-cp- {]-kn-
U-≥jy¬- dn-∏-ªn-°m-Wv.-
589.- -Km-t_m-Wn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- en-{_-hn-
√-nbmWv.
tPm¿Pnb
590. bqtd-jy-bn-se- tIm-°-k-kv- {]-tZ-i-
Øv- ]-›n-ta-jy-bp-sS-bpw- In-g-°-≥ bq-
tdm-∏n-s‚-bpw- kw-K-a-ÿm-\-Øv- ÿn-
Xn-sN-øp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- tPm¿-Pn-b.- bp-
094
Wn-‰d- n- sk-an-˛{- ]-kn-U≥
- jy¬- dn-∏ª- n-
°m-Wn-Xv.-
591.- -Sn-_n-en-kn-b-mWv (Tbilisi) Xeÿm-
\w.- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j- tPm¿-Pn-b-≥.-
\m-W-bw- em-dn.-
592. {InkvXpaXamWv (Eastern Orthodox
Christianity) {]-[m-\- a-X-hn-`m-Kw.- {In-
kv-Xp-a-X-sØ- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- a-X-am-bn-
kzo-I-cn-®- tem-I-Øn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ-
cm-Py-am-Wv- tPm¿-Pn-b.-
593.- -tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-s‚- D-cp-°p- a-\p-
jy-\m-b- Ãm-en-≥ P-\n-®-Xv- tPm¿-Pn-
b-bn-em-Wv.- Ãm-en-s‚- b-Ym¿-Y-t]cv
Iosef Besarionis dze Jughashvili.
594. tdmkv sdh-eyp-j≥ \S∂ cmPyamWv
tPm¿Pnb.
P¿a\n
595. ]›na˛a[y bqtdm]y≥ cmjv{Samb
P¿a\n Hcp s^Ud¬ ]m¿esa‚dn
dn∏ªn°mWv.
596. Xt±iob `mjbn¬ Deutschland
F∂mWv t]cv.
597. Xeÿm-\-am-b- s_¿-en-≥,- cm-Py-sØ-
G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-cw- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.-
598.- -P¿-a-\n-bn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- h-en-b- \-K-
cw- lmw-_¿-Km-Wv.- ayp-Wn-°m-Wv- aq-
∂mw- ÿm-\-Øv.-
599.- -1972˛-se- k-Ω¿- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\v- B-Xn-
tY-b-Xzw- h-ln-®- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.-
600.- -bq-tdm-]y-≥ bq-Wn-b-\n-se- Aw-K-ß-
fn¬- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sp-X¬- P¿-
a-\n-bn-em-Wv.-
601.- -P¿-a-\m-Wv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j.- A-t[m-
k-`-bm-b- _p-s≠-Ãm-Kpw- D-]-cn-k-`-bm-
b- _p-≠-kv-dm-‰pw- tN¿-∂- Zzn-a-Wv-U-
e- \n-ba - \
- n¿-am-Wk - `- b
- m-Wv- P¿-a\ - n-bp-
tS-Xv.-
602.- ]- X
- n-s\-´mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- P¿-a\ - n- Dƒ-s∏-
Sp-∂- {]-tZ-iw- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- t]-cm-
Wv- {]-jy.-
603.- -{In-kv-Xp-a-X-am-Wv- P¿-a-\n-bn-se- {]-[m-
\- a-Xw.-
604.- -I-hn-I-fp-sS-bpw- Nn-¥-I-≥am-cp-sS-bpw-
\m-Sv- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂X - v- P¿-a\- n-bm-Wv.-
605.- -Hm-t´m- thm-¨- _n-kv-am¿-°m-Wv- (1815˛-
1898)- P¿-a-\n-sb- G-Io-I-cn-®-Xv- (1871).-
G-Io-Ir-X- P¿-a\ - n-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- Nm-
≥k-ed - m-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- A-b¨ - - Nm-
≥k-e¿,- C-cp-ºn-s‚-bpw- \n-W-Øn-s‚-
bpw- a-\p-j-y≥ (The man of blood and
iron) F∂o- A-]-c-\m-a-ß-fn¬- A-dn-
b-s∏-´p.-
606.- -A-t±-lw- sI-´n-∏-Sp-Ø- P¿-a-≥ km-{am-
Py-Øn-se- {]-_-e-L-S-Iw- {]-jy-bm-bn-
cp-∂p.-
607.- -\-ho-I-c-Ww- A-Y-hm- dn-t^m¿-ta-j-\p-
XpS°w Ipdn® cmPyamWv P¿a\n.
608. P¿a\nbpsS hnam\ k¿hokmWv
ep^vØm≥k.
609. B[p-\n-I- A-®-Sn- P¿-a-\n-bn¬- B-cw-
`n-®-Xv- tPm-¨- Kp-´-≥_¿-Kv- {]n-‚ nw-Kv-
{]-kv- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-tXm-sS-bm-Wv.-
610.- -c-≠p- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-ß-fn-epw- ]-cm-
P-b-s∏-´- cm-Py-am-Wv- P¿-a-\n.-
611.- -\m-kn-kw- D-Zv-`-hn-®-Xv- P¿-a-\n-bn-em-Wv.-
612.- -1933˛¬- P¿-a-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v- t]mƒ- thm-
¨- ln-≥U-≥_¿-Kv- ln-‰ve - s- d- Nm-≥k-
e-dm-b- \n-b-an-®p.-ln-‰v-e-dp-sS- B-Zy-Im-
e- t]-cmWv Adolf Schickelgruber.
At±- l - Ø n- s ‚- B- fl - I - Y - sa- b n- ≥
Imw-^v- (1925).-
613.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-se- ]-cm-
P-b-ti-jw,- tP-Xm-°-fm-b- k-Jy-I-£n-
Iƒ- P¿-a-\n-sb- ]-›n-a- P¿-a-\n-sb-
∂pw- ]q¿-h- P¿-a-\n-sb-∂pw- c-≠m-bn-
hn-`-Pn-®p.-
614.- -A-ta-cn-°,- {_n-´-¨,- {^m-≥kv- F-∂n-
h-bp-am-bn- A-Sp-Ø-_-‘w- ]p-e¿-Øn-
b- ]-›n-a- P¿-a-\n-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-
t_m-¨- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
615.- -tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-s‚- kzm-[o-\-Øn-
em-bn-cp-∂- ]q¿-h- P¿-a-\n-bp-sS- X-e-
ÿm-\w- s_¿-en-≥ B-bn-cp-∂p.-
616.- -C-cp- P¿-a-\n-I-sf-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-®n-cp-∂-
s_¿-en-≥ a-Xn¬- N-cn-{X-{]-kn-≤-am-Wv.-
617.- -1990˛¬- C-cp- P¿-a-\n-I-fpw- ]p-\-tc-Io-
I-cn-°-s∏-´p.-
618.- -P¿-a-≥ ]p-\-tc-Io-I-c-W-Øn-s‚- D-]-
⁄m- X m- h m- b n- hm- g v - Ø - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v -
sl¬-ap-´v- tImƒ- B-Wv.-
619.- -am-Pn-\-´v- tc-J- {^m-≥kn-s\-bpw- Cw-•-
≠n-s\-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.-
620.- -{In-kv-a-kv- {So,- {In-kv-a-kv- sse-‰v- F-
∂n-h- D-Zv-`-hn-®-Xv- P¿-a-\n-bn-em-Wv.- {In-
kv-a-kv- Im¿-Uv- ]n-d-hn- sIm-≠-Xv- Cw-
•-≠n-em-Wv.-
621.- -Imƒ- am¿-Iv-kv,- B¬-_¿-´v- sF-≥Ão-
≥,- \o-tj,- C-Ωm-\p-th¬- Im-¥v,- sI-
]v-f¿,- _o-tYm-h-≥ F-∂n-h-cp-sS- kz-tZ-
iw- P¿-a-\n-bm-Wv.-
622.- -am-Iv-kv- πm-¶v- Izm-≠w- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-
s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-Wv.-
623.- - k m- l n- X y- s\m- t _¬- tP- X m- h m- b -
sl¿-a-≥ sl-s -bp-sS- {]-i-kv-X- Ir-
Xn-bm-Wv- kn-≤m¿-Y.-
624.- -P¿-a-≥ Nm-≥k-e-dm-b- B-Zy- h-\n-X-bm-
Wv- B-Rv-P-e- sa¿-°¬- (2005).-
625.- -Io¬- I-\m¬- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- t\m¿-
Øv- ko- ,- _mƒ-´n-Iv- ko- F-∂n-h-sb-
bm-Wv.-
626.- -_n.-Fw.-U-ªp- H-cp- P¿-a-≥ I-º-\n-bm-
Wv.- t_m-jv,- sl-¶¬,- ko-a-≥kv,- s_-
≥kv,- t^m-Iv-kv- hm-K-¨,-Hu-Un,- s_-
≥kv- F-∂n-h- P¿-a-≥ I-º-\n-I-fm-Wv.-
627.- Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss Adn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- K-Wn-X-Im-c-≥am-cn-se- cm-P-
Ip-am-c-≥ F-∂m-Wv.-
628.- -C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-°p- k-am-\-am-bn-
P¿-a-\n-bn-ep-≈-Xv- Nm-≥k-e-dm-Wv.-
629.- -bq-tdm-]y-≥ sk-≥{S¬- _m-¶n-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w- {^m-¶v-^¿-´m-Wv.-
630.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ]p-kv-X-
I-ta-f-bm-Wv- {^m-¶v-^¿-´n¬- \-S-°p∂
Frankfurter Buchmesse.

kn.hn.Ip™pcma≥
(1871˛1949)
741. sIm-√w- Pn-√b - n-se- a-ø\ - m-´v- ]m-´Ø - n¬-
Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- Ip-™n-®m-fn-bp-sS-bpw-
Rm-db - ° v- ¬- th-em-bp-[s - ‚-bpw- a-I\ - m-
bn- 1871˛¬- kn.-hn.-Ip-™p-cm-a≥ - P-\n-®p.-
742.- a- ø
- \- m-´v- [¿-a∏ - ≈- n-°- q-SØ - n-em-bn-cp-∂p-
{]m-Ya - n-I- hn-Zym-`ym-kw.- Xp-S¿-∂v- sIm-
√-sØ- k¿-°m¿- ssl-kv-Iq-fn¬- tN¿-
∂p.- F-∂m¬,- ]-T-\w- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°m-
≥ I-gn-™n-√.-
743.- F- ´- mw- ¢m-kn¬- ]-Tn-Øw- \n¿-Øn-b- Ip-
™p-cm-a-≥ a-ø-\m-´v- Xp-S-ßn-b- Nn-e- k-
ap-Zm-b- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W- {i-a-ß-fn¬- ]-¶p-
tN¿-∂p.-
744.- -]-c-hq¿- hn.-tI-i-h-\m-im-s‚- ]-{Xm-[n-
]-Xy-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂- kp-
P-\m-\-µn-\n-bn¬- A-t±-lw- ]-Zy-ß-fpw-
te-J-\-ß-fpw- F-gp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.-
745.- -1893˛¬- Ip-™p-cm-a-\v- sIm-√-Øv- F-
Iv-ssk-kv- Hm-^o-kn¬- Kp-a-kv-X-\m-bn-
tPm-en- e-`n-®p.-
746.- -a-ø-\m-´p-Im¿- ]-Ww- ti-J-cn-®v- ÿm-
]n-®- sh-≈-a-W¬- kv-Iq-fn-s‚- B-Zy-
sl-Uv-am-Ã-dm-bn- kn.-hn-sb- \n-b-an-®p.-
747.- ]- n-∂o-St- ±-lw- sIm-√w- Cw-Kvf - o-jv- ssl-
kv-Iq-fn¬- ap-≥jn-bm-bn.- H-cp-am-kw- I-
gn-™v- Xn-cn-sI- sh-≈-a-W¬- kv-Iq-fn-
se-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- I-S-bv-°m-hq¿,- Im-
bn-°-c,- ]-c-hq¿- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬- A-
[ym-]-I-\m-bn- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-Tn-®p.-
748.- -kp-P-\m-\-µn-\n-bn¬- D-]-]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-
bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ-Ø-s∂- kz-¥-am-bn- H-
cp- ]-{Xw- F-∂- kz-]v-\w- kn.-hn.-°v- D-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
749.- -1911˛¬- A-Xv- km-£m-Xv-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v-
tI-cf - - Iu-ap-Zn- {]-Xn-hm-c] - {- X-am-bn- B-
cw-`n-®p.- aq-eq¿- F-kv- ]-Xv-a-\m-`-∏-Wn-
°-cm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-{Xm-[n-]¿.-
750.- k- ¿-°m-cp-tZym-Kÿ - \
- m-bn-cp-∂X - n-\m¬-
]-{X-Øn-s‚- D-S-a- Xm-\m-sW-∂v- ]p-d-
Ø-dn-bn-°m-≥ kn.-hn-°v- I-gn-™n-√.-
751.- -Xo-b-≥,- knw-l-f-≥,- `m-jm-`n-am-\n,- ]n.-
sI.- F-∂o- hym-P-\m-a-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p-
kn.-hn.- tI-c-f- Iu-ap-Zn-bn¬- F-gp-Xn-bn-
cp-∂-Xv.-
752.- -1913˛¬- D-tZym-Kw- cm-Pn-h-®-tXm-sS- kn.-
hn.-°v- ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xyw- ]-c-ky-am-°m-≥
I-gn-™p.-
753.- t- £-{X-{]-th-i\ - h - m-ZØ
- n-s‚- t\-Xm-hm-
bn- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Sn.-sI.-am-[-h-\m-
sW-¶n-epw- A-Xn-\p- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-
Xv- kn.-hn-bm-Wv.-
754.- -am-[-h-s‚- ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬- {]-kn-
≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂- tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bn¬- R-
߃-°pw- k¿-°m¿- t£-{X-ß-fn¬- H-
∂v- F-∂- te-J-\w- kn.-hn.- F-gp-Xn-b-
tXm-sS- {]-iv-\w- k-Po-h-am-bn.-
755.- -1936˛¬- A-t±-lw- \-bn-®- a-X-]-cn-h¿-
Ø-\-{]-t£m-`w- t£-{X-{]-th-i-\- hn-
fw-_-c-Øn-\v- Im-c-W-am-bn.-
756.- -Cu-g-h-cp-sS- a-X-]-cn-h¿-Ø-\-kw-cw-`w-
F-∂- t]-cn¬- kn.-hn.-F-gp-Xn-b- sN-dp-
]p-kv-X-Iw- e-£-°-W-°n-\p- {]-Xn-Iƒ-
hn¬-°-s∏-´p.-
757.- -tIm-´-b-sØ- kn-Fw-F-kv- _n-j-∏v- aq¿-
km-bv-hn-s\- kn.-hn.- sN-∂p-I-≠-Xv- Cu-
g-h¿- {In-kvX - p-aX - Ø - n¬- tN-cp-sa-∂- {]-
Nm-c-Ww- i-‡-am-°n.- C-Xv- t£-{X-{]-
th-i-\- hn-fw-_-cw- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°m-≥
`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sf- t{]-cn-X-cm-°n.-
758.- -Cu-g-h-k-ap-Zm-b-sØ- B-[p-\n-I-h-Xv-I-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v- k-am-P-߃- ÿm-]n-®pw-
hn-iZ- o-Ic - W
- - {]-kw-Kß - ƒ- \-SØ - n-bpw-
kn.-hn.- B-flm¿-Y-am-bn- ]-cn-{i-an-®p.-
759.- -1904˛¬- ]-c-hq-cn¬-h-®p-\-S-∂- k-ap-Zm-
\thm∞m\ \mbI¿˛1
b- ]-cn-jv-Im-c-k-`-bp-sS- kq-{X-[m-c-≥
kn.-hn.-Ip-™p-cm-a-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-
760.- -Xm-en-sI-´v,- Xn-c-≠p-Ip-fn- F-∂o- A-Sn-
b-¥-c-߃- A-\m-h-iy-am-sW-∂pw- hn-
hm-lc - o-Xn- ]-cn-jI v- c
- n-°s- ∏-SW - s- a-∂pw-
{io-\m-cm-bW - K- p-cp- ]-ck- y-am-bn- {]-Jym-
]n-®-Xv- Cu- k-Z- n¬- h-®m-Wv.-
761.- -\n-c-h-[n- km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-epw- ]-{X-
ß-fn-epw- B-\p-Im-en-I-ß-fn-epw- {]-kn-
≤o-I-cn-®- A-kw-Jyw- te-J-\-ß-fm-epw-
a-e-bm-f-`m-j-sb- k-º-∂-am-°m-\pw-
kn.-hn..-b-Xv-\n-®p.-
762.- -kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Sn-bn¬-\n-∂v- a-e-
bm-f-sØ- tam-Nn-∏n-®- {]-[m-\n-I-fn-sem-
cm-fm-bn- kn.-hn.- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
763.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- D-Ø-c-hm-Z-`-c-Ww-
A-\p-h-Zn-®p-In-´m-≥ {]-t£m-`-Ww- kw-
L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- tÃ-‰v- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
F-s∂m-cp- kw-L-S-\- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-
∂-Xn-\v- 1938 ^n-{_-h-cn- 23\v- Xn-cp-h-\-
¥-]p-c-Øv- tN¿-∂- tbm-K-Øn¬- A-[y-
£-X- h-ln-®-Xv- kn.-hn.-Ip-™p-cm-a-\m-
bn-cp-∂p.-
764.- -tbm-K-Øn¬- ]-´w- Xm-Wp-]n-≈- {]-kn-
U-‚m-bpw- ]n.-F-kv.-\-S-cm-P-]n-≈-bpw-
sI.-Sn.-tXm-ak - pw- sk-{I-´d - n-am-cm-bpw- Xn-
c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p.-
765.- -tI-c-f- Iu-ap-Zn- ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc-∂- \n-e-
bn¬- {]-i-kv-X-\m-b- sI.-kp-Ip-am-c-≥
c-≠m-a-sØ- a-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- a-Iƒ- hm-
k-¥n-bp-sS- `¿-Øm-hv- kn.-tI-ih - \- m-bn-
cp-∂p.-
766.- -1949 G-{]n¬- ]-Øn-\v- 78˛mw- h-b- n¬-
kn.-hn.-Ip-™p-cm-a-≥ A-¥cn®p.
h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿
auehn (1873-˛1932)
767. ]gb- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-
]p-cw- Pn-√-bn-se- h-°-Øv- 1873 Un-kw-
_¿- 28˛-\v- h-°w- au-e-hn- P-\n-®p.-
768.- -k m- a q-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv,- an-I-®-
F-gp-Øp-Im-c-≥,- C-…mw-a-X- ]-Wv-Un-
X-≥,-]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-≥,- kzm-X-{¥y-k-
a-c-tk-\m-\n,- ]-{X-ap-S-a- F-∂o- I¿-
a-ta-J-e-I-fn¬- Xn-f-ßn-b- hy-‡n-Xz-
Øn-\p-S-a-bm-bn-cp-∂- h-°w- au-e-hn-
tI-c-f-Øn-se- C-…m-an-I- \-thm-∞m-
\-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
769.- -a-X-]-cn-jv-I-c-W- kw-cw-`-ß-fn¬- A-t±-
l-Øn-s‚- \n-K-a-\-߃- P-\-߃-°v- H-
cp- ]p-Xp-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- sh-fn-®w- ]-I¿-
∂p-\¬-In.- i-cn- A-Øv- \n-ba - ß
- s - f-°p-
dn-®v- au-e-hn- ]-d-™- Im-cy-߃- bp-
‡n-°v- \n-c-°p-∂-Xpw- im-kv-{Xo-b-hp-
am-bn-cp-∂p.-
770.- t- I-cf - Ø
- n-se- ap-…n-߃-°n-Sb - n¬- km-
aq-ln-I- am-‰Ø - n-\pw- bp-‡n-Nn-¥b - v°
- pw-
F-Xn-cm-bn-\n-∂- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I- i-‡n-
I-sf- X-I¿-Øv- ap-…nw- k-aq-l-Øn-se-
Po¿-W-X-bv-s°-Xn-sc- t]m-cm-Sn-b- au-
e-hn- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- `-cW - I- q-SØ- n-s‚-
A-\o-Xn-I-sf-bpw- A-gn-a-Xn-I-sf-bpw- \-
J-in-Jm-¥w- F-Xn¿-Øp.-
771.- -ap-kvf - n-߃-°n-Sb - n¬- A-dn-hn-s‚- sh-fn-
®w- ]-I¿-∂v- A-hs - c- \-thm-∞m-\- ]m-
X-bn-se-Øn-°p-hm-≥ th-≠n- h-°w- au-
e-hn- B-cw-`n-®- am-kn-Ib - m-bn-∂p- ap-…nw.-
772.- -cm-P-hm-gv-N-bp-sS- s]m-≈-Ø-c-߃- sh-
fn- ® - Ø p- s Im- ≠ p- h - c m- ≥ A- t ±- l w-
1905˛¬- B-cw-`n-®- ]-{X-am-Wv- kz-tZ-im-
`n-am-\n.-
773.- -A-©p-sX-ßn¬-\n-∂v- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-
cp-∂- ]-{X-Øn-s‚- B-Zy- F-Un-‰¿- kn.-
]n.-tKm-hn-µ-∏n-≈-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
774.- -]n-∂o-Sv- sI.-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈- ]-{Xm-
[n-]c - m-Ip-Ib - pw- (1906)- ]-{X-tam-^o-kpw-
095
{]-kpw- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ-°v- am-‰p-I-
bpw- sN-bv-Xp-(1907).-
775.- -k¿-°m-cn-s\- F-Xn¿-°p-∂- ]-{X-Øn-
s‚- \n-e-]m-Sn¬- tcm-jw-]q-≠- A-[n-
Im-cn-Iƒ- 1910˛¬- ]-{Xw- I-≠p-sI-´p-
I-bpw- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂- sI.-cm-a-Ir-
jv-W-]n-≈-sb- \m-Sp-I-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-
bv-Xp.-
776.- -{]-kv- a-S-°n-°n-´p-∂-Xn-\v- K-h-¨-sa-
‚n-s\- k-ao-]n-°m-≥ ]-e-cpw- au-e-
hn-sb- D-]-tZ-in-®p.- F-∂m¬,- X-s‚-
{]n-b-s∏-´- ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc- Iq-Sm-sX- X-
\n-°v- ]-{X-Øn-s‚-bpw-{]-kn-s‚-bpw-
B-h-iy-an-s√-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- au-e-hn-bp-
sS- \n-e-]m-Sv.-
777.- -\-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚- k-tµ-iw- P-\-ß-
fn-se-Øn-°m-≥ au-e-hn- A-h-ew-_-am-
°n-b- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W- ß
- f - m-Wv- A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚- A¬-˛-C-…mw- (1918)-F-∂- A-
d-_n- a-e-bm-f- ]-{X-hpw- Zo-]n-I-bpw-
(1931).-
778.- -X-s‚- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-eq-sS- a-X-]-
cn-jvI- c - W
- Ø
- n-s‚-bpw- hn-Zym-`ym-kØ - n-
‚-bpw- B-h-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®v- C-…mw-
a-X-ÿ-sc- t_m-[-h-Xv-I-cn-°m-≥ A-t±-
lw- {i-an-®p.-
779.- -Nn-d-bn-≥Io-gv- Xm-eq-°v- ap-…nw- k-am-Pw,-
B-e-∏p-g-bn-se- e-Pv-\-Øp¬- ap-l-Ω-Zo-
b- kw-Lw,- sIm-Sp-ß-√q-cn-se- ap-…nw-
sF-Iy-kw-Lw- F-∂n-h- au-e-hn-bp-sS-
C-…m-ln- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- B-i-bw-
tI-cf - Ø
- n-se-ºm-Spw- F-Øn-°p-∂X - n¬-
ap-≥ssI-sb-Sp-Øp.-
780.- a- m-‰ß
- ƒ,- th-≠n-SØ - v- th-≠t- ∏mƒ- th-
Ww- F-∂- au-e-hn-bp-sS- \n-e-]m-Sv- A-
∂-sØ- k-ap-Zm-b- t\-Xm-°-sf- A-º-
c-∏n-®p.-
781.- -au-e-hn-bp-sS- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\-
ß-sf- i-‡a - m-bn- F-Xn¿-Ø- ap-…nw- bm-
Ym-ÿn-Xn-I- hn-`m-Kw- A-t±-l-sØ- Im-
^n¿- F-∂v- ]-cn-lm-k-]q¿-hw- hn-ti-jn-
∏n-®n-cp-∂p.-
782.- -bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I- \n-e-]m-Sp-I-sf- sh-√p-
hn-fn-®p-sIm-≠v- ap-t∂m-´p-t]m-b- au-
e-hn-bp-sS- ]-cn-{i-a-^-e-am-bn- ap-…nw-
Ip-´n-I-fp-sS- hn-Zym-`ym-k- km-l-N-cy-
߃- sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- A-d-_n-
`m-jm- ]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-
ap-≈- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-°-s∏--´p.-
783.- -sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- cq-]w-
sIm-≠- ap-…nw- sF-Iy-kw-L-Øn-s‚-
{]-Y-a- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-
ln-®-Xv- h-°w- au-e-hn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
784.- -AJ - n-e- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ap-…nw- a-lm-P-
\-k`- - ÿm-]n-®X - v- h-°w- au-eh- n-bm-Wv.-
785.- -ap-…nw- k-ap-Zm-b-sØ- _m-[n-°p-∂- a-
X-]-c-hpw- km-ap-Zm-bn-I-hp-am-b- {]-iv-\-
߃- N¿-®- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- th-Zn-bm-
bn- Cu- {]-ÿm-\w- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.-
786.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- ap-…nw-
t_m¿-Un-s‚- sN-b¿-am-\m-bpw- A-t±-
lw- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.-
787.- -1931˛¬- au-e-hn- C-…m-an-Iv- ]-ªn-jn-Mv-
lu-kv- ÿm-]n-®p.-
788.- -1932 B-K-kv-Xv- 23˛-\v- h-°w- au-e-hn-
A-¥-cn-®p.-
B\µXo¿Y kzmanIƒ
(1905˛1987)
789. Xet»-cn-bn-se- H-cp- Ku-U-km-c-kz-X-
Ip-Spw-_Ø- n¬- dm-hp-km-ln-∫v˛- t- Z-hq-`m-
bn- Z-º-Xn-I-fp-sS- a-I-\m-bn- 1905 P-\p-
h-cn- c-≠n-\v- P-\n-®- B-\-µ- tj-Wm-
bn-bm-Wv- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- B-\-µ-Xo¿-Y-
\m-b-Xv.-k-h¿-W-\m-bn- P-\n-s®-¶n-epw-
_m-ey-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- Pm-Xn-hy-h-ÿ-
bp-sS- {Iq-c-am-b- Nn-e- Zp-c-\p-`-h-߃-
A-t±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn.-
790.- -X-e-t»-cn- {_-Æ-≥ kv-Iqƒ,- {_-Æ-≥
tIm-tf-Pv- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-se- hn-Zym-`ym-
k-Øn-\p-ti-jw- a-{Zm-kv- {]-kn-U-≥kn-
tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂v- c-≠mw- dm-t¶m-sS- _n.-
F.-Hm-tW-gv-kv- ]m-km-bn.-
791.- -kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-tØm-sSm-∏w- A-bn-Ø-
Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bpw- ]-S-s]m-cp-Xm-≥ B-
\-µ-≥ \n-›-bn-®p-d-®p.- `m-c-Xo-b- km-
aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-°-fp-sS- c-N-\-
Iƒ- A-t±-l-sØ- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw- kzm-
[o-\n-®p.-
792.- -kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bp-sS- A-\p-{K-
lm-in- p-It- fm-sS- 1926 sk-]X v- w-_¿- ]-
Øn-\v- ]m-e° - m-s´- i-_c - n- B-{i-aØ - n-
se- A-t¥-hm-kn-bm-bn.- F-∂m¬,- A-
hn-sS- Pm-Xn-hn-th-N\ - w- D-s≠-∂v- I-≠-
t∏mƒ- A-Xn-s\-Xn-sc- I-em-]a - p-≠m-°n.-
793.- -]m-e-°m-´p-\n-∂v- A-∂-sØ- t_mw-s_-
{]-hn-iy-bn-se- k-_¿-a-Xn- B-{i-a-Øn-
te-°p-≈- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- ]-Zb - m-{X- G-
sd- {i-≤n-°-s∏-´p.-
794.- -1928 B-K-kv-Xv- aq-∂n-\v- in-h-Kn-cn-bn-se-
im-c-Zm- t£-{X-Øn¬-h-®v- B-\-µ- tj-
Wm-bn,- B-\-µ-Xo¿-Y-\m-bn.- {io-\m-cm-
b-W-Kp-cp-hn-‚- A-h-km-\-sØ- in-jy-
\m-W-t±-lw.- Xp-S¿-∂v- A-bn-tØm-®m-
S-\- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- A-t±-lw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- k-Po-h-am-bn.-
795.- -A-h-i-k-ap-Zm-b-߃-°p-th-≠n-bp-≈-
X-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- A-t±-lw- X-an-gv-\m-
´n-te-°pw- hym-]n-∏n-®p.- l-cn-P-\-ß-
sf-°q-´n- A-º-e-Øn¬- I-b-dp-I,- s]m-
Xp-Ip-fØ - n¬- Ip-fn-°p-I,- A-bn-Øm-Nm-
c-W-ß-sf- sh-√p-hn-fn-°p-I- Xp-S-ßn-b-
]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS- A-t±-lw- A-\m-Nm-
c-߃-s°-Xn-sc- t]m-cm-Sn.- C-Xp-Im-c-
Ww- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- \n-c-h-[n- {]m-h-iyw-
k-h¿-Wc - n¬-\n-∂v- ar-Ko-b- a¿-±\ - w- G¬-
t°-≠n-h-∂p.-
796.- -kn-hn¬- B-⁄m-ew-L-\- {]-ÿm-\-
Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-bn- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- th-
Zm-c-Wy-Øv- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bp-
sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- \-S-∂- D-∏p-Ip-dp-
°¬- k-a-c-Øn¬- B-\-µ-Xo¿-Y-\pw- ]-
s¶-Sp-Øp.- A-d-kv-‰p-sN-ø-s∏-´- A-t±-
lw- aq-∂p-am-kw- P-bn-en¬- I-gn-™p.-
]n-∂o-Sv- k-Po-h- cm-jv-{So-bw- D-t]-£n-
®p.-
797.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn¬- t\-Xr-
Xz-]-c-am-b- H-cp- ]-¶v- B-\-µ-Xo¿-Y-\pw-
h-ln-®p.- 1931 \-hw-_¿- 21˛-\v- ]-ø-∂q-
cn¬- {io-\m-cm-b-W- hn-Zym-e-bw- ÿm-
]n-®- A-t±-lw- hn-Zym-`ym-k- ta-J-e-bn-
epw- k-Po-h-am-b- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- \-S-
Øn.- 1931˛¬- ÿm-]n-®- Pm-Xn-\m-in-\n-
k-`b - n-eq-sS- B-\µ - X- o¿-Y≥ - an-{i-hn-hm-
l-hpw- an-{i-t`m-P\ - h- pw- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-
®p.-
798.- -X-e-t»-cn- P-K-∂m-Y-t£-{X-Øn¬- A-
ln-µp-°ƒ-°pw- {]-th-i\ - w- B-hi - y-s∏-
´p-sIm-≠p-≈- k-Xym-{K-lw- (1978),- Kp-
cp-hm-bq¿- t£-{X-Øn-se- Du-´p-]p-c-
bn¬- A-{_m-“-W¿-°pw- {]-th-i-\w-
A-\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-
≠p-≈- k-Xym-{K-lw- (1982)- F-∂n-h- B-
\-µ-Xo¿-Y-s‚- Po-hn-X-Øn-se- \m-gn-I-
°-√p-I-fm-Wv.-
799.- -in-h-Kn-cn- {S-Ãv- Aw-Kw,- {io-\m-cm-bW - -
[¿-ak - w-LØ - n-s‚- A-[y-£≥ - ,- in-hK - n-
cn- a-Tm-[n-]X - n- F-∂o- \n-eI - f
- n¬- A-t±-
lw- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- kzm-X{- ¥y- k-ac - t- k-
\m-\n-Iƒ-°p-≈- Xm-{a-]-{Xw- \¬-In-
1972˛¬- cm-Pyw- A-t±-ls - Ø- B-Zc - n-®p.-
800.- B- \ - µ- X- o¿-Y- kzm-an-Iƒ- 1987 \-hw-_¿-
21˛-\v- k-am-[n-bmbn.
 LGS ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS
FOCUS
Aao-_
1. I]S-]m-Z-ap-≈- G-I- tIm-i- Po-hn-bm-Wv-
A-ao-_.- A-ao-_-bv-°v- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- B-
Ir-Xn-bn-√.-
2.- -I-´n-bp-≈- B-h-c-W-N¿-a-Øn-s‚- A-`m-h-
hpw- I-]-S-]m-Z-ß-fp-sS- cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-hp-
am-Wv- C-Xn-s‚- Im-c-Ww.-
3.- -A-ao-_-sb-°p-dn-®v- B-Zy- hn-h-c-Ww- \¬-
In-b-Xv- Hm-K-Ãv- sPm-lm-≥ tdm-k¬- thm-
¨- tdm-k-≥tlm-^v- F-∂- im-kv-{X-⁄-
648.- -G-Xp- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv- Nm-Iv-
hw-i-P-cn¬-\n-∂v- 1586˛¬- I-iv-ao¿- ap-
Kƒ- km-{am-Py-tØm-Sv- tN¿-Ø-X-?v-
649.- -ap-Kƒ- km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- b-Ym¿-Y- ÿm-
]-I-≥ F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv-?-
650.- -ap-Kƒ- `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚- in¬-
1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
AI-ti-cp-In-Iƒ
\m-Wv- (1757).-
4.- -A-ao-_-bpsS (Amoeba) hnk¿P-\m-h-
b-h-amWv Contracting vacoule.
Ddpºv
5. hfsc Nn-´-bm-b- km-aq-K-ln-I- Po-hn-Xw-
\-bn-°p-∂- Po-hn-I-fm-Wv- D-dp-ºp-Iƒ.-
6.- -C-h-bp-sS- tIm-f-\n-bn¬- cm-⁄n,- tPm-
en-°m¿,- ]-´m-f-°m¿- Xp-S-ßn- hn-hn-[-X-
cw- D-dp-ºp-I-sf- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bpw.-
7.- -Nn-d-In-√m-Ø-Xpw- {]-Xyp¬-]m-Z-\-ti-jn-
bp-≈-Xp-am-b- s]-Æp-dp-ºm-Wv- cm-⁄n.-
8.- -{]-Xyp¬-]m-Z-\- ti-jn-bn-√m-Ø- s]-Æp-
dp-ºp-I-fm-Wv- tPm-en-°m¿.- Iq-´n-te-°m-
h-iy-am-b- tPm-en-Iƒ- sN-øp-∂-Xv- C-h-
bmWv.
9. Ddpºns‚ icocØnep≈ AæamWv
t^m¿anIv BknUv.
10. kz¥w `mcsØ°mƒ At\Iw Cc´n
`mcw hln°m≥ DdpºpIƒ°v
AIv_¿
]n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-?-
651.- -ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-cn¬- B-Zy-am-bn-
h-≥tXm-Xn¬- a-µn-c-\n¿-am-Ww- \-S-Øn-
b-Xv-
652.- -P-lmw-Ko¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-
hm-cv- ?-
653.- -`-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚- B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬- l-
÷v- bm-{X- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-
h¿-Øn-
654.- -A-ar-Xv-k¿- \-K-cw- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\v-
kn-Jp-Im¿-°v- ÿ-ew- hn-´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-
ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
655.- -Zn-≥ C-em-ln- (Xu-ln-Xv-˛-C-˛-em-ln-)- F-
∂- a-Xw- ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-?-
656.- -B - c p- s S- do- P - ‚ m- b n- c p- ∂ p- ss_- d mw-
Jm- ≥ ?-
657.- -1564˛¬- P-kn-b- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b-Xm-cv-?-
658.- -Xo¿-Ym-S-\- \n-Ip-Xn- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b- ap-
Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
659.- -kn-°-{µ-bn¬- A-¥y-\n-{Z- sIm-≈p-∂-
ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
660.- -a-≥k-_v-Zm-cn- k-{º-Zm-bw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-
®- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
661.- -H u- d w- K - k o- _ n- s ‚- X n- \ p- k- a m- \ - a m- b -
096
Ignbpw.
11. Ddp-ºp-Isf(Ants) Bi-bhn-\n-a-b-Øn-
\p- k-lm-bn-°p-∂- cm-k-h-kv-Xp-hm-Wv-
Pheromones.-
12.- -D-dp-ºp-I-fp-sS- Im-ep-I-fp-sS- F-Æw- 6.-
D-dp-ºp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w- an¿-an-
t°m-f-Pn.-
13.- -D-dp-ºp-Iƒ- H-cn-°-epw- D-d-ßm-dn-√.-
14.- -j-Uv-]-Z-ß-fn¬- i-co-c-`m-c-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-
X-ayw- sN-øp-tºmƒ- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏w- Iq-
`-cW - s - sZ¿-Ly-ap-≈- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
662.- -{_n-´-Wn-se- H-∂mw- F-en-k-_-Øv- cm-
⁄n-bp-sS- k-a-Im-en-I-\m-b- ap-Kƒ- N-
{I-h¿-Øn-
663.- -^-tØ-]q¿- kn-{In-bn¬- _p-e-µv- Z¿-hm-
k,-tPm-[m-`m-bn-bp-sS- sIm-´m-cw,-]-©v- a-
l¬- F-∂n-h- \n¿-an-®-Xv-
664.- -C-_-Z-Xv-Jm-\- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®- ap-Kƒ- N-
{I-h¿-Øn-
665.- -G-Xp- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Im-e-am-
Wv- ln-µp-ÿm-\n- km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚- A-
K-Ãn-b-≥ Im-e-L-´w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv?- -
666.- G- X - v- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Im-eØ - m-
Wv- Cw-Kvf - o-jv- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°º
- \- n- e-≠-
\n¬- (F.-Un.-1600)- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-?-
667.- -A-e-l-_m-Zv- \-K-c-Øn-\v- B- t]-cp- \¬-
In-b-Xv-
668.- -H-tc- k-a-bw- t]m-∏pw- cm-Pm-hp-am-b- ap-
Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn- F-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-
s∏-´-Xv-
669.- -1576˛-se- lm¬-Un-L-´v- bp-≤-Øn¬- dm-
Wm- {]-Xm-]n-s\- tXm¬-]n-®-Xv-?-
670.- -c-≠mw- ]m-\n-∏-´p-bp-≤-k-a-b-sØ- (1556)-
Sn-b- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-ap-≈-Xv- D-dp-ºn-\m-Wv.-
15.- -]-e- ]-£n-I-fpw- D-dp-ºp-Iq-´-Øn-\-Sp-Øv- Nn-
d-Ip-hn-S¿-Øn- C-cn-°m-dp-≠v.- A-h-bp-sS- i-
co-cØ
- n¬- D-dp-ºp-Iƒ- I-bd - p-Ib - pw- i-co-cØ
- n-
se- £p-{Z-Io-Sß- s - f- `-£n-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øpw.-
]-£n-Iƒ-°v- £p-{Z-Po-hn-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- c-£-
bpw- D-dp-ºp-Iƒ-°v- `-£-W-hpw- e-`n-°p-∂-
Cu- {]- { In- b - D- d p- º p- I - p fn (Anting)
F∂mWv Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv.
aq´ (Bug)
16. a\p-jycp-sS-bpw- a-‰v- D-jv-W-c-‡-Po-hn-I-
fp-sS-bpw- c-‡w-Ip-Sn-®v- Po-hn-°p-∂- ]-cm-
Z-am-Wv- aq-´.-
17.- -I-´n-ep-I-fp-sS-bpw- sa-Ø-I-fp-sS-bpw- k-ao-
]-am-Wv- C-h-bp-sS- hm-kw.-
18.- -B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn¬- C-≥sk-
Œ- F-∂- h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂- Cu- Po-hn-
°v- N-ndIn√.
ap-Kƒ- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
671.- -C-em-ln- I-e-≠¿- \-S-∏m-°n-b- ap-Kƒ-
N-{I-h¿-Øn.-
672.- -]p-cm-X-\- C-¥y-bn-se- A-tim-I-\p-am-bn-
N-cn-{X-Im-c-≥am¿- Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-øp-∂-
ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
673.- -G-Xv- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Im-e-
sØ- kw-`-h-ß-fm-Wv- k¿-Zm¿- sI.-Fw.-
]-Wn-°-cp-sS- I-eym-W-a¬- F-∂- t\m-
h-en-se- {]-ta-bw.-
674.- -tj-Iv-kv-]n-b¿- P-\n-°p-tºmƒ- ap-Kƒ- N-
{I-h¿-Øn- B-cm-bn-cp-∂p-?-
675.- -h-ko-dn-s‚- km-º-Øn-Im-[n-Im-c-߃-
F-Sp-Øp-am-‰n-b- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
676.- -I-e-\u-cn¬- In-co-S-[m-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-b-
ap-Kƒ- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
677.- -amƒ-h-bn-se- cm-Pm-hm-b- _m-kv-_-lm-
Zq-dn-s\- Io-g-S-°n-b- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
678.- -1580˛¬- G-Xv- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv-
km-{am-Py-sØ- 12 kp-_-I-fm-bn- Xn-cn-
®-Xv-
679.- -Zn-hm-\v- d-h-\yq- A-[n-Im-c-߃- \¬-In-
b- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
680.- -G-Xv- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Po-h-N-
cn-{X-Im-c-\m-Wv- A-_pƒ- ^m-k¬-
681.- h- n-[h- m- ]p-\¿-hn-hm-ls- Ø- \n-ba- w-sIm-
≠v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Ø-n

AS¬ _nlmcn hmPvt]bn
682.- -{In-kv-Xp-a-kv- Zn-\-Øn¬- P-\n-®- {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-
683.- -B¿.-F-kv.-F-kn-s‚- ap-J-]-{X-am-b-
]m-©-P-\y- 1948˛¬- B-cw-`n-®-t∏mƒ-
B-Zy- F-Un-‰¿-
684.- -a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se- Kzm-fn-tbm-dn¬- P-\n-
®- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
685.- -A-hn-hm-ln-X-\m-b- G-I- C-¥y-≥ {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-
686.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn-
ln-µn-bn¬- {]-kw-Kn-®-Xv- (1977)-
687.- -cm-jv-{So-b- Po-hn-X-Øn¬- H-cn-°-epw-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]m¿-´n-bn¬- Aw-K-a-√m-
Ø- G-I- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
688.- -C-¥y-≥ dn-∏-ªn-Iv- kp-h¿-W- Pq-_n-
en- B-tLm-jn-®-t∏mƒ- C-¥y-≥ {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-
689.- -iym-a-{]-km-Zv- ap-J¿-Pn-bp-sS- cm-jv-{So-
b-in-jy-\m-b- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
690.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bn¬- {]-Xn-]-£-t\-Xm-hm-
b-ti-jw- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy-
hy-‡n-
691.- -Im¿-Kn¬- bp-≤w- (1999)- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ-
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
692.- -Hm-∏-td-j-≥ hn-P-bv- (1999)- \-S-∂-
t∏mƒ- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-
cp-∂-Xv-
693.- -\m-ep- `-c-W-L-S-I-ß-fn¬-\n-∂pw- D-
Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv,- Kp-P-dm-Øv,- a-[y-{]-tZ-
iv,- U¬-ln- (tI-{µ-`-c-W- {]-tZ-iw-)-
]- sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- G-I- ]m¿-e-
sa-t≥d-dn-b-≥
694.- -P-bv- In-km-≥,- P-bv-P-hm-≥,- P-bv-hn-
Pv-Rm-≥ F-∂v- B-lzm-\w-sN-bv-X- {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-
695.- -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp-hn-\p-ti-jw-
A-Sp-Ø-Sp-Øv- aq-∂p- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏p-
I-fn¬- (1996,- 1998,- 1999)- P-\-hn-[n-
A-\p-Iq-e-am-b- H-tc-sbm-cp- C-¥y-≥
{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
696.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-te-°v- em-tlm¿- _-kv-
bm-{X- \-S-Øn-b- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
- `- w (Butterfly)
Nn{X-ie
19. Imep-sIm-≠v- cp-Nn-b-dn-bp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv-
Nn-{X-i-e-`w-
20.- -Nn-{X-i-e-`-Øn-s‚- Po-hn-X-Øn-se- \m-ep-
L-´-ß-fm-Wv- ap-´,- em¿-h,- ]yq-∏,- ]q¿-W-
h-f¿-®-sb-Øn-b- Po-hn- F-∂n-h.-
21.- -C-h-bv-°v- a-Æn¬-\n-∂v- [m-Xp-°ƒ- t\-cn-
´v- h-en-s®-Sp-°m-\p-≈- I-gn-hp-≠v.-
22.- -k-ky-ß-fn¬- ]-cm-K-W-Øn-\v- ap-Jy-]-¶p-
h-ln-°p-∂- Po-hn-If - m-Wv- Nn-{X-ie
- `
- ß
- ƒ.-
23.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Nn-{X-i-e-`-am-Wv- Izo-≥ A-
e-Iv-km-{≠m-kv- t_-Uv- hn-Mv.-
24.- -s]-bn-‚-Uv- te-Un- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-
hn- Nn-{X-i-e-`-am--Wv.
R≠v (Crab)
25. sNΩo≥ Dƒs∏Sp∂ UnImt]mUv
IpSpw_Øn¬s∏´ PohnbmWv R≠v.
Gdnb ]¶pw PeØnemWv ChbpsS
hmkw.
26. a‰v PohnIfpsS sj√n\p≈n¬
hkn°p∂ R≠n\amWv k\ymkn
R≠v.
27. R≠n-s‚- Im-ep-I-fp-sS- F-Æw- ]-Øv.-
28.- -H-cp- Im¬- H-Sn-™m¬- a-s‰m-cp- Im¬- h-f-
cp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- R-≠v.-
29.- -I-c-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- A-I-ti-cp-In-
bm-Wv- sIm-°-\-´v- {Im-_v.-
30.- -Im-≥k-dn-s‚- Nn-”-am-Wv- R-≠v.-
31.- -B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- hn-`m-K-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-
h-en-b- Po-h-nbmWv Japanese spider crab.
Ch-bv-°v- 20 In-tem-{Kmw- h-sc- `m-c-ap-≠m-
Im-dp-≠v.-
32.- -R-≠p-h¿-K-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Po-
697.- -Im-em-h-[n- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-b- G-I-
tIm-¨-{K-kn-X-c- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
698.- -c-≠mw- s]m-{Im-≥ B-W-h- ]-co-£-
Ww- (Hm-∏-td-j-≥ i-Iv-Xn-˛-1998 sa-
bv- 11,- 13)- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
699.- -]m-Iv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-Wv- \-hm-kv-
sj-co-^n-s\m-∏w- em-tlm¿- {]-Jym-
]-\-Øn¬- H-∏p-h-®- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
700.- -kz¿-W-P-b-¥n- {Km-a- kz-tdm-kv-Km¿-
tbm-P\ - - B-cw-`n-®t- ∏mƒ- C-¥y-≥ {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-
701.- -k¿-h-in-£m- A-`n-bm-≥ \-S-∏n¬-h-
∂-t∏mƒ- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
702.- {- ]-kw-Ks - sh-`h - w-I≠
- v- C-¥y-bp-sS- `m-
hn- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-sb-∂v- P-hm-l¿-em¬-
s\-{lp- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®- t\-Xm-hv-
703.- -_n.-sP.-]n.-bp-sS- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
704.- -C-¥y-≥ cm-jv-{So-b-Øn-se- `o-jv-a-]n-
Xm- a - l - ≥ F- ∂ v - tUm.- a - ≥ tam- l -
≥knw-Kv- cm-Py-k-`-bn¬- hn-ti-jn-∏n-
®-Xm-sc-bm-Wv-
705.- -{]-[m-\-a-{¥n- {Km-a-k-U-Iv- tbm-P-\-
B-cw-`n-®-t∏mƒ- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n.-
706.- -kp-h¿-W- N-Xp-jv-tIm-W- ]-≤-Xn- B-
hn-jv-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-
a-{¥n.
hn-bpw- C-Xp-X-s∂.- G-‰-hpw- \o-f-ap-≈-
Im-ep-≈- B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U-bm-Wn-Xv.-
33.- -R-≠p-I-fn¬- enw-K-]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w- \-S-Øp-
∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- km-°-p-en-\.
]m‰- (Cockroach)
34. Ppdmkn-Iv- Im-ew- ap-X¬-t°- `q-ap-J-Øv-
D-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- ]m-‰.-
35.- -C-h-bp-sS- _m-lym-ÿn-Iq-Sw- \n¿-an-®n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv- ssI-‰n-≥ F-∂- ]-Zm¿-Yw- sIm-
≠m-Wv.-
707. _p≤-\v- Zn-hy-⁄m-\w- e-`n-®- t_m-[-
K-b- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
708.- t- j¿-jm-bp-sS- i-hI- p-So-ca
- m-b- k-k-
097
36.- -]m-‰-bpsS (Cockroach) c‡-Øn-\v- \n-d-
an-√.- ]m-‰-bp-sS- Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ- c-≠p-tPm-Sn.-
Im-ep-Iƒ- aq-∂v- tPm-Sn.-
37.- -]m-‰-bp-sS- im-kv-{X-\-maw Periplaneta
americana. tem-I-sØ-√m-bn-S-Øpw- Im-
W-s∏-Sp-∂- H-cp- Po-hn-bm-Wn-Xv.-
38.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p- ]-cn-Wm-a-Øn-\p- hn-t[-
b-am-b- Po-hn-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- ]m-‰.-
39.- -]m-‰-bv-°v- X-e-bn-√m-sX- H-cm-gv-N-tbm-fw-
Po-hn-°m-≥ I-gn-bpw.-
40.- -h-S-°-≥ tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]m-‰- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- t]-cm-Wv- Iq-d.- F-∂m¬,- sX-°-≥ tI-
c-f-Øn¬- Cu- hm-°v- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-
ap-jn-™- Xp-Wn- F-∂- A¿-Y-Øn-em-Wv.-
41.- -]m-‰-bp-sS- i-eyw- H-gn-hm-°m-≥ D-]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂- ]m-‰-Kp-fn-I- cm-k-]-c-am-bn- \m-
^v-X-en-≥ B-Wv.-
Nn-ho-Sv- (Cricket)
42.- -{i-h-tW-{µn-bw- Im-en-ep-≈- Po-hn-bm-Wv-
Nn-ho-Sv- (Cricket).- C-h- h-f-sc- H-®-bp-≈-
i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.-
Xp-ºn- (Dragon Fly)
43.- G
- ‰ - h
- pw- th-Kw- Iq-Sn-b- j-Uv]
- Z- a
- m-Wv- {Um-
K-¨- ^v-ssf.- C-h- amw-k-t`m-Pn-I-fm-b- j-
Uv-]-Z-ß-fm-Wv.- sIm-Xp-Iv,- Cu-®,- tX-\o-
®,- I-S-∂¬,- D-dp-ºv- F-∂n-h-sb- B-lm-
c-am-°m-dp-≠v.-
44.- -H-cn-\w- Xp-ºn-bp-sS- em¿-h-bm-Wv- Ip-gn-bm-
\- (Ant lion-).-
a-Æn-c- (Earth worm)
45. I¿j-I-s‚- an-{Xw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- hn-
c-bm-Wv- a-Æn-c- .- a-Æn-c-bp-sS- iz-k-\m-h-
b-hw- Xz-°v.-
46.- -a-Æn-c- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- P-¥p-hn-`m-Kw- A-\-
en-U-bm-Wv.- a-Æn-c-bp-sS- hn-k¿-P-\m-h-
b-hw- s\-{^o-Un-b-bm-Wv.-
47.- -{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- I-e∏ - - F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂X - v-
a-Æn-cb - m-Wv.- Ir-jn-°m-hi - y-am-b- a-Æn-s‚-
h-f° - q-dpw- Kp-Wh - pw- Iq-´m-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-
∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv- Cu- A-]c - \
- m-aw.-
48.- - a - Æ n- c - I ƒ- Zzn- e nw- K - Po- h n- I - f - m Wv
(Hermaphrodite). AXm-b-Xv- B-¨-˛-s]-
¨- ssew-Kn-Im-h-b-h-߃- H-cp- Po-hn-
bn¬-Ø-s∂- Im-Wp-∂p.-
49.- -a-Æn-c-bv-°v- I-Æp-I-fn-√.- C-Xn-s‚- a-kv-
Xn-jv-Iw- A-Sn-ÿm-\- [¿-a-߃- am-{Xw-
\n-d-th-‰p-∂- e-fn-X-am-b- H-∂m-Wv.-
50.- -A-©p-lr-Z-b-ß-fp-≈- P-¥p-hm-Wv- a-Æn-
c.- C-h-bv-°v- izm-k-tIm-i-an-√.- sXm-en-
bn-se- sN-dn-b- Zzm-c-ß-fn-eq-sS- A-I-Øp-
I-b-dp-∂- hm-bp- i-co-c-Øn¬- hym-]n-∏n-
°p-I-bm-Wv- sN-øp-∂-Xv.-
51.- -a-Æn-c-bp-sS- c-‡-Øn-\v- Np-h-∏v- \n-d-am-
_olm¿
dw- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
709.- -a-lm-ho-c-≥ A-¥y-izm-kw-h-en-®- ]m-h-
]p-cn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
710.- -hm¬-ao-In- ssS-K¿- dn-k¿-hv- ÿn-Xn- sN-
øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
711.- -_p-≤a - X
- Ø
- n-s‚- I-fn-sØm-´n¬- F-∂p- hn-
ti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
712.- -C-¥y-bn¬- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- ta-[m-hn-Xzw-
D-d-∏n-®- _-Iv-km¿- bp-≤w- (1764)- \-S-∂-
kw-ÿm-\w-
713.- -tIm-kn- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- \n¿-am-W-Øn¬-
t\-∏m-fp-am-bn- k-l-I-cn-®- kw-ÿm-\w-
714.- -hn-lm-c-ß-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂v- t]-cn-\¿-Y-
ap-≈- kw-ÿm-\w-
715.- t- em-IØ - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-kn-U≥ - jy¬-
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-b- \m-f-µ- ÿm-]n-°-
s∏-´- kw-ÿm-\w-
716.- -Km-‘n-Pn- C-¥y-bn¬- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®- B-
NWvUnKVv
724. lcnbmW-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-
725.- -c-≠v- cm-Pv-`-h-\p-I-fp-≈- C-¥y-≥ \-
K-cw-
726.- -aq-∂v- `-c-W-L-S-I-ß-fp-sS- B-ÿm-
\-am-b- G-I- C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-
727.- -Hm-∏-¨- lm-≥Uv- tam-Wp-sa-‚ v- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-
728.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- ]p-I-bn-e- hn-ap-
‡- \-K-cw-
729.- -tdm-°v- Km¿-U-≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
730.- -Zn- {Sn-_yq-¨- F-hn-sS-\n-∂p-am-Wv- {]-
kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
731.- k- z-X{- ¥- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-
kq-{Xn-X- kw-ÿm-\- X-e-ÿm-\w-
732.- -te- I¿-_p-kn-sb- tbm-P-\m- \n¿-am-
Ww- \-S-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-
ÿm-\- X-e-ÿm-\w-
733.- -_yq-´n-^pƒ- kn-‰n- Hm-^v- C-¥y- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
734.- -]-©m-_n-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-
735.- -sam-lm-en- tÃ-Un-bw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
736.- -kp-Jv-\- X-Sm-Iw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
Wv.- c-‡Ø - n-se- ]n-s‹-‚ v- lo-tam-t•m-_n-
\m-Wv.- a-\p-jy-c-‡-Øn-se- ]n-s‹-‚pw-
C-Xm-Wv.-
bq•n\ (Euglina)
52. lcn-X-Iw- (t¢m-tdm-^n¬-)- D-≈- P-¥p-
bq-•n-\-.- C-sXm-cp- G-I- tIm-i-Po-hn-b-
mWv .
sN≈v (Flea)
53. B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn¬- C-≥sk-
Œv- F-∂- h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂- Cu- Po-hn-
°v- aq-´-tbm-Sv- km-ay-ap-≠v.- C-h- c-‡-aq-
‰n-°p-Sn-°p-∂- ]-cm-Z-Po-hn-I-fm-Wv.-
54.- -F-en-s®≈v (Rat Flea) ]c-Øp-∂- tcm-K-
am-Wv- tπ-Kv.-
`oa≥ IW-h (Giant Squid)
55. G‰hpw- h-en-b- A-I-ti-cp-In-bm-Wv- `o-a-
Zy-sØ- k-Xym-{K-l-am-b- N-ºm-c-≥
717.-
ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
-a-K-[- F-∂v- {]m-No-\- Im-e-Øv- A-dn-
b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- {]-tZ-iw-
718.- -\m-f-µ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- A-h-
in-jv-S-߃- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- kw-
ÿm-\w-
719.- -tem-Iv- \m-b-Iv- P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-
¨- hn-am-\-Øm-h-fw- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-
∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
720.- -a-lm-t_m-[n- t£-{Xw- ÿn-Xn- sN-
øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
721.- -Pm¿-J-Wv-Uv- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°m-\m-bn-
hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´- kw-ÿm-\w-
722.- -{]m-No-\- C-¥y-bn-se- cm-P-hw-i-ß-
fm-bn-cp-∂- au-cy,- Kp-]v-X-hw-i-ß-fp-
sS- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂- ]m-S-eo-]p-
{Xw- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
723.- -hn-{Iw-in-em- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS-
A-h-in-jv-S-߃- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂-
kw-ÿm-\w-

ZmZm`mbv \hvtdmPn
737. {_n´o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- (lu-kv- Hm-
^v- tIm-a-¨-kv-)- Aw-K-am-b- B-Zy-
sØ- `m-c-Xo-b-≥
738.- -{_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- Aw-K-am-b-
B-Zy- G-jy-°m-c-≥
739.- -{_n-´-Wn-se- C-¥y-bp-sS- A-\u-tZym-
Kn-I- {]-Xn-\n-[n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv.-
740.- -C-¥y-bn-se- •m-Uv-Ã-¨- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
´-Xv-
741.- k- zm-X{- ¥y-Øn-\p-ap-ºp-≈- C-¥y-bn¬-
Zm-cn-Zy-tc-J-sb-°p-dn-®v- N¿-®- sN-bv-
X- B-Zy- t\-Xm-hv-
742.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-\v-
B- t]-cp- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv-
743.- -C-¥y-≥ s]m-fn-‰n-In-kn-s‚-bpw- C-°-
tWm-an-Iv-kn-s‚-bpw- ]n-Xm-hv-
744.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- [-\-X-Øz-im-
kv-{X-Nn-¥-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
745.- -tNm¿-®m- kn-≤m-¥w- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-
Xm-cv-
746.- -1873˛¬- C-¥y-°m-c-s‚- {]-Xn-io¿-j-
h-cp-am-\w- B-Zy-am-bn- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b- t\-Xm-hv-
747.- -kz-cm-Pv- F-∂- ]-Zw- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-
tbm-Kn-®- `m-c-Xo-b-≥
748.- t- Im-tf-Pv- s{]m-^k- d
- m-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-
°m-c-≥
≥ I-W-h.- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- I-Æp-≈- Po-
hn-bm-Wn-Xv- .- I-Æn-\v- 40 sk-‚o-ao-‰¿-h-
sc- hym-kw- D-≠m-Im-dp-≠v.-
56.- - sam-fp-kv-I- ss^-e-Øn¬- sk-^m-tem-
t]m-Uv- h¿-K-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- Cu- Po-
hn-°v- F-´p- ssI-I-fp-≠v.
tX\o® (Honey Bee)
57. km-aq-ln-I- Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-°p-∂- Po-hn-I-
fm-Wv- tX-\o-®-Iƒ.- a-\p-jy-\v- G-‰-hpw- D-
]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-b- j-Uv-]-Z-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wn-
Xv.- C-h-bp-sS- Po-hn-Xw- ]-e- L-´-ß-fn-eq-
sS-bm-Wv- ]q¿-Øn-bm-Ip-∂-Xv.-
58.- -F-´v- F-∂- A-£-c-Øn-s‚- B-Ir-Xn-bn¬-
N-en-®m-Wv- tX-\o-®-Iƒ- B-i-b-hn-\n-a-bw-
\-S-Øp-∂-Xv.-
59.- -tX-\o-®-Iƒ- t{]m-t_m-kn-kv- F-∂- A-
h-b-hw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- tX-≥ h-en-s®-
Sp-°p-∂-Xv.-
60.- -B-¨- tX-\o-®-bp-sS- B-‚ n-\-bv-°v- 13 sk-
s‹-‚p-I-fpw- s]-¨- tX-\o-®-bp-tS-Xn-\v- 12
sk-s‹-‚p-I-fp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.-
61.- t- X-\o-®b - v°
- v- c-≠p- tPm-Sn- Nn-dI
- p-If
- m-Wp-
≈-Xv.-
62.- -tX-\o-®- h-f¿-Ø-e-mWv Apiculture. tX-
\o-®- Im-W-s∏-Sm-Ø- G-I- `q-J-Wv-Uw- A-
‚m¿-´n-°-bm-Wv.-
63.- -tX-\o-®-°q-´n¬- ap-´-bn-Sp-∂- ]-£n-bm-Wv-
s]m-≥am-≥.-
64.- -k-ky-ß-fp-sS- ]-cm-K-W-Øn¬- A-Xn- {]-
[m-\-am-sbm-cp- ]-¶m-Wv- tX-\o-®-Iƒ- h-
ln-°p-∂-Xv.-
65.- -G‰- h- pw- h-en-b- tX-\o-®b- mWv Megachile
pluto.
Cu® (House fly)
66. \qdntesd tcmKImcnIsf hln°m≥
Ignhp≈ Pohnbmb Cu®sb Hcp
IoS(Pest)ambn´mWv ]cnKWn°p∂Xv.
67. CXv- B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn¬- C-
≥sk-Iv-S- F-∂- h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
68.- -C-h-bv-°v- H-cp- tPm-Sn- Nn-d-Ip-I-fm-Wp-
≈-Xv.-
69.- -Cu-®-bp-sS- em¿-hbmWv Maggot.
70. ssS-t^m-bv-Uv,- tIm-f-d,- h-b-dp-I-Sn,-£-bw,-
B-{¥m-Ik v- v- Xp-Sß
- n-b- _m-ISv- o-cn-b¬- tcm-
K-߃- ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv- Cu-®-bm-Wv.-
71.- - h n- c - I - f p- s S- ap- ´ - I - s fbpw (Ascaris
lumbricoides, Trichuros trichura,
749.- -1856˛¬- e-≠-≥ k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bn¬-
Kp-P-dm-Øn- s{]m-^-k-dm-b- `m-c-Xo-b-
≥
750.- -aq-∂p- {]m-h-iyw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-kn-
U-‚m-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n- (1886,- 1893,-
1906)-
751.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- h-µy-h-tbm-[n-I-≥ F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-´- t\-Xm-hv-
752.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚-
c-≠m-a-sØ- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
753.- -G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Iq-Sn-b- {]m-b-Øn¬-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-[y-£-\m-b- hy-‡n-
754.- -1866˛¬- Cu-Ãv- C-¥y- A-tkm-kn-tb-
j-≥ ÿm-]n-®-X-
755.- -tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-kn-U-‚m-b- B-Zy- ]m-
gv-kn- a-X-ÿ-≥
Haemenolypes nana, Enterobius
vermicularis) Nn-e- t{]m-´t- km-hI - f
- p-sS-
kn-Ãp-I-fpw (Entamoeba histolytica,
Giardia lamblia) Ch- H-cp- Po-hn-bn¬-\n-
∂v- a-s‰m-∂n-se-Øn-°m-dm-≠v.-
72.- -t]mfn-tbm-sa-en-‰k- v,- ssh-d¬- sl-∏m-ss‰-
‰n-kv- (F,-C-)- Xp-S-ßn-b- ssh-d-kv- tcm-K-
_m-[-I-fpw- Cu-®-Iƒ- ]-c-Øm-dp-≠-v.
sP√n ^njv
73. sP√n- ^n-jv- A-Y-hm- I-S¬-s®m-dn- Dƒ-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ko-e-‚-td-‰- F-∂- hn-`m-K-Øn-
em-Wv.-
74.- -i-co-c-Øn¬- 90 i-X-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Iw- P-
e-ap-≈- P-e-Po-hn-bm-Wn-Xv.-
75.- -sa-Up-k- F-∂- t]-cn-epw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
C-h-bv-°v- Ip-S-bp-sS- B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- i-
co-c-hpw,- sS-‚-°n-fp-I-fpw- D-≠v.- C-c-]n-Sn-
°m-≥ sS-‚-°n-fp-Iƒ- D-]-tbm-Kn-°-p∂p.
Ipf-b´ (Leech)
76. NXp∏pIfnepw- P-em-i-b-ß-fn-epw- Im-W-
s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- Ip-f-b-´.- C-h- c-
‡w- Ip-Sn-°p-∂- Po-hn-I-fm-Wv.-
77.- -a-‰p- Po-hn-I-sf- I-Sn-°p-tºmƒ- c-‡w- I-
´-]n-Sn-°m-sX- kp-K-a-am-bn- h-en-s®-Sp-°p-
∂-Xn-\m-bn- C-h- ln-dp-Un-≥ F-∂p- t]-cp-
≈- H-cp- B-‚ n- sIm-bm-Kp-e-‚ v- A-h-bn¬-
Ip-Øn-h-bv-°p-∂p.-
78.- -A-\-en-U- ss^-e-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-
hn-bm-b- Ip-f-b-´-°v- 33 sk-s‹-‚p-I-fm-Wp-
≈-Xv.- C-Xv- A-\-en-U- F-∂- Po-hn-hn-`m-
K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p.- C-h-sb- Nn-In-’- \-S-
Øp-∂-Xn-\v- {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v.-
sh´pInfn (Locust)
79. B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn-se- C-≥sk-
Iv-S- h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- sh-
´p-In-fn.-
80.- -Nn-e- C-\w- sh-´p-In-fn-Iƒ- `q-{]-tZ-i-ß-
fn¬- A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn- {]-Xy-£-s∏-´v-
h-≥tXm-Xn¬- Im¿-jn-I- hn-f-Iƒ- Xn-∂p-
Xo¿-°m-dp-≠v.- Nn-e-bn-S-ß-fn¬- B-fp-Iƒ-
C-hs - b- `-£W
- a
- m-bn- D-]t- bm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.-
t]≥ (Louse)
81. BXn-Y-tb-s‚- sk-t_-jy-kv- {k-h-ß-
098
fpw- c-‡-hpw- B-lm-c-am-°n- h-f-cp-∂- ]-
cm-Z-Po-hn-bm-Wv- t]-≥.-
82.- -B-Xn-tY-b-cn¬-\n-∂v- \o-°w-sN-bv-Xm¬-
C-h-bv-°v- A-[n-I-Im-ew- Po-hn-°m-≥ I-gn-
bn-√.-
83.- -B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn¬- C-≥sk-
Iv - S v - F- ∂ - h¿- K - Ø n- e m- W v - C- h - b p- s S-
ÿm- \ w.-
84.- -H-cp- {]-tXy-I-X-cw- D-an-\o¿- D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-
Wv- C-h- ap-´- B-Xn-tY-b-s‚- ap-Sn-bn¬- H-
´n-®p-h-bv-°p-∂-Xv.-
85.- -ap-´- hn-cn-bp-∂- Ip-™p-߃- \nw-^v- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
tXc´bpw (Millipede)
]gp-Xmcbpw (Centipede)
86. B¿t{Xmt]m-U- F-∂- ss^-e-Øn¬- Dƒ-
s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- tX-c-´- .-
87.- -tX-c-´-bv-°v- \n-c-h-[n- J-Wv-U-߃- D-≠v.-
Hm-tcm- J-Wv-U-Øn-epw- Cu-c-≠v- tPm-Sn-
Im-ep-Iƒ- ho-X-ap-≠v.-
88.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ep-I-fp-≈- Po-hn-bm-
Wv- tX-c-´.-
89.- -B-bn-cw- F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈- an-√n,- Im¬- F-
∂¿-Y-ap-≈- s]-Uv- F-∂o- em-‰n-≥ hm-°p-
I- f n¬- \ n- ∂ m- W v - C- h - b p- s S- Cw•ojv
t]cp≠mbXv (Millipede).
90. Bbn-cw- Im-ep-≈-Xv- F-∂v- t]-cp-s≠-¶n-
epw- C-h-bp-sS- H-cn-\-Øn-\pw- A-{X-bpw-
Im-ep-I-fn-√.-
91.- -`o-a-≥ B-{^n-°-≥ A-´-bm-Wv- G-‰-hpw- h-
en-b- C-\w.-
92.- -A-´-I-fp-am-bn- _-‘-hpw- km-ay-hpw- D-≈-
Po-hn-I-fm-Wv- ]-gp-Xm-c.-
93.- -C-h-bp-sS- Hm-tcm- J-Wv-U-Øn-epw- Hm-tcm-
tPm-Sn- Im-ep-Iƒ- ho-X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.- C-h-
bv-°v- A-´-I-sf-°mƒ- th-K-Øn¬- k-©-
cn-°m-≥ I-g-nbpw.
sImXp-Iv (Mosquito)
94. B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn¬- C-≥sk-
Iv-Sv- F-∂- hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-I-
fm-Wv- sIm-Xp-Ip-Iƒ.- A-t\m-^n-ek - v- ,- Iyq-
e-Iv-kv,- Cu-Un-kv- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- {]-[m-\-
P-\p- p-Iƒ.-
95.- -sIm-Xp-In-s‚- Po-hn-X-Øn-se- \m-ep- L-
´-ß-fm-Wv- ap-´,- Iq-Øm-Sn- (em¿-h-),- k-am-
[n,- ap-Xn¿-∂- sIm-Xp-Iv- F-∂n-h.-
96.- - s Im- X p- I n- s ‚- t{Im- a - t kmw- kw- J y- 6
B-Wv.-
97.- -s]-¨-sIm-Xp-Ip-Iƒ- am-{X-ta- tNm-c- Ip-
Sn-°m-dp-≈q.- B-¨s - Im-Xp-Ip-If - p-sS- `-£-
Ww- sN-Sn-I-fp-sS- \o-cpw- a-‰p-am-Wv.-
98.- -Cu-®- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tcm-
K-߃- ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv- sIm-Xp-Im-Wv.-
99.- -a-e-º-\n,- sUw-Kn-∏-\n,- Nn-°p-≥ Kp-\n-b,-
a-™-∏n-Øw,- P-∏m-≥ Pz-cw,- a-¥v- Xp-S-ßn-
b- tcm-K-߃- a-\p-jy-cn-te-°v- ]-I¿-Øp-
∂-Xv- sIm-Xp-Im-Wv.-
100.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- a-c-W-Øn-
\v- ]-tcm-£-am-bn- Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂- Po-hn-
bm-Wn-Xv.-
101.- a- ¥
- p-]c - Ø
- p-∂- C-\a - m-Wv- Iyq-eI- vk- v- sIm-
Xp-Iv- .- a-te-dn-b- ]-c-Øp-∂-Xv- A-t\m-^n-
e-kv- sIm-Xp-Ip-I-fm-Wv.-
102.- -Cu-Un-]v-kv- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn- sIm-Xp-Ip-I-fm-
Wv- Nn-°p-≥ Kp-\n-b-bpw- sUw-Kn-∏-\n-bpw-
]-c-Øp-∂-Xv.-
103.- -ssS-K¿- a-kv-In-t‰m- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
Cu-Un-kv- C-\-am-Wv.-
104.- -a-e-º-\n-bp-sS- ]-cm-Z-Po-hn-sb- A-t\m-^n-
e-kv- sIm-Xp-In-s‚- Z-l-t\-{µn-b- hyq-l-
Øn¬- I-s≠-Øn-b- sdm-Wmƒ-Uv- tdm-kn-
s‚- I-s≠-Ø-em-Wv- a-e-º-\n-bv-s°-Xn-cm-
b- {]-Xn-hn-[n-°v- A-Sn-ÿm-\-an-´-Xv.-
105.- -1902se- ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X- s\m-t_-en-\v- C-
Xn-eq-sS- A-t±-lw- A¿-l-\m-bn.-
106.- -D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Un-se- A¬-tam-d-bn¬- H-cp-
{_n-´o-jv- ssk-\n-tIm-tZym-K-ÿ-s‚- a-I-
\m-bn-´m-Wv- 1857˛¬- sdm-Wmƒ-Uv- tdm-kv-
P-\n-®-Xv.-
107.- -sdm-Wmƒ-Uv- tdm-kv- X-s‚- I-s≠-ج- \-
S-Øn-b- Zn-\a- m-b- B-Kk - X
v- v- 20 (1897)- tem-
I- sIm-Xp-Ip-Zn-\a - m-bn- B-Nc - n-°p-∂p.-
108.- G- {- ]n¬- 25 B-Wv- tem-I- a-te-dn-b- Zn-\w.-
109.- -sIm-Xp-Iv- a-\p-jy-km-ao-]yw- Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-
∂-Xv- hn-b¿-∏n-se- em-Iv-Sn-Iv- A-æw- a-W-
Ø-dn-™m-Wv.-
110.- -sIm-Xp-Iv- ]-d-°p-tºmƒ- i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-Ip-
∂-Xv- Nn-d-Ip-I-fp-sS- I-º-\w- aq-e-am-Wv.-
\ocmfn (Octopus)
111. AIticpInIfn¬ G‰hpw IqSpX¬
_p≤nbp≈-Xv- \o-cm-fn-°m-Wv.-
112.- -2010se- tem-I-I-∏v- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- a-’-c-
tØm-S\ - p-_‘- n-®- {]-hN - \- ß
- f
- n-eq-sS- {i-
Zv-t[-b-\m-b- \o-cm-fn-bm-Wv- t]mƒ.-
113.- -\o-cm-fn-bp-sS- i-co-c-Øn¬- F-√p-I-fn-√.- C-
Xn-\v- i-co-cw- sN-dp-Xm-°n- h-f-sc- sN-dn-
b- ÿ-e-Øp-Iq-Sn- sR-cp-ßn-°-b-dm-≥
km-[n-°pw.- \o-cm-fn-°v- h-en-b- c-≠v- I-
Æp-I-fp-≠v.-
114.- -\o-cm-fn-°v- F-´p- ssI-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.- H-cp-
ssI- \-jv-S-s∏-´m¬- B- ÿm-\-Øv- ]p-
Xn-b- H-∂v- h-f¿-∂p-h-cpw.- k-©-cn-°m-\pw-
C-c-sb- ]n-Sn-°m-\pw- ssI-Iƒ- D-]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂p.-
115.- -{]-Xyp¬-]m-Z-\w- a-c-W-Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂- Po-
hn-bm-Wn-Xv.- B-¨-Po-h-n CW tN¿∂v
GXm\pw amk߃°p≈n¬ acWa-S-
bpw.- s]-¨-Po-hn- ap-´-hn-cn-™v- G-sd- Xm-
a-kn-bm-sX- Po-h-≥sh-Sn-bpw.-
116.- -i-{Xp-°-fn¬-\n-∂v- a-jn- I-e-°n- c-£-s∏-
Sm-\p-≈- I-gn-hv- \o-cm-fn-°p-≠v.- sa-em-\n-
≥ F-∂- cm-k-h-kv-Xp-hm-Wv- C-Xn-\m-bn-
D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - v.- C-tX- cm-kh- k- vX
- p-hm-
Wv- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- ap-Sn-°pw- sXm-en-°pw- \n-
dw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.
apØp®n∏n (Pearl Oyster)
117. samfpkvI ss^eØn¬s∏Sp∂
PohnbmWnXv. apØp(Pearl) ≠m°m-≥
I-gn-hp-≈-Xn-\m¬- C-h-bv-°v- hym-h-km-bn-
I- {]m-[m-\y-ap-≠v.-
118.- -\h- c
- X
- \
-v ß
- f
- n-sem-∂m-W-v ap-Ø.v - cm-k]
- c
- a
- m-
bn- ap-Ø-v Im¬-kyw- Im¿-_t- W-‰-v B-W.v -
119.- -\q-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn- B-`-c-W-\n¿-am-W-cw-K-
Øv- C-h- D-]t- bm-Kn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.- Nn-∏n-°p-
≈n¬- B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn- A-I-s∏-Sp-∂- a-
W¬-Ø-cn-t]m-ep-≈- _m-ly-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-
Nn-∏n-bp-sS- amw-k`- m-Ks
- Ø- i-ey-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂p.-
120.- -C-Xn-s\- sN-dp-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Nn-∏n- H-cp- {k-
hw- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p.- Cu- {Z-hw- _m-
ly-h-kv-Xp-hn-s\- B-h-c-Ww-sN-bv-Xv- I-´-
]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- ap-Øv.-
121.- -ap-Øp-Iƒ-°v- {]-kn-≤-am-b- `m-K-am-Wv- am-
∂m¿- Dƒ-°-S¬.- ]-≠p-Im-e-ß-fn¬- I-S-
en¬-\n-∂v- Nn-∏n- hm-cn-bm-Wv- ap-sØ-Sp-Øn-
cp-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬,- C-t∏mƒ- Ir-{Xn-a- am¿-
K-ß-fn-eq-sS- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- ap-Øv- hy-
m]IamWv.
sNΩo≥ (Prawn)
122. Xebn¬- lr-Z-b-ap-≈- Po-hn-bm-Wv- sN-Ωo-
≥ (sIm-©v-).- C-h-bv-°v- ]-Øp- Im-ep-I-
fp-≠v.-
123.- -a-\p-jy-s‚- `-£-Wm-h-iy-Øn-\m-bn- C-h-
sb- h-≥tXm-Xn¬- k-ap-{Z-Øn¬- \n-∂v- ]n-
Sn-°p-∂p.-
124.- I- q-Sm-sX- sN-Ωo-≥ Ir-jn- sN-øp-∂X - pw- hym-
]-I-am-Wv.- H-do-k-bn-se- Nn¬-°m- X-Sm-Iw-
sN-Ωo-≥ h-f¿-Ø-en-\p- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv.-
125.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- \n-c-h-[n- sN-Ωo-≥ kw-kv-
I-c-W- ^m-Iv-S-dn-I-fp-≠v- .-
126.- -I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn-eq-sS- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-\v- hn-
tZ- i - \ m- W yw- t\- S n- Ø - c p- ∂ - {]- [ - m \
hyhkmbßfnsem∂mWv sNΩo≥
kwkvIcWw.
 IS¬sh≈cn°
(Sea Cucumber)
127.- -F-ss°-t\m-sU¿-am-‰- hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-
∂- Cu- I-S¬-Po-hn-bp-sS- i-co-cw- ap-gp-h-
≥ Syq-_v- ^o-‰p-I-fp-≠v.-
128.- -ssN-\,- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b- ap-X-em-b- cm-Py-ß-
fn¬- C-h- hym-]-I-am-bn- B-lm-c-]-Zm¿-Y-
am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
129.- -I-S¬-sh-≈-cn-°-bn¬- k-ar-≤-am-bn- A-S-
ßn-bn-°p-∂- tem-l-am-Wv- h-t\-Un-bw.-
IS¬t®\ (Sea Urchin)
130. ISens‚- A-Sn-Ø´- n¬- Po-hn-°p-∂X - pw- F-
ss°-t\m-sU¿-am-‰- ss^-e-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xp-am-b- Po-hn-bm-Wv- I-S¬-t®-\.-
131.- -tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- Cu- Po-hn-bp-sS- i-
co-cw- ap-gp-h-\pw- ap-≈p-Iƒ-t]m-se-bp-≈-
`m-K-߃- D-≠v.-
132.- -Cu- ap-≈p-I-fpw- Syq-_v- ^o-‰p-I-fp-am-Wv-
C-h-sb- N-en-°m-≥ {]m-]v-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.- i-
co-c-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-`m-K-Øm-Wv hmb.
IWh (Sepia or Cuttlefish)
133. sh-≈-Øn¬- a-jn- I-e-°n- i-{Xp-°-fn¬-
\n-∂v- c-£-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- I-Wh
(Sepia).
134. aq∂v lr-Z-b-ß-fp-≈- Po-hn-bm-Wn-Xv.-
135.- -I-W-h-bv-°v- F-´p- ssI-I-fpw- c-≠v- sS-‚-
°n-fpap≠v.
]´p-\q¬∏pgp (Silkworm)
136.Bombyx mori F∂v- P-¥p-im-kv-{X-\m-a-
ap- ≈ - ]- ´ p- i - e - ` - ß - f p- s S (Silkmoth)
PohnX-Øn-se- ]p-gp-L-´-am-Wv- ]-´p-\q¬-
∏p-gp.-
137.- -B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn¬- j-Uv-]-Z-
߃- F-∂- ¢m-kn-em-Wv- C-h-bp-sS- Po-h-
im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b- ÿm-\w.-
138.- - ]-´p-\q-en-s‚- D¬-]m-Z-I¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- C-h-bv-°v- h-≥ km-º-Øn-I- {]m-[m-
\y-ap-≠v.-
139. ssN\-°m-cm-Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- ]-´p-\q¬-∏p-
gp-hn¬-\n-∂v- ]-´v- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-®-Xv.-
140.- -]-´p-\q¬-∏p-gp-hn-s‚- {]n-b-s∏-´- B-lm-cw-
aƒ-s_-dn- C-e-I-fm-Wv.-
141.- -]-´p-\q¬-∏p-gp- \q-ep¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- Po-
h-L-´w- sIm-°q-Wm-Wv.- im-kv-{Xo-b-am-
b- ]-´p-\q¬-∏p-gp- h-f¿-Ø-em-Wv- sk-dn-I-
ƒ®¿.
hn.hn. Kncn
756. C¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚-
Hu-tZym-Kn-I- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-sb- (\o-ew-
k-Rv-Po-h- sd-Õn-)- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-
C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-b- hy-‡n-
757.- -tPm-_v- t^m¿- an-ey-¨-kv- F-∂- ]p-
kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-
758.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- B-Iv-Snw-Kv- {]-
kn-U-‚ v- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xm-cv- ?-
759.- -I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-bn-se- Km-‘n- sa-tΩm-
dn-b¬- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-?-
760.- -tI-c-f- K-h¿-Wm-bn-cp-∂- ti-jw- C-
¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-b- hy-‡n-
761.- -tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- lm-P-cm-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-
≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-
762.- -C-¥y- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚- c-P-X-Pq-_n-
en- B-tLm-jn-®-t∏mƒ- (1972)- {]-kn-
U-‚ v-
763.- -\o¬- Bw-kv-t{Sm-Mpw- Iq-´-cpw- N-{µ-
\n¬- ÿm-]n-®- tem-I-cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-
≥am-cp-sS- ^-e-I-Øn¬- H-∏n-´- C-¥y-
≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-
764.- -\m-j-W¬- te-_¿- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- B-
cp-sS- t]-cn¬- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xn-
cn-°p-∂p-?-
H®v (Snail)
142. sam-fp-kv-I- F-∂- ss^-e-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-
Sp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- H-®v.- I-c-bn-epw- ip-≤-P-
e-Øn-epw- C-h- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw-
{]-[m-\-am-bpw- k-ap-{Z-Po-hn-I-fm-Wv.-
143.- -h¿-Øp-f-am-b- ]p-d-t¥m-Sv,- X-e-bn¬- H-
t∂m- c-t≠m- tPm-Sn- sS-‚-°n-fp-Iƒ,- A-
h-bn¬- ]n-∂-‰-sØ- tPm-Sn-bn¬- Im-W-s∏-
Sp-∂- I-Æp-Iƒ- F-∂n-h- H-®n-s‚- {]-tXy-
I-X-I-fm-Wv.-
144.- -i-co-cm-h-c-W-am-b- am-‚ n¬- {k-hn-°p-∂- H-
cp- ]-Zm¿-Y-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- ]p-d-t¥m-Sv- cq-
]w- sIm-≈p-∂-Xv.-
145.- -B-h-iy-ap-≈- k-a-b-Øv- i-co-cw- ]q¿-W-
am-bn- ]p-d-t¥m-Sn-\p-≈n-te-°v- h-en-°m-≥
H-®n-\v- I-gn-bpw.-
146.- -ap-Jy-am-bpw- k-ky-`p-°p-I-fm-b- H-®p-I-fp-
sS- hm-bv-°p-≈n¬- dm-Up-e- F-∂p- t]-cp-
≈- \m-°v- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
147.- -dn-_¨ - - t]m-ep-≈- \m-°n¬- Ip-dp-sI- h-cn-
h-cn-bm-bn- h-fs - c- sN-dn-b- ]-√p-Iƒ- D-≠v.-
148.- -A-c-Øn-\v- k-am-\m-b- Cu- \m-°v- B-lm-
cw- Np-c-≠n-sb-Sp-°m-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.-
149.- -`q-an-bp-sS- Im-¥n-I- B-I¿-j-Ww- A-\p-k-
cn-®v- k-©-cn-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv-
H-®v- .- H-®n-\v- H-cp- Im-em-Wp-≈-Xv.-
tXƒ (Scorpion)
150. B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn¬- A-c-Iv-\n-
U- h¿-KØ - n¬-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- tXƒ.-
151.- -C-Xn-s‚- hm-e-‰-Øp-≈- k-©n-bn¬- hn-j-
ap-≠v.-
152.- -\m-ep-tPm-Sn- _p-Iv- e-Mk
h-bh- w.-
v- v- B-Wv- iz-k\ - m-
153.- -tX-fp-I-fp-sS- i-co-c-Øn-\v- 16 J-Wv-U-ß-
fm-Wp-≈-Xv.-
154.- -hm-en-s‚- ]n-∂n-ep-≈- sS¬-k-¨- F-∂-
ap-≈n-eq-sS-bm-Wv- hn-jw- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-
∂-Xv.-
155.- -D-jv-W-˛-an-tXm-jv-W- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-Wv-
tX-fp-Iƒ- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
156.- -\yq-kn-e-≥Un-epw- a-‰p- Nn-e- Zzo-]p-I-fn-epw-
A-‚m¿-´n-°- h-≥I-c-bn-epw- tX-fp-Ifn√.
Cc´hme≥ (Silver Fish)
157. ]pkvXIßfpw- h-kv-{X-ß-fpw- Xp-f-®v- tI-
Sp-h-cp-Øp-∂- H-cp- X-cw- sN-dp-{]m-Wn-bm-
Wv- C-c-´-hm-e-≥.-
158.- -B-cy-th-∏n-s‚- C-e- hn-X-dn- C-h-sb- A-
I-‰m-≥ km-[n-°p-sa-∂m-Wv- \m-´-dn-hv.-
159.- -B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn-se- C-≥sk-
Iv-S- h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-bm-WnXv.
765.- -1971˛-se- C-t¥m- ]m-Iv- bp-≤-Im-e-Øv-
(C-¥y-≥ {]-kn-U-s‚-∂- \n-e-bn¬-)-
C-¥y-bp-sS- k¿-h-ssk-\ym-[n-]-≥
766.- G
- X - v- ssh-kv{- ]-kn-U‚
- v- cm-Pn-h®
- t- ∏m-
fm-Wv- No-^v- P-Ãn-kv- ln-Zm-b-Øp-≈-
B-Iv-Snw-Kv- {]-kn-U-‚m-b-Xv-
767.- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-
ÿm-\w- h-ln-®-Xv-
768.- -thm-bv-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-¨-jy-≥kv- F-
∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-
099
tKmh
769. ]pcmW-ß-fn¬- tKm-a-¥-Iw- F-∂p-
tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- {]-tZ-iw-
770.- -Hm-∏-td-j-≥ hn-P-bv- F-∂- ssk-\n-
I- \-S-]-Sn-bn-eq-sS- C-¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-
am-b- {]-tZ-iw-
771.- -tSm-f-an-bp-sS- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- iu-_-
F-∂p- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- {]-tZ-iw-
772.- -\m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- hm-´¿-
kv-t]m¿-Sv-kn-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-
773.- -G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- ta-P¿- Xp-d-ap-
J-am-Wv- a¿-a-tKm-h-
774.- -kz-¥-am-bn- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-√m-Ø-
G-I- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
775.- -[q-Xv-km-K¿- sh-≈-®m-´w- G-Xv- kw-
ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
776.- -G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-
b- \-K-c-am-Wv- hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a-
777.- -a-t\m-l-c-am-b- _o-®p-Iƒ-°v- {]-kn-
≤-am-b- H-cp- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
778.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- kv-ssI- _-
kv- kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- kw-
ÿm-\w-
779.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew-
(1510˛-1961)- sIm-tfm-Wn-b¬- `-c-W-
Øn-\p- hn-t[-b-am-b- {]-tZ-iw-
780.- -G-‰-hpw- H-Sp-hn¬- C-¥y-tbm-Sv- tN¿-
°-s∏-´- bq-tdm-]y-≥ tIm-f-\n-
781.- s
- Im-¶W - n- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-jb
- m-b- C-
Nne¥n (Spider)
160. B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn¬- A-c-Iv-\n-
U- h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- Nn-
e-¥n- A-Y-hm- F-´p-Im-en.-
161.- -kz-¥-am-bn- h-e-hn-cn-®v- C-c-sb- ]n-Sn-°p-
∂- Po-hn-bm-Wn-Xv.- Nn-e-¥n-°v- X-e,- D-S¬-
F-∂o- c-≠v- i-co-c-`m-K-ß-fpw- F-´v- Im-ep-
I-fp-ap-≠v.- C-h- hn-j-ap-≈- Po-hn-I-fm-Wv.-
162.- -C-W-sb- Xn-∂p-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- Nn-e-¥n- .-
Nn-e-¥n-bp-sS- iz-k-\m-h-b-h-amWv Book
lungs.
163. Nne-¥n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv- A-
cm-Iv-t\-mfPn (Arachnology) .
164. ªm°v- hn-tUm- F-∂-Xv- H-cn-\w- Nn-e-¥n-
bm-Wv.-
165.- -Nn-e-¥n-I-fn-√m-Ø- h-≥I-c-bm-Wv- A-‚m¿-
´-n°.
\£{Xa’yw (Star Fish)
166. \£{Xm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- H-cp- X-cw- I-S¬-
Po-hn-bm-Wv- \-£-{X-a-’yw.-
167.- -C-h- F-ss°-t\m-sU¿-am-‰- F-∂- ss^-
e-Øn-em-Wv- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- H-cp- Un-kv-
In-\p- Np-‰p-ap-≈- A-©p-ssI-I-fm-Wv- C-
h-bv-°v- \-£-{X-cq-]w- \¬-I-p∂Xv.
\mShnc (Tape W orm)
168. πm‰nsl¬-an-¥-kv- F-∂- ss^-e-Øn-em-
Wv- \m-S-hn-c- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
169.- -kz-¥-am-bn- Z-l-t\-{µn-b- hyq-lw- C-√m-
Ø- Cu- Po-hn- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂-Xv- I-ti-cp-
In-I-fp-sS- Z-l-t\-{µn-b- hyq-l-Øn-em-Wv.-
170.- Beef Tape W orm s‚ \o-fw- 65 A-Sn-tbm-
f-am-Wv.-
171.- Whale Tape W orm \v \q-d-Sn-tbm-fw- \o-
fw-h-cpw.-
172.- -\m-S-hn-c-bp-sS- X-e- kv-tIm-f-Iv-kv- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- C-h- Zzn-enw-K- Po-hn-I-fm-Wv.-
173.- -]-e- \m-S-hn-c-I-fpw- c-≠v- B-Xn-tY-b-cn¬-
°q-Sn-bm-Wv- Po-hn-X-N-{Iw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°p-
∂-Xv.-
174.- -\-∂m-bn- th-hn-°m-Ø- ]-∂n-bn-d-®n- I-
gn-®m¬- a-\p-jy-cn¬- \m-Sh - n-c_
- m-[b- p-≠m-
Im-≥ km-[y-X-bp-≠v.
NnX¬ (Termite)
175. D-dp-ºp-I-sf-bpw- tX-\o-®-I-sf-bpw-t]m-se-
¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
782.- -\m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- Hm-j-
t\m-{K-^n- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
783.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww-
Ip-d-™- kw-ÿm-\w,-
784.- -P-\-kw-Jy-bn-epw- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn-
epw- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- Z-£n-tW-¥y-
≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
785.- -C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- thm-´n-Mv- sa-jo-≥ D-
]-tbm-Kn-®v- ]q¿-W-am-bpw- C-e-£-≥
\-S-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
786.- -A¬-t^m-¨-tkm- Un- A¬-_p-°¿-
°v- 1510˛¬- _o-Pm-∏q¿- kp¬-Øm-
\n¬-\n-∂v- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø- {]-tZ-iw-
787.- -G-‰-hpw- Aw-K-߃- Ip-d-™- \n-b-a-
k-`-bp-≈- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-
\w-
788.- -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-sØ- {]n-‚ nw-Kv- {]-kv-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv-
789.- -s]m-Xp- kn-hn¬- tIm-Uv- \-S-∏m-°n-
b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
790.- -In-g-°n-s‚- ]-dp-Zo-k- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
791.- - k ¿- ° m¿- Hm- ^ o- k p- I - f n¬- C- ˛ - s a-
bn¬- kw-hn-[m-\w- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-
B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
792.- t- ]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- B-[n-]X - y-Øn-em-bn-cp-
∂- k-wÿm\w
tIm-f-\n-bm-bn- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv-
Nn-X¬.-
176.- - k m- [ m- c - W - tIm- f - \ n- b n¬- \nw- ^ p- I ƒ-
({]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-Im-Ø-h-),- tPm-en-°m¿,-
]-´m-f-°m¿,- {]-Xyp¬-]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp-≈-
h¿,- cm-⁄n- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- D-≠m-hp-I.-
177.- -tIm-f-\n-bp-sS- h-ep-∏w- h-√m-sX- Iq-Sp-
tºmƒ- ]-d° - m-≥ ti-jn-bp-≈- Nn-Xe - p-Iƒ-
]p-Xn-b- tIm-f-\n-bp-≠m-°m-\m-bn- Iq-Sp-hn-
´v- ]p-dØ
- p-hc - p-∂p.- C-hb- m-Wv- Cu-be - p-Iƒ.-
178.- -X-Sn-bpw- a-‰pw- Xp-c-∂v- a-\p-jy¿-°v- i-ey-
ap-≠m-°m-dp-s≠-¶n-epw- ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I-am-
bn- {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈- Po-hn-bm-Wv- Nn-X¬.-
179.- -Xm-a-k-Øn-\m-bn- Nn-X-ep-Iƒ- a-Æn¬- \n¿-
an-°p-∂- Iq-Sp-Iƒ- Nn-e-t∏mƒ- a-Æn-\p- ap-
I-fn-te-°v- D-b¿-Øm-dp-≠v.-
180.- -C-h-bm-Wv- Nn-X¬-∏p-‰p-Iƒ.- C-Xn-se- a-
Æn-\v-B-bp¿-th-Z-Øn¬- Hu-j-[- {]m-[m-
\y-ap-≠v.-
Sn°pIfpw ssa‰pIfpw
(Ticks and Mites)
181. B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn¬- A-c-Iv-
\n-U- F-∂- h¿-K-Øn-se- Aw-K-ß-fm-
b- ]-cm-Z-Po-hn-I-fm-Wv- Sn-°p-I-fpw- ssa-
‰p-I-fpw.-
182.- -C-h- k-kv-X-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- a-‰p- Po-hn-I-
fp-sS-bpw- i-co-c-Øn-\p-]p-d-Øv- Po-hn-®v- A-
h-bn¬-\n-∂v- c-‡-aq-‰n-°p-Sn-°p-∂p.-
183.- -a-\p-jy-cn-epw- h-f¿-Øp-ar-K-ß-fn-epw- \n-
c-h-[n- tcm-K-߃- C-h- ]-c-Øp-∂p.-
184.- -Sn-°p-I-sf-bpw- ssa-‰p-I-sf-bpw- Ip-dn-®p-≈-
]-T-\-am-Wv Acarology.
IS∂¬ ( Wasp)
185. B¿-t{Xm-t]m-U- ss^-e-Øn-se- C-≥sk-
Iv-S- h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂- Po-hn-bm-Wv- I-S-
∂¬.-
186.- -C-h-bn¬- Nn-e-Xv- a-‰p- j-Uv-]-Z-ß-sf- Xn-
∂p-∂- ]-cm-Z-Po-hn-I-fm-Wv.- A-Xn-\m¬-
ssP-h-Io-S-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-\v- I-S-∂-ep-I-
sf- {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v.-
187.- -tIm-f-\n-bm-bn-´pw- H-‰-bm-bn-´pw- Po-hn-°p-
∂- I-S-∂¬- C-\-ß-fp-≠v.- I-S-∂-en-\v- hn-
jw-Ip-Øn-h-bv-°m-\p-≈- I-gn-hp-≠v.-
188.- -Nn-e-t∏mƒ- C-h-bp-sS- I-Sn-tb-‰v- a-\p-jy-
\pƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- Po-hn-Iƒ- a-c-W-s∏-Sm-
d-p≠v.

F-d-Wm-Ip-fw-
{]- t Xy- I - X - I ƒ-
189.- -hy-h-km-b-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-s‚- Im-cy-Øn¬-
tI-c-f-Øn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈- Pn-√-
190.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hy-h-km-
b- bq-Wn-‰p-I-fp-≈- Pn-√-
191.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- Pq-X-≥am¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-
ep-≈- Pn-√-
192.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬-G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hm-l-\-
߃- c-Pn-ÿ- sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈- Pn-√-
193.- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \-K-c-k-`-I-fp-≈- Pn-√-
194.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- in-ip-ku-lr-Z-
Pn-√-
195.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _-Nv-Xv- (k-ºm-
Zyw-)- Pn-√-
196.- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- \-Kc
- h
- m-kn-If
- p-≈- Pn-√-
197.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- (F-Æw-)-
tZ-io-b- ]m-X-Iƒ- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂- Pn-√-
198.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Zq-cw- tZ-
io-b- ]m-X-Iƒ- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂- Pn-√-bpw-
F-d-Wm-Ip-f-am-Wv.-
B- Z y- t Ø- X v -
199.- -k-ºq¿-W- km-£-c-X- ssI-h-cn-®- C-¥y-
bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Pn-√- F-d-Wm-Ip-f-am-Wv-
(1990).-
200.- -k-ºq¿-W- km-£-c-X- ssI-h-cn-®- C-¥y-
bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]-©m-b-Øm-b- t]m-Ø-
Wn-°m-Sv- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv.-
201.- -sIm-®n- I-∏¬- \n¿-am-W-im-e-bn¬- \n¿-
an-®- B-Zy- I-∏¬-˛- dm-Wn- ]-fln-\n-
202.- -C-¥y-bn¬- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- \n¿-an-®-
B-Zy- ]-≈n-˛- sk-‚ v- {^m-≥kn-kv- ]-≈n-
(hm-kv-tIm-U-Km-a-sb- B-Zyw- kw-kv-I-cn-
®-Xv- Cu- ]-≈n-bn-em-Wv.- 1538˛-39¬- `u-
Xn-Im-h-in-jv-Sw- kz-tZ-i-am-b- t]m¿-®p-K-
en-te-°v- sIm-≠p-t]m-bn-)-
203.- -C-¥y-bn¬- bq-tdm-]y-≥am¿- \n¿-an-®- B-
Zy-sØ- -tIm-´-˛- sIm-®n-t°m-´-
204.- -sIm-®n-bn-se- sk-‚ v- {^m-≥kn-kv- ]-≈n-
°p- k-ao-]w- I-S¬-°-c-bn-ep-≈- _m-Ãy-
≥ _w-Kv-fm-hv- ap-X¬- sX-°p-`m-K-Øv- U-
®p- sk-an-tØ-cn-°p- ]n-≥`m-Kw- h-sc- \o-
≠p- In-S-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- sIm-®n-t°m-´.-
205.- -1504˛-se- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- sIm-®n- B-{I-
a-WØ - n-\p-ti-jw- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- sN-
¶-√pw- Ip-Ωm-b-hpw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- tIm-´-
_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw- \n-c-h-[n- sIm-Ø-f-
ß-fpw- \n-co-£-W-tI-{µ-ß-fpw- a-‰pw- \n¿-
an-®v- hn-]p-e-am-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
206.- \
- n-ch
- [ - n- ]-≈n-If - pw- ]-≠I
- i
- m-eI - f- pw- ]-
´m-f-°m¿-°p-≈- sI-´n-S-ß-fpw- Hm-^o-kp-
I-fpw- H-s°-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- sIm-®n-t°m-
´- tI-c-f-Øn-ep-≈- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- ÿm-]-
\-ß-fp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- .-
207.- -1663˛¬- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cn¬-\n-∂v- tIm-
´- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø- U-®p-Im¿- ]n-∂o-SX - n-s‚- h-
ep-∏w- Ip-d® - p.- 1795˛¬- U-®p-Im-cn¬-\n-∂v-
Cw-Kf v- o-jp-Im¿- tIm-´- ssI-hi - s- ∏-Sp-Øn.-
208.- I
- m-e∏ - g- °
- Ø- m¬- \-in-®p- Xp-Sß - n-b- tIm-
´-bp-sS- h-ep-∏w- Cw-Kv-fo-jp-Im¿- ho-≠pw-
Ip-db - v° - p-Ib - pw- {I-ta-W- ]q¿-Wa - m-bpw- C-
√m-Xm-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√-Iƒ-
209.- -C-¥y-bn¬- bq-tdm-]y-≥am¿- \n¿-an-®-h-
bn¬- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°w-sN-∂- tIm-´-˛- ]-
≈n-∏p-dw- tIm-´-
210.- -Cu- tIm-´-bv-°v- B-b-t°m-´,- A-gn-t°m-
´- F-∂o- t]-cp-I-fpw- D-≠v.- j-Uv-tIm-Wm-
Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- tIm-´v- \n¿-Ωn-°m-≥ sh-
´p-I-√m-Wv- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
211.- -{]-[m-\- I-hm-S-Øn-s≥d- \n¿-am-Ww- I-cn-
¶-√n-em-Wv.- 1661¬- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-sc-
tXm¬-]n-®v- tIm-´- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b- U-®p-
Im¿- ]n-∂o-S-Xv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-\p- ssI-
am-dn- (1789).-
212.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Zn-hm-≥ cm-Pm- tI-i-h-Zm-
k-≥ ap-≥ssI-sb-Sp-Øm-Wv- tIm-´-sb- Xn-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚- kz-¥-am-°n-b-Xv.-
213.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Uo-k¬- ssh-
Zyp-X-\n-e-bw-˛- {_-“-]p-cw-
214.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- hn-am-\-
Øm-h-fw-˛- s\-Sp-ºm-t»-cn- (s\-Sp-ºm-t»-
cn- hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-Øn-s‚- in¬-]n- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-c-≥)-
215.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _m-e- ]-©m-b-
Øv- ˛-s\-Sp-ºm-t»-cn-
216.- -sIm-®n-bn-se- B-Zy- Zn-hm-≥˛- tI-W¬- a-
¨-tdm- (A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- ]m-en-b-Ø-®-≥am¿-
F-∂- ]m-c-º-cy- a-{¥n-am-cm-Wv- D-≠m-bn-
cp-∂-Xv-)-
217.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- s{]m-^-j-W¬-
^p-Sv-t_mƒ- ¢-∫v-˛- F-^v.-kn.- sIm-®n-≥
218.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Sq-dn-kw- {Km-aw-
˛- Ip-º-f-ßn-
219.- -sIm-®n- I-∏¬- \n¿-am-W-im-e-bn¬- \n¿-
an-®- B-Zy-sØ- I-∏¬-˛- Fw.-hn.- dm-Wn-
]-Zv-an-\n- (1981)-
220.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- aƒ-´n-π-Iv-kv-
ÿm-]n-X-am-b- ÿ-ew-˛- sIm-®n-
221.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-e-Iv-{Sn-Iv- s{S-
bn- ≥ Hm- S n- b - X v - F- d - W m- I p- f w- ap- X ¬-
sjm¿-Wq¿- h-sc-bm-Wv- (2000 G-{]n¬- 23).-
222.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kv-]o-Uv- t]m-
Ãv- sk-‚¿-˛- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw-
223.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-cƒ-am-‰- i-kv-
{X-{In-b- \-S-Øn-b- B-ip-]-{Xn-˛- A-ar-Xm-
C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- sa-Un-°¬- k-b-≥kv,-
C-S-∏-≈n.- C-Xn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv-
tUm.-kp-[o-{µ-≥ B-Wv.-
224.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- lr-Z-bw- am-‰n- h-
bv-°¬- i-kv-{X-{In-b- \-S-Øn-b- B-ip-]-
{Xn-˛- sa-Un-°¬- {S-Ãv- (F-d-Wm-Ip-fw-).-
tUm.- tPm-kv- Nm-t°m- s]-cn-b-]p-c-am-Wv-
i-kv-{X-{In-b- \-S-Øn-b-Xv- (2003).-
225.- -C-¥y-bn¬- cm-Pym-¥-c-]-Z-hn- e-`n-®- B-
Zy-sØ- Xo¿-Ym-S-\- tI-{µw-˛- a-e-bm-‰q¿-
226.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- ]-©m-
b-Øv- {]-kn-U-‚ v- (1968)-˛- A-∂-Ω- tP-
°-∫v- (I-h-f-ßm-Sv- ]-©m-b-Øv-).-
227.- -tI-c-fo-b- am-Xr-I-bn¬- bq-tdm-]y-≥am¿- C-
¥y-bn¬- \n¿-an-®- B-Zy-sØ- sIm-´m-cw-˛-
a-´m-t©-cn- sIm-´m-cw-
228.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Sq-dn-kw- s]m-
eo-kv- tÃ-j-≥˛- t^m¿-´v- sIm-®n-
229.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-∫¿- ]m¿-°v-˛-
sF-cm-]p-cw-
230.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- am-Xr-Im- a-’y-
_-‘-\- Sq-dn-kw- {Km-aw- ˛-Ip-º-f-ßn-
231.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kv-]o-Uv- t]m-
Ãv- sk-‚¿-˛- sIm-®n-
232.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-Izm- sS-Iv-t\m-
f-Pn- ]m¿-°v- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ D-t±-in-°p-∂-
ÿ-ew-˛- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- Pn-√-bn-se- In-g-
t°- I-Sp-ß-√q¿-
233.- -F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- Pn-√-bn-se- ]-\-ßm-Sv- B-
ÿm-\-am-b- ^n-j-do-kv- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-
bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿-˛-
tUm.-a-[p-kq-Z-\-°p-dp-∏v-
234.- -_n-\m-te-°v- B-Xn-tY-b-Xzw- h-ln-®- B-
Zy- C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw- sIm-®n-bm-Wv.-
235.- -sIm-®n- Xp-d-ap-J-sØ-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-
100
®- B-Zy-sØ- hn-tZ-i- k-©m-cn- am-lzm-
\m-Wv.-
236.- -F.-Sn.-F-Ωn-eq-sS- ]m¬- e-`y-am-Ip-∂- kw-
hn-[m-\w- an¬-a- tI-c-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- B-
hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv- sIm-®n-bn-em-Wv.-
237.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-˛-Xp-d-ap-Jw-
sIm-®n-bm-Wv.-
238.- -sIm-®n- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bn¬- Aw-K-am-
b- B-Zy- h-\n-X- tXm-´-bv-°m-´v- am-[-hn-b-
Ω-bm-Wv.- a-∂-Øv- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-s‚- k-l-[¿-
Ω-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-h¿.- C-¥y-bn¬- H-
cp- \n-ba- \
- n¿-am-Wk
- `- b
- p-sS- Xp-S°
- Ø
- n¬-
Ø-s∂- H-cp- h-\n-X-sb- k¿-°m¿- \m-a-
\n¿-t±-iw- sN-bv-Xv- Aw-K-am-°n-b- B-Zy-
A-h-k-c-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv- (1925).-
239.- -tPm-¨- tKm-¨-km¬-h-kv- 1577˛¬- sIm-
®n-bn¬- A-®-Sn-®- a-e-_m¿- X-an-gn-ep-≈-
th-tZm-]-tZ-i-am-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn¬- A-®-Sn-
®- B-Zy- {K-Ÿw.-
240.- a-e-bm-fw- A-£-c-߃- B-Zy-am-bn- A-®-
Sn-®-Xv- 1678˛¬- tlm-f-≠n-se- (s\-X¿-e-
≥Uv-kv-)- Bw-ÿ-Um-an¬- ap-{Z-Ww- sN-
bv-X- tlm¿-Øq-kv- a-e-_m-dn-°-kv- F-∂-
{K-Ÿ-Øn-em-Wv.-
241.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ^pƒ- t^m¿-am-
‰v- tjm-∏nw-Kv- amƒ- sIm-®n-bn-se- H-_-tdm-
¨- am-fm-Wv.-
242.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- km-‰-sse-‰v- a-
Wn-tbm¿-U¿- tÃ-j-≥ sIm-®n-bn-em-Wv-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-
kq-∏¿-te-‰o-hp-Iƒ-
243.- -sIm-®n-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-i-kv-X-\m-b- cm-
Pm-hv-˛- i-‡-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥
244.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- B¿-°n-
tbm-f-Pn-°¬- ayq-kn-bw-˛- Xr-∏q-Wn-Øp-d-
ln¬- ]m-e-kv-
245.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- Pq-X-∏-
≈n-˛- a-´m-t©-cn-
246.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰h - pw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- tZ-io-
b-]m-X˛- - F-≥.-F® - v.1- 7 (C-S∏ - ≈- n- ap-X¬- a-
lm-cm-j{v- S-bn-se- ]m-≥sh¬-hs - c- \o-fp-∂-
Cu- ]m-Xb - p-sS- B-sI- \o-fØ - n-s‚- 420.-77
In-tem-ao-‰d - m-Wv- tI-cf - Ø
- n-ep-≈X - )v- -
247.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- tZ-io-b- ]m-
X-˛- F-≥.-F-®v.-47F- (sh-√nw-Kv-S-¨- Zzo-]n-
s\- sIm-®n- ss_-]m-kp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-
°p-∂- Cu- tdm-Un-\v- 5.-92 In-tem-ao-‰-dm-
Wv- \o-fw-)-
248.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- kw-c-£n-
X- {]-tZ-iw-˛- aw-K-f-h-\w- (0.-0274 N-Xp-c-
{i-In-tem-ao-‰-dm-Wv- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww-)-
249.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- a-g- e-`n-
°p-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- t\-cy-aw-K-ew-
250.- s- Im-®n-bn¬- {]-Nm-cØ - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- G-
‰-hpw- ]-g-b- \m-W-bw-˛- Im-en-b-ta-\n-
251.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- ss{I-kv-X-h- tZ-hm-e-b-ß-
fn¬- G-‰h - pw- h-ep-∏a - p-≈- Np-a¿-Nn-{Xw- Im-
W-s∏-Sp-∂- B-cm-[-\m-e-bw-˛- A-¶-am-en-
h-en-b- ]-≈n-
252.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- cm-k-h-f-
\n¿-am-W-im-e-˛- F-^v.-F.-kn.-Sn.-
253.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Un.-Un.-‰n.-
D¬-]m-Z-\-im-e-˛- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ C-≥sk-
Iv-Sn-ssk-Uv- en-an-‰-Uv-
254.- -tI-cf - Ø
- n-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- a-\p-jy-\n¿-
an-X- Zzo-]v-˛- sh-√nw-Kv-S-¨- (sIm-®n- Xp-d-ap-
J-Øn-s‚- B-gw- Iq-´m-\m-bn- Ip-gn-s®-Sp-Ø-
a-Æv- \n-t£-]n-®p-≠m-b- Zzo-]m-Wn-Xv-).-
255.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- sd-
bn¬-th- ]m-ew-˛- h-√m¿-]m-Sw- ]m-ew- (4.-
62 In.-ao.-).-
256.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- ]-Sn-™m-d-≥ Xo-c-sØ- ta-P¿-
Xp-d-ap-J-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- sX-°m-bn- ÿn-
Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv- sIm-®n-bm-Wv.-
A- ] - c - \ m- a - ß ƒ-
257.- s
- h-√nw-KvS- ¨
- - Zzo-]n-se- tdm-_n-≥k-¨- {Iq-
tkm- -F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- tdm-
_¿-´v- {_n-kv-t‰m-
258.- -{]-›-∂- _p-≤-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- i-¶-
cm-Nm-cy¿-
259.- -tKm-{io- F-∂- t]-cn¬- {]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv-
A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv-˛- sIm-®n-
260.- -A-d-_n-°-S-en-s‚- dm-Wn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-˛- sIm-®n-
261. sIm-®n-sb- A-d-_n-°-S-en-s‚- dm-Wn- F-
∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- sIm-®n-cm-Py-sØ- Zn-
hm-\m-bn-cp-∂- B¿.-sI.- j-¨-ap-Jw- sN-´n-
262.- -s]-cp-º-S-∏v- kz-cq-]w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-
Xv-˛- sIm-®n-cm-Pyw-
263.- -E-jn-\m-K-°p-fw- F-∂v- H-cp- Im-e-Øv- A-
dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv-˛- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw-
264.- -t_mƒ-Km-´n- Zzo-]n-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cv-˛- ap-
f-hp-Im-Sv-
265.- i
- ‡- ≥ - X-ºp-cm-≥ F-∂- A-]c - \
- m-aØ
- n¬-
hn-Jym-X-\m-b- sIm-®n- cm-Pm-hv-˛- cm-a-h¿-a-
266.- -tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- hm-Wn-Py- X-e-ÿm-\w- F-
d-Wm-Ip-f-am-Wv.-
267.- -B-[p-\n-I- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚- hn-[m-Xm-
hm-b- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a-sb-t∏m-se- {i-
t≤-b-am-b- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃- i-‡-
≥ X-ºp-cm-≥ sIm-®n-bn¬- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xn-
\m¬- A-t±-ls - Ø- sIm-®n-bn-se- am¿-Øm-
W-U-h¿-a- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂p.-
{]-[m-\s
- ∏-´- h-kvX
- p-XI
- ƒ-
268.- -t_mƒ-Km-´n- sIm-´m-cw- \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- U-®p-
Im¿-
269.- -sIm-®n- Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-s‚- \n¿-am-W-Øn¬-
k-l-I-cn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- P-∏m-≥
270.- ]
- ≈- n-∏p-dw- tIm-´b
- v°
- v- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-
\¬-In-b- t]-cv-˛- am-\p-h¬- tIm-´-
271.- -sIm-®n-bn-se- U-®p-sIm-´m-cw- \n¿-an-®-Xv-
˛- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- (U-®p-Im¿- ]p-Xp-
°n-∏-Wn-X-Xn-\m-em-Wv- U-®p-sIm-´m-cw- F-
∂- t]-cp- In-´n-b-Xv-).-
272.- -C-S-a-e-bm¿- ]-≤-Xn- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn¬-˛- F-
d-Wm-Ip-fw-
273.- -h-√m¿-]m-Sw- sS¿-an-\¬,- tKm-{io- ]m-ew- F-
∂n-h- G-Xv- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw
{]- [ m- \ - hy- ‡ n- I ƒ-
274.- -t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im¿- B¿-°m-W-v U-®p-sIm-
´m-cw- ]-Wn-Xp-\¬-In-bX - ˛-v - ho-ct- I-cf - - h¿-a-
275.- -Pq-X-≥am¿- sIm-®n-bn¬- Xm-a-k-ap-d-∏n-®-
Xpw- Pq-X-sØ-cp-hv- \n¿-an-®-Xpw- G-Xv- cm-
Pm-hn-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛- tI-i-h-cm-a-h¿-a-
276.- s
- Im-®n- Xp-da- p-JØ- n-s‚- in-ev] - n-˛- tdm-_¿-
´v- {_n-kv-t‰m-
277.- -a-´m-t©-cn-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Cw-•o-jv- kv-
Iqƒ- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- d-h.- sP.- Uu-k-≥
278.- -1805˛¬- A-¥-cn-® sIm-®n- cm-Pm-hv-˛- i-
‡-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥
279.- -sIm-®n-bn¬- {]-Pm-a-Wv-U-ew- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-
(1941)-˛- hn.-B¿.-Ir-jv-W-s\-gp-Ø-—-≥
280.- -sIm-®n-≥ tÃ-‰v- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- ÿm-
]-I-≥˛- Sn.-sI.-\m-b¿-
281.- -sIm-®n-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- Zn-hm-≥˛-
kn.-]n.-I-cp-Wm-I-c-ta-t\m-≥
282.- -sIm-®n-≥ km-K- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- tdm-_¿-´v- {_n-
tÃm-
283.- -_m-¶v- tZ-i-km¬-°-c-W-Øn-\p- ap-≥ssI-
sb-Sp-Ø- a-eb - m-fn-bm-b- tI-{µ-\n-ba - a
- {- ¥n-
˛- ]-\-ºn-≈n- tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-≥
284.- -sIm-®n-sb- `-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k-`-
bn¬- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-X- G-I- hy-‡n-
bm-Wv- ]-\-ºn-≈n- tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-≥
285.- -X-t´-°m-Sv- ]-£n- k-t¶-X-Øn-s‚- {]-tXy-
I-X- B-Zy-am-bn- Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xv-˛- tUm.-
km-enw- A-en-
286.- -C-¥y-bn¬- A-hn-izm-k-{]-ta-bw- h-gn- ]p-
d-Øp-t]m-b- B-Zy-sØ- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-
´- a-{¥n-˛- tUm.- F.-B¿.-ta-t\m-≥ (sIm-
®o-cm-Py-Øv-)-
287.- -sIm-®n- cm-Py-Øv- A-Sn-a-Øw- \n-tcm-[n-®-
Zn-hm-≥˛- i-¶-c-hm-cy¿-
288.- -B-Zy-sØ- ⁄m-\-]o-T-Øn-\¿-l-\m-b-Xv-
˛- Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v-
289.- -cm-Py-k-`mw-K-am-bn-cp-∂- ⁄m-\-]o-T-tP-
Xm-hv-˛- Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏v-
290.- -Bw-t•m- C-¥y-≥ {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- tem-
Iv-k-`-bn-te-°v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´-
B-Zy-sØ- tI-c-fo-b-≥˛- Nmƒ-kv- U-b-kv-
291.- -sF.-F.-F-kv.- cm-Pn-h-®v- km-ln-Xy-{]-h¿-
Ø-ß-fn¬- ap-gp-In-b- a-e-bm-fn-˛- a-e-bm-
‰q¿- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-≥
292.- -tI-c-f- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-\m-Wv-
sI.-Fw.-tPm¿-Pv.-
293.- -Nn-∑-bm- an-j-s‚- ÿm-]-I-\m-b- kzm-an-
Nn-∑-bm-\-µ-s‚- (1916˛-1993)- ]q¿-hm-{i-a-
Øn-se- t]-cv- _m-e-Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m-≥ F-
∂m-bn-cp-∂p.-
294.- -jU - Iv- m-e- tKm-hn-µa- m-cm¿- P-\n-®X - v- (1798)-
F-dW - m-Ip-fw- Pn-√b- n-se- cm-aa- w-Ke
- Ø- m-Wv.-
295.- -ssh-∏n-≥ Zzo-]n-se- sN-dm-bn-bn-em-Wv- km-
aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hm-b- k-tlm-Z-c-≥
A-ø-∏-≥ (1889˛-1968)- P-\n-®-Xv.-
296.- -1940˛¬- t^m¿-´v- sIm-®n-bn-em-Wv- Km-\-K-
‘¿-h-≥ sI.-sP.-tb-ip-Zm-kv- P-\n-®-Xv.-
297.- -£-b-tcm-Kw- _m-[n-®v- a-cn-®- (1948)- {]-i-
kv-X- a-e-bm-f-I-hn- N-ß-ºp-g- Ir-jv-W-]n-
≈- C-S-∏-≈n-bn¬- 1911˛-em-Wv- P-\n-®-Xv.-
298.- -sIm-®n-≥ tÃ-‰v- am-\z¬- c-Nn-®-Xv- kn.-A-
Nyp-X-ta-t\m-\m-Wv- (1911).-
{]- [ m- \ - ÿ- e - ß ƒ-
299.- -{io-i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛-Im-e-Sn-
300.- -sIm-®n- cm-Pm-°-≥am-cp-sS- In-co-S-[m-c-Ww-
\-S-∂n-cp-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- Nn-{X-Iq-Sw-
301.- -F-≥.-F-®v.-17 tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-
ÿ-ew-˛- C-S-∏-≈n-
302.- -F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv- s]-cn-bm¿- c-≠m-bn- ]n-
cn-™v- -am¿-Øm-Wv-U-≥]p-g-bpw- aw-K-e-∏p-
g-bp-am-Ip-∂-Xv-˛- B-ep-h-
303.- -cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- C-≥tUm¿- tÃ-Un-bw-
ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- I-S-h-{¥-
304.- -P-h-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬-
kz¿Ww
793. B`cW-ap-≠m-°m-≥ G-‰-hpw-
Iq-Sp-X¬- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂- tem-
lw-
794.- -tIm-em¿- J-\n- G-Xv- [m-Xp-hp-
am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-
795.- -G-Xv- tem-l-Øn-s‚- A-f-hm-Wv-
]-h-≥
796.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-Sn-®p-]-c-
Øm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- aq-e-Iw-
797.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- h-en-®p-\o-´m-
≥ I-gn-bp-∂- aq-e-Iw-
798.- -tem-l-ß-fp-sS- cm-Pm-hv-
799.- -[m-Xp-°-fp-sS- cm-Pm-hv-
800.- -a-™- tem-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv-
tÃ-Un-bw- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- I-eq¿-
305.- -N-ß-ºp-g- kv-am-c-I- {K-Ÿ-im-e-bpw- N-ß-
ºp-g- kv-am-c-I-hpw- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- C-
S-∏-≈n-
306.- -1653˛¬ Iq-\-≥ Ip-cn-ip- {]-Xn-⁄- \-S-
∂- ÿ-ew-˛- a-´m-t©--cn-
307.- -hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a- A-¥-cn-®- ÿ-ew-˛-
sIm-®n-
308.- -am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a-]m-ew- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
˛- B-ep-h-
309.- -ssI-X-®-°- Ir-jn-°v- {]-kn-≤-am-b- {Km-
a-am-Wv- hm-g-°p-fw.-
310.- -F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- Pn-√-bn-se- {]-kn-≤-am-b-
ssP-\-t£-{X-am-Wv- I-√n¬- t£-{Xw.-
311.- -Im-{]n-°m-Sv- C-t°m-Sq-dn-kw- F-d-Wm-Ip-
fw- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv.-
312.- -F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- Pn-√-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- Im-
°-\m-Sv- B-Wv.-
313.- -s]-cp-ºm-hq¿- ]-´-W-Øn-\v- A-Sp-Øm-bn-
´p-≈- hr-£-\n-_n-U-am-b- Im-hm-Wv- C-cn-
tßmƒ- Im-hv.-
314.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- {]-ap-J- A-ayq-kv-sa-
‚ v- ]m¿-°m-b- h-≠¿- em- (]-g-b- t]-cv-
ho-Km-em-≥Uv-)- Im-°-\m-Sn-\p- k-ao-]w- ]-
≈n-°-c-bn-em-Wv.-
315.- -aq-hm-‰p-]p-g-bn¬- kw-K-an-°p-∂- \-Zn-I-fm-
Wv- tIm-X-bm¿- (tIm-X-aw-K-ew- ]p-g-)- ,-Im-
fn-bm¿,-sXm-Sp-]p-g-bm¿- F-∂n-h.-
316.- -F-d-Wm-Ip-f-Ø-∏-≥ t£-{X-Øn-se- B-
cm-[-\m-aq¿-Øn- in-h-\m-Wv.-
317.- -Xr-∏q-Wn-Øp-d-bn-em-Wv- ]q¿-W-{X-bo-i-
t£-{Xw.- C-hn-Sp-sØ- {]-[m-\- B-tLm-
jw- hr-›n-tIm-’-h-am-Wv.- k-¥m-\-tKm-
]m-ea- q¿-Øn-bp-sS- cq-]Ø
- n-ep-≈- hn-jvW
- p-
hm-Wv- {]-Xn-jv-T.-
318.- -tbm-K-t£-a-k-`- cq-]w-sIm-≠-Xv- B-ep-h-
bn¬-h-®m-Wv- (1908).-
{]- [ m- \ - kw- ` - h - ß ƒ-
319.- -sk-‚ v- tXm-a-kv- C-¥y-bn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-
˛- F.-Un.-52
320.- -a-´m-t©-cn-bn-se- U-®p-sIm-´m-cw- t]m¿-®p-
Ko-kp-Im¿- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1555
321.- -a-´m-t©-cn- Pq-X-∏-≈n- \n¿-an-°-s∏-´- h¿-
jw-˛- 1568
322.- -Iq-\-≥ Ip-cn-ip- I-em-]w- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛-
1653
323.- -t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-sc- U-®p-Im¿- sIm-®n-
bn¬-\n-∂p- ]p-d-Øm-°n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1663
324.- -i-‡-≥ X-ºp-cm-≥ knw-lm-k-\m-tcm-l-
Ww- \-S-Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1790
325.- s- Im-®n-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Cw-•o-jv- kvI - qƒ-
ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛-1818
326.- - s Im- ® n- Xp- d - a p- J - Ø n- s ‚- D- Z v - L m- S - \ w-
1928˛¬- B-bn-cp-∂p.- sIm-®n- Xp-d-ap-Jw-
]q¿-W-am-bpw- {]-h¿-Ø-\-k-÷-am-b-Xv-
1931em-Wv.-
327.- -sIm-®n- ta-P¿- Xp-d-ap-J-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1936
328.- -]m-en-bw- k-Xym-{K-lw- \-S∂ - - h¿-jw-˛- 1948
329.- -sIm-®n-≥ t]m¿-´v- {S-Ãv- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- h¿-
jw-˛-1964
330.- -sIm-®n-≥ tÃm-°v- F-Iv-kv-tN-©v- kv-Ym-
]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1978
331.- -a-e-bm-‰q¿- cm-Pym-¥-c- Xo¿-Ym-S-\- tI-{µ-
am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 2004
332.- -Im-°-\m-´v- C-≥t^m-]m¿-°v- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-
2004˛-em-Wv.-
{]- [ m- \ - ÿm- ] - \ - ß ƒ-
333.- -tI-c-f- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-
˛- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw-
334.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- Zp¿-Kp-W- ]-cn-lm-c- ]m-T-im-
e-˛- Im-°-\m-Sv-
335.- t- I-cf- Ø
- n¬- kn.-_n.-sF.-(sk-≥{S¬- _yq-
tdm- Hm-^v- C-≥sh-Ãn-tK-j-≥)-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- sIm-®n-
336.- -tI-c-f- A-t{Km- sa-jo-\-dn- tIm¿-∏-td-j-
s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- A-Øm-Wn-
337.- -tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-ayq-kn-bw- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
Xv-˛- C-S-∏-≈n-
338.- -tI-c-f- kn-hn¬- k-ssπ-kv- tIm¿-∏-td-j-
s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛-F-d-Wm-Ip-fw-
339.- -tI-c-f- {]-kv- A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-
˛- Im-°-\m-Sv-
101
340.- t- I-cf
- - _mw-_p- tIm¿-∏t- d-js - ‚- B-ÿm-
\w-˛- A-¶-am-en-
341.- -tI-c-f- sIm-¶-Wn- A-°m-Z-an- F-hn-sS-bm-
Wv-˛- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw-
342.- -tI-c-f- C-≥em-≥Uv- \m-hn-tK-j-≥ tIm¿-
∏-td-j-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- sIm-®n-
343.- -ln-µp-ÿm-≥ C-≥sk-Iv-Sn-ssk-Uv- en-an-
‰-Un-s‚- -B-ÿm-\w-˛- B-ep-h-
344.- -sk-≥{S¬- a-ssd-≥ ^n-j-do-kv- dn-k¿-®v-
C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- sIm-®n-
345.- -]p¬-ssØ-e- K-th-j-W- tI-{µw-˛- Hm-S-bv-
°m-en-
346.- -kv-ss]-k-kv- t_m¿-Un-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛-
sIm-®n-
347.- -tI-c-f- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n- Hm-^v- ^n-j-do-kv-
B-‚ v- Hm-j-≥ k-b-≥kv- F-∂- t]-cn¬-
ÿm-]n-°p-∂- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- ]-\-ßm-Sv-
348.- -sIm-®n- im-kv-{X- km-t¶-Xn-I- k¿-h-I-em-
im-e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- I-f-a-t»-cn-
349.- -I-b¿- t_m¿-Un-s‚- B-ÿm-\- Hm-^o-kv-
sIm-®n-bn-em-Wv.- ]-cn-io-e\- ˛- K
- t- h-jW
- - Im-
cym-e-bw- B-e-∏p-g-bn-se- I-e-hq-cn-em-Wv.-
350.- -tIm-°-\-´v- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- t_m¿-Un-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w- sIm-®n-bn-em-Wv.-
351.- -a-ssd-≥ t{]m-U-Iv-Sv- F-Iv-kv-t]m¿-´v- sU-
h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- A-tXm-cn-‰n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-
sIm-®n-bn-em-Wv.-
352.- -1945˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- s^-U-d¬- _m-¶n-
s‚- B-ÿm-\w- B-ep-h-bm-Wv.-
353.- -C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- s]-∏¿- F-Iv-kv-tN-©n-
s‚- B-ÿm-\w- sIm-®n-bm-Wv.- Ip-g-∏n-
°p-∂- h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ-
354.- -k-tX-¨- t\-h¬- I-am-≥Un-s‚- B-ÿm-
\w- sIm-®n-bm-Wv.- k-tX-¨- F-b¿- I-am-
≥Uv- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øm-Wv.-
355.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- Hm-Ww- B-tLm-
jn-®-Xv- Xr-°m-°-c-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-
Wv- sF-Xn-lyw,- Hm-W-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-
®p-≈- B-tLm-j-am-b- A-Ø-®-a-bw- \-S-
°p-∂-Xv- Xr-∏q-Wn-Øp-d-bn-em-Wv.-
A- ] q¿- h - h- k v - X p- X - I ƒ-
356.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-I- I-b-‰p-a-Xn- kw-kv-I-
c-W-ta-J-e-˛- sIm-®n-
357.- -sIm-®n- I-∏¬- \n¿-am-W-im-e-bp-sS- cq-]-
I-ev-]-\-bn-epw- \n¿-am-W-Øn-epw- ta¬-
t\m-´w- h-ln-®- P-∏m-\o-kv- I-º-\n-˛- an-
’p-_n-jn- sl-hn- C-≥U-kv-{So-kv-
358.- -tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- {In-kv-Xp-a-Xw- kzo-I-
cn-®- G-I- cm-Pm-hv-˛- hn-√m¿-h-´w- tXm-am-
cm-Pm-hv-
359.- -h-√m¿-]m-S-sØ- F-d-Wm-Ip-f-hp-am-bpw-
ssh-∏n-≥ Zzo-]p-am-bpw- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv- tKm-{io- ]m-e-߃.-
360.- -sIm-®n- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-I-
h-\n-Xm- `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-bm-b- dm-Wn- Kw-Km-
[-ce - £
- a -v n-bm-W-v (1656˛-58)- tI-cf - N
- c
- n-{X-Øn-
se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn.-
361.- -F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- Pn-√-bn-se- _o-®p-I-fm-Wv-
sN-dm-bn-bpw- ap-\-º-hpw.-
362.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-I- hm-a-\-t£-{Xw-˛- Xr-
°m-°-c-
363.- -F-d-Wm-Ip-f-Øv- tI-c-f- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bp-
sS- B-kv-Ym-\-am-bn-cp-∂- dmw- tam-l-≥ ]m-
e-kn-em-Wv- tI-c-f- Pp-Uo-jy¬- A-°m-Z-
an- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ap-
≥kn-^v-/- a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰p-am¿-°v- {]m-cw-`-]-cn-
io-e-\w- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.-
364.- -`q-X-Øm-≥sI-´v- Um-an-t\m-Sv- tN¿-∂m-Wv-
km-enw- A-en- ]-£n- k-t¶-Xw.-
365.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- {]-Xn-tcm-[- h-Ip-∏n-s‚- Np-a-
X-eb - n-ep-≈- hn-am-\Ø - m-hf - a
- m-Wv- sIm-®n.-
366.- -Cu-ÿ- B-tLm-j-th-f-bn-em-Wv- a-e-bm-
‰q¿- Xo¿-Ym-S-\-hpw- s]m-≥a-e- I-b-‰-hpw-
\-S-°p-∂-Xv.-
367.- -a-e-bm-‰q¿- ]-≈n-bn-se- {]-[m-\- D-’-h-am-
b- a-e-bm-‰q¿- s]-cp-\mƒ- B-tLm-jn-°p-
∂-Xv- Cu-ÿ- I-gn-™p-h-cp-∂- Rm-b-dm-
gv-N-bm-Wv.-
N- c n- { X- ] - Y w-
368.- -am-S-cm-Pyw,- tKm-{io-cm-Pyw,- Ip-cp- kz-cq-]w-
F-∂o- t]-cp-I-fn-e-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- sIm-®n-cm-
Py-am-Wv.-
369.- -tKm-{io-\-K-c-h¿-W-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv- ta¬-∏-
Øq-cm-Wv.-
sIm-®o-cm-Pm-°-≥am-cp-sS- In-co-S-[m-c-Ww-
\-S-∂n-cp-∂- ÿ-e-am-Wv- Nn-{X-Iq-Sw.-
370.- -sIm-®o-cm-Py-sØ- Xm-eq-°p-Iƒ- A-dn-b-
s∏-´n-cp-∂- t]-cm-Wv- tIm-hn-e-I-Øpw-hm-
Xp-°¬.-
sIm-®o-cm-Py-Øn-s‚- {]-am-W-hm-Iy-am-bn-
cp-∂p- A-¥- v- \-Ωp-sS- Ip-Spw-_-\n-[n-
.("Honour is our family treasure"). -
371.- s- Im-®n- cm-Ph - w-iØ- n-s‚- (s]-cp-ºS- ∏ - v- kz-
cq-]w-)- B-Zy- X-e-ÿm-\w- X-e-∏n-≈n- Xm-
eq-°n-se- ]-g-b-∂q-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]-Xn-aq-
∂mw- i-X-I-Øn-s‚- A-h-km-\w-h-sc- h-
t∂-cn-bn¬- s]-cp-º-S-∏p- {Km-a-Øn-se- Nn-
{X-Iq-S-am-bn-cp-∂p- B-ÿm-\w.-
372.- -]-Xn-aq-∂mw- i-X-I-Øn-s‚- D-Ø-cm¿-[-
Øn¬- km-aq-Xn-cn- h-≈p-h-\m-Sv- B-{I-an-
®-t∏mƒ- s]-cp-º-S-∏p- kz-cq-]w- h-t∂-cn-
s°m-´m-cw- D-t]-£n-®v- a-tlm-Z-b-]p-c-Øv-
ÿn-c-Xm-a-k-am-°n.-
373.- ]- X- n-\m-emw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚- A-hk - m-\t- Øm-
sS- sIm-®n- cm-Pm-hv,- km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS- B-
{I-a-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- H-gn-hm-Im-≥,- B-{I-a-
W-am¿-K-Øn¬-\n-∂v- A-I-∂p-In-S-°p-∂-
sIm-®n-bn-te-°v- B-ÿm-\w- am-‰n.-
374.- -C-Xn-\-Iw- sIm-®n- Xp-d-ap-J-sa-∂- \n-e-
bn¬- {]-kn-≤n- t\-Sn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.- Im-
e-{I-a-Øn¬- Xr-∏q-Wn-Øp-d- cm-P-ÿm-\-
am-bn- am-dn.-
375.- -sIm-®o-cm-Pm-°-≥am¿- ]-c-º-c-bm- Io-co-S-
[m-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂- h-t∂-cn-\m-´n-se-
s]-cp-º-S-∏n-ep-≈- Nn-{X-Iq-Sw- tIm-gn-t°m-
Sv- km-aq-Xn-cn- ssI-h-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-\v-
ti-j-am-Wv- sIm-®o-cm-Pm-°-≥am¿- In-co-
S-[m-c-Ww- \n¿-Øn- X-e-∏m-hv- [-cn-°m-≥
Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.-
376.- -sIm-®n- cm-Pm-°-≥am-sc- am-S-`q-]-Xn- F-∂p-
hn-fn-®n-cp-∂p.- am-S-`q-an- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xpw-
sIm-®n-bm-Wv.-
377.- -th-Wm-Sp- cm-Pm-°-≥am-cp-sS- _n-cp-Z-am-Wv-
Ip-e-ti-J-c-s∏-cp-amƒ.- sIm-®n- cm-Pm-°-
≥am¿- tIm-bn-e-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- F-∂- _n-cp-
Z-am-Wv- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv.-
378.- -C-¥y- kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- sIm-®o-cm-Py-
sØ- cm-Pm-hv- tI-c-f-h¿-a-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
1948¬- A-t±-lw- A-¥-cn-®p.- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-
®n- kw-tbm-P-\w- \-S-°p-tºmƒ- (1949)- ]-
co-£n-Øp- X-ºp-cm-\m-bn-cp-∂p- sIm-®o-cm-
Pm-hv.- A-t±-lw- ÿm-\-sam-gn-bp-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p.-
379.- -tI-c-f- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- Io-gv-a-e-\m-Sv- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- {]-tZ-i-Øn-epƒ-s∏-´n-cp-∂-
Xv- sXm-Sp-]p-g,- aq-hm-‰p-]p-g,- tIm-X-aw-K-ew-
F-∂n-h-bm-Wv.-
380.- -sIm-®n-bn-se- sk-‚ v- {^m-≥kn-kv- ]-≈n-
bn-em-Wv- hm-kv-tIm- U- Km-a-sb- B-Zyw-
A-S-°w-sN-bv-X-Xv.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- `u-Xn-
Im-h-in-jv-Sw- kz-tZ-i-am-b- t]m¿-®p-K-en-
te-°v- sIm-≠p-t]m-bn.-
381.- -sIm-®n-bn-se- a-´m-t©-cn- ]-≈n-bn¬-h-®v-
1653 P-\p-h-cn- aq-∂n-\v- kp-dn-bm-\n- {In-kv-
Xym-\n-Iƒ- P-kyq-´v- ]m-Xn-cn-am¿-s°-Xn-sc-
sN-bv-X- {]-Xn-⁄-bm-Wv- Iq-\-≥ Ip-cn-ip-
k-Xyw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
382.- -t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cp-sS- C-¥y-≥ {]-tZ-i-
ß-fp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w- B-Zyw- sIm-®n-bm-
bn-cp-∂p.- ]n-∂o-S-Xv- tKm-h-bn-te-°p-am-‰n.-
383.- -Cw-•-≠n¬-\n-∂v- C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b- B-
Zy- k-©m-cn-bm-b- am-kv-‰¿- dm¬-^v- ^n-®v-
am¿-K-Z¿-in-bm-b- Cw-•o-jp-Im-c-≥ F-∂v-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-t±-lw- 1583¬- a-‰p- Nn-
e- I-®-h-S-°m-cp-sam-Øv- Cw-•-≠n¬-\n-∂v-
]u-c-kv-Xy-tZ-i-tØ-°v- ]p-d-s∏-´v- sIm-®n-
bn-se-Øn- (1588).-
384.- -1754˛¬- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a-bp-sS- ssk-
\yw- X-S-hp-Im-c-\m-bn- ]n-Sn-®v- Xq-°n-te-
‰n-b- sIm-®n-bn-se- tk-\m-\m-b-I-\m-Wv-
C-Sn-t°-f- ta-t\m-≥.-
385.- -F-d-Wm-Ip-f-hpw- A-Xn-\v- h-S-°pw- In-g-°p-
ap-≈- {]-tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv- ]-≠v- A-©n-ss°-
aƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.-
386.- -1757˛¬- A-º-e-∏p-g-h-®v- sN-º-I-t»-cn-bpw-
 Xn- c p- h n- X mw- I q- d p- a m- b p- ≠ m- b - bp- ≤ -
Øn¬- ]n-Sn-Iq-Sp-I-bpw- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-
c-Øv- X-S-hn¬- ]m¿-t°-≠n-h-cn-I-bpw-
sN-bv-X- sIm-®n-bn-se- a-{¥n-bm-Wv- ]m-
en-b-Øv- tIm-an- A-®-≥.-
387.- k- m-aq-Xn-cn-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]-dh - q¿,- B-eß - m-
Sv,- am-{]m-Ww,- sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- F-∂o- {]-
tZ-i-߃- ho-s≠-Sp-Ø-Xn-\v- sIm-®o-cm-
Pm-hv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Z-f-hm-bm-bn-cp-∂-
A-ø-∏-≥ am¿-Øm-Wv-U-≥]n-≈-bv-°v-
\¬-In-b- {]-tZ-i-am-Wv- ]p-Ø-≥Nn-d.-
388.- -tI-W¬- a-¨-tdm-bm-Wv- sIm-®n-bn-se-
B-Zy-sØ- Zn-hm-≥.- A-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- ]m-
en-b-Ø-®-≥am-cm-Wv- ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn-
sIm-®n-bn¬- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-]-Zw- h-ln-®n-
cp-∂-Xv.-
389.- -i-‡-≥ X-ºp-cm-s‚- a-c-W-ti-jw- sIm-
®o-cm-Py-sØ- `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\w- ]p-\-:-
kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv- tI-W¬- a-¨-tdm-bm-
Wv.-
390.- -sIm-®n-bn¬- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se- am-Xr-
I-bn¬- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-
Zn-hm-\m-Wv- \-©-∏-ø.-
391.- -sIm-®n-bn¬- A-Sn-a-hym-]m-cw- \n¿-Ø-
em-°n-b- Zn-hm-\m-Wv- i-¶p-Æn-ta-t\m-≥.-
392.- -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- sIm-
®o-Zn-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂- F.-F-^v.-U-ªyp.-Un-
Iv-k-¨- bp-≤-Im-cy-ß-fn¬- {]-tXy-I-
Xm¬-]-cyw- Im-Wn-®-Xn-\m¬- P-\-߃-
\¬-In-b- t]-cm-Wv- Bƒ- t^m¿- hm¿-
Un-Iv-k-¨.-
393.- -sIm-®n-bn¬- Zn-hm-≥ B¿.-sI.- j-¨-
ap-Jw-sN-´n-bp-sS- Im-e-Øv- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-
Im-cw- {]-Jym-]n-®-t∏mƒ- B-Zy-sØ- P-
\-Io-b- a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv- A-ºm-´p- in-h-cm-
a-ta-t\m-\m-Wv- (1938).-
394.- -tI-c-f- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- P-\-
Io-b- a-{¥n-k-`- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-
Xv- sIm-®n-bn-em-Wv-(1946).- F-∂m¬,- A-
Xn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-Im-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
tbm- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-tbm- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.-
B-[p-\n-I- tI-cf - Ø- n-se- B-Zy-sØ- Iq-
´p-I-£n- a-{¥n-k-`-bm-b- C-Xn¬- ]-\-ºn-
≈n- tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-≥,- kn.-B¿.-C-øp-
Æn,- sI.-A-ø-∏-≥,- Sn.-sI.-\m-b¿- F-∂n-
h¿- Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.-
395.- -tI-c-f- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- P-\-Io-b- {]-[m-\-
a-{¥n-]-Zw- B-Zy- h-ln-®-Xv- ]-\-ºn-≈n-
tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-\m-Wv.- kzm-X-{¥ym-\-
¥-cw- sIm-®n-bn¬- 1947 sk-]v-Xw-_¿-
H-∂n-\v- A-t±-lw- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn.-
A-t±-lw- 1947 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 21 cm-Pn-h-
®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 27\v- Sn.-
sI.-\m-b¿- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn.- 1948
sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 20\v- C-°-≠-hm-cy¿- ({]-
Pm-a-Wv-U-ew-)- sIm-®n- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-
bn.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- B-Zy- P-\-Io-
b- a-{¥n-k` - - ]-´w- Xm-Wp-]n-≈b - p-sS- t\-
Xr- X z- Ø n¬- A- [ n- I m- c - Ø n¬- h - ∂ - X v -
1948 am¿-®v- 24\v- B-Wv.-
396.- -sIm-®n-cm-Py-Øv- t£-{X-{]-th-i-\- hn-
fw-_-cw- D-≠m-b-Xv- 1947 Un-kw-_¿-
22\pw- A-Xv- {]m-_e - y-Øn¬-h∂ - X - v- 1948
G-{]n¬- 14\pw- B-Wv.-
397.- -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hn-s‚- a-{¥n-k-
`-bn¬- Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂- ap-≥ sIm-®o-Zn-
hm-\m-Wv- B¿.-sI.-j-¨-ap-Jw- sN-´n.-
398.- -\n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v- {]m-b-]q¿-Øn- thm-
´-h-Im-i-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- B-
Zy-am-bn- Xn-c-™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂-Xv- sIm-®o-
cm-Py-Øm-Wv.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- P-\-
Io-b- t\-Xm-°-fp-sS- A-`y¿-Y-\- ]-cn-K-
Wn-®v- a-lm-cm-Pm-hv- `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-
am-W-k-`-sb- H-cp- hn-fw-_-c-Øn-eq-sS-
\n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bm-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p.-
399.- -1949˛¬- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- kw-tbm-P-\-th-
f-bn¬- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- ]-©mw-Kw- \m-ep-
{]-Xn-Iƒ- h¿-jw-tXm-dpw- e-`n-°W - w- F-
∂- hy-h-ÿ-am-{Xw- ]m-en-°-Ww- F-∂v-
A-`y¿-Yn-®- sIm-®o-cm-Pm-hm-Wv- ]-co-£n-
Øv- X-ºp-cm-≥.-
400.- sk-‚ v- tXm-a-kv- I-∏-en-d-ßn-b- ÿ-e-
am-Wv- am-ey-¶-c.-
\thm∞m\ \mbI¿˛2
hn.Sn.`´Xncn∏mSv
(1886˛1982)
401. s]m-∂m-\n- Xm-eq-°n¬- ta-g-Øq¿- sh-≈n-
Øn-cp-Øn- a-\-bn¬- 1886 am¿-®v- 24˛-\v- hn.-
Sn.-`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- P-\n-®p.-]n-Xm-hv- Xp-∏-≥ `-
´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv,- am-Xm-hv- {io-tZ-hn- A-¥¿-P-
\w.-
402.- -sh-≈n-Øn-cp-Øn- Xm-g-Øp-a-\-bn¬- cm-a-
≥ `-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- F-∂m-Wv- hn.-Sn.-bp-sS- ]q¿-
W-\m-aw.-
403.- \- º
- q-Xn-cn- k-ap-Zm-b- ]-cn-jvI - ¿-Øm-hv,- km-
aq-ln-I- {]-h¿-Ø-I-≥,-F-gp-Øp-Im-c-≥ F-
∂n-ß-s\- hn-hn-[- \n-e-I-fn¬- {]-Xn-`- sX-
fn-bn-®- hn.-Sn.-sb- N-cn-{Xw- hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-
∂-Xv- \-ºq-Xn-cn-sb- a-\p-jy-\m-°n-b- km-
aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hm-bn-´m-Wv.- \n-kv-
Xp-e-am-b- kw-`m-h-\-bm-Wv- \-ºq-Xn-cn- k-
ap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bv-°m-bn- hn.-Sn.-
A¿-∏n-®-Xv.-
404.- -sN-dp-∏-Im-e-Øv- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- \-S-Øm-≥
hn.-Sn.-°v- A-hk - c - w- e-`n-®n-√.- D-]P
- o-h\
- m¿-
Yw- sjm¿-Wq-cn-\-Sp-Øv- ap-≠-ap-I- im-kv-
Xm-t£-{X-Øn¬- im-¥n-°m-c-\m-sb-¶n-
epw- (1913)- ]-Wn- D-t]-£n-®v- hn-Zym-e-b-
Øn¬- tN¿-∂p.- \-ºq-Xn-cn- hn-Zym-e-b-Øn-
se- hn-Zym¿-Yn- F-∂- ssZz-am-kn-I-bp-sS-
{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿-s∏-´p.-
405.- -A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-
Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°m-≥ t]m-sb-∂- (1921)- Im-
c-W-Øm¬- k-ap-Zm-bw- hn.-Sn.-°v- {`-jv-Sv-
I¬-]n-®p.-
406.- -1931˛¬- Xr-»q¿- ap-X¬- Im-k¿-tIm-Sv- N-
{µ-Kn-cn-∏p-g-h-sc- hn.-Sn.- bm-N-\m-]-Z-bm-{X-
\-S-Øn- Xp-I- kw-`-cn-®p.- C-Xn-s‚- e-£yw-
Z-cn-{Z-hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°v- ]-Tn-°m-\p-≈- km-
l-N-cy-sam-cp-°n- k-ap-Zm-b- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-
ssI-h-cn-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.-
407.- -1908˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- \-ºq-Xn-cn-am-cp-sS-
kw-L-S-\-bm-b- tbm-K-t£-a- k-`-bn-eq-sS-
bm-Wv- hn.-Sn.- kw-L-S-\m- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- B-
cw-`n-®-Xv.-
408.- -1908 am¿-®n¬- in-h-cm-{Xn-Zn-h-kw- B-ep-
h,- sN-dp-ap-°v- ssh-Zn-I-s‚- C-√-Øp-h-®v-
tZ-i-aw-K-ew- i-¶-c-≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚-
A-[y-£-X-bn¬-tN¿-∂- tbm-K-am-Wv- tbm-
K-t£-a-k-`-bv-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv.-
409.- -k-`-bn¬- D¬-]-Xn-jv-Wp- hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚-
t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p- hn.-Sn.- 1919˛¬- Cu- hn-
`m-K-°m¿- \-ºq-Xn-cn- bp-h-P-\-kw-Lw- F-
s∂m-cp- kw-L-S-\- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®p.- D-Æn-
\-ºq-Xn-cn- F-∂- t]-cn¬- H-cp- ap-J-]-{X-
hpw- B-cw-`n-®p.-
410.- -tbm-K-t£-a- k-`-bp-sS- ]-{X-am-b- aw-tKm-
tfm-Z-b-Øn¬- {]q-^v- do-U-dm-bn- hn.-Sn.-tPm-
en-t\m-°n-bn-´p-≠v.-
411.- -km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\-߃-
s°m-∏w- tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-epw- hn.-
Sn.-`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- k-Po-h-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
412.- -hn-Pm-Xo-b- _-‘- _-ln-jv-I-c-Ww,- A-
¥¿-P-\-ß-fp-sS- th-j-]-cn-jv-I-c-Ww,- Ip-
Sp-a- ap-dn-°¬,- an-{i-t`m-P-\w- Xp-S-ßn-b-
k-ap-Zm-b- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-
°v- A-t±-lw- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In.-
413.- -_-lp-`m-cym-Xz-sØ- \n-tcm-[n-°p-I,- hr-≤-
hn-hm-lw- X-S-bp-I,- hn-[-hm-hn-hm-lw- \-
S-∏m-°p-I- F-∂n-h- tbm-K-t£-a-k-`- C-
°m-e-Øv- D-b¿-Øn-b- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-ß-fm-
Wv.- H-cp- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se- aq-Ø-a-I-≥am-
{Xw- kz-Pm-Xn-bn¬-\n-∂v- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-
°p-I- F-∂- A-\m-Nm-c-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bpw-
k-`- i-_v-Z-ap-b¿-Øn.-
414.- -D-Æn- \-ºq-Xn-cn,- tbm-K-t£-aw,- ]m-ip-]-
Xw,- D-Zv-_p-≤-tI-c-fw- Xp-S-ßn-b- {]-kn-≤o-
I-c-W-ß-fp-sS- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂p- hn.-
102
Sn.-
415.- -1929˛¬- \-ºq-Xn-cn- bp-h-P-\-kw-L-Øn-s‚-
sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn- hn.-Sn-sb- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
Øp.- C-Xn-s‚- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-¥¿-P-
\-k-am-Pw- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´p.- A-¥¿-
P-\- k-am-P-Øn-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø-\-^-e-am-bn-
\-ºq-Xn-cn- kv-{Xo-Iƒ- Hm-´p-h-f-bv-°p-]-I-
cw- kz¿-Wm-`-c-W-߃- A-Wn-bm-\pw- ,-
ªu-kpw- du-°-bpw- [-cn-°m-\pw- Xp-S-ßn.-
416.- -\-ºq-Xn-cn- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-se- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-
I-sc-t∏m-epw- D-W¿-Øn-b- A-Sp-°-f-bn¬-
\n-∂v- A-c-ß-tØ-°v- 1920˛¬- D-Æn- \-ºq-
Xn-cn-bn¬- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-®p.- 1929˛-se- tbm-
K- t£-a-k-`m- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- Cu- \m-S-
Iw- A-c-tß-dn.- A-ß-s\- ]p-cp-j-s‚- t\-
Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- kv-{Xo-hn-tam-N-\- {]-ÿm-
\w- P-\-{i-≤-bm-I¿-jn-®p.-
417.- -tbm-K-t£-a-k-`-bp-sS- 26˛mw- hm¿-jn-I-
tbm-K-Øn¬- hn-[-hm-hn-hm-l-{]-ta-bw- ]m-
km-°n-b-Xv- G-sd- {i-≤n-°-s∏-´p.-
418.- -A-‘-hn-izm-k-߃-°pw- A-\m-Nm-c-߃-
°pw- F-Xn-sc- {]-kw-Kn-°p-I- am-{X-a-√,-
{]-h¿-Øn-®v- am-Xr-I- Im-´p-I- Iq-Sn- sN-bv-
X- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hm-Wv- hn.-
Sn.-
419.- -hn-[-h-bm-b- `m-cym-k-tlm-Z-cn- D-a-sb- Fw.-
B¿.-_n-bv-°v- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-
∂-Xn-\p- ap-≥ssI-sb-Sp-Ø-Xpw- (1935)- kz-
¥w- k-tlm-Z-cn- hn.-Sn.-]m¿-h-Xn-sb- C-√-
Øp-h-®v- ]n.-sI.-cm-L-h-∏-Wn-°¿- F-∂-
\m-b¿- k-ap-Zm-bw-K-Øn-\v- an-{i-hn-hm-lw-
I-gn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xpw- (1940)- `m-cy-bp-sS- a-
s‰m-cp- k-tlm-Z-cn-sb- Xo-b- k-ap-Zm-b-°m-
c-\v- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xpw- A-
°m-e-Øv- hn-π-hw- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
420.- h
- n.-Sn.-Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- t£-{X-{]-th-i\ - - {]-Nm-
c-W-Pm-Y-bn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-°p-I-bpw- A-bn-
tØm-®m-S-\-Øn-\v- C-\n- \-ap-°v- Xo- sIm-
fp-Øp-I- F-∂- e-Lp-te-J- D-Æn-\-ºq-Xn-
cn-bn¬- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xn-s‚- t]-cn¬- Ip-
‰-°m-c\ - m-Ip-Ib
- pw- sN-bvX
- p.- am-kn-I- sIm-
®o- k¿-°m¿- \n-tcm-[n-®p.-
421.- - C - X n- s ‚- s bm- s °- ^- e - s a- t ∂m- W w-
1940˛¬- hn.-Sn.-bp-sS- A-—-≥ a-cn-®-t∏mƒ-
i-h-kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- _-‘p-°ƒ-t]m-epw-
k-l-I-cn-®n-√.-
422.- -e-fn-Xmw-_n-I- A-¥¿-P-\-Øn-s‚- I-Y-
Iƒ,- t{]w-Pn-bp-sS- E-Xp-a-Xn- F-∂- \m-S-
Iw,- Fw.-B¿.-`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-s‚- a-d-bv-°p-S-
°p-≈n-e- a-lm-\-c-Iw- F-∂- \m-S-Iw,- ap-
Ø-cn-tßm-Sv- `-h-{Xm-X-≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sn-
s‚- A-^v-^-s‚- a-Iƒ- F-∂- B-Jym-bn-
I- F-∂n-h- \-ºq-Xn-cn- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-se-
]-cn-jv-I-c-W- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- K-Xn-th-
Kw- h¿-[n-∏n-®p.-
423.- -hn.-Sn-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf- Hm¿-a-bp-sS-
\q-en¬-tIm¿-Øv- ]p-\-cm-Jym-\w- sN-bv-X-
I-Æo-cpw- In-\m-hpw- B-Wv- hn.-Sn.-`-´-Xn-cn-
∏m-Sn-s‚- B-fl-I-Y.- 1970˛¬- Cu- Ir-Xn-
tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an- A-hm¿-Un-
\¿-l-am-bn.-
424.- -c-P-\o-cw-Kw,- t]mw-h-gn,- k-Xy-sa-∂-Xv- C-
hn-sS- a-\p-jy-\m-Ip-∂p,- sh-Sn-h-´w- F-∂n-
h- hn.-Sn-bp-sS- c-N-\-I-fm-Wv.-
425.- -1968˛¬- X-s‚- 72˛mw- h-b- n¬- an-{i-hn-
hm-l- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn-\m-bn- hn.-Sn.- Im-™-
ßm-´p-\n-∂v- sN-º-g-¥n-h-sc- km-aq-ln-I-
]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Pm-Y- \-bn-®p.-
426.- -1982 s^-{_p-h-cn- 12˛-\v- hn.-Sn.-`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-
Sv- A-¥-cn-®p-.
tUm.AøØm≥
tKm]me≥ (1861˛1948)
427.D-Ø-c-a-e-_m-dn-se- X-e-t»-cn-bn¬- 1861
am¿-®v- aq-∂n-\v- P-\n-®- A-ø-Øm-≥ tKm-
]m-e-≥ kv-Iqƒ- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-
°n-b-Xv- {_-Æ-≥ kv-Iq-fn-epw- an-j-≥ kv-
Iq-fn-ep-am-bn-´m-Wv.-
428.- -a-{Zm-kv- sa-Un-°¬- tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂v- A-
tem-∏-Xn-bn¬- _n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn- tUm-Iv-S-dm-
bn.-
429.- -Pm-Xym-Nm-c-ß-fpw- Pm-Xn-hy-Xym-k-ß-fpw-
]m-en-°p-∂-Xn¬- hn-ap-J-\m-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-
l-Øn-\v- Pm-Xym-`n-am-\-Øn-s‚- {]-Xo-I-am-
bn-cp-∂- Ip-Sp-a- ap-dn-®p-I-f-™-Xn-s‚- t]-
cn¬- am-Xr-Kr-l-Øn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-d-Øm-°n.-
430.- -1888˛¬- A-t±-lw- k¿-°m¿- k¿-ho-kn¬-
{]-th-in-®p.-
431.- -cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bn-bp-sS- {_-“-k-
am-P-Øn-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- B-Ir-jv-
S-\m-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- 1898 P-\p-h-cn-bn¬-
tIm-gn-t°m-´v- {_-“-k-am-P-Øn-s‚- im-J-
kv-Ym-]n-®p.-
432.- -{_-“-k-am-P-Øn-s‚- ss_-_nƒ- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw- 1849˛¬- tZ-th-{µ-\m-Y- Sm-
tKm¿- c-Nn-®-Xp-am-b- {_-“-[¿-a- A-t±-lw-
a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°v- X¿-P-a- sN-bv-Xp.-
433.- -1924˛¬- B-e-∏p-g-bn¬- {_-“-k-am-P-Øn-
s‚- im-J- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬- A-ø-Øm-
s‚- k-l-I-c-Ww- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
434.- -hn-{K-lm-cm-[-\-sb- F-Xn¿-°p-I,- kv-{Xo-
hn-Zym-`ym-kw- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-I,-A-bn-
Øm-N-c-W-hpw- Pm-Xn-hy-h-ÿ-bpw- \n¿-
am¿-P-\w- sN-øp-I- F-∂o- {]-h¿-Ø-\-
߃-°v- A-ø-Øm-≥ tKm-]m-e-≥ t\-Xr-
Xzw- \¬-In.-
435.- -tIm-gn-t°m-´pw- ]-cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw-
\n-c-h-[n- an-{i-hn-hm-l-߃- \-S-Øn-b- A-
t±-lw- an-{i-t`m-P-\-sØ-bpw- t{]m-’m-ln-
∏n-®p.-
436.- -km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\-ß-sf-
ap-≥\n¿-Øn- {_n-´o-jv- k¿-°m¿- A-øØ - m-
≥ tKm-]m-e-\v- dm-hp- km-tl-_v- _-lp-a-
Xn- \¬-In- B-Z-cn-®p.-
437.- -km-c-Rv-Pn-\n- ]-cn-W-bw,- kp-io-em-Zp-:-Jw-
F-∂o- \m-S-I-ß-fp-sS- c-N-\-bn-eq-sS- km-
ln-Xy-cw-K-Øpw- km-∂n-[y-a-dn-bn-®- tUm.-
A-ø-Øm-≥ tKm-]m-e-≥ 1948 sa-bv- c-≠n-
\v- A-¥-cn-®p.-
438.- -Zo-\m-\p-I-º-bpw- ssI-∏p-Wy-hp-ap-≈- `n-
j-Kz-c-\m-bpw- hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bp-sS- Po¿-W-
X-I-fp-sS- D-∑q-e-\-Øn-\v- \n-Xm-¥-]-cn-{i-
aw- \-S-Øn-b- \-thm-∞m-\- km-c-Yn-bm-bpw-
tI-c-f-N-cn-{Xw- tUm.-A-ø-Øm-≥ tKm-]m-
e-s\- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

emSv h nb
439.hS-°≥ - bq-tdm-∏n¬- _mƒ-´n-Iv- {]-tZ-iØ - v-
ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- em-Sv-hn-b.-
440.- F
- t- Ãm-Wn-b,- em-Svh - n-b,- en-Xzm-\n-b- F-∂o-
cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv- _mƒ-´n-Iv- tÃ-‰p-Iƒ- F-∂-
dn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X- v.- H-∂mw- tem-Ia - l
- m-bp-≤°
- m-
e-Øv- d-jy-≥ km-{am-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂v- kzm-
X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b- cm-Py-ß-fm-Wn-h.-
441.- -F-tÃm-Wn-b,- em-Sv-hn-b,- en-Xzm-\n-b- F-
∂o- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- 21˛mw- \q-‰m-≠n-s‚- B-
cw-`-Øn-ep-≠m-b- km-º-Øn-I- ap-t∂-‰w-
_mƒ-´n-Iv- I-Sp-h-Iƒ- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-aw-
t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.-
442.- -em-Sv-hn-b-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w- dn-K.- Hu-tZym-
Kn-I- `m-j- em-Sv- hn-b-≥.-
443.- -U-tam-{Im-‰n-Iv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- dn-∏-ªn-°m-
458.{Kma-]p-\-cp-≤m-c-Ww- e-£y-am-°n- H-‰-s∏-
´pw- Iq-´m-bp-ap-≈- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- C-¥y-
bn¬- ]-e- ÿ-e-ß-fn-epw- ]-e- Im-e-ß-
fn-epw- \-S-∂n-´p-≠v.- C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-
s‚- B-Zy-L-´-Øn¬- \-S-∂- _w-Km-fn-se-
{io-\n-tI-X\- n-se-bpw- l-cn-bm-\b- n-se- K¿-
K-thm-Wn-se-bpw- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- am¿-Øm-
Wv-U-sØ-bpw- {Km-a-]p-\¿-\n¿-am-W- {]-
h¿-Ø-\-߃- Cu- ta-J-e-bn-se- B-Zy-Im-
e- ]-co-£-W-ß-fmWv.
{io\ntIX≥ ]co£Ww
459.-a-lm-I-hn- c-_o-{µ-\m-Y- Sm-tKm-dm-Wv- Cu-
]-co-£-W-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv.-
460.- -am-\p-jn-I- aq-ey-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- {]-tNm-Z-\w-
sIm-≠v- Sm-tKm¿- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- Cu- ]-
≤-Xn-bp-sS- e-£yw- {Km-ao-W- k-aq-l-Øn-
s‚- km-º-Øn-I-hpw- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hp-am-
b- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
461.- -{io-\n-tI-X\- p-Np-‰p-ap-≈- G-Xm-\pw- hn-t√-Pp-
I-sf- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn- \-S∏ - m-°n-b- Dƒ-°m-gN -v -
bp-≈- Cu- {]-ÿm-\w- ]n¬-°m-eØ - -v {io-
\n-tI-X≥- ]-co-£W - w- F-∂-v A-dn-bs - ∏-´- p.
K¿Kthm¨ ]co£Ww
462.K¿-Kthm-¨- Pn-√-bn-se- U-]yq-´n- I-Ωo-
j-W-dm-bn-cp-∂- F-^v.-F¬.-s{_-bv-≥ F-
∂ {_n-´o-jp-Im-c-\m-b- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-
kv- D-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-Wv- Cu- {]-ÿm-\w- B-
hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv.-
463.- {- Km-ao-Wc
- n¬-Øs - ∂- kz-¥w- {Km-as
- Ø-°p-
dn-®p-≈- Xm¬-]-cyw- P-\n-∏n-s®-¶n-te- F-
s¥-¶n-epw- ^-ea - p-≠m-Ip-Ib
- p-≈p- F-∂- k-
Xy-am-Wv- C-Xn-s‚- Im-X-em-b- X-Øzw.-
am¿ØmWv U w s{]mPIv S v
464.Xangv-\m-´n-se- am¿-Øm-Wv-Uw- F-∂- ÿ-
e-Øv- aq-∂p-ssa¬- Np-‰-f-hn-ep-≈- \m¬-
]-tXm-fw- hn-t√-Pp-Iƒ- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®p-
sIm-≠v- tUm.-kv-s]-≥k¿- lm-®v- \-S-∏m-
°n-b- {Km-a-]p-\¿-\n¿-am-W- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-
Wv- am¿-Øm-Wv-Uw- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv.-
465.- C
- u- kw-cw-`Ø
- n-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\- {]-am-Ww-
kz-bw- k-lm-bn-°-¬ BWv.
tkhm{Kmw
466.C-Xn-\p- cq-]w- sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv- a-lm-flm-Km-
‘n-bm-Wv.-
467.- -kz-bw- ]-cym-]v-X-X,- {Km-ao-W- hy-h-km-b-
ß-sf- t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-°¬,- {Km-ao-W- ip-
Nn-Xzw,- sXm-´p-Iq-Sm-bv-a- C-√m-Xm-°¬,-
[m¿-an-I- aq-ey-߃- h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°¬-
F-∂o- X-Øz-ß-fn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-
a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se- tk-hm-{Km-an-se- {Km-
a-]p-\¿-\n¿-am-W- ]-≤-XnIƒ.
C´mh t{]mPIv S v
468.kzX-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- 1952¬- B-cw-`n-®- I-
temIcmPy߃
b- em-Sv-hn-b-bp-sS- \m-W-bw- em-Sv-kv.-
444.- -em-Sv-hn-b-bp-sS- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS-
t]-cv Saeima.
enXzm\nb
445.-_mƒ-´n-Iv- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- sX-°m-
bn- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- en-Xzm-
\n-b.-
446.- -_mƒ-´n-Iv- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-
Xo¿-W-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy-bpw- Iq-Sn-b-Xv- en-
Xzm-\n-b-bm-Wv.-
447.- -hn¬-\n-bk - v- B-Wv- en-Xzm-\n-bb - p-sS- X-e-
ÿm-\w.- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j- en-Xzm-\n-b≥ - .-
448.- ]- m¿-es- a-‚d - n- dn-∏ª
- n-°m-b- en-Xzm-\n-bb - p-
sS- \n-ba - \- n¿-am-Wk - `- b
- m-Wv- ssk-ak - v.-
449.- -en-Xzm-\n-b-≥ en-‰m-kv- B-Wv- cm-Py-sØ-
{KmahnIk\w˛1
ayp-Wn-‰n- U-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- t{]m-P-Iv-Sn-te-°v-
h-gn-sX-fn-®- H-cp- kp-{]-[m-\- ]-≤X - n-sb-∂-
\n-e-bn¬- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in¬- 1948¬- \-S-∏m-
°n-b- C-´m-h- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- {i-t≤-b-am-Wv.-
469.- - s]m-Xp-P\- ß
- f - p-sS-bpw- k¿-°m-cn-s‚-bpw-
k-∂-≤-tk-h-I-cp-sS-bpw- Iq-´m-b- {]-h¿-
Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS- {Km-a-hn-I-k-\w- \-S-∏m-°p-
I,- sN-dp-]-co-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sS- kzo-Im-cy-
am-b-h-bpw- A-√m-Ø-h-bpw- Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I,-
]p-Xn-b- ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw- co-Xn-I-fpw- km-t¶-
Xn-I-h-i-ß-fpw- Xp-≠p-`q-an-I-fn¬- {]m-tZ-
in-I-am-bn- ]-co-£n-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw- am-{Xw-
ssI-s°m-≈p-I- F-∂o- k-ao-]-\-߃- C-
´m-h- t{]m-P-Iv-Sn-s‚- B-I¿-j-I-am-b- L-
S-I-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.
_tdmUbnse
{Kma]p\¿\n¿amW {]ÿm\w
470.Imem-h-ÿ-sb- B-{i-bn-®p-≈- Im¿-jn-
I-hr-Øn-bn¬-\n-∂v- e-`y-am-Ip-∂- sXm-gn-
e-h-k-c-ß-fp-sS- Ip-d-hv- ,- {Km-ao-W-sc- km-
c-am-bn- _m-[n-®n-cp-∂p.-
471.- -1932˛-33¬- Kp-P-dm-Øn-se- \-h-km-cn- Pn-√-
bn¬- sIm-kmw-_-bv-°p- Np-‰p-ap-≈- G-Xm-
\pw- {Km-a-ß-sf- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠m-
Wv- _-tdm-U- {Km-a-]p-\¿-\n¿-am-W- {]-h¿-
Ø-\w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.-
472.- -C-S-hn-´p-≈- sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a- {]-iv-\w- ]-
cn-l-cn-°m-≥ I¿-j-I¿-°v- D-]-sXm-gn-ep-
Iƒ- kr-jv-Sn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xv- Cu- {]-ÿm-
\-Øn-s‚- `m-K-ambncp∂p.
a{Zmknse ^¿° ]≤Xn
473.Km‘n-Pn-bp-sS- {Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- am-Xr-I- e-
£y-am-°n- a-{Zm-kv- k¿-°m-cm-Wv- ^¿-°-
hn-I-k-\- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.-
474.- - C-Xn¬- {l-kz-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw-
Zo¿-L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw- \m-\m-ap-J-
am-b- hn-Ik
- \
- Ø
- n-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- ]-cn-]m-
Sn-Iƒ- Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®n-cp-∂p.- ]n¬-°m-e-
Øv- tZ-io-b- hn-I-k-\- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-
b-t∏mƒ- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- A-Xn¬- e-b-n∏n®p.
\otemt°cn ]co£Ww
475.C¥ym-hn-`-P-\-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v- ]m-In-kv-Xm-
\n¬-\n-∂p-h∂ - - A-`b
- m¿-Yn-Is - f,- B-Zm-b-
I-c-am-b- sXm-gn¬-\¬-In- ]p-\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-
°m-≥ F-kv.s - I.-tU-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬-
H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- Su-¨j - n-∏v- \o-tem-t°-cn-bn¬-
hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-
476.- - H-cp- kw-tbm-Pn-X- {Km-a-˛-\-K-c- hn-I-k-\-
am-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xn-\p- ]n-∂n-se- k-¶¬-]w.-
H-cp- `m-K-Øv- Ir-jn,- tIm-gn- h-f¿-ج-
F-∂o- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw,- a-dp-`m-K-Øv- H-
cp- Iq-´w- sXm-gn-e-[n-jv-Tn-X- {]-h¿-Ø-\-
ß-fpw- hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-bn-
cp-∂p- Cu- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- {]-tXy-I-X.-
103
\m-W-bw.-
450.- 1- 940˛¬- en-Xzm-\n-b- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- _mƒ-
´n-Iv- tÃ-‰p-Iƒ- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-s‚-
\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn.- ]n-∂o-Sv- P¿-a-\n-bp-
sS- A-[o-\-X-bn-em-bn.- c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-
bp-≤m-h-km-\-tØm-sS- ho-≠pw- tkm-hn-
b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\p- Io-gn-em-bn.- 1990˛¬- kzm-
X-{¥yw- ]p-\-:-ÿm-]n-®- B-Zy-sØ- tkm-
hn-b-‰v- dn-∏-ªn-°m-bn- en-Xzm-\n-b- amdn.
FtÃm-Wnb
451. DØ-c- bq-tdm-∏n-se- _mƒ-´n-Iv- ta-J-e-bn-
se- H-cp- cm-Py-am-Wv- F-tÃm-Wn-b.-
452.- -cm-Py-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-am-b- Xm-
en-≥ B-Wv- X-e-ÿm-\w.- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-
j- F-tÃm-Wn-b-≥.- \m-W-bw- bq-tdm.-
477.- -H-cp- {]-Im-c-Øn¬,- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- D-≠m-
b- C-≥U-kv-{Sn-b¬- F-tÃ-‰p-I-fp-sS- ap-
t∂m-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- \o-tem-t°-cn.-
{KmahnIk\w kzX{¥
C¥ybn¬
478.`qcn-]-£w- P-\-ß-fpw- {Km-ao-W- ta-J-e-
bn¬- A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂- H-cp- cm-Py-am-Wv-
C-¥y.- A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- {Km-a-ß-fp-
sS- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-Wv- C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw- ]p-
tcm-K-Xn.-
479.- -sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a-bpw- Zm-cn-Zy-hp-am-Wv- {Km-
ao-W- C-¥y-bp-sS- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- {]-iv-
\-߃.- 1951˛¬- B-cw-`n-®- H-∂mw- ]-©-
h-’-c- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- I-c-Sv-tc-J-bn¬- km-
aq-ln-I- hn-Ik - \- Ø
- n-s‚- A-\n-hm-cy-Xs - b-
°p-dn-®v- ]-cm-a¿-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
480.- -Zm-cn-{Zy- \n¿-am¿-P-\-hpw- {Km-ao-W¿-°v-
sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃- kr-jv-Sn-°-epw- e-
£y-am-°n- kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- \n-c-h-[n-
]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- k¿-°m¿- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®n-´p-
≠v.- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS- \m-a-I-c-W-co-Xn-
]-e-t∏m-gpw- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°-s∏-s´-¶n-epw- A-
h-bp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\- X-Øz-߃-°pw- am-
\-Z-Wv-U-߃-°pw- am-‰-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.- I-
ayq-Wn-‰n- U-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- t{]m-{Kmw-˛-1952
481.- -I-ayq-Wn-‰n- U-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- t{]m-{Kmw- B-
cw-`n-®X- v- B-kq-{Xn-X- hn-Ik - \- Ø- n-s‚- `m-
K-am-bn- H-∂mw- ]-©-h-’-c- ]-≤-Xn-°m-
e-Øv- 1952¬- B-Wv- .-
482.- -1963 B-b-t∏m-tg-°pw- 5,-243 I-ayq-Wn-‰n-
U-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- tªm-°p-I-fn-eq-sS- C-Xv-
cm-Py-sam-´m-sI- hym-]n-®p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p.-
Cu- kw-cw-`-Øn-s‚- e-£yw- H-cp- {]-tZ-
i-sØ- `u-Xn-I-hpw- am-\p-jn-I-hp-am-b- hn-
`-h-ß-fp-sS- ]-cn-]q¿-W-am-b- hn-I-k-\w- `-
{Z-am-°p-Ib - pw- A-Xp-hg- n- {Km-ak - a - q-ls
- Ø-
D-∂-X- Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-c-Øn-te-°v- D-b¿-
Øp-I-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p- .-
483.- -Im¿-jn-tIm¬-]m-Z-\-Øn-s‚- {Zp-X-K-Xn-bn-
ep-≈- hn-]p-eo-I-c-Ww- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-sS- {]m-
Y-an-tIm-tZy-iy-am-bn- \n-›b - n-°s - ∏-´p.- Ip-
Sn¬-˛-sN-dp-In-S- hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS- hn-I-
k-\w,- i-cn-bm-b- K-Xm-K-X- ku-I-cy-sam-
cp-°¬,- F-∂n-h-bv-°v- Du-∂¬- \¬-In-b-
tXm-sSm-∏w- B-tcm-Kyw,- ip-Nn-Xzw,- `-h-\-
\n¿-am-Ww- ,- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- Xp-S-ßn-b-h-
bv-°pw- ]-cn-K-W-\- \¬-In.-
484.- - cm-Pyw- ap-gp-h-≥ 1963 H-Iv-tSm-_-tdm-sS-
km-aq-ln-I- hn-I-k-\- ]-cn-]m-Sn-°p- Io-gn-
em-bn.-
485.- -F-Iv-kv-‰-≥j-≥ kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp-sS- H-cp-
G-tIm-]n-X- kw-hn-[m-\w- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-
tXm-sSm-∏w- Pn-√,- tªm-°v,- {Km-a- X-e-ß-
fn¬- P-\-Io-b- ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw- kr-jv-Sn-
°-s∏--´p.
453.- -Cu- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- dn-∏-ªn-°n-s‚- \n-b-a-
\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS- t]-cv- Riigikogu- F-
∂m-Wv.-
454.- -C-‚¿-s\-‰n-eq-sS- thm-s´-Sp-∏v- \-S-Øn-b-
tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- cm-Py-am-Wv- F-
tÃm-Wn-b.-
455.- -cm-Py-sØ- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS- 75.-7 i-X-am-
\w-t]¿- a-X-hn-izm-k-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-Wv.- G-
‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- a-X-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-≈- cm-Py-
ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- F-tÃm-Wn-b.-
456.- -C-˛-K-th-W-≥kn-se- ap-≥\n-c- cm-jv-{S-ß-
fn-sem-∂m-b- F-tÃm-Wn-b- hn-h-c- km-t¶-
Xn-I-X-bn¬- h-≥t\-´-߃- ssI-h-cn-®n-´p-
≠v.- ap-≥tkm-hn-b-‰v- dn-∏-ªn-°p-I-fn¬- G-
‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- Pn.-Un.-]n.-bp-≈- cm-Py-am-
Wv- F-tÃmWnb.
Du¿PnX Im¿jnI hnI- k \
]≤Xn (1960)
486.Im¿-jn-I- ta-J-e-bn-se- hn-I-k-\w- Xz-cn-
X-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ 1960˛¬- C-¥ym- K-h-¨-sa-
‚ v- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.-
487.- -A-º-Xp-I-fp-sS- H-Sp-hn¬- h-cƒ-®-Im-c-Ww-
Im¿-jn-tIm¬-]m-Z-\-Øn-ep-≠m-b- C-Sn-hm-
Wv- ]p-Xn-b- ]-≤X - n- B-hn-jvI - c
- n-°m-≥ t{]-
c-I-i-‡n-bm-b-Xv.-
488.- -X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- X-©m-hq¿,- B-{‘m-{]-tZ-
in-se- sh-Ãv- tKm-Zm-h-cn,- _o-lm-dn-se- j-
l-_m-Zv,- a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se- dm-bv-]q¿- (C-
t∏mƒ- O-Øn-kv-K-Vv-)- F-∂o- \m-ev- Pn-√-
I-fn-em-Wv- ]-≤-Xn-°v- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv.-
489.- -s\-√v,- tKm-X-ºv,- an-√-‰v- Xp-S-ßn-b- hn-f-Iƒ-
°v- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In.- t^m¿-Uv- ^u-t≠-
j-s‚- k-lm-b-hpw- ]-≤-Xn-°v- e-`n-®-p.
lcnX hnπhw(1965)
490.1944-˛¬- sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bn-em-Wv- l-cn-X- hn-
π-h-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°-an-´-Xv.-
491.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ Im¿-jn-I- im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-
b- t\m¿-a-≥ t_m¿-tem-Kv- B-Wv- A-Xn-
\p- Np-°m-≥ ]n-Sn-®-Xv.-
492.- -C-¥y-bn-se- l-cn-X- hn-π-h-Øn-\pw- A-t±-
lw- am¿-K- \n¿-t±-iw- \¬-In.- Iq-Sp-X¬-
hn-f-hp-X-cp-∂- C-\-߃- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®pw-
sa-®-s∏-´- P-e-tk-N-\-˛- Io-S-\n-b-{¥-W-
am¿-K-߃- A-h-ew-_n-®pw- h-f-{]-tbm-
K-Øn-s‚- A-fh - v- h¿-[n-∏n-®pw- Im¿-jn-tIm-
Xv-]m-Z-\- cw-K-Øv- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- ssI-h-cn-®-
kw-cw-`-am-Wv- l-cn-X- hn-π-hw.-
493.- -tUm.-Fw.-F-kv.- kzm-an-\m-Y-s\-t∏m-se-bp-
≈- {]-K-ev-`¿- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In.-
494.- -kn.-kp-{_-a-Wy-am-bn-cp-∂p- tI-{µ- Ir-jn-
a-{¥n.-
495.- -]-©m-_v,- l-cn-bm-\,- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv- kw-
ÿm-\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
t\-´w- ssI-h-cn-®-Xv.- `-£y-hn-f-I-fn¬-
tKm-X-ºpw- \m-Wy-hn-f-I-fn¬- I-cn-ºpw- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- t\-Sn.-
496.- I
- ¿-jI - s
- c- t_m-[h - X- I
v- c- n-°p-∂X - n¬- B-
Im-ih - m-Wn- {]-[m-\s - ∏-´- H-cp- ]-¶p-hl - n-®p.-
497.- -A-`n-am-\m¿-l-am-b- t\-´w- ssI-h-cn-°m-≥
I-gn-s™-¶n-epw- l-cn-Xh - n-πh- w- A-¥c - o-£-
a-en-\o-Ic - W
- Ø
- n-eq-sS- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-sb- _m-
[n-®p- F-∂v- hn-a¿-i-I¿- hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.-
498.- -t\m¿-a-≥ t_m¿-tem-Kv- A¿-∏n-®- tk-h-
\-ß-sf- am-\n-®v- cm-jv-{Sw- 2006˛¬- A-t±-
l-Øn-\v- G-‰h - pw- D-b¿-∂- c-≠m-as - Ø- kn-
hn-en-b-≥ _-lp-a-Xn-bm-b- ]-Zv-a-hn-`q-j-¨-
\¬-In- B-Z-cn-®p.-
499.- -kn.- kp-{_-a-Wyw- 1998˛¬- `m-c-X- c-Xv-\-
_-lp-a-Xn-bn-eq-sS- B-Z-cn-°-s∏-´p.-
500.- G-jy-bn¬- l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°w-
Ip-dn-®-Xv- ^n-en-ss∏-≥kn-em-bncp∂p.

`qanimkv{Xw˛temIw
501. \mi-Im-cn-bm-b- \-Zn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- tIm-kn-
502.- -]-£n-I-fp-sS- h-≥I-c- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
503.- -D-cp-fp-∂- {K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛-bp-
dm-\-kv-
504.- -G-Xp- {K-l-sØ-bpw- D-]-{K-l-ß-sf-bpw-
tN¿-Øm-Wv- sN-dp-ku-c-bq-Yw- F-∂p- hn-
fn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- hym-gw-
505.- -G-Xv- {K-l-Øn-em-Wv- t{K-‰v- sd-Uv- kv-t]m-
´v- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- hym-gw-
506.- -G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv- k-J-en-≥ Zzo-]v-˛-
]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
507.- -Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-
b- \-Zn-˛- ap-td- Um¿-en-Mv-
508.- -Xp¿-°n-bp-sS- `m-K-am-b- t{X-kv- G-Xv- `q-
J-Wv-U-Ø- n-em-Wv-˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
509.- -B¬-]v-kv- ]¿-h-X-Øn-s‚- h-S-t°- sN-cp-
hn-eq-sS- ho-ip-∂- D-jv-W-°m-‰v-˛- s^m-≥
510.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- A-tX- Ãm-≥tU¿-Uv- k-a-b-
ap-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- {io-e-¶-
511.- -Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-e-bn-se- F-kv- B-Ir-
Xn-bn¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- k-ap-{Zw-˛-A-Xv-em-
‚n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
512.- -D-Ø-cm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-
Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- d-jy-
513.- -D-d-°-Øn-s‚- N-Xp-∏v- (am¿-jv- Hm-^v- …o-
∏v-)- F-hn-sS-bm-W-˛-N-{µ-≥v-
514.- -D-dp-ºp-I-fn-√m-Ø- h-≥I-c-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
G-‰-hpw- B-gw-Iq-Sn-b- k-ap-{Zw-˛-]-k-^n-
Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
515.- -G-©¬- sh-≈-®m-´w- G-Xv- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-
˛- I-tcm-Wn-
516.- -G-‰-hpw- {]-£p-_v-[- A-¥-co-£- {]-Xn-`m-
kw-˛- sSm¿-Wm-tUm-
517.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- D-]-Zzo-]v-˛- A-
td-_y-
518.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- D-jv-W-ta-J-
em- a-g-°m-Sp-Iƒ- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn¬-˛- sX-
t°- A-ta-cn-°-
519.- -thmƒ-K- \-Zn- H-gp-Ip-∂- `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛- bq-
tdm-∏v-
520.- -Xp-ey-am-b- A-f-hn¬- kq-cy-{]-Im-iw- In-
´p-∂- ÿ-eß - s- f- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂X- v˛- - sF-
tkm-sl¬-kv-
521.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- A-£mw-i-tc-J-˛- `q-a-[y-
tc-J-
522.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ]¿-h-Xw-˛- ln-
am-e-bw-
523.- -Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-e-bn-se- Un- B-Ir-
Xn-bn¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- k-ap-{Zw-˛- B¿-´n-
Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
XncphnXmwIq¿ `cWm[nImcnIƒ
dm-Wn- Ku-cn- e£va- n-`m-bn-
(1810˛14)
601. ssakq¿- ]Stbm-´Im-eØv- ae_m-dn¬-
\n-∂p- ]em-b\w-sNbv-Xv- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-
dn¬- A`bw-tXSn-b tIm-eØp-\m-Sv- cm-
PIp-Spw-_Øn-se Hcp- im-Jbm-bn-cp-∂p-
dm-Wn- e£va
- o-`m-bn-bp-sS ]q¿-hIp-Spw-_w.-
602.[¿-acm-Pm-hn-s‚ Im-eØv- Ku-cn- e£v-ao-
`m-bn-sbbpw- A\p-PØn- Ku-cn-]m¿-hXn-
`mbn- s bbpw- B‰n- ß ¬- sIm- ´ m- c Øn-
te°v- ZsØSp-Øp.-
603.Cu- dm- W n- ° v - cm- P cm- P h¿- a tIm- b n-
غp-cm-\n¬- P\n-® ]p-{X\m-Wv- K¿-
`{io-am-sW∂v- {]kn-≤\m-b kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-
\mƒ- alm-cm-Pm-hv-.-
Question Bag
524.- -^v-fo-‰v- kv-{So-‰v- G-Xp- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv- ˛-
e-≠-≥
525.- -_-{k- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv-˛-
C-dm-°v-
526.- -`q-an-bn¬-\n-∂v- \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS- Zq-cw- A-
f-°p-∂- bq-Wn-‰v-˛- {]-Im-i-h¿-jw-
527.- -`q-an-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- B-gw- Iq-Sn-b- {]-tZ-
iw-˛- a-dn-bm-\- K¿-Øw-
528.- -cm-{Xn-bpw- ]-I-epw- Xp-ey-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-
G-Xv- `q-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv-˛- `q-a-[y-tc-Jm-{]-
tZ-i-Øv-
529.- -F-h-d-Ãv- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bp-sS- D-b-cw-˛- 8848
ao-‰¿-
530.- -G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-Wv- sIm-f-dm-tUm-˛-h-
S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
531.- -G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv- a-U-Km-kv-I¿-˛-C-
¥y-≥a-lm-k-ap-{Zw-
532.- -G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv- Kn-\n-b- {]-hm-lw-
˛-A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
533.- -hm¬-U-kv- s]-\n-≥kp-e- G-Xv- `q-J-Wv-U-
Øn-s‚- G-‰-hpw- Xm-gv-∂- `m-K-am-Wv-˛- sX-
t°- A-ta-cn-°-
534.- -Hm-kv-t{S-en-b- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰-hpw- sN-
dn-b- h-≥I-c-˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
535.- -tUm-h¿- I-S-en-Sp-°v- Cw-•-≠n-s\- G-Xp-
cm-Py-hp-am-bn- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛- {^m-≥kv-
536.- -tX-\o-®-I-fn-√m-Ø- h-≥I-c-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
537.- -Z-£n-W-]q¿-th-jy-bn-se- G-I- I-c-_-≤-
cm-Pyw-˛- em-thm-kv-
538.- -G-Xv- ]¿-h-X-\n-c-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- B-a-tkm-
¨- D¬-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- B-≥Uo-kv-
539.- -`q-an-bn¬- Po-h-≥ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂- `m-Kw-˛-
_-tbm-kv-^n-b¿-
540.- -G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈- ]o-T-`q-an-˛- ]m-ao¿-
541.- -G-‰-hpw- e-h-Wmw-iw- Iq-Sn-b- I-S¬-˛- Nm-
hp-I-S¬-
542.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°v-˛- hp-
Uv- _p-^-tem- \m-j-W¬- ]m¿-°v-
543.- -ssN-\-b-tb-bpw- X-bv-hm-t\-bpw- th¿-Xn-
cn-°p-∂- I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛- X-bv-hm-≥ I-S-en-Sp-
°v-
544.- -tam-kv-tIm- I-S¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-N-{µ-≥
545.- -tem-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ssI-h-
gn-Iƒ- D-≈- \-Zn-˛- B-a-tkm-¨-
546.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- B-g-ta-dn-b- X-Sm-Iw-
˛- s_-bv-°¬-
547.- -`q-an-bn-se- ip-≤-P-e-Øn-s‚- 70 i-X-am-\-
hpw- sF-kv- cq-]-Øn¬- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-
h-≥I-c-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
548.- -`q-an-bp-sS- hr-°-Iƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- X-Æo¿-Ø-S-߃-
549.- -bq-tdm-∏n-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Zzo-]v-˛- t{K-
‰v- {_n-´-¨-
550.- -G‰- h- pw- Nq-Sp- Iq-Sn-b- `q-JW
- U
-v w-˛- B-{^n-°-
604.1810¬ Ahn-´w-Xn-cp-\mƒ- _m-ecm-ah¿-a
\m-Sp-\o-ßn-bt∏mƒ- knw-lm-k\Øn-\p-
th≠n- am-then-°c tIcfh¿-a AhIm-
iap-∂bn-®p.-
605.A∂v- cm- P Ip- S pw- _ Øn¬- ]p- c p-
j{]PIƒ- D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.- thep-غn-
°v- A\p-Iq-eam-bn- {]h¿-Øn-®bm-fm-Wv-
tIcfh¿-a F∂Xn-\m¬- Cukv-‰n-¥ym-
Iº\n-°v- At±lsØ cm-Pym-hIm-in-
bm-°m≥- Xm¬-]cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.-
606.A∂sØ dkn-U‚ v- tIW¬- a¨-tdm-
Ku-co-e£v-ao-`m-bn-°p-th≠n-bm-Wv- \n-
esIm-≠Xv.- ap≥-tcJbp-sS ASn-ÿm-
\Øn¬- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- e£v-ao-`m-bn-sb
dm-Wn-bm-bn- Ahtcm-[n-®p.-
607.AXns‚ D]Im- c kv - a cW F∂ \n-
ebn¬- Zn-hm≥- DΩn-Wn-غn-sbam-‰n-
104
551.- k- a - p-{Z-\n-c∏
- n¬-\n-∂pw- i-cm-ic - n- D-bc
‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-b- `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛- A-‚m¿-´n-°-
- w- G-
552.-`q-an-bp-sS- tImƒ-Uv- tÃm-td-Pv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂- h-≥I-c-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
553.- -`q-a-[y-tc-J- I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂- G-I- G-jy-
≥ cm-Pyw-˛- C-s¥m-\o-jy-
554.- -`q-a-[y-tc-J-bn¬- ]-I-en-s‚- ssZ¿-Lyw-˛-
12 a-Wn-°q¿-
555.- -`q-a-[y-tc-J-bpw- ]q-Pyw- Un-{Kn- tc-Jmw-i-
hpw- ({Ko-\n-®- tc-J-)- X-Ωn¬- Iq-´n-ap-´p-∂-
Xn-\v- G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Øp- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- X-
e-ÿm-\- \-K-cw-˛- A-{I-
556.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- X-Sm-Iw-˛- Im-kv-]n-b-≥ I-
S¬-
557.- -G-Xp- h-≥I-c-bn-em-Wv- tdm-°n- ]¿-h-X-\n-
c-˛- A-ta-cn-°-
558.- -G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- Cu-^¬- S-
h¿-˛- sk-bv-≥
559.- -h-≥I-c- hn-ÿm-]-\- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\v- cq-
]-a- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- B¬-{^-Uv- sh-·¿-
560.- -Hc- p- A-am-hm-kn- I-gn-™-v A-Sp-Ø- A-am-hm-
kn- B-Ip-hm-≥ F-{X- Zn-hk - w- th-Ww-˛- 28
561.- -H-cp- an-\n-´n¬- F-{X- In-tem-ao-‰¿- th-K-
Øn-em-Wv- `q-an- {`-a-Ww- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- 28
562.- -hn-√n- hn-√o-kv- D-jv-W-N-{I-hm-Xw- F-hn-
sS-bm-Wv- ho-ip-∂-Xv-˛- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-
563.- -Im-em-en-Øv- \p-\m-Øv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
`q-hn-`m-Kw-˛- {Ko-≥e-≥Uv-
564.- -Im-em-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\w-˛- sa-
‰n-tbm-tdm-f-Pn-
565.- t- em-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- c-≠m-as - Ø-
Zzo-]-k-aq-lw-˛- ^n-en-ss∏-≥kv-
566.- -G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv- au-\- In-bm- ]¿-
h-Xw-˛-A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
567.- -G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv- ss\¬- ]-Xn-°p-
∂-Xv-˛-sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b-≥ I-S¬-
568.- -G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- B-gw-Iq-Sn-
b- `m-K-am-Wv- ]yq¿-t´m- dn-t°m- {S-©v-˛-A-
Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
569.- -H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- bq-tdm-]y-≥ cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-
X-e-kv-Ym-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn- ˛-
Um-\yq-_v-
570.- -G-‰-hpw- Xn-c-t°-dn-b- k-ap-{Zw-˛-A-Xv-em-‚ n-
Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
571.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn-˛-
ss\¬-
572.- -\o-e-{K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- `q-an-
573.- -\yq-Kn-\n-b- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-]-k-
^n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
574.- -\yq-tbm¿-°v- \-K-cw- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-
Øm-Wv-˛- l-Uv-k-¨-
575.- -]-\m-a- I-\m¬- ]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-sØ- G-
Xv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-˛-A-Xv-
em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
a¨-tdm-sb Zn-hm-\m-bn- \bn-an-°p-Ibpw-
sNbv-Xp- (s\√q-cn¬- XShdbn¬- In-S∂m-
Wv- DΩn-Wn-غn- acn-®Xv).-
608.Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- `cWw- ]q¿-Wam-bpw-
Cukv-‰n-¥ym- Iº\n-°v- ASn-bdhbv-°p-
∂Xn-\v- CXv- hgn-sXfn-®p.-
609.tIcfh¿-abpw- klm-bn-Ifpw- tNcn-Xn-cn-
hn-s‚ e£W߃- Im-Wn-®p-Xp-Sßn-
bt∏mƒ- tIW¬- a¨-tdm- At±lsØ
BZyw- Xet»cn-bn-epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- Ahn-
sS\n-∂pw- Nn-¶¬-t]´bn-te°pw- am-‰n- Xm-
akn-∏n-®p.-
610. Ahn-sS At±lw- Gsd°m-ew- Ign-®p-
Iq-´n.- Xºp-cm≥-ap-°v- F∂dn-bs∏´ B
ÿew- ]n-∂o-Sv- Xmw-_cam-bn.-
611. {]Pm- t £aw- e£y- a n- ´ v - dm- W n- cm- P y-
`cWw- a¨-tdm-sb hn-iz-kn-t®¬-∏n-®p.-
576.- -]-®- {K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- bp-dm-
\-kv-
577.- -]-›n-am¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-
Iq-Sn-b- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛- A-Izm-≥Im-Kz-
578.- -^p-tI-Xv- F-∂- kp-J-hm-k-tI-{µw- G-Xv-
cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-Xm-bv-e-≥Uv-
579.- -_m-jv-]-°-S¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-N-{µ-≥
580.- -_m-Kv-Zm-Zv- G-Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øv-˛- ssS-
{Kn-kv-
581.- -G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv- Aw-tKm-f- {]-hm-
lw-˛-A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
582.- -G-sXm-s°- cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn-ep-≈- A-
Xn¿-Øn- tc-J-bm-Wv- dm-Uv-¢n-^v- tc-J-˛- C-
¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\pw-
583.- -G-Xp- {K-l-Øn-s‚- D-]-{K-l-ß-fm-Wv- K-
eo-en-b-≥ D-]-{K-l-߃-˛- hym-gw-
584.- -G-Xv- {K-l-Øn-s‚- D-]-{K-l-߃-°m-Wv-
tj-Iv-kv-]n-b-dp-sS- I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fp-sS- t]-
cv- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv- ˛- ˛- bp-dm-\-kv-
585.- -G-Xv- {K-l-Øn-s‚- D-]-{K-l-am-Wv- ssS-‰m-
\n-b-˛-bp-dm-\-kv-
586.- -G-Xv- h-≥I-c-sb-bm-Wv- Pn-{_mƒ-´¿- I-S-
en-Sp-°v- B-{^n-°b - n¬-\n-∂v- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-
∂-Xv-˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
587.- -Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- X-Sm-
Iw-˛- A-b¿- -
588.- -hm-Wn-Py-]-c-am-bn- G-‰-hpw- {]m-[m-\y-ap-
≈- k-ap-{Zw-˛-A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
589.- -h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn¬- tdm-°n- ]¿-h-X-
Øn¬-\n-∂p- ho-ip-∂- D-jv-W-°m-‰v-˛- Nn-
\q-Iv-
590.- -h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-b-sb-bpw- sX-t°- A-
ta-cn-°-sb-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- ]-\m-
a- I-\m¬-
591.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- A-
W-s°-´v-˛- ln-cm-°p-Uv-
592.- -tem-I-sØ- B-sI- F-{X- k-a-b-ta-J-e-
I-fm-bn- Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- 24
593.- -G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bm-Wv- sdm-hmƒ-Uv- A-ap-≠v-
sk-≥ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv- ˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
594.- -G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv- A-k-≥j-≥ Zzo-
]v-˛-A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
595.- -_m-≠p- P-\-hn-`m-Kw- G-Xv- `q-J-Wv-U-Øn-
em-Wv-˛- B-{^n-°-
596.- -G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv- Kƒ-^v- kv-{Sow- ˛-
A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
597.- -Im-\-U- G-Xv- `p-J-Wv-U-Øn-em-Wv-˛-h-S-
t°- A-ta-cn-°-
598.- -Im-\U - ,- {Ko-≥em-≥Uv- {]-tZ-iß - ƒ-°n-Sb - v-
°p-≈- I-Se - n-Sp-°˛v- tU-hn-kv- I-Se
- n-Sp-°v-
599.- -im-¥-am-b-Xv- F-∂v- t]-cn-\¿-ap-≈- k-ap-
{Zw-˛- ]-k-^n-Iv-
600.- -tSm-°n-tbm- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-]-
k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
612. cm-Py-Øn-s‚ {Iakam-[m-\w- ]p-\x-ÿm-
]n-°Wsa∂pw- cm-Py-\∑bv-°p-th≠n-
{]h¿-Øn-°Wsa∂pw- dm-Wn-sbt∏m-se
Xm¬-]cyw- a¨-tdm-bv-°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
613. dkn-U‚n-s\bpw- Zn-hm-s‚bpw- `m-cn-® Np-
aXeIƒ- G¬-∏n-°s∏´ a¨-tdm-bv-°p-
ap-∂n¬- \n-ch[n- {]iv-\ßfp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p.- Io- g p- t Zym- K ÿcp- s S ta¬- \n-
b{¥Wan- √ F∂Xv - `cWkw- h n- [ m-
\Øn-s‚ {][m-\ \q-X\Ifn-sem-∂m-bn-
a\ n-em-°n-b At±lw- k¿-°m-cp-tZym-
Kÿ∑m¿- sNøp-∂ Agn-aXn-°pw- a‰p-
XcØn-ep-≈ Akm-∑m¿-Kn-I {]hr-Øn-
Iƒ-°pw- Zfi\o-Xn- \S∏m-°n.
614. Hcp- h¿-jØn-\n-Sbn¬- At±lw- Nn-´,-
A®S°w,- A\p-kcW Xp-Sßn-b DtZym-
Kÿ¿-°n-Sbn¬- \S∏m-°n.-
615. {_n-´o-jv- am-Xr-Ibn¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬-
sk{I´dn-b‰v- k{ºZm-bw- \S∏m-°n-bXv-
a¨-tdm- BWv.-
616. k¿-°m¿- XeØn-ep-≈ F√m- Fgp-Øp-
Ip- Ø p- I fpw- Zn- h m- s ‚ Adn- t hm- S pw-
ssIsbm- t ∏m- S p- w - I q- S n- \SØWsa∂v -
a¨-tdm- \n-jv-I¿-jn-®p.-
617. Agn-aXn-°m-cm-b DtZym-Kÿsc ]n-cn-®p-
hn-´v- B ÿm-\ßfn¬- kz`m-hip-≤n-bp-
≈hsc \n-ban-®p.- `cWcw-KØv- an-Xhy-
bØn-\p-≈ \S]Sn-Iƒ- ssIs°m-≠p.-
618. k¿-ho-kn¬- XIcm-dp-Iƒ-°v- ]cn-lm-cw-
I≠tijw- a¨-tdm- s]m-Xp-`cWcw-Kw-
]cn-jv-Icn-®p.-
619. `q-hp-SaIƒ-°v- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww,- C\w,- \n-
iv-Nbn-®p-sIm-≠v- ]´bw-sIm-Sp-Øp.-
620.CXn-eq-sS- I-cw-]n-cn-hv- {I-ao-Ir-X-am-bn.-
s]m-Xp-ap-X-en-s‚- Zp¿-hn-\n-tbm-Kw- X-S-
bm-≥ I¿-i-\-am-b- \n-b-a-߃- G¿-s∏-
Sp-Øn.- Im-cy-£-a-am-b- Hm-Un-‰v-˛- A-°u-
≠v- k-{º-Zm-bw- \-S-∏m-°n.-
621. DtZym-Kÿ¿-°v- s]≥-j≥- ]≤Xn-Iƒ-
\S∏m-°n.- sIm-´m-csN√hn-\p-≈ \n-iv-Nn-
Xam-b ]cn-[n \n¿-Wbn-°p-Ibpw- AXp-
t]m-sebp-≈ a‰\h[n- \S]Sn-Iƒ- kzo-
Icn-°p-Ibpw-sNbv-Xp.-
622.Xe∏Ww- Xp-Sßn-b A\m-hiy-\n-Ip-Xn-
Iƒ- Hgn-hm-°n.- ]e \n-Ip-Xn- Ip-Sn-in-
IIfpw- Cfhv- sNbv-Xp-sIm-Sp-Øp.- -
623.1811¬- ]-fl-\m-`-]p-cw,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,-
sIm-√w,- am-th-en-°-c- F-∂o- ÿ-e-ß-
fn¬- Pn-√m-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ- ÿm-]n-®p.-
624.a¨-tdm-bp-sS {][m-\s∏´ Hcp- kw-`m-
h\bm-Wv- "N´hcn-tbm-eIƒ'- F∂p-t]cm-
b Hcp- \n-bakw-ln-X Bhn-jv-Icn-®Xv.-
625.Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- \o-Xn-\n¿hln-®n-cp-
∂Xv- a\p-kva - r-Xn,- hy-hlm-cw,- hn-hm-Z cXv-
\m-Icw- Xp-Sßn-b {KŸßsf B{ibn-
®mbn-cp-∂p.- hy-Xy-kX v- hn-`m-Kßfn¬-s∏´
I¿-atijn-bp-≈ {]ap-Jcp-am-bn- N¿-®sNbv-
Xv- cm-Py-Øv- \n-ehn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ \n-
ba߃- Im-tem-Nn-Xam-bn- ]cn-jI v- cn-®p.-
626.CXv- [¿-aim-kv-{Xßfp-sSbpw- Iº\n-bp-
sS N´ßfp-sSbpw- ASn-ÿm-\Øn-em-bn-
cp-∂p- t{ImUo-Icn-®Xv.- N´hcn-tbm-eIƒ-
1811em-Wv- {]kn-≤o-Icn-®Xv.-
627.A∏o¬- tIm-SXn-Ifpw- Pn-√m- tIm-SXn-
Ifpw- ÿm-]n-°p-Ibpw- PUv-Pn-am-cp-sS
A[n-Im-c]cn-[n-Iƒ- \n-iv-Nbn-°p-Ibpw-
sNbv-Xp.- k¿-°m-cp-tZym-Kÿsc kw-
_‘n-® tIkp-Iƒ°m-bn ]cn-[n-Iƒ- \n-
iv-Nbn-°p-Ibpw-sNbv-Xp.-
628.k¿- ° m- c p- t Zym- K ÿsc kw- _ ‘n- ®
tIkp-Iƒ-°m-bn- lp-kq¿- tIm-SXn- ÿm-
]n-®p.-
629.Im-cy-°m¿- F∂ DtZym-Kt∏cv- {_n-´o-jn-
¥y-bnset]m-se Xlko¬-Zm¿- F∂m-
°n-am-‰n.-
630.\n-Ip-Xn- ]n-cn-hn-\p- ]p-dsa Xlko¬-Zm¿-
°v- \o-Xn-\ym-bm-[n-Im-cßfpw- D≠m-bn-
cp-∂p.-
631. \o-Xn-\ym-bm-[n-Im-c߃- Xlko¬-Zm-
cn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-s∏Sp-Øn- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- \n-
bn-an-® Xm-\m-bn-°∑m¿-°v- \¬-In.-
632.kIe s]m-eo-kv- tIkp-Ifpw- At\z-jn-
°p-Ibpw- Pn-√m- tIm-SXn-Iƒ-°v- sIm-Sp-
°p-I F∂Xpw- Chcp-sS tPm-en-bm-bn.-
633.I≈°SØp- X Sbm≥- DNn- X ÿm-
\ßfn¬- Nu-°Iƒ- ÿm-]n-®p.-
634.Hcp- cm-PIo-b hn-fw-_cØn-eq-sS 1812¬-
105
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- ASn-a°®hSw- \n¿-
Øem-°s∏´p.- ssk\y-sØbpw- a¨-
tdm- \ho-Icn-®p.-
635.Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se t£{X߃-°v- [m-
cm- f w ÿeap- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ Xn- \ m- e pw-
Ahbp-sS Io-gn¬- \n-ch[n- tkhI∑m¿-
D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xn-\m-epw- Chbv-°v- hen-b
A[n-Im-chpw- kzm-[o-\hpw- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
636.P\ßsf Iem-]Øn-\p- Xøm-sdSp-∏n-°p-
hm≥-Iq-Sn- Ch {]m-]v-Xam-sW∂p- a\ n-
em-°n-b thep-غn- t£{Xßsf k¿-
°m- c n- s ‚ \n- b {¥WØn¬- sIm- ≠ p-
hcm≥- {ian-s®¶n-epw- B DZy-aw- ]q¿-
Øn-bm-°p-∂Xn-\p-ap-ºv- At±lØn-\v-
a‰p- {]iv - \ ßfn¬- s ]´v - Po- h Xym- K w-
sNtø≠n-h∂p.-
637.a¨-tdm- t£{Xßsf k¿-°m¿- DSabn-
em-°n.- Aßs\ t£{Xw-hI hkv-Xp-
°fpw- hcp- a m- \ ßfpw- k¿- ° m¿- \n-
b{¥WØn-em-bn (1811).-
638.t£{X߃-°p-ta¬- Ic°m¿-°p-≠m-bn-
cp-∂ kzm-[o-\w- \n-e®p.- P\i‡n- k¿-
°m-cn-s\Xn-sc Xn-cn-bcp-sX∂ ap≥-Icp-
Xtem-sS a¨-tdm- FSp-Ø Cu- \S]Sn-
]n¬-°m-eØv- Zq-chym-]Iam-b ^e߃-
Dfhm-°n.-
639.Cu- hn- [ Øn¬- Xn- c p- h n- X mw- I q¿-
`cWsØ Im-tem-Nn-Xam-bn- ]cn-jv-Icn-
®v- kn-hn¬- `cWsØ ]q¿-W _yq-tdm-
{Ikn-bm-°n- am-‰n-bXn¬- {]iw-k kz-
¥am- ° n- b a¨- t dm- Chn- S sØ
`cWk{ºZm- b sØ B[p- \ n- I am- ° n-
Øo¿-Øp.-
640.kzmXn- X n- c p- \ mƒ- P\n- ® DSs\Xs∂
(1813)- At±lsØ ASp-Ø knw-l m-
k\m-hIm-in-bm-bn- {]Jym-]n-°p-∂Xn-
epw- a¨-tdm- {i≤h®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- dm-Wn-
Ku-cn- e£v-ao-`m-bn- do-Ps‚∂ \n-ebn¬-
cm-Py-`cWw- \SØn.-
641. a¨-tdm-bp-sS {]K¬-`am-b `cW]m-Shw-
D]tbm-Kn-°m≥- km-[n-® alm-dm-Wn-
P\{]o-Xn-°pw- Cu-kv-‰n-¥ym-°º\n-bp-
sS Xr-]v-Xn-°pw- ]m-{Xam-bn.-
642.1814¬- lp-kq¿- tIm-SXn-bn¬- PUv-Pn-bm-
b tZh≥- ]fl\m-`s\ Xs‚ ]n≥-Km-an-
bm-bn- \m-a\n¿-tZiw-sNbv-Xv- a¨-tdm- Zn-
hm≥- ÿm-\sam-gn-™p.-
643.At∏m-tg°pw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ho-≠pw-
kº¬-kar-≤am-bn-°gn-™n-cp-∂p.- Xn-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Ncn-{XØn-se BZy-sØ
sslµthXc Zn- h m≥- F∂ hn-
tijWhpw- a¨-tdm-bv-°v- kz-¥am-Wv.
644.]eXp-sIm-≠pw- {it≤bam-bn-cp-∂p- dm-
Wn- e£v-ao-`m-bn-bp-sS `cWIm-ew.-
645.bq-tdm-]y≥-am¿ sIm-´m-cØn-\ItØm-
tIm-´bv-°ItØm- {]thin-°m≥- ]m-Sn-
s√∂ \n-baw- Ah¿- d±p-sNbv-Xp.- Xn-
cphn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- cm⁄n-am¿- {]m-b]q¿-
Øn-bm-bm¬- P\w- Im-WØ°hn-[w-
k©cn-°p-Itbm- A\y-]p-cp-j∑m-sc
Im-Wp-Itbm- sNøcp-sX∂ BNm-cw-
\n¿-Øem-°n.-
646.Zn-hm-s\bpw- DtZym-Kÿscbpw- sIm-´m-
cØn¬- hcp-Øn- `cWIm-cy-߃- N¿-
®sNbv-Xp.-
647.\m- e p- h ¿- j sØ `cWØn- \ p- t ijw-
A{]Xo-£n-Xam-bn- \m-Sp-\oßn-b Cu-
dm-Wn- B Ip-d™ Im-ebfhn-\p-≈n¬-
Xs‚ hey-Ωm-h\m-b [¿-acm-Pm-hn-t\m-
fw- {]kn-≤n- t\Sn-°gn-™n-cp-∂p.-
 PSC ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS
ktlmZc≥ Aø∏≥
(1889˛1968)
1. Fd-Wm-Ip-fw- Pn-√-bn-se- ssh-∏n-≥ Zzo-]n-se- sN-
dm-bn- Ip-º-f-Øp-]-d-ºn¬-ho-´n¬- Cu-g-h-k-ap-Zmw-
K-am-b- sIm-®m-hp- ssh-Zy-s‚-bpw- D-Æq-en-bp-sS-bpw-
H-º-Xv- a-°-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- H-Sp-hn-e-sØ-Xm-bn- 1889
B-K-kv-Xv- 21˛-\v- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-∏-≥ P-\n-®p.-
2.- -km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv,- Nn-¥-I-≥,- ]-{X-{]-
h¿-Ø-I-≥ F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- {]-kn-≤n- t\-Sn-b-
A-t±-lw- {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s‚- in-jy-≥ B-
bn-cn-°p-tºm-gpw- \m-kv-Xn-I-\pw- a-X-\n-tj-[n-bpw-
B-bn-cp-∂p.-
3.- -_m-ey-Øn¬-Ø-s∂- ]n-Xm-hv- a-cn-®p.- tPy-jv-T-\m-
b- A-Nyp-X≥ - ssh-Zy-cm-Wv- A-t±-ls
b-Xv.-
4.- -sN-dm-bn,- h-S-°-≥ ]-d-hq¿,- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- F-∂n-hn-
S-ßf - n-se- hn-Zym-`ym-kØ - n-\p-ti-jw- D-]c
\v- sN-ss∂-bn¬- t]m-sb-¶n-epw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°m-
sX- a-S-ßn.-
5.- -{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s‚-bpw- Ip-am-c-\m-im-s‚-bpw-
t{]m-’m-l-\-Øm¬- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- _n-cp-Zw- t\-
Sn.- ]n-∂o-S-t±-lw- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- tem- tIm-tf-
Pn¬-\n-∂v- \n-b-a-_n-cp-Z-hpw- t\-Sn.-
6.- -k-tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-∏-≥ sN-dm-bn-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®- hn-
Zym-t]m-jn-Wn- F-∂- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- kw-L-S-\-bm-
bn-cp-∂p- s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬- an-I-hm¿-Pn-°m-
≥ A-t±-l-sØ- {]m-]v-X-am-°n-b-Xv.-
7.- -k-tlm-Z-c- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-\m-Wv- k-
tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-∏-≥(1917).- tI-c-f-k-aq-l-Øn¬- th-
tcm-Sn-bn-cp-∂- A-‘-hn-izm-k-߃-s°-Xn-sc- t]m-
cm-S-em-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xn-s‚- e-£yw.- Cu-g-h-k-ap-Zm-
b-Øn-se- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-Ic - pw- D¬-]X - n-jvW - p-°f
X-Ωn-ep-≈- kw-L¿-j-Øn-\v- Cu- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS-
cq-]-h¬-°-c-Ww- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®p.-
8.- P - m-Xn- \-io-Ic - W
- a - m-bn-cp-∂p- {]-ÿm-\Ø
{]-[m-\- e-£y-ß-fn-sem-∂v.- Cu- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS-
B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬- B-cw-`n-®- ]-{X-am-Wv- k-tlm-Z-c-
≥.- C-sXm-sS- A-t±-lw- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-∏-≥ F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´p-Xp-S-ßn.-
9.- a - n-{i-t`m-P\ - w- F-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- B-hn-jvI
ø-∏≥ - Pm-Xn-hy-hÿ - b
- p-sS- Im¿-°i - y-߃-s°-Xn-
sc- {]-Xn-I-cn-®p.-
10.- -hy-Xy-kvX - P - m-Xn-°m¿- H-cp-an-®n-cp-∂v- `-£W
°p-∂- co-Xn-bm-Wv- an-{i-t`m-P\ - w.- 1917˛¬- sN-dm-bn-
F-∂- ÿ-eØ - m-Wv- C-Xn-\p- Xp-S° - a - n-´X- v.- C-Xn¬-
A-kl - n-jvW - p-X- ]q-≠- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I¿,- A-ø∏
s\- ]p-eb - ≥ - A-ø∏ - ≥
- F-∂v- I-fn-bm-°n-hn-fn-®p.-
1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
tIcf \thm∞m\w
11.- -a-Xw- H-cp- hy-‡n-bp-sS- kz-Im-cy-hn-j-b-am-sW-∂v- I-cp- ´-h-Im-i-hpw- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-≥ hn-{i-an-√m-sX- {]-
Xn-bn-cp-∂- A-ø∏ - ≥
- a-Xh - n-izm-kØ - n-\v- F-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂n- h¿-Øn-®- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-∏-≥ 1928˛¬- sIm-
√.- F-∂m¬,- A-t±-lw- Pm-Xn-hy-h-ÿ-sb- A-Xn-i-‡- ®n-≥ e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn-en-te-°v- Xn-c-s™-
am-bn- F-Xn¿-Øp.- A-Xn-s\- hn-a¿-in-®p-sIm-≠v- A-t±- Sp-°-s∏-´p.-]n-∂o-Sv- 21 h¿-j-°m-ew- A-t±-lw- Cu-
lw- \n-c-h-[n- te-J-\-߃- F-gp-Xn.- ÿm-\-Øv- Xp-S¿-∂p.-
12.- -{io\m-cm-bW - - Kp-cp-hn-s‚- "-Hc- p- Pm-Xn- H-cp- a-Xw- H-cp- ssZ- 19.- -sIm-®n-≥ e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨-kn-ew-K-sa-∂- \n-
hw- a-\p-jy-\v'- - F-∂- D-]t- Z-iw- Kp-cp-hn-s‚- A-\p-aX - n-tbm- e-bn¬- ]-©m-b-Øv- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- I-cw-Xo-cp-
sS,- k-tlm-Zc - ≥
- A-ø∏ - ≥ - "-Pm-Xn- th-≠m- a-Xw- th-≠m- h-bp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- thm-´-h-Im-iw- \¬-Ip-
a-\p-jy-\v'- - F-∂v- t`-ZK- X - n- sN-bvX - p- .- ∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bpw- sIm-®o-cm-Py-Øv- D-Ø-c-hm-Z- `-
c-W-Iq-Sw- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bpw- i-‡n-
bp-‡w- hm-Zn-®- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-
∏-≥.- {]m-b] - q¿-Øn- thm-´h - I- m-iw- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-
≥ A-t±-lw- A-£o-Ww- {]-b-Xv-\n-®p.-
20.- -1936˛¬- Sn.-sI.-\m-b¿- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®,- sIm-®o-cm-
Py-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- cm-{„o-b- ]m¿-´n-bm-b- sIm-
®n-≥ tÃ-‰v- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- t\-Xm-°-fn-sem-cm-
- Ø- h-f¿-Øn- fm-bn-cp-∂p- A-ø-∏-≥.-
21.- -1938˛¬- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-∏-≥ F-kv-F-≥Un-]n-
tbm-Kw- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn.- C-tX-h¿-jw-X-s∂- A-
- n-]T - \
- Ø
- n- t±-lw- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-°v- cq-]w-\¬-In.-
22.- -]-\-ºn-≈n- tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-≥,- kn.-B¿.-C-øp-Æn,-
Sn.-sI.-\m-b¿- F-∂n-h¿-s°m-∏w- 1946 Un-kw-_¿-
H-º-Xn-\v- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-∏-\pw- sIm-®o-cm-Py-
Øv- a-{¥n-bm-bn- ÿm-\-ta-‰p.- tI-c-f- N-cn-{X-Øn-
se- B-Zy-sØ- P-\-Io-b- a-{¥n-k-`-bm-Wn-Xv.- F-
∂m¬,- C-Xn-\v- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-tbm- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-tbm-
D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√,-
23.- k- zm-X{- ¥ym-\¥ - c - w- sIm-®n-bn¬- D-Øc - h- m-Z`- c- W
- w-
ÿm-]n-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw- 1947sk-]v-Xw-_¿- H-∂n-
\v- ]-\-ºn-≈n- tKm-hn-µ-ta-t\m-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-
bn- Np-aX - e - t- b-‰- a-{¥n-k` - b- n-epw- k-tlm-Zc - ≥- A-
ø-∏-≥ a-{¥n-bm-bn.-
24.- -sIm-®o- cm-jv-{So-b-Øn¬- h-en-b- am-‰-߃- h-cp-
Øn-b- cm-tP-{µ-ssa-Xm-\w- kw-`-h-tØm-sS- A-Xp-
- pw- 13.- a- n-{i-hn-hm-lw- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\p-th-≠n-bpw- A- h-sc- {]-Pm-aW - vU- e - Ø- n¬-\n-∂v- A-I∂ - p-\n-∂n-cp-
ø-∏-≥ {]-b-Xv-\n-®p.- ∂- k-tlm-Zc - ≥- A-ø∏ - ≥
- Dƒ-s∏-sS- ]-e- t\-Xm-
14.- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- B-ÿm-\-am-b- B-fl-hn-Zym-kw-L-hp-am- °-fpw- A-Xn¬- tN¿-∂v- ]m¿-´n-b- i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-
- n-s‚- kp- bpw- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-∏-≥ k-l-I-cn-®p.- ≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.-
15.- -1928˛¬- F-d-Wm-Ip-f-Øv- B-cw-`n-®- bp-‡n-hmZn- am-kn- 25.- 1- 948˛¬- sIm-®n-bn¬- Np-aX - e- t- b-‰- C-°≠ - h - m-cy¿-
I-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-cn¬- {]-ap-J-\m-bn-cp-∂p- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ a-{¥n-k-`-bn-epw- A-ø-∏-≥ Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
A-ø-∏-≥.- am-kn-I-bp-sS- B-]v-X-hm-Iy- t«m-Iw- A-ø-∏- 26.- -1949˛-se- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W-ti-jw- A-
\m-Wv- c-Nn-®X- v.- C-{]-Im-ca- m-WX - v˛bp‡ntb¥n a\pjy- t±-lw- ]-d-hq¿- Sn.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W- ]n-≈-bp-sS- t\-
- c - n-®- A- s‚-/-_p-≤n- i-‡n- J-\n-®-Xn¬-/-e-`n-®-Xn-√m-sbm-∂pw-/- Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- a-{¥n-k-`-bn-epw- Aw-K-am-bn.- B-
tem-I- hn-⁄m-\- cm-in-bn-¬. tcm-Ky-Im-c-W-ß-fm¬- ]n-∂o-Sv- A-ø-∏-≥ a-{¥n-]-
16. Aø-∏-≥ B-cw-`n-®- a-s‰m-cp- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-Wv- th- Zw- cm-Pn-h-®p- (1950).- {I-ta-W- A-t±-lw- k-Po-h-
- w- I-gn- e-°m-c-≥.- cm-{„o-b- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- ]n-≥hm-ßn.-
17.- -]n-∂o-Sv- cm-jv-{So-b- {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬- k-Po-h-am-b- A- 27.- -1968 am¿-®v- B-dmw- Xo-b-Xn- k-tlm-Z-c-≥ A-ø-∏-
ø-∏-≥ sIm-®o-cm-Py-sØ- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- {]-ÿm-\-Øn- ≥ A-¥-cn-®p.-
- - s‚- t\-Xm-hm-bn.- 28.- -s N- d m- b n- b n- e m- W v - k- t lm- Z - c - ≥ A- ø - ∏ - ≥ kv -
18.- s- Im-®o-cm-Py-Øv- D-Øc - h
- m-Z`- c
- W
- h - pw- {]m-b]
- q¿-Øn-thm- am-c-Iw.
106

Cdm≥
29. ]›n-ta-jy-bn-se- H-cp- C-…m-an-Iv- dn-∏_ - v-
fn-°m-Wv- C-dm-≥.- an-Un¬- Cu-Ãn-se- G-
‰-hpw- h-en-b- c-≠m-as - Ø- cm-Py-am-Wn-Xv.-
30.- X- e- ÿ
- m-\a - m-b- sS-ld v- m-≥ cm-Py-sØ- G-
‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-am-Wv.-
31.- -t]¿-jy-\m-Wv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j.- \m-
W-bw- dn-bm¬.-
32.- b- p-Wn-‰d- n- {]-kn-U≥ - jy¬- C-…m-an-Iv- dn-
∏-ªn-°m-b- C-dm-s‚- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-
`-bp-sS- t]-cv- C-…m-an-Iv- I-¨-kƒ-t´-‰o-
hv- A-kw-ªn- F-∂m-Wv.-
33.- -B-cy-≥am-cp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂m-Wv- C-dm-≥
F-∂- ]-Z-Øn-\¿-Yw.- t]¿-jy- F-∂m-Wv-
]-g-b- t]-cv.-
34.- {- ]m-No-\- C-¥y-bn¬- `-cW - w- \-SØ
- n-bn-cp-
∂- ]m¿-Yn-b≥ - am-cp-sS- \m-Sv- C-dm-\m-Wv.-
35.- -C-dm-s‚- tZ-io-b- I-hn-bm-b- ^n¿-Zu-kn-
bm-Wv- jm-\m-a- c-Nn-®X - v.- t]¿-jy-≥ tlm-
a¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- C-t±-l-am-Wv.-
36.- k- u-cm-jv{- S-aX
- w- A-Yh
- m- ]m-gvk
- n-aX
- Ø
- n-
s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥ skm-cm-jv-ÿ- B-Wv.-
37.- -C-dm-\n-se- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS- 90 i-X-am-
\-hpw- jn-b- ap-…n-ß-fm-Wv- (C-…m-an-se-
G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- hn-`m-Kw- kp-∂n-bm-Wv-).-
XncphnXmwIq¿ `cWm[nImcnIƒ
Ku-cn- ]m¿-hXo-`m-bn-
67. cm-ah¿-a (kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ)- cm-PIp-am-
c\v- {]mbw- Xn-I-bp-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp-≈- Im-
e-tØ-°v- do-P-‚m-bn.- \n-b-an-°-s∏-Sp-
tºmƒ- Ku-cn- ]m¿-h-Xo-`m-bn-°v- 13 h-b-
 v- {]m-b-ta- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.-
68.- -km-aq-ln-I-˛-`-c-W-cw-K-ß-fn¬- ]p-tcm-K-
a-\m-fl-I-am-b- kw-`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-fm¬-
{i-t≤-b-am-Wv- A-h-cp-sS- `-c-W-Im-ew.-
69.- -1814¬- Zn-hm-≥ ]-Z-hn-bn¬-\n-∂p- hn-c-an-
®- a-¨-tdm- 1818¬- d-kn-U-‚p-tZym-K-
Øn¬-\n-∂p- ]n-cn-™p-t]m-Ipw-h-sc- Xn-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚- `-cW- I - m-cy-ßf - n¬- B-
h-iy-am-b- \n¿-tZ-i-߃- \¬-In.-
70.- A- ¥ - c- n-®- X-s‚- k-tlm-Zc - n-bp-sS- `¿-Øm-
hv- cm-P-cm-P-h¿-a- tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm-s‚- c-
£m-I¿-Xr-Xzw- A-h¿-°v- Xp-W-bm-bn.-
71.- -Ku-cn- ]m¿-h-Xo-`m-bn-bp-sS- `-c-W-Im-e-
Øv- Ir-jn-°pw- hm-Wn-Py-Øn-\pw- K-W-
\o-b-am-b- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-bn.-
72.- I- ®- h
- S- k
- u-Ic - y-Øn-\m-bn- P-eK - X - m-KX- w-
sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn- Xn-cp-h\ - ¥
- ]- p-
c-sØ- I-Tn-\w-Ip-fw- Im-be - p-am-bn- _-‘n-
∏n-°p-∂- tXm-Spw- ]m¿-hX - o-]p-Ø\ - m-dpw- Cu-
tem-Icm-Py-߃-
38.- -C-dm-\n¬- ]-sØm-≥]-Xmw- i-X-I-Øn-
s‚- a-[y-Øn¬- _-lm-hp-≈- ÿm-]n-®-
a-X-am-Wv- _-lm-bn-kw.- _-lm-hp-≈-bp-
sS- b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv- an¿-k- lp-ssk-≥ A-
en- \q-dn.-
39.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- B-Sn-s\- h-f¿-Øn-b-
Xpw- Kn-Øm-dp-≠m-°n-b-Xpw- ap-¥n-cn-ß-
bn¬-\n-∂v- ho-™p-≠m-°n-b-Xpw- t]¿-
jy-°m-cm-Wv.-
40.- -H-a¿- J-ømw- t]¿-jy-≥ `m-j-bn¬- c-Nn-
®- Ir-Xn-bm-Wv- dp-_m-bn-bm-Øv.-
41.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Xn-tbm-
{Im-‰n-Iv- tÃ-‰v- B-Wv- C-dm-≥.- h-Øn-°m-
\pw- Xn-tbm-{Im-‰n-Iv- tÃ-‰n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-
am-Wv.-
42.- -1979 G-{]n¬- H-∂n-\m-Wv- C-dm-≥ C-…m-
an-Iv- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b-Xv.- C-dm-\n¬- C-…m-
an-I- dn-∏ª- n-Iv- ÿm-]n-®X
- v- B-bØ- p-≈-
sJm-ssa-\n-bm-Wv.-
43.- -{]-kn-U-‚ v- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶n-
epw- A-t±-lw- a-X-ta-[m-hn-I-fp-am-bn- A-
[n-Im-cw- ]-¶n-Sp-∂p.-
44.- s- \m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy-sØ-
C-dm-\n-b-\pw- ap-…nw- h-\n-X-bp-am-Wv- jn-
dn-≥ C-_m-Zn.- Cu- A-hm¿-Uv- `-c-W-Iq-
Sw- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø-Xm-bn- hm¿-Ø-bp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xv- i-cn-bm-sW-¶n¬- `-c-W-
Iq-Sw- k-Ωm-\w- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø- B-Zy- s\m-
t_¬- k-Ωm-\- tP-Xm-hm-W-h¿.-
45.- -G-jy-≥ sK-bnw-kn-\v- th-Zn-bm-b- B-Zy-
an-Un¬- Cu-kv-‰v- cm-Py-am-Wv- C-dm-≥.-
1974˛-se- sS-lv-dm-≥ G-jy-≥ sK-bnw-
tkm-sS-bm-Wv- Cu- hn-ti-j-Ww- C-dm-≥
kz-¥-am-°n-bXv.
Cdm°v
46. ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬- sa-tkm-s]m-´-an-b- X-
S-Øn¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- C-
dm-°v.-
47.- -C-dm-°n-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cm-Wv- sa-tkm-s]m-
´-an-b.- \-Zn-Iƒ-°p- a-t[y-bp-≈- {]-tZ-iw-
F-∂m-Wv- B- t]-cn-\¿-Yw.- bq-{^-´o-kv,-
ssS-{Kn-kv- \-Zn-Iƒ-°v- C-S-bn-em-Wn-Xv.-
dm-Wn-bp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv- \n¿-an-®-Xv.-
73.- 1- 816¬- e-≠≥ - an-j\
- v- \m-K¿-tIm-hn-en¬-
hn-Zym-eb- w- ÿm-]n-°m-\p-≈- ku-Ic - yw-
\¬-In.-
74.- -N¿-®v- an-j-≥ skm-ssk-‰n-°v- B-e-∏p-g-
bn-epw- tIm-´-b-Øpw- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- \-S-
Øm-≥ k-lm-bh - pw- sN-bvX- p-sIm-Sp-Øp.-
75.- -sIm-√w- Pn-√-bn-se- I-√-S-bn-ep-≈- H-cp-
Xp-cp-Øv- (a-¨-tdm- Xp-cp-Øv-)- N¿-®v- an-
107
48.- -A-d-_n,- Ip¿-Zn-jv,- kn-dn-b-Iv- F-∂o-h-
bm-Wv- C-dm-°n-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-
Iƒ.- C-dm-°n- Zn-\m¿- B-Wv- \m-W-bw.-
49.- -s^-U-d¬- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yq-
j-W¬- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- B-b- C-dm-°n-s‚- \n-
b-a\- n¿-am-Wk- `- b
- m-Wv- Iu-¨k - n¬- Hm-
^v- d-{]-k-‚o-hv-kv.-
50.- -1932 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- aq-∂n-\v- bp-ssW-‰-Uv-
In-Mv-U-Øn¬-\n-∂v- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-
b- C-dm-°v- 1958˛¬- dn-∏-ªn-°m-bn- {]-
Jym-]n-°-s∏-´p.-
51.- -a-\p-jy-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy- kw-kv-Im-
c-am-Wv- sa-tkm-s]m-´m-an-b-≥ kw-kv-Im-
cw.-F-gp-Øp-hn-Zy- B-Zy-am-bn- B-hn-jv-
I-cn-®-Xv- sa-skm-s]m-´m-an-b-bm-Wv.-
52.- -C-dm-°n-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- _m-Kv-Zm-Zv-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂X - v- A-td-_y-≥ cm-{Xn-If - p-
sS- \-Kc - w- F-∂m-Wv.- cm-Py-sØ- G-‰h - pw-
h-en-b- \-Kc - a
- m-Wv- ssS-{Kn-kv- \-Zn-bp-sS-
Xo-cØ - v- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂- _m-KvZ- m-Zv.-
53.- -sI-bv-tdm- I-gn-™m¬- A-d-_v-tem-I-
sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-am-Wv- _m-Kv-
Zm-Zv.- sS-lvd - m-≥ I-gn-™m¬- ]-›n-ta-jy-
bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-hpw- _m-Kv-
Zm-Zm-Wv.-
54.- -H-cp- Im-e-Øv- s\-_p-°-Zv-s\- ¿- ]-Wn-
I-gn-∏n-®- Xq-°p- ]q-t¥m-´w- ÿn-Xn- sN-
bvX
- n-cp-∂- _m-_n-tem-¨- C-dm-°n-em-Wv.-
A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- Z- t{K-‰v- A-¥-cn-®-Xv- C-
hn-sS-h-®m-Wv.-
55.- -]p-cm-X-\- \-K-c-am-b- D¿- C-dm-°n-em-Wv.-
tem-IØ - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- \-Kc - a
- m-bn- D¿-
j-≥ skm-ssk-‰n-°v- hn-´p-sIm-Sp-Øp.-
A-h¿-°v- kp-dn-bm-\n- {In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ-
°n-Sb - n¬- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- {]-Nc - n-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xv.-
76.- -Cu- h-I- \-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬- tI-W¬- a-¨-
tdm-bp-sS- {]-tXy-I- Xm¬-]c - y-hpw- D-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p.-
77.- k
- m-aq-ln-I- kzm-X{- ¥yw- D-d∏ - m-°p-∂- \n-
c-h-[n- cm-P-Io-b- hn-fw-_-c-߃- C-°m-
e-Øp-≠m-bn.-
78.- l- n-µp-aX - m-\p-jT
-v m-\t- Øm-S\ - p-_‘ - n-®p-≈-
tPm-en-Iƒ-°-v Ip-Sn-bm-∑m-cm-b- {In-kX -v ym-
\n-Is- f-s°m-≠-v Du-gn-bw- F-∂- tk-h\ - w-
sN-øm-≥ ]m-Sp-≈X - √ - - F-∂p- hn-e° - n.-
79.- -Rm-b-dm-gv-N- Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬- {In-kv-Xym-
\n-I-sf-s°m-≠v- s]m-Xp-ÿm-]-\-ß-
fn¬- {]-hr-Øn- sN-øn-∏n-°-cp-Xv- F-∂-
Xm-bn-cp-∂p- a-s‰m-cp- hn-fw-_-cw.-
80.- -B-[m-c-ß-sf- Hm-e-bn¬- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xv-
\n¿-Zn-„-am-b- kv-‰m-ºp-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-
bn-cn-°-Ww- F-∂pw- hy-h-ÿ- sN-bv-Xp.-
81.- -iq-{Z-Pm-Xn-bn¬-s]-Sp-∂-h-cpw- a-‰p-≈-h-
cpw- kz¿-Ww,- sh-≈n- F-∂n-h-sIm-≠v-
B-`c - W- w- [-cn-°p-∂X - n-s‚- \n-b{- ¥-Ww-
]n-≥h-en-®p.-
hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
56.- C- d- m-°n-se- Xp-da - p-J- \-Kc
- a
- m-Wv- _-kd v- .-
57.- I- yq-Wn-t^mw- en-]n- B-hn-jvI - c- n-®X - v- sa-
skm-s]m-´m-an-b-≥ kw-kv-Im-c-am-Wv.-
58.- -jn-b- ap-…n-ß-fp-sS- ]p-Wy-ÿ-e-am-b-
I¿-_m-e- C-dm-°n-em-Wv.-
59.- -{]m-No-\-Im-e-Øv- _m-_n-tem-Wn-b- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv- C-dm-°n-s‚- a-[y-˛-
Z-£n-W- `m-K-ß-fm-Wv.- _m-_n-tem-¨-
B-bn-cp-∂p- X-e-ÿm-\w.-
60.- -_m-_n-tem-Wn-b-bn-se- {]-i-kv-X-am-b-
Xq-°p-]q-t¥m-´w- \n¿-an-®-Xv- s\-_p-°-
Zv-s\- ¿- c-≠m-a-\m-Wv.-
61.- -_m-_n-tem-Wn-b-≥ km-{am-Py-Øn-se-
B-Zy-sØ- N-{I-h¿-Øn- B-bn-cp-∂- l-
Ωp-d-_n- B-Wv- tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-
sØ- \n-b-a-Zm-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv.- tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- en-
Jn-X- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
l-Ωp-dm-_o-kv- tIm-Un-s‚- D-]⁄ - m-Xm-
hm-Wn-t±-lw.-
62.- -Z-£n-W- C-dm-°v- H-cp- Im-e-Øv- A-dn-b-
s∏-´n-cp-∂- t]-cm-Wv- kp-ta¿.- C-dm-°n-
s‚- h-S° - ≥ - `m-Kw- {]m-No-\I - m-eØ - v- A-
kn-dn-b- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.-
63.- -kp-ta-dn-b-bn-epw- A-kn-dn-b-bn-epw- D-]-
tbm-KØ - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- {]m-No-\- en-]n-
bm-Wv- Iyp-Wn-t^mw.-
64.- -1979 ap-X¬- 2003 h-sc- C-dm-°v- `-cn-®,-
_m-Øv- ]m¿-´n- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- k-±mw- lp-
ssk-≥.- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS-bpw- {_n-´-s‚-
bpw- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- _-lp-cm-jv-{S-
ssk-\n-I- \-S-]-Sn-bv-s°m-Sp-hn¬- H-fn-
hn¬-t]m-b- k-±mw- lp-ssk-s\- {]-tXy-
I- Zu-Xy-kw-Lw- 2003 Un-kw-_d - n¬- ]n-
Sn-Iq-Sn.- Xp-S¿-∂v- 1982˛¬- \-S-∂- jn-b-
Iq-´s - °m-eb - p-sS- t]-cn¬- hn-Nm-cW - s - N-
bv-Xv- Xq-°n-te-‰n- (2006).-
65.- -1990˛¬- k-±mw- lp-ssk-≥ Ip-ssh-‰v- ]n-
Sn-®S- ° - n-bX - m-Wv- Kƒ-^v- bp-≤Ø - n-\v- Im-
c-Wa - m-bX- v.- A-ta-cn-°b - p-sS- C-Ss - ]-Se - n-
eq-sS- Ip-ssh-‰v- tam-Nn-°-s∏-´p.-
66.- -C-dm-°n- F-b¿-th-bv-kv- B-Wv- C-dm-°n-
s‚- tZ-io-b- hn-am-\- k-¿hokv.
82.- -tZ-h-kzw- Ip-Sn-bm-∑m-cm-sW-¶n¬- sN-´n-
bm-∑m¿- Xp-Sß - n-bp-≈- Pm-Xn-If - n¬-\n-∂v-
X-e-∏-Ww- Cu-Sm-°m-≥ ]m-Sp-≈-X-√- F-
∂pw- D-Ø-c-hn-´p.- tI-kp-I-fn¬- {]-Xn-I-
fm-bn-´p-≈- I-£n-I-fp-am-bn- \ym-bm-[n-]-
∑m¿- kz-Im-cy-am-bn- tIm-SX - n-bn¬-ht- ®m,-
{]-Xn-I-fp-sS- Kr-l-ß-fn¬-h-t®m- kw-`m-
j-Ww- \-S-Øp-∂-Xpw- {]-Xn-Iƒ- \ym-bm-
[n-]-∑m-cp-sS- ho-Sp-I-fn¬-t]m-bn- Im-Wp-
∂-Xpw- \n-tcm-[n-®p.-
83.- -Im-∏n-°r-jn- Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\v- s]m-Xp-sh-
Aw-Ko-Im-cw- \¬-In-b-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- a-s‰m-
cp- ]-cn-jv-Im-cw.-
84.- P- m-Xn-bp-sS-tbm- ]-Zh - n-bp-sS-tbm- hy-Xym-
kw- _m-[-I-am-Im-sX- F-√m-h¿-°pw- ho-
Sp-Iƒ- Hm-Sp-ta-bp-∂X - n-\p-≈- A-hI - m-iw-
A-\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-≠v- H-cp- cm-P-Io-b- hn-
fw-_-c-hpw- C-°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn.-
85.- 1- 829¬- cm-ah- ¿-a- cm-PI - p-am-c\
- v- 16 h-b  - v-
]q¿-Øn-bm-bt- Xm-sS- dm-Wn- cm-Py-`m-ct- a¬-
]n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.- ]n-∂o-Sp-≈- Im-ew- s]m-
Xp-Po-hn-XØ- n¬-\n-∂p-sam-gn-™-v hn-{i-aP - o-
hn-Xw- \-bn-®p.- {]-Pm-t£-a- X¬-]c - b- m-b-
H-cp- `-cW
- m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn- N-cn-{Xw- dm-Wn-
Ku-cn- ]m¿-hX - o-`m-bn-sb- hn-eb - n-cp-Øp-∂p.-

CSp°n
{]tXyIXIƒ
86. IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cp-sS- Pn-√- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂p.-
87.- -G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Ip-d-™,- tI-c-f-
Øn-se- Pn-√-
88.- G- ‰- h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Ip-cp-ap-fI- p¬-]m-Zn-∏n-
°p-∂- Pn-√-
89.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- h-\-hn-kv-Xr-Xn- G-‰-hpw-
Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- Pn-√-
90.- -P-e-ssh-Zyp-Xn- D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn¬- kw-
ÿm-\-Øv- H-∂mw-ÿm-\-ap-≈- Pn-√-
91.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-kv-Xo¿-W-ap-≈- c-
≠m-a-sØ- Pn-√-
92.- -G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Ip-d-™- Pn-√-
93.- t- I-cf- Ø
- n-se- G-‰h- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- a-et- bm-
c-{]-tZ-i-ap-≈- Pn-√-
94.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- k-a-X-e-{]-tZ-iw- G-‰-hpw-
Ip-d-hp-≈- Pn-√.-
95.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- a-sÆm-en-∏v- \-S-°p-
∂- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√-
96.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _m-e-ku-lr-
Z- Pn-√.-
B- Z y- t Ø- X v
97.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\y-Po-hn-k-
t¶-Xw-˛- tX-°-Sn-
98.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-
\w-˛- C-c-hn-Ip-fw-
99.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-am-\- A-W-
s°-´v-˛- C-Sp-°n-
100.--tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- P-e-ssh-Zyp-
X- ]-≤-Xn-˛- ]-≈n-hm-k¬-
101.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- ssh-Zyp-Xn- D-
]-tbm-Kn-®p- {]-h¿-Øn-®- hy-hk - m-b- kw-
cw-`w-˛- I-Æ-≥ tZ-h-≥ -I-º-\n-
102.--kz-¥a - m-bn- ssh-Zyp-Xn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-®v- hn-
X-c-Ww- sN-bv-X,- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- B-
Zy-sØ- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øv-˛- am-¶p-fw-
103.--H-cp- k-hn-ti-j- k-ky-Øn-\m-bn-am-{Xw-
C-¥y-bn¬- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- B-Zy- D-Zym-
\w-˛- Ip-dn-™n- km-Mv-Nz-dn-
104.--C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- am-Xr-Im- I-∂p-
Im-en- {Km-aw-˛- am-´p-s∏-´n-
105.--tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ssl-U¬- Sq-
dn-kw- ]-≤-Xn- aq-∂m-dn-e-mWv.
kq∏¿te‰ohpIƒ
106.--tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b-
sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛- B-\-ap-Sn- (8842 A-Sn- A-Y-
hm- 2695 ao.-)-
107.--tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn¬- ÿn-
Xn-sN-øp-∂- ]-´-Ww-˛- aq-∂m¿-
108.--tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- `q-K¿-`-
ssh-Zyp-Xn-\n-e-bw-˛- aq-e-a-‰w- (\m-Sp-Im-
Wn- a-e-bp-sS- Xm-gv-hm-c-Øv- ÿm-]n-®n-
cn-°p-∂p-)-
109.--tI-c-f-Øn¬- kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bn-se- G-
‰-hpw- h-en-b- P-es
- sh-Zyp-X- ]-≤X - n-˛- Ip-
tIcfØnse Pn√Iƒ
Øp-¶¬- (cm-Pm-°m-Sv- ]-©m-b-Øv-)-
110.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Ip-d-
™- ]-©m-b-Øv-˛- h-´-h-S-
111.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- tZ-io-
tbm-Zym-\w-˛- ]m-ºm-Spw-tNm-e-
112.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- kw-ÿm-\-]m-X- G-‰-hpw-
Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- Pn-√- C-Sp-°n-bm-Wv.-
113.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- N-µ-\-a-
c-ß-fp-≈- Pn-√- C-Sp-°n-bm-Wv.-
114.- -C-Sp-°n- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn- sN-dp-
tXm-Wn-bn¬- \n¿-an-®- A-W-s°-´m-Wv-
tI-cf - Ø
- n-se- G-‰h
- pw- D-bc
- w- Iq-Sn-b- A-
W-s°-´v.-
A]c\ma߃
115.- t- X-°S- n-bp-sS- I-hm-Sw- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- Ip-a-fn-
116.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- Im-iv-ao¿,- Z-£n-tW-¥y-
bn-se- Im-iv-ao¿- F-∂o- t]-cp-I-fn¬- A-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- -ÿ-ew-˛- aq-∂m¿-
117.- N- µ- \- a
- c
- ß
- f- p-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂-
ÿ-ew-˛- a-d-bq¿-
118.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-cn-I-fp-sS-
kp-h¿-W{- Xn-tIm-Ww- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂-
Xv- ˛- aq-∂m¿,- C-Sp-°n,- tX-°-Sn- (D-Ø-
tc-¥y-bn¬- k-©m-cn-I-fp-sS- kp-h¿-W-
{Xn-tIm-Ww- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- U¬-
ln-˛-P-bv-]q¿-˛-B-{K- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv-).-
{][m\s∏´ hkv X pXIƒ
119. hep-∏-Øn¬- F-{Xmw- ÿm-\-am-Wv- C-
Sp-°n- Pn-√-bv-°v-˛-c-≠mw-ÿm-\w-
120.--G-Xv- ]-©m-b-Øn-em-Wv- B-\-ap-Sn-˛- aq-
∂m¿-
121.- C
- S- p-°n- A-Ws - °-´v- s]-cn-bm-dn-s‚- t]m-
j-I-\-Zn-bm-b- sN-dp-tXm-Wn-bn-em-Wv-
\n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
122.--]≈- n-hm-k¬- ]-≤X - n- G-Xp-\Z- n-bn¬-˛- ap-
Xn-c-∏p-g-
123.--G-Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS- t]m-j-I-\-Zn-bm-Wv- ap-
Xn-c-∏p-g-˛- s]-cn-bm¿-
124.--C-Sp-°n- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- ÿm-]n-X-ti-jn-˛-
780 sa-Km-hm-´v-
125.--Cc - h
- n-Ip-fs
- Ø- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\a - m-bn- {]-
Jym-]n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1978
126.--sN-¶p-fw- ]-≤-Xn- G-Xp- \-Zn-bn¬-˛- ap-Xn-
c-∏p-g-
127.--sXm-Ω-≥Ip-Øv,- tX-≥am-cn-°p-Øv- sh-
≈-®m-´-߃- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn¬-˛- C-Sp-°n-
128.--G-Xp- hn-t√-Pv- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- Pn-√-tbm-Sv-
tN¿-Ø-t∏m-fm-Wv- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Pn-√-
sb-∂- _-lp-a-Xn- C-Sp-°n- Pn-√-bv-°v- \-
jv-S-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Ip-´-ºp-g-
129.--GX - p- ar-KØ
- n-s‚- kw-c£ - W - Ø- n-\m-Wv-
C-c-hn-Ip-fw- (cm-P-a-e-)- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\w-
{]-kn-≤w-˛- \o-eK - n-cn- Xm¿- (h-cb- m-Sv)- .- im-
kv-{X-\m-aw- Nilgiritragus hylocrius.-
sl-an-{Sm-Kk - v- ssl-tem-{In-bk - v- F-∂pw-
C-Xv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
130.--a-e-¶-c- ]-≤-Xn- G-Xv- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛- C-
Sp-°n- (sXm-Sp-]p-g-bm-dn¬- \n¿-an-®n-cn-
°p--∂p)
108
{][m\ hy‡nIƒ
131. tX°-Sn- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-Xw- 1934¬-
ÿm-]n-®- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hv-˛- Nn-
Øn-c- Xn-cp-\mƒ-
132.--I-Æ-≥ tZ-h-≥ a-e-\n-c-I-fn¬- tX-bn-e-
tØm-´w- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ {_n-´o-jp-Im-c-
\m-b- tPm-¨- Um-\n-tb¬- a-¨-tdm-bv-
°v- 1877˛¬- ÿ-ew- ]m-´-Øn-\p- sIm-Sp-
Ø-Xv-˛- ]q-™m-dn-se- tI-c-f- h¿-a- cm-P-
(C-t∏mƒ- I-Æ-≥ tZ-h-≥ tX-bn-e-tØm-
´w- Sm-‰- So- I-º-\n-bp-sS- D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-
em-Wv-)
{][m\ ÿe߃
133.\oe-°p-dn-™n-bv-°v- {]-kn-≤-am-b- ÿ-
ew-˛-aq-∂m¿- (\o-e-°p-dn-™n-bp-sS- k-
ky-im-kv-{X-\m-aamWv Strobilanthes
Kunthiana. G‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬ aq∂m-
dn¬ \oe-°p-dn™n- ]q-Ø-Xv- 2006em-
Wv.- C-\n- 2018˛¬- ]q-°pw-)-
134.--ap-\n-b-d-Iƒ-°p- {]-kn-≤-am-b- ÿ-ew-˛-
a-d-bq¿-
135.--aw-K-fm-tZ-hn- t£-{Xw- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn¬-
˛- C-Sp-°n- (t£-{X-Øn-se- D-’-h-am-Wv-
Nn-{Xm-]u¿-Wa - n.- B- A-hk
- c
- Ø
- n¬-am-
{X-ta- C-hn-tS-°v- k-µ¿-i-I-sc- A-\p-h-
Zn-°m-dp-≈q-).-
136.--aw-Kf - m-tZ-hn- t£-{X-Øn-s‚- `q-cn-`m-Kh - pw-
tI-c-f-Øn-epw- _m-°n- X-an-gv-\m-´n-ep-am-
Wv.- s]-cn-bm¿- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-X-Øn-
se- C-S-Xn-ßn-b- Im-´n-\p-≈n-se- t£-
{X-am-Wn-Xv.-
137.--tX-°-Sn- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-X-Øn-s‚- ]-
g-b- t]-cv-˛- s\-√n-°mw-]-´n-
138.--CS- p-°n- Pn-√b - n¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- Im-‰n¬-
\n-∂v- ssh-Zyp-Xn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- ]-
≤-Xn- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- cm-a-°¬-
ta-Sv- ({]-i-kv-X-am-b- Ip-d-h-≥˛-Ip-d-Øn-
in¬-]w- cm-a-°¬-ta-´n-em-Wv-)-
139.--CS- p-°n-bp-sS- hm-Wn-Py- B-ÿm-\w-˛- I-
´-∏-\-
140.--kq-^n- k-∂ym-kn-hc - y-\m-b- ]o¿-ap-lΩ - -
Zn-s‚- t]-cn¬-\n-∂v- t]-cp-≠m-b- ÿ-e-
am-Wv- ]o-cp-taSv.
{][m\ kw`h߃
141. ap√s∏-cn-bm¿- A-W-s°-´n-s‚- \n¿-am-
Ww- ]q¿-Øn-bm-b- h¿-jw- ˛-1895 (ap-√-
s∏-cn-bm¿- A-Ws - °-´n-s‚- kw-`c
- W
- n-bn-
se- P-e-\n-c-∏v- 136 A-Sn-bn¬-\n-∂v- 142
A-Sn-bm-bn- D-b¿-Øm-\p-≈- X-an-gv-\m-Sv-
k¿-°m-cn-s‚- {i-aw- kp-c-£n-X-Xz-Øn-
s‚- t]-cn¬- tI-c-fw- F-Xn¿-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv- ap-√-s∏-cn-bm¿- X¿-°w-)-
142.--tX-bn-e- sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn- I-
Æ-≥ tZ-h-≥ I-º-\n- \n¿-an-®- Ip-≠-f-
hm-en- sd-bn¬-th- 1924˛-se- A-Xn-`-b-¶-
c-am-b- Im-e-h¿-j-Øn¬- X-I¿-∂p-X-cn-
∏-W-am-bn-t∏m-bn.- ]n-∂o-S-Xv- ]p-\¿-\n¿-
an-®n-√.- A-Xn-s‚- A-h-in-jv-S-߃- C-
∂pw- Nn-e- `m-K-ß-fn¬- Im-Wm-≥ k-
m[n°pw.
{][m\ ÿm]\߃
143.CSp°n- Pn-√-bn¬- C-t¥m-˛-kzn-kv- t{]m-
P-Iv-Sv- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- ÿ-ew-˛- am-´p-
s∏-´n-
144.--Ge
- w- K-th-jW
- t- I-{µw-˛- ]m-ºm-Spw-]m-d-
A]q¿h hkv X pXIƒ
145.]≈n-hm-k¬- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- \n¿-am-Ww-
B-cw-`n-®-Xv- 1935em-Wv.- ]q¿-Øn-bm-b-Xv-
1940˛¬.-
146.--sd-bn¬-th- sse-≥ C-√m-Ø,- tI-c-f-Øn-
se- Pn-√-Iƒ-˛- C-Sp-°n,- h-b-\m-Sv-
147.--C-Sp-°n- Pn-√-bn-se- G-I- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-
‰n-˛- sXm-Sp-]p-g-
148.--G-Xp- a-e-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-em-Wv- C-Sp-°n- A-
W-s°-´v-˛- Ip-d-h-≥˛-Ip-d-Øn- a-e-Iƒ-
149.--aq-∂m-dn¬- kw-K-an-°p-∂- \-Zn-Iƒ-˛- ap-
Xn-c-∏p-g,- \-√-X-Æn,- Ip-≠-f-
150.--CS- p-°n- A-Ws - °-´n-s‚- \n¿-am-WØ - n¬-
k-l-I-cn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- Im-\-U-
151.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- N-µ-\- Un-Ãn-e-dn-bp-≈- G-
I- ÿ-ew-˛- a-d-bq¿-
152.--]p-d-t¥m-Sn¬- \-£-{X-Nn-”-ap-≈- B-a-
I-sf- I-≠p-hc - p-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- Nn-∂m¿- km-
Mv-Nz-dn-
153.--tI-c-f-Øn¬- h-c-bm-Sp-Iƒ- Im-W-s∏-Sp-
∂- G-I- ÿ-ew-˛- cm-P-a-e-
154.--tZ-hn-Ip-fw- Xm-eq-°n¬- aq-∂m¿- ]-©m-
b-Øn-em-Wv- B-\-ap-Sn.-
155.--tI-c-f-Øn¬- sh-fp-Øp-≈n- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-
°p-∂- G-I- Pn-√-˛- C-Sp-°n-
156.--tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- a-g- Ip-d-®v- e-`n-°p-
∂- ÿ-ew-˛- Nn-∂m¿- (C-sXm-cp- a-g-\n-
g¬- {]-tZ-i-am-Wv-).-
157.--tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-I- tKm-{X-h¿-K- cm-Pm-
hv- C-Sp-°n- Pn-√b - n-se- D-Sp-º≥ - tNm-e- Xm-
eq-°n-se- Im-©n-bm¿- ]-©m-b-Øn-se-
tIm-gn-a-e-bn-em-Wv.-
158.--No-b∏ - m-d- sh-≈® - m-´w,- Io-gm¿-Ip-Øv- sh-
≈-®m-´w- F-∂n-h- C-Sp-°n- Pn-√b - n-em-Wv.-
159.--Pn-√m- B-ÿm-\-Øp-\n-∂v- am-dn- sXm-Sp-
]p-g-bn-em-Wv- Pn-√m-t°m-S-Xn- (C-tX- {]-
tXy-I-X-bp-≈- a-‰p- Pn-√m-t°m-S-Xn-I-fm-
Wv- a-t©-cn-bpw- X-e-t»-cn-bpw-).-
160.--sh-fp-Øp-≈n- Ir-jn-°v- {]-kn-≤a - m-Wv- h-
´-h-S.-
161.- -a-e-¶-c- F-tÃ-‰v- kq-{]-≠m-bn-cp-∂- U-
_v-fyp.-sP.-tPm-¨- B-Wv- C-Sp-°n- {]-tZ-
i-sØ- ssh-Zyp-tXm¬-]m-Z-\- km-[y-X-
B-Zy-am-bn- a-\- n-em-°n-b-Xv.- Cu- {]-
tZ-iw- tPm-Wn-\v- Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-
sIm-ep-º≥ - F-∂- B-Zn-hm-kn- X-eh - s
- ‚-
{]-Xn-a- sN-dp-tXm-Wn- Um-an-\-cn-In¬-
ÿm-]n-®n-´p-≠v.-
162.--tX-°-Sn- h-\y-Po-hn- k-t¶-Xw- ÿm-]n-
°p-∂-Xn-\v- Nn-Øn-c- Xn-cp-\mƒ- a-lm-cm-
Pm-hn-s\- D-]-tZ-in-®-Xv- tdm-_n-≥k-¨-
F-∂- D-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂-p.
 {KmahnIk\w˛2
dqd¬ Ce-Iv{Sn-^n-t°-j≥ k-`-bpsS ant√-\nbw Uh-e-]vsa‚ v tKmƒkv, km¿°v 184.- C-Xn-\p-th-≠n- [-\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- hm-bv-
tkmjy¬ Nm¿´¿ F∂nh hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ Xc- ]-bpw- k¿-°m-cn¬-\n-∂v- k-_k v- n-Un-bpw- e-`y-am-°n.- ]-
tIm¿∏-td-j≥(1969) Øn¬ ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn® Ccp-]-Xn\ ]cn-]mSn˛ 2006 ≤-Xn- \-SØ - n-∏n-\m-hi - y-am-b- [-\k - l- m-bw- tI-{µ-˛k - w-
164.cmPy-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ {Kma-ß-fpsS sshZyp-Xo-I-cWw \ne-hn¬h-∂Xv 2007 G{]n¬ H∂n-\m-Wv. ÿm-\- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- 50:-50 F-∂- A-\p-]m-XØ - n¬- sN-
t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂X - n\v Iº-\n-\n-ba
- {- ]-Imcw cq]-h- e-hg- n-®p.- Hm-tcm- Pn-√m- B-ÿm-\Ø - n-epw- Hm-tcm- Pn-√m-
XvIc
- n® dqd¬ Ce-Iv{Sn-^n-t°-j≥ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ 1969 ^pUv t^m¿ h¿°v t{]m{Kmw-˛1977 {Km-a- hn-Ik - \ - - G-P≥ - kn-°v- cq-]w- \¬-In.- A-t¥ym-Zb - -
Pqsse 25-˛\v \ne-hn¬h-∂p. 175.Zcn-{Z-{Km-ao-W¿-°v- sXm-gn-en-√m-Ø- Im-e-ß-fn¬- sXm- ]-≤X - n- {]-Im-ca - m-Wv- sF.-B¿.-Un.-]n.- \-S∏ - m-°n-bX - v.- G-
gn-eh
- k- c
- ß
- ƒ- \¬-In- k-aq-lØ - n¬- ÿm-bn-bm-b- B- ‰-hpw- Ip-d™ - - h-cp-am-\°- m-cn¬-\n-∂v- Kp-Wt- `m-‡m-°-
sNdpInS I¿jI hnIk\ GP≥kn kv-Xn-Iƒ- kr-jv-Sn-°p-I- F-∂- e-£y-tØm-sS- Cu- ]- sf- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°p-∂- {]-{In-bb - m-Wv- A-t¥ym-Zb - .-
(Small Farmers Development Agency)- 1971 ≤-Xn- 1977 G-{]n¬- H-∂n-\v- B-cw-`n-®p.- 185.- s
- N-dp-In-S˛- ] - c
- n-an-X- I¿-jI - ¿,- I¿-jI - s- Øm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,-
166.sa®s∏´ Im¿jnI kmt¶XnI hnZy e`yam-°p-I,- 176.- ÿm-bn-bm-b- t\-´-ß-sfm-∂pw- D-≠m-°m-≥ Cu- ]-≤- {Km-ao-W- ssI-sØm-gn-ep-Im¿- F-∂n-ß-s\- Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-
sN-dp-In-S- hm-bv-]-Iƒ- e-`y-am-°p-I,- sN-dp-In-S- P-e-tk- Xn- ° p- I- g n- ™ n- √ .- 1980¬ NREP F∂t]cn¬ J-bv-°v- Io-gn-ep-≈- F-√m-h-cpw- e-£y-hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-
N-\- D-d-hn-S-߃- sa-®s - ∏-Sp-Øp-I,- Ir-jn- A-\p-_‘ - - ]cnjvIcn°s∏´p. ´n-cp-∂p.- B-sI- hm¿-jn-I- e-£y-Øn-s‚- 50 i-X-am-
{]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- f- m-b- ar-Kk- w-c£ - w-Ww,- ]m-ep¬-]m-Z\ - w,- \w- ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn- ]-´n-I- h¿-K-°m¿-°m-bpw- 40 i-X-am-
tlm¿-´n-Iƒ-®¿- Xp-Sß - n-b- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß
- f
- n-eq-sS- I¿- sUU¿´v sUh-e]
- vsa‚v t{]m{Kmw (1977-˛78)
177.hcƒ-®-bp-sS-bpw- a-cp-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-s‚-bpw- {]-Xn-Iq- \w- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°m-bpw- 3 i-X-am-\w- hn-I-emw-K¿-°m-
j-Ic - p-sS- h-cp-am-\- h¿-[\ - h
- n-\p- k-lm-bn-°p-I- Xp-Sß - n- bpw- kw-h-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.-
h-bm-bn-cp-∂p- 1971˛¬- \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - - Cu- ]-≤X - n-bp-sS- e- ^-e-ß-sf- A-Xn-Po-hn-®v- Im¿-jn-tIm-Xv-]m-Z-\-hpw-
I-∂p-Im-en- k-º-Øpw- h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I,- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- k- 186.- -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-
{]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- ƒ.- `n-®-Xv.- hm-Pv-t]-bn- k¿-°m¿- 1999 G-{]n¬- H-∂n-\v-
167.- 1980¬- C-Xv- sF.-B¿.-Un.-]n.-bn¬- e-bn-∏-n®p. ¥p-e-\-Øn-\p-≈- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- t{]m¬-km-ln-∏n-°p-I-
F-∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- e-£yw.- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-sb- kz¿-W- P-b-¥n- {Km-a- kz-tdm-kv-Km¿-
hcƒ® _m[nX {]tZi߃°mbp≈ ]≤Xn 178.- tI-{µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- 75:-25 F-∂- {I-a- tbm-P-\-bn¬- e-b-n∏n®p.
(Drought Prone Area Programme)-1 973 Øn¬- ]- ≤ - X n- s ®- e - h p- h- l n- ° - W - s a- ∂ m- b n- c p- ∂ p-
{KmaoW h\nXm iniphnIk\ ]cn]mSn
hyhÿ.
168.hcƒ® _m-[n-X- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se- Im¿-jn-I- hn-I-k-\- (Development of W omen and Children
Øn-\m-bn- 1973¬- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-`n-®p.- Ir-jn-bpw- {KmaoW bphP\߃°v in Rural Area-DWCRA)-1983 ˛ 8 -4
I-∂p-Im-en- k-ºØ - pw- kw-c£
- n-°p-I,- P-\ß
- f- p-sS- km-
aq-ln-I-hpw- km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b- hn-I-k-\w- F-∂n-h-bm-
kzbw sXmgnen\pth≠nbp≈ ]cnioe\w 187.kwtbm-Pn-X- {Km-a-hn-I-k-\-]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- D-]-]-≤-Xn-bm-
bn-cp-∂p- {]-[m-\- e-£y-߃.- (Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment - b- {Km-ao-W- h-\n-Xm- in-ip-hn-I-k-\- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-sS- e-
T RYSEM)- 1979 £yw- Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-bv-°v- Xm-sg-bp-≈- {Km-ao-W- Ip-Spw-
169.-tI-{µ-˛k
- w-ÿm-\- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- 50:-50 F-∂- {I-aØ - n¬- _-ßf - n-se- h-\n-XI
- f
- p-sS- Iq-´m-b- sXm-gn¬-kw-cw-`ß
- ƒ-
]-≤-Xn-s®-e-hp- h-ln-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- hyhÿ. 179.{KmaoW bphP\߃°v kzbw sXmgn¬- I-s≠-Øp- °v- t{]m¬-km-l-\w- \¬-Ip-I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv.-
∂-Xn-\m-bn- km-t¶-Xn-I- ]-cn-io-e-\w- \¬-Ip-I,- kw- 188.- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- Io-gn¬- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂- h-\n-Xm-
Iam≥Uv Gcnb hnIk\ ]≤Xn cw-`-I-Xz-ti-jn- hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I,- ]-c-º-cm-K-X- ssh-Z- kw-L-߃-°v- sF.-B¿.-Un.-]n.-\n-_-‘-\-Iƒ-°v- hn-
(Command Area Development Programme) - 1974 Kv-[yw- hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I- ap-X-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- ]- t[-b-am-bn- _m-¶v- hm-bv-]-bpw- k-_v-kn-Un-bpw- \¬-Ip-
170.Pee-`y-X- h¿-[n-∏n-°p-∂X - n-eq-sS- Im¿-jn-I- D¬-]m-Z\ - - ≤-Xn-bp-sS- e-£y-߃.- ∂p.- 1983˛-84em-Wv- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.- Kp-W-
h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I- F-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- ]-≤X - n-bp-sS- {]m-Y- 180.- 1979 B-K-kv-Xv- 15\v- B-cw-`n-®- ]-≤-Xn- 1999 G-{]n¬- t`m-‡m-°-fp-sS- 50%- ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn-˛-]-´n-I-h¿-K-Øn-se-
an-I- e-£yw.- H-∂n-\v- kz¿-W- P-b-¥n- {Km-a- kz-tdm-kv-Km¿- tbm-P-\- kv-{Xo-Iƒ- B-bncn°pw.
171.- `q-K¿-`- P-et- k-N\ - w- sa-®s - ∏-Sp-ج,- a-gs - h-≈- kw-`c - - bn¬- e-bn-∏-n®p.
W-hpw- hn-\n-tbm-Kh - pw,- P-ek - w-c£
- W - Ø- n-\n-Wß - pw-hn- {KmaoW `qclnX sXmgn¬ `{ZXm ]cn]mSn
[w- `q-an-bp-sS- {I-ao-Ic- W- w,- I-\m-ep-If - p-sS- hn-Ik - \- w-
tZiob sXmgn¬Zm\ ]≤Xn ( Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
F-∂o-h- I-am-≥Uv- G-cn-b- hn-Ik - \
- - ]-≤X - n-bp-sS- {]- (National Rural Employment Programme-NREP)- 1980 Programme-RLEGP)- 1983˛ 8 - 4
h¿-Ø-\-ß-fmWv. 181. ^pUv t^m¿- h¿-°v- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- ]-cn-jv-Ir-X- cq-]-am- 189.1983˛-84 ¬- B-Wv- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- Xp-S-°w.- `q-c-ln-
b- C-Xv- 1980 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- c-≠n-\v- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.- X- sXm-gn-em-fn- Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn-se- H-cmƒ-s°-¶n-epw- h¿-
{]m¥h¬°cn°s∏´ I¿-jI - ¿-°pw- 182.- 50%- kw-ÿm-\- ]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- tI-{µ-]-≤- j-Øn¬- Ip-d-™-Xv- 100 {]-hr-Øn-Zn-\-߃- D-≠m-°n-
I¿-jI- s
- Øm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°pam-bp≈ Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. sXm-gn-eh- k
- c
- ß
- ƒ- kr-jvS- n-°e
- m-bn-cp-∂p- s°m-Sp-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- ap-Jy-e-
hnIk\ GP≥kn (Marginal Farmers and e-£yw.- 1989¬- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- P-h-l¿- tdm-kv-Km¿- tbm- £yw.- tZ-io-b- sXm-gn¬-Zm-\- ]-≤-Xn-bpw- Cu- k-a-b-
P-\-bn¬- e-bn-∏-n®p.
Agricultural Labours Development Agency)-1975 Øv- \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
172.SFDAamXr-I-bn¬- B-cw-`n-®- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- sN- kwtbmPnX {KmahnIk\ ]cn]mSn Cµncm Bhmkv tbmP\˛1985
e- h v - tI- { µ- k¿- ° m- c m- W v - h- l - n ®Xv . 1977¬ CXv ( Integrated Rural Development Programme)-1980 190.R L E G PbpsS- A-\p-_-‘- ]-≤-Xn-bm-bn- 1985¬- B-
SFDAbn¬ ebn∏n®p. 183.Bdmw- ]-Zv-[-Xn- Im-e-b-f-hn¬- 1980¬- Xp-S-°w-Ip-dn-®- cw-`n-®p.- 1989ap-X¬- P-h-l¿- tdm-kv-Km¿- tbm-P-\-bp-
{Km-a-hn-I-k-\- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.- A-∂v- C-¥y-bn¬- \n- sS- `m-K-am-bn.- 1996 P-\-h-cn- H-∂p-ap-X¬- kz-X-{¥-]-≤-
Ccp- ] - X n\ ]cn- ] mSn (1975) e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- 5000˛¬- A-[n-Iw- tªm-°p-If - n¬-
173.Zmcn{Zyw C√m-Xm-°p-I, km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ PohnX Xn-bm-bn.- ]-´n-I-˛-]-´n-I-h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-´-h¿-°pw- Zm-cn-
]-≤X- n- \-S∏- m-°n.- Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-Jb
- v°
- v- Xm-sg-bp-≈- Ip- {Zy-tc-Jb- v°
- v- Xm-sg-bp-≈- a-‰p-hn-`m-KØ
- n¬-s∏-´h
- ¿-°pw-
\ne-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂o e£y-ß-tfmsS Spw-_ß- s - f- Xn-cs
- ™-Sp-Øv- A-h¿-°v- kz-bw- kw-cw-`-
1975¬ `mcX k¿°m¿ Bhn-jvI-cn® Ccp-]-Xn\ ]cn- ho-Sp-\n¿-an-°m-\pw- ]p-\-cp-≤m-c-W-Øn-\pw- km-º-Øn-
߃- B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- B-h-iy-am-b- km-º-Øn-I- k- I- k-lm-bw- \¬-Ip-∂- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- C-Xv.- ]-≤-Xn-
]mSnbn¬ 1982-epw 1986-˛epw ]cn-jvIm-c-߃ hcp-Øp- lm-bw- \¬-In- A-h-sc- Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-bv-°v- ap-I-fn¬- F-
I-bp-≠m-bn. s®-e-hv- tI-{µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- 75:-25 F-∂-
Øn-°p-I-bm-Wv- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- {]-[m-\- e-£yw.- A-\p-]m-X-Øn-em-Wv- h-ln°p∂Xv.
174. \mjW¬ tIma¨ an\naw t{]m{Kmw, sFIy-cm-jv{S-

W orld Geography
191. tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]¿- h-[-
in-£-bv-°v- hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂- cm-Pyw-˛-
ssN-\-
192.- -tem-I-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- a-\-»m-kv-{X- ]-
co-£-W-im-e- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- ÿm-
]n-®-Xv-˛- P¿-a-\n-
193.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kzm`m-hn-I- d-∫¿-
D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛-Xm-bv-e-≥Uv-
194.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- bq-tdm-]y-≥ `m-K-am-
Wv- t{X-kv-˛- Xp¿-°n-
195.- -G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Iq-Sn-b- G-jy-≥
cm-Pyw-˛- knw-K-∏q¿-
196.- -Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-em- {I-a-Øn¬- B-
Zy-sØ- cm-Pyw-˛- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-≥
Question Bag
197.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- \-ao-_n-b-
kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛-Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-
b-am-Im-Ø- H-tc-sbm-cp- cm-Pyw-˛t- \-∏mƒ-
205.- -C-¥y-bn¬- Im-∏n-°p-cp- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv- 211.- K
¨- sdm-tU-jy-
- p-en-kvY- m-≥ sIm-´m-cw- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-
198.- -Cu-ÿ- Zzo-]v- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xm- F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv-˛-ku-Zn- A-td-_y- Wv-˛- C-dm-≥
Wv-˛- Nn-en- 206.- -]-Xm-I-bn¬- `q-]-Sw- B-te-J-\w- sN-bv- 212.- -tdmw- \-K-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-
199.- G
- ‰ - h - pw- h-en-b- em-‰n-\t- a-cn-°≥- cm-Pyw- Xn-´p-≈- cm-Py-߃-˛- ssk-{]-kv,- sIm- ∂- cm-Pyw- ˛- h-Øn-°m-≥
˛- {_-ko¬- tkm-thm- 213.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- aq-ey-h¿-[n-X- \n-Ip-
200.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈- cm- 207.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s≥d- ]-g-b- t]-cm-Wv- P- Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-b- cm-Pyw-˛- {^m-≥kv-
Pyw-˛-Im-\-U- Sv-em-≥Uv-˛-sU-∑m¿-°v- 214.- -U-®v- Cu-Ãv- C-≥Uo-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
201.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- Nm-c-kw-L-S-\-bm- 208.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Iq- ´n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- C-≥sUm-\n-jy-
Wv- sam- m-Zv-˛- C-{k-tb¬- Sn-b- Zzo-]p-cm-jv-{Sw-˛- knw-K-∏q¿- 215.- -U-b-‰v- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- ]m¿-e-sa-‚m-Wv-
202.- -bq-tdm-∏n-se- tcm-Kn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- 209.- -H-∂n-e-[n-Iw- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- {]-Y-a- h-\n- ˛- P-∏m-≥
cm-Pyw-˛- Xp¿-°n- X- ]-Z-a-e-¶-cn-®- G-I- h-\n-X-bm-Wv- t{K- 216.- -kp-ep- h¿-£-°m¿- Xm-a-kn-°p-∂- cm-
203.- -B-Zm-an-s‚- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm- °- am-tj¬.- A-Xn¬- H-cp- cm-Pyw- sam- Pyw-˛- Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-
Wv-˛- {io-e-¶- kmw-_n-°m-Wv.- a-t‰- cm-Py-ta-Xv-˛-Z-£n- 217.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-Øv- {]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈- Nn-In-
204.- -C¥ - y-≥ D-]`- q-JW - U
-v Ø- n¬- H-cp- hn-tZ-i- Wm-{^n-°- ’m-k-{º-Zm-b-am-Wv- AIyp]MvN¿-˛
i-IX -v n-bp-sS-bpw- ta¬-t°m-ba-v b - °-v p- hn-t[- 210.- -knw-_m-_v-sh-bp-sS- ]-g-b- t]-cv-˛- k-tX- ssN-\-

109
218.- -G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Ip-
d-™- cm-Pyw-˛- am-e-Zzo-]v-
219.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-
kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- {_-ko¬-
220.- -G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b- tIm-a-¨-
sh¬-Øv- Aw-K-cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y-
221.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- I-c-_-‘n-X-
cm-Py-߃-˛- s_m-fo-hn-b,- ]-cm-tKz-
222.- -ssN-\-˛-d-jy- F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- A-
Xn¿-Øn-bm-b- \-Zn-˛- A-ap¿-
223.- -lp-Sp-˛- Xp-Sv-kn- h¿-K-߃- X-Ωn-ep-≈-
I-em-]Ø - n-\v- th-Zn-bm-b- B-{^n-°≥
Pyw-˛-dp-hm-≠-
224.- -lw-Kd- n-bp-sS- X-eÿ - m-\w- ˛-_p-Um-s]-Ã-v
225.- -Nmƒ-Uv- Um¿-hn-≥ X-s≥d- \n-co-£-W-
߃- \-S-Øm-≥ sX-c-s™-Sp-Ø- Km-e-
∏m-tKm-kv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ- C-t∏mƒ- G-Xp- cm-
Py-Øn-s≥d- \n-b{- ¥-WØ - n-em-Wv˛- C
tUm¿- -
226.- -ta-∏n-fn-s‚- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-
Pyw-˛- Im-\-U-
227.- -Uyp-dm-‚ v- sse-≥ G-sXm-s°- cm-Py-
߃-°n-Sb - n-em-Wv˛- - ]-gb - - {_n-´o-jv- km-
{am-Py-hpw- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-\pw-
228.- -kmw-_n-bb - p-sS- X-eÿ - m-\w-˛- ep-km-°-
229.- -tI-∏v- sI-∂-Un- D-]-{K-l-hn-£-]-W-tI-
{µw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- ^v-tfm-dn-U- (bp.-
F-kv.-F.-)-
230.- -kv-t]-kv- j-´n¬- A-b-®- B-Zy- G-jy-
≥ cm-Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
231.- -ka - p-{Z-\n-c∏ - n¬-\n-∂pw- Xm-sg-bm-bn- ÿn-
Xn- sN-øp-∂- X-eÿ - m-\- \-Kc - w- G-Xp-
cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv˛- - s\-X¿-e≥ - Uvk
232.- -k-bmw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛-Xm-
bv-e-≥Uv-
233.- Ã- m-Nyp- Hm-^v- en-_¿-´n- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-
Wv- kv-Ym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-
234.- -Im-‘-lm¿- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-A-^v-
Km-\n-kv-Xm-≥
235.- -I-_p-In,- t\m- F-∂n-h- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ-
\m-S-I-cq-]-ß-fm-Wv- ˛-P-∏m-≥
236.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- ]-c-am-
[n-Im-c- cm-jv-{Sw- ˛- h-Øn-°m-≥
237.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- hm-®v- I-º-\n-I-fm-Wv-
dm-tUm,- tdm-f-Iv-kv- F-∂n-h-˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-
e-‚ v-
238.- -Cw-•o-jv- A-£-c-am-em-{I-a-Øn¬- A-h-
km-\w-h-cp-∂- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- km-{K-_v-
239.- -H-cp- tdm-Up-t]m-ep-an-√m-Ø- bq-tdm-]y-
≥ \-K-cw-˛- sh-\o-kv-
240.- -X-lv-cn¿- kv-Iz-b¿- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-
Cu-Pn-]v-Xv-
241.- -tem-I-tØ-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-S¬-Øo-c-
ap-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- Im-\-U-
242.- -Xm-jv-sI-‚ v- C-t∏mƒ- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øv-˛-
D-kv-_-°n-ÿm-≥
243.- -ln-kv-]m-\n-tbm-f- Zzo-]n-se- cm-Py-߃-
˛- sUm-an-\n-°≥ - dn-∏ª - n-°pw- sl-bvØ
bpw-
244.- -Xp¿-°n-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- A-¶m-d-
245.- -Z-£n-W-]q¿-th-jy-bn-se- G-I- I-c-_-
≤- cm-Pyw-˛- em-thm-kv-
246.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- B-W-h-Zp-
c-¥w- (1986)- \-S-∂- sN¿-tWm-_n¬- G-
Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- -˛-D-{I-bn-≥
247.- -ln-_m-°p-j- F-∂- hm-°v- G-Xv- cm-Py-
sØ- P-\-X-bp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-
∂p-˛- P-∏m-≥
248.- -k-∂ym-kn-am-cp-sS- cm-Pyw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- sIm-dn-b-
249.- K- c - p-V- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- F-b¿-e≥
B-Wv-˛- C-s¥m-\n-jy-
250.- -hn-kv-Xo¿-W-Øn¬- H-∂mw-kv-Ym-\-ap-≈-
A-ta-cn-°-≥ kv-t‰-‰v-˛- A-em-kv-I-
251.- I - c - o-_n-b≥ - cm-jv{- S-ßf - n¬-h® - v- G-‰h
h-ep-Xv-˛- Iyq-_-
252.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- dn-∏-ªn-
Iv-˛- \u-dp-
253.- -Kq¿-J-Iƒ- G-Xp-cm-Py-sØ- P-\-hn-`m-Kw-
˛- t\-∏mƒ-
254.- -c-≠p- h-en-b- P-e-k-Rv-P-b-ß-sf- X-
Ωn¬- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂- C-Sp-ßn-b- P-e-
`m-Kw-˛- kv-{S-bn-‰v-
255.- -B-a-tkm-¨- \-Zn- H-gp-Ip-∂- cm-Py-
߃-
˛- {_-ko¬,- s]-dp,- sIm-fw-_n-b-
256.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Ip-d-
™- cm-Pyw-˛- aw-tKm-fn-b-
257.- -Cu-ÿ- Zzo-]v- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv-˛-
]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
258.- -Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-s‚- `m-K-am-b- kn-\m-bv- D-]-
Zzo-]v- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-Wv- ˛-G-jy-
259.- -c-≠p- h-en-b- I-c-`m-K-ß-sf- X-Ωn¬- _-
‘n-∏n-°p-∂- C-Sp-ßn-b- I-c-`m-Kw-˛- C-
kv-Xp-a-kv-
260.- -cm-{Xn-Im-e- B-Im-i-Øn¬- Im-Wp-∂-
- cm- G-‰-hpw- Xn-f-°-ap-≈- \-£-{Xw-˛- kn-dn-
b-kv-
261.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- {K-lw-˛- hym-gw-
262.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Iq-Sn-
b- cm-Pyw-˛- sam-Wm-t°m-
263.- -Z-£n-W- ssN-\m-°-S¬- G-Xv- Zzo-]n-s‚-
- I - z- `m-K-am-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
264.- -Zn- _n-Kv- B-∏nƒ- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \-
K-cw-˛- \yq-tbm¿-°v-
265.- -Ba - t- km-¨- I-gn-™m¬- tem-Is - Ø- G-
‰-hpw- h-en-b- D-jvW - t- a-Je - m- a-g°- m-Sp-
Iƒ- G-Xv- \-Zo-XS- Ø - n-em-Wv˛- - tImw-tKm-
266.- -B-Im-i-Øv- sh-fp-Ø- ta-L-i-I-e-ß-
fm-bn- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- ta-L-߃-˛- kn-
tdm- Ip-ap-e-kv- ta-L-߃-
267.- -sN-Ω-cn-bm-Sn-s‚- tcm-a-s°-´p-Iƒ-t]m-
se- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- ta-L-߃-˛- Ip-ap-
e-kv- ta-L-߃-
268.- -C-¥y-≥ hw-i-P¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-
Zzo-]p-cm-jv-{S-߃-˛- au-do-jy-kv,- ^n-Pn-
269.- -C-¥y-bn¬- tX-bn-e-bpw- Im-∏n-bpw- Ir-
- v- jn-sN-øp-∂- {]-tZ-iw-˛- Z-£n-tW-¥y-
270.- -ssS-^q-¨- D-jv-W-N-{I-hm-Xw- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv- ho-ip-∂-Xv-˛- ssN-\-
271.- C- S- n-ta-Lß - ƒ- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂- ta-L-
ß-fp-sS- t]-cv-˛- Ip-ap-tem-\nw-_-kv- ta-
L-߃-
272.- -cm-Py-ß-fn-√m-Ø- G-I- `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛- A-
‚m¿-´n-°-
273.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-£-{X- k-aq-lw-˛-
ssl-{U-
274.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- a-cp-`q-an-˛-
k-lm-d-
275.- -tPm¿-Zm-≥ \-Zn-bp-sS- ]-X-\w- G-Xp- I-
S-en¬-˛- Nm-hp-I-S¬-
276.- -c-≠p- th-en-tb-‰-߃-°n-S-bn-ep-≈- C-
S-th-f-˛- 12 a-Wn-°q¿- 25 an-\n-´v-
277.- -cm-jv-S-X-{¥-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn- {Ko-≥em-
≥Uv- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv-˛- bq-
tdm-∏v-
278.- -F-dn-{Xn-b-≥ I-S¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-
Xv- G-Xm-Wv-˛- sN-¶-S¬-
279.- -bp-dm-\-kv- {K-l-sØ- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv-˛-
Xn-tbm-U¿- sl¿-j¬-
280.- -C-¥ym-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b-
Zzo-]v-˛- a-U-Km-kv-I¿-
- n- 281.- -tKm-_n- a-cp-`q-an- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-
aw-tKm-fn-b-
282.- -D-dpw-_w-_- F-∂- t]-cv- F-¥p-am-bn- _-
‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- \-Zn-
283.- -Zn-h-k-Øn¬- \m-ep-X-h-W- th-en-tb-‰w-
kw-`-hn-°p-∂- tem-I-Øn-se- G-I- ÿ-
ew-˛- Cw-•-≠n-se- k-Xmw-]v-S-¨-
284.- -D-c-K-ß-fn-√m-Ø- h-≥I-c-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
285.- -Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°,- \-ao-_n-b- F-∂o- cm-
Py-ß-fp-sS- A-Xn¿-Øn-bm-b- \-Zn-˛- Hm-
d-©v-
286.- -U-b-a-‚ n-\- {S-©v- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-se-
G-‰-hpw- B-gw-Iq-Sn-b- `m-K-am-Wv-˛-C-¥y-
- kv- ≥a-lm-k-ap-{Zw-
287.- -Um-\yq-_v- \-Zn- sN-∂p-tN-cp-∂- I-S¬-˛-
I-cn-¶-S¬-
288.- -F-h-d-Ãn-s\-°mƒ- D-b-c-ap-≈-Xpw- ]-k-
- pw- ^n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-Øn¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xp-
am-b- ]¿-h-Xw-˛- au-\m-In-
289.- -Z£ - n-Wm-b\ - t- c-J- c-≠p-{]m-hi - yw- ap-dn-
®p- I-Ss - ∂m-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn- ˛-enw-t]m-t]m-
290.- -F-h-d-Ãv- Xn-_-‰n¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- t]-
cv-˛- tNm-tam-ep-Mv-a-
291.- -F-kv-In-tam-I-fp-sS- ho-Sv-˛- C-•p-
292.- -d-jy-≥ P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS- `q-cn-`m-K-hpw-
G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-Wv-˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
293.- -F-{X- In-tem-ao-‰¿- D-b-c-Øn-em-Wv- Hm-
110
tkm-¨- ]m-fn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- 15
ap-X¬- 60 In.-ao.-h-sc-
294.- -ssi-Xy-°-S¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-N-{µ-≥
295.- -tIm-\m¿- \-Zn- D¬-`-hn-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛-
A-^v-Km-\n-ÿm-≥
296.- -C-¥y-≥a-lm-k-ap-{Zw,- A-d-_n-°-S¬,-
_w-Kmƒ- Dƒ-°-S¬- F-∂n-h- kw-K-an-
°p-∂- ÿ-ew-˛-I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-
297.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- th-en-
tb-‰w- A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- F-hn-sS-˛- I-
\-U-bn-se- ^-≠n- Dƒ-°-S-en¬-
298.- -t]-cn-s‚- D¬-`-h-Øn-\v- {Ko-°v-˛-tdm-a-≥
]p-cm-W-ß-fp-am-bn- _-‘-an-√m-Ø- {K-
lw-˛- `q-an-
299.- -t{K-‰v- t…-hv- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-
Wv-˛- Im-\-U-
300.- -Uo-tKm- Km¿-jy- Zzo-]v- G-Xp- k-ap-{Z-
Øn¬-˛- C-¥y-≥a-lm-k-ap-{Zw-
301.- -Xp¿-°n-bp-sS- G-jy-≥ `m-K-am-Wv- ˛-G-
jym-ssa-\¿-
302.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- ho-Xn-Iq-Sn-b- sh-
≈-®m-´w-˛- tJm-¨- (em-thm-kn¬-)-
303.- -Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-s‚- G-jy-≥ `m-Kw-˛- kn-\m-
bv- D-]-Zzo-]v-
304.- k- v] - m-\n-jv- `m-j- \n-eh - n-ep-≈- H-tc-sbm-
cp- B-{^n-°-≥ cm-Pyw-˛-C-Iz-t‰m-dn-b¬-
Kn-\n-
305.- -kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- \n¿-_-‘n-X- ssk-\n-I-
tk-h-\w- hy-h-ÿ- sN-øp-∂- G-I- cm-
Pyw-˛- C-{k-tb¬-
306.- -Inw-_¿-en- h-{P-J-\n- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-
Wv-˛- Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-
307.- -In-an-Km-tbm- G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tZ-io-
b-Km-\-am-Wv-˛- P-∏m-≥
308.- -G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X-Iq-Sn-b- Zzo-]p- cm-
jv-{Sw-˛- knw-K-∏q¿-
309.- -hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- A-ta-
cn-°-≥ kw-kv-Ym-\w-˛- tdm-Uv- sF-e-≥dv-
310.- t- \m-{X-Umw- I-Øo-{U¬- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øv-
˛- {^m-≥kv-
311.- -t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- Cu-Ãv- B-{^n-°-bp-sS-
]p-Xn-b- t]-cv-˛- sam-kmw-_n-Iv-
312.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- em-≥Uv-
tem-°v-Uv- cm-Pyw-˛- I-k-Jv-ÿm-≥
313.- G- X - p- cm-Py-am-Wv- se-tkm-sØ-sb- ]q¿-
W-am-bpw- Np-‰n- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛-Z-
£n-Wm-{^n-°-
314.- h- n-kvX - o¿-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬- tem-IØ - v-
C-¥y-bp-sS- ÿm-\w-˛- G-gv-
315.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- kzm-X-{¥y- {]-ÿm-
\-am-Wv- au- au-˛- sI-\n-b-
316.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ssk-\y-
ap-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- ssN-\- (]o-∏nƒ-kv- en-
_-td-j-≥ B¿-an-)-
317.- I- º - q-®n-bb - p-sS- ]p-Xn-b- t]-cv˛- - Iw-t_m-
Un-b-
318.- -I-c-`m-Kw- ap-gp-h-≥ k-\-K¬- F-∂- cm-
Py-Øm¬- Np-‰-s∏-´- cm-Pyw-˛- Kmw-_n-b-
319.- -kv-Im-≥Un-t\-hn-b- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
{]-tZ-i-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Py-߃-
˛- t\m¿-th,- kzo-U-≥,- sU-∑m¿-°v-
320.- k- z¿-WØ - n-s‚- D-]t- `m-KØ - n¬- G-‰h - pw-
ap-∂n¬- \n¬-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y-
321.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-
kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- {_-ko¬-
322.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- kn-‰n-
tÃ-‰v- ˛- h-Øn-°m-≥
323.- -tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- t]-∏¿- I-d-≥kn- D-
]-tbm-Kn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
324.- -h-\n-X,- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy-sØ-
ap-…nw- cm-Pyw-˛- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥
325.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- X-e-
kv-Ym-\-\-K-c-ap-≈- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
≥ cm-Pyw-˛-s_m-fo-hn-b-
326.- -s_-bv-°¬- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øv-˛-
d-jy-
327.- -bp.-F-kv.-F.-bn-se- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬-
G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b-Xv-˛- Im-en-
t^m¿-Wn-b-
328.- -G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
X-e-ÿm-\- \-K-c-ap-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- s_m-
fo-hn-b-
329.- -em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°-bn-se- ]p-cm-X-\- P-\-hn-
`m-Ka - m-b- B-kvs - S-°p-Iƒ- C-∂s - Ø- G-
Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- sa-Iv-kn-t°m-
330.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv- X-ß-fp-sS- cm-Py-
sØ- {Uq-°v-˛-bp¬- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂-
Xv-˛- `q-´m-≥
331.- -P-∏m-≥Im¿- A-cn-bn¬-\n-∂p- \n¿-an-°p-
∂- ]m-\o-bw- ˛- tk-°v-
332.- -t^m¿-tam-k-bp-sS- C-t∏m-g-sØ- t]-cv-
˛- X-bv-hm-≥
333.- -P-∏m-s‚- sU-t{Sm-bn-‰v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- \-K-cw-˛- \-tKm-b-
334.- -s{Iw-en-≥ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- tam-kv-tIm-
335.- -sa-{Sn-Iv- kw-hn-[m-\w- B-Zy-am-bn- \-S-∏m-
°n-b- cm-Pyw-˛- {^m-≥kv-
336.- -t]¿-jy C-t∏mƒ- G-Xv- t]-cn-em-Wv- A-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- C-dm-≥
337.- -sk-≥ _p-≤-a-X-hn-`m-Kw- G-Xp- cm-Py-
Øm-Wv- D-Zv-`-hn-®-Xv-˛- ssN-\-
338.- -F-hn-S-sØ- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS- h-k-Xn-
bm-Wv- 24 k-k-Iv-kv- ss{U-hv-˛- I-\-U-
339.- -P-∏m-s‚- ]n-‰v-kv-_¿-Kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- \-K-cw-˛- bp-hm-´-
340.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- cm-P-Ip-Spw-_w- D-≈- cm-
Pyw-˛- ku-Zn- A-td-_y-
341.- -F-tXym-]y-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- B-Un-
kv- A-_m-_-
342.- -G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- tZ-io-b-Km-\w- G-
Xp- cm-Py-Øn-t‚-Xv-˛- P-∏m-≥
343.- -cm-Py-Øn-s≥d-bpw- \-Zn-bp-sS-bpw- t]-cv-
H-∂m-b-Xn-\v- D-Zm-l-c-Ww-˛-tPm¿-Zm-≥
344.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈- A-
ta-cn-°-≥ kv-t‰-‰v-˛- Im-en-t^m¿-Wn-b-
345.- -G-Xp- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv- ssSw- kv-Iz-b¿-˛-
\yq-tbm¿-°v-
346.- -D-∏n-\v- \n-Ip-Xn- Np-a-Øn-b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw-
˛- ssN-\-
347.- -d-jy-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ar-Kw-˛- I-c-Sn-
348.- -c-≠p- `q-J-Wv-U-ß-fn¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-
∂- \-K-cw-˛- C-kv-Xmw-_pƒ-
349.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- k-ap-{Z- A-Xn¿-Øn-
I-fp-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- C-s¥m-\o-jy-
350.- -I-S-em-kv- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®- cm-
Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
351.- -dm-Uv-¢n-^v- tc-J- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- cm-Py-
߃- ˛- C-¥y-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\pw-
352.- -Ip-cn-in-s‚- Nn-{X-ap-≈- ]-Xm-I-bp-≈- cm-
Pyw-˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-‚ v-
353.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tdm-t_m-´p-Iƒ- G-
Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wp-≈-Xv-˛-P-∏m-≥
354.- h- o-Xn-bp-am-bn- Xm-cX- a- y-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ-
G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw- F-∂- hn-
ti-j-Ww- kz-¥-am-°p-∂- sX-t°- A-
ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw-˛-Nn-en-
355.- -h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-
Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- Im-\-U-
356.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- cm-jv-{So-b- I-£n-bm-
Wv- ]o-∏nƒ-kv- A-e-b-≥kv- t^m¿- U-
tam-{I-kn-˛- Xm-bv-e-≥Uv-
357.- -I-\m-ep-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥
358.- -I-fn-a-¨- ]m-{X-߃- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-
tbm-Kn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- ssN-\-
359.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-am-Wv- A-em-kv-I- {]-tZ-iw-
bp.-F-kv.-F.-bv-°p- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- d-jy-
360.- -G-Xp-cm-Py-Øn-s‚- hn-am-\- k¿-ho-km-
Wv- K-cp-U-˛- C-s¥m-\o-jy-
361.- -G-Xv- bq-tdm-]y-≥ cm-Py-Øm-Wv- cm-jv-
{S-Ø-e-h-≥ {Km-≥Uv- Uyq-°v- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-e-Iv-kw-_¿-Kv-
362.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- cm-Pyw-˛-
d-jy-
363.- -N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-e-√m-Ø- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-
I-bp-≈- H-tc-sbm-cp- cm-Pyw-˛t- \-∏mƒ- (c-
≠p- {Xn-tIm-W-߃- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- t\-
∏m-fn-s≥d- tZ-io-b-]-Xm-I-)-
364.- -P-\-kw-Jy-bp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ayw- sN-øp-
tºmƒ- G-‰-hpw- D-b¿-∂- h-[-in-£m- \n-
c-°p-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- knw-K-∏q¿-
365.- I- n-g°- t- \-jy-≥ I-Sp-hI - ƒ- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Xm-bv-hm-≥,- knw-K-∏q¿,-tlm-
t¶mw-Kv,- Z-£n-W- sIm-dn-b-
366.- -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- ssk-\n-I-\m-Wv- tSm-
an- A-‰v-In-≥kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
{_n-´-¨-
367.- -GX - p- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- ]-Xm-Ib - m-W-v Hmƒ-U-v
 t•m-dn- F-∂d- n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛-v - bp.-Fk- .v F
- .-
368.--In-hn- F-∂- ]-£n-bp-sS- P-∑t- Z-iw-˛- \yq-
kn-e-≥Uv-
369.--Im-\-U-bp-sS-bpw- A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS-bpw-
A-Xn¿-Øn-˛- 49˛mw- k-am-¥-c- tc-J-
370.--Ãm-ºp-I-fn¬- kp-thm-an- F-∂-®-Sn-°p-
∂- cm-Pyw-˛- ^n-≥e-≥Uv-
371.- -k-º-∂-Xo-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
˛- tIm-Ãm-dn-°-
372.--Kƒ-^p- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- Zzo-]v-˛- _-l-dn-≥
373.--ka - N
- X
- p-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-
I-bp-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≥Uv-
374.--kv-Im-≥Un-t\-hn-b-≥ cm-Py-߃- G-Xv-
h-≥I-c-bp-sS- `m-K-am-Wv-˛- bq-tdm-∏v -
375.--Ic - o-_n-b≥ - Zzo-]c - m-jv{- S-ßf - n¬- P-\k
- w-
Jy-bn¬- ap-∂n-ep-≈-Xv- ˛-Iyq-_-
376.--tem-I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- sXm-gn-em-fn- kw-L-
S-\-I-sf- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- cm-Pyw-˛- Cw-•-≠v-
377.--kp-h¿-W- ]-tKm-U-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- aym-≥a¿-
378.--G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- ip-`-{]-Xo-£m- ap-
\-ºv-˛-Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-
379.--Cu-^¬- tKm-]p-cw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv˛- - ]m-
co-kv-
380.--G-Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- l-Kn-b- tkm-^n-b-
˛- Xp¿-°n-
381.- h
- m-jnw-KvS- ¨ - - sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- F-hn-sS-bm-
Wv-˛-hm-jnw-Kv-S-¨- Un.-kn.-
382.--G-Xp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b- t]-cm-Wv-
sl¬-th-jy-˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≥Uv-
383.--hn-b-∂- G-Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-
Um-\yq-_v-
384.--G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tZ-io-b- Im-bn-I- hn-
t\m-Z-am-Wv- _-kv-Im-jn-˛-A-^v-Km-\n-kv-
Xm-≥
385.--kp-tam- Kp-kv-Xn- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tZ-
io-b- Im-bn-I- hn-t\m-Z-am-Wv-˛- P-∏m-≥
386.--tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- sN-dn-b- cm-Pyw-
˛- h-Øn-°m-≥
387.--Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-
K-cw-˛- kn-Uv-\n-
388.--G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- tZ-io-b-Km-\-am-Wv-
an-√n- X-cm-\-˛-A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-≥
389.--c≠ - p- h-≥I-cI - f- n-em-bn- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-
sa-s{Sm-s]m-fn-‰-≥ \-K-c-am-b- C-kv-Xm-
≥_pƒ- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv˛- - Xp¿-°n-
390.- -C-Sn-an-∂-en-s‚- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
cm-Pyw-˛- `q-´m-≥
391.- -G-sXm-s°- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- A-Xn¿-Øn-
°n-S-bn-em-Wv- \-bm-{K-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-˛-
Im-\-U-
392.- -h-S-t°- B-{^n-°-bn-te-bpw- A-td-_y-
bn-te-bpw- Nq-Sp-≈- a-cp-°m-‰p-Iƒ-°p- ]-
d-bp-∂- t]-cv-˛- kn-aq-¨-kv-
393.- -`q-an-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- X-Wp-∏p-≈- ÿ-ew-
˛- sh¿-tJm-bm-≥kv-Iv-
394.- -]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-\v- B- t]-cp- \¬-
In-b-Xv-˛- a-K-√-≥
395.- -hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b- Zzo-]v- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-
Wv-˛-h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
396.- -im-¥- k-ap-{Z-sØ-bpw- A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-
ap-{Z-sØ-bpw- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂- I-\m¬-
˛- ]-\m-a- I-\m¬-
397.- -G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-Wv- H-dm-Mv- D-´m-s\-
Im-Wp-∂-Xv-˛-G-jy-
398.- ]- n-ca - n-Up-Iƒ- G-Xp- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-cØ - m-
Wv- ˛- ss\¬-
399.- -G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-Wv- kn¬-°v- dq-´v- A-
Y-hm- ]-´v- ]m-X-˛-G-jy-
400.- -]p¬-ta-Sp-Iƒ- Im-Wm-Ø- G-I- `q-J-Wv-
Uw- ˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
401.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- G-jy-≥ `m-K-am-Wv-
G-jym-ssa-\¿- A-Y-hm- A-\-t‰m-fn-b-˛-
Xp¿-°n-
402.- ]- q¿-Wa - m-bn- C-¥y-bn-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-∂- \-
Zn-I-fn¬- \o-f-Øn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-ap-
≈- \-Zn- ˛-tKm-Zm-h-cn-
403.- -G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-Wv- \-bm-{K- sh-≈-
®m-´w-˛-h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
404.- -]q¿-W-am-bpw- k-ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n-\p-ap-I-fn¬-
ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- h-≥I-c-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
405.- G- X - v- {K-lØ - n-em-Wv- h-kvX
- p-°ƒ-°v- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `m-cw- A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛- hym-gw-
406.- H- t- c- D-bc - Ø
- n-ep-≈- ÿ-eß - s - f- _-‘n-
∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- `q-]-S-Øn¬- h-c-bv-°p-∂-
tc-J-˛- tIm-≠q¿- tc-J-
407.- -hy-Xy-kv-X- `q-]-S-ß-fp-sS- k-am-lm-cw-˛-
A-‰v-e-kv-
408.- -i-‡-am-b- td-Un-tbm- X-cw-K-߃- ]p-d-
s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂- {K-lw-˛- hym-gw-
409.- -G-Xp- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv- ssSw- kv-Iz-b¿-˛-
111
\yq-tbm¿-°v-
410.- G- X - p- `q-JW - vU
- Ø - n-em-Wv- A-‰ve - k
- v- ]¿-
h-Xw-˛- B-{^n-°-
411.- -i-cm-i-cn- D-b-cw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-
h-≥I-c-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
412.- -`q-an-bp-sS- Np-‰-f-hv- B-Zy-am-bn- I-W-°m-
°n-b-Xv-˛- C-dm-tØm-kv-X-\o-kv-
413.- -H-cp- hym-g-h-´w- F-{X- h¿-j-am-Wv-˛- 12
414.- -Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-≥ h-≥I-c-sb-bpw- Sm-kv-
am-\n-b- Zzo-]n-t\-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂-
I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛- _m-kv- I-S-en-Sp-°v-
415.- -_p-[-≥ F-{X- Zn-h-kw-sIm-≠m-Wv- kq-
cy-s\- {]-Z-£n-Ww- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- 88
416.- -hn-b-∂,- s_¬-t{K-Uv,- _p-Um-s]-Ãv,-
{_m-´n-…m-h- F-∂o- X-e-ÿm-\- \-K-cn-
I-sf- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂- \-Zn-˛- Um-\yq-_v-
417.- -H-cp- hym-g-h-´-°m-ew- F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v-
A¿-Y-am-°p-∂- Im-ew-˛- 12 h¿-jw-
418.- -hn-ip-≤- ]¿-h-Xw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- ^yq-Pn-bm-a-
419.- h- n-Ivt- Sm-dn-b- X-Sm-Iw- G-Xv- h-≥I-cb - n¬-
˛- B-{^n-°-
420.--`q-an-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Zzo-]-k-aq-
lw-˛- C-≥sUm-\n-jy-
421.- -hn-Iv-tSm-dn-bm- sh-≈-®m-´w- I-s≠-Øn-
≠-b-Xv-˛- tU-hn-Uv- en-hn-Mv-Ã-¨-
422.--`q-a-[y-tc-J-sb- c-≠p- X-h-W- ap-dn-s®m-
gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn-˛- tImw-tKm-
423.--G-jy-bpw- B-{^n-°-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- I-
c-_-‘w- th¿-s]-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-Xn-\p- Im-
c-Ww-˛- kq-b-kv- I-\m¬-
424.--`q-an-bp-sS- D-]c - n-Xe- h
- p-am-bn- tN¿-∂p-In-
S-°p-∂- A-¥-co-£-]m-fn-˛- t{Sm-t∏m-kv-
^n-b¿-
425.--]-™n-s°-´p-Iƒ-t]m-se- B-Im-i-Øv-
hym-]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂- ta-L-߃-˛- Iyp-
ap-e-kv-
426.--_mƒ-°-≥ cm-Py-߃- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-
bn-em-Wv- ˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
427.--G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-em-Wv- k¿-Km-tkm- I-
S¬-˛-A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
428.--`m-c-Xo-b- k-¶¬-]-ß-fn-se- _r-l-kv-
]-Xn- G-Xp- {K-l-am-Wv-˛- hym-gw-
429.--`q-a-[y-tc-J- I-S-∂p- t]m-Ip-∂- Zzo-]p-I-
fn¬- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b-Xv-˛-
t_m¿-Wn-tbm-
430.- -G-Xp- {K-l-Øn-s‚- D-]-{K-l-am-Wv- an-
cm-≥U-˛- bp-dm-\-kv-
431.- -G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-Øm-Wv- km-≥{^m-
≥kn-kv-tIm-˛-]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
432.- -H-cp- cm-Py-Øn-\p- ]q¿-W- A-[n-Im-c-ap-
≈- k-ap-{Z-`m-Kw- Xo-c-Øp-\n-∂v- F-{X-
Zq- c w- h- s c- b m- W v - ˛ - 12 t\m- ´ n- ° ¬-
ssa¬-
433.- -G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-se- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- `m-K-
am-Wv- hn-≥k-¨- am-kn-^v-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
434.- -H-cp- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
G-I- k-ap-{Zw-˛- C-¥y-≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Zw-
435.- -hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b- sh-≈-®m-´w- G-Xv- \-Zn-bn-
em-Wv-˛- kmw-_-kn-
436.- -H-cp- Un-{Kn- tc-Jmw-iw- hy-Xym-k-ap-≈-
c-≠p- ÿ-e-߃- X-Ωn-ep-≈- k-a-b-hy-
Xym-kw-˛- 4 an-\n-´v-
437.- -h-ep-∏-Øn¬- aq-∂mw- ÿm-\-Øp-≈- k-
ap-{Zw-˛-C-¥y-≥a-lm-k-ap-{Zw-
438.- -G-Xp- tc-J-bv-°-∏-dp-Øm-Wv- a-™v- D-
cp-Im-Ø-Xv-˛- kv-t\m-sse-≥
439.- -h-k-¥-k-a-cm-{X-Zn-\w-˛- am¿-®v- 21
440.- -h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `m-
cw- A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂- {K-lw-˛- hym-gw-
441.- G- X - p- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\\ - Z- n-bm-Wv- sF-
cm-h-Xn-˛- aym-≥a¿-
442.- -`q-an-bn¬-\n-∂v- G-‰-hpw- h-ep-∏-Øn¬-
Im-Wm-hp-∂- \-£-{Xw-˛- kq-cy-≥
443.- -G-Xp- {K-l-am-Wv- {[p-h-{]-tZ-i-߃- kq-
cy-\-`n-ap-J-am-bn- {]-Z-£n-Ww- sN-øp-∂-
Xv-˛- bp-dm-\-kv-
444.- -`q-an-bn-se- ]m-fn-I-fn¬- a-[y-tØ-Xv-˛- am-
‚n¬-
445.- -G-Xv- {K-l-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-°p-∂- ]-
≤-Xn-bm-Wv- Im-kn-\n- an-j-≥˛- i-\n-
446.- -I-ayp-Wn-kw- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- A-Y-hm- C-
kv-am-bn¬- k-am-\n- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- X-Pn-°n-ÿm-≥
447.- -I-c-_-≤-cm-Py-ß-fn-√m-Ø- G-I- h-≥I-
c-˛-h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
448.- -`q-an-bp-sS- km-¶¬-]n-I- A-£w- ew-_-
Øn¬-\n-∂v- F-{X- Un-{Kn- N-cn-™m-Wv-
kv-Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- 23.-5 Un-{Kn-
449.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Zzo-]v-˛- {Ko-≥e-≥Uv-
450.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-Zn-˛- B-
a-tkm--¨-
 PSC ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS 1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
XncphnXmwIq¿ `cWm[nImcnIƒ F∂ ]cºc C{]mhiyw {]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv kw-Ko-X⁄cn¬- cm-Pm-hpw-
cm-Pm-°∑m-cn¬- kw-Ko-X⁄\pambncp∂ kzmXn Xncp\mfns\°pdn®mWv.
tIcf \thm∞m\Øn¬ tIcf Km‘n sI.tIf∏s\°pdn®pw ]mhßfpsS ]SØeh≥
F∂dnbs∏´ncp∂ F.sI.tKm]mes\°pdn®pw a\ nem°mw.
saIvknt°m, t]m¿®pK¬, kuZn Atd_y, knwK∏q¿ F∂o cmPyßfneqsS temIk©mcw XpScp∂p.
IzÃy≥ _mKn¬ aXw, BflobX, ]pcmWw,{]Xntcm[w,bp≤w F∂o hnjbßfmWp≈Xv.
B[p\nI C¥ybnse {Kmtam≤mcW ]cn]mSnIsf°pdn®v XpS¿∂v hmbn°pI.
XncphnXmwIq¿ `cWm[nImcnIƒ
kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ-
1. "kw-Ko-X⁄cn¬- cm-Pm-hpw- cm-Pm-°∑m-cn¬- kw-Ko-
X-⁄-\pw-'- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- kzm-Xn- Xn-cp-\mƒ- cm-a-h¿-a-
a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-s‚- `-cW - I- m-ew- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚- kmw-
kv-Im-cn-I-cw-K-sØ- kp-h¿-W-Im-e-L-´w- F-∂m-Wv- hn-
ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
2.- -K¿-`-ÿ-in-ip-hm-bn-cn-s°-Ø-s∂- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- A-Sp-
Ø- In-co-Sm-h-Im-in-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂- A-t±-lw- "-K¿-`-{io-
am-≥'- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´p.-
3.- -kw-Ko-Xw,- km-ln-Xyw,- C-Xc - - I-eI - ƒ,- kw-kvI - m-cw- Xp-
S-ßn-bh - b- p-sS- A-`n-hr-≤n-°p-th-≠n- C-{X-bpw- tk-h\ - -
a-\p-jvT- n-®n-´p-≈- a-s‰m-cp- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hn-√.-
4.- -k-I-e-I-e-I-fp-sS-bpw- kp-h¿-W- Im-e-L-´w- F-∂p- hn-
ti-jn-°-s∏-´- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- X-
l-kn¬-Zm-sc-°mƒ- i-º-fw- sIm-´m-c-Øn-se- Km-b-I¿-
°v- \¬-In-bn-cp-∂p.-
5.- -hn-hn-[- tZ-i-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p-≈- kw-Ko-X-⁄-cpw- Km-b-I-
cpw- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- k-Z-kn¬- H-Øp-Iq-Sn.-
6.- -I¿-Wm-S-I- kw-Ko-X-Øn-se- A-Xn-Im-b-\m-bn-cp-∂- ta-
cp-kzm-an-bpw- ap-Øp-kzm-an- Zo-£n-X-cp-sS- in-jy-cm-b- h-
Sn-th-ep,- s]m-∂-ø,- Nn-∂-ø,- in-hm-\-µ-≥ F-∂- "-X-©m-
hq¿- \m¬-h¿-'- k-tlm-Z-c-∑m-cpw- A-km-[m-c-W- {]-Xn-
`m-im-en-bm-bn-cp-∂- j-Uv-Im-e- tKm-hn-µ-am-cm-cpw- A-t±-
l-Øn-s‚- k-Z- v- A-e-¶-cn-®p.-
7.- -A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- k-Z- n-se- I-hn-I-fn¬- {]-ap-J-≥ C-c-
bn-Ω-≥ X-ºn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- C-t±-lw- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-\p-
th-≠n- c-Nn-®-Xm-Wv- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- "-Hm-a-\-Øn-¶ƒ- In-
Sm-thm-'- F-∂p- Xp-S-ßp-∂- Xm-cm-´v.-
8.- -"-cm-h-W-hn-P-bw-'- B-´-°-Y-bp-sS- I¿-Øm-hm-b- hn-Zzm-
≥ In-fn-am-\q¿- cm-P-cm-P-h¿-a- tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm-≥ (I-co-
{µ-≥)- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚- D-‰- an-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
9.- -kw-Ko-X-⁄-s\-∂- \n-e-bn¬- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ- A¿-
∏n-®- kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ- A-t±-l-sØ- I¿-Wm-S-I- kw-Ko-X-
Øn-se- {Xn-aq¿-Øn-If - m-b- Xym-Kc - m-Pk
- zm-an-Iƒ,- ap-Øp-
kzm-an- Zo-£n-X¿,- iym-a-im-kv-{Xn-Iƒ- F-∂n-h¿-°v- k-
a-io¿-j-\m-°n-Øo¿-Øp.-
10.- -dm-Wn- Ku-cn- e-£v-ao-`m-bn-bp-sS-bpw- N-ß-\m-t»-cn- cm-
P-cm-P-h¿-a- tIm-bn-Ø-ºp-cm-s‚-bpw- a-I-\m-bn- 1813 G-
{]n¬- 16˛mw- Xo-b-Xn-bm-Wv- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ- P-\n-®-Xv.-
11.- - In-co-Sm-hI - m-in-bm-b- A-t±-lØ - n-\v- hn-hn-[- ssh-⁄m-
\n-I- im-J-I-fn¬- A-dn-hp-]-I-cp-∂-Xn-\v- an-I-®- hn-Zzm-
∑m-sc- \n-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.-
12.- -{]m-b-]q¿-Øn-bm-b-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn- A-t±-lw- kw-kv-Ir-Xw,-
Cw-•o-jv,- t]¿-jy-≥,- ln-µp-ÿm-\n,- a-dm-Øn,- sX-ep-
¶v,- I-∂-S,- X-an-gv,- a-e-bm-fw- F-∂o- `m-j-I-fn¬- \-√-
]m-fiy-Xyw- t\-Sn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p.-
13.- -X-s‚- Nn-‰-Ω-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]-Xn-\m-dmw- h-b- n¬- 1828 G-
{]n¬- 21\v- A-t±-lw- `-c-Ww- G-s‰-Sp-Øp.-
14.- -X-\n-°p-ap-ºv- 18 h¿-jw- am-Xm-hpw- Nn-‰-Ω-bpw- \o-Xn-bp-
‡-am-b- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn- k-º¬-k-ar-≤-am-b- cm-Py-am-
Wv- A-t±-l-Øn-\p- e-`n-®-Xv.-
15.- -`-c-W-cw-K-Øv- \n-c-h-[n- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-߃- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-
\m-fn-s‚- Im-e-Øp-≠m-bn.-
16.- X- n-cp-h\- ¥- ]- p-cw- ]q¿-Wa
- m-b- A¿-YØ - n¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-
Iq-dn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b-Xv- C-°m-e-Øm-Wv.-
17.- -h-f-sc-°m-e-am-bn- sIm-√-Øv- \-S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- lp-
kq¿- I-t®-cn-bpw- a-‰p- s]m-Xp- Hm-^o-kp-I-fpw- a-lm-cm-
Pm-hn-s‚- B-ÿm-\-Øn-\-Sp-Øm-bn- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-
tIm-´-bv-°-I-Øm-bn- am-‰n-ÿm-]n-®p.-
18.- -k¿-°m¿- Im-cy-߃- s]-s´-∂v- ]-cn-tim-[n-®v- \-S-]-Sn-
Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-°p-hm-≥ C-Xv- k-lm-b-I-am-bn.- `-c-W-cw-
Kw- k-Po-h-am-°m-≥ C-Xp-h-gn- I-gn-™p.-
19.- X- n-cp-h\
- ¥- ]- p-cs- Ø- t\-∏n-b¿- Im-gvN
- _- w-•m-hn-\pw- hm-
\-\n-co-£-W-tI-{µ-Øn-\pw- ar-K-im-e-bv-°pw- F-©n-\o-
b-dn-Mv- h-Ip-∏n-\pw- cq-]w-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-
fm-Wv.-
20.- -Ir-jn-°m¿-°p-th-≠n- Ir-jn-s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øp-h-Ip-∏v-
ÿm-]n-®p.-
21.- -\n-b-a-˛-\o-Xn-\ym-b-cw-K-ß-fn-epw- {i-t≤-b-am-b- ]p-tcm-
K-Xn-bp-≠m-bn.-
22.- -\o-Xn-\ym-b-h-Ip-∏v- ]p-\-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn- A-
∏o¬-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ,- Pn-√m-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ,- ap-≥k-^v- tIm-
S-Xn-Iƒ- F-∂o- aq-∂p- X-e-Øn-ep-≈- \o-Xn-\ym-b- kw-
112
hn-[m-\-Øn-\v- cq-]w-\¬-In.-
23.- -Cu-kv-‰n-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS- {]-tZ-i-Øv- \-S-∏m-°n-bn-cn-
°p-∂- \n-b-a-߃-t]m-se- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-\pw- H-cp- \n-
b-ak - w-ln-X- t{Im-Uo-Ic - n-°m-≥ a-lm-cm-Pm-hv- B-{K-ln-
®p.-
24.- -a-{Zm-kv- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-s‚- Io-gn¬- tPm-en- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-
C-´n-cm-b-®-≥ I-≠-∏-≥ F-∂- X-l-kn¬-Zm-sc- 1835¬-
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k¿-ho-kn-te-°v- sIm-≠p-hc - n-Ib- pw- A-
t±-l-sØ- Zn-hm-≥ t]-jv-Im¿- F-∂- ]-Z-hn-bn¬- \n-b-an-
°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
25.- -I-≠-≥ ta-t\m-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- C-t±-l-Øn-s‚- t\-
Xr-Xz-Øn¬- ]-cn-Nb - k
- º- ∂ - c
- m-b- D-tZym-Kÿ
- ∑
- m¿- Dƒ-
s°m-≈p-∂- Cu- I-Ωn-‰n-sb- \o-Xn-\n-b-a-kw-ln-X- F-
gp-Xn-bp-≠m-°m-\m-bn- cm-Pm-hv- \n-tbm-Kn-®p.- A-h¿- X-
øm-dm-°n-b- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚- \n-b-
a-am-bn- hn-fw-_-cw- sN-bv-Xv- {]-tbm-K-Øn¬-h-cp-Øn-
(1836).-
26.- - Cu-kv-‰n-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS- `-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚-
am-Xr-I-bn¬- a-Pn-kv-t{S-´v- tIm-S-Xn-I-fpw- s]m-eo-kv- h-
Ip-∏pw- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-®p.-
27.- a- {- Zm-kv- K-h¿-Wd - m-bn-cp-∂- ep-jn-MvS- ¨- - Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-
k-µ¿-in-®p. kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ- sIm-√-Øp-sN-∂v- A-t±-
l-sØ- I-≠p.- {_n-´o-jv- ssk-\y-Øn-s‚- I-hm-Øpw-
thj-hn-[m-\h - pw- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-s\- F-s¥-∂n-√m-sX-
B-I¿-jn-®p.- sIm-√-Øp-\n-∂v- A-t±-lw- a-S-ßn-b-Xv- X-
s‚- \m-b¿- {_n-tK-Un-s\- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-°-W-
sa-∂- Xo-cp-am-\-hp-am-bm-Wv.-
28.- -]p-Xn-b- ssk-\n-I- bq-Wn-t^m-apw- ssk-\n-I- ]-cn-io-e-
\-kw-hn-[m-\-hpw- A-t±-lw- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn.- A-Xp-h-sc-
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ssk-\n-I-cp-sS- th-jw- ap-≠pw- tIm-
´pw- X-e-∏m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
29.- -A-‘-hn-izm-k-Øn-e-Sn-bp-d-®-Xpw- {]m-Ir-X-hp-am-b- in-
£m-k-{º-Zm-b-߃- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ- \n¿-Ø-em-°n.-
Xn-f-®- s\-øn¬- ssI-ap-°n- Ip-‰w- I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂- ip-
No-{µw- ssI-ap-°v- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ- \n¿-ج- sN-bv-
Xp.-
30.- - hn-j-P-¥p-°ƒ-°n-S-bn¬- Ip-‰-hm-fn-sb- X-≈n-hn-´v- hn-
j-ta-‰m¬- Ip-‰-hm-fn-bm-sW-∂p- \n-iv-N-bn-°p-∂- B-Nm-
cw- a-Xn-bm-°n.-
31.- -k¿-°m¿- B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- Cw-•o-
jv- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚- Im-
e-Øm-Wv.-
32.- -1834¬- A-t±-lw- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- H-cp- Cw-•o-jv- kv-
Iqƒ- ÿm-]n-®p.- \m-K¿-tIm-hn-en¬- H-cp- kz-Im-cy- kv-
Iqƒ- \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂- sP.- tdm-_¿-Sv-kn-s\-bm-Wv-
C-Xn-s‚- Np-a-X-e- G¬-]n-®-Xv.-
33.- -1836¬- A-Xv- cm-Pm-kv- {^o- kv-Iq-fm-bn- am-dn.- ku-P-\y-
k¿-°m¿- hn-Zym-e-bw- B-cw-`n-®-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn- C-Xn-te-°v-
hn-Zym¿-Yn-I-sf- X-øm-dm-°n- A-b-bv-°m-≥ Un-kv-{Sn-Œv-
kv-Iq-fp-I-fpw- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´p.-
34.- -hm-Wn-Py-sØ- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°m-≥ 1836¬- a-lm-cm-Pm-
hv- 165 km-[\ - ß- f - n-t∑-ep-≈- Xo-cp-h- \n¿-Øe - m-°n-s°m-
≠v- hn-fw-_-cw- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.-
35.- -1837em-Wv- hm-\-cn-co-£-W-tI-{µw- ÿm-
]n-®-Xv.- \n-ew- ]p-c-bn-S-ß-sf-√mw- A-f-
∂p-Xn-´s- ∏-Sp-Øm-\pw- sX-ßp-If - n¬-\n-∂pw-
a-‰p- ^-eh- r-£ß - f- n¬-\n-∂p-ap-≈- B-Zm-
b-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬- \n-Ip-Xn-bp-
sS- tXm-Xp- \n¿-W-bn-°m-\p-ap-≈- H-cp-
d-h-\yq- k¿-th-bpw- 1837¬- B-cw-`n-®p.-
36.- X- l- k- n¬-Zm¿-am-cp-sS- k-lm-b-tØm-sS-
1836¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se-Sp-Ø- Im-t\-
jp-am-cn- (sk-≥k-kv-)- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-
fp-s‚- {i-t≤-b-am-b- H-cp- t\-´-ß-fn-sem-
∂m-Wv.-
37.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- sk-
≥k-kv- F-Sp-Ø-Xv- 1872¬- B-sW-∂- h-
kv-Xp-X-Iq-Sn- ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv- C-
Xn-s‚- {]m-[m-\yw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t_m-[y-am-
Ip-∂-Xv.-
38.- -sIm-´m-c-ß-fpw- A-º-e-ß-fpw- a-‰pw- \n¿-
an-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- A-‰-Ip-‰-∏-Wn-Iƒ- \-S-
Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- h-f-sc- hn-]p-e-am-b- co-Xn-
bn¬- H-cp- s]m-Xp-ac - m-aØ- p-hI
- p-∏pw- kw-
L-Sn-∏n-®p.-
39.- -\m-©n-\m-´n¬- H-cp- P-e-tk-N-\- a-cm-a-
Øp-h-Ip-∏v- ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw- H-cp- kq-
{]-≠n-s\- \n-b-an-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
40.- -]m-iv-Nm-Xy- Nn-In-’m-k-{º-Zm-b-Øn¬-
a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-\p- hn-izm-ka - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
Xp-aq-ew- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- H-cp- ku-
P-\y- Nn-In-’m-tI-{µw- B-cw-`n-°p-Ib - pw-
sIm-´m-cw- `n-j-Kz-c-s\- A-Xn-s‚- ta-[m-
hn-bm-bn- \n-b-an-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
41.- -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- tIm-´-bv-°-I-Øv- sIm-
´m-c-Øn-\-Sp-Øm-bn- H-cp- h-en-b- tKm-im-
e- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ- \n¿-an-®p.- X-t±-io-
b- C-\w- am-{X-a-√,- Kp-P-dm-Øv,- s\-√q¿-
F-∂n-hn-Sß - f- n¬-\n-∂pw- \-√b - n-\w- ]-ip-
°-sf-bpw- Im-fI - s
- f-bpw- kw-`c - n-®n-cp-∂p.-
42.- -X-©m-hq-cn¬-\n-∂pw- in¬-]n-I-sf- h-cp-
Øn- A-t±-lw- \n¿-an-®- a-t\m-l-c-ku-
[-am-Wv- Ip-Xn-c-am-fn-I.-
43.- -I-gn-hp-‰- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- F-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn-
k-ap-∂X - \- m-b- kw-Ko-X⁄ - ≥
- ,- hn-in-„-
ß-fm-b- Io¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- c-N-bn-Xm-hv-
F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn-epw- kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ-
Hm¿-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
44.- -{io-]-fl-\m-`-Zm-k-≥ F-∂- \n-e-bv-°v- X-
s‚- Ip-e-ssZ-h-Øn-s‚- am-lm-flyw- h¿-
Wn-°m-\m-Wv- A-t±-lw- I-em-{]-Xn-`- D-
]-tb-Km-Kn-®-Xv.-
45.- -C-cp-\q-tdm-fw- Io¿-Ø-\-߃- A-t±-lw-
c-Nn-®p.- C-h- A-t±-lw- kw-Ko-X-tem-I-
Øn-\p- \¬-In-b- kw-`m-h-\-I-fp-sS- knw-
l-`m-K-am-bn- I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
46.- I- ∂- S- b
- n-ep-≈- H-sc-Æs- am-gn-sI- a-s‰-√m-
Io¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-em-Wv.-
`q-cn-]-£-hpw- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\-°p-dn-
®p-≈-h-bm-Wv.-
47.- a- e
- b
- m-fØ- n¬- c-Nn-®- Ir-Xn-If - n¬- ap-Jyw-
D-’-h-{]-_-‘-am-Wv.-
48.- -`-‡n-a-Rv-P-cn,- kym-\-µq-c-]p-c-h¿-W-\-
{]-_-‘w,- {io-]-fl-\m-`-i-X-Iw,- Ip-tN-
tem-]m-Jym-\w- Xp-Sß - n- `-‡n-]m-ch - i- yw-
Xp-fp-ºp-∂- \n-c-h-[n- c-N-\-Iƒ- kzm-Xn-
Xn-cp-\m-fn-t‚-Xm-bp-≠v.-
49.- -{_n-´o-jv- d-kn-U-‚m-bn- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-
se-Øn-b- I-√-≥ km-bn-∏p-am-bn- H-Øp-
t]m-Im-≥ ]-e- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬- kzm-Xn-
Xn-cp-\m-fn-\p- I-gn-™n-√.-
50.- -`-c-W-cw-K-Øv- I-√-≥ sN-ep-Øn-b- A-an-
X-am-b- kzm-[o-\w- A-t±-l-sØ- A-kz-
ÿ-\m-°n.-
51.- -Ip-e-ssZ-h-Øn¬- a-\- ¿-∏n-®v- B-flo-
b-am-b- Im-cy-߃-°v- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-
In- A-t±-lw- Zn-h-k-߃- X-≈n-\o-°n.-
A-kp-J-߃- A-t±-l-sØ- B-{I-an-®p.-
G-Im-¥-X-sb- B- {]-Xn-`m-im-en- k-¥-
X-k-l-Nm-cn-bm-°n.- H-Sp-hn¬,- 1846 Un-
kw-_¿- 25\v- ap-∏-Øn-aq-∂mw- h-b- n¬-
A-t±-lw- \m-Sp-\o-ßn.-
52.- c- m-Py-sØ- kw-_‘ - n-®n-St- Øm-fw- a-lm-
\m-b- B- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS- hn-tbm-
Kw- H-cp- Zp-c-¥w- X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- ]-
t£,- 17 h¿-j-sØ- `-c-Ww-sIm-≠v- hn-
hn-[- ta-J-e-I-fn-e¿-∏n-®- I-\-s∏-´- kw-
`m-h-\-I-fn-eq-sS- A-t±-lw- A-\-iz-c-Xz-
am¿-Pn-®p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p.-
53.- C- w-•o-jv,t- ]¿-jy-≥,-kw-kvI - r-Xw,- ln-µn,-
D-dp-Zp-h-S-°w- 18 `m-j-I-fn¬- kzm-Xn- Xn-
cp-\m-fn-\p- {]m-ho-Wyw- D-≠m-bn-cn-cp-∂p-
F-∂m-Wv- N-cn-{X-Im-c-≥am¿- tc-J-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-
54.- -kzm-Xn- Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚- im-kv-{X- Iu-Xp-
Iw- I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øv- {_n-´o-jv- tdm-b¬-
skm-ssk-‰n- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- Hm-W-d-dn-
Aw-K-Xzw- \-¬Inb Ncn{X tcJIƒ
e`yamWv.

sI.tIf∏≥
(1890-˛1971)
55.- -H-cn-°¬- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ {`m-¥m-
e-b-sa-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®- \m-Sn-s\- A-Sn-
a-Ø-Øn-s‚-bpw- A-\m-Nm-c-ß-fp-sS-bpw-
C-cp-≠-bp-K-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- kzm-X-{¥y-
Øn-s‚-bpw- k-a-Xz-Øn-s‚-bpw- sh-fn-®-
Øn-te-°v- \-bn-®- B-[p-\n-I- tI-cf - Ø
- n-
se- km-aq-ly-]c - n-jvI
- ¿-Øm-°f - n¬- {]m-
Xx-kv-a-c-Wo-b-am-Wv- sI.-tI-f-∏-≥ F-∂-
\m-aw.- k-Xy-hpw- A-lnw-k-bpw- kv-t\-
l-hpw- Cu-iz-c- km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Øn-\m-
bp-≈- am¿-K-ß-fm-bn- I-cp-Xp-I-bpw- `o-
cp-Xz-sØ- sh-dp-°p-I-bpw- ]-cm-P-b-sØ-
°mƒ- \-√-Xv- a-c-W-am-sW-∂v- hn-iz-kn-
°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Z¿-
i-\-߃- ap-dp-sI-∏n-Sn-®m-Wv- A-\o-Xn-bv-
°pw- A-Sn-a-Ø-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-sc-bp-≈- k-
‘n-bn-√m-k-a-c-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- ap-t∂-
dn-b-Xv.-
56.- -]-tøm-fn-°-Sp-Øv- aq-Sm-Sn-bn¬- 1890 sk-
]v-Xw-_¿- 9˛-\v- P-\n-®- tI-f-∏-≥ sIm-bn-
em-≠n,- X-e-t»-cn- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-em-bn-
kv-Iqƒ- hn-Zym-`ym-k-hpw- tIm-gn-t°m-´pw-
a-{Zm-kn-ep-am-bn- tIm-tf-Pv- hn-Zym-`ym-k-
hpw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n.-
57.- -1914˛¬- N-ß-\m-t»-cn- sk-‚ v- _¿-°p-
am-≥kv- tIm-tf-Pn¬- A-≤ym-]-I-\m-bn-
cp-∂- Im-e-Øv- A-t±-lw- a-∂-Øp- ]-Xv-
a-\m-`-s\- ]-cn-b-N-s∏-´p.-
58.- -A-°m-e-Øv- cq-]w- sIm-≠- \m-b¿- `r-
tIcf \thm∞m\w
Xy-P-\- kw-L- (]n¬-°m-e-Øv- \m-b¿-
k¿-ho-kv- skm-ssk-‰n-)- Øn-s‚- ÿm-
]-I- {]-kn-U-‚ v- ÿm-\w- tI-f-∏-≥ h-
ln-®p.-
59.- 1- 920˛¬- tI-f∏ - ≥ - \n-ba - h
- n-Zym-`ym-kØ - n-
\v- t_mw-s_-bv-°v- t]m-sb-¶n-epw- \n- -
l-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-\p-≈- Km-‘n-Pn-
bp-sS- B-lzm-\s - Ø-Øp-S¿-∂v- hn-Zym-`ym-
kw- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°m-sX- a-S-ßn.-
60.- -s]m-∂m-\n- Xm-eq-°n-se- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
sk-{I-´d - n-bm-bn- cm-jv{- So-b- {]-h¿-Ø\ - w-
Xp-Sß - n-b- A-t±-lw- 1921˛¬- a-e_ - m-dn¬-
s]m-´n-∏p-ds - ∏-´- am-∏n-f- e-lf - - i-an-∏n-°p-
∂-Xn-\v- k-Po-h-am-bn- C-S-s]-´p.-
61.- -1924˛¬- ssh-°w- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn¬- ]-
s¶-Sp-Øv- tI-f-∏-≥ P-bn¬-hm-kw- h-cn-
®p.-
62.- -1927¬- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- ]m-d-≥ kv-Iz-b-dn¬-
Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-[y-£X - b
- n¬- tN¿-∂-
tbm-K-Øn¬- cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b- tI-c-f-
A-¥y-tPm-≤m-c-W-kw-L-Øn-s‚- B-Zy-
sk-{I-´d - n- sI.-tI-f∏ - \- m-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n.-Ir-
63.-
jv-W-\m-bn-cp-∂p- {]-kn-U-‚ v.-
-1929˛¬- tI-f-∏-≥ am-Xr-`q-an- bp-sS- ]-
{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn.-
64.- -1930˛¬- tIm-gn-t°m-´p- \n-∂pw- ]-ø-∂q¿-
°v- D-∏p-k-Xym-{K-l- Pm-Y- \-bn-®- tI-f-
∏-≥ A-tXm-S-\p-_-‘n-®v- tI-c-f-Øn¬-
\-S-∂- k-a-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw-
\¬-In.-
65.- -]m-e-°m-´p-\n-∂v- Sn.-B¿.-Ir-jv-W-kzm-an-
A-ø-cpw- s]m-∂m-\n-bn¬-\n-∂v- sam-bv-Xp-
au-e-hn-bpw- k-am-¥-c-am-bn- D-∏p- k-Xym-
{K-lP - m-YI - ƒ- \-SØ - n-sb-¶n-epw- s]m-eo-
kn-s‚- A-Sn-®a - ¿-Øe - p-Iƒ- G-‰h - pw- {Iq-
c-am-bn- A-\p-`-hn-®-Xv- tI-f-∏-s‚- t\-Xr-
Xz-Øn-ep-≈- Pm-Ymw-K-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.-
66.- a - e- _
- m-dn-se- Xo-≠¬- Pm-Xn-°m-cp-sS- k-
©m-cw,- kv-Iqƒ- {]-th-i-\w- Xp-S-ßn-b-
au-en-Ik - zm-X{- ¥y-߃-°p-th-≠n- A-t±-
lw- \n-c-h-[n- t]m-cm-´-߃- \-S-Øn.- A-
h-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv- tI-
f-∏-\pw- kzm-an- B-\-µ-Xo¿-∞-\pw- tN¿-
∂p- \-bn-®- I-eym-t»-cn- k-a-cw.-
67.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- t£-{X-Øn¬- Xo-≠¬- Pm-
Xn-°m¿-°p- {]-th-i-\w- e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-
th-≠n- 1931˛¬- tI-f-∏-≥ H-cp- k-Xym-{K-
l-Øn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In.- ]-Øp-am-
kw- \o-≠p-\n-∂- k-a-cw- Km-‘n-Pn- C-S-
s]-´m-Wv- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®-Xv.-
68.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- t£-{X-Øn-se- {]-th-i-\w-
kw-_-‘n-®- s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-{]m-bw- A-
dn-bm-≥ ln-X-]-cn-tim-[-\- \-S-Øn-b- Xm-
eq-°v- s]m-∂m-\n-bm-Wv.- N-cn-{X-Øn-\v- 1987˛-se- tI-cf
- - km-ln-Xy-
69.- -1934 ta-bn¬- tIm-gn-t°m-´v- tI-f-∏-s‚- A-°m-Z-an- A-hm¿-Uv- e-`n-®p.-
A-[y-£-X-bn¬- tN¿-∂-tbm-Kw- tI-c-f- 80.- -1971 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 6 \v- sI.-tI-f-∏-≥ A-
tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-°v- cq-]w- \¬-In.- ¥-cn-®p.-
kn.-sI.-tKm-hn-µ-≥ \m-b¿- {]-kn-U-‚pw-
]n.-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈- sk-{I-´-dn-bp-am-bn.-
70.- -1936˛¬- tI-f-∏-≥ ho-≠pw- am-Xr-`q-an- ]-
F.sI. tKm]me≥
{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn.- tI-c-f- {]-tZ-iv- tIm-¨- (1902˛1977)
{K-kv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- {]-Y-am-[y-£-\m-bn-
81.- -]m-h-ß-fp-sS- ]-S-Ø-e-h-≥ F-∂- A-]-
sX-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- A-t±-lw- 1938˛¬-
c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-´- F.-sI.-Pn- F-∂-
a-e-_m¿- Un-kv-{Sn-Iv-Sv- t_m¿-Un-s‚- B-
F.-sI.- tKm-]m-e≥ - kp-Zo¿-LI - m-es - Ø-
Zy-sØ- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn.-
[-\y-am-b- s]m-Xp-Po-hn-X-Øn-eq-sS- tI-
71.- -1940˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn- hy-Iv-Xn- k-Xy-{K-l-
c-f- cm-jv-{So-b-Øn¬- Nn-c-kv-a-c-Wo-b-am-
Øn-\v- B-lzm-\w- \¬-In-b-t∏mƒ- B-
b- hy-‡n-Xz-Øn-\p-S-a-bm-Wv.-
Zy-sØ- k-Xy-{K-ln-bm-bn- sX-c-s™-Sp-
82.- B- Z- y- tem-Ivk- `- b
- n-se- {]-Xn-]£- {- Kq-∏n-
°-s∏-´- tI-f-∏-≥,- sIm-bn-em-≠n-bn¬-
s‚- t\-Xm-hm-b- F.-sI.-Pn- an-I-®- ]m¿-
h-®v- \n-b-a-ew-L-\w- \-S-Øn- A-d-Ãp-
e-sa-t‚-dn-b-≥ F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- C-¥y-
h-cn-®p- (tZ-io-b-X-e-Øn¬- hn-t\m-_m-
≥ cm-jv-{So-b-Øn¬- X-s‚- km-∂n-[y-a-
`m-sh- B-bn-cp-∂p- B-Zy-sØ- hy-Iv-Xn-
dn-bn-®n-´p-≠v.- F.-sI.-Pn.- tem-Ivk - `
- b- n¬-
k-{X-{K-ln-).-
{]-kw-Kn-°p-tºmƒ- {i-≤n-°m-≥ {]-[m-
72.- -hn-tZ-i-h-kv-{X- _-ln-jv-I-c-Ww,- Jm-Zn-
{]-N-c-Ww,- a-Zy-jm-∏p- ]n-°-‰nw-Kv,- A-bn-
\-a-{¥n- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- Im-Wn-
®n-cp-∂- Xm-ev-]-cyw- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv.-
tØm-®m-S-\w- F-∂n-h-bpw- A-t±-lw- X-
s‚- I¿-a-]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- s]-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-
83.- -1902 Pq-sse-bn¬- I-Æq¿- Pn-√-bn-se- Nn-
d-bv-°¬- am-hn-em-bn-bn¬- B-bn-ey-Øv-
∂p.-
Ip-t‰y-cn- am-[-hn-b-Ω-bp-sS-bpw- sh-≈p-
73.- -1942˛-se- Izn-‰n-¥ym- k-a-c-Øn-\v- ]-s¶-
h-tIm-W-Øv- ssc-cp- \-ºym-cp-sS-bpw- a-
Sp-Øv- in-£-b-\p-`-hn-®v- ]p-d-Øp- h-∂-
I-\m-bn-´m-Wv- tKm-]m-e-≥ P-\n-®-Xv.-
Xn-\p-ti-jw- A-t±-lw- ho-≠pw- sI.-]n.-
84.- -D¬-]-Xn-jv-Wp-hm-b- A-—-s‚-bpw- aq-Ø-
kn.-kn.- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn- (1945˛-50)- B- ]-
k-tlm-Zc - s
- ‚-bpw- kzm-[o-\Ø - n¬- h-f¿-
Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- kzm-X-{¥y-e-_v-[n-°p-
∂- tKm-]m-e-≥ G-gmw- ¢m-kn-\p-ti-jw-
km-£yw- h-ln-®- A-t±-lw- sF-Iy- tI-
A-[ym-]-I-\m-bn.- H-gn-hp-k-a-b-ß-fn¬-
c-f- cq-]-h-Xv-I-c-W- I-Ωn-‰n- A-[y-£-\m-
s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬- ap-gp-Im-≥ A-
bpw- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.-
t±-lw- Xm-ev-]-cyw- I-s≠-Øn.-
74.- -1951˛¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn¬- \n-∂pw- cm-Pn-
85.- -G-gp-h¿-j-tØm-fw- s]-c-f-t»-cn-bn-epw-
h-®- A-t±-lw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-
tIm-gn-t°m-´pw- F.-sI.-Pn.- A-[ym-]I - \ - m-
Ãv- ]m¿-´n,- In-km-≥ a-kv-Zq¿- {]-Pm- ]m¿-
bn- tPm-en- sN-bv-Xp.- a-Zy-h¿-P-\-{]-h¿-
´n- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- t\-Xm-hm-bn.-
75.- -1952˛¬- A-t±-lw- s]m-∂m-\n-bn¬- \n-
∂pw- tem-Ivk - `
- mw-Ka
- m-bn.- 1953˛¬- cq-]w-
sIm-≠- {]-Pm- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-
sS- t\-Xm-hm-bpw- A-t±-lw- tk-h\ - a- \
- p-
jv-Tn-®p.-
76.- -1955˛¬- cm-jv-{So-b-Øn¬- \n-∂pw- hn-c-
an-®- tI-f-∏-s‚- ]n-∂o-Sp-≈- Po-hn-X-e-
£yw- Km-‘n-b-≥ B-Z¿-i-߃- {]m-h¿-
Øn-I-am-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.-
77.- -Xp-S¿-∂v- k¿-thm-Z-b- {]-ÿm-\-Øn¬-
tN¿-∂p- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- A-t±-lw- X-h-
\q-cn¬- dq-d¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- ÿm-]n-®p.-
78.- ]- X
- va
- {- io- \¬-In- B-Zc- n-°m-≥ k¿-°m¿-
{i-an-s®-¶n-epw- B- _-lp-a-Xn- A-t±-lw-
\n-c-kn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.-
79.- -Fw.-]n.-a-∑-Y-≥ c-Nn-®- tI-f-∏-s‚- Po-h-

113
 Ø-\w,- Jm-Zn- {]-Nm-c-Ww,- N¿-°- {]-Nm-
c-Ww,- hn-tZ-i- h-kv-{X- _-ln-jv-I-c-Ww-
F-∂o- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- A-t±-lw- k-
Po-h-am-bn- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.-
86.- k
- n-hn¬- B-⁄m-ew-L\ - - {]-ÿm-\Ø
s‚- `m-Ka - m-bn- tI-cf- Ø - n¬- 1930˛¬- sI.-
tI-f-∏-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- D-∏p-k-Xym-
{K-l-Pm-Y- ]p-d-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- ]-ø-∂q-cn¬-
kzo-I-c-Ww- \¬-In-b-Xv- F.-sI.-tKm-]m-
e-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.-
87.- X- p-S¿-∂v- A-[ym-]I - t- Pm-en- cm-Pn-h®
tI-f∏ - ≥- tIm-gn-t°m-´v- F-Øn- \n-ba
L-\w- \-S-Øn- A-d-Ãp-h-cn-®p.- F.-sI.-
Pn-bp-sS- B-Zy- P-bn¬-hm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p-
A-Xv.-
88.- -tI-c-f- {]-tZ-iv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-
sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-
{K-lw- Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn-
\m-bn- I-Æq-cn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-d-s∏-´- t£-{X-
k-Xym-{K-l-Pm-Y-bp-sS- t\-Xm-hv- kp-{_-
a-Wy-≥ Xn-cp-ap-ºpw- Pm-Ym- Iym-]v‰
sI.-Pn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
89.- -Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-{K-l- k-a-c-Øn-s‚-
thm-f≠ - n-b¿- Iym-]v‰ - \- m-bn-cp-∂- F.-sI.-
Pn.- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-Ic - p-sS- {Iq-ca
\n-c-bm-bn.-
90.- -\n-b-a-ew-L-\- {]-ÿm-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-
s∏-´v- P-bn-en¬- I-gn-bp-∂- k-a-b-Øv- t\-
Xm-°-fp-am-bn- A-Sp-°m-≥ Iq-Sp-X¬- A-
h-k-cw- e-`n-®p.-
91.- -tkm-jy-en-k-sØ-°p-dn-®v- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp-
t_m-[h - p-am-bn- P-bn-en¬-\n-∂n-dß
cp- kw-Lw- bp-hm-°ƒ- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf-
kw-L-Sn-∏n-®v- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-\v- ]p-
Xn-sbm-cp- Zn-im-t_m-[w- \¬-Ip-I- F-∂-
Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-Øp.-
92.- -1935˛-38 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- F.-sI.-Pn.-bp-sS-
{]-h¿-Ø\ - w- tI-{µo-Ic - n-®X- v- tIm-gn-t°m-
´pw- ]-cn-k-c- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw- sXm-gn-em-
fn- kw-L-S-\-Iƒ- D-≠m-°p-I- F-∂- e-
£y-Øn-em-Wv.-
93.- -1934˛¬- cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-b- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
saIvknt°m
116.- -t\m¿-Øv- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- H-cp- s^-U-
d¬- dn-∏-ªn-°m-Wv- sa-Iv-kn-t°m.-
117.- -sa-Iv-kn-t°m- kn-‰n-bm-Wv- sa-Iv-kn-t°m-
bp-sS- X-eÿ - m-\w.- kv] - m-\n-jv- `m-j- kw-
km-cn-°p-∂- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-
en-b- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.-
118.- -s^-U-d¬- {]-kn-U-≥jy¬- tIm-¨-Ãn-
‰yq-jW - ¬- dn-∏_ - vf
- n-°m-b- sa-Ivk
bp-sS- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS- t]-cv-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- F-∂m-Wv.- tNw-_¿- Hm-^v-
U-]yq-´o-kpw- sk-\-‰p-a-S-ßp-∂- Zzn-a-Wv-
U-e- k-`-bm-Wn-Xv.-
119.- 1- 810˛¬- kvs - ]-bn-\n¬-\n-∂v- sa-Ik
kzm-X-{¥yw- {]-Jym-]n-®p.-
120.- -s]-tkm- B-Wv- sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bn-se- \m-
W-bw.-
121.- k- v]- m-\n-jm-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\`
a-‰-t\-Iw- `m-j-Iƒ-°pw- tZ-io-b-`m-jm-
]-Zh - n- D-s≠-¶n-epw- Hu-tZym-Kn-I`- m-jb
bn- H-∂n-s\-bpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-´n-√.-
122.- -em-‰n-≥ A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-ß-fn¬- P-\-
kw-Jy-bn¬- c-≠mw- ÿm-\-Øv- sa-Iv-kn-
t°m-bm-Wv.-
123.- -kv-]m-\n-jv- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°p-∂- cm-Py-
ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b-Xv-
sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bm-Wv.-
124.- -sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bp-sS- ]-g-b- t]-cm-Wv- \yq-
kv-s]-bn-≥.-
125.- t- em-Ia - l
- m-bp-≤m-\¥ - c - - Im-eL- ´- Ø
ssk-\n-I- A-´n-ad- n-bp-≠m-Im-Ø- G-I- em-
‰n-≥ A-ta-cn-°≥ - cm-Py-am-W-v sa-Ik
126.- -hm-\n-e,- ]-∏m-b,- Um-en-b,- tNm-fw- F-
∂n-hb - p-sS- P-∑t- Z-ia - m-Wv- sa-Ivk- n-t°m.-
tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bn¬- F.-sI.-Pn.- {]-
[m-\- {]-h¿-Ø-I-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn.- ap-gp-h-
≥ k-a-b-hpw- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fn-Iƒ-°n-S-
bn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°m-≥ Xm-e] v- c- y-s∏-´- F.-
- n- sI.-Pn.- A-h¿-s°m-∏w- D-≠pw- D-dß - n-bpw-
A-h-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn- am-dn.-
1935s^-{_p-h-cn-bn-se- {]-i-kv-X-am-
b- Xn-cp-h-Æq¿- tIm-´-¨- an¬- k-a-c-Øn-
\v- F.-sI.-Pn.- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In.- a-e-_m-
dn-s\- 1930˛-I-fn¬- C-f-°n- a-dn-®- \n-c-h-
- - sI.- [n- sXm-gn-em-fn- k-a-c-߃ F.-sI.-Pn.-
- e- w- \bn-®p-.-
94.- -1936˛¬- a-{Zm-kv- s{]m-hn-≥kn-s‚- B-
ÿm-\-am-b- sN-ss∂-bn-te-°v- I-Æq-
cn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-d-s∏-´- Im¬-\-S-Pm-Y- \-bn-
®-Xv- F.-sI.-Pn-bm-Wv.- ]-´n-Wn-Pm-Y- F-
∂v- tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Cu- Pm-Y- tI-c-f-Øn¬- tkm-jy-en-kw-
{]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬- \n¿-Wm-b-I- ]-¶p-
h-ln-®p.- 32 t]-cm-Wv- Cu- Pm-Yb - n¬- F.-
- ≥ - F.- sI.-Pn-sb- A-\p-K-an-®-Xv.-
95.- -]n-∂o-Sv,- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- D-Ø-c-hm-
Z-`-c-W- {]-t£m-`-Øn¬- A-\p-`m-hw- {]-
I-Sn-∏n-°m-≥ sI.-]n.-kn.-kn.- Xo-cp-am-\-
- ¿-±\ - Ø - n- {]-Im-cw- tIm-gn-t°m-´p-\n-∂v- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-
Iq-dn-te-°v- a-e_- m¿-Pm-Y- \-bn-®X - pw- F.-
sI.-Pn-bm-Wv.- 28 t]¿- A-S-ßp-∂- Pm-Y-
tIm-gn-t°m-´v-\n-∂v- 1938 sk-]v-Xw-_¿-
10\v- ]p-d-s∏-´p.- sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 16\v- Pm-
Y- F-d-Wm-Ip-f-sØ-Øn.- Pm-Y-sb- B-
ep-h-bn¬- X-S-™v- t\-Xm-°-sf- A-d-Ãv-
- n-b- H- sN-bv-Xv- (sk-]v-Xw-_¿-19)- B-e-∏p-g- P-
bn-en-e-S-®p.-
96.- X
- n-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Zn-hm-≥ kn.-]n.-bvs - °-Xn-
sc- \-S-°p-∂- {]-t£m-`-ß-fn¬- tÃ-‰v-
tIm-¨{- K-kn-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - ƒ-°v- ]n-
¥p-W- \¬-Im-≥ F.-sI.-Pn.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-
Iq-dn-se-Øn.- B-e∏ - p-gb
- n¬- A-t±-lw- sXm-
gn-em-fn-Is- f- kw-LS- n-∏n-°m-\m-cw-`n-®p.-
97.- -N-cn-{X-{]-kn-≤-am-b- 1938˛-se- B-e-∏p-g-
sXm-gn-em-fn- k-a-c-Øn-\v- F.-sI.-Pn.- t\-
Xr-Xzw- \¬-In.-
tem-Icm-Py-߃-
127.- -]q-cm-h-kv-Xp- tI-{µ-am-b- sN-®-≥ C-‰v-k-
sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bn-em-Wv.-
128.- -tem-I-Øn-s‚- kw-`-c-W-im-e- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- sa-Iv-kn-t°m- B-Wv.-
129.- -am-b-≥ kw-kv-Im-cw- hym-]n-®n-cp-∂- cm-
- n-t°m-
v- n-t°m-
- m-j.- Py-ß-fm-Wv- sa-Iv-kn-t°m,- Kzm-´n-am-e,-
tlm-≠p-dm-kv- F-∂n-h.-
- m- 130.- -d-jy-bn-se- t_mƒ-sj-hn-Iv- hn-π-h-Øn-
s‚- t\-Xm-°-fn-sem-cm-fm-b- t{Sm-Sv-kv-In-
h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv- sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bn¬- h-®m-
Wv- (1940)-
131.- -s\m-t_¬- km-ln-Xy- k-Ωm-\- tP-Xm-
hm-b- H-Ivt- S-hn-tbm- ]m-kv- sa-Ivk
- n-t°m-
°m-c-\m-Wv.-
132.- -l-cn-X- hn-π-hw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- sa-Iv-kn-
t°m-bn-em-Wv.- l-cn-X- hn-πh - Ø
- n-s‚- ]n-
Xm-hm-b- t\m¿-a-≥ t_m¿-tem-Kv- A-ta-
- n¬- cn-°-°m-c-\m-Wv.-
133.- -1968˛¬- sa-Iv-kn-t°m- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv-
-v n-t°m.- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv- \-S-∂-Xv.-
134.- -em-‰n-≥ A-ta-cn-°-bn¬-h-®p-\-S-∂- B-
Zy- H-fn-ºn-Iv-km-Wv- sa-Iv-kn-t°m- H-fn-
114
98.- {- ]-`m-Xw- F-∂- t]-cn¬- kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c
- -
sØ- k-lm-bn-°m-\m-cw-`n-®- ]-{X-Øn-s‚-
am-t\-Pc - m-bpw- A-t±-lw- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.-
99.- {- ]-t£m-`ß - ƒ-°n-Sb - n¬- ]-e- X-hW - - A-
d-Ãv- sN-øp-s∏-´- F.-sI.-Pn.- H-fn-hp-Po-hn-
X-Øn-\n-S-bn-epw- Xn-cp-®n-d-∏-≈n- tKmƒ-
U-≥ tdm-°v- sd-bn¬-sh- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-
sf- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®p.-
100.--Xn-cp-®n-d-∏-≈n-bn¬- H-fn-hn¬- I-gn-b-th-
A-t±-lw- A-d-Ãv- sN-ø-s∏-´p.- Ip-d-®p-
am-k-߃-°p-ti-jw- P-bn¬-Nm-Sn- c-£-
s∏-´- A-t±-lw- H-fn-hn¬- I-gn-™p-sIm-
≠p-X-s∂- cm-{„o-b- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬-
ap-gp-In.-
101.- -1944˛¬- tI-c-f- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS-
sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn- A-t±-lw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
°-s∏-´p.-
102.--A-Jn-te-¥ym- In-k-≥ k-`-bp-sS- A-[y-
£-\pw- tIm-^n- t_m¿-Uv- bq-Wn-b-s‚-
A-Jn-te-¥ym- t\-Xm-hp-am-bpw- A-t±-lw-
{]-h¿-Øn-®p.- F.-sI.-Pn.-bp-sS- kw-Lm-
S-\a - n-Ih - n-s‚- an-I®- - D-Zm-lc - W
- a
- m-Wv- A-
t±-lw- ÿm-]n-®- C-¥y-≥ tIm-^n- lu-
kv- kw-cw-`w.-
103.--C¥ - y-°v- kzm-X{- ¥yw- e-`n-°p-tºmƒ- F.-
sI.-Pn.- I-Æq¿- P-bn-en¬- X-S-h-d-bn-em-
bn-cp-∂p.- {_n-´o-jv- k¿-°m¿- kzm-X{- ¥y-
k-ac - Ø- n-s\-Xn-sc- D-≠m-°n-b- A-tX- \n-
b-a-a-\p-k-cn-®v- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p-ti-jw-
F.-sI.-Pn.-sb- hn-Nm-c-W- sN-bv-X-Xv- _-
lp-P\ - t- cm-£w- s]m-´n-∏p-ds - ∏-Sp-∂X - n-\n-
S-bm-°n.-
104.--I-cp-X¬- X-S¶ - ¬- \n-ba - {- ]-Im-cw- A-dà - p-
sN-øs - ∏-´- F.-sI.-Pn.- B- \n-ba - Ø
- n-s\-
Xn-sc- kp-{]ow- tIm-SX - n-bn¬- kz-bw- hm-
Zn-®-v P-bn-®- kw-`h - w- N-cn-{X-{]-kn-≤a - m-W.v -
105.--1952˛-se- tem-Iv-k-`m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬-
I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-bm-bn- Im-k¿-
tIm-Sv- a-Wv-U-e-Øn¬- a-’-cn-®- F.-sI.-
Pn.- tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-hv- kn.-sI.-tKm-
hn-µ-≥ \m-b-sc- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn.-
106.--1952 sk-]v-Xw-_-dn¬- F.-sI.-Pn.- hn-hm-
ºn-Iv-kv.-
135.--kv-]m-\n-jv- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°p-∂- cm-Py-
Øp-h-®p-\-S-∂- B-Zy- H-fn-ºn-Iv-km-Wv-
sa-Iv-kn-t°m- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kv.-
136.--G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-Øn¬-h-®p-\-S-∂- (2239 ao-
‰¿-)- H-fn-ºn-Iv-km-Wv- sa-Iv-kn-t°m- H-fn-
ºn-Iv-kv.-
137.--I-gn-™- 100 h¿-j-Øn-\n-sS- sa-Iv-kn-
t°m- \-K-cw- 42 A-Sn- Xm-gv-∂n-´p-≠v.-
138.--]-£n-∏-\n- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-
cm-Py-am-Wv- sa-Iv-kn-t°m.-
139.--sa-Iv-kn-t°m- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- ÿm-\-Øm-
Wv- B-ks v- S-Iv- km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- B-ÿ-
m\ambncp∂ Tenochtitlan.
t]m¿®p-K¬
140.sX°p-]S- n-™m-d≥ - bq-tdm-∏n¬- sF-_o-
cn-b-≥ D-]-Zzo-]n-ep-≈- cm-Py-am-Wv- t]m¿-
®p-K¬.-
141.- -eq-kn-‰m-\n-b- F-∂v- A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv-
t]m¿-®p-K-em-Wv.-
142.--t]m¿-®p-K-en-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- en-kv-_-
¨- B-Wv.- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- B-Wv- Hu-tZym-
Kn-I- `m-j.-
143.--tdm-a-≥ I-tØm-en-°-cm-Wv- t]m¿-®p-K-
en-se- {]-[m-\-a-X-hn-`m-Kw.-
144.--t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv- H-cp- bp-Wn-‰n- sk-an- {]-
kn-U-≥jy¬- dn-∏-ªn-°m-Wv.-
145.--bp-F-kv-F-˛-Im-\-U- A-Xn¿-Øn- I-gn-
™m¬,- tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw-Iq-Sn-
b- A-Xn¿-Øn- t]m¿-®p-K-en-\pw- kv-s]-
bn-\p-an-S-bn-em-Wv.-
146.--C¥ - y-bp-am-bn- k-ap-{Z-am¿-Kw- \m-hn-I- _-
‘w- ÿm-]n-®- B-Zy-sØ- bq-tdm-]y-≥
ln-X\ - m-bn.- h-be - m¿- Ãm-en-≥ F-∂d - n-
b-s∏-´- kn.-sI.-Ip-am-c∏ - W
- n-°c - p-sS- A-
\-¥c - h- ƒ- kp-io-eb - m-bn-cp-∂p- h-[p- (]n-
∂o-Sv- kp-io-em- tKm-]m-e≥ - tI-cf - Ø- n¬-
a-{¥n-bpw- ]m¿-e-sa-‚w-K-hp-am-bn-).-
107.-- 1 956˛¬- Kp- P - d m- Ø v - a- l m- { ]- t £m- ` -
Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Øv- A-d-Ãp-h-cn-®p.- ]-
©m-_n¬- 1958˛¬- \-S-∂- \n-Ip-Xn- hn-
cp-≤- k-a-c-Øn-epw- k-l-I-cn-®p.-
108.--F.-sI.-Pn-bp-sS- a-s‰m-cp- k-ac - a- m-bn-cp-∂p-
1960˛-se- I¿-j-I- Pm-Y.- C.-Fw.-F-kv.-
k¿-°m¿- ]m-km-°n-b- I¿-j-I- _-‘-
_n¬- \-S∏ - n-em-°W - w- F-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p-
Pm-Y-bp-sS- B-h-iyw.-
109.--A-a-cm-h-Xn- k-Xym-{K-lw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-
1961 Pq-¨- B-dn-\m-Wv.- {]m-b-hpw- A-
\m-tcm-Ky-hpw- A-hK - W- n-®m-Wv- A-t±-lw-
k-a-c-sØ- hn-P-b-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-®-Xv.-
110.- -1963˛¬- ap-X-fn-˛-Io-cn-tØm-Sv- Ip-Sn-bn-d-
°n¬- {]-Xn-tj-[n-®v- A-t±-lw- \n-cm-lm-
cw- \-S-Øn.-
111.- -1971˛¬- an-®-`q-an- k-a-c-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-
®v- ap-S-h-≥ap-Kƒ- sIm-´m-c-Øn¬- \-S-∂-
k-a-c-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-bn- A-t±-lw- ho-
≠pw- A-d-Ãn-em-bn.-
112.- -1964˛¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- ]n-f¿-∂-
t∏mƒ- A-t±-lw- kn.-]n.-F-Ωn¬- \n-e-
sIm-≠p.- Po-hn-X-Im-ew- ap-gp-h-≥ P-\-
Io-b- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-epw- k-a-c-ß-fn-
epw- ap-gp-In-b- A-t±-lw- 1977 am¿-®v- 22˛-
\v- A-¥-cn-®p.-
113.- -C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- {]-Xn-a- ÿm-
]n-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- t\-Xm-hm-
Wv- F.-sI.-Pn.-
114.- -F-s‚- Po-hn-X-I-Y-bm-Wv- F.-sI.-Pn-bp-
sS- B-fl-I-Y.-
115.- k
- n.-]n.-FΩ - n-s‚- tZ-io-b- B-ÿm-\h - pw-
(\yq-U¬-ln-bn-se- F.-sI.-Pn.-`h - ≥ - )- tI-
c-f-L-S-I-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-\-hpw- (Xn-cp-
h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ- F.-sI.-Pn.-sk-‚¿-)- \m-
a-Ic - W- w- sN-øs - ∏-´n-cp-°p-∂X - v- Cu- t\-
Xm-hn-s‚- kv-a-c-Wm¿-Y-am-Wv.-
i-‡n- t]m¿-®p-K-em-Wv.- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv-
\m-hn-I-\m-b- hm-kv-tIm-U-Km-a- 1498˛¬-
C-¥y-bn-se-Øn.-
147.--tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- ]-d-¶n-Iƒ- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-Wv.-sIm-
®n-bn-se- U-®p-sIm-´m-cw- \n¿-an-®-Xv- A-
h-cm-Wv.-
148.--{_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°v- t_mw-s_- e-`n-®-X-v
t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.-
149.--C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew-
tIm-f-\n-`-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- bq-tdm-]y-≥
cm-Pyw- t]m¿-®p-Ke - m-Wv.- 1510 ap-X¬- 1961
h-sc- tKm-h-bn¬- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-
∂-Xv- t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-Wv.-
150.--t]m¿-®p-K-em-Wv- 1999˛¬- a-°m-hp-hn-s\-
ssN-\-bv-°v- ssI-am-dn-b-Xv.-
151.- -Cu-Ãv- Xn-tam-dn¬- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-
∂- bq-tdm-]y-≥ i-‡n- t]m¿-®p-Ke - m-Wv.-
152.-{io-e¶- b- n¬- B-[n-]X- y-ap-d∏
- n-®- B-Zy-sØ-
bq-tdm-]y-≥ i-‡n- t]m¿-®p-Ke - m-Wv.-
153.--d-∫¿,- a-c-®o-\n,- ssI-X-®-°- F-∂n-h-
C-¥y-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv- t]m¿-®p-Ko-
kp-Im-cm-Wv.-
ku-Zn- A-td-_y-
154.--]-›n-ta-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- A-d-
_v- cm-Py-am-Wv- ku-Zn- A-td-_y.-
155.--Aƒ-Po-cn-b- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b-
A-d_ - v- cm-Pyw- ku-Zn- A-td-_y-bm-Wv.-
156.--G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Kƒ-^v- cm-Py-am-Wv- ku-
Zn- A-td-_y.-
157.--sN-¶-S-ep-am-bpw- t]¿-jy-≥ Kƒ-^p-am-
bpw- Xo-c-ap-≈- G-I- cm-Py-am-Wv- ku-Zn-
A-td-_y.-
158.--ap-…n-ßf - p-sS- G-‰h
- pw- ]m-h\
- a
- m-b- c-≠p-
ÿ-e-ß-fm-b- sa-°-bpw- a-Zo-\-bpw- ku-
Zn- A-td-_y-bn-em-Wv.-
159.--dn-bm-Zv- B-Wv- ku-Zn- A-td-_y-bp-sS- X-
e-ÿm-\w.- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j- A-d-_n.-
cm-Py-sØ- a-Xw- C-…mw.-
160.--bp-Wn-‰d - n- C-…m-an-Iv- sam-Wm¿-°n-bm-Wv-
ku-Zn- A-td-_y.-
161.- k
- u-Zn- dn-bm-em-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- \m-Wb - w.-
162.--ap-lΩ- Z- v- \-_n-°v- B-Zy-am-bn- ssZ-hØ - n-
s‚- sh-fn-]m-Sp-≠m-b- ln-dm- Kp-l- ku-
Zn- A-td-_y-bn-em-Wv.-
163.--tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- s]-t{Sm-fn-
bw- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw,- G-‰-hpw-
Iq-Sp-X¬- s]-t{Sm-fn-bw- I-b-‰p-a-Xn- sN-
øp-∂- cm-Pyw- F-∂o- {]-tXy-I-X-Iƒ-
ku-Zn- A-td-_y-°v- kz-¥-am-Wv.-
164.--G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- cm-P-Ip-Spw-_w- ku-Zn-
A-td-_y-bn-em-Wv.-
165.--G-gp- I-S-ep-I-fm¬- Np-‰-s∏-´- cm-Pyw- F-
∂v- ku-Zn- A-td-_y-sb- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-
dp-≠v.-
166.--ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- P-\n-®-Xv- sa-°-bn-em-
Wv.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- I-_-dn-Sw- ÿn-
Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv- a-Zo-\-bn-em-Wv.-
167.--au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw- B-km-Zv- P-
\n-®-Xv- (1888)- sa-°-bn-em-Wv.-
I∏m¿´v ˛ Council of Advancement of
People’s Action & Rural Technology (1986)
191. {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse PohnX \ne-hmcw
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pth≠n 1986 ¬
Bcw-`n-®p. ]mh-s∏-´-h-scbpw kmaq-
ln- I - a mbn ]n∂m°w \n¬°p- ∂ - h -
scbpamWv {][m-\-ambpw e£y-an-´-Xv.
hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-∏m-°p-∂-
Xn\v {KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-
°p∂ k∂-≤k - w-LS- \
- I
- ƒ°v I]m¿´v
klmbw \¬Ip-∂p.
\mj-\¬ {Un¶nwKv hm´¿ anj≥ (1986)
192. {Kma-{]-tZ-iß
- f
- nse IpSn-sh≈ e`yX
h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v 1986-˛¬ Bhn-jvI-
cn® ]≤Xn 1991-˛¬ cmPohv Km‘n
\mj- W ¬ {Un¶nwKv anj≥ F∂p
]p\¿\ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.
Phml¿ tdmkv K m¿ tbmP\˛1989
193.tZio-b- sXm-gn¬-Zm-\- ]-≤-Xn-bpw- {Km-
ao-W- `q-c-ln-X- sXm-gn¬- `-{Z-Xm- ]-cn-]m-
Sn-bpw- kw-tbm-Pn-∏n-®v- A-Xn-s‚- ÿm-
\-Øv- 1989¬- cm-Po-hv- Km-‘n- k¿-°m¿-
\-S-∏m-°n-b- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.- {Km-ao-
W- ta-J-e-bn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- sXm-gn-e-h-
k-c-߃- kr-jv-Sn-°p-I,- A-Sn-ÿm-\-
ku-I-cy-߃- h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I,- k-aq-l-
Øn-\v- ÿm-bn-bm-b- B-kv-Xn-Iƒ- kr-
jv-Sn-°p-I- F-∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-≤-Xn-
bp-sS- e-£y-߃.- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS-
30%- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°m-bn- kw-h-c-Ww- sN-
aXw,BflobX,]pcmWw
201.tb-ip- {In-kv-Xp- F-{X- h-b- p-h-sc- Po-
hn-®n-cp-∂p-˛- 33 - 207.- -Cw-•-≠n-se- a-X-]o-T-\-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v- c-
202.- -Zn¬-hm-c- t£-{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- au-
≠v- A-_p-
203.- -Bw-•n-°m-\n-k-Øn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-
In-b- Cw-•-≠n-se- cm-Pm-hv-˛- sl-≥dn- F-
´m-a-≥
204.- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- h-cp-am-
\-ap-≈- t£-{Xw- ˛-Xn-cp-∏-Xn-bn-se- sh-
¶n-tS-iz-c-t£-{Xw-
205.- -C-‰-en-°m-c-\-√m-Ø- B-Zy- t]m-∏v-˛- tPm-
¨- t]mƒ- c-≠m-a-≥
168.--ap-kv-fn-ß-fp-sS- G-‰-hpw- ]m-h-\- ÿ-e-
am-b- I-_- ku-Zn- A-td-_y-bn-em-Wv.-
ku-Zn- A-td-_y-bn-te-°p-≈- Xo¿-Ym-S-
\-am-Wv- l-÷v.-
169.--h\- n-XI- ƒ-°v- hm-l\ - t- am-Sn-°m-≥ A-\p-
hm-Z-an-√m-Ø- G-I- cm-Py-am-Wv- sa-°.-
170.--tem-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-∏a - p-≈- hn-am-
\-Øm-hf - a- m-W-v Z-am-an-\S- p-Øp-≈- Inw-K-v ^-
l-Zv- C-‚¿-\m-jW - ¬- F-b¿-t]m¿-´v.-
171.- -A-td-_y-≥ a-cp-`q-an-bm-Wv- G-jy-bn-se-
G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- a-cp-`q-an.- C-Xv- {]-[m-\-
am-bpw- ku-Zn- A-td-_y-bn-em-Wv.-
knw-K∏
- q¿-
172.--sX-°p- In-g° - t- \-jy-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- sN-
dn-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- knw-K-∏q¿.- a-e-b- D-]-
Zzo-]n-em-Wv- knw-K-∏q-cn-s‚- ÿm-\w.-
173.--Cw-•o-jv,-a-e-bv,-am-≥U-cn-≥,- X-an-gv- F-∂n-
h- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-I-fm-Wv.- \m-W-bw-
tUm-f¿.-
174.--knw-K∏ - q¿- kn-‰n-bm-Wv- X-eÿ- m-\w.- knw-
l- \-K-cw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- knw-K-∏q-
cm-Wv.-
175.--bp-Wn-‰-dn- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-
j-W¬- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- B-Wv- knw-K-∏q¿.- \n-
b-a\- n¿-am-Wk- `- b
- p-sS- t]-cv- ]m¿-es- a-‚ v.-
{Km-ahn-Ik\w- ˛ 3
bv-Xn-cp-∂p.- Iq-en-bpw- km-[-\-ß-fp-sS-
hn-e-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-\p-]m-Xw- 60:-40
B-bn-cp-∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]-≤-Xn-sb- {Km-a-
k-ar-≤n- tbm-P-\- F-∂v- ]p-\¿- \m-a-I-c-
Ww- sN-b-vXp.
s\{lp tdmkv K m¿ tbmP\˛- 1 989
194.\Kc-ß-fn-se- Z-cn-{Z-bp-h-P-\-߃-°v-
sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃- e-`y-am-°m-\p-X-Ip-
∂- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- 1989¬- B-cw-`n-®p.- 60:-40
F-∂- {I-a-Øn-em-Wv- tI-{µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\-
k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-°m-bn- Xp-I-
sN-e-h-gn-°p-∂-Xv.- 1997¬- C-Xv- kz¿-W-
P-b¥
- n- j-lc- n- tdm-kK
v- m¿- tbm-P\
- b
- n¬-
e-bn-∏n-®p.
Zie£w InW¿ ]≤Xn
(Million W ell Scheme)-1988-89
195.tZio-b- {Km-ao-W- sXm-gn¬- ]-≤-Xn-bp-
sS-bpw- {Km-ao-W- `q-c-ln-X- sXm-gn¬- ]-
≤-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- H-cp- D-]- ]-≤-Xn-bm-bn- Z-
i-e-£w- In-W¿- ]-≤-Xn- 1988˛-89 Im-e-
b-f-hn¬- B-cw-`n-®p.- 1988˛-89¬- P-h-l¿-
tdm-kvK - m¿- tbm-P\ - b- p-sS- D-]]- ≤- X- n-bm-
bn.- 1999¬- kz-X{- ¥- ]-≤X - n-bm-bn.- sF.-
B¿.-Un.-]n.- k¿-th- {]-Im-cw- Xn-c-s™-
Sp-°s - ∏-´- Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-Jb - v°
- v- Xm-sg-bp-≈-
]-´n-IP - m-Xn-˛]- ´- n-Ih - ¿-Kh - n-`m-K°- m-cn-se-
sN-dp-In-S- \m-a-am-{X- I¿-j-I-cm-Wv- Cu-
]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- e-£y-{Kq-∏v.- C-h-sc-°q-
Sm-sX- Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-bv-°v- Xm-sg-bp-≈- ]-
´n-IP- m-Xn-˛]
- ´- n-Ih - ¿-K° - m-c√ - m-Ø- sN-dp-
Question Bag
206.- C- …- m-an-I- hn-izm-k- {]-Im-cw- G-Z≥
- tXm-
´w- \n-e-\n-∂-cp-∂- ÿ-e-Øv- C-t∏m-gp-
≈- ]-´-Ww-˛- U-am-kv-I-kv-
£-s∏-Sm-≥ ]-Xn-t\-gmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- A-
ta-cn-°-bn-te-°v- Ip-Sn-tb-dm-\m-bn- t]m-
b- ]n¬-{Knw- ^m-tZ-gv-kv- k-©-cn-®- I-∏-
en-s‚- t]-cv-˛- sa-bv-^v-f-h¿-
208.- -C-Xn-lm-k-Øn-se- kq-cy-hw-i-Øn-s‚-
Ip-e-Kp-cp-˛- h-kn-jv-T-≥
209.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tdm-a-≥ I-tØm-en-
°¿- D-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- {_-ko¬-
210.- -tdm-a-≥ ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- ssZ-h-ß-fp-sS-
cm-Pm-hv-˛- Pq-∏n-‰¿-
115
176.--tXm-a-kv- Ãm-t^m¿-Uv- dm-^nƒ-kv- B-
Wv- knw-K-∏q-cn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥.-
177.--1963˛¬- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- In-Mv-U-Øn¬-\n-
∂v- kz-X-{¥-am-b- knw-K-∏q¿,- a-te-jy-
bn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-s]-´-Xv- 1965˛-em-Wv.-
178.--Gj - y-≥ cm-Py-߃-°n-Sb - n¬- P-\k - m-{µ-
X-bn¬- H-∂mw- ÿm-\-hpw- tem-I- cm-Py-
߃-°n-Sb - n¬- P-\k - m-{µ-Xb - n¬- c-≠mw-
ÿm-\-hp-ap-≈- cm-Py-am-Wv- knw-K-∏q¿.-
179.--G-jym- ]-k-^n-Iv- C-°-tWm-an-Iv- tIm-
Hm-∏t- d-js- ‚- B-ÿm-\w- knw-K∏ - q¿- kn-
‰n-bm-Wv.-
180.--ssk-_¿- \n-ba - ß- ƒ- \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - - B-
Zy-sØ- G-jy-≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- knw-K-∏q¿.-
181.- -tem-I-Øv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-]-Zw- h-ln-®-Xv- knw-K-∏q-cn-se-
eo- Izm-≥ bp- B-Wv- (1959˛-90).-
182.--tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Iq-
Sn-b- Zzo-]- cm-jv-{Sw- knw-K-∏q-cm-Wv.-
183.--G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \-K-c-h-Xv-Ir-X-am-
b- cm-Py-am-Wv- knw-K-∏q¿.-
184.--_p-≤-a-X-am-Wv- {]-[m-\- a-Xw.- c-≠mw-
ÿm-\-Øv- {In-kv-Xp-a-Xw.-
185.--C¥ - y-≥ kzm-X{- ¥y- k-ac - h- p-am-bn- _-‘-
s∏-´v- t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv-
ÿm-]n-®- Xm-XvI - m-en-I- K-h¨ - s
- a-‚ n-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w- knw-K-∏q-cm-Wv- (1943).-
In-S- \m-a-am-{X- I¿-j-I¿-°pw- Cu- ]-≤-
Xn-bn¬- k-lm-b-Øn-\v- A¿-l-X-bp-≠v.-
C-Xv- sam-Øw- Xp-Ib - p-sS- aq-∂n-sem-∂n¬-
Iq-Sm-≥ ]m-Sn-√.- 1999 G-{]n¬- H-∂p-ap-
X¬- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- F-kv.-Pn.-F-kv.-ssh.-
bn¬- e-bn-∏n-®p.
IpSo¿ tPymXn ]≤Xn˛ 1988˛- 8 9
196.]´nIPmXn˛]-´nI h¿K-°m-cp-sSbpw
Zmcn-Zy-tc-Jbv°v Xmsg-bp-≈h
- c
- p-sSbpw
PohnX \ne- h mcw Db¿Øm- \ p≈
]≤Xn 1988-˛89 ¬ Bcw-`n-®p.
{KmaoW ssIsØmgnemfnIƒ°v
sa®s∏´ sXmgnep]IcWßfpsS
hnXcWw (Supply of Improved
Toolkits to Rural Artisans)-1992
197.sF.B¿.-Un.-]n.-bp-sS- A-\p-_-‘- ]-≤-
Xn-bm-bn-´m-Wv- C-Xv- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.- hn-
hn-[X- c
- w- sXm-gn-ep-If
- n¬- G¿-s∏-´n-cn-°p-
∂- {Km-ao-W- ssI-sØm-gn¬- I-c-Iu-i-
e- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v- X-ß-fp-sS- D¬-]-
∂-Øn-s‚- Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw- h¿-[n-∏n-°p-
∂-Xn-\pw- A-Xn-eq-sS- h-cp-am-\- h¿-[-\-
hn-\p-am-bn- sa-®-s∏-´- D-]-I-c-W-߃-
\¬-I-em-Wv- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- e-£yw.-1999
G-{]n¬- H-∂p-ap-X¬- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- F-kv.-
Pn.-F-kv.-ssh.-bn¬- e-bn∏n®p.
alnfm kar≤n tbmP\˛1993
198.{Kmao-W- kv{- Xo-If
- n¬- \n-t£-]k
- z-`m-hw-
h-f¿-Øp-I- F-∂- e-£y-tØm-sS- 1993¬-
211.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- ]-
Zyw-˛- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-
212.- -tI-c-f- Ipw-`-ta-f- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
a-I-c-hn-f-°v-
213.- -tKm-h-bn-se- X-t±-io-b-sc- {In-kv-Xp-a-X-
Øn-te-Øv- ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w- sN-øn-°m-≥
{In-kv-Xy-≥ an-j-\-dn-am¿- kzo-I-cn-®- \-
S-]-Sn-˛- C-≥Izn-kn-j-≥
214.- -tPm-¨- t]mƒ- c-≠m-a-≥ am¿-]m-∏- P-
\n-®- cm-Pyw-˛- t]m-f-≠v-
215.- -a-lm-`m-c-X-bp-≤w- F-{X- Zn-h-kw- \o-≠p-
\n-∂p-˛- 18
216.- A- l - p-Z- a-kvZ- b
- pw- A-{ln-am-\pw- \-∑s
- b-
bpw- Xn-∑-sb-bpw- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-
186.--G-jy-≥ kn-hn-sse-tk-j-≥ ayq-kn-bw-
knw-K-∏q-cm-Wv.-
187.--B-Zy-sØ- bq-Øv- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn-\p- th-
Zn-bm-b-Xv- knw-K-∏q-cm-Wv.-
188.--Gj - y-bn-se- G-‰h
- pw- A-gn-aX
- n- Ip-d™
- -
cm-Py-am-Wv- knw-K-∏q¿.-
189.--1943 Pq-sse- \m-en-\v- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-
s]-≥U-≥kv- eo-Kn-s‚- A-[y-£- ÿm-
\w- dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kn¬-\n-∂v- t\-
Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- G-s‰-Sp-Ø-
Xv- knw-K-∏q-cn¬-h-®m-Wv.-
190.--1943 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 21˛-\v- t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-
jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- {]-Jym-]n-®- kz-X-{¥-
C-¥y-bp-sS- Xm-Xv-Im-en-I- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-
s‚- B-ÿm-\w- knw-K-∏q-c-m-bn-cp-∂p.-
Cu- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-`n-®p.- ]n-∂o-Sn-Xv- C-
µn-cm- a-ln-fm- tbm-P-\-bn¬- e-bn-∏-n®p.
sXmgnepd∏v ]≤Xn
(Employment Assurance Scheme)-1993
199.1993¬ B-cw-`n-®p.- {Km-a-ß-fn¬- Zm-cn-
{Zy-tc-Jb - v°
- v- Xm-sg-bp-≈h - ¿-°v- Im¿-jn-
I- tPm-en-Iƒ- Ip-d-hp-≈- am-k-ß-fn¬-
100 Zn-hk- s - Ø- sXm-gn¬- D-d∏ - m-°p-Ib - m-
Wn-Xn-s‚- {]m-Y-an-I- e-£yw.- ÿm-bn-
bm-b- hn-I-k-\-Øn-\pw- sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-
kr-jv-Sn-°pw- {]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂- km-º-
Øn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\- ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sS-bpw-
km-aq-ln-Im-kX v- n-If- p-sS-bpw- kr-jSv- n-bpw-
C-Xn-s‚- e-£y-ß-fn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p.- b-Ym¿-
Y-Øn¬- sXm-gn¬- B-hi - y-ap-≈h - ¿-°pw-
A-Xv- Is≠Øm≥ Ign-bm-Øh - ¿-°p-am-
Wv- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS- sXm-gn¬- \¬-
Ip-∂-Xv.- Im-bn-Im-[zm-\w- B-hi - y-ap-≈-
A-hn-ZK - v[
- s - Xm-gn-em-bn-cn-°pw- Kp-Wt- `m-
‡m-hn-\-v e-`n-°p-∂X - .v - 2001 sk-]X -v w-_¿-
25\v- Cu- ]-≤X - n-sb- k-ºq¿-W- {Km-ao-
¨- tdm-kvK - m¿- tbm-P\ - b - n¬- e-bn-∏n- ®p.
ss{]wan\ntÃgv k v tdmkv K m¿
tbmP\- ˛ 1993
200.A`y-kv-X-hn-Zy-cpw- sXm-gn¬-c-ln-X-cp-am-
b- bp-h-P-\-ß-sf- e-£yw- h-®p-sIm-≠v-
\-ck- nw-ld
- m-hp- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- Im-eØ - m-
Wv- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-
°pw- Zp¿-_-e- P-\-hn-`m-K-߃-°p-am-Wv-
]-≤-Xn-bn¬- ap-≥K-W-\-.
∂- a-Xw-˛- ]m-gv-kn- a-Xw-
217.- -B-cp-sS- h-[-am-Wv- Zo-]m-h-en-bn-eq-sS-
B-tLm-jn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- \-c-Im-kp-c-≥
218.- -B-e-∏p-g- Pn-√-bn-se- \m-Km-cm-[-\-bv-°p-
{]-kn-≤-am-b- t£-{Xw-˛- a-Æm-d-»m-e-
219.- -b-lq-Z-a-Xw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- tam-k-kv-
220.- -b-lq-Z-cp-sS-bpw- ap-…n-ß-fp-sS-bpw- {In-
kv-Xym-\n-I-fp-sS-bpw- ]-hn-{X-\-K-cw-˛- P-
dp-k-tew-
221.- -G‰- h
- pw- ]-g°
- a
- p-≈- a-X{- K-Ÿw-˛- E-tKz-Zw-
222.- -G-Xp- a-X-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚- B-Nm-c-am-Wv-
tbmw- In-∏q¿-˛- b-lq-Z-
223.- -I-dp-Ø- ]-tKm-U- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- sIm-Wm¿-°n-se- kq-cy-t£-{Xw-
224.--l-cn-Zzm¿,- tI-Zm¿-\m-Yv- F-∂o- Xo¿-Ym-
S-\- tI-{µ-߃- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-
Wv-˛- D-Ø-cm-J-Wv-Uv-
225.--lm-tPm- F-∂- Xo¿-Ym-S-\- tI-{µw- G-
Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- {_-“-]p-{X-
226.--Nn-Zw-_-c-sØ- \-S-cm-P-hn-{K-lw- \n¿-an-
®-Xv-˛- tNm-f-≥am¿-
227.--tem-I-Øn-s‚- tbm-K- X-e-ÿm-\w-(tbm-
K- Iym-]n-‰¬-)- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- E-
jn-tI-iv-
228.--ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n-bp-tS-Xm-sW-∂v- I-cp-X-
s∏-Sp-∂- ap-Sn- kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂- I-iv-
ao-cn-se- ]-≈n-˛- l-{k-Øv-_m¬-
229.--E-tKz-Z-hp-am-bn- km-ay-ap-≈,- ]m-gv-kn-I-
fp-sS- hn-ip-≤-{K-Ÿw-˛- sk-¥v- A-sh-
kv-X-
230.--F-{X- h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°-em-Wv- Xn-cp-
h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-kzm-an- t£-{X-
Øn¬- ap-d-P-]w- \-S-°p-∂-Xv-˛- B-dv-
231.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- a-X-߃-°p- P-∑-`q-
an-bm-b- h-≥I-c-˛-G-jy-
232.--G-Xp- bp-K-Øn-em-Wv- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-
Iq¿-am-h-Xm-cw- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- k-Xy-bp-Kw-
233.--G-Xv- ssZ-h-sØ-bm-Wv- B-gv-hm¿-am¿-
B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xv-˛- hn-jv-Wp-
234.-- h - √ - ` m- N m- c y¿- {]- N - c n- ∏ n- ® - X- Ø zw- ˛ -
ip-≤m-ssZz-Xw-
235.--h¿-jØ - n¬- 31 Zn-hk - ß - f - p-≈- F-{X- am-
k-ßf - p-≠v- ({Kn-tKm-dn-b≥ - I-e≠ - ¿-)- ˛- 7
236.--I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se- {im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f-
bn¬- F-{X- h¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°-em-Wv-
a-lm-ak - vX
- I - m-`n-tj-Iw- \-S° - p-∂X - v˛- - 12
237.--irw-tK-cn- a-Tw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- i-¶-cm-Nm-
cy¿-
238.--Iu-c-h-cp-sS- H-tc-tbm-cp- k-tlm-Z-cn-˛-
Zp-»-f-
239.--sk-≥{S¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- _p-≤n-
Ãv- Ã-Uo-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- P-Ωp- I-
iv-ao-cn-se- te- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øv-
240.--tdm-a-≥ I-tØm-en-°-cp-sS- B-flo-b- X-
e-ÿm-\w- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛- h-Øn-
°m-≥
241.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- Im-in- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛-Xn-cp-s\-√n-
242.--Hm-®n-d- ]-c-{_-“-t£-{X-Øn-se- {]-[m-
\- D-’-hw-˛- Hm-®n-d-°-fn-bpw- ]-{¥-≠p-
hn-f-°pw-
243.--]-d-»n-\n-°-S-hv- ap-Ø-∏-≥t£-{Xw- G-
Xv- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv-˛- I-Æq¿-
244.--I-∂-U-bn-se- ]p-Xp-h¿-jw-˛- D-Km-Zn-
245.--I¿-Wm-S-I- kw-ÿm-\-sØ- {]-[m-\- D-
’-hw-˛- Z-k-d-
246.--I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn¬- aq-Imw-_n-I- t£-{Xw-
ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- sIm-√q¿-
247.--kn-tbm-Wn-kw- G-Xv- a-X-°m-cp-sS- {]-
ÿm-\-am-Wv-˛- Pq-X¿-
248.--Kp-Pd - m-Øn¬- kq-cy-t£-{Xw- ÿn-Xn-s - N-
bv-X- ÿ-ew-˛- sam-t[-c-
249.--kq-^n- hn-`m-Kw- G-Xp-a-X-Øn-em-Wv- cq-
]w- sIm-≠-Xv-˛- C-…mw-
250.--kz-¥w- Nm-c-Øn¬-\n-∂v- D-bn¿-sØ-gp-
t∂-‰v- h-cp-sa-∂- sF-Xo-ly-Øm¬- {]-
i-kv-X-am-b- ]-£n-˛- ^o-\n-Iv-kv-
251.- l
- n-µp-°ƒ- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-Xe
- p-≈- h-≥I-
c-˛-G-jy-
252.--Pq-X-cp-sS- a-X-{K-Ÿw-˛- tXm-d-
253.--s{]m-´-Ãm-‚ n-kw- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- G-Xv- h-
≥I-c-bn-em-Wv- ˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
254.--sN-∂-tI-i-h- t£-{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
˛- t_-eq¿-
255.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se,- {]-Xn-jv-T-bn-√m-Ø- H-cp-
ssl-µ-hm-cm-[-\m-tI-{µw-˛- Hm-®n-d-
256.- -Im-µ-co-b- a-lm-tZ-h- t£-{Xw- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-˛- J-Pp-cm-tlm-
257.- -Ipw-`t- a-f- \-S°
- p-∂- ÿ-eß - ƒ-˛- l-cn-
Zzm¿,- A-el - _
- m-Zv,- D-÷b - n-\n,- \m-kn-Iv-
258.- -sh-¶n-tS-iz-c- t£-{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-
Xn-cp-∏-Xn-
259.- -sIm-Sp-ß-√q¿- t£-{X-Øn-se- {]-[m-\-
D¬-k-hw-˛- `-c-Wn-
260.- -ssh-jv-tWm-tZ-hn- t£-{Xw- ÿn-Xn- sN-
øp-∂- ÿ-ew-˛- I-{X-
261.- -ssN-{X-am-k-Øn-se- H-∂mw-Xo-b-Xn- {Kn-
tKm-dn-b-≥ I-e-≠-dn-se- G-Xv- Xo-b-Xn-
bp-am-bm-Wv- H-cp-an-®v- h-cp-∂-Xv-˛- am¿-®v-
22 (A-[n-h¿-j-Øn¬- am¿-®v- 21)-
262.- t- I-Zm¿-\m-Yn-se- B-cm-[\ - m-aq¿-Øn-˛- in-
h-≥
263.- -tKm-a-tX-iz-c- {]-Xn-a- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
Xv-˛- {im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f-
264.- -tPm-k-^v- kv-an-Øv- F-∂- hy-‡n- ÿm-
]n-®- hn-izm-kw-˛- tam¿-a-¨- hn-izm-kw-
265.- -kn-±n- k-øn-Zv- tam-kv-Iv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-
A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv-
266.- -kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- {]-th-i-\-an-√m-Ø- ]¿-h-
Xw-˛- au-≠v- B-tXm-kv- ({Ko-kv-)-
267.- -sIm-√w- Pn-√-bn¬- Zp-tcym-[-\-t£-{Xw-
ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- a-e-\-S-
268.- t- ]m-∏v- cm-jv{- S-Øe - h
- \
- m-bn-´p-≈- cm-Pyw-
˛- h-Øn-°m-≥
269.- -tdm-a-≥ I-tØm-en-°¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-
X-ep-≈- cm-Pyw-˛- {_-ko¬-
270.- t- I-cf - Ø
- n¬- ap-…n-߃- F-ÆØ - n¬- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- Pn-√- ˛- a-e-∏p-dw-
271.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- ]-g-\n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv-˛-l-cn-∏m-Sv- kp-{_-a-Wy- t£-{Xw-
272.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ss{I-kv-X-h-
]p-tcm-ln-X-˛- a-c-X-I-≠-h-√n- tU-hn-Uv-
273.- X- a - n-g¿- Xn-cp-\mƒ- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂- B-
tLm-jw-˛- s]m-¶¬-
274.- -X-hm-Mv- _p-≤-hn-lm-cw- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-
\-Øm-Wv-˛- A-cp-Wm-N¬- {]-tZ-iv-
275.- -Xm-thm-bn-k-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- em-
thm-Sv-sk-
276.- -Xn-cp-∏-Xn- t£-{Xw- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øv-
˛- B-{‘m-{]-tZ-iv-
277.- -Z-£n-W- Ipw-`-ta-f- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-S-∂-Xv-
˛- i-_-cn-a-e-bn-se- a-I-c-hn-f-°v-
278.- -Z-im-h-Xm-c-ß-fn¬- A-h-km-\-tØ-Xv-˛-
I¬-°n-
279.- -Zzm-c-I- B-cp-sS- P-∑-ÿ-sa-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p-˛- {io-Ir-jv-W-≥
280.- -G-Xp- a-X-hn-`m-K-am-Wv- e-£-Zzo-]n¬- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-Xv-˛- ap-…nw-
281.- -hn-ip-≤- tk-hy-dn-s‚- Xn-cp-i-co-cw- kq-
£n-®n-cn-°p-∂- t_mw- Po-k-kv- _-k-
en-°- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- ]-\m-Pn-
282.- -I-Øo-{U¬- kn-‰n- Hm-^v- C-¥y- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- `p-h-t\-iz¿-
283.- -I-¨-^q-jy-\n-kw- G-Xp-cm-Py-Øm-Wv-
{]-N-cn-®-Xv-˛- ssN-\-
284.- -knw-lm-N-ew- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-sØ-
Xo¿-Ym-S-\- tI-{µ-am-Wv-˛- B-{‘m-{]-
tZ-iv-
285.- -ln-Pv-d- h¿-j-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- am-kw-
˛- ap-l-dw-
286.- -l-÷v- G-Xv- cm-Py-tØ-°p-≈- Xo¿-Ym-
S-\-am-Wv-˛-ku-Zn- A-td-_y-
287.- N- c - m¿- C- sj-cn-^v- ]-≈n- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-
\-Øm-Wv- ˛- P-Ωp-I-iv-ao¿-
288.- -t\m-l-bp-sS- t]-S-Iw- D-d-®p-\n-∂- ]¿-
h-Xw-˛- A-cm-d-Øv- (Xp¿-°n-)-
289.- -tdm-a-≥ ]p-cm-W-Øn-se- k-tµ-i-hm-l-
116
I-\m-b- tZ-h-≥˛- sa¿-°p-dn-
290.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- t£-{X-
k-ap-®-bw-˛- A-t¶m¿-hm-´- v-
291.- -Xm-thm-bn-kw- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- a-X-am-
Wv-˛- ssN-\-
292.- -a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cv-˛- P-b-kw-
ln-X-
293.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- D-]-\n-j-Øv-˛- _r-l-Zm-
c-tWym-]-\n-j-Øv-
294.- -Im-fn-µn- F-∂v- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬- A-dn-b-
s∏-´n-cp-∂- \-Zn-˛- b-ap-\-
295.- -kn-Jp-Im-cp-sS- B-cm-[-\m-e-bw-˛- Kp-cp-
Zzm-c-
296.- K
- p-cp-Z£- n-Wb - m-bn- kz-¥w- hn-c¬- t{Zm-
W¿-°p- ap-dn-®p-\¬-In-bX - ˛v- - G-Ie
- h
- y-≥
297.- -tem-I-sØ- B-Zy-sØ- kzm-an-\m-cm-b-
W- t£-{Xw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- A-l-Ω-
Zm-_m-Zv-
298.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- `-c-X-\p- k-a¿-∏n-®n-´p-≈-
t£-{Xw-˛- Iq-S¬-am-Wn-Iy-t£-{Xw,- C-
cn-ßm-e-°p-S-
299.- -A-a¿-\m-Yv- t£-{Xw- G-Xv- kw-kv-Ym-\-
Øm-Wv-˛-P-Ωp- I-iv-ao¿-
300.- -X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- {]-[m-\- B-tLm-jw-˛-
s]m-¶¬-
{]-Xn-tcm-[˛- b
- p-≤I
- m-cy-߃-
301.- -]r-Yzn- F-¥p- X-cw- an-ssk-em-Wv-˛- I-c-
bn¬-\n-∂pw- I-c-bn-te-°p-≈-Xv-
302.- C- ¥ - y-bn¬- Sm-¶v- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - v- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- B-h-Un-
303.- -C-¥y-bn-se- an-ssk¬- hn-t£-]-W-Ø-
d- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- Nm-µn-∏q¿- Hm-¨- ko-
304.- C- ¥ - y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- sa-bn-≥ _m-‰n¬-
Sm-¶v-˛- A¿-Pp-≥
305.- -h¿-Ko-b- I-em-]w- t\-cn-Sm-\p-≈- tk-\-
˛- {Zp-X-I¿-a-tk-\-
306.- -ssh-P-b-¥,- A¿-Pp-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b- Sm-¶p-
Iƒ- \n¿-an-®-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- B-h-Un-
307.- -C-¥y- X-t±-io-b-am-bn- \n¿-an-®- B-Zy-
sØ- an-ssk¬- t_m-´v-˛- sF.-F-≥.-F-
kv.-hn-`q-Xn-
308.- -C-¥y-≥ \m-hn-I- tk-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm-
\w-˛- \yq-U¬-ln-
309.- -C-¥y-≥ an-en-´-dn- A-°m-Z-an- ayq-kn-bw-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-sU-dm-Uq-¨v-
310.- s- sk-\n-Ic - p-sS- bq-Wn-t^m-am-bn- Im-°n-
D-]-tbm-Kn-®p- Xp-S-ßn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y-
311.- -\m-j-W¬- Un-^-≥kv- A-°m-Z-an- F-hn-
sS-bm-Wv-˛- J-U-Iv-hm-kv-e-
312.- ]- m-In-kvX - m-\n¬-\n-∂p-≈- \p-g™ - p-Ib- -
‰-°m-sc- ]p-d-Øm-°m-≥ Im¿-Kn-en¬- \-
S-Øn-b- ssk-\n-I- \-S-]-Sn-˛- Hm-∏-td-j-
≥ hn-P-bv-
313.- -{_-t“m-kv- F-b-tdm-kv-t]-kv- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-˛-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-
314.- -bp-≤h - n-am-\Ø - n¬- bm-{X-sN-bvX - - B-Zy-
{]-kn-U‚ - ˛v- - F.-]n.-sP.- A-_Zv- pƒ- I-emw-
315.- -C-¥y-≥ an-ssk¬- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- D-]-
⁄m-Xm-hv˛- - F.-]n.-sP.-A_- vZ- pƒ- I-emw-
316.- -C-¥y-bpw- d-jy-bpw- tN¿-∂v- hn-I-kn-∏n-
s®-Sp-Ø- B-‚ n- jn-∏v- an-ssk¬-˛- {_-
t“m-kv-
317.- -F-b¿-t^m-gv-kv- A-°m-Z-an- F-hn-sS- kv-
Yn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p-˛- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn¬-
318.- -G-Xp- bp-≤-Øn-s‚- sI-Sp-Xn-I-fm-Wv-
sl-≥dn- Up-\m-‚ n-s\- sd-Uv-t{Im-kv-
ÿm-]n-°m-≥ t{]-cn-∏n-®X - v˛- - tkmƒ-s^-
dn-t\m-
319.- -ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-se- `m-c-Xv- ssU-\m-an-Iv-
kv- en-an-‰-Un¬- F-¥m-Wv- \n¿-an-°p-∂-
Xv- ˛-ssK-U-Uv- an-ssk-ep-Iƒ-
320.- -td-kn-Mv- ssd-t\m- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂,- C-
¥y-bp-sS- bp-≤-°-∏¬-˛- sF.-F-≥.-F-
kv.-{_-“-]p-{X-
321.- -G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv- Nm-µn-∏q¿- Hm-
≥ ko-˛- H-do-k-
322.- -\m-j-W¬- sk-Iyq-dn-‰n- Km¿-Un-s‚- A-
]-c-\m-aw-˛- I-cn-ºq-®-Iƒ-
323.- C- ¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- Un.-Pn.-]n.-
˛- Im-©≥ - `-´m-Nm-cy- (D-Øc - m-JW - U
-v )-v -
324.- C- ¥ - y-bpw- d-jy-bpw- kw-bp-‡a - m-bn- \n¿-
an-®- kq-∏¿- tkm-Wn-Iv- {Iq-bn-kv- an-
ssk¬-˛- {_-t“m-kv-
325.- -an-\n-kv-{Sn- Hm-^v- tÃ-‰v- sk-Iyq-cn-‰n- G-
Xv- cm-Py-sØ- c-l-kym-t\z-j-W- G-P-
≥kn-bm-Wv-˛- ssN-\-
326.- -an-dm-jv- bp-≤-hn-am-\w- \¬-Ip-∂- cm-Pyw-
˛- {^m-≥kv-
327.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-
ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b- an-en-´-dn- t]m-cm-´w-˛- hn-
b-‰v-\mw- bp-≤w-
328.- -C-¥y-≥ F-b¿-t^m-gv-kn¬- _m-kv- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- bp-≤-hn-am-\w-˛- an-Kv- 29
329.- -C-¥y-≥ thym-a-tk-\- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-°-
s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1933
330.- -C-¥y-bn¬- \n¿-an-®- B-Zy-sØ- ap-ßn-
°-∏¬-˛- sF.-F-≥.-F-kv.- i¬-°n-
331.- -G-Xp- tk-\-bp-sS- X-e-h-\m-Wv- A-Uv-
an-d¬- ˛-\m-hn-I-tk-\-
332.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-am-Wv- A-Uv-an-d¬- tKm¿-jv-
tIm-hv- F-∂- hn-am-\-hm-ln-\n-°-∏¬- C-
¥y-°v- ssI-am-dp-∂-Xv-˛-d-jy-
333.- -G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- s]m-eo-kv- B-ÿm-\-
am-Wv- kv-tIm-Sv-e-≥Uv-bm¿-Uv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Cw-•-≠- v-
334.- -Hmƒ- C-¥ym- hm¿- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- C-
t∏mƒ- F-¥p-t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p- ˛- C-
¥ym-tK-‰v-
335.- -jm-t\m- h-cp-W- G-Xn-s‚- B-]v-X-hm-
Iy-am-Wv-˛- C-¥y-≥ t\-hn-
336.- -kz-X-{¥-C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- ^o¬-
Uv- am¿-j¬-˛- F-kv.F - ® - v.F
- ^ - v.s- P.-at- \-
£m-
337.- -Po-hn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ- ]-c-a-ho-c-N-{Iw- e-
`n-®- G-I- ssk-\n-I-≥˛- kp-t_-Zm¿- ta-
P¿- _m-\m- kn-Mv-
338.- -tIm-tf-Pv- Hm-^v- Un-^-≥kv- am-t\-Pv-sa-
≥dv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛-sk-°-¥-cm-_m-Zv-
339.- -{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS- kp-c-£-bp-sS- Np-a-
X- e - b p- ≈ - G- P - ≥ kn- ˛ - kv - s ]- j y¬-
s{]m-´-£-≥ {Kq-∏v-
340.- -H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\pw- c-≠mw-
tem-Ia - l - m-bp-≤Ø- n-\pw- C-Sb - n-ep-≈- C-
S-th-f-˛- 21 h¿-jw-
341.- -B¿-an- tkm-¨- Dƒ-s∏-sS- C-¥y-bn-se-
t]m-ì- tkm-Wp-I-fp-sS- F-Æw-˛- 9
342.- -bp-≤-°-∏-en¬- bm-{X- sN-bv-X- C-¥y-
bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-h- ssk-\ym-[n-]-
≥ ({]-kn-U-‚ v-)-˛-F.-]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ-
I-emw-
343.- -C-¥y-≥ t]m-eo-kv- k¿-ho-kv- D-tZym-K-
ÿ- s c- ]- c n- i o- e n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - \- K - c w- ˛ -
ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv-
344.- -C-¥y-bn¬- km-bp-[- tk-\-I-fp-sS- kp-
{]ow- I-am-≥U¿-˛- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
345.- -Hm-∏-td-j-≥ ªq- Ãm¿- k-a-b-Øv- I-c-
tk-\m-Ø-e-h-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- P-\-d¬-
F.-F-kv- ssh-Zy-
346.-sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`- C-S-s]-´- B-Zy-sØ-
bp-≤w-˛- sIm-dn-b-≥ bp-≤w-
347.-X-an-gv-\m-´n¬- Sm-¶p- \n¿-am-W-im-e- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- B-h-Un-
348.-bp-≤w- A-cp-Xv- F-∂v- t]-cn-\¿-Y-ap-≈-
C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-˛-A-tbm-[y-
349.-tPm-≥ Hm-^v- B¿-°p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´-
bp-≤w-˛- i-X-h¬-k-c-bp-≤w-
350.-io-X-bp-≤-Øn-\v- A-h-km-\w- Ip-dn-®v-
_¿-en-≥ `n-Øn- X-I¿-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1989
 PSC ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS
C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- ]o-c-¶n-sh-Sn-sbm-®-Iƒ- ap-g-ßn-b- Im-e-L-´w.- Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-s‚-
Hu-∂-Xy-hpw- Xm-Pn-s‚- ku-µ-cy-hpw- kn-Xm-dn-s‚- \m-Z-a-[p-cn-a-bpw- C-¥y-°v- kz-¥-am-b- B-
bp-K-Øn-em-Wv- Im¿-°-iy-Øn-s‚- ]-cym-b-am-b- _m¬-_-\pw- k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bp-sS- {]-Xn-cq-]-am-b-
A-Iv-_¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sam-s°- C-¥y- hm-W-Xv.- ap-l-Ω-Zv- tKm-dn-bpw- sN-¶n-jv-Jm-\pw- Xn-aq-dpw-
`o-Xn-hn-X-®- \m-fp-Iƒ.- A-ao¿- Jp-{kp-hpw- Xp-f-ko-Zm-kpw- `m-c-Xo-b- km-ln-Xy-sØ- k-º-∂-am-°n-b-
Im-ew.- a-[y-Im-e-L-´w- F-∂v- N-cn-{X-Im-c-≥am¿- hn-fn-°p-∂- B- \q-‰m-≠p-I-sf- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
]p-Xn-b- ]-c-º-c-.
aplΩZv tKmdn-bpsS
C¥y≥ B{I-a-Whpw
C…m-anI `c-WØ- ns‚
kwÿm-]-\hpw
1. C¥y-bn-se- C-…m-an-I- `-c-W-Øn-\v- A-
Sn-Ød - - ]m-In-bX - v- ap-lΩ - Z- v- tKm-dn-bm-Wv.-
2.- -A-^v-Km-\n-ÿm-\n-se- sN-dn-sbm-cp- cm-
Py-am-bn-cp-∂p- tLm¿.- A-Xn-s\- kz-X-
{¥-hpw- {]-_-e-hp-am-b- H-cp- cm-Py-am-°n-
D-b¿-Øn-bX - v- A-em-hp-±o-≥ lp-ssk-\m-
Wv.- A-t±-l-Øn-\p-ti-jw,- a-cp-a-°-fm-
b- Kn-bm-kp-±o-\pw- k-lm-_p-±o-\pw- tbm-
Pn-®m-Wv- tKm-dn-s‚- `-c-W-`m-cw- G-s‰-Sp-
Ø-Xv.- Kn-bm-kp-±o-≥ cm-Py-Im-cy-ß-fpw-
k-lm-_p-±o-≥ C-¥y-sb- B-{I-an-®p- Io-
g-S-°p-∂-Xn-epw- {i-≤- tI-{µo-I-cn-®p. k-
lm-_p-±o-≥ A-Y-hm- ap-bn-kp-±o-≥ ap-l-
Ω-Zv- _n-≥ jm- B-Wv- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-
Øn¬- {]-kn-≤-\m-b- ap-l-Ω-Zv- tKm-dn.-
3.- a- p-lΩ- Z- v- tKm-dn- 1175˛¬- kn-‘pw- ]-©m-
_pw- Io-g-S-°n.- A-Pv-ao-dn-se-bpw- U¬-
ln-bn-se-bpw- cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂- ]r-Yzn-cm-
Pv- Nu-lm-s\- Io-g-S-°m-\m-Wv- ]n-∂o-Sv-
tKm-dn- e-£y-an-´-Xv.-
4.- 1- 191˛¬- l-cn-bm-\b - n-se- X-ssd-≥ F-∂-
ÿ-eØ - p-h® - v- ap-…n-ßf - pw- c-P]- p-{X-cpw-
G-‰p-ap-´n.- H-∂mw- X-ssd-≥bp-≤w- (Xm-
t\-iz¿-)- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Cu- G-‰p-
ap-´-en¬- c-P-]p-{X-ssk-\yw- hn-P-bn-°p-
I-bpw- tXm-‰p- ]n-≥am-dp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
5.- -Iq-Sp-X¬- i-‡n- kw-`-cn-®v- tLm-dn-
1192˛¬- ho-≠pw- B-{I-an-®p.- c-≠mw- X-
ssd-≥ bp-≤w- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- Cu- G-
‰p-ap-´e - n¬- tKm-dn-bm-Wv- hn-Pb - n-®X
- v.- ]r-
Yzn-cm-Pv- Nu-lm-s\- X-S-hp-Im-c-\m-bn- ]n-
1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
a[y-Im-e C¥y- 1
Sn-Iq-Sp-Ib - pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- h-[n-°p-Ib - pw- sN- amkw `-cn-°mt\ Bcw jmbv°v Ign-
bv-Xp.- ™p-≈p.
6.- C
- ¥- y-bn¬ ap-…nw- `-cW - Ø - n-\v- Xp-S° - w-
Ip-dn-®-Xv- c-≠mw- X-ssd-≥ bp-≤-am-Wv.- C¬Øp-anjv (1210˛36)
I-\u-Pn-se- `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂- P- 20 IpØ-_v±o≥ sF-_-°n-s\- Xp-S¿-∂v-
b-N-{µ-s\ tKm-dn- 1194˛¬- tXm¬-]n-°p- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv- ]p-{Xo- `¿-
I-bpw- h-[n-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bvX - p.- N-µvh - m¿- Øm-hm-b- C¬-Øp-an-jm-Wv.- jw-kp-
bp-≤w- F-∂m-Wv- Cu- G-‰p-ap-´¬- A-dn- ±o-≥ C¬-Øp-an-jv- F-∂m-Wv- ]q¿-Æ-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- \m-aw.- Xp¿-°n- kp¬-Øm-t\-‰n-se- G-
7.- _
- o-lm-dpw- _w-Km-fpw- Io-gS- ° - m-≥ tLm- ‰-hpw- a-lm-\m-b- `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn
dn- \n-tbm-Kn-®- S¿-t°m-˛-A-^v-Km-≥ tbm- IW- ° m- ° p- ∂ Xv C¬Øp- a n- j n- s \-
≤m-hm-bn-cp-∂p- ap-l -Ω-Zv- _-‡n-bm¿- bm-Wv.
Jn¬-Pn.- tk-\- cm-Ph - w-iØ - n¬-\n-∂v- _w- 21. hS-t°C-¥y-bn-se- Xp¿-°n-hw-i- `-cW - -
Km-fpw- _o-lm-dpw- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø- C-t±-l- sØ- G-tIm-]n-∏n-®-Xv- C¬-Øp-an-jm-
Øn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv- \m-fµ - - k¿- Wv.- kp¬-Øm-t\-‰n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-
h-I-em-im-e- X-®p-X-I¿-°-s∏-´-Xv.- U¬-ln-bm-b-Xpw- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- Im-
8.- -1202˛¬- tKm-dn- X-s‚- k-tlm-Z-c-s\- ]n-
¥p-S¿-∂v- cm-Py-`m-c-ta-s‰-Sp-Øp.- A-[n-
Im-cn-bmbn IW-°m-°p-∂X - v (F∂m¬
C¥- y - b n¬ ap…ow `c- W - Ø n\v
e-Øm-Wv.- C¬-Øp-an-jn-s\- A-Sn-a-hw-
i-Øn-s‚- b-Ym¿-∞- ÿm-]I - \- m-bn- I-
I-Im-ew- I-gn-bp-∂X - n-\p-ap-ºv- ]-©m-_n-
se- tJm-°¿- hw-i-Øn¬-s∏-´- H-cp- Xo-
ASnØd ]mInb hy-‡n-bmbn ]cn-K- W-°m-°p-∂p.
22. C¯p-an-jv- _m-KvZ- m-Zn-se- J-eo-^b - p-
Wn-°p-∂Xv apl-ΩZv tKmdn-sb-bm-Wv).
{h-hm-Zn- 1206˛¬- tKm-dn-sb- sIm-e-sN- 14. 1206 apX¬ 1290 hscbmWv ASn-a-hw-
bv-Xp.-
sS- t]-cv- X-s‚- \m-W-b-ß-fn¬- B-te-
i-Øns‚ `c-W-Imew. J-\w- sN-bv-Xp. J-eo-^-bp-sS- {]-Xn-]p-
9.- -tKm-dn- X-s‚- A-[o-\-X-bn-ep-≈- C-¥y- 15. IpØ-_van-\m-dn-s‚- \n¿-Ωm-Ww- Xp-S- cp-j-≥ F-∂v- C¬-Øp-an-jv- kz-bw- hn-
≥ {]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sS- ta¬-t\m-´-Øn-\v- K- ßn-b-Xv- Ip-Ø-_v-±o-≥ sF-_-°m-Wv.- ti-jn-∏n-®p.- C¬-Øp-an-jn-s‚- sN-ºv-
h¿-W-dm-bn- \n-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- Ip-Ø- F-∂m¬- ]n-≥Km-an-bm-b- C-Øp-an-jn-s‚- \m-W-b-am-Wv- Pn-X¬.- sh-≈n-\m-W-bw-
_v-±o-≥ sF-_-°n-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- tKm- Im-e-Øm-Wv- A-Xv- ]q¿-Øn-bm-b-Xv.- X-¶.-
dn-bp-sS- a-cW - t- i-jw- C-t±-lw- kz-X{- ¥- ]n¬-°m-e- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpw- Ip-Ø- 23.- a- w-tKmƒ- t\-Xm-hv- sNw-Kn-kvJ
- m-s‚- B-
`-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn.- U¬-ln-bn-se- B- _v-an-\m-dn¬- \n¿-Ωm-W- {]-h¿-Ø-\- {I-a-W-`o-j-Wn- C-¥y- t\-cn-´-Xv- C-°m-
Zy-sØ- kp¬-Øm-≥ Ip-Ø-_v-±o-\m-Wv.- ߃- \-S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 73 ao-‰¿- A-Y-hm- e-Øm-Wv.- sZ-h-Øn-s‚- N-Ω-´n- F-∂v-
10.- U¬-ln- kp¬-Øm-t\-‰n-se- A-©p- cm- 239 A-Sn-bm-Wv- Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-s‚- D- kz-bw- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬- A-`n-am-
P-hw-i-ß-fn¬- B-Zy-tØ-Xm-b- A-Sn-a- b-cw.- Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m¿- F-∂- t]-cn-\v- Ip- \n-®n-cp-∂-Xv- sNw-Kn-kv-Jm-\m-Wv.- C-t±-
hw- i w- ÿm- ] n- ® - X v - Ip- Ø - _ v - ± o- ≥ Øv-_v-±o-≥ sF-_-°p-am-bn- _-‘-an-√.- l-Øn-s‚- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv- sX-ap-Pn-≥.-
sF_-°m-Wv. a-dn-®v- _m-Kv-Zm-Zn-\p- k-ao-]-ap-≈- D-jv- 24.- X-s‚- `-c-W- ss\-]p-Wy-hpw- \-b-X-{¥-
⁄-X-bpw- sIm-≠v- sNw-Kn-kv-Jm-s‚-
ASn-ah
- wiw kz-tZ-in-bm-b- Jzm-Pm- Ip-Ø-_v-±o-s‚-
t]-cp-am-bn-´m-Wv- _-‘w. B-{I-aW - w- H-gn-hm-°m-≥ C¬-Øp-an-jn-
11. C¥ym- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy- ap-…ow- cm- 16. IpØ-∫vZos‚ Ime-ØmWv IphØv- \p- I-gn-™p.-
P-hw-i-am-Wv- A-Sn-a-hw-iw.- C-Xv- C¬- ˛-D¬-˛-C…mw tamkvIns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-
_m-cn- hw-iw,- ta-aep-Iv- hw-iw- F-∂o- am-cw-`n-®-Xv. C¥y-bnse BZ-y-Ime
t]-cp-I-fn-epw- A-dn-b-s∏-´p-∂p.- Xp¿-°n- Ckv e m- a nI kv a mc- I ßfn- s em- ∂ m-
hw-iP - c
- m-bn-cp-∂p- A-Sn-ah - w-i- `-cW - m-[n- Wn-Xv.
Im-cn-Iƒ- 17. e£ _£v (e£w Zm\w sNøp-∂-
12. apl-ΩZv- tKm-dn- Xm-≥ C-¥y-bn¬- Io- h≥) F∂-dn-b-s∏-´Xv IpØ-_v±o≥
g-S° - n-b- {]-tZ-iß - f - p-sS- ta¬-t\m-´Ø - n- sF_-°m-Wv.
\m-bn- hn-iz-kv-X- -A-Sn-a-bm-b- Ip-Ø-_v- 18. 1210 ¬ emtlm-dn¬ h®v NuK≥ (t]m-
±o-≥ sF-_-°n-s\-bm-Wv- \n-tbm-Kn-®- tfm) Ifn-°p-∂X - n-\nsS IpXnc-∏p-dØv
Xv.- tKm-dn- A-¥-cn-®-t∏mƒ- Ip-Ø-_v- \n∂v hoWv ]cn-t°‰v IpØ_vZo≥
±o- ≥ kz- X - { ¥- ` - c - W m- [ n- I m- c n- b m- b n- sF_Iv A¥-cn-®p.
(1206).- A-ß-sbm-Wv- A-Sn-a-hw-i-Øn- 19. Bcmw _Jvjns\ Bcw jm F∂
s‚- XpS-°w. t]cn¬ emtlm- d nse Aao¿amcpw
13. ASn-hwi ÿm]-I-\mb IpØ-_v±o- amen-°p-If - pw IqSn `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn
≥ sF_- ° n- s \- b mWv C¥ym- N - c n- hmgn-s®-¶nepw At±-lsØ C¬Øp-
{XØnse BZ-ysØ ap…ow `c-Wm-[n- anjv \njvIm-k\w sNbvXp. F´p-
117
 X-bm-b- H-tc-sbm-cp- h-\n-Xb Nn-cn-°m-t\m- \¿-Ωk
- m-Wv- d-kn-b.- - w-`m-jW
- w- \-SØ
- m- _m¬-_-\m-Wv.-
28.- -d-kn-b- D-∂-X- D-tZym-K-ÿm-\-Øv- (A- t\m- X-øm-dm-bn-√.- 41.- -A-Sn-a-hw-i-Øn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- `-c-
ao¿-˛C - ˛- B- J - n¿-)- \n-ba - n-®- A-_n-kn-\n- 34.-
-{]-`p-°-≥am¿- cm-Pm-hn-\v- Xp-ey-c-s√-∂v- Wm-[n-Im-cn- ap-bn- p-±o-≥ ssI-Jp-_m-
b-≥ hw-i-P-\m-Wv- bm-°q-Xv-Jm-≥.- C-Xv- ÿm-]n-°p-∂X - n-\v- kn-Pm-Zm,- ss]-t_m- Zm-Wv- (1286˛-1290)
Xp¿-°n- D-ea - m-°f - p-sS-bpw- N-en-kb kv- F-∂o- B-Nm-cß
- p-sS- - ƒ- (cm-Pm-hn-\v- km-
bpw- i-{Xp-X- £-Wn-®p- h-cp-Øn.- jv-Smw-K- {]-Wm-a-hpw- ]m-Z-Npw-_-\-hpw- thdn´ hkv X pXIƒ
29.- d
- k
- n-bb - s A¿-∏n-°p-I)- - A-t±-lw- \n¿-_‘
v- °-Xn-sc- I-em-]w- s]m-´n-]p-ds - ∏- - a
- m-°n.- 42. ASn-a-hw-i-Ønse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-
´p.- bm-°q-Xv- Jm-≥ h-[n-°s - ∏-´p.- d-kn-b- 35
.-Xp¿-°n- {]-`p-°-≥am-cp-sS- k-`-bm-b- Nm- fn¬ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ASn-a-I-fm-bn-cp-
X-_¿-ln-µn-bn¬- X-Sh - n-em-°s en-k- (\m-ev-]-Xp-t]¿-)- bp-sS- A-[n-Im-
- ∏-´p- ∂Xv aq∂p t]cm-Wv˛ IpØ-_v±o≥
30.- X
- s - ∂- ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn-b- `-´n-≥U- K-h¿-W¿- cw- _m¬-_-≥ sh-´n-®p-cp-°n.- sF_-Iv, C¬Øp-an-jv, _m¬_≥
A¬-Øp-\n-bs - b- h-io-Ic - n-®- d-kn-b,- A- 36.-
-U¬-ln- kp¬-Øm-≥ hm-gv-N-bp-sS-bpw- 43. sF_-Iv- F-∂- Xp¿-°n- ]-ZØ - n-s‚- A¿-
bm-sf- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®t- i-jw- U¬-ln- {]-tXy-In-®v- A-Xn-s‚- `-c-W- k-{º-Zm- ∞w- hn-izm-kØ - n-s‚- tI-{µw- F-∂m-Wv.-
bp-sS- B-[n-]X b-Øn-s‚-bpw- ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS-bpw- ap-
- y-Øn-\m-bn- H-cp- ]-cn-{i- 44. C¥-y-bn¬ CJvX k{µmbw \S-∏n¬
aw- \-SØ - n.- Jy- in¬-]n-bm-bn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp- hcp-Øn-bXv C¬Øp-an-jm-Wv.
31.- D
- ÷- z-ea ∂-Xv- _m¬-_-\m-Wv.- A-Sn-a-hw-i-Øn-
- m-bn- t]m-cm-Sn-sb-¶n-epw- ]-em-b- 45. C¥y-bp-sS- X-Ø- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- A-ao¿-
Jp-{kp- _m¬-_-s‚- k-Z- n-se- I-hn-
d-kn-b- kp¬-Øm-\- \w- sN-ø-th- Im-´n¬-h-®v- sIm-≈-°m¿-
A-hs - c- ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn- h[n-®p.
se- A-h-km-\-sØ- i-‡-\m-b- `-c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-bpw- _m¬-_-\m-Wv.- bm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-em-hp-±o-≥ Jn¬-Pn,- Kn-
(1236˛-39)- _m¬_≥ (1266˛1286)
37.-
-C¬-Øp-an-jn-s‚- Io-gn¬- sh-≈w- sIm-
≠p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂- H-cp- A-Sn-a-bm-bn-´m-Wv-
bm-kp-±o-≥ F-∂n-h-cp-sS- Im-e-Øpw- A-
t±-lw- k-Zk- y-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-≥ kq-
25.- C- ¬-Øp-an-jn-s‚- ]n-≥Km-an- a-If - m-b- d- _m¬-_-≥ Po-hn-Xw- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.- ^n- kw-Ko-X-am-b- J-hm-en-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-
kn-bb - m-bn-cp-∂p.- X-s‚- ]p-{X-≥am¿- knw- 32. ASn-ah - w-iØ - n-se- I-cp-Øc - m-b- `-cW
- m- 38.- -1265 em-Wv- _m¬-_-≥ knw-lm-k-\m- hv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- A-t±-l-
lm-k\ - Ø- n-te-dm-≥ {]m-]vX - c- √
- - F-∂v- [n-Im-cn-If - n-sem-cm-fm-Wv- _m¬-_≥ - .- Kn- h-tcm-[n-X-\m-b-Xv.- 1246 ¬- X-s∂- A- am-Wv- kn-Xm¿- F-∂- kw-Ko-tXm-]-I-c-
kp¬-Øm-\v- tXm-∂n-bX - n-\m-em-Wv- C¬- bm-kp-±o-≥ _m¬-_≥ - F-∂v- ]q¿-Æ\ - m- [n-Im-cØ - n-te-dm-≥ k-lm-bn-®- C¬-Øp- Ww- C-¥y-bv-°v- ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.-
Øp-an-jv- ]p-{Xn-sb- In-co-Sm-hI - m-in-bm-bn- a-ap-≈- A-t±-il - Ø- n-s‚- b-Ym¿-∞- t]- an-jn-s‚- C-f-b- ]p-{X-≥am-cn-sem-cm-fm- 46. cmPmhv ssZh-Øns‚ \ng-emWv F∂p
{]-Jym-]n-®X - v.- cv- D-ep-Lv- Jm-≥ F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- b- \-ko-dp-±o-≥ ap-l-Ω-Zn-s‚- \-bn-_v- A- hni-zk
- n-®n-cp∂ kp¬Øm-t\‰v `c-Wm-
26.- -X-s‚- A-[n-Im-cw- D-d-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- d-kn- 33.- -ssZ-h-Øn-s‚- {]-Xn-cq-]w- F-∂v- kz-bw- Y-hm- _-Z-emƒ- F-∂- ÿm-\-am-Wv- B- [n-Imcn _m¬_-\m-Wv.
b-bv°
- v- k-tlm-Zc - ∑
- m-cp-am-bpw- Xp¿-°n- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®- _m¬-_-s‚- `-c-W-\-bw- Zy-L-´-Øn¬- _m¬-_-≥ A-e-¶-cn-®-Xv.- 47. salvtdm-fn-bnse IpXv_v tImwπ-Ivkn-
{]-am-Wn-am-cp-am-bpw- a-√n-tS-≠n-h∂ - p.- aq- c-‡-Øn-s‚-bpw- C-cp-ºn-s‚-Xp-am-bn-cp- 1249 ¬- _m¬-_-≥ X-s‚- a-I-sf- \-kn- emWv C¬Øp-an-jns‚ I_-dnSw.
∂p-h¿-ja - m-Wv- A-h¿- A-[n-Im-cØ - n¬- ∂p.- {]-`p-h¿-§-Øn¬-s∏-Sm-Ø- B-tc- dp-±o-\v- hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-Sp-Øp.- 48. U¬ln-bn¬ IpØ-_van-\m-dn\p kao-
Xp-S¿-∂X - v.- bpw- D-∂X - ] - Z- h
- n-If
- n¬- \n-ba - n-°m-≥ hn- 39.- -1286 ¬- _m¬-_-≥ A-¥-cn-®p.- ]-ap≈ Iph-Øv-˛-D¬-˛-C…mw ]≈n
27.- U¬-ln- knw-lm-k\ - Ø
- n¬- A-ht- cm-[n- ap-J-X-Im-´n-b- A-t±-lw- cm-P-k-Z- n¬- 40.- -Nm-en-k-sb- \m-am-h-ti-j-am-°n-b-Xv- apºv hnjvWp-t£-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.

hmKv`Sm\µ≥
(1885˛1939)
49. h-S-°-≥ tI-c-f-Øn-se- I-Æq-cn¬- ]m-
Syw- {Km-a-Øn¬- Xn-ø- k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬-
1885˛¬- P-\n-®- Ip-™n-°-Æ-\m-Wv-
]n¬-°m-eØ - v- hm-Kv`
- S- m-\µ
- ≥ - F-∂- t]-
cn¬- {]-kn-≤-\m-b-Xv.-
50.- -a-e-_m¿- {]-tZ-i-Øv- am¿-Iv-kn-Ãv-˛-se-
\n-\n-Ãv- kn-≤m-¥-ß-fp-sS- {]-Nm-c-W-
Øn-\v- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- ]-›m-Ø-ew-
H-cp-°n-b- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hm-
Wv- hm-Kv-`-Sm-µ-≥.-
51.- -A-[ym-]-I-\m-b- Ip-™n-°-Æ-\v- (hn.-
sI.-Kp-cp-°ƒ- F-∂m-Wv- A-°m-e-Øv-
A-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv-)- th-Zm-¥-Z¿-i-\-Øn-
epw- kw-kv-Ir-X-Øn-epw- A-Km-[- ]m-Wv-
Un-Xy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- X-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø-
\-aW- vU- e
- w- I-Æq-cn¬-\n-∂v- tIm-gn-t°m-
t´-°v- am-‰n-b- A-t±-lw- Po-hn-Xm-¥yw-
h-sc- km-aq-ln-I- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬-ap-
gp-In- A-hn-sS-°-gn-™p.-
52.- -B-e-Øq¿- in-h-tbm-Kn-bp-sS- in-jy-Xzw-
kzo-I-cn-®- Ip-™n-°-Æ-\v- hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-
µ-≥ F-∂- t]-cp-\¬-In-bX - v- Kp-cp- X-s∂-
bm-Wv.- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- hm-‹n-Xzw- ]-cn-K-
Wn-®m-bn-cp-∂p- t]-cp- \¬-In-bX - v.- hm-Kv`
- -
Sm-\µ- ≥
- k-∂ym-kw- kzo-Ic - n-®n-cp-∂√.-
n-
tIcf \thm∞m\w
53.- -X-Øz-{]-Im-in-I- B-{i-aw- F-∂- kw-kv- hn-izm-kß - ƒ-°pw- F-Xn-sc- t]m-cm-Se - m-
Ir-X- hn-Zym-`ym-kt- I-{µ-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]- Wv- H- c- p- A-ssZz-Xm-\p-bm-bn-bp-sS- {]m-Y-
I-≥ hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-µ-\m-Wv.- in-h-tbm-Kn-hn- an-I- Np-aX - e- - F-∂t- ±-lw- {]-Jym-]n-®p.-
em-kw-(1914)- F-∂- am-kn-I-bpw- A-t±- 63.- -kv-t\-l-hpw- km-tlm-Z-cy-hp-am-Wv- F-
lw- B-cw-`n-®p- (]n¬-°m-e-Øv- B-e- √m- a-X-ß-fpw- ]-Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- F-∂-Xn-
Øq¿- in-h-tbm-Kn-bp-am-bp-≈- A-`n-{]m- \m¬- a-Xw-am-‰w- A-{]-k-‡-am-sW-∂v-
b- hy-Xym-kw- Im-c-Ww- t]-cv- in-h-tbm- A-t±-lw- {]-kv-Xm-hn-®p.-
K-hn-em-kw- F-∂p- am-‰n-).- 64.- -\n-c-h-[n- te-J-\-ß-fn-eq-sS- A-t±-lw- hn-
54.- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- tI-{µ-am-b- B-fl-hn-Zym- {K-lm-cm-[-\-bv-s°-Xn-sc- P-\-ß-sf- D-
kw-Lw- F-∂- {]-ÿm-\w- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- Zv-t_m-[n-∏n-®p.-
hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-µ-\m-Wv- .- B-flh - n-Zym-Im-l- 65.- -km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-tØm-sSm-∏w-
fw,-A-`n-\-h- tI-c-fw- F-∂o- hm¿-Øm-]- km-ºØ - n-I- ]-cn-jvI - c - W
- Ø - n-t‚-Xm-b- ‡n- ˛-hn-hn-[- X-e-ß-fn¬- tim-`n-®v- a-e-
{Xn-II - f- pw- A-t±-lw- B-cw-`n-®p.- C-h- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-Iq-Sn- ]p-e¿-Øn-b- hm-Kv-`-S- bm-fn-°v- Nn-c-kv-a-c-Wo-b-am-b- hy-‡n-Xz-
sb-√mw-Xs - ∂- tI-cf - Ø
- n-se- km-aq-ln-I- \-µ-≥ a-e-_m-dn-se- P-∑n-Iƒ- km-{am- Øn-\p-Sa - b- m-Wv- sI.-]n.-tI-ih - t- a-t\m-≥.-
]-cn-jvI - c- W- Ø
- n-s‚- th-Kw- h¿-[n-∏n-®p.- Py-Xz- i-‡n-bp-sS- k-lm-bt- Øm-sS- I¿- 71.- -]m-e-°m-Sv- cm-Ph - w-iØ - n-se- Aw-Ka - m-b-
55.- -D-W-cp-hn-≥ A-Jn-te-i-s\- kv-a-cn-∏n-≥/ j-Is - c- Nq-jW - w- sN-øp-∂X - n-s\-Xn-sc- \-Sp-hn-se-SØ - n¬- `o-a\ - ®
- s
- ‚-bpw- In-g-
-£-W-sa-gp-t∂¬-∏n-≥,- A-\o-Xn-tbm-sS- X-s‚- hm-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ- \n-c-Øn- P-\-{i-≤- t°- s]m-t‰-ho-´n¬- ao-\m-£n- t\-Xym-c-
Xn¿-∏n-≥˛-F-∂-Xv- A-`n-\-h- tI-c-fw- am- ]n-Sn-®p-]-‰n.- Zm-cn-Zyw- D-≠m-hp-∂-Xn¬- Ω-bp-sS-bpw- a-I\ - m-bn- 1886 sk-]vX - w-_¿-
kn-I-bp-sS- ap-J-hm-Iy-am-bn-cp-∂p.- k-º-∂¿-°pw- ]-¶p-s≠-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- A- H-∂n-\v- sI.-]n.-tI-ih - t- a-t\m-≥ P-\n-®p.-
72.- -Ip-´-≥ F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- Hm-a-\-t∏-cv.- \m-
56.- B
- fl- h - n-Zym-kw-LØ - n-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-
B-i-b-߃- ap-t∂m-´p-h-bv-°p-∂- hm-Kv- 66.-
t±-l-Øn-s‚- \n-K-a-\w.-
hm-Kv-`-S-\m-µ-s‚- D-Zv-t_m-[-\-߃- h-S- emw-¢m-kp-h-sc- X-cq-cn-epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- ]m-
`-Sm-\-µ-s‚- Im-hy-am-Wv- kz-X-{¥-Nn-¥m- °-≥ tI-c-f-Øn¬- tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm- e-°m-´p-am-bn-cp-∂p- ]-T-\w.-
a-Wn.- \w- i-‡n-s∏-Sm-≥ k-lm-b-I-am-bn.- 73.- -1898˛¬- tIm-gn-t°m-s´-Øn- tI-c-f- hn-
57.- -hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-µ-≥ 1925˛¬- B-fl-hn-Zy- F- 67.- ]
- n¬-°m-eØ - v- hm-Kv`- S- m-\µ - ≥ - B-eØ - q¿- Zym-im-e-(C-∂-sØ- Kp-cp-hm-bp-c-∏-≥
∂- {K-Ÿ-hpw- 1932˛¬- B-fl-hn-Zym-te- in-ht- bm-Kn-bp-sS- hn-a¿-iI - \ - m-bn- am-dn.- tIm-tf-Pv-)-bn¬- tN¿-∂p.- ]-T-\w- F-´p-
J-am-e- F-∂- {K-Ÿ-hpw- c-Nn-®p.- 68.- -{_-“m-\-µ-in-h-tbm-Kn-bp-sS- B-i-b-ß- h¿-jw- Xp-S¿-∂p.-
58.- -1929˛¬- B-fl-hn-Zym-kw-L-Øn-s‚- ap-J- sf- J-WvU - n-®p-sIm-≠v- A-[ym-flb - p-≤w- 74.- -sa-{Sn-°p-te-j-≥ P-bn-®- D-S-≥X-s∂-
]-{X-am-bn- B-fl-hn-Zym-Im-l-fw- B-cw-`n- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv- (1927)- hm-Kv- 20˛mw- h-b- n¬- A-t±-lw- hn-hm-ln-X-
®p.- kn.-]n.-cm-a\ - m-bn-cp-∂p- ]-{Xm-[n-]¿.- `-Sm-\-µ-\m-Wv.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- \m-bn.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- D-]-cn-]-T-\-Øn-
59.- -1932˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn- D-]-hm-k- k-a-cw- B- c-N-\-bm-Wv- {]m¿-Y-\m-Rv-P-en.- \v- a-{Zm-kn-te-°p-t]m-bn-(1906).-
cw-`n-®-t∏mƒ- B-fl-hn-Zym-Im-l-f-Øn¬- 69.- -1939 H-Iv-tSm-_-dn¬- hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-µ-≥ A- 75.- -F-^v.-F-bv-°v- B-Zy-h¿-jw- {]-kn-U-
Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-flm-hn-s\- c-£n-°p- ¥-cn®p. ≥kn- tIm-tf-Pn-em-Wv- ]-Tn-®-Xv.- c-≠mw-
I- F-∂- ap-J-{]-kw-Kw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv- hm- h¿-jw- tIm-b-º-Øq-cn-epw.-
Kv-`-Sm-\-µ-\m-Wv.- sI.]n.tIihtat\m≥ 76.- -_n.-F.-_n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn-b-Xv- (1908)- a-{Zm-
kv- {In-kv-Xy-≥ tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂m-Wv.-
60.- -b-P-am-\-≥ F-∂- am-kn-I- hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-µ-
\m-Wv- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.- (1886˛1978) 77.- -tZ-io-b- kzm-X{- ¥y-{]-ÿm-\w- th-cp-]n-Sn-
61.- -_-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-sb- I-Tn-\-am-bn- hn- 70. tIcf-Øn¬- kzm-X-{¥y- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- °p-∂- k-ab - a- m-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- tI-ih - t- a-
a¿-in-°p-I-bpw- H-cp- ssZ-hw- am-{X-ta-bp- ap-∂-Wn-t∏m-cm-fn,- am-Xr-`q-an- ]-{X-Øn- t\m-\pw- A-Xn-te-°v- B-I¿-jn-° s∏-
- ´p.-
≈p-sh-∂v- {]-Jym-]n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥,-am-Xr-`q-an-bp-sS- B-Zy- 78.- -\n-b-a-_n-cp-Zw- t\-Sm-\m-bn- 1912˛¬- A-
hm-Kv-`-Sm-µ-≥ X-s‚- B-i-b-߃-°v- A- ]-{Xm-[n-]¿,- am-Xr-`q-an- F-∂- t]-cn-s‚- t±-lw- Cw-•-≠n-te-°v- I-∏¬- I-b-dn.- aq-
Sn-ÿm-\w- C-Xn-lm-kß - f- n-epw- ]p-cm-W- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv,- tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy- A- ∂p-h¿-jw- Cw-•-≠n¬- sN-e-hn-´p.- \n-b-
ß-fn-epw- I-s≠-Øn.- °m-Z-an-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- s^-t√m,- Xp- a-_n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn- _m-cn-Ã-dm-bn.-
62.- -Pm-Xn-k-{º-Zm-bw- ln-µp-a-X-Øn-s‚- A- ©-≥ sa-tΩm-dn-be - n-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- sN- 79.- -Cw-•-≠n-se- Po-hn-Xw- A-t±-l-sØ- am-
Sn-ÿm-\{- ]-am-Wß - ƒ-°v- hn-cp-≤a - m-sW- b¿-am-≥,- an-I-®- K-Zy-Im-c-≥,- P-\-{]n-b- ‰n-a-dn-®p.- B-[p-\n-I- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-co-Xn-
∂v- A-t±-lw- hn-eb - n-cp-Øn.- Pm-Xn- k-{º- \m-b- tIm-f-an-Ãv,- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im- Iƒ- I-≠p-a-\- n-em-°m-≥ A-t±-l-Øn-
Zm-bØ - n-\pw- A-\m-Nm-cß - ƒ-°pw- A-‘- ew- am-Xr-`q-an- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂- hy- \v- A-h-k-cw- e-`n-®p.-

118
80.- C- w-•≠ - n-se-Øn-b- C-¥y-≥ t\-Xm-°s - f- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-≥ k-Po-h-am-bn.- C-°m-e- Xn-cp-\mƒ- tam-Nn-X\ - m-bn.- Xn-cn-s®-Øn.- aq-∂p-am-k-Øn-\p-ti-jw-
I-≠d - n-bm-≥ A-hk - c- w- e-`n-®- A-t±-lw- Øm-Wv- a-e-_m¿- I-em-]w- D-≠m-b-Xv- 95.- -Xn-cn-s®-Øn-b- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-\v- I-Sp-Ø- knw-K-∏q-cn-te-°v- a-S-ßn-b- A-t±-lw- A-
h-°o¬-tPm-en-sb-°mƒ- A-`n-Im-ayw- P- (1921).- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-≥,- sI.-tI-f-∏-≥,- {]-Xn-k‘ - n-Is - f- t\-cn-tS-≠n-h∂ - p.- ho- hn-sS- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.-
∑-\m-Sn-s‚- tam-N-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈- am-[-h-≥ \m-b¿- Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿- e-l-fw- ´n-se- I-Sp-Ø- Zm-cn-Zy-hpw- `m-cy-bp-sS- am- 105.- -1948 Pq-sse-bn¬- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-≥ ho-
{i-a-am-sW-∂v- Xn-cn-®-dn-™p.- i-an-∏n-°m-≥ B-hp-∂{- X- ]-cn-{i-an-®p.- ]- c-I- tcm-Kh - pw- A-t±-ls - Ø- hn-ja - n-∏n-®p.- ≠pw- \m-´n¬- a-S-ßn-sb-Øn.- Xn-cn-s®-
81.- 1- 915 Pq-sse-bn¬- tI-ih - t- a-t\m-≥ \m-´n- e- tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-°-fpw- P-bn-en-e- 96.- -£-bw- _m-[n-®- `m-cy-bp-sS- Nn-In-’-bv- Øn-b- A-t±-l-sØ- am-Xr-`q-an- hn-fn-®p.-
se-Øn.- Hm-Kk - X
v- n¬- tIm-gn-t°m-´v- A-`n- S-bv-°-s∏-´p.- °v- a-{Zm-kn-\p- t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn- tI- U-b-d-Iv-S¿- t_m¿-Uv- A-`y¿-Yn-®-X-\p-
`m-jI - \ - m-bn- {]-h¿-Ø\ - a - m-cw-`n-®p.- A-Sp-Ø88.- - k
- zm-X{- ¥y-{]-ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚- B-ib - m-Z¿- i-h-ta-t\m-≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]- ÿm-\-hpw- k-cn-®v- 1948 Hm-K-kv-Xv- H-∂n-\v- A-t±-
h¿-jw- Cw-•≠ - v- Po-hn-Xs - Ø-∏‰ - n- _n-em- i-߃- P-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m-≥ H-cp- ]- tIm-¨-{K-kv- sk-{I-´-dn- ÿm-\-hpw- H- lw- ho-≠pw- am-Xr-`q-an-bp-sS- ]-{Xm-[n-
Øn-hn-ti-jw- F-∂- ]p-kvX - I- w- c-Nn-®p.- {Xw- th-Ws - a-∂- B-ib - w- tI-ih - t- a-t\m- gn-™p.- a-{Zm-kn-se- Nn-In-’- ^-e-{]-Z- ]-cm-bn.-
82.- B- \ - n-_k - ‚ - v- ÿm-]n-®- tlmw-dqƒ- {]- \p-≠m-bn.- A-Xn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn- ÿm-]n- am-bn-√.- H-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- `m-cym-am-Xm- 106.- -1951˛¬- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-≥ {io-e-¶-bn-se-
ÿm-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- 1916˛¬- sI.- X-am-b-Xm-Wv- am-Xr-`q-an- ]-{Xw.- hv- h-kq-cn- ]n-Sn-®v- a-{Zm-kn¬-h® - v- a-cn-®p.- C-¥y-≥ ssl-°-Ωo-j-W-dm-bn- \n-tbm-
]n.-tI-ih - t- a-t\m-≥ kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c - w- 89.-
- c -A-©p-cq-]-bp-sS- 20000 Hm-l-cn- ti-J- 97.- \ - m-´n¬- Xn-cn-sI-s°m-≠p-h∂ - t- i-jw- `m- Kn-°-s∏-´p.- c-≠p-h¿-j-Øn-\p-ti-jw- ]-
K-tØ-°n-dß - n.- tlmw-dq-fn-s‚- a-e_ - m¿- cn-®v- H-cp- e-£w- cq-]-bp-sS- aq-e-[-\-hp- cy- e-£v-an-bpw- a-Iƒ- sN-√-Ω-bpw- £- Z-hn- cm-Pn-h-®v- 1952 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- B-
im-J-bp-sS- Im-cy-Z¿-in-bm-bn.- am-bn- 1922 ^n-{_-h-cn- 15\v- am-Xr-`q-an- b-tcm-KØ - m¬- a-cn-®p. Zm-cn-Zyw- h-√m-sX- dn-\v- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-≥ ho-≠pw- \m-´n-se-
83.- -sI.-]n.-kn.-kn-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- A-[y- {]n-‚n-Mv- B-‚ v- ]-ªn-jn-Mv- I-º-\n- c-Pn- _p-≤n-ap-´n-b- A-t±-lw- Po-hn-Xw- ap-t∂m- Øn.- ]-{Xm-[n-]- ÿm-\w- ho-≠pw- G-
£-≥ sI.-am-[-h-≥ \m-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p- {]- ÿ- sN-bv-Xp.- I-dp-∏-Øv- tI-i-h-ta-t\m- ´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-≥ a-‰p- t]mw-h-gn-I-sf- s‰-Sp-Ø-p.-
ÿm-\-Øn¬- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-s‚- A-Sp- ≥ tIm-gn-t°m-´v- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂- Fw-{]- °p-dn-®v- N-n-¥n-®p.- 107.- s- F-Iy-tI-cf - - {]-ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚- km-cY - yw-
Ø- kp-lr-Øv.- kv- hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b- {]-kpw- ÿ-e-hpw- 1922 98.- -`m-cym-k-tlm-Z-cn-sb- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®- sI.-tI-f∏ - ≥- H-gn-™t- ∏mƒ- ]-Ic - - w- Np-a-
84.- 1- 916˛¬- a-e_ - m¿- Pn-√m- tIm-¨{- K-kv- k- \-hw-_¿- 13\v- hn-e-bv-°p- hm-ßn.- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-≥ 1927 Hm-K-kv-Xv- 16˛-\v- X-e-°m-c-\m-b-Xv- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-\m-Wv.-
tΩ-f-\w- ]m-e-°m-´v- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- C-¥y- 90.- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- "-b-Mv- C-¥y-'-bp- a-e-bm-bn-te-°v- ]p-d-s∏-´p.- 1956 \-hw-_¿- H-∂n-\v- tI-cf - - kw-ÿm-
°v- kz-bw-`c - W
- w- th-Ws - a-∂- {]-ta-bw- sS- am-Xr-I-bn¬- am-Xr-`q-an- 1923 am¿-®v- 99.- -a-te-jy-bn-epw- knw-K-∏q-cn-epw- (A-∂v- \w- cq-]w-sIm-≠- Zn-hk - w- F-dW- m-Ip-fØ - p-
A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-\m-bn-cp- 18\v- tIm-gn-t°m-´p-\n-∂v- ss{X-hm-cn-I-bm- A-h- H-scm-‰- cm-jv-{S-am-Wv-)- A-[ym-]-I- tN¿-∂- sF-Iy-tI-cf - - k-tΩ-f\ - Ø- n-s‚-
∂p. A-tX-h¿-jw- e-Iv\ - u- tIm-¨{- K-kv- bn- B-cw-`n-®p.- sNm-∆,- i-\n,- hym-gw- Zn- \m-bpw- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bpw- tI-i-h-ta- A-[y-£≥ - A-t±-la - m-bn-cp-∂p.-
k-tΩ-f\ - Ø- n-epw- A-t±-lw- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.- h-k-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.- t\m-≥ {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- 108.- -1954 ap-X¬- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-s‚- Im-gv-N-
85.- -1920˛-Hm-sS- sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-ta-t\m-≥ ap- 91.- -Ip-dq¿- \o-e-I-Wv-T-≥ \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- ]- 100.- {- _n-´s
- ‚- \n-b{- ¥-WØ - n-em-bn-cp-∂- B- i-‡n- \-in-°m-≥ Xp-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.-
gp-h-≥ k-a-b- cm-jv-{So-b- {]-h¿-Ø-I-\m- ªn-j-dm-bn- B-cw-`n-®- am-Xr-`q-an-bp-sS- {]-tZ-iw- c-≠mw- tem-Ia - l
- m-bp-≤° - m-e- 1959˛¬- e-≠-\n¬-\-S-∂- i-kv-{X-{In-b-
bn.- 1918˛-ap-X¬- a-{Zm-kn¬- A-`n-`m-j-I- B-Zy- ]-{Xm-[n-]¿- sI.-]n.-tI-ih - t- a-t\m- Øv- P-∏m-≥ Io-g-S-°n.- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´-tXm-sS- A-t±-lw- ]q¿-W-
\m-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- h-f¿- \m-bn-cp-∂p.- 1930 G-{]n¬- B-dn-\v- am- 101.- P- ∏
- m-s‚- ]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS- knw-K-∏q- am-bpw- A-‘-\m-bn.-
Øm-\m-bn- tIm-gn-t°m-t´-°v- Xn-cn-®p.- Xr-`q-an- Zn-\-∏-{X-am-bn.- cn¬- B-cw-`n-®- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]- 109.- -Xp-S¿-∂v- Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- c-≠p-Z-i-I-ß-
sI.-am-[-h-≥\m-b-cp-sS- ho-Sm-bn-cp-∂p- 92.- s
- sh-°w- k-Xym-{K-lØ - n-s‚- t\-Xm-°- ≥U-≥kv- eo-Kn-epw- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-≥ fn¬- A-‘-X-bn-se- Dƒ-sh-fn-®-Øn-em-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- Hm-^o-kv.- fn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p- sI.-]n.- tI-i-h-ta- ]-¶m-fn-bm-bn.- Wv- X-s‚- km-ln-Xy-Po-hn-Xw- Xp-S¿-∂X - v.-
86.- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-lzm-\w- sN-hn-s°m- t\m-≥.- 1924 am¿-®v- 30˛-\v- B-cw-`n-®- k- 102.- -eo-Kn-s‚- B-£-≥ Iu-¨-kn-en¬- {]- 110.- -1966˛¬- ]-Zv-a-`q-j-¨- _-lp-a-Xn- \¬-
≠v- am-Xr-`q-an-bp-sS- tam-N\ - Ø- n-\m-bn- C- a-cw- 20 am-kw- \o-≠p-\n-∂p.- Nm-c-W-hn-`m-Kw- X-e-h-\m-bn- A-t±-lw- In- cm-jv-{Sw- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-s\- B-Z-cn-
d-ßn-Øn-cn-®h - ¿- A-hn-sS- H-Øp-Iq-Sn.- F.- 93.- -k-Xym-{K-l-a-\p-jv-Tn-®- tI-i-h-ta-t\m- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- ®p.- 1978 \-hw-_¿- H-º-Xn-\v- 92˛mw- h-b-
sI.-]n-≈,- sI.-tI-f-∏-≥,- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A- s\- A-d-Ãp-sN-bv-Xv- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- 103.- -F-∂m¬,- P-∏m-s‚- \-b-ß-fn¬- hn-tbm-  n¬- A-t±-lw- A-¥-cn-®p.-
_v-Zp- d-“m-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sc-√mw- A-°q- sk-≥{S¬- P-bn-en¬- A-S-®p.- _-‘-\- Pn-®v- cm-Pn-h®- - tI-ih - t- a-t\m-≥ 1944˛¬- 111.- \- h
- `- m-cX
- - in¬-]n-Iƒ,-`q-Xh - pw- `m-hn-bpw-
´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Jn-em-^-Øv- {]- Øn¬-\n-∂v- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- F-gp-Xn- P-bn-en¬- A-S-bv-°-s∏-´p.- B-dp-sIm-√- ,-tb-ip-tZ-h-≥,- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- F-∂n-
ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚- Xp-S° - a - m-bn-cp-∂- B- Im- b-Xv- C-°m-e-Øm-Wv.- am-bn-cp-∂p- in-£.- h- tI-i-h-ta-t\m-‚- {]-i-kv-X- Ir-Xn-I-
e-L-´-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- 94.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- a-lm-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂- 104.- -P-∏m-≥ bp-≤-Øn¬- tXm-‰-tXm-sS- ta- fm-Wv.- I-gn-™- Im-ew- F-∂- B-fl-I-
B-Zy- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\w- (1920).- {io-aq-ew- Xn-cp-\mƒ- A-¥c - n-®t- Xm-sS- A- t\m-≥ tam-Nn-X-\m-bn.- 1946 H-Iv-tSm-_- Y- A-t±-l-sØ- tI-{µ- km-ln-Xy- A-
87.- -tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xr-ÿm-\-Øv- sI.-]n.- ©p-am-k-sØ- X-S-hn-\p-ti-jw- {io-aq-ew- dn¬- A-t±-lw- Ip-Spw-_k - t- a-Xw- \m-´n¬- °m-Z-an- A-hm¿-Un-\v- A¿-l-\-m¡n.

tIcfØn-se Pn-√Iƒ-
W-Pm-Y- \-bn-®-Xv-˛- a-∂-Øv- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-
tIm´bw d-ap-Jw-˛- \m-´-Iw-
124.- -a-e-bm-fn-I-fm¬- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-
130.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-Nm-c-ap-≈- ]-
{Xw-˛- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- (C-¥y-bn-se- ≥ (hn-tam-N-\-k-a-cw- \-bn-®p.- `m-c-X- tI-
B-Zy-sØ- a-e-bm-f- ]-{Xw-˛- ⁄m-\-\n- G-‰-hpw- {]-Nm-c-ap-≈- {]m-tZ-in-I- `m-jm- k-cn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p-)-
{]tXyIXIƒ t£-]w- (1848)- Zn-\-∏-{Xw-)-
112. d_¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n- 125.- -H-cp- hy-‡n-bp-sS- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´- 131.- G
- ‰ - h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Zq-cw- s]m-Xp-ac
- m-aØ
- v-
°p-∂- Pn-√- tI-cf - Ø - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-hI - e- m-im- tdm-Up-I-fp-≈- Pn-√- tIm-´-b-am-Wv.-
113.- -k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-an-√m-Ø-Xpw- tI-c-f-Øn-se- e-˛- a-lm-flm- Km-‘n- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- A- ] - c - \ m- a - ß ƒ-
Pn-√-I-fp-am-bn- am-{Xw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n- (B-Zy-sØ- t]-cv- Km-‘n-Pn- k¿-h-I-em- 132.- -"-A-£-c-\-K-cw-'- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
Sp-∂-Xp-am-b- Pn-√- im-e-)- tIm-´-bw-
114.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]p-I-bn-e- hn- 126.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- X-Æo¿-Ø-S- K- 133.- -"-ssl-td-©n-te-°pw- Ip-´-\m-´n-te-°p-ap-
ap-‡- Pn-√- th-jW - - tI-{µw- ÿm-]n-°s - ∏-´X- v- tIm- ≈- I-hm-Sw-'- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- N-
115.- -aq-∂v L IfpsS \mSv (Lakes, Latex, ´-b-Øm-Wv.- ß-\m-t»-cn-
Letters). 127.- t- Im-´b - w- kn-Fw-Fk - v- ssl-kvI - q-fn-em- 134.- -"-Z-£n-W- aq-Imw-_n-I-'- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
Wv- tI-c-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- kv-Iu-´v- {]- ∂-Xv˛- - ]-\® - n-°m-Sv- t£-{Xw-{]-[m-\s - ∏-
BZysØXv ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.-
116. tIcf-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tPm-bn-≥dv- kv- 128.- -ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿- ]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b- ´- h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ-
t‰m-°v- -I-º-\n-˛- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m- 135.- -tIm-´-bw- Pn-√-bn-se- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- ]-
B-Zy-sØ- a-eb - m-fn- h-\n-Xb
- m-Wv- tUm.- £n-k-t¶-Xw-˛- Ip-a-c-Iw-
c-a- (1888˛-em-Wv- ÿm-]n-Xa - m-bX- v.- a-t\m-
c-a- ]-{Xw- B-cw-`n-®-X-v 1890˛¬. ) 136.- -G-Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv- tIm-´-bw-
˛- ao-\-®n¬- 143.- c
- m-Py-k`- m-[y-£\ - m-b- B-Zy- a-eb - m-fn,- cm-
117. Abn-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- C-¥y-bn¬- \-S- jv {
- S-
] X
- n-
b m-
b - B- Z y- a-
e b
- m-f n-
˛ - sI.- B¿.-
∂- B-Zy- kw-LS- n-Xk - a - c
- w-˛- ssh-°w- 137.- -G-Xv- t£-{X-Øn-em-Wv- \-S-cm-P-s‚- Nn-
{Xw-˛- G-‰p--am-\q¿ \m-cm-bW - ≥ - (D-]c - m-jv{- S-]X - n- F-∂- \n-
k-Xy-{K-lw- (1924˛-25).- e-bn-em-Wv- cm-Py-k` - m-[y-£\ - m-bX - v)- -
118.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- d-_-ssd-kv- {][m\ hy‡nIƒ 144.- -ssh-°w- k-Xy-{K-l-Øn-s‚- {]-[m-\-
Uv- tdm-Uv-˛- tIm-´-bw-˛- Ip-a-fn- 138. tIm´-bw- Pn-√-bn-se- cm-a-]p-c-Øv- P-\n- kw-Lm-S-I-≥˛- Sn.-sI.- am-[-h-≥
119.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- a-e-bm-fw- A-®-Sn-°p-∂- ®v- {]-i-kv-X- I-hn-˛- cm-a-]p-c-Øv- hm-cy¿- 145.- -ssh-°w- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-\p-ap-ºv- 1924
B-Zy-sØ -{]-kv- tIm-´-b-Øv- kv-Ym-]n- (C-t±-la - m-Wv- h-©n-∏m-´v- {]-ÿm-\Ø - n- am¿-®v- 17˛-\v- \-S-∂- ]q-tØm-´- kw-`-h-
®-Xv-˛- s_-©-an-≥ s_-bv-en- (1821)- s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-).- Øn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- Sn.-sI.-am-
120.- -k-ºq¿-W- km-£-c-X- t\-Sn-b- C-¥y- 139.- -tIm-´-bw- ]-´-W-Øn-s≥d- kv-Ym-]-I-\m- [-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-
bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]-´-Ww-˛- tIm-´-bw- b- h-S-°-≥ Un-hn-j-s≥d- t]-jv-Im¿-˛- 146.- -a-e-bm-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t\m-
121.- -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy- bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W- Sn.-cm-a-dm-hp- (1878)- h-se-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛- ap-´-Øp-h¿-°n-
{K-\v-Yw- -c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- ]m-td-Ωm-°¬- tXm- Pm-≥kn- sP-bnw-kv- (Fw.-Pn.-bq-Wn-th-gv- 140.- -tIm-´-b-sØ- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚- `m-K- 147.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-h-iyw- an-I-®- \-
am-°-Ø-\m¿- kn-‰n-)- am-°n-b- cm-Pm-hv˛- - am¿-Øm-WvU - h
- ¿-a- S-\p-≈- tZ-io-b- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- a-e-
122.- -a-e-bm-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- ss_-_nƒ- bm-fn-˛- a-Ωq-´n- (ssh-°Ø - n-\S- p-Øv- sN-
{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv- F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv- ˛- k
- q- ∏ ¿- t e- ‰ o- h p- I ƒ- 141.- -a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a-bp-sS- kv-Ym-]-I-≥˛- I-
129.- -
t I-c -f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- ]- ≠-Øn¬- h-dp-Ko-kv- am-∏n-f- ºv- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øv- P-\n-®p.- b-Ym¿-Y-
tIm-´-bw- 142.- -ssh-°w- k-Xy-{K-l-Im-e-Øv- ssh-°- t]-cv- ]n.-sF.- ap-lΩ - Z- v- Ip-´n.- A-`n-\b - n-
123.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Dƒ-\m-S-≥ Xp- {Xw-˛- Zo-]n-I- (1887¬- kv-Ym-]n-Xw-)-
Øp-\n-∂v- Xn-cp-h\ - ¥ - ]
- p-ct- Ø-°v- k-h¿- ®- B-Zy- Nn-{Xw- A-\p-`h - ß- ƒ- ]m-fn-®-

119
 Iƒ.- kn-\n-a-bn¬- Xp-S-°-Im-e-Øv- k-Pn- ti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏-´- _-jo-dn-s‚- {]-kn-≤c - N
- - X-am-b-Xv- 1914˛-em-Wv.- cp-∂X - v- A¬-t^m-≥kv- I-Æ¥ - m-\a - m-bn-
≥ F-∂- t]-cm-Wv- kzo-Ic - n-®X - v.- 2010˛¬- \-If - m-Wv- _m-ey-Im-ek - J- n- (B-Zy.- t\m- 194.- -ssh-°w- k-Xym-{K-lw- 1924˛-25em-bn-cp- cp-∂p.- tI-cf - \- n-ba - k - `- b
- n¬- Aw-Ka - m-b-
I-en-°‰ - v- k¿-hI - e- m-im-e- Un.-en-‰v- \¬- h¬-),-]m-Øp-Ωb - p-sS- B-Sv,- t{]-at- e-J\ - w,- ∂p.- B-Zy-sØ- (ap-≥)- sF.-F.-F-kv.- D-tZym-
In- B-Z-cn-®p.- tI-c-f- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ‚p-∏p-∏m-s°m-cm-t\-≠m¿-∂p- ,-aX - n-ep-Iƒ,- 195.- -a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- Zn-\-∏-{X-am-b-Xv- 1928˛- K-ÿ\ - m-Wn-t±-lw.-
2008˛¬- tUm-IvS- t- d-‰v- \¬-In-bn-cp-∂p-)- hn-iz-hn-Jym-X-am-b- aq-°v- ap-X-em-b-h.- em-Wv.- 220.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- a-lm-cm-Pm-hv- {io-aq-ew-
148.- s- sI-cf - n,- ]o-∏nƒ- Xp-Sß - n-b- Nm-\e - p-Iƒ- 169.- -a-≠-≥ ap-Ø-∏,- B-\-hm-cn- cm-a-≥ \m- 196.- a- e
- b
- m-f- a-t\m-ca- b
- p-sS- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W
- w- Xn-cp-\m-fm-Wv- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a-bp-sS-
\-S-Øp-∂- a-e-bm-fw- I-Ωyp-Wn-t°-j- b¿,-F-´p-Im-en- a-Ωq-™v- ap-X-em-b-h- _- X-S- -s∏-´-Xv- 1938em-Wv.- 1947˛¬- ho- tem-tKm- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-
≥kn-s‚- sN-b¿-am-\m-bn- a-Ωq-´n- {]-h¿- jo-dn-s‚- I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wv.- ≠pw- A-®-Sn-®p-Xp-S-ßn.- Iq¿- cm-P-Io-b- ap-{Z-bp-sS- am-Xr-I-bn¬-
Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.- 170.- -_-jo¿- c-Nn-®- G-I- \m-S-I-am-Wv- I-Ym- 197.- a- l
- m-flm-Km-‘n- k¿-hI - e
- m-im-e- ÿm- e-Lp-hm-bn- ]-cn-jv-I-cn-®m-Wv- C-Xv- cq-]-
149.- -H-cp- h-S-°-≥ ho-c-Km-Y,- a-Xn-ep-Iƒ- F- _o-Pw.- ]n-X-am-b-Xv- 1983˛-em-Wv.- I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-X-Xv.-
∂o- kn-\n-a-I-fn-se- A-`n-\-b-Øn-\m-Wv- 171.- t- Um.-Bj - ¿- _-jo-dn-s‚- c-N\ - I - ƒ- Cw- 198.- -1989˛-em-Wv- tIm-´-bw- ]-´-Ww- k-ºq¿- 221.- -a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- F-∂- t]-cv- Xn-c-s™-
a-Ωq-´n-°v- an-I-®- \-S-\p-≈- tZ-io-b- A- Kv-fo-jn-te-°v- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXm- W- km-£-c-X- ssI-h-cn-®-Xv.- Sp-Ø-Xv- tI-c-f- h¿-a- h-en-b- tIm-bn-Ø-
hm¿-Uv- B-Zy-am-bn- e-`n-®-Xv- (1989).- hn- sS- _-jo¿- B-tKm-f-X-e-Øn¬- {i-t≤- 199.- -km-ln-Xy-{]-h¿-Ø-I- k-l-I-c-W-kw- ºp-cm-\pw- hn-ez-h´- Ø - p- cm-Lh - ≥- \-ºym-
t[-b≥ - ,- s]m-¥≥ - am-S- F-∂o- Nn-{X-߃- b-\m-bn.- Lw- cq-]w-sIm-≠- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1945.- cp-am-Wv- F-∂p- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
1993epw- tUm.-_m-_m-km-tl-_v- Aw- 172.- -tI-{µ- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS- s^- 200.- 2- 008˛¬- s_-\U - n-IvS- v- ]-Xn-\m-dm-a≥- am¿- 222.- B- Z- y-Im-eß - f - n¬- i-\n-bm-gvN - t- Xm-dp-am-
t_-Zv-I¿- F-∂- Cw-Kv-fo-jv- Nn-{Xw- 1999˛- tem-jn-∏v- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn-bm-Wv- ∏m-∏-bm-Wv- kn-ÿ- A¬-t^m-≥k-sb- Wv- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-
epw- Cu- A-hm¿-Uv- ho-≠pw- A-t±-l- ssh-°w- ap-l-Ω-Zv- _-jo¿.- hn-ip-≤b - m-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®X - v.- I-tØm-en- cp-∂-Xv.-
Øn-\p- t\-Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.- 173.- -]m-em- \m-cm-bW - ≥ - \m-b¿-°m-Wv- B-Zy- °-k-`- hn-ip-≤-bm-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®- B- 223.- -a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a-bp-sS- {]-am-W-hm-Iy-
150.- -e-£w-ho-Sv- ]-≤-Xn- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- sØ- h-≈t- Ømƒ- ]p-ck - vI
- m-cw- e-`n-®X - v.- Zy- `m-c-Xo-b- h-\n-X-bm-W-h¿- (C-¥y- am-Wv- [¿-tam-kv-a-Xv- Ip-e-ssZ-h-Xw.-
Fw.-F-≥.- tKm-hn-µ-≥ \m-b¿- tI-cf - w- h-fc - p-∂p- c-Nn-®X - v- C-t±-la - m-Wv.- bn¬-\n-∂v- hn-ip-≤- ]-Z-hn- e-`n-°p-∂- c- 224.- -Charity Our Household Divinity F-
151.- -A-Jn-e- tI-c-f- _m-e-P-\- k-Jyw- cq-]- 174.- -tIm-´-b-Øp- P-\n-®- I-hn-bpw- Km-\-c-N- ≠m-a-sØ- hy-‡n.- ]-sØm-º-Xmw- \q- ∂v- tem-tKm-bn¬- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂-
h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- sI.-kn.-am-Ω-≥ am-∏n-f- bn-Xm-hp-am-b- A-`-b-tZ-hn-s‚- b-Ym¿-Y- ‰m-≠n¬- hn-ip-≤-\m-bn- {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏- ]-{Xw- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a-bm-Wv.-
152.- -ss{I-kv-X-h- Im-fn-Zm-k-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏- t]-cv- A-ø-∏-≥ ]n-≈- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.- ´- tKm-¨-k-tem- Km¿-jy-bm-Wv- Cu- {]- 225.- C- e- h - o-gm-]q-©n-d- F-∂- hn-t\m-Zk - © - m-
Sp-∂-Xv-˛- I-´-°-bw- sN-dn-bm-≥ am-∏n-f- 175.- -tI-c-f- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {]- tXy-I-X- kz-¥-am-b- B-Zy- `m-c-Xo-b-≥).- c- tI-{µw- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv- am-¶p-∂v,-
153.- -kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-b- B- Xn-]£ - - t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂- ]n.-Sn.-Nm-t°m- 201.- -kn-kv-‰¿- A¬-t^m-≥k-bp-sS bYm¿Y I-S-b-Øq¿-a-e,- Xm-∂n-∏m-d- F-∂o- a-e-
Zy- a-eb - m-fn-˛- P-kv‰ - n-kv- (dn-´.-)s - I.-Pn.- _m- Nn-d-°-S-hn-em-Wv- P-\n-®-Xv.- t]cv A∂°p´n F∂mbncp∂p. \n-cI - ƒ-°n-Sb - n-em-Wv.- a-cß - ƒ- Xo-sc-bn-
e-Ir-jv-W-≥ 176.- Z- o¿-LI - m-ew- a-eb - m-f- a-t\m-ca - b - p-sS- ap- √m-Ø-Xn-\m¬- C-e-Iƒ- Xm-sg-ho-gm-\n-
154.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- 37˛m-a-sØ- No-^v- P-Ãn-km- Jy- ]-{Xm-[n-]c - m-bn-cp-∂- sI.-Fw.- am-Xyp- {][m\ ÿm]\߃ S-bn-√m-Ø- {]-tZ-iw- F-∂- A¿-Y-Øn-
bn-cp-∂p- P-kv‰ - n-kv- (dn-´.-)s - I.-Pn.-_m-eI - r- hn-s‚- B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv- F-´m-a-sØ- 202. tIcf- t^m-dk - v‰
- v- U-he - ]
- vs
- a-‚ v- tIm¿- em-Wv- C-e-ho-gm-]q-©n-d- F-∂- t]-cp- e-
jv-W-≥.- tamXncw. ]-td-j-s≥d- B-kv-Ym-\w-˛- tIm-´-bw- `n-®-Xv.-
155.- -tZ-io-b- a-\p-jym-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j-s‚- 203.- -km-ln-Xy-{]-h¿-Ø-I- k-l-I-c-W-kw- 226.- t- Im-´b - w-Pn-√b - n¬- {]-Nm-cØ - n-ep-≈- \r-
sN-b¿-am-\m-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn-˛- P-kv-‰n- {][m\ ÿe߃ L-Øn-s≥d- B-kv-Ym-\w-˛- tIm-´-bw- Ø-cq-]-ß-fm-Wv- A¿-Pp-\- \r-Ø-hpw-
kv- (dn-´.-)- sI.-Pn.- _m-e-Ir-jv-W-≥ 177. sI.- B ¿.- \m-cm-b-W-≥ P-\n-®- kv-Y-ew- 204.- k
- m-ln-Xy- {]-h¿-ØI - - k-lI - c
- W
- - kw- am¿-Kw-I-fn-bpw.-
156.- -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-f-an-Ãv- ˛- D-gh - q¿- Lw- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®- B-Zy- Ir-Xn- X-I- 227.- k - n-dn-b≥ - {In-kvX - ym-\n-Iƒ-°n-Sb - n¬- {]-
Un.-kn.-In-g-t°-ap-dn-bm-Wv.- sUm-an-\n-Iv- 178.- -kn-ÿ- A¬-t^m-≥k-bp-sS- `u-Xn-Im- gn-bp-sS- I-Y-Iƒ.- Nm-c-ap-≈- \r-Ø-cq-]-am-Wv- am¿-Kw-I-fn.-
Nm-t°m- F-∂m-Wv- ]q¿-W\ - m-aw.- 1974˛¬- h-in-jv-Sw- kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂- ]-≈n-˛- `- 205.- -d-_¿- dn-k¿-®v- C-≥kv-‰n-‰yq-´v- F-hn-sS- 228.- -A¿-Pp-\-\r-Ø-Øn-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-
Un.-kn.-_p-Ivk - v- ÿm-]n-®p.- I-dp-∏pw- sh- c-W-ßm-\w- sk-‚ v- ta-co-kv- ]-≈n- bm-Wv-˛- tIm-´-bw- Wv- a-bn¬-∏o-en- Øq-°w.-
fp-∏pw- F-∂- B-fl-I-Y- c-Nn-®p.- 179.- -F-cp-ta-en-bn-se- A-Xn-{]m-No-\-am-b- 206.- d
- _
- ¿- t_m¿-Un-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- tIm-´b - w- 229.- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- kq-cy-\v- k-a¿-∏n-®n-´p-≈-
157.- -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-fl-I-Y- t£-{X-Øn-se- N-Sß - m-Wv- t]-´X - p-≈¬.- 207.- G
- e - w- t_m¿-Un-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- tIm-´b - w- G-I- t£-{Xw- B-Zn-Xy-]p-c-Øm-Wv.-
c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- ssh-°-Øv- ]m-®p-aq-Ø-Xv- F-cp-ta-en-bn¬- t]-´- Xp-≈p-∂- `-‡¿- 208.- -a-{Zm-kv- d-_¿- ^m-Iv-S-dn- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- 230.- -N-hn-´p-\m-S-I-Øn-s‚- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv-
(1870˛¬- tIm-´-b-Øv- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-).- A-Sp-Øp-≈- hm-hc - p-]≈
- n-bn-epw- I-bd - m- ˛- h-S-hm-Xq¿- X-´p-s]m-fn-∏-≥.- tIm-´-bw- Pn-√-bn¬- {]-
158.- -ssh-°w- kz-tZ-in-\n-bm-b- Pm-\I - o- cm-a- dp-≠v.- A-ø-∏-s‚- kp-lr-Øm-bn-cp-∂p- 209.- l
- n-µp-kvY - m-≥ t]-∏¿- tIm¿-]t- d-js - ≥d- Nm-c-ap-≈,- {In-kv-Xym-\n-I-fp-sS- H-cp- Zr-
N-{µ-≥ ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-ÿm-\s - Ø-Øn-b- (X- sh-∂v- I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂- hm-h-cp-sS- t]-cn- B-kv-Ym-\w-˛- sh-≈q¿- iy-I-em-cq-]-am-Wv- C-Xv.- N-hn-´p-\m-S-I-ß-
an-gv-\m-Sv-)- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- h-\n-X-bm-Wv.- ep-≈-Xm-Wv- Cu- ]-≈n.- 210.- U
- n.-kn.- _p-Ivk - n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- tIm- fn¬- G-‰-hpw- {]m-[m-\y-ap-≈-Xv- Im-d¬-
159.- -h-©n-∏m-´v- F-∂- km-ln-Xy-im-J-bp-sS- 180.- G - ‰ - p-am-\q¿- t£-{X-Øn-em-Wv- G-gc - s- ∏m- ´-bw- (Un-kn- _p-Iv-kv- B-Zyw- {]-kn-≤o- am-≥ N--cn-Xw.-
D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv- cm-a-]p-c-Øp-hm-cy-cm-Wv.- ∂m-\.- πm-hn-≥X-Sn-bn¬- \n¿-an-®v- kz¿- I-cn-®- ]p-kv-X-Iw- a-e-bm-fw- ssi-eo- \n- 231.- -{K-l-W-k-a-b-Øv- A-S-®n-Sm-Ø- G-I-
ao-\-®n¬- Xm-eq-°n-se- cm-a-]p-c-Øv- P- Ww- s]m-Xn-™,- c-≠-c-b-Sn- D-b-c-ap-≈- L-≠p-)- t£-{X-am-Wv- Xn-cp-hm¿-∏v- {io-Ir-jv-W-
\n-®p.- h-S-°pw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- B-{in- G-gv- B-\-I-fpw- H-c-Sn- D-b-c-ap-≈- A-c- 211.- -te-_¿- C-¥y- ]-ªn-t°-j-≥kn-s‚- B- t£-{Xw.- \m-ep-ssI-I-tfm-Sv-Iq-Sn-b- {io-
X-\m-bn-cp-∂- C-t±-lw- am¿-Øm-WvU - h - ¿- B-\-bpw- D-≠v.- ÿm-\w-˛- a-c-ßm-´p-]-≈n- Ir-jv-W- {]-Xn-jv-T-bm-Wv- C-hn-Sp-sØ- a-
a-bp-sS- B-{in-X-\m-bn.- Ip-tN-e-hr-Ø- 181.- -ho-´p-]-I-c-W-߃- hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\v- {]- 212.- -πm-t‚-j-≥ tIm¿-∏-td-j-≥ Hm-^v- tI-c- s‰m-cp- {]-tXy-I-X.-
am-Wv- {]-i-kv-X-Ir-Xn.- kn-≤-am-b- kw-{Im-¥n- hm-Wn-`w- \-S-°p- f-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- tIm´bw 232.- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS-
160.- a- e
- b- m-fØ - n-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-flI - Y - - c- ∂-Xv- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- ]m-°n¬- [¿-a-im- ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e-dm-bn-cp-∂- ⁄m-\-]o-
Nn-®X - v- ssh-°Ø - p- ]m-®p- aq-ØX - v- B-Wv.- kv-Xm-t£-{X-Øn-em-Wv.- Ipg∏n°p∂ hkv X pXIƒ T- tP-Xm-hm-Wv- bp.-B¿.-A\ - ¥ - a - q¿-Øn.-
161.- -tIm-´-b-Øn-\-Sp-Øv- tIm-Sn-a-X-bn¬- P- 182.- -{]m-No-\-en-]n-Iƒ- sIm-Øn-b- a-Wn- 213. {Sm-h≥-Iq¿- kn-a-≥dv-kv- \m-´-I-Øm-Wv.- 233.- Knowledge makes one immortal F∂-
\n-®- hm-kp-tZ-h-\m-Wv- sF-Xn-ly-am-e- ÿm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- Ip-d-hn-e-ßm-Sv- ]- a-e-_m¿- kn-a-‚ v-kv- ]m-e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn- {]-am-W-hm-Iy-ap-≈- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-Wv-
bp-sS- I¿-Øm-sh-∂- \n-e-bn¬- {]-kn- ≈n-bn-em-Wv.- se- hm-f-bm-dn-epw.- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- k¿-h-I-em-im-e.
≤-\m-b- sIm-´m-c-Øn¬- i-¶p-Æn.- 183.- -H-‰-Ø-Sn-bn¬- Xo¿-Ø- tXm-Wn- {]-Z¿- 214.- -Nm-h-d- Ip-cym-t°m-kv- G-en-bm-kv- A-
162.- {- io-tb-ip-hn-Pb - w- F-∂- a-lm-Im-hy-Øn- in-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- ]q-™m¿- cm-P-sIm- ®-s≥d- `u-Xn-Im-h-in-jv-Sw- kq-£n-®n-cn- Ncn{X]Yw
s‚- I¿-Øm-hpw- ss{I-kv-X-h- Im-fn-Zm- ´m-c-Øn-em-Wv.- °p-∂-Xv- am-∂m-\-Øm-Wv.- kn-kv-‰¿- 234. tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- B-Zy-
k-≥ F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-\p-S-a-bp-am-b- 184.- -X-߃- A-Sn-b-¥n-c-Øn-\p- {]-kn-≤-am- A¬-t^m-≥k-bp-sS- `u-Xn-Im-hi - n-jvS- w- am-bn- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-t∏mƒ- (1957)-
I´-°b - w- sN-dn-bm-≥ am-∏n-f- P-\n-®- ÿ- b- B-cm-[-\m-e-b-am-Wv- N-ß-\m-t»-cn- kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- `-c-W-ßm-\-Øpw.- Fw.-F-≥.-tKm-hn-µ-≥ \m-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p-
e-am-Wv- ]m-e.- ]-gb - - ]-≈n.- 215.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- \n-b-a-k-`m- kv-]o-°¿,- ]m¿-´n- sk-{I-´-dn.-
163.- -A-[ym-]-I- I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS- {]-kn-≤-\m- 185.- -a-∂-Øp- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-s‚- k-am-[n- s]-cp- Xn-cp-sIm-®n- ap-Jy-a-{¥n,- a-{Zm-kv- K-h¿- 235.- - 1 964˛¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- ]n-f¿-∂-
b- Im-cq¿- \o-e-I-Wv-T-]n-≈-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ∂-bn-em-Wv.- A-t±-lw- P-\n-®-Xpw- C-hn- W¿- F-∂o- ]-Z-hn-Iƒ- h-ln-®- F.-sP.- t∏mƒ,- tI-cf - Ø- n¬- kn.-]n.-sF F-Ωn-s\-
km-ln-Xy- {]-h¿-ØI - - k-lI - c - W - - kw- sS-bm-Wv.- tPm-Wn-\v- ap-Jy-a-{¥n,- K-h¿-W¿- F-∂o- Cw.-Fw.-Fk - pw- kn.-]n.-sF-sb- Fw.-F≥ - .-
Lw- ÿm-]n-®-Xp-ap-X¬- 20 h¿-j-°m- 186.- -ssh-°w- a-lm-tZ-h- t£-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p- ]-Z-hn-Iƒ- h-ln-®- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn- F- tKm-hn-µ≥ - \m-bc - p-am-bn-cp-∂p- \-bn-®X - v.-
ew- sk-{I-´-dn.- ssh-°w- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚- th-Zn.- ∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- kz-¥-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- 236.- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- k¿-°m¿- \n-ba - \ - ß - f - n¬-
164.- -{]-i-kv-X- \-b-X-{¥-⁄-\pw- d-jy-≥ ]- 187.- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- tI-c-f- ap-Jy-a-{¥n,- a-s‰m-cp- kw-ÿm-\- X-t±-io-b¿-°v- ap-≥K-W\ - - \¬-IW - s - a-∂v-
t\m-c-a-bp-sS- I¿-Øm-hp-am-b- sI.-]n.-F- B-ÿm-\w- A-Xn-c-ºp-g-bn-se- {]n-b-Z¿- Øv- K-h¿-W¿- F-∂o- ]-Zh - n-Iƒ- h-ln-®- B-hi - y-s∏-´p-sIm-≠p-\S- ∂ - - a-eb - m-fn- sa-
kv.- ta-t\m-≥ tIm-´-b-Øm-Wv- P-\n-®-Xv.- in-\n- ln¬-k-nemWv. B-Zy- a-eb - m-fn- ]-´w- Xm-Wp-]n-≈b - m-Wv.- tΩm-dn-be - n-\v- Xp-S° - w- Ip-dn-®X - v- (1891)- tIm-
165.- t- I-cf - - {K-Ÿi - m-em- kw-LØ - n-s‚- ÿm- 216.- -k-ºq¿-W-km-£-c-X- ssI-h-cn-®- B-Zy- ´-bw- ]-ªn-Iv- sse-{_-dn-bn-em-Wv.-
]-I\ - m-b- ]n.-F≥ - .-]W - n-°¿- P-\n-®X - v- N- {][m\ kw`h߃ ]-´-Ww- tIm-´-b-hpw- Pn-√- F-d-Wm-Ip-f- 237.- K - m-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- t{]-cW - b - m¬- ssh-°w-
ß-\m-t»-cn-°-Sp-Øm-Wv.- Im-≥s^-Un- 188. th-sºm-en-\m-Sv- c-≠m-bn- ]n-cn-™v- sX- hp-am-Wv.- k-Xym-{K-l- Iym-ºv- k-µ¿-in-®- tZ-io-b-
s‚- ÿm-]-I-\pw- C-t±-l-am-Wv.- °pw-Iq-dpw- h-S-°pw-Iq-dp-am-b-Xv- F.-Un.- 217.- -a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- I-º-\n- ÿm-]n-X-am- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- B-Nm-cy- hn-t\m-_m- `m-sh.-
166.- c- m-P[ - m-\n- am¿-®n-eq-sS- {]-kn-≤b - m-b- A- 1100˛-Hm-sS-bm-Wv.- b-Xv- 1888˛¬.- a-e-bm-f- a-t\m-c-a- ]-{Xw- 238.- -Xr-∏S- n-Zm-\k - a - b
- Ø - v- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-s‚-
°m-Ω- sN-dn-bm-≥ P-\n-®-Xv- Im-™n-c- 189.- -am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- sX-°pw-Iq-dn-s\- B- Xp-S-ßn-b-X-v 1890˛¬. h-St- °- A-Xn-cm-bn- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-∂- I-
∏-≈n-bn-em-Wv.- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- cm- {I-an-®v- Io-g-S-°n-b-Xv-˛- 1749 W-hm-dv- C-t∏m-gs - Ø- ao-\® - n-em-dm-Wv.-
Pv-`-h-≥ Pw-Kv-j-\p- k-ao-]w- A-°m-Ω- 190.- 1- 846˛¬- tIm-´b - Ø - m-Wv- B-Zy-sØ- a-e- A]q¿h hkv X pXIƒ 239.- -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- bm-{Xm-hn-
bp-sS- {]-Xn-a- ÿm-]n-®n-´p-≠v.- bm-fw-˛-Cw-Kv-fo-jv- \n-L-≠p- A-®-Sn-®-Xv.- 218. Acp-‘-Xn- tdm-bn-bp-sS- tKm-Uv- Hm-^v- h-c-W-am-b- ]m-d-tΩ-°¬- tXm-am-°-Ø-
167.- -t_-∏q¿- kp¬-Øm-≥ F-∂- A-]-c-\m- 191.- 1867˛¬- tIm-´b - Ø - p-\n-∂v- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - - kv-amƒ- Xnw-Kv-kv- F-∂- t\m-h-en-s‚- ]- \m-cp-sS- h¿-Ø-am-\- ]p-kv-X-Iw- {]-kn-
a-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤-\m-b- ssh-°w- ap-l- Ww- B-cw-`n-®- ]-{X-am-Wv- k-µn-jvS- h - m-Zn.- ›m-Ø-e-am-b- A-bv-a-\w- G-Xv- \-Zn-bp- ≤o-I-cn-®-Xv- tIm-´-b-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv.-
Ω-Zv- _-jo¿- (1908˛-1994)- P-\n-®-Xv- X-e- 192.- a - e
- b - m-f- a-t\m-ca - b - p-sS- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W- w- sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛- ao-\-®n-em¿- 240.- X- a
- n-gv\ - m-´n¬-\n-s∂-Øn- ssh-°w- k-Xym-
tbm-e-∏-d-ºn-em-Wv.- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- 1890em-Wv.- 219.- -tIm-´-bw- ]-´-Ww- k-ºq¿-W- km-£-c- {K-lØ - n¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- C.-
168.- -G-Im-¥X - b
- p-sS- A-h[ - q-X≥ - F-∂p- hn- 193.- \ - m-b¿- k¿-ho-kv- skm-ssk-‰n- ÿm-]n- X- ssI-h-cn-®-t∏mƒ- Pn-√- I-e-Iv-S-dm-bn- hn.-cm-ak - zm-an- \m-bv° - ¿- (s]-cn-tbm¿-).- C-
t±-lØ - n-s‚- kva - c - W - m¿-Yw- ssh-°w- ]-
120 ´-WØ - n¬- {]-Xn-a- ÿm-]n-®n- ´p≠v.

atejy
241. sX-°p-In-g-°-t\-jy-≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- a- 260.- -C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- eo-Kv- a-
te-jy.-
242.- -cm-Py-Øn-s‚- H-cp- `m-Kw- a-e-b- D-]-Zzo- 261.- a
]n-epw- a-s‰m-cp- `m-Kw- t_m¿-Wn-tbm- Zzo- 262.- -1927 ap-X¬- 1948h-sc- sI.-]n.-tI-i-h-ta-
]n-ep-am-bn- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p.- P-\-kw-
Jy-bp-sS- `q-cn-`m-K-hpw- a-e-b- D-]-Zzo-]n- 263.- -hn-em-kn-\n-bp-sS- A-hI
se- `m-K-Øm-Wv.-
243.- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pm-hv- cm-jv- 264.- -a-te-jy-bn-se- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- hm-l-\-
{S-Ø-e-h-\m-bp-≈- G-I- cm-Py-am-Wv- a-
te-jy.-
244.- -H-cp- s^-U-d¬- tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-j-W¬-
sam-Wm¿-°n-bm-Wv- a-te-jy.-
245.- a- t- e-jy-\m-Wv- Cu- cm-Py-sØ- Hu-tZym-
Kn-I- `m-j.- Cw-Kv-fo-jpw- Aw-Ko-Ir-X-`m-
j-bm-Wv.-
246.- -1957˛¬- {_n-´-Wn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- a-te-jy- 266. sX°p-In-g-°-t\-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-
kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b-Xv.-
247.- -Zn-hm-≥ c-°m-b-Øv,- Zn-hm-≥ s\-K-c- (D-
]-cn-k-`-)- F-∂n-h- tN¿-∂- Zzn-a-Wv-U-e-
k-`-bm-Wv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v.-
248. a-te-jy-bn¬- \n-∂m-Wv- 1965˛¬- knw-
K-∏q¿- th¿-s]-´-Xv-
249.- -a-te-jy-bn-se- \m-W-b-am-Wv- dnw-Kn-‰v.-
tZ-io-b- Im-bn-I- hn-t\m-Zw- _m-Uv-an-‚-
¨.- sN-ºc - Ø
- n-bm-Wv- a-te-jy-bp-sS- tZ-
io-b- ]p-jv-]w.-
250.- a- t- e-jy-bn-se {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
22 h¿-jw- `-cn-®- a-lm-Xo¿- _n-≥ ap-l-
Ω-Zv.-
251.- -a-te-jy-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv- Izm-em-
ew-]q¿.- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- a-µn-cw- C-hn-sS-bm-
Wv.- F-∂m¬,- s^-U-d¬- K-h-¨-sa-‚n-
s‚- F-Iv-kn-Iyp-´o-hv- ,- Pp-Uo-jy¬- im- 270.- -tem-h¿- _¿-a- 1852¬- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y- 283.- -1962˛¬- ]-´m-fw- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- \n-b-{¥-
J-I-fp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- (`-c-W- X-e-ÿm-
\w-)- ]p-{X-P-b-bm-Wv.-
252.- -C-t¥m-\o-jy,- {_q-sW- F-∂o- cm-Py-
ß-fp-am-bn- t_m¿-Wn-tbm- Zzo-]v- ]-¶n-
Sp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- a-te-jy.-
253.- -a-te-jy-bn-em-Wv- s]-t{Sm-Wm-kv- Szn-≥
S-th-gv-kv.- tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-
Iq-Sn-b- C-c-´- S-h¿- C-Xm-Wv.-
254.- -tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- sK-bnw-kn-\p-th-Zn-
bm-b- B-Zy- G-jy-≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- a-te-
jy.- 1998˛¬- Izm-em-ew-]q-cn¬-h-®m-Wv-
tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- sK-bn-kv- \-S-∂-Xv.-
255.- -]m-tam-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D¬-]m-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- a-te-jy.-
256.- -Cu- cm-Py-sØ- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- ln-µv-
dm-^v-
257.- -A-_v-Zpƒ- d-“m-≥ Xp-¶p- B-Wv- a-te- 272.- -B-¥-am-≥ Zzo-]p-I-tfm-Sv- G-‰-hpw- A- 288. `qanim-kv{- X-]c
jy-bp-sS- cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hv-
258.- -cm-Py-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cm-Wv- a-e-b.- my- 279. C¥y-bp-am-bn- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-
F-∂-h-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv- a-te-jy-bn-se-
tem-Icm-Py-߃-
sh-_v-ssk-‰p-I-fm-Wv-
259.- -a-te-jy-bn-se-Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv-s]-\m-Mv.- 280.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- A-b¬- cm-Py-ß-fn¬- km¿-
te-jy-bn-em-Wv- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv-
- t- e-jy-bn-em-Wv- sa¿-sU-°- tÃ-Un-bw.- 281.- -aym-≥a-dn-s‚- B-Zy- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b-
t\m-≥ te-jy-bn-em-Wv- Po-hn-®-Xv-
- m-in-Iƒ- F-∂-
t\m-he - n-s‚- ]-›m-Øe - w- a-te-jy-bm-Wv.-
\n¿-am-Xm-°-fm-Wv- t{]m-t´m-¨.-
265.- -C-…m-am-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- {]-ap-J- a-Xw.-
_p-≤a - X - °- m-cm-Wv- F-ÆØ - n¬- c-≠mw-
ÿm-\-Ø-v.
aym≥a¿
en-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- cm-Py-am-Wv- aym-≥a¿-
(sX-°p- In-g° - t- \-jy-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- hn-
kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw- C-s¥m-t\-
jy- F-∂- Zzo-]-k-aq-l-am-Wv.- sa-bn-≥
em-≥Un-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- cm-Pyw-
aym≥a-dm-Wv-)..-
267.- -]u-c-kv-Xy-tZ-i-Øn-s‚- A-cn-°n-Æw-,-
G-jy-bn-se- tcm-Kn- F-∂o- A-]-c-\m-a-
ß-fn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- aym-≥a¿.-
268.- -]-g-b t]-cv- _¿-a.- ]p-Xn-b- X-e-ÿm-
\w- \-bv-]n-tUm.- ]-g-b- X-e-ÿm-\w-
ap-ºv- dw-Kq-¨- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- bw-
tKm-¨-(1948˛-2006).- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\- 282.- -1948 P-\p-h-cn- \m-en-\v- aym-≥a¿- kz-X-
Xp-d-ap-J-am-Wv- bw-tK-m-¨.-
269.- -aym-≥a-dn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-am-
Wv- bw-tKm-¨.-
tbm-Sp- tN¿-°-s∏-´p.- 1862˛¬- A-Xn-s\-
{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- H-cp- {]-hn-iy-bm-
°n.- 1886˛¬- A-∏¿- _¿-a-sb- {_n-´o-jv-
C-¥y-tbm-Sp- tN¿-Øp,- 1935 se- K-h.-
Hm-^v- C-¥y- B-Iv-Sv- {]-Im-cw- 1937˛¬- 284.- -C-t∏mƒ- bp-Wn-‰-dn- {]-kn-U-≥jy¬-
_¿-a-sb- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v-
th¿-s]-Sp-Øn.- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-s]-
Sp-Øs - ∏-´- B-Zy- `q-hn-`m-Kß - f - n-sem-∂m- 285.- -A-kw-_v-fn- Hm-^v- Z- bq-Wn-b-≥ B-Wv-
Wn- X v, - th¿- s ]-
S p-
Ø p-∂ - k- a -
b -Øv- {_n-
´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- {]- 286.- -_¿-a-bn-se- am-≠-te- P-bn-en¬- I-gn-bp-
hn-iy-bm-bn-cp-∂p- _¿-a.-
271.- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- sk-{I-´-dn- P-
\-d-em-b- B-Zy- G-jy-°m-c-\m-Wv- bp- 287.- -sX-°p- In-g-°-t\-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-
Xm-‚ v.- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- [m-c-W-bv-°p-≈-
P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- A-hm¿-Uv- B-
Zy-am-bn- t\-Sn-b-Xv- C-t±-l-am-Wv.-
Sp-Øp- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- aym-
≥a¿.-
273.- G- j - y-bp-sS- a-t≠-e- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- 289.- -]p-cp-j-≥am-cp-sS- t]-cn-\p-ap-∂n¬- bp
Xv- Hm-Mv- km-≥ kp- Nn.- C-h-cp-sS- cm-
jv{- So-b- I-£n-bm-bn-cp-∂- \m-jW - ¬- eo-
Kv- t^m¿- sU-tam-{I-kn- A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-
Øv- \n-tcm-[n-°-s∏-´p.-
274.- -2010˛¬- Hm-Mv- km-≥ kp- Nn-sb- X-S-
hn¬-\n-∂v- k¿-°m¿- tam-Nn-∏n-®p.-
275.- -Hm-Mv- km-≥ kp- Nn-°v- 1991˛¬- k-am-
[m-\- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- e-`n-®p.- F-
∂m¬- k-Ωm-\w- G-‰p-hm-ßm-≥ I-gn-
™n- √ .- 21 h¿- j - ß ƒ- ° p- t i- j w-
2012˛¬- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- kzo-I-cn-®p.- \yq-
U¬-ln-bn-se- {io-cmw- tIm-tf-Pn-em-Wv- 294.- -aym-≥a¿- P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS- G-gv- i-X-am-
Hm-Mv- km-≥ kp- Nn- cm-jv-{S-X-{¥-im-
kv-{X-Øn¬- _n-cp-Z-]-T-\w- \-S-Øn-b-Xv.-
276.- "Freedom From Fear" F∂- {]-kn-≤-
am-b- {]-kw-Kw- Hm-Mv- km-≥ kp- Nn-bp-
sS-Xm-Wv.- A-tX- t]-cn¬- kq- Nn-bp-
sS- ]p-kv-X-I-hp-ap-≠v.-
277.- -kp-h¿-W- ]-tKm-U-bp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- aym-≥a¿.-
278.- a- ym-≥a-dn-se- G-‰h - pw- \o-fw IqSnb \Zn 296.- -tSmw-K-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv- \p-°p-h-
Ayeyarwady.
Py-ß-fn¬- sX-°p-In-g-°-t\-jy-bp-sS-
121
`m-K-am-b- G-I- cm-Py-am-Wv- aym-≥a¿.-
°n¬- Aw-K-a-√m-Ø- cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv-
ssN-\-bpw- aym-≥am-dpw.-
bp- \p- B-Wv- _¿-ao-kv- Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.-
{¥-am-bn.- Hm-Mv- km-≥ (1915˛-1947)- B-
Wv- aym-≥a-dn-s‚- cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hv.- C-t±-
lw- h-[n-°-s∏-´p.-
Ww- G-s‰-Sp-Øp.- ]-´m-fw- \-bn-°p∂
State Peace and Development Coun-
cil Gsd-°m-ew- aym-≥a-dn-s‚- `-cW - w- \n¿-
h-ln-®p.-
tIm-¨Ã - n-‰yp-jW- ¬- dn-∏ª - n-°m-Wv- aym-
≥a¿.-
aym-≥a-dn-se- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`.-
tºm-fm-Wv- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-≥ Ko-
Xm-c-l-kyw- F-∂- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®-Xv.-
b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bm-Wv- aym-≥a-
dn-se- Im-®n-≥ {]-hniybnse Hkakabo
Razi.
- a- m-bn,- aym-≥a-dn-se- A-c-
°-≥ tbm-a- a-e\ - n-cI - f- p-sS- Xp-S¿-®b- m-Wv-
B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m¿- Zzo-]- k-aq-lw.-
(‘U’) F∂v- tN¿-°p-∂- cm-Pyw- aym-≥a-
dm-Wv.-
290.- -_¿-ao-kv- B-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- Hu-tZym-Kn-
I- `m-j.-
291.- -_p-≤-a-X-am-Wv- aym-≥a-dn-se- {]-[m-\-a-
Xw- (80%-).-
292.- -aym-≥a-dn-se- \m-W-b-am-Wv- Iym-‰v.-
293.- -aym-≥a-dn-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-b- P-\h - n-`m-K-
am-Wv- _m-a¿.- C-hc - p-sS- t]-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv-
_¿-a- F-∂- \m-aw- \n-jv-]-∂-am-b-Xv.-
\w-h-cp-∂- Im-sc-≥ P-\-hn-`m-Kw- A-[n-
h-kn-°p-∂-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- sX-°v,- sX-
°v- In-g-°-≥ `m-K-ß-fn-emWv.
tSmwK
295. Hcp t]m-fn-t\-jy-≥ Zzo-]-k-aq-l-am-Wv-
tSmw-K.- 1970˛¬- tSmw-K- {_n-´o-jv- kw-c-
£-W-Øn¬- \n-∂v- kz-X-{¥-am-bn.-
tem-^.-
297.- -tSmw-K-\pw- Cw-•n-jpw- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-
j-I-fm-Wv.- \m-W-bw ]mß.
Xp¿°n
298. Gjy-bpw- bq-tdm-∏pw- kw-K-an-°p-∂- X-
{¥-{]-[m-\-am-b- ÿm-\-Øv- ÿn-Xn-sN-
øp-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- Xp¿-°n.-
299.- -bq-tdm-∏n-se- tcm-Kn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- cm-
Py-am-Wv- Xp¿-°n.-
300.- -d-jy-bn-se- km¿- \n-t°m-fm-kv- H-∂m-a-
\m-Wv- Hm-t´m-a-≥ km-{am-Py-Øn-\v- Cu-
hn-ti-j-Ww- Nm¿-Øn-b-Xv.-
301.- -Xp¿-°n-bp-sS- G-jy-≥ `m-Kw- A-\-t‰m-
fn-b- F-∂pw- bq-tdm-∏n-≥ `m-Kw- In-g-°-
≥ t{X-kv- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
302.- -Xp¿-°n-bp-sS- G-jy-≥,- bq-tdm-]y-≥ `m-
K-ßs - f- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂X - v- t_m-kvt- ]m-
d-kv,- Um¿-U-\-√-kv- F-∂o- I-S-en-Sp-°p-
I-fm-Wv.-
303.- -Xp¿-°n-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w- A-¶m-d-bm-
Wv.- C-kv-Xm-≥_pƒ- B-Wv- cm-Py-sØ-
G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-cw.-
304.- -G-jy-bn-epw- bq-tdm-∏n-ep-am-bn- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- \-Kc - a
- m-Wv- C-kvX
- m-≥_pƒ.- an-
Un¬- Cu-Ãn¬- sS-lv-dm-≥ I-gn-™m¬-
G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \-K-c-am-Wn-Xv.-
305.- -C-kv-Xm-≥_p-fn-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cm-Wv- tIm-
¨-Ãm-‚n-t\m-∏nƒ.-
306.- -H-cp- Im-e-Øv- tIm-¨-Ãm-‚n-t\m-∏nƒ,-
ss_-km-¥n-b-≥ km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- B-
ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
307.- -1458 ap-X¬- 1922 h-sc- Hm-t´m-a-≥ km-
{am-Py-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- C-
kv-Xm-≥_pƒ.-
308.- -1453˛-em-Wv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- c-≠m-a-≥ tIm-¨-
Ãm-‚n-t\m-∏nƒ- Io-g-S-°n-b-Xv.-
309.- -l-Kn-b- tkm-^n-b- C-kv-Xm-≥_p-fn-em-
Wv.- P-Ão-\n-b-≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn- B-dmw-
i-XI - Ø
- n¬- \n¿-an-®- {In-kvX - y-≥ ]-≈n-
bm-b- C-Xv- ]n-∂o-Sv- tam-kv-Im-bn.- C-
t∏mƒ- ayq-kn-b-am-Wv.-
310.- S- ¿-°n-jv- B-Wv- Xp¿-°n-bn-se- Hu-tZym-
Kn-I- `m-j.- \m-W-bw- end.
311. bp-Wn-‰-dn- ]m¿-e-sa-‚-dn- tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-
j-W¬- dn-∏-ªn-°m-b- Xp¿-°n-bp-sS- \n-
b-a\ - n¿-am-Wk- `- b
- p-sS- t]-cv- {Km-≥Uv- \m-
j-W¬- A-kw-ªn.-
312.- -a-tX-X-c- cm-jv-{S-am-b- Xp¿-°n-bn-se- {]-
[m-\- a-Xw- C-…m-am-Wv.-
313.- -C-¥y- `-cn-®- S¿-°n-jv- cm-P-hw-i-ß-fm-
Wv- A-Sn-a-hw-iw,- Jn¬-Pn-hw-iw,- Xp-•-
Iv- hw-iw- F-∂n-h.-
314.- -a-t[y-jy-bn¬- H-cp- Im-e-Øv- hym-]-I-
{]-Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xpw- C-t∏mƒ- Xp¿-
°n- `m-jm-tKm-{X-Øn¬-s∏-´- ar-X-`m-j-
bp-am-b- N-KØ - m-bn-bn-em-Wv- _m-_¿- N-
{I-h¿-Øn- B-fl-I-Y- c-Nn-®-Xv.-
315.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ap-…nw- cm-P-hw-
iw- Xp¿-°n- hw-i-P-cm-b- A-Sn-a-hw-i-am-
bn-cp-∂p.- C-Xv- C¬-_m-cn- hw-i-sa-∂pw-
ta-a-ep-Iv- hw-i-sa-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´p.-
316.- -Xp¿-°n-bn-se- _m-_m- ap-\-ºm-Wv- G-
jy-bp-sS- ]-Sn-™m-td-b‰w.
 {Km-ahn-Ik\w- ˛ 4
Unkv { SnIv S v dqd¬ I-bpw- \n-e-hn-ep-≈-h-bp-sS- \n-e-hm-cw-
sUh- e - ] v s a‚v GP≥kn (1993) D-b¿-Øp-I-bp-am-Wv- Kw-Km- I-eym-¨-
317.{Kma-hn-Ik- \ - - h-Ip-∏n-s‚- Zm-cn-Zy-\n¿-am¿- tbm-P-\- (Pn.-sI.-ssh-)- bn-eq-sS- k¿- 322.Phml¿ tdmkv K m¿ tbmP\bpsS
P-\- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn- °m¿- D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.-
\pw- hn-I-k-\- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- Xz-cn-X- - -t_m¿-sh-√p-If - pw- Syq-_v- sh-√p-I- H∂papXemWv \nehn¬h∂Xv.
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- th-≠n- cq-]w- \¬- fpw- (Ip-g¬-°n-W¿-)- ÿm-]n-®v- `q-K¿-`-
In-b- {]-tXy-I- s{]m-^-j-W¬- G-P- P-e-hn-\n-tbm-K-Øn-eq-sS- sN-dp-In-S- P-e-
≥kn-bm-Wv- Un-kv-{Sn-Iv-Sv- dq-d¬- sU-h- tk-N-\w-Kp-W-t`m-‡m-°-fm-b- hy-‡n-
e-]v-sa-‚ v- G-P-≥kn.- Iƒ-°pw- {Kq-∏p-Iƒ-°pw- km-[y-am-°p-I-
- -]-©m-b-Øv- cm-Pv- \n-b-aw- {]-Im- F-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p- ]-≤X - n-bp-sS- e-£yw.
cw- Un.-B¿.-Un.- F.-bp-sS- A-[y-£-≥ kz¿W Pb¥n jlcn
Pn-√m- ]-©m-b-Øv- {]-k-n-U‚m-Wv.
tdmkv K m¿ tbmP\˛1997
{KmaoW ASnÿm\ kuIcy 320.\Kc{]tZ-i-ß-fn-se- Zm-cn-{Zy- \n¿-am¿-P-
hnIk\ \n[n (Rural Infrastructure \-Øn-\p-≈- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.- \n-en-hn-
Development Fund)-1995-96 ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- s\-{lp- tdm-kv-Km¿- tbm-
318.\_m¿-Um-Wv- 1995˛-96¬- Cu- ]-≤X - n- B- P-\,- \-K-c- Z-cn-{Z¿-°p-≈- A-Sn-ÿm-\-
cw-`n-®X
- v.- kw-ÿm-\- k¿-°m¿- cq-]- tk-h\ - - ]-≤X- n,- {]-[m-\a- {- ¥n-bp-sS- kw-
I¬-]-\- sN-øp-∂- {Km-ao-W- tdm-Up-Iƒ,- tbm-Pn-X- \-K-c-Zm-cn-{Zy- \n¿-am¿-P-\- ]-
]m-e-߃,- sN-dp-In-S- P-e-tk-N-\w- Dƒ- ≤-Xn- F-∂o- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- kw-tbm-Pn-∏n-
s∏-sS-bp-≈- ]-≤X - n-Iƒ-°v- C-Xn-s‚- Io- ®m-Wv- 1997 Un-kw-_¿- H-∂n-\v- ]-≤-Xn-
gn¬- Zo¿-L-Im-e- hm-bv-]-Iƒ- \-_m¿- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv.-
Un¬-\n-∂v- \¬-I-nhcp∂p. 321.-C-Xn¬- aq-∂v- D-]- ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-≠v-˛- \-K-c-
kz-bw- sXm-gn¬- ]-≤-Xn,- \-K-c- th-X-\-
KwKm Ieym¨ tbmP\- ˛ - 1 997 kz-bw-sXm-gn¬- ]-≤-Xn,- kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS-
319. {Kmao-W- Zm-cn-{Zy- \n¿-am¿-P-\w- e-£y- bpw- Ip-´n-If
- p-sS-bpw- hn-Ik - \ - Ø
- n-\p-th-
am-°n- ]p-Xn-b- B-kvX- n-Iƒ- kr-jvS- n-°p- ≠nbp≈ ]≤Xn.
Question Bag
326. tem-Iv-k-`m- kv-]o-°-dm-b- c-≠m-a-Ø- h- \n-∂v- a-s‰m-cp- tlm-Ãn-te-°v- I-S-∂p-
\n-X-˛- kp-an-{Xm- a-lm-P-≥ t]m-Ip-∂-Xv- G-Xv- sh-Iv-S-dn-eq-sS-bm-Wv-
327.- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- P-\n-®v- {]-[m-\-a- ˛- {Sn-∏m-t\m-tkm-a-
{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛-\-tc-{µ- tam-Zn- 340.- -\¿-a-Zm- _-®m-thm- B-tµm-f-≥ F-∂-
328.- -ap-Jy-hn-h-cm-h-Im-i- I-Ωo-j-W-dm-b- Xn-s‚- t\-Xm-hv-˛- ta-[m- ]-Sv-I¿-
B-Zy- h-\n-X-˛- Zo-]-Iv- k-‘p- 341.- \- m-Sv]
- m-Iv- F-¥p-am-bn- _-‘s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-
329.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- sh-‰n-\-dn- B-‚ v- A-\n- ∂p-˛- {Sm-≥kv-t]m¿-´v-
a¬- k-b-≥kv- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- 342.- -an¬-a- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1980
B-ÿm-\w-˛- ]q-t°m-Sv- 343.- -Pn-˛-20 ¬- Aw-K-Xz-ap-≈- G-I- sX-°-
330.- -_n.-Sn.-h-gp-X-\-bn-se- _n.-Sn-bp-sS- ]q¿- t\-jy-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y-
344.- C- u-tdmw- jm-\p- j¿-an-f- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-
\-Øp-\n-∂p-≈- k-a-c-\m-bn-I-bm-Wv-˛- a-
Wn-∏q¿-
345.- -kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈-bp-
sS- i-h-Ip-So-cw- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- ]-øm-
º-ew-
346.- -C-≥tUm-˛-Sn-_-‰-≥ t_m¿-U¿- t]m-eo-
kv- cq-]w- sIm-≠- h¿-jw-˛-1962
347.- -\-Iv-k-sse-‰p-I-sf- t\-cn-Sm-≥ cq-]w-
\¬-In-b- tIm-{_- t^m-gv-kn-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w-˛- \yq-U¬-ln-
348.- -k-ap-{Z-]-T-\-߃-°m-bn- C-¥y- hn-t£-
]n-®- D-]-{K-lw-˛- Hm-jy-≥km-‰v-
349.- -Xm-Pv-a-l¬- tem-I-ss]-Xr-I-∏-´n-I-bn-en-
W-cq-]w-˛- _m-kn-√-kv- Xp-dn-©n-b-≥kv- Sw- ]n-Sn-®- h¿-jw-˛-1983
331.- -H-t∂-Im¬- tIm-Sn- a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ- F-∂- 350.- -1986˛-se- hn-Zym-`ym-k- \-b-{]-Im-cw-
]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛- C.-Fw.-F-kv.- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- {]-tXy-I- hn-Zym-e-b-
332.- -tI-c-f- e-fn-X-I-em- A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS- B- ߃-˛-\-thm-Z-b- hn-Zym-e-b-߃-
Zy-sØ- sN-b¿-am-≥˛-Fw.-cm-a-h¿-a-cm-P- 351.- -Un.-]n.-C.-]n.- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b- h¿-jw-
333.- -C-Sn-an-∂-ep-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ- P-\¬-°-ºn- -˛-1994
Iƒ- hn-ds - Im-≈p-∂X - v- G-Xv- {]-Xn-`m-kw- 352.- -tZm-e-\- N-e-\-Øn-\v- D-Zm-l-c-Ww-˛- Du-
aq-e-am-Wv-˛-A-\p-c-W-\w- ™m¬- B-Sp-∂-Xv-
334.- -{Sm-≥kv-t^m¿-a-dn-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø-\- X- 353.- -lo-tam-t•m-_n-\n-s‚- \n¿-am-W-Øn-\v-
Øzw-˛- aq-Nz¬- C-≥U-£-≥ B-h-iy-ap-≈- tem-lw-˛- C-cp-ºv-
335.- -Pm¿-JW - vU- n-s‚- X-eÿ - m-\a- m-b- dm-©n- 354.- -cm-Py-k-`- B- t]-cv- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv- G-Xv-
G-Xv- \-Zo-Xo-cØ - m-Wv˛- - kp-h¿-Wt- c-J- h¿-j-am-Wv- ˛-1954
336.- -]p-gp-°p-tØ-‰- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ ˛-C-Xp-]- 355.- -C-¥y-bn-se- 29˛-a-sØ- kw-ÿm-\w-˛-
d-™-Xm-cv-˛-Pn-∂- sX-e-¶m-\-
337.- -H-cmƒ- F-ß-s\- a-cn-°-W-sa-∂v- a-s‰m- 356.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- Xo-c-tZ-i-
cmƒ-°v- Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-≥ I-gn-bm-Ø- t]m-eo-kv- tÃ-j-≥ B-cw-`n-®-Xv- F-hn-
tem-Iw- D-≠m-IW - w-˛C
- {- ]-Im-cw- ]-d™ - - sS-˛-\o-≠-I-c-
Xm-cv-˛- am¿-´n-≥ eq-X¿- In-Mv- 357.- -\n-c-Rv-P-\-bp-sS- Nn-c-kv-a-c-W- G-Xv- k-
338.- -C-¥y-bn-se- ssk-_¿- tÃ-‰v- F-∂-dn-b- a-c-sØ- B-kv-]-Z-am-°n-bp-≈- t\m-h-em-
s∏-Sp-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-˛-B-{‘- {]-tZ-iv- Wv-˛- I-øq¿- k-a-cw-
339.- -…o-∏nw-Kv- kn-°v-s\- v- H-cp- tlm-Ãn¬- 358.- -A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- \-S-∂-
Phml¿ {Kmakar≤n tbmP\
(JGSY) ˛1999
\hoIcn® cq]amb CXv 1999 G{]n¬
]q¿Wambpw {Kma]©mbØpIfpsS
\nb{¥WØn¬ \S∏m°p∂ Cu
]≤XnbpsS e£yw {KmaoW
ASnÿm\ kuIcyhnIk\amWv.
kz¿W Pb¥n {Kma
kztdmkv K m¿ tbmP\ (SGSY)-1999
323.1978epw- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- hn-hn-[- h¿-j-
ß-fn-em-bpw- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- sF.-B¿.-
Un.-]n.,- ss{S-kw,- an-ey-¨- sh¬- ]-≤-
Xn,- Kw-Km- I-eym-¨- tbm-P-\,- Un.-U-
ªyp.-kn.-B¿.-F.,- {Km-ao-W- ssI-sØm-
gn-ep-]-I-c-W- ]-cn-]m-Sn- F-∂o- kw-tbm-
Pn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- tI-{µ-k¿-°m¿- B-cw-
`n-®- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- 1999 G-{]n¬- H-∂n-\v-
\n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.-
324.-kz-bw- sXm-gn¬- ]-≤X - n-bp-sS- F-√m- L-
S-I-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- H-cp- k-a-{K-
]-≤-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.- Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-bv-°v- Xm-
sg-bp-≈- Ip-Spw-_ß - f - n-se- Aw-Kß- s- f-
kz-bw-kl - m-b- kw-Lß - f- m-bn- kw-L-
Sn-∏n-°p-I,- A-h¿-°v- B-h-iy-ap-≈- ]-
t]m-cm-´-Øn¬- k-a-c-tk-\m-\n- F.-Pn.-
th-em-bp-[-≥ c-‡-km-£n-bm-b-Xv- G-
Xv- k-Xym-{K-l-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´m-Wv-
˛-]m-en-bw-
359.- -kn.-_n.-sF.- (sk-≥{S¬- _yq-tdm- Hm-
^v- C-≥sh-Ãn-tK-j-≥)- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂-
h¿-jw- -˛-1963
360.- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- t{]-cW - b - m¬- ssh-°w-
k-Xym-{K-l- Iym-ºv- k-µ¿-in-®- tZ-io-
b- t\-Xm-hv-˛-B-Nm-cy- hn-t\m-_m- `m-sh-
361.- -dn-k¿-®v- B-‚ v- A-\m-en-kn-kv- hn-Mv-
(tdm-)- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- h¿-jw-˛-1968
362.- A- b- n-tØm-®m-S\ - w- tIm-¨{- K-kn-s‚- ]-
cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- k-tΩ-f-\w-
˛- Im-°n-\m-U- k-tΩ-f-\w-
363.- -hn-jp-hw- F-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v- A¿-Y-am-°p-
∂-Xv-˛- `q-an-bn¬- cm-{Xn-bpw- ]-I-epw- Xp-
ey-am-bn- h-cp-∂- Zn-h-kw-
364.- -1905˛¬- ]-¥-fw- tI-c-f-h¿-a-bp-sS- ]-
{Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬- B-cw-`n-®- {]-kn-≤o-
I-c-Ww-˛- I-h-\-Iu-ap-Zn-
365.- -Hm-´-a-’-c-am-b- am-c-tØm-Wn-\v- Hu-
tZym-Kn-I-am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®- Zq-cw-˛-26
ssa¬- 385 hm-c-
366.- -I¬-∏m-Øn-˛-ip-No-{µw- k-a-c-߃- F-
¥p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-A-bn-
tØm-®m-S-\w-
367.- -Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- I-Æm-
Sn- {]- X n- j v - T - \- S - Ø n- b - X v - ˛ - ssh- I p-
Wv - T - k zm- a n- Iƒ-
368.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- {]m-No-\- Xp-d-ap-J-am-b-
]-¥-em-b-\n- G-Xv- Pn-√-bn¬- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂p-˛- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv-
369.- -Po-hn-X-∏m-X- B-cp-sS- B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-
˛-sN-dp-Im-Sv-
370.- -Im-I-Zr-jv-Sn- F-∂- Im¿-´q-¨- ]w-‡n-
bp-sS- c-N-bn-Xm-hv-˛- tKm-]o-Ir-jv-W-≥
371.- -]-d-bn-s]-‰- ]-¥o-cp-Ip-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p-
≈- {K-Ÿw-˛- sF-Xn-ly-am-e-
372.- -dm-∏n-Uv- B-£-≥ t^m-gv-kv- cq-]w-sIm-
≠- h¿-jw- ˛- 1992
373.- -tZ-io-b- N-e-®n-{X- A-hm¿-Up-Iƒ- G¿-
s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-am-Wv- ˛-1954
374.- -Uo-tKm- a-d-tUm-W-bp-sS- P-∑-tZ-iw-˛-
A¿-P-‚o-\-
122
cn-io-e-\w,- km-t¶-Xn-I- ⁄m-\w,- A-Sn-
ÿm-\- ku-I-cy-߃,- hn-]-W-\- ku-
I-cyw,- hm-bv-]m- k-_v-kn-Un- ap-X-em-b-
h- e-`y-am-°n- Kp-W-t`m-‡m-°-sf- Zm-cn-
{Zy-tc-J-bv-°v- ta-te- D-b¿-Øp-I-bm-Wv-
e-£yw.-
- F
- k
- v.P
- n.-Fk
- v.s
- sh.- Kp-Wt- `m-‡m-
°-fn¬- 50 i-X-am-\w- ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn- ]-´n-
I-h¿-K-°m-cpw- 40 i-X-am-\w- kv-{Xo-I-
fpw- 3 i-X-am-\w- hn-I-emw-K-cpw- B-bn-cn-
°-Ww.-
325.-75:-25 F-∂- A-\p-]m-X-Øn-em-Wv- ]-≤-
Xn- \-S-Øn-∏n-s‚- tI-{µ-˛-kw-ÿm-\- hn-
ln-Xw- .
ka{K Bhmkv tbmP\˛
1999˛2000
326.PohnX \ne- hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw
hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw kuI-cy-ap-≈Xpw
hrØn-bp-≈-Xp-am-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n
Bhn-jvI-cn® Cu ]≤Xn 1999-˛2000
h¿j-Øn¬ 24 kwÿm-\-ß-fnse 25
Pn√-I-fn-emWv ]co-£-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ \S-∏m-°n-bX - v. ipNn-Xzw, ip≤-
P- e w, hnhc kmt¶- XnI hnZy XpS-
ßnb kwhn-
[ m-
\ -
ß -
t fm-sS-bp≈ hoSp-
Iƒ \n¿an-°p-I-bmWv ]≤-Xn-bpsS
e£yw.
375.- -hn-tZ-iv- k-©m¿- \n-Kw- en-an-‰-Uv- ÿm-
]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛-1986
376.- -ssZ-h-I-Ww- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ln-
Kv-kv- t_m-tkm-¨-
377.- -cm-km-bp-[- \n-tcm-[-\- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS-
B-ÿm-\w-˛- tl-Kv-
378.- -^m-‰v- Sm-Iv-kv- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy-
sØ- cm-Pyw-˛- sU-≥am¿-°v-
379.- -C-µp-te-J- F-∂- t\m-h-en-se- \m-b-I-
≥˛-am-[-h-≥
380.- -]-´w- Xm-Wp-]n-≈- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n-bn¬-
ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b- h¿-jw- ˛-1954
381.- -im-c-Z- B-Iv-Sv- G-Xp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´-
\n-b-a-am-Wv-˛- _m-ey-hn-hm-lw-
382.- -hn-h-c- ssI-am-‰-Øn¬- Pn-]n-B¿-F-kv-
F-∂-Xv-˛- P-\-d¬- ]m-°-‰v- td-Un-tbm-
k¿-ho-kv-
383.- -ta-cn- tImw- G-Xv- Im-bn-I- C-\-hp-am-bn-
_-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- t_m-Iv-knw-Kv-
384.- -`m-c-X-c-Xv-\w- _-lp-a-Xn- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b- h¿-j-ta-Xv- ˛-1954
385.- -D-c-K-ß-fp-sS- hn-k¿-Py- h-kv-Xp-˛- bq-
dn-Iv- B-kn-Uv-
386.- -a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬- k-¨-t_-Wn-\v-
Im-c-W-am-b- In-c-W-߃-˛- Aƒ-{Sm- h-
b-e-‰v-
387.- -C-¥y-bn¬- hn-F-kv-F-≥F¬- h-gn- C-
‚¿-s\-‰v- kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-
h¿-jw-˛-1995
388.- -\I- vk
- ¬- {]-ÿm-\s - Ø- A-a¿-®- sN-øm-
≥ C-¥ym- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- B-cw-`n-®- ssk-
\n-I- \-S] - S- n-˛H
- m-∏t- d-j≥
- {Ko-≥ l-≠v-
389.- -hn-Zy-bp-sS- D-]-{K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- ^m-an-en-
Xv-˛- F-Uyp-km-‰v- 410.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√-I-fn¬- C¬-a-ss\-
390.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- P-e-Po-hn-˛-tUmƒ- ‰n-s‚-bpw- tam-tWm-ssk-‰n-s‚-bpw- \n-
^n-≥ t£-]w- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- Im-W-
391.- -{]-km¿- `m-c-Xn- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw- s∏-Sp-∂- Pn-√-˛- sIm-√w-
˛-1997 411.- -G-W-Ãv- sl-an-Mv-th- km-ln-Xy- s\m-
392.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- `q-J-Wv-Um-¥- t_-en-\¿-l-\m-b- h¿-jw- ˛-1954
c- _m-en-kv-‰n-Iv- an-ssk¬-˛- A-·n-˛-5 412.- -tZ-io-b- A-t\z-j-W- G-P-≥kn- \n-e-
393.- h
- n-πh- Ø
- n-s‚- ip-{I-\£ - {- Xw- F-∂v- Ip- hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛-2009
am-c-\m-im-s\- hn-e-bn-cp-Øn-b- km-ln- 413.- -tdm-dnw-Kv- t^m¿-´o-kv,- ^yq-dn-b-kv- ^n-
Xy- \n-cq-]-I-≥˛- tPm-k-^v- ap-≠-t»-cn ^v-‰o-kv,- kv-{Io-anw-Kv- kn-Iv-Ão-kv- ˛-\m-
394. dkq¬ ]q°p´n°v HmkvI¿ Ahm¿Uv hn-I¿- Cu- co-Xn-bn¬- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-
t\Sns°mSpØ- Nn-{Xw-˛- …w-tUm-Kv- an- ≈- hm-X-I-߃- G-Xv-˛- ]-›n-a- hm-Xw-
ey-W¿- 414.- -tem-Iv-k-`-bv-°v- B- t]-cp- h-∂-Xv- G-
395.- -Hm-kv-I¿- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn-˛- d- Xp- h¿-jw- ap-X-em-Wv- ˛-1954
415.- -am¿-°v- kp-°¿-_¿-Kv- G-Xp-am-bn- _-
‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- t^-kv- _p-°v-
416.- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- _m-
¶m-b- s\-Sp-ßm-Sn- _m-¶v- ]n-∂o-Sv- G-Xv-
_m-¶n-em-Wv- e-bn-∏n-®X - v˛- - ]-©m-_v- \m-
j-W¬- _m-¶v-
417.- -k-º-Zv-L-S-\-bp-sS- G-Xv- ta-J-e-bn-em-
Wv- C-≥jp-d-≥kv- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-Xr-Xo-
b-
418.- -C-¥y-bpw- ssN-\-bpw- ]-©-io-e- I-cm-
dn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- h¿-jw- ˛-1954
419.- -sh¿-an-Iƒ-®¿- G-Xp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-
cn-°p-∂p-˛-a-Æn-c-
420.- -tIm-{_- t^m-gv-kv- G-Xv- kp-c-£m- G-
P-≥kn-bp-sS- Io-gn-em-Wv-˛- ˛- kn.-B¿.-
]n.-F-^v.-
421.- -`m-c-X- c-Xv-\w- e-`n-®- kn-F-≥B¿- dm-
hp- G-Xp- ta-J-e-bp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-
cn-°p-∂p-˛- im-kv-{Xw-
422.- -]-cp-Øn-Ir-jn-°v- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- I-
dp-Ø- a-Æv- G-Xp- t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-
˛- dn-K¿-
423.- -]o-‰¿- ln-Kv-kv- G-Xp- ta-J-e-bp-am-bn-
kq¬- ]q-°p-´n- _-‘-s∏-´- im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-Wv-˛- `u-Xn-
396.- -]-®-°-dn-Iƒ- ap-dn-®-Xn-\p-ti-jw- I-gp- I-im-kv-{Xw-
I-cp-Xv- F-∂p- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv- F-¥p-sIm- 424.- -C-¥y-bn¬- G-Xv- [-\-Im-cy- ÿm-]-\-
≠v-˛- Po-h-Iw- \-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- H-gn-hm- am-Wv- hm-bv-]-˛-]-Ww- {]-Zm-\-sØ- \n-
°m-≥ b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv-˛- dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶v-
397.- -bp-ssW-‰-Uv- \yq-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- ÿm- 425.- -\n¿-`-b- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- e-£yw-˛- kv-{Xo-
]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛-1959 kp-c-£n-X-Xzw-
398.- -B-Zm-bw- h¿-[n-∏n-°p-hm-≥ Im¿-jn-I- 426.- -X-]m¬- h-Ip-∏v- t{]m-P-Iv-Sv- B-tcm- \-S-
cw-KØv- A-h-ew-_n-°m-hp-∂- G-‰-hpw- ∏n-em-°n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 2008
\-√- Ir-jn-co-Xn-˛- kw-tbm-Pn-X- Ir-jn- 427.- -tZ-io-b- A-t\z-j-W- G-P-≥kn-bp-sS-
399.- -Nm-W-Iw,- P-¥p-hn-k¿-Py-߃,-]-®-°- B-ÿm-\w-˛- \yq-U¬-ln-
dn-I-fp-sS- A-h-in-jv-S-߃- F-∂n-h-bn¬- 428.- -]-cn-ÿn-Xn- kw-c-£-W-hp-am-bn- _-‘-
\n-∂v- \n¿-an-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- C-‘-\w- s∏-´- ssk-e-‚ v- kv-{]nw-Kv- F-∂- ]p-kv-
˛- _-tbm-Kym-kv- X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛- sd-bv-®¬- Im-gv-k-¨-
400.- -sS-en-tImw- sd-Kp-te-‰-dn- A-tXm-cn-‰n- Hm- 429.- -jn-]v-In-e- Np-cw- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-
^v- C-¥y- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛-1997 Wv-˛- ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-iv-
401.- -H-cp- _o-°-dn-se- P-e-Øn¬- H-cp- I-j- 430.- -G-Xv- h¿-j-sØ- hn-Zym-`ym-k- I-Ωo-j-
Ww- sF-kv- s]m-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂p.- Cu- \m-Wv- 10+-2+-3 ]m-t‰-¨- in-]m¿-i- sN-
sF-kv- ap-gp-h-\m-bpw- D-cp-In-bm¬-˛-_o- bv-X-Xv-˛- 1968
°-dn-se- P-e-\n-c-∏n¬- am-‰-an-√- 431.- -tem-I- e-l-cn- hn-cp-≤- Zn-\w-˛- Pq-¨- 26
402.- -hn-hn-[v- `m-c-Xn-bp-sS- {]-t£-]-Ww- B- 432.- -sb-te-\- C-kn-≥_-tb-h- G-Xv- Im-bn-
Im-i-hm-Wn- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛-1957 I- C-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-
403.- -G-Xv- A-f-°m-\m-Wv- kv-{]nw-Kv- _m-e- t]mƒ-hmƒ-´v-
≥kv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- am-kv- 433.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- \m-hn-tK-j-≥
404.- -k-ky-߃- t{]m-´o-≥ X-∑m-{X-Iƒ- D¬- km-‰-sse-‰v-˛-sF-B¿-F-≥F-kv-F-kv-˛-
]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xv- aq-e-I-Øn-s‚- k- 1F-
lm-b-Øm-em-Wv-˛-ss\-{S-P-≥ 434.- -_m-¶nw-Kv- sd-Kp-te-j-≥ B-Iv-Sv- \-S-∏n-
405.- ]
- \- n-bpw- X-et- h-Z\- b
- p-am-bn- B-ip-]{- Xn- em-°n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1949
bn-se-Øn-b- \m-ep- h-b- p-≈- an-\n-°v- 435.- -Xn-W-k-¶¬-]w- \n-e-\n-∂n-cp-∂- tI-c-
Ip-d-®p-Zn-h-k-߃-°p-ti-jw- ssI-Im- f-Øn¬- ]¿-h-X- {]-tZ-i-߃- A-dn-b-
ep-Iƒ-°v- X-f¿-®-bpw- Xp-S¿-∂v- Im-ep- s∏-´n-cp-∂- t]-cv-˛- Ip-dn-©n-
Iƒ-°v- ssh-Ie - y-hpw- kw-`h- n-°p-Ib
- pw- 436.- -F-{X- cq-]- t\m-´n-em-Wv- C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-
sN-bv-Xp.- an-\n-°v- ]n-Sn-s]-´- tcm-Kw- F- e-sa-‚ v- Nn-{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛- 50
¥m-Wv-˛- t]m-fn-tbm- 437.- -1964˛-66 se- hn-Zym-`ym-k- I-Ωo-j-s‚-
406.- -G-Xv- k-ky-Øn-s‚- C-e-I-sf-bm-Wv- sN-b¿-am-≥ B-cm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- tUm.-Un.-
\mw- ]m-\o-b-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv- F-kv.-tIm-Øm-cn-
˛- tX-bn-e- 438.- -kn¬-h¿- ^n-jv- F-∂- Po-hn- G-Xv- hn-
407.- -Np-cp-ßn-b- k-a-bw-sIm-≠v- H-cp- k-ky- `m-K-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛- j-Uv-]-Zw-
Øn-s‚- A-t\-Iw- ]-I¿-∏p-Iƒ- D¬-]m- 439.- -D-Ø-c- sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛-
Zn-∏n-°p-hm-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂- km-t¶- \yq-U¬-ln-
Xn-I- hn-Zy-˛- Sn-jyp- Iƒ-®¿- 440.- -Hm-Un-‰v- _yq-tdm- Hm-^v- k¿-°p-te-j-
408.- -`m-c-Xv- k-©m¿- \n-Kw- en-an-‰-Uv- \n-e- ≥ ÿm-]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛-1948
hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 2000 441.- -cm-Py-Øn-s‚- G-I-X,-]-c-am-[n-Im-cw,-kp-
409.- -s^-en-tU- F-∂-Xv- Po-hn-I-fp-sS- h¿- c-£- C-h-bv-s°-Xn-sc- ssk-_¿- k-t¶-
Ko-I-c-W-Øn¬- F-¥n-s‚- t]-cm-Wv-˛- X-ß-fn-eq-sS- \-S-Øp-∂- {]-h¿-Ø-\w-˛-
123
ssk-_¿- sS-d-dn-kw-
442.- k- p-{]ow- tIm-SX - n-°v- am-{X-am-bn- X-]m¬-
h-Ip-∏v- ]n-≥tIm-Uv- A-\p-h-Zn-®- h¿-jw-
˛-2013
443.- -C-¥y-bn¬- B-cm-[-\m-e-b-ß-fp-sS- kw-
c-£-W-®p-a-X-e- h-ln-°p-∂- G-P-≥kn-
˛- kn.-B¿.-]n.-F-^v.-
444.- -B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωo-j-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛-
tbm-P-\m- `-h-≥
445.- -Ip-´-\m-´n¬- B-cw-`n-®- tXm-´-∏-≈n- kv-
]n¬-th-bp-sS- ]-Wn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-b- h¿-
jw-˛- 1955
446.- -Z-im-h-Xm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-
∂- ]p-cm-Ww-˛- a-’y-]p-cm-Ww-
447.- -sIm-¶-¨- sd-bn¬-th-bn¬- B-Zy- bm-
{Xm-Xo-h-≠n- Hm-Sn-Øp-S-ßn-b- h¿-jw-˛-
1998
448.- -th-Z-Im-e-L-´-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]-[m-\-
sXm-gn¬- ˛-Im-en- h-f¿-ج-
449.- -Nm-Xp¿-h¿-Wy-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Xm-gv-∂-
ÿm-\w- B¿-°m-bn-cp-∂p-˛-iq-{Z¿-
450.- -{]-kv- {S-Ãv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- ÿm-]n-X-am-
b- h¿-jw-˛-1947
451.- -{im-h-W-_-e-tKm-f-bn-se- {]-Xn-jv-T-˛-
_m-lp-_-en-
452.- -kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-°v- B-Zy- `m-c-
X-c-Xv-\w- e-`n-®- h¿-jw- ˛-1954
453.- -hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy- k-Z- n-se- \-h-c-Xv-\-ß-
fn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂- i-¶p- G-Xv- \n-e-
bn¬- \n-]p-W-\m-bn-cp-∂p-˛- in¬-]n-
454.- -\-h-c-Xv-\-ß-fn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂- th-Xm-
f-`-´n- G-Xp- \n-e-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p- {]-K-ev-
`-≥˛- am-{¥n-I-≥
455.- -kq-cy-kn-≤m-¥w- c-Nn-®X - m-cv˛- - B-cy-`S- ≥
- 490.- -{Km-a-ß-fn¬- ssh-Zy-k-lm-bw- F-Øn-
456.- {- ]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bp-sS-bpw- Ip-Spw-_mw-Kß - -
fp-sS-bpw- kw-c-£-W-®p-a-X-e-bp-≈- {]-
tXy-I- G-P-≥kn-bm-b- kv-s]-jy¬-
s{]m-´-£-≥ {Kq-∏v- cq-]w-sIm-≠- h¿-jw-
˛-1985
457.- -_n-Øm-cn- in-em-im-k-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-
s∏-´- Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-hv-˛- kv-I-µ-Kp-]v-X-≥
458.- -t_m¿-U¿- sk-Iyq-cn-‰n- t^m-gv-kv- cq-]w-
sIm-≠- h¿-jw-˛-1965
459.- -B-\-sb- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ss]-Xr-
I- ar-K-am-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®- h¿-jw- ˛-2010
460.- -Ku-U-cm-Pm-hm-b- i-im-¶-s\- ]-cm-P-b-
s∏-Sp-Øn-b- ]q-jy-`q-Xn- hw-iØ - n-se- cm-
Pm-hv-˛- l¿-j-≥
461.- C- ¥- y-≥ B-Wt- hm¿-Ph - I - p-∏v- \n-eh
- n¬-
h-∂- h¿-jw- ˛-1954
462.- -cp-{Zmw-_- G-Xv- hw-i-Øn-se- cm-⁄n-
bm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- Im-I-Xo-b-
463.- -Un-^-≥kv- dn-k¿-®v- B-‚ v- sU-h-e-]v-
sa-‚ v- Hm¿-K-ss\-tk-j-≥ ÿm-]n-X-am-
b- h¿-jw-˛-1958
464.- -{io-hn-P-b-km-{am-Pyw- ]n-Sn-®-S-°n-b-
tNm-f-cm-Pm-hv-˛- cm-tP-{µ- tNm-f-≥
465.- -Nn-e-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈-
]m-Wv-Uy-cm-Pm-hv-˛- s\-Sp-t©-gn-b-≥
466.- -cm-h-W-h-[w- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛- `-´n-
467.- -F-b¿-t]m¿-´v- A-tXm-cn-‰n- Hm-^v- C-¥y-
cq-]w-sIm-≠- h¿-jw-˛-1995
468.- -kn-≤m-¥-in-tcm-a-Wn- c-Nn-®-Xm-cv-˛- `m-
kv-I-cm-Nm-cy-
469.- -a-ø-gn-sb- {^-©p-`-c-W-Øn¬-\n-∂v- tam-
Nn-∏n-®- h¿-jw- -˛-1954
470.- \- n-jm-ZN - c - n-Xw- c-Nn-®X- m-cv˛- - {io-l¿-j≥
471.- -ln-µp-tZ-h-X-bp-sS- Nn-{Xw- B-te-J-\w-
sN-bv-X- \m-W-bw- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b- B-
Zy- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- tKm-dn-
472.- G- X - v- cm-Py-sØ- cm-⁄n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- dm-
Wn- ]-Zv-an-\n-˛- Nn-t‰m¿-
473.- -B-[m¿- ]-≤-Xn- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-ø-s∏-
´- h¿-jw- ˛-2010
474.- -Xm-≥ B-Wv- J-eo-^- F-∂-h-Im-i-s∏-
´- G-I- U¬-ln- kp¬-Øm-≥˛- ap-_m-d-
Iv- Jn¬-Pn-
475.- -Pmw-_-h-Xn- I-eym-Ww- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- Ir-
jv-W-tZ-h-cm-b¿-
476.- -B-sc- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv- lp-a-bq-
¨- U¬-ln- knw-lm-k\ - w- ho-s≠-Sp-Ø-
Xv-˛- C-…mw- jm-
477.- -I¿-Wm-´n-Iv- bp-≤-߃- B-scm-s°-Ø-
Ωn-em-bn-cp-∂p-˛- Cw-Kv-fo-jp-Im-cpw- {^-
©p-Im-cpw-
478.- t- Z-io-b- hn-⁄m-\- I-Ωo-j≥ - \n-eh - n¬-
h-∂- h¿-jw-˛-2005
479.- -k-Rv-Po-h-\n- F-∂- hm-cn-I- {]-kn-≤o-
I-cn-®v- kz-tZ-in- {]-ÿm-\-sØ- t{]m-
’m-ln-∏n-®-Xm-cv-˛- Ir-jv-W-Ip-am¿- an-{X-
480.- I- ¬-∏m-°w- B-hW - - K-th-jW - - tI-{µw-
ÿm-]n-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1971
481.- -Izn-‰n-¥y- F-∂- {]-tbm-Kw- Km-‘n-Pn-
bp-sS- ]-cn-K-W-\-bv-°v- k-a¿-∏n-®-Xv-˛- bq-
k-^v- sa-lv-d-en-
482.- -tUmƒ-^n-s\- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- P-
e-Po-hn-bm-bn- {]-Jym-]n-®- h¿-jw- ˛-2010
483.- G- X - v- h¿-js - Ø- sk-≥k-kv- A-Sn-ÿm-
\-am-°n-bm-Wv- \m-jW - ¬- t]m-∏p-te-j-
≥ c-Pn-ÿ- (F-≥]n-B¿-)- X-øm-dm-°n-
b-Xv-˛- 2011
484.- -kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS- ]n-≥tIm-Uv-˛-
110201
485.- -kmw- a-t\-£m-bv-°v- ^o¬-Uv- am¿-j¬-
]-Z-hn- \¬-In-b- h¿-jw-˛-1973
486.- -C-¥y- X-t±-io-b-am-bn- \n¿-an-®- B-Zy-
sØ- B-W-h- A-¥¿-hm-ln-\n-˛- sF-
F-≥F-kv- A-cn-l-¥v-
487.- -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-W-h- dn-bm-
Iv-S-dm-b- A-]v-k-c- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®-
h¿-jw-˛-1956
488.- -C-¥y-bn¬- hy-h-km-b- ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-
sS- kw-c-£-W-®p-a-X-e- h-ln-°p-∂- kp-
c-£m- G-P-≥kn-˛-kn.-sF.-F-kv.-F-^v.-
489.- -F-≥.-F-®v-˛-7 (I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-˛-hm-cm-W-
kn-)- s‚- ]p-Xn-b- t]-cv-˛- F-≥.-F-®v.-˛-44
°m-\m-bn- sse-^v- sse-≥ F-Iv-kv-{]-
kv- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛-1991
491.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ Dƒ-s∏-´- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se-
Aw-K-߃- ]n-≥am-dn-b-t∏mƒ- tIm-¨-
Ãn-‰yp-h-‚ v- A-kw-ªn-bn-se- Aw-K-_-ew-
˛- 299
492.- -ta-Lm-e-b,- {Xn-]p-c,- a-Wn-∏q¿- ssl-
t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛-
2013
493.- -ssh-°w- k-Xym-{K-lw- F-{X- Zn-h-kw-
\o-≠p-\n-∂p-˛-603
494.- X- m-Pva - l
- e
- n-s‚- \n-dw-am-‰Ø
- n-\v- Im-cW- -
am-Ip-∂p-sh-∂v- B-tcm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- G-
Xv- F-Æ-ip-≤o-I-c-W-im-e-bn-se- ]p-I-
bm-Wv-˛-a-Yp-c-
495.- -tUm.-l¿-tKm-hn-µv- Jp-cm-\-bv-°v- G-Xv-
-
hn-j-b-Øn-em-Wv- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w-
e-`n-®-X-˛-ssh-Zy-im-kv-{Xw-
496.- -tPm¿-Pv- s_¿-Wm-Uv- jm-bv-°v- s\m-
t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- e-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛-1925
497.- -tPm-k-^v- ]p-en-‰v-k¿- P-\n-®-Xv- (]n¬-
°m-e-Øv- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se-°v- t]m-bn-
)-G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-˛-lw-K-dn-
498.- -X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- Ipw-`-tIm-W-Øp- P-\n-
®- tem-I- {]-i-kv-X- Ir-jn- im-kv-{X-
⁄-≥˛-Fw.-F-kv.-kzm-an-\m-Y-≥
499.- -tUmw- Hm-^v- Z- tdm-°v- G-Xv- a-X-°m-cp-
sS- B-cm-[-\m- tI-{µ-am-Wv-˛-C-…mw- a-
Xw-
500.- -tZ-io-b- Nn-”-Øn-se- A-tim-I- N-{I-
Øn¬- F-{X- B-c-°m-ep-I-fp-≠v˛24
 PSC ]co-£Ifn¬-
Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂h Dƒ-s∏sS 1000 tNm-tZym-Ø-c-߃-
IÆv, sNhn, \m-hv,- Xz-°v- F∂n-hsb Ipdn®p≈ ka{KhnhcßfmWv Cu e°w t^m°knep≈Xv. C¥ybnse kv{Xoim‡oIcW
{]ÿm\Øns‚ am¿KZo]amb ]WvUnX cam`mbv, C¥y≥ tZiob {]ÿm\Øns‚ Bflob ]nXmhmb kzman hnthIm\µ≥,
Km-\v[
- n-PnbpsS cm-jv{- So-b Kp-cp-hm-b tKm-]m-eIr-jvW
- tKm-Jse, C¥y≥ k\ymk kaqlØn¬t®¿∂ BZysØ ]m›mXy h\nXbmb
knÿ \nthZnX˛Chscsbms° ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂ B[p\nI C¥ybnse {]ikvX¿ F∂ ]cºcbpsS c≠mw `mKw Cu e°w hmbn°mw.
a[yIme C¥ybn¬ _m_sdbpw lpabqWns\bpw ]cnNbs∏Smw. tIcf \thm∞m\hpw XncphnXmwIqdnse {]_p≤`cWhpw XpScp∂p.

IÆv (Eye)
1. Bflm-hn-te-°p-≈- Pm-e-Iw- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- I-Æp-I-fm-Wv.-
2.- -h-kv-Xp-°-sf- Im-Wm-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-
Xv- I-Æp-I-fm-Wv.-
3.- A-h-bp-sS- ÿm-\w- X-e-tbm-´n-bn-se-
Hm¿-_n-‰v- F-∂- Ip-gn-I-fn-em-Wv.-
4.- t- \-{X-tKm-fØ - n-\v- aq-∂v- ]m-fn-If - p-≠v.- t\-
{X-tKm-f-Øn-\v- Zr-V-X- \¬-Ip-∂- G-‰-
hpw- ]p-d-ta-bp-≈- ]m-fn-bm-Wv- Zr-V-]-S-
ew.- Zr-V-]-S-e-Øn-s‚- kp-Xm-cy-am-b-
ap-≥`m-K-am-Wv- tIm¿-Wn-b.- tIm¿-Wn-
b-bn¬- c-‡-°p-g-ep-I-fn-√.-
5.- t- Im¿-Wn-b- am-‰n-hb - v°
- e
- m-Wv- sI-cm-t‰m-
πm-Ãn- .- I-Æp-am-‰n- h-bv-°¬- i-kv-{X-
{In-b-bn¬- am-‰n-h-bv-°p-∂-Xv- {]-[m-\- `m-
Kw- tIm¿-Wn-b-bm-Wv.-
6.- -Zr-V-]-S-e-Øn-s‚- ]n-≥`m-K-am-Wv- sh-fp-
Ø- \n-d-Øn¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂- kv-¢o-d.-
I-Æn-s‚- ap-≥`m-Ks - Ø- t\-{Xm-hc
Wv- I-¨-P-≥Iv-Sn-h.-
7.- -I-Æn-se- I-e-Iƒ-°v- t]m-j-W-hpw- Hm-
Ivk- n-P\ - pw- F-Øn-°p-∂X - v- a-[y-]m-fn-bm-
b- c-‡-]-S-e-am-Wv.-
8.- t- Im¿-Wn-bb - v°
- p-]n-∂n-ep-≈- c-‡]
Øn-s‚- ap-≥`m-K-am-Wv- sF-dn-kv.-
9.- -sF-dn-kn-s‚- a-[y-`m-K-Øp-≈- kp-jn-c-
am-Wv- Ir-jv-W-a-Wn (Pupil). Cu- kp-
jn-c-Øn-s‚- h-ep-∏w- aq-∂p-˛-\m-ep- an-√o-
ao-‰¿- B-Wv.-
10.- -{]-Im-i-Xo-{h-X- Iq-Sp-tºmƒ- Ir-jv-W-a-
Wn- Np-cp-ßp-I-bpw- Ip-d-bp-tºmƒ- hn-
I-kn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- sF-dn-kn-se-
t]-in-If - m-Wv- C-Xn-\v- k-lm-bn-°p-∂X
11.- I- r-jW v- a - W
- n-°p-]n-∂n-em-Wv- tIm-¨s
Iv-kv- B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- se-≥kv.-
12.- -I-Æn-se- B-¥-c-]m-fn-bm-b- Zr-jv-Sn-]-S-
ew- A-Y-hm- sd-‰n-\-bn-em-Wv- {]-Xn-_nw-
_w- cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
13.- -se-≥kp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-®n-´p-≈- kn-en-
b-dn- t]-in-If - m-Wv- se-≥kn-s‚- t^m-°-
kv- Zq-cw- \n-b{- ¥n-®v- {]-Xn-_nw-_s
Xy-am-bn- sd-‰n-\-bn¬- ]-Xn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.-
14.- {- ]-Xn-_nw-_s - Ø- sd-‰n-\b - n¬-Øs
FOCUS
tIm-iß - f - p-≠v.- c-≠p-Xc - w- tIm-¨- tIm- Zo¿-L-Zr-jv-Sn- (ssl-∏¿-sa-t{Sm-∏n-b-).-
i-߃- am-{X-ap-≈h - ¿-°v- Nn-e- \n-dß
Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bn-√.- C-Xn-s\- h¿-Wm-‘-
- ƒ- tIm-¨-sh-Iv-kv- se-≥km-Wv- Zo¿-L-Zr-
jvS- n- ]-cn-lc
- n-°m-≥ D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X- v.-
X- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂p.- 39.- -t^m-°-kv- sN-øm-≥ I-gn-bm-Ø-Xp-aq-ew-
26.- -h¿-Wm-‘-X- ]-cn-tim-[n-°m-≥ D-]-tbm- {]-Xn-_nw-_w- A-hy-‡-am-Ip-∂- Im-gv-N-
Kn-°p-∂- Nm¿-´v- C-jn-lm-c- Nm¿-´v.- h¿- ssh-I-ey-am-Wv- A-Ãn-‹m-‰n-kw.- C-Xv- ]-
Wm-‘-X-bp-sS- a-s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv- Umƒ- cn-l-cn-°m-≥ kn-en-Wv-{Sn-°¬- se-≥kv-
´-Wn-kw.- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.-
27.- h
- y-‡a - m-b- Im-gvN - - i-‡n-°p-≈- G-‰h - pw- 40.- -I-Æn-s\-bpw- I-Æp-tcm-K-ß-sf-bpw- Ip-
Ip-d-™- Zq-cw- 25 sk-‚o-ao-‰-dm-Wv.- dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv- H-^v-Xm¬-tam-f-Pn.-
28.- -I-Æp-\o-cn¬- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- cm-km- 41.- -i-co-c-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]-h¿-
Xn- ∏ n- ° m- \ p- ≈ - I- Æ n- s ‚ IgnhmWv ·n- (F- ≥ sskw- ) - bm- W v - sse- t km- Øn-°p-∂- t]-in-bm-Wv- I-¨t- ]m-fb - n-se-
persistence of vision. sskw- (sse-tkm-tkmw- F-∂-Xv- H-cp- t]-in.-
15. IÆn-\p-≈n¬- c-≠v- A-d-I-fp-≠v. se- tIm-imw-Ka - m-Wv)- .- I-Æp-\o¿- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n- 42.- -a-{Zm-kv- sF- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- tcm-K-am-
≥kn-\pw- tIm¿-Wn-bb - °v- pw- C-Sb - n-ep-≈- °p-∂- {K-Ÿn-bm-Wv- em-{In-a¬- {K-Ÿn.- Wv- sN-¶-Æv.-
Xm-Wv- A-Iz-kv- A-d.- C-Xn¬- \n-d-™n- 29.- -sk-dn-{_-am-Wv- Im-gv-N-sb-∂- A-\p-`-hw- 43.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Zm-\w- sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂-
cn-°p-∂- {Z-h-am-Wv- A-Iz-kv- {Z-hw.- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-°p-∂-Xv.- a-\p-jym-h-b-h-am-Wv IÆv.
16.- -A-Iz-kv- {Z-h-Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- tIm¿-Wn- 30.- -Im-gv-N-i-‡n- F-{X-tØm-f-am-Wv- F-∂v-
b-bn-se- tIm-i-߃-°v- t]m-j-W-hpw-
Hm-Iv-kn-P-\pw- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv.-
]-cn-tim-[n-°m-≥ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- Nm¿- sNhn
´m-Wv- kv-s\-√-≥ Nm¿-´v.- sl¿-a-≥ kv-
17.- -se-≥kn-\pw- sd-‰n-\-bv-°pw- C-S-bn-ep-≈- s\-√-\m-Wv- 1862˛¬- C-Xv- hn-I-kn-∏n-s®- 44. tIƒ-°m-\pw- i-co-c-Øn-s‚- Xp-e-\-\n-e-
- W- a - m- A-d-bm-Wv- hn-{Sn-b-kv- A-d.- C-Xn¬- \n-d- Sp-Ø-Xv.- ]m-en-°m-\pw- k-lm-bn-°p-∂- A-h-b-h-
™n-cn-°p-∂- {Z-ha - m-Wv- hn-{Sn-bk - v- {Z-hw.- 31.- k
- vs- \-√≥ - Nm¿-´n¬- 11 h-cn-If - n-em-bn- A- am-Wv- sN-hn.-
18.- -t\-{X-tKm-f-Øn-s‚- B-Ir-Xn- \n-e-\n¿- °-ß-tfm- A-£-c-ß-tfm- D-≠m-bn-cn- 45.- s- N-hn-°v- aq-∂v- `m-Kß - f - p-≠v˛- _- m-ly-I¿-
Øm-≥ hn-{Sn-bk - v- {Z-hw- k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.- °pw.- G-‰-hpw- ap-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv- h-en-b- A- Ww,- a-[y-I¿-Ww,- B-¥-c- I¿-Ww.-sN-
19.- G
- ‰ - h- pw- Im-gvN- i - ‡- n-bp-≈- `m-Ka - m-b- ]o- £-c-ß-fm-Wv.- Xm-tgm-´v- t]m-Ip-t¥m-dpw- hn-°p-Sb - pw- I¿-W\ - m-fh - pw- I¿-W] - S- h
- pw-
- S- e- - X-_n-µp- A-Yh - m- sb-t√m- kvt- ]m-´v- ÿn- A-£-c-ß-fp-sS- h-ep-∏w- Ip-d-bpw.- B- A-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv- _m-ly-I¿-Ww.-
Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv- sd-‰n-\-bn-em-Wv.- dp-ao-‰¿- A-I-se-bn-cp-∂m-Wv- kv-s\-√-≥ 46.- -i-_v-Z-X-cw-K-ß-sf- sN-hn-°p-≈n-te-°v-
20.- -tIm-¨- tIm-i-߃- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Nm¿-´v- hm-bn-t°-≠-Xv.- \- b n- ° p- ∂ - `m- K - a m- W v - sN- h n- ° pS
Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ]o-X-_n-µp-hn-em-Wv.- 32.- -A-‘¿-°v- F-gp-Xm-\pw- hm-bn-°m-\pw- k- (Pinna).amen-b-kv,- C-≥I-kv,- tÃ-∏n-kv-
21.- -sd-‰n-\-bn-se- Im-gv-N-i-‡n-bn-√m-Ø- `m- lm-bI - a- m-b- {_-be -v n- en-]n- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®X - -v F-∂o- aq-∂v- A-ÿn-I-f-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv- a-
K-am-Wv- A-‘_ - n-µp- A-Yh - m- ssª-≥Uv- {^-©p-Im-c\ - m-b- eq-bn- {_-b¬ v - B-W.v - [y-I¿-Ww.-
kvt- ]m-´.v - tIm-¨t- Im-iß - f - pw- tdm-U-v tIm- 33.- -a-ßn-b- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- Im-gv-N- Ip-d-bp-∂- 47.- -Np-‰n-I-bp-sS- B-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈- A-ÿn-
i-ßf - pw- C-hn-sS- C-√. t\-{X-\m-Un- B-cw- tcm-Ka - m-Wv- \n-im-‘X - .-\n-im-‘X - b- ° v- p- bm-Wv- am-en-b-kv.- C-≥I-kn-\v- Ip-S-°-
`n-°p-∂X - -v A-‘_ - n-µp-hn¬-\n-∂m-W.v - Im-cW - a - m-Ip-∂X - v- hn-‰m-an-≥ F-bp-sS- A- √n-s‚- B-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv.-
- v.- 22.- -a-ßn-b- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- Im-Wm-≥ k-lm- ]-cym-]v-X-X-bm-Wv.- 48.- -tÃ-∏n-kv- a-\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-
- h- bn-°p-∂-Xv- tdm-Up- tIm-i-ß-fm-Wv.- C- 34.- -{]m-b-ta-dn-b-h-cn¬- t\-{X-se-≥kv- A- sN-dn-b- A-ÿn-bm-Wv.- Ip-Xn-c-k-hm-cn-
Xn¬- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- h¿-W-I-am-Wv- Xm-cy-am-Ip-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv- Xn-an-cw- (Im- °m-c-s‚- ]m-Z-[m-c-Øn-s‚- B-Ir-Xn-bm-
tdm-tUm-]v-kn-≥.- ‰-dm-Iv-Sv-).- Wn-Xn-\v.-
23.- \- n-dß- ƒ- Im-Wm-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂X - -v tIm- 35.- -se-≥kn-s‚- C-em-kv-Xn-I-X- \-jv-S-s∏-Sp- 49.- -a-\p-jy- I¿-W-Øn¬- B-sI- B-dv- A-
¨- tIm-iß - f - m-Wv.- C-Xn¬- A-Sß - n-bn-cn- ∂-Xp-aq-ew- A-Sp-Øp-≈- h-kv-Xp-°-sf- ÿn-I-fm-Wp-≈-Xv.-
°p-∂- h¿-WI - a - m-Wv- t^m-t´m-]k v- n-≥.- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bm-Ø- A-hÿ - b
- m-Wv- {]- 50.- -a-[y-I¿-W-sØ- {K-k-\n-bp-am-bn- _-‘n-
24.- -\-Ωƒ- G-Xv- h¿-W-h-kv-Xp-hn-em-tWm- kv-_-tbm-∏n-b.- tIm-¨-sh-Iv-kv- se- ∏n-°p-∂- \m-fn-bm-Wv- bq-tÃ-jy-≥ Syq-
- Ø- Ir- t\m-°p-∂-Xv,- B- h-kv-Xp-hn¬-\n-∂p- h- ≥km-Wv- C-Xv- ]-cn-l-cn-°m-≥ D-]-tbm- _v.- I¿-W] - S- Ø
- n-s‚- c-≠p-hi - Ø- p-ap-≈-
cp-∂- c-iv-an-I-sf- I-Æn-se- se-≥kv- sd- Kn-°p-∂-Xv.- hm-bp-a¿-±-sØ- Xp-e-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥ C-Xv-
- ∂- ]- ‰n-\-bn¬- t^m-°-kv- sN-øn-®v- hy-‡-am- 36.- -I-Æn¬- a¿-±w- h¿-[n-°p-∂- tcm-K-am-Wv-
b- H-cp- {]-Xn-_nw-_w- sd-‰n-\-bn¬- D-≠m- t•m-t°m-a.-
°p-∂p.- sd-‰n-\-bn¬- {]-Xn-_nw-_-߃- 37.- -A-Sp-Øp-≈- h-kv-Xp-°-sf- Im-Wm-≥ I-
cq-]-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- A-hn-sS-bp-≈- {Km-ln- gn-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Ib - pw- A-Is - e-bp-≈X - n-s\-
Iƒ- D-±o-]n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- B-th-K-߃- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bm-ØX - p-am-b- Im-gvN - s - sh-
D-≠m-Ip-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂p.- Cu- B-th- I-ey-am-Wv- {l-kz-Zr-jv-Sn- (a-tbm-∏n-b-).-
K-߃- t\-{X-\m-Un- h-gn- a-kX v- n-jI v- Ø- n- 38.- -a-tbm-∏n-b- ]-cn-l-cn-°m-≥ tIm-¨-tI-hv-
se-Øp-tºm-gm-Wv- Im-gv-N- F-∂- A-\p-`- se-≥km-Wv- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.- A-I-
hw- bm-Ym¿-Yy-am-Ip-∂-Xv.- se-bp-≈-Xn-s\- hy-‡-am-bn- Im-Wp-I-
25.- -Np-h-∏v,-]-®,-\o-e- F-∂o- c-iv-an-I-fm¬- D- bpw- A-Sp-Øp-≈-Xn-s\- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-
tØ-Pn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- aq-∂n-\w- tIm-¨- bm-Ø-Xp-am-b- Im-gv-N-ssh-I-ey-am-Wv-

124
 k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.-
51.- -_m-ly-I¿-W-sØ-bpw- a-[y-I¿-W-
sØ-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- ^-eI
Sn-ºm-\w.-
- a - m-Wv-
52.- -H-cp- sh-Ãn-_yqƒ,- tIm-¢n-b,- aq-∂v-
A¿-[- hr-Øm-Im-c- Ip-ge - p-Iƒ- F-∂n-
h- A-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv- B-¥-c- I¿-Ww.-
53.- t- Im-¢n-bb - v°
- v- Dƒ-hi- Ø
- p-≈- kw-th-
Z- tIm-i-ß-fm-Wv- (Hm¿-K-≥ Hm-^v-
tIm¿-´n-)- tIƒ-°m-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-
Xv.-sh-Ãn-_yqƒ,-A¿-[- hr-Øm-Im-c-
Ip-g-ep-Iƒ- F-∂n-h- i-co-c-Øn-s‚- Xp-
e-\\ - n-e- ]m-en-°m-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.-
54.- -A¿-[- hr-Øm-Im-c- Ip-g-ep-I-fn¬- \n-
d-™p- \n¬-°p-∂- {Zm-h-I-am-Wv- F-
≥tUm-enw-^v.-
55.- -a-\p-jy-\v- tIƒ-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- i-
_v-Z-Øn-s‚- B-hr-Øn- 20 ap-X¬-
20000 h-sc- tl¿-Sv-kv- B-Wv.-20 tl¿-
Sv-kn¬- Xm-sg-bp-≈- i-_v-Zw- C-≥{^m-
tkm-Wn-Iv- F-∂pw- 20000 tl¿-Svk - n¬-
Iq-Sp-Xe - p-≈X - v- Aƒ-{Sm- tkm-Wn-Iv- F-
∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
56.- -sN-hn-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv- Hm-
t´m-fP - n.- Hm-t´m-em-cnw-tKm-fP - n- sN-hn,-
aq-°v,- sXm-≠- F-∂n-hs - b-°p-dn-®p-≈-
]-T-\-am-Wv.-
\m-hv-
57.- -\m-°n-se- ]m-∏n-√-I-fn¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-
øp-∂- kzm-Zp-ap-Ip-f-ß-fm-Wv- kzm-Z-dn-
bm-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- \m-hn-\v- Xn-
cn-®-dn-bm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- {]m-Y-an-I- cp-
Nn-I-fm-Wv- I-bv-]v,- ]p-fn,- D-∏v,- a-[p-cw-
F-∂n-h.-
58.- -\m-hn-s‚- ap-∂-‰-sØ- {Km-ln-I-fm-Wv-
a-[p-cw- Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv.- \- m-hn-s‚-
ap-∂-‰-Øn-s‚- C-cp-h-i-hpw- D-∏p-cp-Nn-
Xn-cn-®d
- n-bp-∂p.- \m-hn-s‚- h-iß- ƒ- ]p-
fn-bpw- ]n-∂-‰w- I-bv-]pw- Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-
∂p.-
59.- -A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-bn- \m-°n-\v- A-
t©m-fw- cp-Nn-I-fm-Wv- D-≈-Xv.- A-Sn-
ÿm-\- cp-Nn-Iƒ-°-∏p-d-Øv- \-ap-°v-
A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂- cp-Nn-I-sf-√mw- sk-
dn-{_w- D-≠m-°p-∂- tXm-∂e - p-If
- m-Wv.-
Xz-°v-
60.- -i-co-c-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ⁄m-
t\-{µn-b-am-Wv- Xz-°v.-
61.- -i-co-c-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- A-h-b-
hpw- Xz-°m-Wv.- A-©c - - In-tem-{Km-tam-
f-am-Wv- Xz-°n-s‚- `m-cw.-
62.- -X-Wp-∏v,- Nq-Sv,- kv-]¿-i-\w,- th-Z-\,-a¿-
±w- F-∂o- D-±o-]-\-߃- Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-
≥ Xz-°n-\v- I-gn-bpw.- tcm-K-{]-Xn-tcm-
[w,- Xm-]-\n-b-{¥-Ww,- P-emw-i-{I-ao-
I-c-Ww- F-∂n-h- Xz-°n-s‚- [¿-a-ß-
fm-Wv.-
63.- -hn-‰m-an-≥ Un- \n¿-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Xz-
°n-em-Wv.- Xz-°n-s‚- ]p-dw- ]m-fn- F-
∏n-sU¿-an-kv- F-∂pw- Dƒ-∏m-fn- sU¿-
an-kv- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
64.- Xz-°n-\v- \n-dw- \¬-Ip-∂- h¿-W-I-am-
Wv- sa-em-\n-≥.- ap-Sn-°v- I-dp-∏p-\n-dw-
\¬-Ip-∂-Xpw- sa-em-\n-\m-Wv.-
65.- i-co-c-Øn-se- tcm-a-߃- \n¿-an-X-am-
bn-cn-°p-∂- ]-Zm¿-Y-am-Wv- sI-cm-‰n-≥.-
\-Jh - pw- ap-Sn-bpw- \n¿-an-®n-cn-°p-∂X- pw-
sI-cm-‰n-≥ sIm-≠m-W-v.
B[p\nI C¥ybnse {]ikvX¿˛2
aZ≥- tam-l≥- am-fhy
(1861˛1946)
66. tZio-b- {]-[m-\y-ap-≈- \n-c-h-[n- ta-J-e-
I-fn¬- {i-t≤-b-\m-b- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- Im-
gv-N-h-®- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- a-Z-≥ tam-l-≥ am-
f-hy.- A-[ym-]-I-≥,- A-`n-`m-j-I-≥,- ]-
{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-≥ F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- {]-
kn-≤-\m-b- A-t±-lw- _-\m-d-kv- ln-µp-
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-i-S- ÿm-]-Imw-K-hp-
am-bn-cp-∂p.-
67.- -1861 Un-kw-_¿- 25\v- P-\n-®p.- 1879 ¬-
sa-{Sn-°p-te-j-\pw- 1884 ¬- _n-cp-Z-hpw-
t\-Sn.- Xp-S¿-∂v- A-[ym-]-I-≥.- 1886 ¬-
sIm¬-°Ø - b - n-se- c-≠mw- tIm-¨{- K-kv-
k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- \-S-Øn-b- {]-kw-Kw- {i-
≤n-°-s∏-´p.-
68.- -1887 ¬- A-[ym-]-I-hr-Øn- D-t]-£n-®p.-
]n-∂o-Sv- "-ln-µp-ÿm-≥'- hm-cn-I-bp-sS- ]-
{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn.- "-C-¥y-≥ bq-Wn-b-≥'- F-
∂- hm-cn-I-bpw- F-Un-‰p- sN-bv-Xp.- 1890
¬- "-ln-µp-ÿm-≥'- hn-´v- "-Zn- C-¥y-≥ H-∏n-
\n-b-≥'- F-∂- ]-{X-Øn-s‚- k-l-]-{Xm-
[n-]-cm-bn.-
69.- -1891 ¬- \n-b-a-_n-cp-Zw.- 1893 ¬- A-em-l-
_m-Zv- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬- A-`n-`m-j-I-
≥.- 1909 ¬- A-Xp-t]-£n-®v- s]m-Xp-{]-
h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-Øn-d-ßn.-
70.- -1909 se- em-tlm¿- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-
tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-≥ ]n-∂o-Sv- 1918
(U¬- l n- ) ,- 1932 (U¬- l n- ) ,- 1933
(sIm¬-°-Ø-)-k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn-epw- A-
[y-£-\m-bn.-
71.- -{]-bm-Kn¬- 1880 ¬- "-ln-µp- k-am-Pn-'-\v-
cq-]w- \¬-In-b-Xpw- 1884 ¬- "-tI-{µ- ln-
µp-ka - m-Pw-'- kw-LS- n-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\pw- t\-
Xr-Xzw- \¬-In.-
72.- X- n-I™- - tIm-¨{- K-kp-Im-c\
Ø-s∂- "-ln-µp-a-lm-k-`-'-bp-sS- ÿm-]-
- m-bn-cn-s°-
\-Øn¬- ]-¶p-h-ln-®p-(1906).-
73.- -_-\m-d-kv- ln-µp- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ÿm-
]n-°p-∂-Xn¬- ap-Jy-]-¶p-h-ln-®p.- B-\n-
_-k-‚ v- \-S-Øn-t∏m-∂- sk-≥{S¬- ln-
µp- tIm-tf-Pn-s\-bm-Wv- ln-µp- k¿-h-I-
em-im-e-bm-°n-b-Xv.-
74.- -"-A-`yq-Z-bv-',- "-a-cym-Z-',- "-eo-U¿-',- F-∂n-h-
A-t±-lw- B-cw-`n-®- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-
fm-Wv.-
75.- K- m-‘n-Pn-sb- _-lp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂t- ∏m-gpw-
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- k-a-c-ap-d-I-sf- am-f-hy-
A-\p-Iq-en-®n-√.- 1936 ¬- B-tcm-Ky-]-c-
am-b- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬- s]m-Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-
\-tØm-Sp- hn-S-]-d-™p.- 1946 \-hw-_¿-
12\v- A-¥-c-n-®p.-
]WvUnX ca`mbn
(1862˛1924)
76. C¥ybn-se- kv-{Xo-im-‡o-I-c-W- {]-
ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- am¿-K-Zo-]-am-b- a-l-\o-b-
125
h-\n-X-bm-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X- c-am-`m-bn.-
77.- 1- 862 P-\p-h-cn- 25˛-\v- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se-
kmw-•n- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X- c-am-
`m-bn- P-\n-®X - v.- ]-Xn-s\m-∂mw- h-b  - n¬-
c-am-`m-bn-sb- {]-i-kv-X- km-aq-ln-I- ]-
cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv- P-Ãn-kv- a-lm-tZ-hv- tKm-
hn-µ- dm-\-tU- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®p.-
78.- \- n-c£
- c- b- m-b- c-am-`m-bn-°v- dm-t\-tU- hn-
Zym-`ym-kw- \¬-In.- a-dm-Tn,- Cw-•o-jv,- _w-
Km-fn- F-∂o- `m-j-Iƒ- A-h¿- kzm-b-Ø-
am-°n.-
79.- -dm-\-tU-bn¬-\n-∂p- e-`n-®- {]-tNm-Z-\-
Øm¬- c-am-`mbn- apw-ss_-bn¬- ln-µp-
te-Uo-kv- tkm-jy¬- ¢-∫v- ÿm-]n-®v- h-
\n-X-Iƒ-°v- {]-kw-K-Øn¬- ]-cn-io-e-\w-
\¬-In.- s]-¨-Ip-´n-Iƒ-°m-bn- lp-Pp¿-
]m-K- F-∂- s]-¨-]-≈n-°q-Sw- ]q-s\-
bn¬- ÿm-]n-®p.- {]m¿-Y-\m-k-am-P-Øn-
s‚- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - f- n-epw- c-am-`m-bn- ]-¶m-
fn-bm-bn.-
80.- H- mƒ- C-¥y- hn-a¨ - - tIm-¨^ - d - ≥
- kn-s‚-
B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\w- 1904˛¬- ap-ss_-bn¬-
\-S-∂-t∏mƒ- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv- c-am-
`m-bn-bm-Wv.-
81.- -]q-s\-bn¬- 1915˛¬- tk-hm-k-Z-≥ F-∂-
{]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-°m-\pw- A-h¿- am¿-
K-\n¿-t±-iw- \¬-In.- C-Xn-s‚- B-`n-ap-Jy-
Øn¬- s]-¨-Ip-´n-Iƒ-°m-bn- H-cp- {S-bn-
\n-Mv- tIm-tf-Pv,- aq-∂v- tlm-Ã-ep-Iƒ- F-
∂n-h- B-cw-`n-®p.-
82.- c
- a
- m-`m-bn- hm¿- tIm-¨^ - d
- ≥
- kn¬- ]-s¶-
Sp-°p-I-bpw- C-¥y-≥ h-\n-X-Iƒ-°p-th-
≠n- K-h¿-W-tdm-Sv- kw-km-cn-°p-I-bpw-
sN-bX v- p.- _m-eh
- n-hm-lØ- n-s\-Xn-sc-bpw-
A-h¿- A-£o-Ww- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.-
83.- -C-¥y-bn-se- a-[y-h¿-K- h-\n-X-I-fp-sS-
t£-a-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°m-bn- Po-hn-Xw-
D-gn-™p-h-®- Cu- a-l-Xn- 1924˛¬- A-¥-
cn-®p.-
kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥
(1863˛-1902)-
84.- -B[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bp-sS- \n¿-am-Xm-sh-∂v-
kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®- hn-
th-Im-\-µ-≥ C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm-
\-Øn-s‚- B-flo-b- ]n-Xm-hm-bpw- hm-gv-
Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
85.- -_w-Km-fn-se- H-cp- Im-b-kv-X- {_m-“-W-
Ip- S pw- _ - Ø n¬,- sIm¬- ° - Ø - ssl-
t°m-S-Xn-bn-se- A-t‰m¿-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂-
hn-iz-\m-Y- Z-Ø-bp-sS-bpw- `p-h-t\-iz-cn-
tZ-hn-bp-sS-bpw- ]p-{X-\m-bn- 1863 P-\p-h-
cn- 12˛-\m-Wv- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ P-
\n-®-Xv.-
86.- -_m-ey-Im-e-\m-aw- \-tc-{µ-\m-Yv- Z-Ø.- a-
s‰m-cp- t]-cv- ho-tc-iz¿- Z-Ø.-
87.- -sN-dp-{]m-b-Øn¬-Ø-s∂- B-flo-b-X-
tbm-Sv- B-`n-ap-Jyw- ]p-e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂- \-
tc-{µ-≥ th-Z-߃,- D-]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ,- C-
Xn-lm-kß - ƒ- F-∂n-hb - n¬- A-Xo-h- Xm-
ev-]-cyw- {]-I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.-
88.- -1884˛¬- _n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn.- tU-hn-Uv- lypw,-
C-Ωm-\p-th¬- Im-¥v,- kvs - s]-t\m-k- F-
∂n-h-cp-sS- Ir-Xn-Iƒ- ]-Tn-®- \-tc-{µ-≥
C-¥y-≥ ¢m-kn-°¬- kw-Ko-XØ - n-epw- ]-
cn-io-e-\w- t\-Sn.-
89.- Z- £
- n-tW-iz-dn-se- Im-fn-t£-{X-Øn-se-
]q-Pm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂- {io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W- ]-
c-a-lw-k-sc- \-tc-{µ-≥ Im-Wm-\n-S-bm-
bn.- B- Z yw- ]- c - a - l w- k - s c- kw- i - b -
tØm-sS- ho-£n-®- \-tc-{µ-≥ H-Sp-hn¬-
X-s‚- Kp-cp-hn-s\- A-t±-l-Øn¬- I-
s≠-Øn.-
90.- -1886˛¬- ]-c-a-lw-k¿- A-¥-cn-®p.- A-tX-
h¿-jw-X-s∂- \-tc-{µ-≥ ]p-Xn-b- t]-cv-
kzo-I-cn-®p-˛-hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥.-
91.- -C-¥y-bp-sS- hn-hn-[-`m-K-߃- k-µ¿-in-
®- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ 1892˛¬- I-\ym-Ip-am-
cn-bn-se-Øn- [ym-\Ø - n-te¿-s∏-´p.- Xp-S¿-
∂-t±-lw- cm-ta-iz-cw,- a-[p-c,- t]m-≠n-t®-
cn- F-∂o- ÿ-e-߃- k-µ¿-in-®-ti-jw-
a-{Zm-kn-te-°v- t]m-bn.-
92.- h- n-th-Im-\µ - \
- m-Wv- F-kF v- ≥ - Un-]n- tbm-
Kw- ÿm-]n-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b- am¿-K-\n¿-
t±-iw- tUm-Iv-S¿- ]¬-]p-hn-\v- \¬-In-b-
Xv.- A-‘h - n-izm-kØ - n-epw- A-\m-Nm-cß - -
fn-ep-am-≠- A-∂-sØ- tI-c-f-sØ- {`m-
¥m-e-bw- F-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- hn-th-
Im-\-µ-\m-Wv.-
93.- -1893˛¬- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- Nn-°m-tKm-bn-
se- tem-I- a-X- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n¬- \-S-Øn-
b- {]-kw-KØ - n-eq-sS- ]m-›m-Xy-cp-sS- {i-
≤- ]n-Sn-®p-]-‰n.-
94.- -1894˛¬- \yq-tbm¿-°n¬- th-Zm-¥- skm-
ssk-‰n- ÿm-]n-®p.- \n-ch - [ - n- ]m-›m-Xy¿-
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- in-jy-Xzw- kzo-I-cn-®p.-
bq-tdm-∏pw- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ k-µ¿-in-®p.-
1897˛¬- A-t±-lw- C-¥y-bn¬- a-S-ßn-sb-
Øn.-
95.- -Nn-°m-tKm-bn-se- H-cp- sX-cp-hv- \m-a-I-c-
Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- hn-th-Im-\-µ-
s‚- t]-cn-em-Wv.-
96.- k- zm-an- hn-th-Im-\µ - s- ‚- B-ib - ß - f - n-em-
Ir-jv-S-bm-bn- C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b- hn-tZ-i-
h-\n-X-bm-Wv- kn-ÿ- \n-th-Zn-X- F-∂-
t]-cn¬- {]-i-kv-X-bm-b- am¿-K-c-‰v- t\m-
_nƒ.-
97.- -1897˛¬- t_-eq¿- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- hn-th-
Im-\-µ-≥ ÿm-]n-®- {]-ÿm-\-am-Wv- cm-
a-Ir-jvW - a - n-j≥- .- cm-aI- r-jvW - a - T
- w- ÿm-
]n-®-Xpw- hn-th-Im-\-µ-\m-Wv.-
98.- -{]-_p-≤-`m-c-Xw- (Cw-Kv-fo-jv-),- D-Zv-t_m-[-
≥ (_w-Km-fn-)- F-∂o- c-≠v- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-
W-߃- A-t±-lw- B-cw-`n-®p.-
99.- `- m-cX - o-b\ - m-sW-∂X - n¬- A-`n-am-\n-°p-I,- ®v - kv - Y n- X n- K Xn- I ƒ- a\ n- e m- ° n- 119.- k
- vI- qƒ- A-[ym-]n-Ib - m-bn- Ip-d® - p-Im-ew-
Rm-s\m-cp- `m-c-Xo-b-s\-∂pw- Hm-tcm- `m- btijta \m-´p-Im-cy-ßfn¬- A`n-{]m- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-Tn-®-ti-jw- A-h¿- kz-¥-
c-Xo-b\ - pw- F-s‚- k-tlm-Zc - \- m-sW-∂pw- bw- ]p- d s∏Sp- h n- ° m- h q- F∂v - Cu- am-bn- H-cp- hn-Zym-e-bw- B-cw-`n-®p.- sh-
A-`n-am-\t- Øm-sS- A-hI - m-is - ∏-Sp-I˛- - F- kabØm-Wv- tKm-Jse Km-\v-[n-Pn-sb bv¬-kv- kz-tZ-in-bm-b- H-cm-fp-am-bn- Po-
∂p- ]-d-™-Xv- hn-th-Im-\-µ-\m-Wv.- D]tZin-®Xv.- hn-Xw-]-¶n-Sm-≥ k-Ω-Xn-®n-cp-s∂-¶n-epw,-
100.--C-¥y-≥ C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- k-b-≥kv- 115. 1915 s^{_p-hcn- 19\v- A¥cn-®p.- hn-hm-l-\n-›-bw- \-S-∂p-I-gn-™v- Xm-a-
ÿm-]n-°m-≥ Pw-j-Uv-Pn- Sm-‰-bv-°v- {]- kn-bm-sX- A-t±-lw- a-c-W-s∏-Sp-I-bp-
tNm-Z\ - w- \¬-In-bX - v- hn-th-Im-\µ - \ - m-Wv.- knÿ \nthZnX ≠m-bn.-
101.- -X-Øz-Nn-¥-bn¬- _n-cp-Zm-\-\-¥-c-_n-cp- 120.--1895˛¬- e-≠-\n¬-h-®v- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-
Z-sa-Sp-°m-≥ tUm.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-s\- (1867˛1911) \-µ-s\- I-≠- F-en-k-_-Øv- A-t±-l-
t{]-cn-∏n-®-Xv- hn-th-Im-\-µ-s‚- {]-kw-K- 116. C¥y-bn-se- H-cp- k-\ym-k- k-aq-lØ - n¬- Øn-s‚- B-flo-b- kzm-[o-\-Øn-te-°m-
ß-fm-Wv.- t®¿-∂- B-Zy-sØ- ]m-›m-Xy-h-\n-X-bm- I¿-jn-°-s∏-´p.- 1898˛¬- A-h¿- C-¥y-
102.--A-\y¿-°p-th-≠n- Po-hn-°p-∂-h-tc- Po- Wv- kn-ÿ- \n-th-Zn-X.- bn-se-Øn.-
hn-°pp-≈p- a-‰p-≈-h¿- a-cn--®-h¿-°p- k-a- 117.- -kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-s‚- in-jy-Xzw- kzo- 121.- k
- \- ym-kP - o-hn-Xw- kzo-Ic - n-®- F-en-k_ - -
am-W-v (“They alone live who live for oth- I-cn-®- A-h¿- A-b¿-e-≥Un¬- 1867 H-Iv- Øv- t\m-_n-fn-\v- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-
ers. The rest are more dead than alive.”) tSm-_¿- 28˛-\v- P-\n-®p.- am¿-K-c-‰v- F-en- ≥ \n-th-Zn-X- F-∂- t]-cp-\¬-In.-
F∂p- hn-th-Im-\µ - \ - m-W-v ]-d™ - X
- .v - k-_-Øv- t\m-_nƒ- F-∂m-Wv- b-Ym¿-Y- 122.--kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-s\-°p-dn-®v- kn-ÿ-
103.- ]
- ´- n-Wn- In-S° - p-∂h - t- \m-S-v a-Xs - Ø-∏‰- n- kw- t]-cv.- \n-th-Zn-X- c-Nn-®- ]p-kv-X-I-amWv The
km-cn-°p-∂X - v- A-hs - \- A-]a - m-\n-°p-∂- 118.- -tIm-f-P-[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-∂- ]n-Xm-hm-Wv- Master as I Saw Him.
Xn-\v- k-aa - m-Wv- F-∂v- A-`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´- a- B-Z¿-tim-∑p-J-am-b- Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-°p- 123.cm-a-Ir-jv-Wm-{i-a-Øn-se- tbm-Kn-\n- am-
lm-\m-W-v hn-th-Im-\µ - ≥- .- ∂-Xn-\v- F-en-k-_-Øn-\v- {]-tNm-Z-\w- Xm-hv- im-c-Zm- tZ-hn-bp-am-bn- \n-th-Zn-X-
104.- k
- w-Ko-X- I¬-]X - c - p,- I¿-at- bm-K,- h¿-Ø- \¬-In-b-Xv.- am-\-h-tk-h- Cu-iz-c-tk-h- bv-°v- A-Sp-Ø- _-‘-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
am-\- `m-cX - w- F-∂n-hb - m-W-v hn-th-Im-\µ - - t\Sn.- ]q-s\bn¬- kvI- qƒ- A[ym-]I\m- bv°
- p- Xp-ey-am-sW-∂v- sN-dp-{]m-bØ - n¬- Xv.-
s‚- {]-[m-\- c-N\ - I - ƒ.- bn- ]n-∂o-Sv- s^¿-Kq-k≥- tIm-tfPn¬- Ø-s∂- A-h¿- Xn-cn-®-dn-™p.- 124.--kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-\pw- A-t±-l-Øn-
105.- C
- ¥ - y-≥ tZ-io-bX - b - p-sS- {]-Xo-Ia - m-bn-cp-∂- s{]m-^kdpw.- s‚- A-Sp-Ø- A-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ-°pw- H-
hn-th-Im-\µ - ≥- 1902 Pq-sse- \m-en-\-v t_- 110. 1889˛¬- apw-s_bn¬- \S∂ tIm¨- ∏w- A-h¿- C-¥y-bn-se- ]-e- ÿ-e-ß-
eq¿- a-TØ - n¬-h® - -v A-¥c - n-®p.- A-t±-l- {Kkv - ktΩf\Øn¬- BZy- a m- b n- fpw- k-µ¿-in-®p.- 1902 ˛¬- kzm-an- hn-
Øn-s‚- P-∑Z- n-\w- tZ-io-b- bp-hP - \ - Z- n-\a - m- ]s¶Sp- Ø p.- 1899˛¬- apw- s _ \n- th-Im-\-µ-≥ k-am-[n-bm-b- ti-jw- A-
bn- B-Nc - n-®p-t]m-cp-∂p.- bak`mw-Kam-bn.- h¿- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- {]-Nm-c-
111. 1902˛Hm- s S s^¿- K q- k ≥- tIm- t fPv - W- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-epw- ap-gp-In.-
125.--B\ - n- _-k‚- v,- A-ch - n-µt- Lm-jv- F-∂n-
tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-tKm-J-se- DtZym-Kw-hn-´v- ]q¿-W cm-jv-{So-b{]h¿-
ØI\m-bn.- 1904˛¬- C¥y≥- \m-jW¬- h-cp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf-bpw- A-h¿- ]n-
(1866˛-1915)- tIm¨-{Kkn-s≥-d sk{I´dn.- ¥p-W-®p.-A-c-hn-µ-tLm-jn-s‚- I¿-a-
tbm-Kn- F-∂- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- F-Un-‰v-
112. 1905˛se _\m- d kv - tIm¨- { Kkv -
106.- "- a
- l- m-cm-j{v- S-bn-se- tkm-{I-´o-k'v- - F-∂d - n- ktΩf\Øn¬- A[y-£≥.- 1905 Pq¨- sN-bv-Xp.-
b-s∏-´- tKm-]m-eI - r-jW -v - tKm-Js - e-sb-bm- 12\v- sk¿-h≥-dv-kv- Hm-^v- C¥y-m- skm- 126.--C¥- y-sb- C-jvS- s - ∏-Sp-Ib - pw- `m-cX- o-bc- p-
Wv- Km-\[ v- n-Pn- X-s≥d- cm-j{v- So-bK - p-cp-hm- ssk‰n- kv-Ym-]n-®p.- sS- t£-aØ - n-\v- kz-Po-hn-Xw- k-a¿-∏n-°p-
bn- I-W° - m-°n-bX - v.- 113. 1907˛¬- tIm¨-{Kkv- ]n-f¿-∂t∏mƒ an- I-bpw- sN-bv-X- I¿-a-tbm-Kn-\n-bm-b- kn-
107.- a- l - m-cm-j{-v S-bn-se- c-X\ -v K - n-cn- Pn-√b- n¬- 1866 Xhm-Zn-]£sØ {][m-\ t\Xm-hv.- 1906 ÿ- \n-th-Zn-X- 1911 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- ]-Xn-
sa-bv- 9\v- P-\n-®p.- epw- 1908epw- Cw-•≠n¬- t]m-bn.- 1912¬- s\m-∂n-\v- Um¿-Pn-enw-Kn¬- A-¥-cn-®p.-
108.- 1- 880¬- hn-hm-lw.- 1881˛¬- tIm¬-lm-∏q-¿- Z£n-Wm-{^n-° kµ¿-in-®p.- A-h-cp-sS- k-am-[n-ÿm-\-Øv- C-{]-Im-
sslkv-Iq-fn¬-\n-∂v- sa{Sn-°p-tej≥- 114. 1915 P\p-hcn-bn¬- C¥y-bn-seØn-b cw- tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-p∂p˛ "Here
hn-Pbn-®p.- Km-\v-[n-Pn- Ip-d®p-\mƒ- tKm-Jsebv- reposes Sister Nivedita who gave her
109.1884˛¬- KWn-Xim-kv-{XØn¬- _n-cp-Zw- s°m-∏w- Xm-akn-®p.- \m-´n¬- k©cn- all to India".

a≤-y-Im-e C¥y- ˛ 3
\m-bn-cp-∂- _m-_¿- Xp¿-°n- `m-j-bn-se- ∂- G-I- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bm-Wv- lp-
apKƒ km{am-Py- w an-I-®v- c-≠v- F-gp-Øp-Im-cn¬- H-cm-fm-bn- a-bq-¨-
]-cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- a-kv-\m-hn-bpw- H- 145.--cm-Py-Øn-s‚- In-g-°p-`m-K-Øv- {]-_-e-am-
127._m_-dmWv apKƒ hwi ÿm]-I≥. cp- kp-{]-kn-≤- kq-^n-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- ]-cn- bn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂- A-^v-Km-≥ hw-i-P¿-
]nXm- h v - ˛ - ] p- { X≥ F∂ {- I - a - Ø n¬ `m-j-bpw- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- a-‰v- c-N-\-I-fm- tj¿-jm-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- lp-a-bq-
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Imew C¥y `cn® Wv.- Wn-\v- X-e-th-Z-\- kr-jv-Sn-®p.- 1539 se-
ap…ow cmP-hw-i-amWv apK-f¿ 137.--ap-Kƒ- ]q-t¥m-´- \n¿-am-W- ]m-cº - c- y-Øn- Nu-k- bp-≤-Øn-epw- 1540 se- I-\u-Pv-
\p- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv- _m-_-dm-Wv.- bp-≤-Øn-epw- tj¿-jm- lp-a-bq-Wn-s\-
_m_¿ 138.--1529 se- Lm-{K- bp-≤-Øn¬- _m-_¿-
A-^v-Km-\n-I-fp-sb-S-bpw- _w-Km-fn-se- \-
tXm¬-∏n-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- 15 h¿-jw- lp-a-
bq-Wn-\v- {]-hm-k- Po-hn-Xw- \-bn-t°-≠n-
128._m_¿ F∂- hm-°n-\¿-Yw- kn-lw- F- {k-Øv- jm-bp-sS-bpw- sF-Iy-tk-\-sb- h-∂p.-
∂m-Wv. ]n-Xr-]£ - Ø - n¬- Xn-aq-dn-s‚-bpw- t\-cn-´p.- 146.--1555 ¬- tj¿-jm-bp-sS- ]n-≥Km-an-I-sf-
am-Xr-]-£-Øn¬- sNw-Kn-kv-Jm-s‚-bpw- 139.--1530 ¬- Im-_q-fn-te-°p-≈- bm-{X-a-t[y- tXm¬-∏n-®v- lp-a-bq-¨- cm-Pyw- ho-s≠-
_-‘p-hm-hm-bn-cp-∂p- _m-_¿- em-tlm-dn¬- h-®v- _m-_¿- A-¥-cn-®p.- Sp-Øp.- U¬-ln-°p- k-ao-]w- lp-a-bq-
129.--k-a¿-J-Wv-Un-se- ^¿-Lm-\-bn-em-Wv- A-t±-ls - Ø- B-Zyw- B-{K-bn¬- A-S° - w- ¨- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®- \-K-c-am-Wv- Zn-≥]-\-
_m-_¿- P-\n-®-Xv.- sN-bv-sX-¶n-epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- `u-Xn-Im-h-in- 147.--lp-a-bq-¨- \m-a- c-Nn-®-Xv- K-h¬-_-Z-≥
130.--H-cp- an-I-®- ssk-\n-I- {]-Xn-`-Iq-Sn-bm-bn- jv-Sw- Im-_q-fn-te-°v- am-‰n.- _o-K-am-Wv-
cp-∂- _m-_-dm-Wv- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- 140.--N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-cm-b- ap-K-f-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- 148.--{K-Ÿ∏ - p-cb- p-sS- tIm-Wn-∏S- n-bn¬- \n-∂p-
bp-≤c - w-KØ
- v- ]o-c¶- n-∏S- - D-]t- bm-Kn-®X - v.- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- _m-_-dm- ≈- ho-gv-N-sb-Øp-S¿-∂v- lp-a-bq-¨- A-
131.- -G-‰-hpw- km-l-kn-I-\m-b- ap-Kƒ- N-{I- 133.--Im-_qƒ- B-ÿm-\-am-°n- `-c-W-\n¿-∆- Wv.- ¥-cn-®p.- U¬-ln-bn-em-Wv- i-h-Ip-So-cw.-
h¿-Øn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- _m-_¿- ap- l-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂- _m-_¿- G-‰-hpw- 141.- -_m-_-dp-sS- ]n-≥Km-an-bm-b-Xv- ]p-{X-≥ 149.--lp-a-bq-Wn-s‚- \n-cym-W-sØ- Xp-S¿-∂v-
K-f-cp-sS- Iq-´-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- I-em-c-kn- C-jv-S-s∏-´n-cp-∂- \-K-c-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- lp-ab- q-Wm-W.v- G-Io-Ir-Xa- √
- m-Ø- hn-im- ]p-{X-\m-b- A-Iv-_¿- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw- h-
I-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p.- 134.--1527 se- J-\z- bp-≤-Øn¬- _m-_¿- c-P- e-am-b- km-{am-Py-hpw- H-gn-™- J-P-\m- b- n¬- ap-Kƒ- knw-lm-k-Øn-\-h-Im-
132.--B-fl-I-Y- c-Nn-®- B-Zy- ap-K¿- N-{I-h¿- ]p-{X-\m-b- kw-K- dm-W-sb- ]-cm-P-b-s∏- hp-am-Wv- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- e-`n-®-Xv.- in-bm-bn.- G-‰-hpw- Iq-d-™- {]m-b-
Øn-bm-b- _m-_¿- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X- v- B- Sp-Øn.- Øn¬- ap-Kƒ- N-{X-h¿-Øn-bm-b-Xv- A-
fl-I-Ym-Im-c-≥ am-cn¬- cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ F- 135.--1526 ap-X¬- 1530 h-sc- C-¥y-bn¬- `-c- lp-a-bq-¨- Iv-_-dm-Wv.-
∂m-Wv.- Xp-kp-Iv˛- C - ˛- _
- m-_d - n- F-∂- B- Ww- \-SØ - n-b- _m-_d - m-Wv- Cw-]o-cn-b¬- 142.--Im-_q-fn-em-Wv- lp-a-bq-¨- P-\n-®-Xv- 150.--1556 ¬- I-e-\u-cn¬- h-®m-Wv- A-Iv-_¿-
fl-I-Y- c-Nn-°-s∏-´-Xv- N-K-Øm-Wv- S¿- ap-Kf - c
- n¬- A-Yh- m- a-lm-≥am-cm-b- ap-Kƒ- 143.--`m-Ky-hm-≥ F-∂m-Wv- lp-a-bq-¨- F-∂- In-co-S-[m-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-b-Xv.- A-Iv-_¿-
°n-jv- `m-j-bn-em-Wv.- A-_v-Zpƒ- d-lnw- N-{I-h¿-Øn-am-cn¬- (_m-_¿- ap-X¬- Hu- hm-°n-\¿-Ys - a-¶n-epw- lp-ab
- q-Wn-s‚- Po- °v- {]m-b] - q¿-Øn-bm-bn-´n-√m-ØX - n-\m¬-
Jm-≥˛-C-˛-Jm-\m-Wv- A-Xv.- _m-_¿- \m- dw-K-ko-_v- h-sc-)- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- hn-X-Øn¬- \n¿-`m-Kyw- hn-Sm-sX- ]n-¥p- ss_-dmw-Jm-≥ do-P-‚m-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.-
a- F-∂- t]-cn¬- t]¿-jy-\n-te-°v- X¿- `-cn-®-Xv.- S¿-∂p.- lp-a-bq-Wn-s‚- hn-iz-kv-X-\pw- {]n-b-¶-c-
P-a- sN-bv-X-Xv.- 136.--H-cp- K-Zy-Im-c-s\-∂- \n-e-bn¬- A-Xp-ey- 144.--`-c-W-Øn¬- \n-∂v- hn-´p-\n¬-t°-≠n-h- \p-am-bn-cp-∂- D-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p-
ss_-dmw-Jm-≥.-

126
 tIcf \thm∞m\w
Wn-°¿- B-dm-´p-]p-gb - n-epw- ]-cn-kc - Ø - pw- sS- C-cp-´n-s‚- a-dh
- n¬- h-[n-°s
- ∏´p. am-bn- hn-a¿-in-®p.-
]-Wn-ap-S-°v- \-S-Øn.- Ir-jn-b-S-°-ap-≈- 175.- k- v{- Xo-If - p-sS- kzm-X{- ¥y-kw-c£ - W - Ø - n-
tIcf \thm∞m\w tPm-en-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- Cu-g-h-c-S-°-ap-≈- ]n- kn.Irjv W ≥ (1867˛1938) \pw- kn.-Ir-jW v- \- pw- an-Xh - m-Zn-bpw- {]-tXy-
∂m-°-Pm-Xn-°m¿- am-dn-\n-∂p.- 166. tIc-fo-b- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn¬- \n-kv-Xp-e- I- ]-cn-KW - \ - - \¬-In.- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- "an-
B- d m- ´ p- ] p- g - th- e m- b p- [ - ∏ - W n- ° ¿- 159.- -Im-cy-߃- ]-¥n-bs - √-∂p-I≠ - - k-h¿-W¿- am-b- ]-¶p-\n¿-h-ln-®- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv- kv-{S- p-am-cp-sS- k-¶-S-߃'-- F-∂- te-
(1825˛- 1 874) H-Øp-Xo¿-∏n-\p- X-øm-dm-hp-Ib - pw- B- {]-tZ- I¿-Øm-hm-bn-cp-∂p- kn.-Ir-jv-W-≥.- J-\w- kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS- A-h-Im-i-߃- kw-
151. I√nt»-cn-bn¬- th-em-bp-[- tN-Ih - ¿- F- i-ßf - n-se- kv{- Xo-Iƒ-°v- A-®n-∏p-Sh - - D-Sp- 167.- -tIm-gn-t°m-´p-\n-∂-v 1913˛-1938 Im-eb - f- h - n¬- c-£n-t°-≠X - n-s‚- B-hi - y-IX - s - b-°p-dn-
∂v- b-Ym¿-Y\ - m-aa - p-≈- B-dm-´p-]p-g- th-em- °m-≥ A-hk - c - w- e-`n-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bX v- p.- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂,- A-[-ÿn-X-cp-sS- ®v- P-\-ß-sf- Nn-¥n-∏n-®p.-
bp-[∏ - W- n-°¿- B-e∏ - p-g- Pn-√b - n-se- Im¿- 160.- -th-em-bp-[-∏-Wn-°¿-°v- I-Y-I-fn- h-f-sc- ss_-_nƒ- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-´- an-Xh - m-Zn- ]-{X- 176.- -A-Sn-®-a¿-Ø-s∏-´-h-cp-sS- hn-Zym-`ym-k-am-
Øn-I∏ - ≈ - n- Xm-eq-°n-se- B-dm-´p-]p-gb - n¬- C-jv-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-°m-e-Øv- A-h¿-W- Øn-s‚- D-Sa - b
- p-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.- bn-cp-∂p- kn.-Ir-jv-W-≥ {i-≤-sN-ep-Øn-
1825˛¬- P-\n-®p.- I-fc - n-∏b- ‰ - v,- B-bp¿-th-Zw,- sc- I-Y-I-fn- Im-Wp-∂-Xn-t\m- ]-cn-io-en- 168.- -(hym-]m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Sn.-in-h-i-¶-c-s‚- D- b- a-s‰m-cp- hn-j-bw.- _m-e-{]-t_m-[n-\n-
tPym-Xn-jw- F-∂n-hb - n¬- \n-]p-Wc - m-bn-cp- °p-∂-Xn-t\m- A-\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√.- S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬- aq¿-t°m-Øv- Ip-am-c-≥ ]- kw-kv-Ir-X- ]m-T-im-e- ÿm-]n-®v- A-t±-
∂p- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- ]q¿-hn-I¿.- 161.- t- £-{X-Ie - b - m-b- I-YI - f - n-sb- Xm-≥ ÿm- {Xm-[n-]c - m-b- an-Xh - m-Zn- B-cw-`n-®X - v- 1907˛- lw- Xm-gv-∂- k-ap-Zm-b-°m¿-°v- kw-kv-Ir-
152.- -_m-ey-Øn¬-Øs - ∂- A-—\ - Ω - a - m-sc- \-jv- ]n-®- aw-K-ew- t£-{X-Øn-s‚- B-`n-ap-Jy- em-Wv.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- kn.-Ir-jv-W-≥ A- X-]-T-\-Øn-\v- A-h-k-c-sam-cp-°n.-
S-s∏-´- th-em-bp-[∏ - W - n-°¿-°v- I-fc - n-bp-sS- Øn¬- ]-cn-io-en-∏n-°m-≥ ]-Wn-°¿- Xo- Xv- hm-ßp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-)- 177.- a - \
- p-jy-cp-sS- I-jvS- ∏ - m-Sp-Iƒ-°v- h-en-sbm-
bpw- kw-kI v- r-XØ - n-s‚-bpw- ]m-Tß - ƒ- ]- cp-am-\n-®p.- 169.- -Xr-»q¿- Pn-√-bn¬- 1867 Pq-¨- ]-Xn-s\m- c-f-hp-h-sc- Im-c-Ww- a-Zy-am-sW-∂v- hn-e-
I¿-∂p-sIm-Sp-ØX - v- ap-Ø— - \ - m-bn-cp-∂p.- 162.- -I-Y-I-fn- hn-Z-Kv[ - \ - pw- X-s‚- Iq-´p-Im-c\ - p- ∂n-\m-Wv- kn.-Ir-jv-W-≥ P-\n-®-Xv.- Nm-h- bn-cp-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- A-Xn-s‚- \n-tcm-[-
153.- -Xm-gv-∂- Pm-Xn-°m-sc- t£-{X-Øn¬- {]- am-b- A-ºe - ∏ - p-g- am-[h - ° - p-dp-∏n-s‚- k-lm- °m-´v- ap-√t- »-cn-bn¬- N-ßc - w-Ip-ac - Ø- v- ]m- \-Øn-\p-th-≠n- \n-e-sIm-≠p.-
th-in-°m-≥ A-\p-hZ- n-°m-Xn-cp-∂- A-°m- b-tØm-sS- Cu-gh - b - p-hm-°s - f- ]-cn-io-en- d-\pw- ]q-hØ - pw-IS- h - n¬- D-Æq-en-bp-am-bn- 178.- -]n¬-°m-e-Øv- kn.-Ir-jv-W-≥ P-Ãn-kv-
e-Øv- aw-K-e-Øv- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øv- ]-Wn- ∏n-®v- A-ct- ß-‰w- \-SØ - n.- C-Xv- k-h¿-W- cp-∂p- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ.- ]m¿-´n-bn¬- Aw-K-am-bn.- ]n-∂o-S-v A-Xn-s‚-
°-cp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- H-cp- t£-{Xw- \n¿- ta¬-t°m-ba v- b - tv- °-‰- I-\Ø - - A-Sn-bm-bn.- 170.- k- zm-X{- ¥yw,- a-tX-Xc - X
- zw,- P-\m-[n-]X - yw- ,- tIm-gn-t°m-S-v im-Jb - p-sS- A-[y-£\ - m-b- A-
an-°p-I-bpw- A-hn-sS- in-h-{]-Xn-jv-T- \-S- A-h¿- Zn-hm-\v- ]-cm-Xn- \¬-In.- ]-Wn-°c - p- km-aq-ln-I- \o-Xn- F-∂o- B-i-b-ß-fn¬- t±-lw- a-e_ - m¿- Ip-Sn-bm-≥ {]-t£m-`Ø - n¬-
Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp- (1852).- sS- hm-Zß - ƒ- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib - pw- A- A-Sn-bp-d-®p-hn-iz-kn-®n-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- a- k-Po-ha - m-bn- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.- 1930˛¬- a-e_ - m¿-
154.- -1853˛¬- X-Æo¿-ap-°w- sN-dp-hm-c-Ww- I- h¿-°pw- I-Y-I-fn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-°m-≥ A- \p-jy-cp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\- A-h-Im-i-߃- sS-\≥ - kn- B-ISv- v- ]m-km-°p-∂X - n-\v- K-h-
c-bn¬- c-≠m-a-sØ- A-h¿-W- in-h-t£- \p-a-Xn- e-`n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n- t]m-cm-Sn.- ¨-sa-‚ n¬- \n¿-Wm-bI - - k-Ω¿-±w- sN-ep-
{Xw- ÿm-]n-°s - ∏-´p.- k-h¿-W¿- C-Xn-s\- 163.- -A-h¿-W- kv{- Xo-Iƒ-°v- A-°m-eØ - v- kz¿- 171.- -1912 ap-X¬- F-kv-F-≥Un-]n- tbm-K-Øn- Øm-\pw- A-t±-lØ - n-\p- I-gn-™p.-
Xn-sc- i-‡-am-bn- {]-Xn-tj-[n-®p.- Wm-`c - W
- ß- f - W - n-bm-≥ A-hI - m-ia - p-≠m-bn- s‚- t\-Xr-ÿm-\Ø - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- kn.-Ir- 179.- A- [ - ÿ - n-Xc - p-sS- km-ºØ - n-I- sa-®s - ∏-Sp-
155.- -t£-{Xm-Nm-c-hn-[n-Iƒ- ]-Tn-°m-\m-bn- A- cp-∂n-√.- ]-¥f - Ø - v- H-cp- A-h¿-Wb - p-hX - n- jvW- ≥- {io-\m-cm-bW - K - p-cp-hn-\v- D-d® - - ]n- tØ-≠X - n-s\-°p-dn-®v- P-\ß - s - f- D¬-t_m-
t±-lw- tKm-h-bn¬-t]m-bn-cp-∂p.- s]m-∂n-≥ aq-°p-Øn- [-cn-®v- N-¥b - n¬- F- ¥p-W- \¬-In-bn-cp-∂p.- [n-∏n-®- A-t±-lw- 1909˛¬- I-en-°-‰v- _m-
156.- -A-®n-∏p-S-h- k-a-c-Øn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬- Øn. C-Xp-I≠ - - k-h¿-W{- ]-am-Wn-am¿- aq- 172.- -in-h-Kn-cn-bn¬- \-S-∂- F-kv-F-≥Un-]n- ¶v- ÿm-]n-®p.-
In-b-Xv- th-em-bp-[-∏-Wn-°-cm-Wv.- A-°m- °p-Øn- h-en-®p-]d - n-®p-If - ™ - p.-CX - d - n-™- tbm-KØ - n-s‚- H-ºX - mw- hm¿-jn-I- k-tΩ- 180.- -a-e_ - m¿- Un-k{v- Sn-ISv- v- t_m¿-Un-epw- I-en-
e-Øv- k-h¿-W¿-°p-am-{X-ta- a-t\m-lc - a- m- th-em-bp-[∏ - W - n-°¿- A-Sp-ØZ- n-hk - w- kz¿- f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv- kn.-Ir- °-‰v- ap-\n-kn-∏¬- Iu-¨k - n-en-epw- Aw-K-
b- h-kv-{X-߃- [-cn-°m-≥ A-h-Im-i-ap- W-aq-°p-Øn-If - p-am-bn- ]-¥f - w- N-¥b - n-se- jv-W-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- am-b- A-t±-ls - Ø- 1930˛-36 Im-eb - f- h - n¬-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q.- Øn- A-h¿-Wb - p-hX - n-Is - f- hn-fn-®p-Iq-´n- aq- 173.- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- X-fn- t£-{X-Øn-te-°p-≈- a-{Zm-kv- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨k - n-en-te-°v-
157.- k
- h - ¿-Wk - {v- Xo-Iƒ- [-cn-°p-∂- I-W¶ - m¬- °p-Øn- [-cn-°m-≥ B-hi - y-s∏-´p.- A-h¿- h-gn-bn¬- A-h¿-W¿-°v- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- \m-a\ - n¿-t±-iw- sN-bX v- v- Aw-Ka - m-°n.-
h-sc- F-Øp-∂- C-c´- Ø - p-Wn- A-dn-bs - ∏- aq-°n¬- [-cn-®n-cp-∂- Cu¿-°n-epw- ]n-®f - °- - cp-∂- hn-e° - n-s\- hn-KW - n-®p-sIm-≠v- 1917 181.- -A-—-s‚- kv-am-c-I-am-bn- kn.-Ir-jv-W-≥
´n-cp-∂X - v- A-®n-∏p-Sh - - F-∂m-Wv.- Im-bw-Ip- ºn-If - pw- am-‰n- s]m-≥aq-°p-Øn- [-cn-®p.- A- \-hw-_¿- H-∂n-\v- A-Xp-h-gn- \-S-∂-Xv- G- tIm-gn-t°m-´v- ]-Wn-X-Xm-Wv- ]m-d-≥
f-Øn-\S- p-Øv- ]-∂n-bq-cn¬- A-®n-∏p-Sh - - D- h- ]-dn-s®-Sp-Øp- I-fb - m-≥ B¿-s°-¶n-epw- sd- H-®∏ - m-Sp-≠m-°n-b- kw-`h - a- m-bn-cp-∂p.- lmƒ.- kz-¥w- h-k-Xn-°p-k-ao-]w- ]m-d-
Sp-Øp-\S- ∂ - - H-cp- Cu-gh - b- p-hX - n-bp-sS- ]p- ss[-cy-ap-t≠m- F-∂v- ]-Wn-°¿- sh-√p-hn- 174.- i- ‡
- a - m-b- ap-J{- ]-kw-Kß - f - n-eq-sS-bpw- te- ≥ kv-Iz-b¿- F-∂- t]-cn¬- H-cp- k-tΩ-f-
S-h- k-h¿-W¿- h-en-®p-Io-dn-°f - ™- p.- fn-®p.- B-cpw- ap-t∂m-´p-h∂ - n-√.- J-\ß - f - n-eq-sS-bpw- kn.-Ir-jvW - ≥ - A-h¿- \- ÿ-e-hpw- A-t±-lw- \n¿-an-®p.-
158.- -C-X-dn-™- ]-Wn-°¿- G-Xm-\pw- Cu-g-h- 164.- -B-dm-´p-]p-g-bn¬- H-cp- kv-Iq-fpw- hm-b-\- W- k-ap-Zm-bß - f - p-sS- A-hI - m-i- kw-c£ - - 182.- -1925˛¬- kn.-Ir-jv-W-≥ H-cp- _p-≤-a-X- k-
bp-h-Xn-I-sf- A-®n-∏p-S-h- D-Sp-∏n-®v- ]-∂n- im-e-bpw- A-t±-lw- ÿm-]n-®p.- W-Øn-\p-th-≠n- t]m-cm-Sn.- Xm-en-sI-´p-I- tΩ-f-\w- hn-fn-®p-Iq-´p-I-bpw- X-s‚- ho-Sn-
bq-cn¬- ]-tc-Uv- sN-øn-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- F- 165.- -C{- ]-Im-cw- Pm-Xn-hy-hÿ - b - s -v °-Xn-sc- t]m- eym-Ww,- Xn-c-≠p-Ip-fn,- ]p-fn-Ip-Sn,- ssi- \p- k-ao-]w- H-cp- _p-≤-a-X-B-cm-[-\m-e-
√m- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°pw- am-\y-am-b- h-kv-{Xw- cm-Sn-b- th-em-bp-[∏ - W - n-°¿- 1874˛¬- 49˛- i-h-hn-hm-lw,- e-l-cn-]-Zm¿-Y-ß-fp-sS- D- bw- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
[-cn-°p-∂X - n-\p-≈- A-hI - m-iØ - n-\m-bn- ]- a-sØ- h-b  - n¬- H-cp- t_m-´p-bm-{X-bv° - n- ]-tbm-Kw- ap-Xe - m-bh - s - b- A-t±-lw- i-‡- 183.- 1- 938 \-hw-_d- n¬- kn.-Ir-jW -v ≥- A-¥c - n- ®p.

XncphnXmwIq¿ `cWm[nImcnIƒ
Bbn- e yw- - Xn- c p- \ mƒ- µn-cw- B-bn-eyw- Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚- Im-eØ - m- im-k{v- Xn- Zn-hm-\m-bn.- K-Xm-KX - ˛- P- e - t- k-N- 204.hn-Zym-`ym-k- ÿm-]\ - ß - ƒ-°v- [-\k - l- m-
Wv- ]-Wn-Ig- n-∏n-®X - v.- \- ta-Je - I - f- p-sS- hn-]p-eo-Ic - W - Ø - n-\v- A- bw- \¬-In-b- hn-im-Jw- Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚- \-
(1860˛1880)- 190.- t- dm-a≥ - hm-kX v- p-in¬-∏s - si-en-bn-ep-≈- a- t±-lw- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In.- S-]-Sn- {]m-Y-an-I- hn-Zym-`ym-k- cw-K-Øv- h-
184. C-¥y-bn-se- C-X-c- \m-´p-cm-Py-߃-°n-S- µn-cw- cq-]I - ¬-∏\ - - sN-bX v- X- v- hn-eyw- _m¿- 199.- 1- 875¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k- en-b- ]p-tcm-KX - n-°n-Sb - m-°n.- P-\ß - ƒ-°v-
bn¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- ap-≥]-¥n-bn-se-Øn- ´-¨- F-∂- {_n-´o-j-v F-©n-\o-bd- m-bn-cp-∂p.- a-{K-am-b- Im-t\-jp-am-cn- X-øm-dm-°n.- _p-≤n-ap-´p-≠m-°p-∂- \n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ- A-t±-
b-Xv- B-bn-eyw- Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚- Im-eØ - m-W.v - 191.- h - ¿-°e - - Xp-c∏ - v,- ]p-\e - q¿- Xq-°p-]m-ew,- Xn- 1877¬- \m-Wp-]n-≈- Zn-hm-\m-bn.- A-t±-l- lw- H-gn-hm-°n.-
cm-Py-sØ- ]p-tcm-at- \m-∑p-Ja- m-b- `-cW - Ø - n- cp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cs - Ø- Im-gN v- _ - w-•m-hv,- bq-Wn- hpw- P-et- k-N\ - - ]-≤X - n-Iƒ-°pw- s]m-Xp- 205.k-ºq¿-Wa - m-b- H-cp- `q-k¿-sh-bpw- I-s≠-
s‚- Aw-Ko-Im-ca - m-bn- hn-tŒm-dn-bm- a-lm-dm- th-gk -v n-‰n- tIm-tf-Pn-s‚- {]-[m-\- a-µn-cw- F- a-cm-a-Øv- ]-Wn-Iƒ-°pw- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬- gp-Øpw- \-SØ - p-∂X - v- kw-_‘ - n-®v- H-cp- cm-
Wn- B-bn-eyw- Xn-cp-\m-fn-\v- "-al - m-cm-P'- - F- ∂n-hb - pw- B-bn-eyw- Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚- Im-e- Im-≥ {]-tXy-Iw- {i-≤n-®p.- P-Io-b- hn-fw-_c - w- 1883¬- ]p-ds - ∏-Sp-hn-®p.-
∂- _n-cp-Zw- k-Ωm-\n-®p.- Øm-Wv- ]-Wn-Xo¿-ØX - v.- 200.- k - ¿-°m-cn-s‚- h-ch - p-sN-eh - v- I-W° - m-°m- in¬-∏I - e- b- n¬- th-≠{- X- B-`n-ap-Jyw- {]-
185.- X- s - ‚- ap-≥Km-an-bp-sS- ]p-tcm-Ka- \ - - \-bß - ƒ- 192.- 1- 874¬- Xn-cp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cØ - -v \n-ba - ]- T - \
- k - u- \p-≈- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- k-{º-Zm-bw- A-t±-lw- I-Sn-∏n-®- A-t±-lw- I-cI - u-ie- {- ]-h¿-Ø-
Xp-Sc- p-∂X - n¬- B-bn-eyw- Xn-cp-\mƒ- _-≤- I-cyw- B-cw-`n-®p.- B-hn-jI v- c- n-®p.- X-eÿ - m-\- \-Kc - Ø - n-s‚- \-߃-°v- t{]m-’m-l\ - w- \¬-In.-
{i-≤\ - m-bn-cp-∂p.- k¿- Sn.- am-[h - d- m-hp- F-∂- 193.- B - b - n-eyw- Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚- Im-eØ - m-Wv- Ip- ip-No-Ic - W - - {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß
- ƒ-°v- {]-tXy-I- 206.\m-©n-\m-s´- P-et- k-N\ - - ]-≤X - n-bp-sS- hn-
{]-K¤ - - Zn-hm-s‚- tk-h\ - w- `-cW - \ - n¿-hl - W - - cp-ap-fI - n-s‚-bpw- ]p-Ib - n-eb - p-sS-bpw- hym-]m- N-´ß- f - p-≠m-°n.- ]p-eo-Ic - W- w-t]m-se- P-t\m-]I - m-c{- ]-Za
- m-
Øn¬- B-bn-eyw- Xn-cp-\m-fn-\-v I-cp-Øm-bn.- c-Øn¬- k¿-°m-cn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂- Ip-ØI - - 201.- k- ¿-°m¿- Po-h\ - °- m¿-°v- tKm-hk - q-cn- {]- b- \n-c-h-[n- I¿-a-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- A-t±-lw-
186.- 1- 858¬- D-{Xw- Xn-cp-\m-fn-s‚- Im-eØ - -v Zn-hm- ]n-≥h-en-®X - .v - tbm-Kw- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn.- \-S-∏m-°n.-
\m-bn- h-∂- am-[h - d- m-hp- 1872 h-sc- Xp-S¿-\p.- 194.- C
- X - -v Ip-cp-ap-fI - -v Ir-jn-°-v t{]m-’m-l\ - a- m- 207.Cw-•o-jv- `m-jbn-ep-≈ A]m-c]m-fin-
187.- 1- 861¬- k¿-°m¿- A-©¬- s]m-Xp-P\ - ß - ƒ- Ip-Ib - pw- D-]t- `m-‡m-°ƒ-°-v Ip-d™ - - hn- hn- i m- J w- Xn- c p- \ mƒ- (1880˛1885)- Xy-Øn-\p-]p-dsa XXz-im-kv{- Xw,- tPym-Xn-
°pw- D-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂X - n-\p-f- kw-hn-[m-\- e-b° -v -v ]p-Ib - n-e- e-`y-am-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bX -v p.- 202.-hf- s
- c- Ip-d® - p-Im-ea- m-W-v hn-im-Jw- Xn-cp-\mƒ- jw,- kky- i m- k v - { Xw- Xp- S ßn- b hn-
ta¿-s∏-Sp-Øn.- A-tX-h¿-jw-Xs - ∂- kn-hn¬- 195.- 1- 865¬- ]-≠m-c∏ - m-´- hn-fw-_c - w- D-≠m-bn.- C- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- `-cn-®s - X-¶n-epw- `-cW - c- w-K- jbßfn-epw- At±lØn-\v- AhKm-
˛-{In-an-\¬- hy-hl - m-c- {I-aß - s - f- kw-_‘ - n- Xp-hg- n- k¿-°m¿-hI - - ]m-´h - k - X v- p-°f - p-sS- Øv- hy-‡n-ap-{Z- ]-Xn-∏n-°m-≥ A-t±-lØ - n- lap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
®- {_n-´o-jv- \n-ba - k
- w-ln-XI - ƒ- D-Nn-Xa - m- ta¬- Ip-Sn-bm-\-v A-hI - m-iw- ÿn-cs - ∏-Sp-Øn- \v- I-gn-™p.- `-cW - Ø - n-s‚- F-√m- ta-Je - I- - 208.Bbn- e yw- Xn- c p- \ m- f p- a m- b p- ≈ \o-
b- t`-ZK - X - n-It- fm-sS- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- \- s°m-Sp-Øp.- sf-bpw- kv] - ¿-in-°p-∂- X-cØ - n-em-bn-cp-∂p- ckØn¬- XS¶en¬- ]m¿-∏n-®n-cp-∂
S-∏m-°n.- 1866¬- Xn-cp-h\ - ¥- ] - p-cØ - v- H-cp- 196.- ]- ≠ - m-ch - I - - ]m-´h - k- X -v p-°ƒ- X-ea - p-db - m-bn- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- ]-cn-jI -v c- W
- \ - S- ]
- S- n-Iƒ.- C- tIcfh¿-a hen-b tIm-bn-Xºp-cm-s\
B¿-Sk v- v- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-®p.- A-\p-`h - n-°m-\pw- ssI-am-‰w- sN-øm-\p-ap-≈- °q-´Ø - n¬- h-fs - c- {i-t≤-ba - m-Wv- s]m-eo- At±lw- tam-Nn-∏n-®p.-
188.- c
- m-Py-Øn-s‚- hn-hn-[- `m-Kß - f - n¬- A-t\-Iw- A-hI - m-iw- Ip-Sn-bm-\-v In-´n.- 1867¬- P-∑n-Ip- kv- ssk-\y-Øn-s‚- ]-cn-jI v- m-cw.- 209.A[n-Im-cØn-tedn- aq-∂p-am-kw- Xn-Ibp-
Cw-•o-jv- kvI - q-fp-If - pw- a-eb - m-fw- kvI - q-fp- Sn-bm-≥ hn-fw-_c - w- h-kX -v p-hn¬- Ip-Sn-bm-\p- 203.-s
- ]m-eo-kn-s‚-bpw- \o-Xn-\n¿-hl - W- Ø - n-s‚- w-ap-ºv- hn-im-Jw- Xn-cp-\mƒ- Zn-hm-≥- ÿm-
I-fpw- X-an-gv- kvI - q-fp-If - pw- Xp-d∂ - p.- sX-c- ≈- A-hI - m-iØ - n-\v- ÿn-cX - - D-d∏ - m-°n.- bpw- {]-h¿-Ø\ - w- th¿-Xn-cn-®p.- Ir-jn-im- \Øp-\n-∂v- \m-Wp-]n-≈sb am-‰n- cm-
s™-Sp-Ø- tI-{µ-ßf - n¬- B-ip-]{- Xn-Iƒ- 197.- \ - m-©n-\m-´n-se- \n-Ip-Xn-bn-epw- B-bn-eyw- kv{- X-Øn¬- G-sd- A-dn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂- A- aø¶m-sc \n-ban-®p.-
ÿm-]n-®p.- Xn-cp-\mƒ- Ip-dh - v- h-cp-Øn.- t±-la - m-Wv- cm-Py-Øv- a-c® - o-\n- B-lm-ck - m- 210. an-I® {KŸIm-cs\∂ \n-ebn-epw- hn-
189.- C - t- ∏m-gs - Ø- K-h¨ - s - a-‚ v- sk-{I-´d - n-b‰ - v- a- 198.- S- n.- am-[h - d - m-hp-hn-\p-ti-jw- 1872¬- ti-jø - - [-\a - m-bn- {]-Nm-cØ - n¬- sIm-≠p-h∂ - -Xv.- im-Jw- Xn-cp-\mƒ- {]kn-≤\m-bn-cp-∂p.-

127

kzP¬[mc˛2002
211. 2002 Un-kw-_-dn¬- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- B-cw-
`n-®- C-Xv- k-aq-l-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØm-sS- \-
S-∏m-°p-∂- Ip-Sn-sh-≈- ]-≤-Xn-bmWv.
]pc (PURA)]≤Xn˛2003
212.{Kmao-W- P-\-X-bp-sS- k-a-{K- hn-I-k-\-
am- W v ]pc (Provision of Urban
Ameneties in Rural Areas-PURA)
]≤Xn-bn-eq-sS- tI-{µ- k¿-°m¿- e-£y-
an-Sp-∂-Xv.- \-K-c-ß-fn-se- ku-I-cy-߃-
{Km-ao-W- ta-J-e-bv-°pw- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øp-
I-sb-∂-Xm-Wv- ]p-c- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- {]-[m-
\- e-£yw.-
213.--K-Xm-K-Xw,- Du¿-Pw,- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- cw-
Kw,- ssh-⁄m-\n-I- cw-Kw- F-∂o- \m-
ep-ta-Je- I - f
- p-sS- k-a{- K-hn-Ik
- \
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sS- {Km-ao-W-P-\-X-bp-sS- k-aq-e- hn-I-k-
\-am-Wv- ]p-c-bp-sS- {]-[m-\-e-£yw.- C-
¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- ]p-c- ]-≤-Xn- B-cw-`n-
®-Xv- _o-lm-dn-em-Wv.
{KmaoW am¿°‰v bm¿Uv ˛ 2003
214.\_m¿-Un-s‚- km-º-Øn-I- k-lm-b-
tØm-sS- {Km-ao-W- ]-›m-Ø-e- hn-I-k-
\- ^-≠p-]-tbm-Kn-®v- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øp-
I-fn¬- {Km-ao-W- am¿-°-‰v- bm¿-Uv- \n¿-
an-°p-∂- ]-≤-Xn- 2003¬- B-cw-`n-®p.-
215.--]-›m-Ø-e- ku-I-cy-ß-fp-≈- 50 sk-
kpcn\mw
233. U®v K-bm-\-bp-sS- ]p-Xn-b- t]-cm-Wv- kp-
cn-\mw.- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- G-‰-
hpw- hn-kvX - o¿-Wh - pw- P-\k - w-Jy-bpw- Ip-
d-™- ]-ca - m-[n-Im-c- cm-jv{- S-am-Wn-Xv- ({^-
©v- K-bm-\-bm-Wv- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-
se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Ip-d-™- sS-
dn-´-dn- .- C-Xv- D-]-{K-l- hn-t£-]-W- tI-
{µ-sa-∂- \n-e-bn¬- {]-kn-≤-am-Wv-)-
234.- ]
- c - a
- m-cn-t_m-bm-Wv- X-eÿ - m-\w.- 1975¬-
U-®p-Im-cn¬-\n-∂v- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b-
Cu- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- \m-W-bw- kp-cn-\m-ao-
kv- tUm-f-dm-Wv.-
235.- - U-®v- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-bm-b- G-I- sX-
t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- kp-cn-\mw.-
236.- k
- p-cn-\m-an¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-Xe - p-≈- c-≠m-
a- s Ø- a- X - h n- ` m- K w- ln- µ p- ° - f m- W v -
(20%-).-
237.- -K-bm-\- I-gn-™m¬- i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬- ln-µp-°ƒ- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-Xe - p-≈-
sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-am-Wn-Xv.-
238.- -D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b-h-cm-
Wv- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn-se- C-¥y-≥
hw-i-P-cn¬- `q-cn-`m-K-hpw-).-
239.- -kp-cn-\m-an-se- C-¥y-≥ hw-i-P¿-°n-S-
bn¬- {]-Nm-c-ap-≈- `m-j-bm-Wv- k¿-\m-
an.-
240.- -C-¥y- I-gn-™m¬- ssP-\¿- i-X-am-\m-
Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-Xe - p-≈- cm-
Py-am-Wv- kp-cn-\mw- (0.-3%-).-
241.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-ß-fn¬- G-‰-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- i-X-am-\w- Zm-cn-Zy-tc-J-bv-
°v- Io-gn-ep-≈- cm-Py-ßf - n-sem-∂m-Wv- kp-
cn-\mw- (70).-
242.- -D-jv-W-ta-J-em- a-g-°m-Sp-Iƒ- i-X-am-\m-
Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-Xe - p-≈- cm-
Py-am-Wv- kp-cn-\mw.
DdpKzmbv
243. em‰n≥ Atacn°bnse kzn‰vk¿e‚ v
F∂ A]c\maap≈ cmPyamWv
DdpKzmbv.
{Km-ahn-Ik\w- ˛ 6
‚ v- `q-an- kz-¥-am-bn-´p-≈- ]-©m-b-Øp-
I-sf-bm-Wv- Cu- kv-Io-an¬- Xn-c-s™-Sp-
ØXv.
lcnbmen˛2003
216.Xcn-im-bn- am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂- `q-`m-K-
ß-fp-sS- h¿-[-\- X-S-bm-\pw- a-Æn-s‚- ^-
e-]p-jv-Sn-bpw- P-e- e-`y-X-bpw- D-d-∏m-°n-
Im¿-jn-I- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- Du¿-Pn-X-am- 221.- {- Km-ao-Wt- a-Je
°m-\pw- e-£y-an-´p-sIm-≠m-Wv- C-¥ym-
K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- 1989 ap-X¬- X-cn-ip-`q-an- hn-
I-k-\- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏m-°n- h-cp-∂-Xv.-
217.--{Km-a- {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬- ]-≤-Xn-°v- ]-©m-
b-Øc v- m-Pv- ÿm-]\ - ß- f - p-sS- ]-¶m-fn-Øw-
D-d∏ - p-hc - p-Øn-s°m-≠v- am¿-K\ - n¿-t±-iß - -
fn¬- a-Xn-bm-b- am-‰-ß-tfm-sS- l-cn-bm-
en- F-∂- t]-cn¬- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- 2003 G-
{]n¬- H-∂p-ap-X¬- B-cw-`n-®p.
alm- fl m- K m‘n tZiob {KmaoW 222.-A
sXmgn¬ Dd∏v \nbaw˛2005
218.Ahn-Z-Kv-[- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-
{Km-ao-W- Ip-Spw-_-߃-°v- h¿-j-Øn¬-
100 {]-h¿-Øn-Zn-\ß - s - f-¶n-epw- sXm-gn¬-
D-d∏ - p-hc - p-Øp-∂X - n-\v- e-£y-an-Sp-∂- tZ-io-
b- {Km-ao-W- sXm-gn¬- D-d∏ - p-\n-ba- w- 2005
sk-]vX - w-_¿- G-gn-\v- \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - p.-
219.-- C - X p- { ]- I m- c w- B- h n- j v - I - c n®XmWv 223.--]-≤-Xn- {]-Im-c-ap-≈- tPm-en-Iƒ- ]-¶n-Sp-
Mahathma Gandhi National Rural
tem-Icm-Py-߃-
244. t£-a-cm-jv-{Sw- F-∂- B-i-bw- \-S-∏m-
°n-b- B-Zy-sØ- em-‰n-\-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-
Py-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- D-dp-Kzm-bv.-
245.- -kp-cn-\mw- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-
Xo¿-Ww- Ip-d-™- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- D-dp-Kzm-bv.-
246.- -1825em-Wv- Cu- cm-Pyw- {_-ko-en¬-\n-
∂v- kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sn-b-Xm-bn- {]-Jym-
]n-®-Xv.- 1828˛¬- kzm-X-{¥yw- Aw-Ko-I-
cn-°-s∏-´p.- 1830˛¬- `-c-W-L-S-\-bpw- \n-
e-hn¬-h-∂p.-
247.- -tam-≠n-hn-Un-tbm- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- D-dp-
Kzm-bv- H-cp- bp-Wn-‰-dn- tÃ-‰m-Wv.- {]-kn-
U-‚m-Wv- cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-≥.- kv-]m-\n-jm-
Wv- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j.-
248.- -cm-Py-sØ- \m-W-b-am-Wv- Uruguayan
Peso.
249.- -B-Zy-sØ- tem-I- I-∏v- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- Sq¿-
W-sa-‚ n-\v- B-Xn-tY-b-Xzw- h-ln-®- cm-
Py-am-Wv- D-dp-Kzm-bv- (1930).- A¿-P-‚o-\-
sb- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn- D-dp-Kzm-bv- {]-Y-
a- tem-I- I-∏v- tP-Xm-°-fm-bn.-
250.- -1950se- tem-I-I-∏n¬- {_-ko-en-s\- ]-
cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn- D-dp-Kzm-bv- H-cn-°¬-°q-
Sn- tem-I-I-∏v- kz-¥-am-°n.-
251.- -1924,- 1928 h¿-j-ß-fn¬- D-dp-Kzm-bv- B-
Wv- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- Nm-ºy-
≥am¿.- A-°m-e-Øv- H-fn-ºn-Iv- tP-Xm-°-
sf-bm-Wv- tem-I- Nm-ºy-≥am-cm-bn- I-W-
°m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- Iq-Sm-sX- B- cm-Pyw-
kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚- \q-dmw- hm¿-jn-Iw-
B-tLm-jn-°p-∂- A-h-k-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-
A-Xv.- ]-s¶-Sp-°p-∂- Xm-c-ß-fp-sS- bm-
{X-˛-Xm-a-k-s®-e-hp-I-fpw- h-ln-°m-≥ D-
dp-Kzm-bv- X-øm-dm-bn.- A-Xn-\m¬- B-Xn-
tY-b-cm-Im-\p-≈- B- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- Xm-
ev]- c
- yw- ]-cn-KW
- n-°s- ∏-´p.- tam-≠n-hn-Un-
tbm- \-K-c-am-bn-cp-∂p- a-’-c- th-Zn.-
252.- -B-e-]n-°m-≥ G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- k-a-
bw- B-h-iy-am-b- tZ-io-b-Km-\w- D-dp-Kzm-
bp-tS-Xm-Wv.- 105 _m-dp-I-fp-≈- C-Xv- B-
e-]n-°m-≥ A-©p-an-\n-t´m-fw- k-a-bw-
th-Ww- (G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- h-cn-I-fp-≈-
tZ-io-b- Km-\w- {Ko-kn-s‚-Xm- Wv. Hymn
128
Employment Guarantee Programme-
M N R E G P.
220.s_¬-Pn-b≥ - [-\X - Ø- z-im-k{v- X-⁄\ - pw-
sU¬-ln- kv-Iqƒ- Hm-^v- C-°-tWm-an-Iv-
kn-se- Hm-W-d-dn- s{]m-^-k-dp-am-b- Pm-
Iz-kv- s{U-sk-bm-Wv- tZ-io-b- {Km-ao-W-
sXm-gn¬- D-d-∏p-]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- B-i-b-Øn-
s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv.-
- b - n-se- A-kw-LS- n-Xc - m-b-
sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf- kw-L-Sn-X- i-‡n-bm-
bn- D-b¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- ]p-cp-j-≥am-tcm-
sSm-∏w- kv{- Xo-Iƒ-°pw- Xp-ey-th-X\ - w- e-
`n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS- km-
aq-ln-I- ]-Zh - n- D-b¿-Øp-∂X - n-\pw- k-lm-
b-I-am-b- H-t´-sd- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ- Cu- ]-
≤-Xn-bn-ep-≠v.- k¿-°m-cn¬-\n-∂v- 100
sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃- tNm-Zn-®p-hm-ßm-\p-
≈- A-h-Im-iw- Hm-tcm- {Km-ao-W- Ip-Spw-
_-Øn-\p-ap-≠v.-
-hn-Z-Kv-[- Im-bn-Im-[zm-\-Øn-\v- X-øm-
dp-≈- Hm-tcm- {Km-ao-W- Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se-
bpw- {]m-b] - q¿-Øn-bm-b- G-sXm-cw-KØ - n-
\pw- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- Kp-W-t`m-‡m-hm-Imw.-
sXm-gn¬- \¬-Im-≥ I-gn-™n-s√-¶n¬-
\n¿-±n-jv-S- \n-c-°n¬- A¿-l-cm-b- A-t]-
£-I¿-°v- kw-ÿm-\- k¿-°m¿- sXm-gn¬-
c-ln-X- th-X-\w- \¬-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.-
tºmƒ- kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°v- aq-∂n¬- H-cp-`m-Kw-
to Liberty F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ Cu
tZiob Km\Øn\v 158 stanza Ifp≠v.
BZysØ- Nn-e- N-c-W-ß-fm-Wv- tZ-io-
b- Km-\-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.- kz-
¥-am-bn- tZ-io-b- Km-\-an-√m-Ø- cm-Py-
am-b- ssk-{]-kpw- C-Xm-Wv- tZ-io-b- Km-
\-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.-)-
253.- -πq-W- B-Wv- cm-Py-sØ-{]-[m-\- hn-am-
\- k¿-ho-kv.
s]dp
254. s]-dp-hn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w- en-a-bpw- \m-
Wbw Peruvian Nuevo Sol Dw BWv.
255. sFIy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- sk-{I-´-dn- P-
\-d-em-b- Pm-hn-b¿- s]-c-kv- Un-Iz-b¿-
Cu- cm-Py-°m-c-\m-Wv.- bp.-F-≥.- sk-{I-
´-dn- P-\-d-em-b-X- n-\p-ti-jw- kz-cm-Py-
Øv- {]-kn-U-‚ v- ]-Zw- h-ln-®- hy-‡n-
bm-W-t±-lw- (sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-em-b-Xn-
\p-ti-jw- kz-cm-Py-Øv- {]-[m-\- a-{¥n-
]-Zw- h-ln-®- hy-‡n- Hm-kv-{Sn-b-bn-se-
Ip¿-´v- hmƒ-Uv- sslw- B-Wv-).-
256.- -s]-dp-hn-se- K-dn-√m- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv-
ssj-\nw-Kv- ]m-Øv.-
257.- - s ]- d p- h n- s e- I- k - v t Im (Cusco )
Bbncp∂p- C-≥Im- km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚-
B-ÿm-\w.-
258.- -C-≥I-I-fp-sS- \-jv-S-\-K-c-ß-fn-sem-∂m-
b- s]-dp-hn-se- Urubamba Xmgvh-c-bn-
se- am-®p- ]n-®p- 2007˛¬- \n-e-hn¬-h-
∂- ]p-Xn-b- k-]v-Xm-Zv-`p-X-ß-fn-sem-∂m-
Wv.- B-[p-\n-I- Im-e-Øv- C-Xv- tem-I-
{i-≤b - n¬-s°m-≠p-h∂ - - N-cn-{X-Im-c\ - m-
Wv- A-ta-cn-°bnse Hiram Bingham.
259. s]dphn-s‚- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- hy-
‡n-bm-Wv- B¬-_¿-t´m- ^p-Pn-tam-dn.-
P-∏m-\n¬-\n-∂v- Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b-h-cm-Wv- C-
t±-lØ - n-s‚- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ.- cm-Py-Øv-
`o-I-c-X- A-Sn-®-a¿-Øm-≥ ^p-Pn-tam-dn-
bp-sS- `-c-W-Øn-\p- I-gn-™p.-
260.- -s]-dp-hn-se- B-≥Uo-kv- D-∂-X- X-S-ß-
fn-se- s\-hm-tZm- an-ka v- n- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bn¬-
\n-∂m-Wv- B-at- km-¨- \-Zn- D¬-`h - n-°p-
\¬-I-Ww. ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- B-kq-{X-W-
Øn-s‚-bpw- \n¿-h-l-W-Øn-s‚-bpw- F-
√m- L-´-ß-fn-epw- {Xn-X-e- ]-©m-b-Øp-
Iƒ-°v- kp-{]-[m-\-am-b- ]-¶m-Wv- h-ln-
°m-\p-≈-Xv.-
224.--G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠- ]-Wn-Iƒ- Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-
\p-≈- A-[n-Im-cw- {Km-a-k-`-Iƒ-°m-Wv.-
Cu- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-Øn-∏n-\v- tIm-¨-{Sm-Iv-
S¿-am-sc- \n-b-an-°p-hm-≥ ]m-Sn-√.-
225.-]-≤-Xn-{]-Im-cw- sXm-gn-en-\v- Hm-tcm- Ip-
Spw-_Ø - n-se-bpw- {]m-b] - q¿-Øn-bm-b- Aw-
K-ßf - p-sS- t]-cpw- h-b - pw- ta¬-hn-em-k-
hpw- {Km-a]- ©- m-bØ - v- B-^o-kn¬- c-Pn-
ÿ- sN-øW - w.- Ip-Spw-_Ø- n-\m-sI-bm-Wv-
100 Zn-hk- w- sXm-gn¬- e-`n-°p- ∂Xv.
Cu ]≤- X n- b psS {]tXy- I - X - I ƒ
226.an\naw Iqen Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-∂p.
227.Icm-dp-Im¿ C√
228.b{¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
\nb-{¥Ww
229.thX- \ - Ø n\v B\p- ] m- X n- I - a mbn
BkvXn-Iƒ krjvSn-°-Ww.
230.]≤Xn Bkq- { X- W - Ø n¬ {XnXe
]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v apJy ]¶v
231.\n¿h-lWw ]q¿W-ambpw {Kma-]-©m-
b-Øp-Iƒ aptJ-\.
232.sXmgn-ep-d-∏p-\n-baw _m[-I-a-√mØ
kwÿm\w PΩp Iivao-cm-Wv.
∂-Xv.- Ip-dp-tI- ]m-eß - f- n-√m-Ø- \-Zn-bm-
Wv- B-at- km-¨.- ]m-ew- \n¿-an-°p-∂- I-
gn-bp-∂- B-[p-\n-I- F-©n-\n-b-dnw-Kv- k-
t¶-Xß - f- p-sS- hym-]vX
- n-°p-≈n-em-Wv- B-
a-tkm-Wn-s‚- ho-Xn- F-¶n-epw,- P-\-hm-
kw- Ip-d-™- D-jv-W-ta-J-em- a-g-°m-Sv-
{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- Cu- \-Zn- H-´p-
ap-°m-epw- H-gp-Ip-∂-Xv.- B- `m-K-ß-fn¬-
]-´-W-ß-fpw- tdm-Up-I-fpw- Ip-d-hm-Wv.-
A-Xn-\m¬- \-Zn- °p- Ip-dp-tI- k-©-cn-
t°-≠- B-h-iyw- h-cp-∂n-√.-
261.- -sIm-e-bm-fn- a-’y-߃- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- ]n-cm-\- a-’y-߃-°p- {]-kn-≤-am-
Wo- \-Zn.-
262.- -s]-dp-hn-se- ]p¬-ta-Sp-I-fm-Wv- ]q-\m.-
263.- -2010 se- km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-
\mb Mario Vargas Llosa P\n-®-Xv-
(1936)- s]-dp-hn-em-Wv.- kv-]m-\n-jv- `m-j-
bn-em-Wv- c-N\- I- ƒ.- C-cp-]Ø - n-sbm-∂mw-
\q-‰m-≠n¬- km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-
\m-b- B-Zy-sØ- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥
km-ln-Xy-Im-c\ - m-Wt- ±-lw- (em-‰\
- t- a-cn-
°-bn¬-\n-∂v- C-cp-]Ø - n-sbm-∂mw- \q-‰m-
≠n¬- km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-\m-
b- B-Zy-sØ- F-gp-Øp-Im-c-\pw- {Sn-\n-
Um-Uv- B-‚ v- Sp-_m-tKm- kz-tZ-in-bpw-
C-¥y-≥ hw-i-P-\p-am-b- hn.-F-kv.-\-bv-
t]mƒ- (2001)- BWv).
sh\tkze
264.en-‰n¬- sh-\o-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- sh-
\-tkz-e-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w- Im-c-°m-kv-
B-Wv.-
265.--kv-s]-bn-\n¬-\n-∂v- 1811˛¬- kzm-X-{¥yw-
t\-Sn-b- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-
j- kv - ] m- \ n- j m- W v . - s_m- f n- h - d m- W v
(Bolivar Fuerte ) \mWbw.
266.em‰n-\-ta-cn-°- F-°m-e-hpw- I-≠- G-‰-
hpw- h-en-b- t]m-cm-fn-bm-b- ssk-a-¨-
s_m-fn-h¿- P-\n-®- cm-Py-am-Wn-Xv.-
267.-H-cp- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- t]-cn¬-\n-∂v- t]-cp-
e-`n-®- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-am-
Wv- sh-\-tkz-e- (C-‰-en-bn-se- sh-\o-
kn¬-\n-∂v-).-
268.- -sh-\-tkz-e- k-µ¿-in-®- B-Zy-sØ- bq-
tdm-]y-≥ {In-kv-‰-^¿- sIm-fw-_-km-Wv-
(1498).-
269.- -sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-
X¬- F-Æ- \n-t£-]-ap-≈- cm-Py-am-Wv-
sh-\-tkz-e.- cm-Py-sØ- k-º-∂-am-°p-
∂-Xpw- F-Æ- \n-t£-]-am-Wv.-
270.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- s]-t{Sm-fn-bw- I-b-‰p-
a-Xn- sN-øp-∂- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-
Py-hpw- sh-\-tkz-e-bm-Wv.-
271.- -\n-c-h-[n- {]m-h-iyw- sh-\-tkz-e-≥ kp-
µ-cn-am¿- tem-Ik - p-µc- n,-hn-iz- kp-µc- n,-A-
¥m-cm-jv-{S- kp-µ-cn- a¬-k-c-ß-fn¬- tP-
Xm-°-fm-bn-´p-≠v.-
272.- -ku-µ-cy- a¬-k-c-ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-
X¬- tem-I-tP-{Xn-am-sc- kr-jv-Sn-®- cm-
Py-am-Wv- sh-\-tkz-e- .-
273.- -tem-I-sØ- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-Iq-Sn-b- sh-
≈-®m-´-am-b- km¬-t´m- G-©¬- sh-\-
tkz-e-bn-em-Wv.-
274.- Auyantepui F∂- ]¿-h-X-Øn-s‚- ap-
\-ºn-em-Wv- sh-≈-®m-´-Øn¬- Xp-S-°w.-
275.- -979 ao-‰¿- D-b-c-ap-≈- sh-≈-®m-´w- sI-c-
]v- \-Zn-bn-em- Wv (Kerep River) ]Xn-°p-
∂-Xv.-
276.- -X-t±-io-b- `m-j-bn¬- Cu- sh-≈-®-m´w
Kerepakupai Meru F∂dnb-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
277.- s- I-c] - v- \-Zn- sN-∂p- tN-cp-∂X - v- I-cm-thm-
\-Zn-b-psS (Carrao River) t]m-j-I-\-
Zn-bm-b- Np-cp-¨ (Churun River)\Znbn-
em-Wv.- (tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- ho-Xn-
`q-an-im-kv-{Xw- (tem-Iw-)-
298.- -G-‰-hpw- Nq-Sp- Ip-d-™- `q-J-Wv-Uw-˛- A-
‚m¿-´n-°-
299.- -A-cp-W-≥ F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂- {K-
lw-˛-bp-dm-\-kv-
300.- G- ‰ - h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- tZ-io-tbm-Zym-\ß - f- p-
≈- cm-Pyw-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-
301.- -B¬-]v-kv- ]¿-h-X-\n-c-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- D-
b-c-ap-≈- `m-Kw-˛- tam-≠v- ªm-¶v-
302.- -tdm-°o-kv- a-e-\n-c-Iƒ- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-
em-Wv-˛-h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
303.- -tem-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- A-[n-Iw- Im-W-
s∏-Sp-∂- [m-Xp- G-Xv-˛- Izm¿-Sv-kv-
304.- -Np-h-∂- {K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
sNm-∆-
305.- -s_-dnw-Kv- I-S-en-Sp-°v- h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-
°-sb- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn¬-\n-∂v- th¿-Xn-
cn-°p-∂p-˛-G-jy-
306.- -sam-Pm-hv- a-cp-`q-an- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-
Wv-˛-h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
307.- -G-‰-hpw- hr-Øm-Im-c-am-b- {]-Z-£n-W-]-
Y-ap-≈- {K-lw-˛- ip-{I-≥
308.- -sa-t°m-Mv- \-Zn- G-Xv- h-≥I-c-bn-em-Wv-
˛-G-jy-
309.- -sa-Un-‰-td-\n-b-s‚- Xm-t°m¬- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Pn-{_mƒ-´¿-
310.- -G-‰-hpw- `o-I-c-am-b- A-·n-]¿-h-X- kv-
t^m-S-\w-˛- {Im-°-tØm-h-
311.- -kq-cy-\n¬-\n-∂p-≈- A-I-ew- A-\p-k-
cn-®v- `q-an-bp-sS- ÿm-\w- F-{X-˛-3
312.- -`q-an-tbm-Sv- G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Øp-≈- B-Im-i-
tKm-fw-˛- N-{µ-≥
313.- -{^m-≥kv,- C-‰-en- F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-sf-
th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- ]¿-hX - \
- n-c˛- - B¬-]vk - v-
314.- -ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Aw-
K-ta-Xv-˛- kq-cy-≥
315.- A- ¿-P‚ - n-\b - n-epw- D-dp-tKz-bn-ep-am-bn- Im-W-
s∏-Sp-∂- ]p¬-ta-Sp-If - p-sS- t]-c˛-v - ]m-ºm-k-v
316.- -{In-kv-Xp-a-kv- Zzo-]v- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚-
A-[o-\-X-bn-em-Wv-˛- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-
317.- {- K-l] - ´- n-Ib- n¬-\n-∂pw- im-k{v- X-tem-Iw-
]p-d-¥-≈n-b- {K-lw-˛- πq-t´m-
318.- -{Ko-°p- ]p-cm-W-ß-fn-se- B-Im-i-tZ-h-
s‚- t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- {K-lw-˛-bp-
dm-\-kv-
Iq-Sn-b- (15 In.-ao.-)-sh-≈-®m-´w- em-thm-
kn¬- sa-t°m-Mv- \-Zn-bn-ep-≈- tJm-¨-
sh-≈-®m-´-am-Wv-).-
278.- -Cu- sh-≈-®m-´-Øn-\p- ap-I-fn-eq-sS- ]-d-
∂- A-ta-cn-°-≥ ssh-am-\n-I-\m-bn-cp-∂-
Pn-Ωn- G-©-en-s‚- t]-cm-Wv- A-Xn-\p- e-
`n-®-Xv.-
279.- -H-s∏-°n¬- Aw-K-Xz-ap-≈- sX-t°- A-ta-
cn-°-≥ cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv- sh-\-tkz-e-bpw-
C-Iz-tUm-dpw.- Cu- kw-L-S-\-bn¬- 12 cm-
Py-ß-fm-Wv- Aw-K-ß-fm-bn-´p-≈-Xv.-
280.- s
- X-t°- A-ta-cn-°≥ - cm-Py-ßf- p-sS- s]m-
Xp- _m-¶m-bn- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ D-t±-in-°p-
∂- _m-¶v- Hm-^v- ku-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-
\w- sh-\-tkz-e-bn-se- Im-c-°m-kv- B-
bn-cn-°pw.-
281.- -sh-\-tkz-e-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-∂- bp-
ssW-‰-Uv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- t\-Xm-
hm-bn-cp-∂p- lyq-tKm- j-mthkv.
sImfw_nb
282. G-‰-hpw- h-S-°m-bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-
sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-am-Wv- sIm-
fw-_n-b.-
283.- s
- Im-fw-_n-bb - p-sS- X-eÿ
- m-\a - m-b- s_m-
tKm-´- em-‰n-≥ A-ta-cn-°b - n-se- G-Y≥ - kv-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
284.- -{In-Ã-^¿- sIm-fw-_-kns‚ (Christo-
pher Columbus) t]cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- G-I- cm-Py-am-Wn-Xv.- sIm-fw-_n-b-bp-
Question Bag
319.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b-
]o-T-`q-an-˛- Sn-_-‰v-
320.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- X-Wp-∏-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-
∂- {K-lw- (ssa-\-kv- 224)-˛-bp-dm-\-kv-
321.- -ku-cb - q-YØ - n-se- {K-lß - f - n¬- h-ep-∏-
Øn¬- F-{Xmw- ÿm-\a - m-Wv- `q-an-b°
v- ˛v- - 5
322.- -ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se- D-]-{K-l-ß-fn¬- h-
ep-∏-Øn¬- A-©mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈-Xv-˛-N-
{µ-≥
323.- -A-‰-°m-a- a-cp-`q-an- G-Xp- `q-J-Wv-U-
Øn¬-˛- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
324.- -{Ko-°p- tZ-h-s‚- t]-cp-≈- G-I- {K-lw-
˛-bp-dm-\-kv-
325.- -bq-tdm-∏n-s‚- I-fn-ÿ-ew- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≥Uv-
326.- k- q-cy-\n¬-\n-∂v- G-‰h - pw- A-Is - e-bm-bn-
cn-°p-tºmƒ- `q-an-bp-sS- ÿm-\-Øn-\p-
]-d-bp-∂- t]-cv-˛- A-^n-en-tbm-¨-
327.- -`q-I-º-X-cw-K-ß-fp-sS- Xo-{h-X- A-f-°p-
∂- D-]-I-c-Ww-˛- ko-kv-tam-{Km-^v-
328.- t- em-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- Xm-sg-bm-bn- ÿn-
Xn- sN-øp-∂- X-Sm-Iw-˛- Nm-hp- I-S¬-
329.- -`q-J-Wv-U- Zzo-]v- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-
330.- t- em-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- Xn-ct- °-dn-b- Dƒ-
\m-S-≥ P-e-]m-X-˛- sk-‚ v- tem-d-≥kv-
331.- -G-‰-hpw- sX-t°-b-‰-sØ- h-≥I-c-˛-A-
‚m¿-´n-°-
332.- k- u-cb - q-YØ - n¬- sIm-Sp-¶m-‰p-ho-im-Ø-
G-I- {K-lw-˛- _p-[-≥
333.- -kq-cy-\pƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- \-£-{X-߃-
Aw-K-am-b- Xm-c-k-aq-lw-˛- £o-c-]-Yw-
334.- {- Ko-kn-\pw- Xp¿-°n-°p-an-Sb - v°
- p-≈- a-[y-
[-c-Wym-gn-bp-sS- `m-Kw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
t]-cv-˛- Cu-Pn-b-≥ I-S¬-
335.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- cm-Py-ß-fp-≈- `q-J-
Wv-Uw-˛- B-{^n-°-
336.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- D-]-{K-l-ß-fp-≈- {K-
lw-˛- hym-gw-
337.- -A-td-_y-≥ \m-Sp-I-tf-bpw- B-{^n-°-≥
h-≥I-c-tb-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- I-S¬-˛-
sN-¶-S¬-
338.- -A-Xv-em-‚ n-°n-s\-bpw- a-[y-[-c-Wym-gn-
tb-bpw- _-‘n-∏-°p-∂- I-S-en-Sp-°v-˛- Pn-
{_mƒ-´¿-
339.- s- Nm-∆b - p-sS- A-¥c - o-£Ø - n¬- G-‰h - pw-
129
sS- kv-s]-√nw-Kpw (Colombia) Ata-cn-
°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-If - n-se- tÃ-‰m-b- sIm-
fw-_n-b-bpsS (Columbia) kvs]-√nw-
Kpw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.-
285.- 1- 819em-Wv- kvs - ]-bn-\n¬-\n-∂v- sIm-fw-_n-
b- kz-X-{¥-am-b-Xv.-
286.- -s]-tkm- B-Wv- cm-Py-sØ- \m-W-bw.-
287.- -]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw- A-Xv-em-‚ n-
Iv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-
∂- G-I- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Py-am-
Wv- sIm-fw-_n-b.-
288.- -a[ - y- A-ta-cn-°≥ - cm-Py-am-b- ]-\m-ab - p-
am-bn- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- G-I- sX-t°-
A-ta-cn-°≥ - cm-Py-am-Wv- sIm-fw-_n-b.-
289.- {- _-ko¬- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
P-\-kw-Jy-bp-≈- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-≥
cm-jv-{Sw- sIm-fw-_n-b- B-Wv.-
290.- -sIm-fw-_n-bb - n-epw- sh-\n-tkz-eb - n-epw- a-
dn-\n-t°m- \-Zo-XS- Ø - n¬- Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂-
]p¬-ta-Sp-If - m-Wv- em-tam-kv ( Llamos)
291. sXt° Atacn°bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-
X¬-t]¿- kv] - m-\n-jv- kw-km-cn-°p-∂- cm-
Pyw- sIm-fw-_n-bb - m-Wv- (45,-416,-736).- A¿-
P-‚o-\-bm-Wv- sXm-´p-]n-∂n¬.-
292.--{]-i-kv-X- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\m-b- K-{_n-
tb¬- Km¿-jy- am¿-tI-kn-s‚- kz-tZ-i-
am-Wv- sIm-fw-_n-b.- G-Im-¥X - b- p-sS- \q-
dp- h¿-j-߃ (One Hundred Years of
Solitude) F∂- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- t\m-
h¬- c-Nn-®- C-t±-lw- 1982˛¬- km-ln-Xy-
Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- hm-X-Iw-˛- Im¿-_-¨- U-
tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv-
340.- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-I-fn-se- k-a-
b-ta-J-e-Iƒ-˛- 4
341.- -ta-L-°-S¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-N-{µ-≥
342.- -ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- Nq-Sp- Iq-Sn-
b- {K-lw-˛- ip-{I-≥
343.- s- Im-Sp-¶m-‰p-If
- p-sS- k-ap-{Zw- F-hn-sS-bm-
Wv-˛-N-{µ-≥
344.- k- u-Øv- A-ta-cn-°b - n-se- cm-Py-ßf - p-sS-
F-Æw- ˛-12
345.- -tem-I-Øn¬- P-\-߃- G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw-
Xn-ßn-∏m¿-°p-∂- {]-tZ-iw-˛- a-°m-hp-
346.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-f-ap-≈- ]¿-
h-X-\n-c-bm-b- A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- dn-Uv-Pv- F-
hn-sS-bm-W˛v- - A-Xe v- m-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-Øn¬-
347.- -a-cp-{]-tZ-iw- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- `q-J-Wv-
Uw-˛- bq-tdm-∏v-
348.- l- m-en- hm¬-\£ - {- Xw- F-{X- h¿-jw- Iq-
Sp-tºm-gm-Wv- `q-an-°S- p-Øv- h-cp-∂X - v˛- - 76
349.- -sam-kmw-_n-Iv- {]-hm-lw- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-
Øn-em-Wv-˛-C-¥y-≥a-lm-k-ap-{Zw-
350.- l- w-t_mƒ-´v- {]-hm-lw- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-
em-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
351.- t- a-Lß - ƒ- Iq-Sp-Xe - m-bpw- Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-
∂- A-¥c - o-£- ]m-fn-˛- t{Sm-t∏m-k^ v- n-b¿-
352.- B- -{^n-°-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-
b- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛- In-fn-a-©m-tcm- (Xm-
≥km-\n-b-)-
353.- -180 Un-{Kn- tc-Jmw-iw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
t]-cv-˛- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- Zn-\-tc-J-
354.- -A-\-tIm-≠- F-∂-bn-\w- ]m-ºv- Im-W-
s∏-Sp-∂- h-≥I-c-˛- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
355.- -kq-cy-\n¬-\n-∂v- G-‰-hpw- A-Sp-Øm-bn-
cn-°p-tºmƒ- `q-an-bp-sS- ÿm-\-Øn-\p-
]-d-bp-∂- t]-cv-˛- s]-cn-lo-en-tbm-¨-
356.- -tem-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- cm-Py-
ß-fn-eq-sS- H-gp-Ip-∂- \-Zn- ˛-Um-\yq-_v-
357.- t- {Imw-sh¬- {]-hm-lw- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-
em-Wv-˛-]-k-^n-Iv- k-ap-{Zw-
358.- -tem-I-Øn¬- I-c-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- \o-f-
ap-≈- ]¿-h-X-\n-c-˛- B-≥Uo-kv-
359.- -bq-tdm-∏n¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ssl-Uv-
]m¿-°v-˛- e-≠-≥
360.- -tem-I-Øn-s‚- {_-Uv- _m-kv-I-‰v- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- {]-b-dn- ]p¬-ta-Sp-Iƒ- Im-
s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn.- em-‰n-\t- a-cn-°b - n¬- Km-
t_m- F-∂- A-]c - \- m-aØ
- n-em-Wv- A-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂X - v. In Evil Hour (1962),One
Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), The
Autumn of the Patriarch (1975),
Memories of My Melancholy Whores
(2004) F∂n-hb - m-Wv- am¿-tIz-kn-s‚- a-
‰p- {]-ik- vX
- - c-N\- I - ƒ-
293.- - 2010 tem-I- I-∏v- ^p-Sv-t_m-fn-s‚- Hu-
tZym-Kn-I-K-m-\amb W aka..Waka.. ]m-
Sn-b- {]-i-kv-X- Km-bn-I- j-°o-c- sIm-fw-
_n-b-°m-cn-bm-Wv.-
294.- -sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bpw- kv-s]-bn-\pw- I-gn-
™m¬- kv-]m-\n-jv- `m-j- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂- cm-Py-am-Wv- sIm-
fw-_n-b.-
295.- B
- ≥ - Uo-kn-\p- In-g° - m-bn- h-≥I-cb
- p-sS-
h-S-°p-]-Sn-™m-dp- `m-K-Øm-bn- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- D-jv-W-ta-J-em- ]p¬-ta-Sp-I-
fmWv Llanos. Ch sh\nkze, sImfw-
_n-b- F-∂o- cm-Py-ß-fn-em-Wv- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂-Xv.-
296.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- cw-K-I-
em- D¬-k-h-am-b- sF-_o-tdm- A-ta-cn-
°-≥ Xn-tb-‰¿- s^-Ãn-h¬- s_m-tKm-
t´m-bn¬- c-≠p- h¿-jØ - n-sem-cn-°¬- \-
S-°p-∂p.-
297.- -sIm-fw-_n-b-bn-se- ap-Jy- P-\-hn-`m-K-am-
b- saÃntkm (Mestizo ) X-t±-io-b-cpw-
bq-tdm-]y-cpw- tN¿-∂p-≠m-b-Xm-Wv.-
W-s∏-Sp-∂- h-≥I-c-˛-h-S-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
361.- G- ‰ - h- pw- h-en-b- A-·n-]¿-hX - w-D≈- - km-
c-bq-Y- {K-lw-˛- sNm-∆-
362.- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- sF-kv- \n-d-™- h-
≥I-c-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
363.- -kq-cy-t\m-Sv- G-‰-hpw- A-Sp-Øp- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- {K-lw-˛- _p-[-≥
364.- -A-¥-co-£-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- Xm-g-sØ-
]m-fn-˛- t{Sm-t∏m-kv-^n-b¿-
365.- -ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-‚- B-sI- ]n-Wv-U-Øn-
s‚- F-{X- i-X-am-\-am-Wv- kq-cy-s‚- ]n-
Wv-Uw-˛- 99.-8
366.- t- em-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- D-bc- w- Iq-Sn-b- c-≠m-
a-sØ- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛- tKm-Uh -v n-≥ Hm-Ãn-≥
367.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- k-ap-{Zw- ˛-]-k-^n-Iv- k-
ap-{Zw-
368.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- Kp-lm-
hyq-lw-˛- am-a-Øv- Kp-l-
369.- -G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Ip-d-™- cm-Pyw- ˛-
h-Øn-°m-≥
370.- -`q-an-bp-sS- D-≈n¬-\n-∂pw- H-cp- Zzm-c-Øn-
eq-sS- Nq-Sp-sh-≈w- {]-h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-s‚-
t]-cv-˛- Ko-k¿-
371.- -G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- I-S¬-˛- sX-°-≥ No-\m-
I-S¬-
372.- -`q-an-bpw- kq-cy-\p-am-bp-≈- A-I-ew- G-
‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- Zn-h-kw-˛- P-\p-h-cn- 3
373.- `- q-an-tbm-Sv- G-‰h- p-aS- p-Øp-≈- {K-lw-˛- ip-
{I-≥
374.- t- em-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- D-bc - w- Iq-Sn-b- ]¿-
h-X-\n-c-˛- ln-am-e-bw-
375.- -A-®p-X-≠n-\v- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- N-cn-hp-
≈- {K-lw-˛-bp-dm-\-kv-
376.- -tem-IØ - n-s‚- ]-©k - m-c°
- n-Æw- ˛-Iyq-_-
377.- b- q-tdm-∏n-s\-bpw- G-jy-bb - pw- th¿-Xn-cn-
°p-∂- ]¿-h-X-\n-c-˛- bq-dm¬-
378.- -ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-se- {K-l-ß-fn¬- h-ep-∏-
Øn¬- aq-∂mw- ÿm-\-ap-≈- {K-lw-˛-bp-
dm-\-kv-
379.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b-
sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-˛- F-h-d-Ãv-
380.- -kq-cy-\pw- `q-an-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- A-I-ew-
G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- Zn-h-kw-˛- P-\p-h-cn-
3(s]-cn-lo-en-b-≥)-
381.- {- Ko-≥hn-®v- k-ab - s
- Ø-°mƒ- F-{X- a-Wn-
°q¿- ap-∂n-em-Wv- C-¥y-≥ kv-‰m-≥tU¿-
 Uv- k-a-bw-˛- A-©-c-
382.- -£o-c-]-Y-tI-{µ-sØ- H-cp- {]m-h-iyw- h-
ew-hb - v°
- m-≥ kq-cy-s\-Sp-°p-∂- k-ab
A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂- t]-cv˛- - tIm-kva - n-Iv- C-b¿-
383.- a- m¿-_n-fn-s‚- \m-Sv- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂- cm-
Pyw-˛- C-‰-en-
384.- -kz-X-{¥-am-b- H-cp- cm-Py-sØ- ]q¿-W-
am-bn- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b-
Zzo-]v- ˛-a-U-Km-kv-I¿-
385.- {- Im-°t- Øm-h- A-·n- ]¿-hX - w- G-Xv- cm-
Py-Øm-Wv-˛- C-t¥m-\o-jy-
386.- k- q-cy-\n¬-\n-∂v- G-‰h - pw- A-Is - e-bp-≈-
1 -]-›n-ta-¥y-bn-se- kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- \-
thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂p- hn-
ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Fw.-Pn.-dm-\-tU-
2 -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- \n-jv-{In-b- hm-
X-Iw-˛- B¿-K-¨-
3 -C-¥y-bn-se- an-\n- kzn-‰v-k¿-e-≥Uv- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-in-
se- Jm-Pn-b¿-
4 -G-‰-hpw- I-Sp-∏w- Iq-Sn-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- {]-
Ir-Xn-Z-Ø- ]-Zm¿-Yw-˛- sIm-d-≠w-
5 -B-\-µ-a-lm-k-`- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- {_-“m-
\-µ-in-h-tbm-Kn-
6 G
- X - p- `q-JW- vU- Ø
- n-em-Wv- A-‰ve - k
- v- ]¿-
h-Xw-˛- B-{^n-°-
7 -G-Xp- `m-j-bn-em-Wv- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-
≥ tdm-bv- an-dm-Øv- D¬- A-Jv-X¿- {]-kn-
≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- t]¿-jy-≥
8 -1875˛¬- B-Zy-sØ- B-cy-k-am-Pw- ÿm-
]n-X-am-b- ÿ-ew-˛- t_mw-s_-
9 -G-‰-hpw- P-\-kw-Jy- Iq-Sn-b- I-c-_-≤-cm-
Pyw-˛-F-tXym-]y-
10 -k-Xym-{K-lw- _-e-hm-≥am-cp-sS- D-]-I-
c-W-am-Wv- F-∂p- ]-d-™-Xv-˛- Km-‘n-Pn-
11 -F-hn-S-sØ- ]m¿-e-sa-‚m-Wv- tÃm¿-´nw-
Kv-˛-t\m¿-th-
12 -G-‰-hpw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- U-°m-¨- \-Zn-˛-
tKm-Zm-h-cn-
13 -A-ÿn-I-fp-sS- B-tcm-Ky-Øn-\v- A-Xy-
¥m-t]-£n-X-am-b- hn-‰m-an-t\-Xv-˛-hn-‰m-an-
≥ Un-
14 -ap-≥ D-]-cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-sb- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-
Øn- {]-kn-U≥ - dm-b- G-Ih - y-IvX
- n-˛{- ]-Xn-
`m- ]m-´o¬-
15 -C-c-´-°p-f-ºp-≈- ar-K-ß-fn¬- h-ep-∏-
Øn¬- c-≠mw- ÿm-\w-˛-Pn-dm-^v-
16 -Km-‘m-cw- Io-g-S-°n-b- B-Zy- t]¿-jy-
≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛- Zm-cn-b-kv- H-∂m-a-≥
17 -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- hm¿-jn-I-
I-∂p-Im-en- ta-f- \-S-°p-∂- ÿ-ew-˛-
tkm-Wn-∏q¿-
18 -P-hm-l¿- Xp-c-¶w- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-
Wv- ˛- P-Ωp- I-iv-ao¿-
19 -I-_p-In,- t\m- F-∂n-h- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ-
\m-S-I-cq-]-ß-fm-Wv- ˛-P-∏m-≥
20 -1935se- K-h.-Hm-^v- C-¥y- \n-b-aw- {]-
Im-cw- s^-U-d¬- tIm-S-Xn- {]-h¿-Ø-\-
am-cw-`n-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1937 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 1
21 -]-©m-_n-s‚- c-£-I-≥ F-∂p- hn-ti-
jn-∏n-°-s∏-´- ssh-t{km-bn-˛- tPm-¨-
tem-d-≥kv-
22 -ªm-°v- hn-tUm- F-∂-Xv- G-Xn-\w- Po-
hn-bm-Wv- ˛-Nn-e-¥n-
23 -tj-Iv- A-_v-Zp-≈-sb- 1945 Hm-K-kv-Xv- \m-
en-\v- \-S-∂- \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-^-d-
≥kn-s‚- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- I-iv-ao¿- knw-
lw- F-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-
em¬- s\-{lp-
24 -Im-fn-L-´v- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- C-t∏m-f-sØ-
t]-cv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
25 -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- X-Øz-{]-Im-in-I- B-{i-
aw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- hm-Kv-`-Sm-\-µ-≥
26 -G-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv-
11 {_n-´o-jv- {]-hn-iy-I-fn-te-°v- B-Zy-
am-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂-Xv-˛- en-≥en-
Xv-tKm-
27 `- K- X- k
v- nw-Kn-s‚- ar-Xt- Z-lw- C-¥y-b°
{K-lw-˛- s\-]v-‰yq-¨-
387.- -{Ko-\n-®v- tc-J-bpw- `q-a-[y-tc-J-bpw- kw-
- w- K-an-°p-∂- t]m-bn-‚ v- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-
em-W-˛-A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Zwv-
388.- -A-Kp¬-l-kv- {]-hm-lw- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-
Øn-em-Wv- ˛-C-¥y-≥a-lm-k-ap-{Zw-
389.- -t_m-´-Wn- t_- F-∂- k-ap-{Z-`m-Kw- F-
hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- Sm-kv-am-≥ I-S-en¬-
390.- -kq-cy-≥ I-gn-™m¬- B-Im-i-Øv- Im-
Wp-∂- G-‰-hpw- Xn-f-°-ap-≈- h-kv-Xp-˛-
N-{µ-≥
391.- G- ‰
- h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-‰p-ho-ip-∂- h-≥I-
Xncs™SpØ tNmZy߃
Cw-•≠ - n-\p-an-Sb- v°- v- F-°m-eh - pw- Xq-ßn-
\n¬-°pw- F-∂p- {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xv-˛- P-hm-
l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
28 ¢
- _ - v- F-^vF - w- F-∂- td-Un-tbm- Nm-\¬-
B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛-am-Xr-`q-an-
29 -a-e-bm-f-cm-Pyw- (1869)- B-cp-sS- Ir-Xn-bm-
Wv-˛-sl¿-a-≥ Kp-≠¿-´v-
30 -NmNv-\m-a- F-∂-Xv- G-Xv- {]-tZ-i-Øn-s‚-
N-cn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂- Ir-
Xn-bm-Wv-˛- kn-‘v-
31 I
- c - n-ºn¬-\n-∂p- In-´p-∂- ]-©k - m-c˛- - kp-
t{Im-kv-
32 -C-¥y- `-cn-®- B-Zy-sØ- A-^v-Km-≥ hw-
iw-˛- tem-Zn- hw-iw-
33 -A-ep-an-\n-b-hpw- C-cp-ºpw- I-gn-™m¬-
`q-h-ev-I-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Ip-Sp-X-ep-≈-
tem-lw-˛-Im¬-kyw-
34 -A-h-¥n- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-
cp-∂-Xv-˛-D-÷-bn-\n-
35 -G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X-Iq-Sn-b- Kƒ-^v- cm-
Pyw-˛-_-lv-dn-≥
36 -G-Im-¥-ho-Yn-bn-se- A-h-[q-X-≥ F-∂p-
hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´- F-gp-Øp-Im-c-≥˛-
ssh-°w- ap-l-Ω-Zv- _-jo¿-
37 -14e-£w- t]¿- tPm-en- sN-øp-∂- C-¥y-
bn-se- ÿm-]\ - t- a-Xv- ˛- C-¥y-≥ sd-bn¬-
th-bv-kv-
38 -{_n-´-s‚- I-jv-S-Im-ew- C-¥y-bp-sS- A-
h-k-cw- F-∂- {]-kv-Xm-h-\- G-Xv- t\-Xm-
hn-s‚-Xm-Wv-˛- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv-
39 -`-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS- Aw-K-
߃- `-c-W-L-S-bn¬- H-∏n-´- Xo-b-Xn-˛-
1950 P-\p-h-cn- 24
40 -K-±¿- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
˛- tkm-l-≥knw-Kv- `-Iv-\-
41 C
- w-]o-®vs - a-‚ n-\v- hn-t[-b\ - m-b- K-h¿-W¿-
P-\-d¬-˛- hm-d-≥tl-Ãn-Mv-kv-
42 -ap-≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Py-sØ- G-‰-hpw-
\o-fw-Iq-Sn-b- \-Zn-˛-s]-cn-bm¿-
43 -ap-√-∏q- Nq-Sn-b- \m-b¿- h-\n-X- F-∂- s]-
bn-‚ nw-Kv- h-c-®-Xm-cv-˛-cm-Pm- c-hn-h¿-a-
44 -C-¥y-bn-te-°p-≈- hm-Wn-Py-km-[y-X-
Iƒ- I-s≠-Øn- ]m-›m-Xy-tem-IØ
t≤-b-\m-b- k-©m-cn-˛- en-≥tjm-´-≥
45 -C-¥y-bn¬- {^-©p-Im-cp-sS- G-‰-hpw- h-
en-b- sk-‰n¬-sa-‚m-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- t]m-≠n-
t®-cn-
46 -1915˛¬- C-¥y-≥ hn-a-≥kv- A-tkm-kn-
tb-j-≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- tUm-tdm-Øn- Pn-
\-cm-P-Zm-k-
47 -tam-≠n- Im¿-tem- Im¿- dm-en- \-S-°p-∂-
cm-Pyw-˛- sam-Wm-t°m-
48 -C-¥y-≥ a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-
en-b- Zzo-]v-˛- a-U-K-kv-I¿-
49 -am-thm- tk-Xp-Mv- ssN-\o-kv- I-ayp-Wn-
Ãv- ]m¿-´n- ÿm-]n-®- h¿-jw-˛-1921
50 -an-\-d¬- Hm-bn¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛-
s]-t{Sm-fn-bw-
51 G
- ‰ - h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- C-cp-ºv- A-Sß - n-b- kp-
K-‘-\y-Rv-P-\w- ˛-a-™ƒ-
52 -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-
`-cn-®- ssh-t{km-bn- ˛-en-≥en-Xv-tKm- {]-
`p-
53 -G-jy-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- tkm-fm¿- ]m¿-
°v- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-
v- pw-
c-˛-A-‚m¿-´n-°-
392.- -ªm-°v- tlmƒ- F-∂m¬-˛- a-cn-®p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p-∂- \-£-{Xw-
393.- -kq-cy-\p-Np-‰p-ap-≈- `q-an-bp-sS- k-©m-cw-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- {]-Z-£n-Ww-
394.- -kq-cy-≥ I-gn-™m¬- `q-an-tbm-Sv- G-‰h - p-a-
Sp-Ø- \-£{- Xw-˛- t{]m-Ik v- n-am- sk-‚u-dn-
395.- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-c-ap-≈- sh-
≈-®m-´-am-b- G-©¬- sh-≈-®m-´w- G-
Xp- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- sh-\n-kp-e-
396.- b
- q-dm¬- ]¿-hX - \
- n-c- bq-tdm-∏n-s\- G-X-v h-
≥I-cb - n¬-\n-∂v- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛G - j- y-
Øv-˛- Kp-P-dm-Øv-
54 -G-X-b-h-Øn-s‚- hn-Im-k-am-Wv-]-cn-Wm-
a-t{i-Wn-bn¬- G-‰h - pw- D-∂X - a- m-b- ÿm-
\-Øn-\v- a-\p-jy-s\- A¿-l-\m-°n-b-Xv-
˛-a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw-
55 -{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- a-X-am-bn-
kzo-I-cn-®- tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- cm-
Pyw-˛-A¿-ta-\n-b-
56 -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- h-Ip-∏p- kw-hn-
[m-\w- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- Im-\nw-Kv- {]-
`p-
57 a
- e
- b- m-fØ- n-se- B-Zy-sØ- ]-{X-am-b- cm-
Py-k-am-Nm-cw- (1847)- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xm-
cv-˛-sl¿-a-≥ Kp-≠¿-´v-
58 -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- c-≠m-a-sØ- N-e-®n-{X-
am-b- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- ]p-d-Øp-h-∂-
h¿-jw-˛-1931
59 -am-en-Zzo-]n-se- a-X-ta-Xv-˛-C-…mw- a-Xw-
60 -am-tam-Zo-k- ap-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xp- a-X-°m-
cp-sS- B-Nm-c-am-Wv-˛-{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw-
61 -C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- B-Iv-Sv- \n-
e-hn¬-h-∂- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1947 Hm-K-Ãv- 15
62 -d-jy-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- Im-bn-I- hn-t\m-Zw-
˛- kmw-t_m-
63 -Po-h-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- A-cn-tÃm-´n¬-
64 -A-In-tbm- sam-dn-Ø- Xp-S-ßn-b- P-∏m-\o-
kv- I-º-\n-˛- tkm-Wn-
65 -A-Iv-_¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn- 1575˛¬- C-_-Z-
Øv- Jm-\- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-
Wv-˛-^-tØ-]q¿- kn-{In-
66 -ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en- Pn-∂- G-Xv- ]m¿-´n-bp-
sS- A-\n-tj-[y- t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p-˛-ap-
…nw- eo-Kv-
67 -A-Pv-ao¿- D-dq-kv- \-S-°p-∂- kw-ÿm-\w-
˛- cm-P-ÿm-≥
68 -G-X-h-b-h-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-Wv- ssl-t∏m-
X-em-a-kv-˛-a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw-
69 -G-X-h-b-h-Øn-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ssh-I-
ey-Øn-\p- ]-cn-lm-c-am-bn-´m-Wv- U-bm-en-
kn-kv- \-S-Øp-∂-Xv-˛-hr-°-
70 -tI-c-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- ssh-Zyp-Xn- D-
- v- {i- ]-tbm-Kn-®p- {]-h¿-Øn-®- hy-hk - m-b- kw-
cw-`w-˛- I-Æ-≥ tZ-h-≥ I-º-\n-
71 -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- kw-kv-Ym-
\w-˛- cm-P-kv-Ym-≥
72 -F-{X- Un-{Kn- tc-Jmw-i-sØ-bm-Wv- A-
¥m-cm-jv-{S- Zn-\m-¶-tc-J-bm-bn- I-W-°m-
°p-∂-Xv-˛- 180
73 -A-Izm-tkmƒ- F- F-∂- hym-]m-c-\m-a-
Øn¬- e-`n-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xv- hn-‰m-an-\m-Wv-
˛-hn-‰m-an-≥ F-
74 -a-e-bm-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \n-i-_v-Z- N-
e-®n-{X-am-b- hn-K-X-Ip-am-c-≥ Xn-cp-h-\-
¥-]p-c-Øv- Iym-]n-‰¬- Xn-tb-‰-dn¬- {]-
Z¿-i\ - Ø
- n-s\-Øn-bX - v- G-Xv- h¿-ja - m-Wv-
˛-1928
75 -a-Kv-Z-e-\- a-dn-b-sØ- I-s√-dn-bm-≥ Xp-
\n-™-h-tcm-Sv,- ]m-]w- sN-øm-Ø-h¿- B-
Zyw- I-s√-dn-bp-I- F-∂p- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xm-
cv- ˛-tb-ip- {In-kv-Xp-
76 -A-l-¶m-c-ap-≈n-S-Øv- ssZ-h-an-√,- ssZ-h-
ap-≈n-S-Øv- A-l-¶m-c-an-√- F-∂p- ]-d-
™-Xv-˛-I-_o¿-
77 -C-µn-cm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- N-c-a-Zn-\w- B-N-cn-
130
397.- -ku-c-bq-Y-Øn-s‚- D¬-`-h-Øn-\p- Im-c-
W-sa-∂v- im-kv-{Xw- I-cp-Xp-∂- _n-Kv-
_mw-Kv- Xn-b-dn-bp-sS- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛-
tPm¿-Pv- Km-tam-h-
398.- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hn-Ik
- n-X- cm-Py-߃-
D-≈- h-≥I-c- ˛-bq-tdm-∏v-
399.- A-‚m¿-´n-°,- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°- h-≥I-
c-Is
- f- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- I-Se- n-Sp-°˛v- - t{U-
°v- ]m-tk-Pv-
400.- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- hym-h-km-bn-I- ]p-
tcm-K-Xn- B¿-Pn-®- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°-
≥ cm-Pyw-˛- {_-ko¬-
°p-∂-Xv-˛- tZ-io-b- ]p-\-c¿-∏-W-Zn-\w-
78 -A-Pv-ao¿,- U¬-ln- F-∂o- c-≠p- X-e-
ÿm-\-ß-tfm-sS- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-b- Nu-
lm-≥ cm-Pm-hv-˛-]r-Yzn-cm-Pv- Nu-lm-≥
79 -apw-ss_-bn-se- S-h¿- Hm-^v- ssk-e-≥kv-
G-Xp- a-X-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-
˛-]m-gv-kn- a-Xw-
80 -a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-s‚- B-flm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛-`-K-h-Xv-Ko-X-
81 -a-Kv-k-tk- A-hm¿-Uv- t\-Sn-b- c-≠m-a-
sØ- a-e-bm-fn-˛-Fw.-F-kv.-kzm-an-\m-Y-≥
82 -G-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv-
Ãm- ‰ n- Ã n- ° ¬- k¿- t h- Hm- ^ v - C- ¥ y-
ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-˛- ta-tbm- {]-`p-
83 -Nm¿-an-\m¿- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- ssl-Z-cm-
_m-Zv-
84 -c-≠p- X-e-ÿm-\-ß-fp-≈- C-¥y-≥ kw-
ÿm-\w-˛- P-Ωp- Im-iv-ao¿-
85 -c-≠p- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\-am-
b- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ \-Kc - w-˛s - sl-Zc - m-_m-
Zv-
86 -H-cp- •m-kn-se- P-e-Øn¬- H-cp- sF-kv-
I-j-Ww- s]m-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂p.- A-Xn-
se- sF-kv- I-j-Ww- D-cp-In-Øo¿-∂- D-
S-≥ P-e-\n-c-∏v- ˛-˛-˛-˛-˛- hy-Xym-kw- h-cp-
∂n-√-
87 -a-e-bm-f-Øn-s‚- hmƒ-´¿- kv-tIm-´v- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-cv-˛-kn.-hn.-cm-a-≥]n-≈-
88 -a-lm-`m-c-X-Øn-se- `o-jv-a- ]¿-h-Øn-s‚-
`m-K-am-b- hn-ip-≤-{K-Ÿ-ta-Xv-˛-`-K-h-Xv-Ko-
X-
89 -1908˛¬- cm-Py-t{Zm-l-t°-kn¬- _m-e-Kw-
Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-\p-th-≠n- hm-Zn-®-A-`n-`m-
j-I-≥˛- Fw.-F.-Pn-∂-
90 -H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-k-a-b-Øv- Cw-
Kv-f-≠v- P¿-a-\n-bv-s°-Xn-sc- bp-≤w- {]-
Jym-]n-®-t∏mƒ- Cw-Kv-≠n-s‚- B-h-iyw-
C-¥y-bp-sS- A-h- k-c-am-Wv- F-∂p- {]-
kv-Xm-hn-®-Xv-˛- B-\n- _-k-‚ v-
91 -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ `-c-W-L-S-\m-\n¿-am-W-k-
`-bp-sS- A-[y-£-≥˛- Pn-∂-
92 -B¿-°m-Wv- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°ƒ- ap-Sn-Nq-Spw-
s]-cp-amƒ- F-∂p- t]-cn-´X - v˛- - A-øm- ssh-
Ip-Wv-T¿-
93 -Pm-Xn- Ip-Ωn- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- I-dp-
∏-≥
94 -{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s‚- B-Zy-in-jy-
≥˛- in-h-enw-K-Zm-k-kzm-an-Iƒ-
95 -D-Ø-tc-¥y-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ- ln-
µp-N-{I-h¿-Øn- ˛-l¿-j-h¿-≤-\-≥
96 -G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- hn-h-cm-h-Im-i-\n-
b-a-kw-hn-[m-\w- \n-e-hn-ep-≈- cm-Pyw-˛-
kzo-U-≥
97 -P-kyq-´v- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv- ˛-C-t·-
jy-kv- Hm-^v- e-tbm-f-
98 1- 857se- hn-]vf- h
- s
- Ø- ]-cn-jvI - r-Xc - pw- A-
]-cn-jv-Ir-X-cpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- kw-L¿-jw-
F- ∂ p- hn- t i- j n- ∏ n- ® - X m- c v - ˛ - Sn.- F - ® v . -
tlmw-kv-
99 -aq-∂v- h-≥I-c-I-fp-sS- kw-K-a-ÿm-\-Øv-
(G-jy,- B-{^n-°,- bq-tdm-∏v-)- ÿn-Xn-
sN-øp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛-ssk-{]-kv-
100 -aq-hm-‰p-]p-g-bp-am-bn- _-‘n-∏n-°p-∂- sa-
bn-≥ Cu-tÃ-¨- ssl-th-bp-sS- Xp-S° - w-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛-]p-\-eq¿-
101 -tIym-tUm- \yq-kv- F-hn-S-sØ- hm¿-Øm-
 G-P-≥kn-bm-Wv-˛- P-∏m-≥
102 -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-
°p-tºmƒ- {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-
bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en-
103 -Np-h-∂- c-‡m-Wp-°-fp-sS- i-h-∏-d-ºv-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- i-co-c-`m-Kw-˛-πo-l-
(kv-πo-≥)-
104 -F-hn-S-sØ- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS- h-k-Xn-
bm-Wv- 24 k-k-Iv-kv- ss{U-hv-˛- I-\-U-
105 -h-\w,- ]-cn-ÿn-Xn- {]-iv-\-߃- am-{Xw-
ssI-Im-cyw- sN-øm-≥ C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-
bn- {Ko-≥ s_-©v- ÿm-]n-®- C-¥y-bn-
se- B-Zy-sØ- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-˛- I¬-
°-´-
106 c- ≠ - mw- tN-ck - m-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- X-eÿ - m-
\w-˛- Xn-cp-h-©n-°p-fw-
107 -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-en-
s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-k-Xn-bm-b- k-´-¨-
]v-tf-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- \yq-tbm¿-°v-
108 -Cw-•o-jv- Im¬-]-\n-I- I-hn-X-bn-se- Ip-
bn¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- ]n.-_n.-sj-√n-
109 - c - ≠ mw- tem- I - a - l m- b p- ≤ w- Xp- S - ß p-
tºmƒ- {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-
∂-Xv-˛- s\-hn¬- tNw-_¿-se-bn-≥
110 -]-Wv-Un-X- c-am-`m-bn- hn-[-h-Iƒ-°m-bn-
]q-s\-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®- kv-Iq-fn-s‚- t]-
cv-˛- ap-‡n-
111 -G-Xp- a-X-sØ-bm-Wv- tIm-¨-Ã-ss‚-
≥ N-{I-h¿-Øn- tdm-am- km-{am-Py-Øn-
se- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- a-X-am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-
®-Xv-˛-{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw-
112 -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- {]-[m-\- Xp-d-ap-J-am-
bn-cp-∂p- ]p-lm¿-]-´-Ww-˛-tNm-f-≥am¿-
113 -P-Ωp-hn¬-\n-∂v- I-i-ao¿- Xm-gv-h-c-sb-
th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- a-e\ - n-c˛- - ]o¿- ]-RvP - ¬-
114 -c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- ln-
‰ve - ¿- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ-bm-Wv- B-Zyw- B-
{I-an-®-Xv-˛- t]m-f-≠v-
115 -`q-an-bp-sS- C-c-´- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- {K-
lw-˛- ip-{I-≥
116 -km-ln-Xy- {]-h¿-Ø-I- k-l-I-c-W-kw-
L-Øn-s‚- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- Fw.-]n.-
t]mƒ-
117 -A-s{Im-s]m-fn-kv- a-e-\n-c-Iƒ- F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv-˛-G-Y-≥kv-
118 -A-Sn-a-e-cn-W- X-s∂- Ir-jv-W- ...-F-∂-
Km-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- C-c-bn-Ω-≥ X-ºn-
119 1- 857˛-se- I-em-]k - a
- b- Ø
- v- _-lm-Zq¿-jm-
sb- i-{Xp-°ƒ- F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv- ]n-Sn-
Iq-Sn-bX - v˛- - lp-ab - q-Wn-s‚- i-hI - p-So-cw-
120 -{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw- I-gn-™m¬- tem-I-Øn-
se- h-en-b- a-Xw-˛-C-…mw- a-Xw-
121 -{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- A-
ssZz-Xm-{i-aw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-B-ep-h-
122 a- {- ¥n-am¿-°v- h-Ip-∏p-If - p-sS- Np-aX- e - - hn-
`-Pn-®p-\¬-Im-≥ K-h¿-W-sd- D-]-tZ-in-
°p-∂-Xv- B-cm-Wv-˛-ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
123 -G-Xv- Po-hn-bp-sS- im-kv-{X-\m-a-am-Wv-
tlm-tam- km-]n-b-≥kv-˛-a-\p-jy-≥
124 H- c - p- tem-Ivk - `- mw-KØ- n-\v- Cw-•o-jn-tem-
ln-µn-bn-tem- {]-kw-Kn-°m-≥ A-dn-bn-√m-
F-¶n¬- am-Xr-`m-j-bn¬- k-`-bn¬- {]-
kw-Kn-°m-≥ A-\p-a-Xn- \¬-Im-≥ B¿-
°m-Wv- A-[n-Im-cw-˛-kv-]o-°¿-
125 P- l - mw-Ko-dn-s‚- ap-Jy-cm-⁄n-bm-bn-cp-∂-
Xv-˛- \q¿-P-lm-≥
126 -B-cp-sS- a-I-sf- Ip-®v-_n-lm-dn-se- cm-
Pm-hn-\v- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xm-
Wv- {_-“-k-am-P-Øn¬- ]n-f¿-∏n-\v- h-
gn-sX-fn-®-Xv-˛- tI-i-h- N-{µ- sk-≥
127 -1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- c-≠n-\v- A-[n-Im-c-
Øn¬-h-∂- C-S-°m-e- k¿-°m-cn¬- hn-
Zym-`ym-k- h-Ip-∏v- a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛-
kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-
128 -a-X-]-c-am-b- {]-[m-\y-ap-≈- F-S-Xz- G-
Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-]-º-
129 -I-hn-Xn-e-I-≥ F-∂- _-lp-a-Xn- ]-Wv-
Un-‰v- I-dp-∏-\v- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- sIm-®n-cm-
Pm-hv-
130 -¢m-kn-°¬- ]-Z-hn- e-`n-®- B-Zy- C-¥y-
≥ `m-j-˛-X-an-gv-
131 -1808˛¬- lw-{^n- tU-hn- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-
tem-lw-˛-Im¬-kyw-
132 -ap-l-Ω-Zv- \-_n- ÿm-]n-®- a-Xw-˛-C-…mw-
a-Xw-
133 -A-t\z-jn-∏n-≥ I-s≠-Øpw,- ap-´p-hn-≥
Xp-d-°-s∏-Spw-˛-B-cp-sS- hm-°p-I-fm-Wv-
˛-tb-ip- {In-kv-Xp-
134 -A-t∏m-kv-X-e-≥am¿- G-Xp- a-X-hp-am-bn-
_-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw-
135 -A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚m-b- _-cm-Iv- H-
_m-a- B- ]-Z-hn-bn-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- B-
t{^m-˛-A-ta-cn-°-≥ hw-i-P-\m-Wv.- A-
t±-l-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- G-Xv- cm-Py-°m-c-
\m-bn-cp-∂p-˛-sI-\n-b-
136 -{In-an-b- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- `m-K-am-Wv-˛-
D-{I-bn-≥
137 -tIm-¨-{K-kn-s\- F-Xn¿-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn-
1888˛¬- bp-sW-‰-Uv- C-¥y-≥ ]m-{Sn-tbm-
´n-Iv- A-tkm-kn-tb-j-≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-
k-ø-Zv- A-l-Ω-Zv- Jm-≥
138 -ap-…n-ß-sf-°q-Sm-sX- tN-em-I¿-aw- (kp-
∂-Øv- I¿-aw-)- \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂- a-X-hn-
`m-Kw-˛-Pq-X-a-Xw-
139 -B¿-°v- kzo-I-c-Ww- \¬-Im-≥ B-e-∏p-
g-bn¬- kw-LS- n-∏n-®- Kw-`o-ct- bm-KØ - n¬-
]-s¶-Sp-Øp- \-S-Øn-b- {]-kw-K-Øn-s‚-
t]-cn-em-Wv- Sn.-Fw.-h¿-Ko-kn-\v- {io-aq-ew-
A-kw-ªn-bn-se- U-]yq-´n- {]-kn-U-‚ v-
ÿm-\w- \-jv-S-am-b-Xv-˛-kn.-tI-i-h-≥
140 -B¿-®v- _n-j-∏v- a-°m-cn-tbm-kv- aq-∂m-
a-≥ tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm-\w- \-bn-®- cm-Pyw-
˛-ssk-{]-kv-
141 -B-‚ n-˛-sÃ-dn-en-‰n- hn-‰m-an-≥ F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- G-Xm-Wv-˛-˛-hn-‰m-an-≥ C-
142 -ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b- B-Zy- kn-\n-am-Xm-cw-˛-
Fw-Pn-B¿-
143 -A-ta-cn-°-≥ km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-
hv- F-∂v- hn-eyw- t^m-Iv-\¿- hn-ti-jn-
∏n-®-Xm-sc-bm-Wv-˛-am¿-°v- Sz-bn-≥
144 -A-ta-cn-°-≥ kw-ÿm-\-Øv- K-h¿-W-dm-
b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ hw-i-P-˛- \n-°n- lm-
en-
145 -1910˛¬- A-e-l-_m-Zn¬- `m-c-Xv- kv-{Xo-
a-lm-a-Wv-U¬- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- k-c-fm-tZ-
hn- Nu-[p-dm-Wn-
146 -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- a-lm-\m-b- {^-©v-
K-h¿-W¿-˛- Uv-fq-tπ-
147 -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bn-eq-sS- {]-Nm-cw- t\-
Sn-b- Z-cn-{Z-\m-cm-b-W-≥ F-∂- {]-tbm-
K-Øn-s‚- B-hn-jvI - ¿-Øm-hv˛- - kzm-an- hn-
th-Im-\-µ-≥
148 -s\¬-k-¨- a-t≠-e- G-Xp- cm-Py-°m-c-
\m-Wv-˛-Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-
149 -C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ^n-enw- Ãp-
Un-tbm-˛- cm-tam-Pn- ^n-enw- kn-‰n- (ssl-
Z-cm-_m-Zv-)-
150 -s\-√n-°-bn¬- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- Po-h-
Iw-˛- Po-h-Iw- kn-
151 -kp-h¿-W-t£-{X-Øn¬- 1984¬- C-¥y-
≥ ]-´m-fw- \-S-Øn-b- \o-°w-˛- Hm-∏-td-
j-≥ ªq-kv-‰m¿-
152 k
- p-ep- h¿-§° - m¿- Xm-ak - n-°p-∂- cm-Pyw-
˛- Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-
153 -kp-{]nw-tIm-S-Xn- No-^v- P-kv-‰n-km-b- H-
tc-sbm-cp- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-≠v-˛- hn-
eyw- tlm-hm¿-Uv- Xm-^v-‰v-
154 -^v-tfm-´nw-Kv- kn-‰n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-
˛- sh-\o-kv-
155 -Im-‰m-Sn- an-√p-I-fp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- s\-X¿-e-≥Uv-kv-
156 -am-am-¶-k-a-b-Øv- km-aq-Xn-cn-sb- h-[n-
°m-≥ Nm-th-dp-I-sf- A-b-®n-cp-∂-Xv- F-
hn-Sp-sØ- cm-Pm-hm-Wv-˛-h-≈p-h-\m-Sv-
157 -am-en-Iv- _n-≥ Zn-\m¿- tI-c-f-°-c-bn¬-
{]-N-cn-∏n-®- a-X-ta-Xv-˛-C-…mw- a-Xw-
158 - A - t a- c n- ° - ≥ kzm- X - { ¥y- k - a - c - Ø n- \ v -
t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- ˛-tPm¿-Pv- hm-
jnw-Kv-S-¨-
159 -]p-Xn-b- kw-ÿm-\-߃- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-
°m-≥ B¿-°m-W[ - n-Im-cw-˛]
- m¿-es - a-‚ v-
160 -B-cp-am-bn-´m-Wv- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- dm-h¬-
]n-≠n- D-S-º-Sn- H-∏p-sh-®-Xv-˛- A-^v-Km-
\n-kv-Xm-\n-se- A-ao¿-
161 -B-\n- _-k-‚ n-s‚- am-Xr-cm-Pyw-˛- A-b¿-
e-≥Uv-
162 -sd-bn¬-th-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- kw-_-
131
‘n- ® v - \n¿- t ±- i - ß ƒ- k- a ¿- ∏ n- ° m- ≥
tXm-a-kv- tdm-_¿-´v-k-¨- I-Ωn-j-s\- \n-
tbm-Kn-®- ssh-t{km-bn-˛-I-gv-k-¨- {]-`p-
163 -C-cp-ºv- Xp-cp-ºm-Ip-∂-Xv- F-¥p-am-‰-Øn-
\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv-˛- cm-k-am-‰w-
164 -kq-^n- hn-`m-Kw- G-Xp-a-X-Øn-em-Wv- cq-
]w- sIm-≠-Xv-˛- C-…mw-
165 -C-‚¿-\m-j-W¬- U-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- G-P-
≥kn-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w-˛- hm-jn-Mv-S-¨-
Un.-kn.-
166 -kp-h¿-W-t£-{X-Øn-s‚- \-K-cw-˛- A-ar-
Xv-k¿-
167 -C-‚¿-^m-Iv-kv- F-hn-S-sØ- hm¿-Øm- G-
P-≥kn-bm-Wv-˛-d-jy-
168 -]p-Xp-t®-cn-bn-se- Pn-]v-sa¿- G-Xv- hn-j-
b-Øn¬- D-∂-X- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- \¬-Ip-
∂- ÿm-]-\-am-Wv-˛-ssh-Zy-im-kv-{Xw-
169 -]q¿-h- th-Z-Im-e-L-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
G-I- th-Zw-˛-E-tKz-Zw-
170 -Km-‘n-Pn- kn-hn¬- B-⁄m-ew-L-\- {]-
ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-t∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn-
bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛-C¿-hn-≥ {]-`p-
171 -Zo-]m-h-en- {]-Jym-]-\-ap-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-
´- ssh-t{km-bn-˛-C¿-hn-≥ {]-`p-
172 -1915¬- Un-^-≥kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- B-Iv-Sv-
]m-km-°n-b-Xv- G-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-
sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p-
173 -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- ˛-
tam-Øn-em¬- s\-{lp-
174 -c-≠mw- tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- s\-
hn¬- tNw-_¿-se-bn-≥ {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-
\-a-{¥n- ]-Z-sam-gn-™-t∏mƒ- ]-I-c-°m-
c-\m-b-Xv-˛-k¿- hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n¬-
175 -Cu-Pn-]v-Xv- {]-iv-\-Øn¬- cm-Pn-h-®- ssh-
t{km-bn-˛-dn-∏-¨- {]-`p-
176 -ssN-\-bv-°pw- d-jy-bv-°p-an-S-bn¬- ÿn-
Xn-sN-øp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛-aw-tKm-fn-b-
177 C
- ¥- y-bp-sS- B-sI- hn-kvX - o¿-WØ - n-s‚-
F-{X- i-X-am-\-am-Wv- tI-c-fw-˛- 1.-18
178 -C-¥y-≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-
h-en-b- cm-Pyw-˛- C-¥y-
179 -\-µ-≥ Im-\-≥ ar-K-im-e- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
˛-`p-h-t\-iz¿-
180 -B-sc- {]-Io¿-Øn-®m-Wv- Ip-am-c-\m-im-
≥ Zn-hy-tIm-In-ew- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- a-lm-I-hn-
Sm-tKm¿-
181 -A-tem-∏-Xn- G-Xv- im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- im-
J-bm-Wv-˛-ssh-Zy-im-kv-{Xw-
182 -au-Kv-fn- F-∂- I-Ym-]m-{Xw- B-cp-sS- kr-
jv-Sn-bm-Wv-˛-dp-Uv-bm¿-Uv- In-πnw-Kv-
183 -a-Wn-a-e-bm¿- G-Xv- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv- sN-∂p-
tN-cp-∂-Xv-˛-]-º-
184 -A-Xn¿-Øn- {]-hn-iy-bn¬- D-∏p-k-Xym-{K-
l-Øn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛-Jm-≥
A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿- Jm-≥
185 -A-Xv-em-‚ n-Iv- k-ap-{Z-hp-am-bpw- sa-Un-‰-
td-\n-b-≥ I-S-ep-am-bpw- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-
¶n-Sp-∂- H-tc-sbm-cp- B-{^n-°-≥ cm-Pyw-
˛-sam-tdm-t°m-
186 -B-\-hm-cn- cm-a-≥ \m-b¿- F-∂- I-Ym-
]m-{X-sØ- kr-jv-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛-ssh-°w- ap-
l-Ω-Zv- _-jo¿-
187 B
- \ - n- _-k‚- v- A-Ub - m-dn¬- tlmw- dqƒ-
{]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛-1916
188 -C-¥y-°v- kzm-X-{¥yw- \¬-Im-\p-≈- Xo-
b-Xn- 1948 Pq-Wn¬-\n-∂v- 1947 Hm-K-kv-
Xn-te-°v- am-‰n-b-Xv- B-cp-sS- G-‰-hpw- hn-
hm-Z- Xo-cp-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- au-≠v-_m-
‰-¨- {]-`p-
189 s
- k-≥{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-h-v A-kw-_f -v n-bn¬-
26 h¿-jw- Aw-Ka - m-bn-cn-°p-Ib - pw- A-Xn-
s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂v- A-dn-bs - ∏-Sp-Ib- pw- sN-
bvX - v- t\-Xm-hv˛- F
- ≥ - .-Fw.- tPm-jn-
190 -tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy- A-°m-Z-an-bp-sS- B-
Zy- A-[y-£-≥˛- k¿-Zm¿- sI.-Fw.-]-Wn-
°¿-
191 -s\m-_¬- k-Ωm-\-Zm-\w- \-S-°p-∂- Xo-
b-Xn-˛- Un-kw-_¿- 10
192 -G-Xp- a-X-Øn-s‚- hn-ip-≤-{K-Ÿ-am-Wv-
ss_-_nƒ-˛-{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw-
193 -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- hn-am-\- k¿-ho-km-Wv-
am-se-hv-˛- lw-K-dn-
194 -B¿-°v- cm-jv-{So-bm-`-bw- \¬-In-b- P-hm-
l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hn-s‚- \-S-]-Sn-bm-Wv-
C-¥ym-˛-ssN-\- _-‘w- tam-i-am-Im-\pw-
1962¬- bp-≤-Øn-te-°v-\-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-
C-S-bm-°n-b-Xv-˛-Z-sse-em-a-
195 -B-a-tkm-¨- I-gn-™m¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- P-e-k-º-∂-am-b- \-Zn-˛-tImw-tKm-
196 -s\-{lp- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- B-Zy- tIm-¨-{K-
kv- k-tΩ-f-\w-˛- _-¶n-∏q¿- (1912)-
197 -B-bp¿-th-Zw- F-¥p-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- D-
]-th-Z-am-Wv-˛-ssh-Zy-im-kv-{Xw-
198 -B-cm-Wv- Z- A-Uz-t©-gv-kv- Hm-^v- l-
°nƒ-s_-dn- ^n-≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-am¿-°v- Sz-
bn-≥
199 -h-´-ta-i- k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
B-sc-bm-Wv- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛-
A-[x-ÿn-X¿-
200 -en-¶-¨- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-
hm-jnw-Kv-S-¨- Un.-kn.-
201 K- m-‘n- kn-\n-ab - n¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- th-
jw- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- s_-≥ In-Mv-kv-en-
202 -`m-c-Xo-b- kw-Ko-X-I-e-bp-sS- D-d-hn-S-am-
bn- I-cp-Xp-∂- th-Zw-˛- km-a-th-Zw-
203 {- ]m-No-\I- m-eØ- v- _m-cn-kv- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-
´n-cp-∂- \-Zn- ˛-]-º-
204 -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚-
B-Zy-sØ- 20 h¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬- aq-∂p-
{]m-h-iyw- {]-kn-U-‚m-b- t\-Xm-hv-˛- Zm-
Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-
205 1- 870˛¬- C-¥y-≥ dn-t^mw- A-tkm-kn-tb-
j-≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- tI-i-h- N-{µ- sk-≥
206 -Im-‰n¬- \n-∂pw- ssh-Zyp-Xn- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-
°p-∂- ]-≤-Xn- tI-c-f-Øn-se-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
B-Zy-am-bn- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- I-©n-t°m-Sv-
207 -Im-bn-It- em-Is - Ø- Hm-kvI- ¿- F-∂d - n-b-
s∏-Sp-∂- A-hm¿-Uv˛- - tem-dk - v- A-hm¿-Uv-
208 -^p-tI-Xv- F-∂- kp-J-hm-k-tI-{µw- G-
Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- Xm-bv-e-≥Uv-
209 -Ko-X-tKm-hn-µw- tI-c-f-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
t]-cv-˛- A-jv-S-]-Zn-
210 -]v-fm-kn- {_n-´o-jv- km-{am-Py-Øn-\v- A-
Sn-Ø-d-bn-´p.- A-ar-’¿- A-Xv- C-f-°n-bn-
cn-°p-∂p-˛- F-∂v- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv-
Iq-´-s°m-e-bp-sS- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬- ]-
d-™-Xv-˛- a-lm-flm- Km-‘n-
211 -\n- -l-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\w- A-h-km-\n-®-
Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1922 s^-{_p-h-cn- 12
212 -am¿-´n-\- lnw-Kn-kv- G-Xv- I-fn-bp-am-bn- _-
‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-sS-∂o-kv-
213 -amƒ-h- ]o-T-`q-an-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b-
\-K-cw-˛-C-≥tUm¿-
214 -am¿-Kw- I-fn- G-Xp- a-X-hp-am-bn- _-‘-
s∏-´- I-em-cq-]-am-Wv-˛-{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw-
215 -A-ta-cn-°-bp-sS- \m-j-W¬- lyp-am-\n-
‰o-kv- sa-U-en-\v- A¿-l-\m-b- A-ta-cn-°-
°m-c-\-√m-Ø- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛-A-a¿-Xym-
sk-≥
216 -]-g-»n- cm-P-bv-s°-Xn-sc- ssk-\n-I- \o-
°-Øn-\v- B¿-X¿- sh-√-…n- \n-tbm-Kn-
°-s∏-´-Xv- G-Xv- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-en-s‚-
Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛- sh-√-…n- {]-`p-
217 -Km-kn-∏q-cn¬- A-¥-cn-°p-I-bpw- Kw-Km-
Xo-c-Øv- A-¥y-hn-{i-aw-sIm-≈p-I-bpw-
sN-øp-∂- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛-tIm-¨-hm-
en-kv- {]-`p-˛-
218 -H-∂mw-h-´- ta-i-k-tΩ-f-\w- (1930)- e-≠-
\n¬- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn-
cp-∂-Xv-˛-C¿-hn-≥ {]-`p-
219 -a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn¬- a-lm-_-te-iz-dn-\p- k-
ao-]w- B-cw-`n-°p-∂- \-Zn-˛- Ir-jv-W-
220 -C-¥y-≥ a-X-˛-km-aq-ln-I- \-thm-∞m-\-
Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛-
cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-
221 -Km-‘n-Pn- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-\-Sp-Øv- sIm-
®v-dm-_v- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øv- k-Xym-{K-lm-
{i-aw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- 1915
222 -H-cp- in-ip- h-f¿-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ- F-√p-I-
fp-sS- F-Æw-˛- Ip-d-bp-∂p-
223 -bqƒ- dn-sa- t{Sm-^n-bp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´-
a-’-cw-˛-{In-°-‰v-
224 -s_¿-en-\n¬- {^o- C-¥y- sk-‚¿- ÿm-
]n-®-Xv-˛-kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv-
225 -Iq¿-Kn-s\- {_n-´o-j- C-¥y-tbm-Sv- tN¿-
°p-tºmƒ- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-bn-cp-∂-Xv-
˛- hn-eyw- s_-‚ n-Iv-
226 -G-Xv- \-Zn-°m-Wv- t]-cn-\v,- k-t¥m-jw-
 \¬-Ip-∂-Xv- F-∂¿-Y-ap-≈-Xv- ˛-\¿-a-Z-
227 -1905˛¬- kz-tZ-in- a-WU v- e - n- F-∂- kw-L-
S-\- B-cw-`n-®- t\-Xm-hv- ˛-kn.-B¿.-Zm-kv-
228 -D-Æm-bn- hm-cy¿- kv-am-c-I-I-em-\n-e-bw-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- C-cn-ßm-e-°p-S-
229 -F-¥n-s\-Xn-sc- {]-Xn-tj-[n-°m-\m-Wv- `-
K-Xv- knw-Kpw- _n.-sI.-Z-Øpw- sk-≥{S¬-
e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-_v-fn-bn¬- 1929 G-
{]n¬- F-´n-\v- t_mw-s_-dn-™-Xv-˛- ]-ªn-
Iv- tk-^v-‰n- _n¬- ]m-km-°p-∂-Xn-\v- F-
Xn-sc- {]-Xn-tj-[n-°m-≥
230 -1925˛¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- cq-]-h-Xv-I-
cn-°m-≥ tN¿-∂- Im-¨-]q¿- k-tΩ-f-\-
Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv-˛- in-¶m-c-
th-ep- sN-´n-bm¿-
231 -kn.-B¿.-Zm-kv- G-Xv- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv- ta-
b-dm-b-Xv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
232 -C-¥y-≥ ap-…nw-eo-Kn-s‚- ap-J-]-{Xw-˛-
Ãm¿- Hm-^v- C-¥y-
233 -]p-Xp-t®-cn-bn¬- D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
hn-tZ-i-`m-j-˛-{^-©v-
234 ]- q-s\- I-cm-dn-s‚- k-ab - s - Ø- ssh-t{km-
bn-˛-hn-√n-Mv-S-¨- {]-`p-
235 -]p-Xp-t®-cn-bp-sS- `m-K-am-b- a-ø-gn-bn-se-
`m-j-tb-Xv-˛-a-e-bm-fw-
236 t- Z-ho-N{- µ-Kp-]vX - w- F-∂- kw-kvI
S-I-Øn-se- tI-{µ- I-Ym-]m-{Xw-˛-N-{µ-Kp-
]v-X- hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy-≥
237 G- X - -v Po-hn-bp-sS- a-kX -v n-jI
Ir-Xn-bn-se- G-‰h - pw- h-en-∏w- Iq-Sn-b- \yq-
tdm-¨- Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂X - ˛v- - H-Itv- Sm-∏k
238 -tZ-io-b- ]-©-km-c- K-th-j-W- tI-{µw-
F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛-Im-¨-]q¿-
239 k- z-tZ-in- {]-ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚- {]-Xo-Ia
cp-∂-Xv-˛- N¿-°-
240 -πm-kn- bp-≤-Øn¬- kn-dm-Pv- D-Zv- Zu-f-bv-
°v- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-In-b- bq-tdm-]y-≥ i-
‡n-˛- {^-©v-
241 -_w-Km-fn-se- Zzn-`c - W- - kw-hn-[m-\Ø
D-]⁄ - m-Xm-hv˛- - tdm-_¿-´v- Ivs
242 -G-jy-bpw- B-{^n-°-bpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- I-
c-_-‘w- th¿-s]-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-Xn-\p- Im-c-
Ww-˛- kq-b-kv- I-\m¬-
243 -C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- N-{I-
h¿-Øn-˛- N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-≥
244 -Cu-Ãv- e-≠-≥ F-∂- B-{^n-°-≥ Xp-d-
ap-J- ]-´-Ww- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛- Z-£n-
Wm-{^n-°-
245 -Nm¿-hm-I- a-X-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛-
{_-l-kv-]-Xn-
246 -]-£n-I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®v- hn-Im-kw-
{]m-]n-®- C-{µn-bw-˛- {Lm-tW-{µn-bw-
247 -C-¥y-bn¬- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-bn- \n-b-
an-X-\m-b- B-Zy- {]-`p-Ip-Spw-_mw-Kw-˛-
tIm-¨-hm-en-kv-
248 -1764 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 22˛-\v- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-
Øn-se- {]-[m-\yw-˛- _-Iv-k¿- bp-≤w-
249 -C-¥y- B-{I-an-°m-≥ _m-_-sd- £-Wn-
®-Xv- ˛-Zu-e-Xv- Jm-≥ tem-[n-
250 C- w-•o-jv- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°º - \
´n-cp-∂- C-c´- t- ∏-c˛v- - Zn- tPm-¨- I-º\
251 C- ¥ - ym-Nc - n-{X-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- ]n-Xr-lX
\-S-Øn-b- cm-Pm-hv-˛- A-Pm-X-i-{Xp-
252 X- p-º- tdm-°‰ - v- hn-t£-]W - - tI-{µ-Øn¬-
\n-∂v- hn-t£-]n-®- B-Zy-tdm-°-‰m-b-
ss\-°v- A-∏m-s®- \n¿-an-®-Xv- G-Xv- cm-
Py-am-Wv-˛- bp-F-kv-F-
253 -Nc - ¨ - k - n-Mn-s‚- k-am-[n-˛- In-km-≥L-´v.-
254 -tkm-jy¬- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- kw-_-‘n-
®- B-Zy- D-®t- Im-Sn- \-S∂ - - ÿ-ew-˛- tIm-
∏-≥tl-K-≥
255 -i-X-hm-l-\- hw-iw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- kn-ap-
I-≥
256 -`-K-Xv- knw-Kn-s\-bpw- Iq-´-sc-bpw- Xq-°n-
te-‰-cp-sX-∂- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-`y¿-Y-
\- \n-cm-I-cn-®- ssh-t{km-bn-˛- C¿-hn-≥
{]-`p-
257 C- ¥ - y-bp-sS- kzm-X{- ¥y-Øn-\m-bn- Un-°n-
t_-Uv- πm-≥ X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv-˛- au-≠v-
_m-‰-¨- {]-`p-
258 -X-]m¬- kw-hn-[m-\w- s]m-Xp-P-\-߃-
°pw- D-]t- bm-Kn-°m-≥ ku-Ic
X- K-h¿-W¿- P-\d - ¬-˛h - m-d≥
kv-
259 -Pv-Rm-\-]o-Tw- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- X-an-gv- km-
ln-Xy-Im-c≥ - ˛-]n.-hn.-AJ - n-em-WvU - ≥ - (A-
Jn-e-≥)-
260 -C-¥y-≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn¬- H-cp- hn-tZ-
i-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- ta¬-t°m-bv-a-bv-°p-
hn-t[-ba - m-Im-Ø- H-tc-sbm-cp- cm-Pyw-˛t- \-
∏mƒ-
261 -G-Xp- `m-j-bn-se- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\m-Wv-
kp-an-{Xm-\-µ-≥ ]-¥v- ˛-ln-µn-
262 -]q-t°m-´q¿- F-∂- ÿ-e-Øp-h-®v- am-∏n-
f- I-em-]-Im-cn-I-fpw- ]-´m-f-hpw- G-‰p-ap-
´¬- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛-1921
263 -]r-Yzn-cm-P-dm-tkm- F-∂- ln-µn-bn-se- C-
Xn-lm-k- Im-hy-Øn¬- B-cp-sS- ho-c-Ir-
Xy-ß-fm-Wv- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-]r-Yzn-
cm-Pv- Nu-lm-≥
264 -]-Sv-Im-bn- ]¿-h-X- \n-c- C-¥y-sb- G-Xv-
cm-Py-Øp-\n-∂v- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂p-˛- aym-
≥a¿-
265 -K-h¿-W¿-]-Zw- (1957˛-62)- h-ln-®-ti-jw-
cm-jv{- S-]X - n- ÿm-\s - Ø-Øn-b- B-Zy- hy-
‡n-˛-tUm.- k-°o¿- lp-ssk-≥
266 -hn-j-∏m-ºp-I-fn-√m-Ø- B-{^n-°-≥ Zzo-
]v-˛-a-U-Km-kv-I¿-
267 -tI-c-f-Øn¬- ]q¿-W-am-bn- ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-
- r-X- \m- cn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- {Km-a-]-©m-b-Øv-
˛- I-Æm-Sn-(]m-e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-)-
268 d- m-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kv- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-
-v Ø- n-em-W-v {]- s]-≥U-≥kv- eo-Kv- ÿm-]n-®-sX-hn-sS-˛-
P-∏m-≥
- v- 269 -am-∏n-f- I-em-]- k-a-b-sØ- (1921)- ssh-
t{km-bn- ˛-do-Un-Mv- {]-`p-
270 -am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- A-a¿-®- sN-bv-X- F-
- m-bn- ´p-ho-´n¬- ]n-≈a - m-cp-sS- B-flm-°s - f- B-
hm-ln-®v- _-‘n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬- Xn-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- cm-Pm-°-≥am¿- ({io-aq-ew-
Xn-cp-\mƒ-h-sc-)- Im-ep-Ip-Øm-Ø- ÿ-
e-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛-N-ß-\m-t»-cn-
- n-s‚- 271 D- w-tdm-bn- hn-am-\Ø - m-hf - w- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-
- sf-hv- \-Øm-Wv-˛- ta-Lm-e-b-
272 -s]-‚-K-¨- F-∂-Xv- G-Xp- cm-Py-hp-am-bn-
_-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- bp.-F-kv.-F.-
273 -tI-cf - Ø
- n¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- {]-
Xn-]£ - - t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂X - ˛-v - C.-Fw.-Fk
274 -C-¥y-≥ hn-]-Wn-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-e-Iq-
Sn-b- kp-K-‘- hy-Rv-P-\w-˛- Ip-¶p-aw-
275 -am¿-´n-\- \-h-c-Øn-tem-h- G-Xv- I-fn-bp-
am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-sS-∂o-kv-
276 A- t- a-cn-°b - p-sS- cm-jv{- S-]n-Xm-hv˛- t- Pm¿-Pv-
hm-jnw-Kv-S-¨-
277 -{]-hm-k- Po-hn-X-Øn-\v- Xn-c-io-e-bn-´v- Z-
£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬-\n-∂pw- Km-‘n-Pn- C-
¥y-bn¬- a-S-ßn-sb-Øn-b-Xv- (1915 P-\p-
h-cn- 9)- G-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS- Im-e-
Øm-Wv-˛-lm¿-Un-©v- {]-`p-
278 -A-e-l-_m-Zn-se- B-\-µ-`-h-≥ F-∂- kz-
¥w-ho-Sv- tIm-¨-{K-kn-\v- hn-´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-
t\-Xm-hv-˛-tam-Øn-em¬- s\-{lp-
279 -[zm-‘¿- sh-≈-®m-´w- G-Xv- \-Zn-bn-em-
- n- A-dn-bs - ∏- Wv- ˛-\¿-a-Z-
- n- 280 -t_m¿-Uv- Hm-^v- d-h-\yq- ÿm-]n-®- K-h¿-
- y- W¿- P-\-d¬-˛-hm-d-≥ tl-Ãnw-Kv-kv-
281 -_-\m-d-kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- ÿ-ew-
˛-hm-cm-W-kn-
282 -{In-kv-Xy-≥ ssh-t{km-bn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
´-Xv-˛-C¿-hn-≥ {]-`p-
283 -{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw- ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛-tb-ip- {In-
kv-Xp-
284 1- 469˛¬- (C-t∏m-gs - Ø- ]m-In-kX v- m-\n-se-)-
\m-\m-Im-\m- km-ln-∫n¬- P-\n-®- a-lm-
≥˛-Kp-cp- \m-\m-°v-
285 -]p-cm-X-\- I-enw-K- km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚- X-
e-ÿm-\w-˛-`p-h-t\-iz¿-
286 G- X - p- a-XØ - n-s‚- hn-ip-≤{- K-Ÿa - m-Wv- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- `m-j-I-fn¬- A-®-Sn-°-
s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv-˛-{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw-
287 -G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- I-º-\n-bm-Wv- kmw-k-
Mv-˛-Z-£n-W- sIm-dn-b-
288 -ssh-tZ-in-I-k-lm-bw-Iq-Sm-sX- A-®p-Iq-
Sw- ÿm-]n-®- B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn-˛- Nm-h-d-b-
®-≥
- yw- sN-bv- 289 -tam-£-{]-Zo-]-J-Wv-U-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- N-
- tl-Ãnw-Kv- ´-ºn-kzm-an-Iƒ-
290 -C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-b- U-_nƒ- U-°¿-
tIm-®v- L-Sn-∏n-®- {S-bn-≥˛- knw-l-K-Uv-
F-Iv-kv-{]-kv-
291 -tI-c-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- X-Wp-∏p-Iq-Sn-b-
am-k-߃-˛- Un-kw-_-dpw- P-\p-h-cn-bpw-
292 -kw-kv-Ym-\-sØ- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ- \-
S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- kw-_-\v-
[n-®- a-‰p- {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°v- ta¬-t\m-
´w- h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- tI-{µ- Xn-c-s™-
Sp-∏v- I-Ωn-j-≥ \n-b-an-°p-∂- D-tZym-K-
kv-Y-≥˛- No-^v- C-e-Iv-{S¬- Hm-^o-k¿-
293 P
- e- Ø- n-s‚- ÿn-c- Im-Tn-\yw- am-‰m-≥ tN¿-
°p-∂X - v˛- - tkm-Un-bw- Im¿-_t- W-‰v-
294 -kw-kv-Ym-\-ß-fp-sS- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- \n-
Ip-Xn- h-cp-am-\- am¿-Kw-˛- hn¬-]-\- \n-
Ip-Xn-
295 -kq-cy-kn-Zv-[m-¥w- F-∂- hm-\-\n-co-£-
W- im-kv-{X-{K-Ÿw- c-Nn-®- {]m-No-\- C-
¥y-≥ im-kv-{X-⁄-≥˛- B-cy-`-S-≥
296 -kq-cy-≥ I-gn-™m¬- B-Im-i-Øv- Im-
Wp-∂- G-‰-hpw- Xn-f-°-ap-≈- h-kv-Xp-˛-
N-{µ-≥
297 -Lm-\- ]-£n- k-t¶-Xw- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-
\-Øv-˛- cm-P-ÿm-≥
298 -K-Wn-X-im-kv-{X-Øn-se- {Km-^v- k-{º-
Zm-bw- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-cv-˛- sd-s\- sZ-
°m¿-sØ-
299 -kw-L-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se- B-Zy- {K-Ÿw-
˛- tXm¬-°m-∏n-bw-
300 -kn-cn- \-K-cw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- A-em-hp-±o-
≥ Jn¬-Pn-
301 -P-lmw-Ko-dn-s‚- i-h-Ip-So-cw- ]-Wn-I-gn-
∏n-®-Xv-˛- jm-P-lm-≥
302 -sh-≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬-h-®v- i-_v-Z-te-J-\w-
sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- D-]-I-c-Ww-˛- ssl-
t{Um-t^m-¨-
303 -kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- X-e-h-≥˛- K-h¿-W¿-
304 -sX-t°- C-¥y-bp-sS- [m-\y-∏p-c- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- kv-Y-ew-˛-X-©m-hq¿-
305 -bq-tdm-∏n-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-km-{µ-X- Ip-
d-™- cm-Pyw-˛-sF-kv-em-≥Uv-
306 s
- sh-kvd - o-K¬- ]m-ek - n-se- (C-t∏mƒ- cm-
jv-{S-]-Xn- `-h-≥)- Xm-a-k-°m-c-\m-b- B-
Zy- ssh-t{km-bn-˛-C¿-hn-≥ {]-`p-
- .v - 307 s
- sh-t{km-bn-bp-sS- `-cW - k- a- n-Xn-bn¬- H-
cp- km-º-Øn-I- Im-cymw-K-sØ-°q-Sn-
Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v- B-cp-sS- Im-eØ - m-Wv-
˛-Im-\nw-Kv- {]-`p-
308 -]-c-kv-]-c- B-{I-a-W- km-[y-X-bp-≈- c-
≠p- cm-Py-߃-°n-S-bn¬- ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-
∂-Xp-h-gn- A-h- X-Ωn-ep-≈- kw-L¿-jw-
Ip-d-bv-°p-∂- cm-Py-ß-sf-bm-Wv- _-^¿-
tÃ-‰p-Iƒ- F-∂p- ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.- tem-I-
Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- _-^¿- tÃ-‰m-
bn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛-aw-
tKm-fn-b-
309 -H-∂mw- tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤w- (1914˛-18)- Xp-
S-ßn-bt- ∏mƒ- ssh-t{km-bn-˛l - m¿-Un-©v-
{]-`p-
310 -ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zn-s\-bpw- sk-°-¥-cm-_m-
Zn-t\-bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- X-Sm-Iw-˛- lp-
ssk-≥ km-K¿-
311 -t]¿-jy-≥ Dƒ-°-S¬- G-Xv- k-ap-{Z-Øn-
s‚- `m-K-am-Wv-˛-C-¥y-≥a-lm-k-ap-{Zw-
312 -sÃ-bn-≥se- v- Ão¬- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xm-
cv-˛- lm-cn- {_-b¿-en-
313 -I-eym-W-Zm-bn-\n-k-`-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥˛-
]-Wv-Un-‰v- I-dp-∏-≥
314 -tUm.-]¬-]p- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- t]-´- (Xn-
cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-)-
315 -G-Xp- \m-´p-cm-Py-sØ- k¿-°m¿- k¿-
ho-kn-em-Wv- tUm.-]¬-]p- tk-h-\-a-\p-
jv-Tn-®-Xv-˛- ssa-kq¿-
316 -in-h-Kn-cn- Xo¿-Ym-S-\w- B-cw-`n-°p-∂- am-
kw-˛- Un-kw-_¿-
317 -G-Xv- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ap-J-]-{X-am-Wv-
k¿-ho-kv-˛- F-≥F-kv-F-kv-
318 -sd-bn¬-th- t_m¿-Uv- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-
G-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv-
˛-I-gv-k-¨- {]-`p-
319 -B-cp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-em-Wv- G-jy-bn-
se- B-Zy-sØ- B-Wh - - dn-bm-IvS- ¿- t{Smw-
s_-bn¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-˛-tlm-an- sP.-
m- -
320 -B-d-∑p-f- ]m¿-Y-km-c-Yn- t£-{Xw- G-
132
Xv- \-Zn-bp-sS- Xo-c-Øm-Wv-˛-]-º-
321 b
- p-\m-\n- G-Xv- im-kv{- X-im-Jb - p-am-bn- _-
‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛-ssh-Zy-im-kv-{Xw-
322 -{_n-´o-jp-Im-cpw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dpw- X-
Ωn¬- 1805se- k-_v-kn-U-dn- D-S-º-Sn- H-
∏p-h-®-Xv- G-Xv- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-en-s‚-
Im-e-Øm-Wv-˛- sh-√-…n- {]-`p-
323 -kn.-B¿.-Zm-kn-s\m-∏w- kz-cm-Pv- ]m¿-´n-
(1923)-ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛-tam-Øn-em¬- s\-
{lp-
324 -A-ta-cn-°-≥ kz-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-Øv-
{_n-´o-jv- P-\-d-em-bn-cp-∂- K-h¿-W¿- P-
\-d¬-˛-tIm-¨-hm-en-kv- {]-`p-
325 -A-t‚m-Wn-tbm- A-K-Ãn-t™m- s\-t‰m-
G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-Wv- kzm-X-{¥y- {]-ÿm-
\w- \-bn-®-Xv-˛-Aw-tKm-f-
326 -A-td-_y-≥ D-]-Zzo-]n-se- {]-[m-\-a-Xw-˛-
C-…mw- a-Xw-
327 -a-te-jy-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]p-jv-]w-˛-sN-º-
c-Øn-
328 -B-`y-¥-c- A-Sn-b-¥-cm-h-kv-Y- ]n-≥h-en-
®- h¿-jw- ˛-1977
329 B
- {- ^n-°≥ - bq-Wn-b\ - n¬- Aw-Ka - √
- m-Ø-
{]-ap-J- B-{^n-°-≥ cm-Pyw-˛-sam-tdm-
t°m-
330 -G-Xp- kz-cq-]-Øn-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-
cp-∂p- a-cp-Xq¿-Ip-f-ß-c-˛-I-cp-\m-K-∏-≈n-
331 -C-¥y-≥ D-]-`q-J-Wv-U-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-
sN-dn-b- cm-Pyw-˛- `q-´m-≥
332 -tI-c-f-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- A-
[n-Im-c-Øn¬- Xp-S¿-∂- a-{¥n-k-`-bv-°p-
t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- sI.-I-cp-Wm-I-
c-≥
333 G
- X - p- hn-πh- s- Ø-Øp-S¿-∂m-Wv- s\-t∏m-
fn-b-≥,- {^m-≥kn-s‚- {]-Y-a- tIm-¨-
kp¬- B-b-Xv-˛-{^-©p-hn-π-hw-
334 -G-Xv- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- A-]-c-\m-a-am-Wv-
kn¬-h¿- kn-‰n-˛-I-´-Iv-
335 G
- X - v- \-Kc- w- ÿm-]n-°m-\m-Wv- A-Iv_ - ¿-
N-{I-h¿-Øn- kn-Jp-Im¿-°v- ÿ-ew- \¬-
In-b-Xv-˛-A-ar-Xv-k¿-
336 -G-Xp- hw-i-Øn-se- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-
Wv- B-en- cm-P- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv-˛-
A-d-bv-°¬-
337 -Im-bn-I-tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-X-˛- tI-W¬- tKm-Z-h¿-a-cm-P-
338 -tI-c-f-Øn¬- D-]-Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- ]-cm-
P-b-s∏-´- G-I- a-{¥n-˛- sI.-ap-c-fo-[-c-≥
339 -s]m-´m-kyw- F-∂- aq-e-I-Øn-\v- sI- F-
∂- {]-Xo-Iw- e-`n-®-Xv- G-Xp- em-‰n-≥ hm-
°n¬- \n-∂m-Wv- ˛- Im-en-bw-
340 -G-Xv- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- ]-g-b-t]-cm-Wv- cmw-
Zm-kv-]q¿- ˛-A-ar-Xv-k¿-
341 -{io-ssi-ew- ]-≤-Xn- G-Xv- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv-
˛- Ir-jv-W-
342 -Du-gn-b- th-e-bv-s°-Xn-sc- k-a-cw- \-bn-
®-Xv-˛- A-øm- ssh-Ip-Wv-T¿-
343 -C-¥y-≥ H-fn-ºn-Iv- So-an-s\- \-bn-®- B-
Zy- h-\n-X-˛- ssj-\n- hn¬-k-¨-(1992)-
344 -D-t´m-∏n-b- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- tXm-a-kv- aq¿-
345 -G-Xv- \-K-c-Øn-em-Wv- ln-µp- a-lm-k-`-
ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-A-ar-Xv-k¿-
346 -B-{^n-°-≥ h-≥I-c-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- tX-bn-e- D¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂- cm-
Pyw-˛-sI-\n-b-
347 -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- P-\-{]n-b-am-b-
Im-bn-I-hn-t\m-Zw-˛- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ-
348 -]u-c-h-Im-iw- kw-_-‘n-®- \n-b-a-ß-fp-
sS- \n-b{- ¥n-°m-≥ `-cW - L- S- \- - B¿-°m-
Wv- A-[n-Im-cw- \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv-˛-
]m¿-e-sa-‚ v-
349 -G-Xp- a-X-Øn-s‚- hn-`m-K-am-Wv- tdm-a-≥
I-tØm-en-°¿-˛-{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw-
350 -G-Xp- cm-Pyw- am¿-Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a- Io-g-
S-°n-bs - ∏m-gm-Wv- Ip-©≥ - \-ºym¿,- am¿-
Øm-Wv-U-h¿-a-bp-sS- B-{in-X-\m-b-Xv-˛-
A-º-e-∏p-g-
351 -G-Xp- h¿-j-am-Wv- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- ^v-
sf-anw-Kv- s]-\n-sk-en-≥ I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv-
˛-1928
352 -G-Xp- a-X-Øn-s‚- hn-`m-K-am-Wv- Bw-•n-
°m-\n-kw-˛-{In-kv-Xp-a-Xw-
353 -C-¥y-≥ C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- k-b-≥kv-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- Pw-j-Uv-Pn- Sm-‰-
354 -d-jy- hn-t£-]n-®- B-Zy- _-ln-cm-Im-i-
hm-l-\w-˛- kv-]p-Sv-\n-Iv-
355 -C-¥y-≥ C-≥Ãv-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- s]-t{Sm-fn-
bw- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- sU-dm-Uq-¨-
356 G
- X - v- \-Zn-°c- b
- n-em-Wv- jm-Mvl - m-bv˛- - bm-
Mv-kn-
357 -]-Wv-Un-‰v- I-dp-∏-≥ hm-e-k-ap-Zm-b- ]-cn-
jv-I-c-Wn- k-`-bv-°v- cq-]w-\¬-In-b- h¿-
jw-˛-1910
358 -]-Xn-\m-en-\- t^m¿-ap-e-bp-sS- D-]-⁄m-
Xm-hv-˛-ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂-
359 -]-›n-am¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- am¿-Iv-
kn-Ãv- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂-
cm-Py-ta-Xv-˛-K-bm-\-
360 -kzm-X{- ¥y-Km-Y- c-Nn-®X - ˛-v - Ip-am-c\ - m-im-≥
361 A
- ≤ - ym-flb - p-≤w- c-Nn-®X - ˛-v - hm-K`-v S- m-\µ- ≥
- kw-t\-Sm-\m-cw-`n-®- \-thm-∞m-\- \m-b-
362 -hn-hm-Z-am-b- hn-√p-h-≠n-bm-{X- \-S-Øn-b-
\-thm-∞m-\- \m-b-I-≥˛- A-ø-¶m-fn-
363 -\n-h¿-Ø-\-{]-t£m-`- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- sk-
{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- kn.-tI-i-h-≥
364 -G-Xv- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- D-Æn- \-ºq-Xn-cn-
F-∂- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b-
Xv-˛-tbm-K-t£-a-k-`-
365 -hn-[h - I
- ƒ-°m-bn- apw-ss_-bn¬- im-cZ- m- k-
Z-\w- ÿm-]n-®X - ˛-v - ]-WU -v n-X- c-am-`m-bn-
366 -U¬-lu-kn- {]-`p- G-Xv- \m-´p-cm-Py-Øv-
Z-Øm-h-Im-i-\n-b-aw- {]-tbm-Kn-®-Xm-Wv-
tIm¿-´v- Hm-^v- U-b-d-Iv-tS-gv-kv- Aw-Ko-I-
cn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- I-cu-en-
367 -{_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn¬- s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv- h-
Ip-∏v- \-S-∏m-°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛-
U¬-lu-kn-
368 s- ]m-Xp-Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬- thm-´p-sN-øm-≥
C-¥y-≥ ]u-c\ - m-hi- y-am-b- Ip-d™ -
bw- ˛-18
369 -iq-\ym-Im-i-tØ-°v- B-Zyw- A-b-bv-°-
s∏-´- Po-hn-˛- \m-b-
370 `- m-cX- c - X
- v\
- w- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- hn-tZ-in-˛- Jm-
≥ A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿- Jm-≥
371 -{io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s‚- B-tflm-]-tZ-
i-iX - I - w- Cw-Kvf - o-jn-te-°v- ]-cn-`m-js
Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- \-S-cm-P-Kp-cp-
372 -ssX-°m-Sv- A-ø- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- \-I-
e-]p-cw-
373 -]-Xn-t\-gmw-h-b- n-\p-ti-jw- hn-Zym-`ym-
I-≥˛-hn.-Sn.-`-´-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv-
374 -Xn-cp-ap-√-hm-cw- _o-®v- G-Xp- Pn-√-bn-em-
Wv-˛- sIm-√w-
375 -Ir-{Xn-a- d-∫-dn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\- L-S-Iw-
˛- \n-tbm-{]o-≥
376 -ka - p-{Z-\n-c∏- n¬-\n-∂pw- i-cm-ic - n- D-bc
- w- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-b- `q-JW - Uv- w-˛- A-‚m¿-´n-°-
377 -G-Xv- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-en-s‚- Im-e-Øm-
Wv- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n- D-tZym-K-ÿ-cp-
sS- F-Iv-kn-Iyp-´o-hv,- Pp-Uo-jy¬- A-[n-
Im-c-߃- th¿-Xn-cn-®-Xv-˛- tIm-¨-hm-en-
kv- {]-`p-
378 -F-{X- ap-…nw-eo-Kv- Aw-K-ß-fm-Wv- 1946
H-Iv-tSm-_-dn¬- C-S-°m-e- k¿-°m-cn¬-
tN¿-∂-Xv-˛- 5 390 -B-cp-sS- kv-am-c-I-am-Wv- a-ø-\m-´v- ÿm-
379 -G-Xv- h¿-j-am-bn-cp-∂p- hn.-Sn.-`-´-Xn-cn-∏m- ]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv- ˛-kn.-tI-i-h-≥
Sn-s‚- bm-N-\m-bm-{X-˛- 1931 391 -B-cp-sS- k-Z-ky-\m-bn-cp-∂p- N-{µ-h-c-Zm-
- {]m- 380 -G-Xv- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-Wv- U- bn-˛-]r-Yzn-cm-Pv- Nu-lm-≥
ªn-≥˛- A-b¿-e-≥Uv- 392 -bp-Iv-fn-Uv- G-Xv- ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv- {]-kn-
381 -tI-cf - \
- n-ba
- k
- `
- b- p-sS- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- G- ≤-≥˛-K-Wn-Xw-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-hi - yw- Im-Ãn-Mv- thm- 393 -bp-ssW-‰-Uv- t\-j-≥kv- F-≥h-tbm-¨-
´v- {]-tbm-Kn-®- kv] - o-°¿-˛- F.-kn.-tPm-kv- sa-‚ v- t{]m-{Km-an-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- G-Xv-
382 -thm-bv-kv- Hm-^v- Z- lm¿-´v- B-cp-sS- B- cm-Py-Øm-Wv-˛-sI-\n-b-
fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛- ar-Wm-fn-\n- km-cm-`m-bn- 394 -bp-tKm-…m-hn-b-bn-se- kv-tIm-]v-sP- F-
- ∏- 383 -˛-˛-˛-˛- s‚- {]-hm-l-am-Wv- ssh-Zyp-Xn-˛- C- ∂- ÿ-e-Øv- P-\n-®- a-Z¿- sX-tc-k-
e-Iv-t{Sm-Wp-Iƒ- bp- s S- am- X m- ] n- X m- ° ƒ- G- X v - cm- P y-
384 -D-Ø-tc-¥y-sb-bpw- Z-£n-tW-¥y-sb- sØ- hw-i-P-cm-bn-cp-∂p-˛-A¬-t_-\n-
bpw- th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂- \-Zn-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏- b-
Sp-∂-Xv- ˛-\¿-a-Z- 395 -bq-tdm-]y-≥ tc-J-I-fn¬- am¿-Ø- F-∂-
385 -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- hƒ-°m- dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- \m-´p-cm-Pyw-˛-I-cp-\m-K-∏-
\n-Iv- (A-·n-]¿-h-X-P-\y-)- Zzo-]v-˛-sF-kv- ≈n-
em-≥Uv- 396 -\yq-U¬-ln- \-K-cw- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-
386 -G-Xv- \-Zn-bn¬-\n-∂v- sN-ss∂- \-K-c- X- ssh-t{km-bn-˛-C¿-hn-≥ {]-`p-
Øn-te-°v- Ip-Sn-sh-≈w- F-Øn-°m-\p- 397 -ln-µp-a-lm-k-`- cq-]w-sIm-≠- k-a-b-Øv-
≈- ]- ≤ - X n- b m- W v - sX- e p- ¶ p- K w- K - ? - ˛ - ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xm-cv-˛-lm¿-Un-
Ir-jv-W- ©v- {]-`p-
387 -1922˛-se- K-b- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\- 398 -G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- c-≠m-a-
Øn¬- A-[y-£X - h - l
- n-®- t\-Xm-hv˛- k- n.- sØ- `m-j- (ssN-\o-kv- I-gn-™m¬-)- ˛-
B¿.-Zm-kv- ln-µn-
388 -sN-t∏m-Iv- tÃ-Un-b-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏- 399 -km-[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\- kw-L-Øn-s‚- ap-
´- I-fn-˛-{In-°-‰v- J-]-{X-am-bn- 1913˛¬- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- km-
389 -cm-Py-k-`-bn-te-°v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN- [p-P-\-]-cn-]m-en-\n-
ø-s∏-´- B-Zy- hy-‡n- (1952)-˛-tUm.- k- 400 -a-e-_m¿- I-em-]w- ]-›m-Ø-e-am-°n- Ip-
°o¿- lp-ssk-≥ am-c-\m-im-≥ c-Nn-®- Ir-Xn-˛- Zp-c-h-ÿ-
133
Cover story
s\mt_¬ kΩm\w
F¨]-Xn-\m-bn-cØ - n-e[ - n-Iw- Ip-´n-Is
W-am-b- Po-hn-XØ - n-\p-Sa- b- m-b- ssI-em-jv- k-Xym¿-Yn-bpw- `o-Ic
`-bw- ]n-Sn-®p-\n-∂v- tem-I{- i-≤- t\-Sn-b- a-em-e- bq-k^
Øn-\v- Hm-kvt- em-bn-se- ]p-ck - vI- m-c- k-a¿-∏W
hm-ßp-tºmƒ- B-Zc - n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - v- Xym-Ka- \- ÿ- n-Xn-bm-Wv,- \n¿-`b
Øn-\p-th-≠n- D-b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- G-‰h
t\-Xr-]c- a- m-b- Hu-∂X - y-Øn-\-v G-‰h - pw- A-\n-hm-cy-am-b- hy-‡n-Kp-Wa- m-W-v \n¿-`b
C-s°m-√s - Ø- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-°ƒ-°v- {]-Wm-aa- ¿-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- s\m-
t_¬- ]p-ck - vI
- m-c- kw-_‘ - a- m-b- hn-iZ- h - n-hc - ß- ƒ- ]-Tn-°mw.
Ncn{Xw
* s\mt_¬- k-Ωm-\w- B-Zy-am-bn- \¬-In-
b- h¿-jw- 1901 B-Wv.-
*- s
- \m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- im-
kv-{X-⁄-\m-Wv- B¬-{^-Uv- s\m-t_-¬
(Alfred Nobel).
* Gold medal, a diploma, and a monetary
grant F∂n-h- tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv- s\m-t_¬-
k-Ωm-\w.-
*- - s \m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øm-≥
B¬-{^-U-v s\m-t_¬- X-s‚- hn¬-]{- X- {]-
Im-cw- hy-hÿ - - sN-bX -v - h¿-jw-am-W-v 1895.-
*- -s\m-t_¬- A-¥-cn-®- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1896.-
*- B
- ¬-{^-Uv- s\m-t_-en-s\- {]-kn-≤\ - m-°n-
b- I-≠p-]n-Sp-Øa - m-Wv- ssU-\m-ssa-‰v.-
*- -B¬-{^-Uv- s\m-t_¬- 5 hn-j-b-ß-fn-
em-Wv- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- G¿-s∏-Sp-
Øn-b-Xv.-C-t∏mƒ- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w-
6 hn-j-b-ß-fn-em-Wv- \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.-
*- -B-Zy- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- \¬-In-b-
Xv- `u-Xn-I-im-k-v{Xw (Physics), ck-X-
{¥w- (Chemistry), ssh- Z y- i m- k v - { X- w
(Medicine and Phy-siology),
kmlnXyw (Literature), kam[m\w
(Peace) F∂o hn-j-b-ß-fn-em-Wv.-
*- -C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kv- hn-j-b-Øn-se- s\m-
t_¬- k-Ωm-\-am-Wv- B¬-{^-Uv- s\m-
t_¬- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- A-√m-Ø-Xv.- C-
°-tWm-an-Iv-kn¬- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w-
G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- ÿm-]\ - amWv Sveriges
Riksbank (_m¶n-s‚- ap-∂q-dmw- hm¿-jn-
Iw- {]-am-Wn-®v-).-
*- - C - ° - t Wm- a n- I v - k n¬- s\m- t _¬- k-
Ωm- \ w- \¬- I m- ≥ Sveriges Riksbank
hyhÿ- sN- b v - X - h¿- j - a m- W v - 1968.-
*- -C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- s\m-
t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- \¬-In-b-Xv-1969 em-Wv.-
*- -C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kn-se- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-
\-Øn-‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- \m-a-am-Wv The
Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic
Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.
]pckvImc \n¿Wbw
* Physics, Chemistry, Economics F∂o
hnjbßfn¬ tPXm°sf
\n¿Wbn°p∂Xv The Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences.
* Medicine and Physiology s\m-t_¬-
tP-Xm-hn-s\- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂-Xv- I-tcm-en-
≥kvI C≥Ãn‰yq´v (kzoU≥)
(Karolinka Institute).
* Literature s\mt_¬- tP-Xm-hn-s\- \n¿-W-
bn-°p-∂X - v Swedish Academy.
* kam-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hn-s\- \n¿-
W-bn-°p-∂-Xv- t\m¿-ho-Pn-b-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-
‚ v - \n- t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ - H- c p- I- Ω n- ‰ n
(Norwegian Nobel Committee consists
of five members elected by the
Norwegian Storting).
- f- _m-et- h-eb - n¬-\n-∂v- tam-Nn-∏n-®- Xym-K]
- X
- b - vs
- °-Xn-sc- \n¿-
- vk
- m-bn-bpw- 2014 Un-kw-_¿- ]-
- ® - S- ß
- n¬- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- G-‰p-
- X - z-am-Wv.- k-aq-l-
- pw- an-I®
- - k-ZKv- p-Wa- m-Wv- Xym-Kw.-
- X- zw.-
]pckvImc ka¿∏Ww
* kam-[m-\w- H-gn-sI-bp-≈- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬-
s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- \¬-Ip-∂- \-K-c-
am-Wv- tÃm-°v-tlmw- (kzo-U-s‚- X-e-
ÿm-\w-).-
*- -k-am-[m-\- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂-
Xv- Hm-kv-tem- (t\m¿-sh-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-
\w-)- \-K-c-Øn¬- h-®m-Wv.-
*- -H-Iv-tSm-_¿- am-k-Øn-em-Wv- s\m-t_¬-
k-Ωm-\w- {]-Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv.- s\m-t_¬-
]p-c-kv-Im-c- k-a¿-∏-Ww- \-S-Øp-∂- Xo-
b-Xn- Un-kw-_¿- 10 (B¬-{^-Uv- s\m-
t_-en-s‚- N-c-a-Zn-\w-)- B-Wv.-
*- -k-am-[m-\w- H-gn-sI-bp-≈- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬-
s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- tP-Xm-°ƒ-°v- k-
a¿-∏n-°p-∂X - v- kzo-U\ - n-se- cm-Pm-hm-Wv.-
k-am-[m-\- k-Ωm-\w- tP-Xm-hn-\v- k-a¿-∏n-
°p-∂X - v- t\m¿-ho-Pn-b≥ - s\m-t_¬- I-
Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- sN-b¿-am-≥ (t\m¿-sh-bn-se-
cm-Pm-hn-s‚- km-∂n-[y-Øn¬-)- B-Wv.-
*- -kw-L-S-\-Iƒ-°pw- e-`n-°m-≥ A¿-l-X-
bp-≈- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w-˛- k-am-[m-
\- s\m-t_¬-
*- -H-cp- hn-jb - Ø- n¬- ]-ca - m-h[
- n- F-{X- t]¿-
°v- ]p-ck - vI- m-cw- e-`n-°mw-˛- aq-∂v-
*- -s\m-t_¬- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- F-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-
X¬- ]p-c-kv-Im-c- tP-Xm-°-fp-≈- hn-j-
bw- G-Xv-˛- `u-Xn-I-im-kv-{Xw-
*- -s\m-t_¬- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- F-‰-hpw- Ip-d-
®v- ]p-c-kv-Im-c- tP-Xm-°-fp-≈- hn-j-bw-
G-Xv-˛- C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kv-
*- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-®p- {]m-h-iyw- ]-¶n-S-s∏-´-
Xv- G-Xv- hn-j-b-Øn-se- k-Ωm-\-am-Wv-˛-
km-ln-Xyw-
*- -s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- ]-c-am-h-[n- aq-∂p-
t]¿-°v- ]-¶n-Sm-sa-¶n-epw- G-Xv- hn-j-b-
Øn-em-Wv- C-Xp-h-sc- A-{]-Im-cw- kw-`-
hn-®n-´n-√m-Ø-Xv-˛- km-l-nXyw
BZy s\mt_¬
* `uXn- I - i m- k v - { X- s \m- t _- e n- \ v - B- Z y-
am- b n- A¿- l - \ m- b - X v ˛ W.C.Roentgen
(P¿a\n)
* tdm¨-P-s\- {]-kn-≤-\m-°n-b- I-≠p-]n-
Sp-Øw˛ X-Ray
* ckX{¥ s\mt_en\v BZyambn
134
- q¿-
B¬-{^-Uv- s\m-t_-¬
A¿l\mbXv ˛ Jacobus H. Van’t cmPy°mcnbmWv˛ kzoU≥
Hoff(djy) * kam[m\ s\mt_¬ t\Snb BZy
* sshZyimkv{Xs\mt_en\v BZyambn h\nX˛ Bertha Von Sutter- Belgium
A¿l\mbXv ˛ Emil von Behring (1905)
(P¿a\n) * km-º-Øn-I- im-kv-{X- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-
* kmlnXy s\mt_en\v BZyambn b- B-Zy- h-\nX˛ Elinor Ostrom (2009)
A¿l\mbXv˛ Rene Sully * G‰hpw IqSnb {]mbØn¬ s\mt_¬
Prudhomme ({^m≥kv) t\Snb h\nX ˛ Doris Lessing (88)
* kam[m\ s\mt_¬ BZyambn * G‰hpw Ip-d-™- {]m-b-Øn¬- s\m-
t\SnbXv ˛ Henri Dunant (kzn‰v t_¬- t\-Sn-b- h-\n-X-˛- a-em-e- bq-k-^v-
k¿e‚ v) Frederick Passey ({^m≥kv)
* BZy-am-bn- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- ]-¶n-´-
h¿-˛- sl-≥dn- Up-\m-≥dpw- s{^-U-dn-Iv-
]m-kn-bpw-
*- -G-Xv- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- sl-≥dn- Up-\m-‚ v-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- sd-Uv- t{Im-kv- (1863)-
*- -C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- s\m-
t_¬- t\- S - n bXv ˛ Ragner Frisch
(t\m¿sh), Jan Tinbergen (s\X¿
e≥Uvkv)
s\mt_epw h\nXIfpw
* h\n-X-Iƒ- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]p-c-kv-Im-
cw- I-c-ÿ-am-°n-bn-´p-≈- hn-j-bw-˛- km-
ln-Xyw,- k-am-[m-\w- (12 ho-X-w)
* h\n- X - I ƒ- G- ‰ - h pw- Ip- d - ® v - ]p- c - k v - I m- km-bn- (17 h-b- v-)
* kam[m\ s\mt_¬ t\Snb BZy
cw- I-c-ÿ-am-°n-bn-´p-≈- hn-j-bw-˛- C-
°-tWm-an-Iv-kv- (1)- B{^n°≥ h\nX˛ Wangari Mathai
* 2003˛¬ kam[m\ s\mt_¬ t\Snb
*- -s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\-Øn-\¿-lm-b- B-Zy-
h-\n-X-˛- ta-cn- Iyqdn (1903˛ `uXnI Cdm≥Imcn˛ Shirin Ebadi
* kmlnXy s\mt_¬ t\Snb BZy
Atacn°≥ h\nX˛ t]ƒ- Fk.v- _°v
(1938)
* 1993¬ kmlnXy s\mt_¬ t\Snb
Atacn°≥ h\nX˛Tony Morrison
* 2004 se kmlnXy s\mt_¬ t\Snb
F¬- { ^o- U v- sPen- s \Iv- GXp
cmPy°mcnbmWv˛ P¿a\n
* s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy Ata-
cn-°≥ h\n-X˛ sPbv≥ BZwkv
s\mt_epw {]mbhpw
* G‰hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d-™- s\m-t_¬- k-
imkv{Xw- for the discovery of Ωm-\- tP-Xm-hv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\n-se- a-em-
radioactivity) e- bq-k-^v-km-bn- (17 h-b- v-).- 2014˛-se-
* ck-X-{¥-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- s\m-t_¬- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-b-
t\-Sn-b- h-\n-X-˛- ta-cn- Iy-qdn (1911- -for ssI-em-jv- k-Xym¿-Yn-s°m-∏w- ]-¶n-´- a-
the isolation of pure radium) em-e- ]n-∂n-em-°n-b-Xv- tem-d-≥kv- {_m-
* c≠phn-j-b-ß-fn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- s\m- Kn-s‚- sd-t°m¿-Um-Wv.- 1915¬- ]n-Xm-hv-
t_¬- t\-Sn-b- hy-‡n- (h-\n-X-)-˛- ta-cn- hn-eyw- {_m-Kn-s\m∏w Lawrence Bragg
Iyq-dn- `uXnIimkv{X ]pckvImcw ]¶n´Xv
*- -c-≠p-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-b- 25 hb p≈t∏mgmWv.
G-I- h-\n-X-˛- ta-cn- Iyq-dn- * G‰hpw {]m-bw- Iq-Sn-b- s\m-t_¬- k-
*- -ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- s\m- Ωm-\- tP-Xm-hv-˛ Leonid Hurwicz (90 h-
t_¬- t\- S n- b - h\nX˛ Gerty Cori b- v-)-˛- 2007˛¬- km-º-Øn-I-im-kv-{X- ]p-
(1947) c-kv-Im-cw- t\-Sn-
* kmlnXy s\mt_¬ t\Snb BZy *- -G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- {]m-b-Øn¬- c-k-X-{¥-
h\nX˛ Selma Lagelof (1909) s\m-t_¬- t\-S-nbXv˛ Frederic Joliot
* sk¬- a m- em- K ¿- tem- ^ v- GXp (35), 1935
* G‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- {]m-b-Øn¬- ssh-Zy-
 im- k v- { X- s\m- t _¬- t\- S - n bXv
˛Frederick Banting (32), 1923
* G‰hpw- Ip-d-™- {]m-b-Øn¬- km-ln-
Xy- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-bXv˛ Rudyard
Kipling (42), 1907
* G‰hpw- Ip-d-™- {]m-b-Øn¬- k-am-[m-
\- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛-a-em-e- bq-k-^v-
km-bn-(17),- 2014
*- G
- ‰ - h
- pw- Ip-d™ - - {]m-bØ
- n¬- km-ºØ - n-
I- i m- k v - { X- s\m- t _¬- t\- S n- b - X v ˛
Kenneth J. Arrow (51), 1972
* G‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-b- {]m-b-Øn¬- `u-Xn-I-im-
kv-{X- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛- R -aymond
Davis Jr. (88),- 2002
*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-b- {]m-b-Øn¬- c-k-X-{¥-
s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-b-Xv˛ John B. Fenn
(85), 2002
* G‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-b- {]m-b-Øn¬- ssh-Zy-im-
kv{- X- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-bX - vP
- eyton Rous
(87), 1966
* G‰-hpw- Iq-Sn-b- {]m-b-Øn¬- km-ln-Xy-
s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-b-Xv˛ Doris Lessing
(88), 2007 ({_n´ojv FgpØpImcn)
* G‰hpw IqSnb {]mbØn¬ kam[m\
s\mt_¬ t\SnbXv˛ Joseph Rotblat
(87), 1995
th≠mØ s\mt_¬,
In´mØ s\mt_¬
* Xs‚- cm-Py-Øn-se- `-cW - I- q-SØ
- n-s‚- k-
Ω¿-±w-aq-ew- 1958˛-se- km-ln-Xy- s\m-
t_¬- Xn-c-kv-I-cn-®- d-jy-≥ km-ln-Xy-
Imc≥˛ Boris Pasternak
* 1964se- km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_¬- Xn-c-kv-I-
cn-®- hy-‡n- ˛ Jean Paul Satre ({^m≥kv)
* 1970˛se kmlnXy s\mt_¬ e`n-s®-
¶n-epw- km-l-N-cy-߃- {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-b-
Xn-\m¬- \m-ep-h¿-j-߃-°p-ti-jw- ]p-
c-kv-Im-cw- G-‰p-hm-ßn-b- d-jy-≥ km-ln-
Xy-Im-c-≥˛Alexander Solzhenitsyn
* kam-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- Xn-c-kv-I-cn-®- hy-
‡-n˛ Le Duc Tho (1973), hnb‰v \mw
* kam[m\ s\mt_en\¿l\mb BZy
Gjy°mc≥˛ Le Duc Tho (Atacn-
°≥- \bX{¥⁄≥ sl≥-dn- In-kn-Rv-
Ptdm-sSm-∏am-Wv- At±lw- kΩm-\w-
]¶n-´Xv)
* ln-‰v-edp-sS- hn-e-°p-aq-ew- s\m-t_¬- ]p-
c-kvI- m-cw- kzo-Ic
- n-°m-≥ I-gn-bm-sX- t]m-
b- P¿-a-≥ im-kv-{X-⁄-≥am¿˛- Richard
Kuhn- (1938˛ ck X{¥w),- Adolf
Butenandt- (1939˛ ckX{¥w),- Gerhard
Domagk- (1939˛sshZy-im-kv-{Xw)- (aq-
hcpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- t\m-t_¬- ss{]kv- Un-
tπm-abpw- saUepw- G‰p-hm-ßn,- ]t£
]p-ckv-Im-cØp-I hm-ßn-bn-√.- )
* tPXm-hn-√m-sX- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- Zm-
\-®-S-ßv- \-S-∂- B-Zy- A-h-k-cw- P¿-a-\n-
bn-se- ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-bn-cp-∂- Imƒ-
H-ko-‰v-kv-In-°v- A-hm¿-Uv- In-´n-b-t∏m-fm-
bn-cp-∂-p (1935).
s\mt_epw
_‘p°fpw
* BZyambn s\mt_¬ kΩm\w
kz¥am°nb (]¶n´) ZºXnam¿˛
Marie Curie – Pierre Curie (1903)
* BZyambn s\mt_¬ kΩm\w
kz¥am°nb (]¶n´) A—\pw
aI\pw˛ William Bragg – Lawrence
Bragg (1915)
* BZyambn s\mt_¬ kΩm\w
kz¥am°nb A—\pw aIfpw˛ Pierre
Curie(1903) – Irene Joliot-Curie
(1935)
* BZy-am-bn- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- kz-¥-
am-°n-b- A-Ω-bpw- a-Ifpw˛ Marie Curie
(1903, 1911)– Irene Joliot-Curie
(1935)
* sP.-sP tXmw-k-Wpw- (1906),- tPm¿-Pv- t]-
P-‰v- tXmw-k-Wpw- (1937)- H-tc- hn-j-b-
Øn¬- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-b- A-—-\pw- a-I-
\p-am-Wv.- G-Xv- hn-j-b-Øn¬-˛- `u-Xn-I-
im-kv-{Xw-
*- -B-Zy-sØ- km-º-Øn-I- im-kv-{X- s\m-
t_¬- tP-Xm-°-fn-sem-cm-fm-b- Pm-≥ Sn-
≥s_¿- P - s ≥d- (1969)- k- t lm- Z - c - ≥
1973˛¬- ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X- s\m-t_¬- t\-
S-n-. t]cv˛ Nicholas Tinbergen
* 1922¬- `u-Xn-I-im-kv-{X-s\m-t_¬- ]p-c-
kvI - m-cw- t\-Sn-b- \o¬-kv- t_m-dn-s≥d- ]p-
{X-≥ G-Pv- t_m¿- A-tX- hn-j-b-Øn¬-
]p-c-kv-Im-cw- t\-Sn-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-j-am-Wv-
˛- 1975˛¬-
c≠p s\mt_epIƒ
* c≠p s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb
hy‡nIƒ˛ Marie Curie (France),
Linus Pauling (USA), John Bardeen
(USA), Frederic Sanger (UK)
* imkv-{X,- im-kv-t{X-X-c- hn-j-b-ß-fn¬-
s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-b- G-I- hy-
‡n-˛- en-\-kv- t]-m-f-nMv (1954 ckX{¥w
(for the hybridized orbital theory), 1962
kam[m\w (for nuclear test-ban treaty
activism)
* ]¶n-Sm-Ø c≠p- s\m-t_¬- kΩm-\w-
t\Sn-b GI hy-Iv-Xn- ˛Linus Pauling
* GXv- hn-j-b-Øn-em-Wv- tPm-¨- _m¿-
Uo-≥ 1956epw (for the invention of
the transistor) 1972 epw (for the
theory of superconductivity)
s\mt_¬- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- t\-Sn-b-Xv-˛- `u-
Xn-I-im-kv-{X-w
* Frederic Sanger GsX√mw- h¿-j-ß-
fn-em-Wv- c-k-X-{¥-Øn¬- s\m-t_¬- ]p-
c-kI - v˛ 1958 (for structure
v- m-cw- t\-Sn-bX
of the insulin molecule), 1980 (for
virus nucleotide sequencing)
IqSpX¬ s\mt_¬
*- -1976˛¬- F-√m- s\m-t_¬- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-
ß-fpw- t\-Sn-b-Xv- H-cp- cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv.- G-
Xp- cm-Pyw-˛A- t- a-cn-°≥- sF-Iy-\m-Sp-Iƒ-
*- -s\m-t_-en-s‚- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-bn-´p-≈-Xv- G-Xv-
cm-Py-°m-cm-Wv-˛-A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-
Sp-Iƒ-
*- -km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- G-‰-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t\-Sn-bn-´p-≈-Xv- G-Xv- `m-
j-bn-se- c-N-bn-Xm-°-fm-Wv-˛- {^-©v-
*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w-
t\-Sn-bn-´p-≈- bq-tdm-]y-≥ cm-Pyw-˛-bp-
ssW-‰-Uv- In-Mv-Uw-
*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w-
t\-Sn-bn-´p-≈- G-jy-≥ cm-Pyw-˛-P-∏m-≥
*- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- s\m-t_¬- e-`n-®n-´p-
≈-Xv- ˛- s
- d-Uvt- {Im-kv- (1917, 1944,1963)
s\mt_¬; BZyambn
* s\mt_¬- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- A-
ta-cn-°-°m-c-≥˛ Theodore Roosevelt
(kam[m\w,1906)
* s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy
CwKvfojv kmlnXyImc≥˛ Rudyard
Kipling (1907)
* s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy
Atacn°≥ kmlnXyImc≥˛ Sinclair
Lewis (1930)
135
* s\mt_¬- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- d-
jy-≥ km-ln-Xy-Im-c≥˛ Ivan Bunin
(1933)
* s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy
em‰n\tacn°mc≥˛ Carlos Saavedra
Lamas (kam[m\w, 1936, Argentina)
* kmlnXy s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb
BZy em‰n\tacn°≥ h\nX˛
Gabriela Mistral, (1945, Chile)
* s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy
IdpØ h¿K°mc≥˛ Ralph Bunche
*
(kam[m\w, 1950, U.S.A.)
s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy
B{^n°°mc≥˛ Albert Lutuli
(Peace, 1960, South Africa)
* em‰n\tacn°bn¬ P\n® BZy
s\mt_¬ kΩm\ tPXmhv˛ Saint-
John Perse (Literature,1960, 1914 ap-X¬-
1940 h-sc- {^-©v- \-b-X-{¥-⁄-\m-bn-cp-
∂- C-t±-lw- ]n-∂o-Sv- 1967 h-sc- A-ta-cn-
°-bn-em-Wv- I-gn-™X - v.- A-¥c
- n-®X
- v- {^m-
≥kn-em-Wv.b - m¿-Y- t]cv Alexis Leger)
- Y
* Ico_n-b-≥ ]u-c-Xz-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- B-
Zy- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hv- ˛-sU-sd-Iv- hmƒ-
t°m-´v- (km-ln-Xyw,- 1992,- sk-‚ v- eq-bn-
kn¬- P-\n-®- A-t±-lw- _m¿-_-tUm-
kn¬- Xm-a-kn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv- ]p-c-kv-Im-
c-Øn-\¿-l-\m-b-Xv-).-
*- -km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-b-
B-Zy- Hm-kv-t{S-en-b-°-mc≥˛ Patrick
White (1973)
* s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy
B{^n°≥ kmlnXyImc≥˛ Wol
Soinka (1986, Nigeria)
* s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy
Ad_v kmlnXyImc≥˛ Nageub
Mahfouz (1988, Egypt)
* s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy
]mInkvXm\n˛ Abdus Salam (Physics,
1979)
* s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb BZy
_w•mtZin˛ Muhammad Yunus
(Peace, 2006)
s\mt_epw Atacn°≥
{]knU‚pamcpw
* kam[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-cm-b- A-ta-
cn- ° - ≥ {]- k n- U - ‚ p- a - m ¿˛ Theodore
Roosevelt (1906) , Woodrow Wilson
(1919),Jimmy Carter (2002), Barak
Obama (2009)
* GXv- D-Sº - S- n- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ ap-≥ssI-sb-
Sp-Ø-Xn-\m-Wv- Xn-tbm-U¿- dq-kv-sh¬-‰n-
\v- s\m-t_¬- k-Ω-m\w \¬InbXv˛
Russo-Japanese Treaty
* GXv- kw-L-S-\- ÿm-]n-°m-≥ ap-≥ssI-
sb-Sp-Ø-Xn-\m-Wv- hp-Uv-tdm- hn¬-k-Wv-
s\m- t _¬- k- Ω m- \ w- \¬- I - n bXv ˛
League of Nations
* ÿm-\-sam-gn-™-ti-jw- k-am-[m-\- s\m-
t_¬- t\-Sn-b- G-I- A-ta-cn-°≥ - {]-kn-
U-‚ v˛- - Pn-Ωn- Im¿-´¿- (1977˛-81 Im-eb
hn-em-Wv- C-t±-lw- {]-kn-U‚ - m-bn-cp-∂X- v)- -
*- s
- \m-t_-en-\¿-lc - m-b- A-ta-cn-°≥
U-‚p-am-cn¬- ]p-ck - I v- m-cw- t\-cn-´v- G-‰p- hm-
ßn-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- Pn-Ωn- Im¿-´¿-
*- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- s\m-t_¬- ]p-c-kv-Im-
c- k-a¿-∏-W- N-S-ßn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- G-
I- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛-_-cm-Iv- H-
_m-a-
s\mt_epw acWhpw
* acWm-\-¥-c- _-lp-a-Xn-bm-bn- B-Zy-am-
bn- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- k-a¿-∏n-®-Xm¿-
°m- W v˛ Erik Axel Karlfeldt
(Literature, 1931)
* GXp `mjbnse IhnbmWv Erik Axel
Karlfeldt- kzoUnjv (Im¬s^¬‰ns‚
`m-cy-bm-Wv- kΩm-\w- kzo-Icn-®Xv)
* 1961-˛se- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- k-a¿-∏n-
®-Xv- hn-am-\w- X-I¿-∂v- a-c-W-a-S-™- bp.-
F-≥.- sk-{I-´-dn- P-\-d-en-\m-Wv.- t]-cv˛
Dag Hammarskjold
* s\m- t _¬- k- Ω m- \ w- {]- J ym- ] n- ° p-
tºmƒ- Po- h n- ® n- c n- ° p- I - b pw- F- ∂ m¬-
G- ‰ p- h m- ß p- ∂ - X n- \ p- a p- º v - a- c n- ° p- I -
bpw- sN-bv-X- h-y‡n˛ William Vickrey
( Economics, 1996, USA)
* Bfl-l-Xy- sN-bv-X- km-ln-Xy- s\m-
t_¬- tP-Xm-°ƒ˛ Ernest Hemingway
(USA), Yasunari Kawabata (P∏m≥)
* 1954˛-se- km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hm-
b- G-WÃ - v- sl-an-Mvt- h-bp-sS- (1898˛-1961)-
{]-ik - vX
- - Ir-Xn-˛- In-gh - \ - pw- I-Se - p- w (Old
Man and the Sea) (Xebn-te°v- \n-
dsbm- g n- ® m- W v - slanMv t h Po- h n- X w
Ahkm-\n-∏n-®Xv)
* bmkp-\m-cn- Im-h_ - Ø - - (1899˛-1972)-Sm-tKm-
dn-\p-ti-jw- G-jy-bn¬-\n-∂v- s\m-t_¬-
t\-Sn-b- c-≠m-as
- Ø- F-gp-Øp-Im-c\ - m-Wv.-
kz-bw- a-cW- w-hc- n-®- A-t±-lw- G-Xv- h¿-
j-am-Wv- s\m-t_¬- t\-SnbXv˛ 1968
Assassinations
* Atacn°bnse a\pjymhImi
{]h¿ØI\mb am¿´n≥ eqX¿ InMv
Pq\nb¿ h[n°s∏´ h¿jw˛1968
* CuPn]vXnse A≥h¿ kmZØv
h[n°s∏´ h¿jw˛1981
* C{ktb¬ {][m\a{¥n bnkvlm°v
d_o≥ h[n°s∏´ h¿jw˛1995
(LmXI≥ bnKm¬ Aao¿)
s\mt_epw
kwLS\Ifpw
* kam[m\ s\mt_en\¿lamb BZy
kwLS\˛ Institute of International
Law (1904)
* kam[m\ s\mt_¬ t\Snb
c≠masØ kwLS\˛ Permanent In-
ternational Peace Bureau (1910)
* G‰hpw IqSpX¬ {]mhiyw s\mt_¬
kΩm\Øn\¿l\mb kwLS\˛ Red
Cross (1917,1944, 1963)
* s\mt_¬ kΩm\Øn\¿l\mb
BZy sFIy- c m- j v - { Sk`- sk{I´dn-
P\d¬˛ UmKv lma¿tjmƒUv (1961)
* United Nations Children’s Fund
s\mt_¬ t\Snb h¿jw˛ 1965
* International Labour Organization
- f- - s\mt_¬ t\Snb h¿jw˛ 1969
* Bw\Ãn C‚¿\mjWen\v s\mt_¬
- {]-kn- e`n® h¿jw˛ 1977
* The United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR) s\mt_¬
t\Snb h¿jw˛ 1954, 1981
* sFIy-cm-jv{- Sk`bpw- sk{I´dn- P\d¬-
tIm-^n- A∂\pw- ]p-ckv-Im-cw- ]¶n-´
h¿jw˛ 2001
* International Atomic Energy Agency t\Snb Karl Landsteiner dpsS ¶n-epw- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- e-`n-°m-Ø- {]- X-an-g\v- m-´n-se- Nn-Zw-_c - w- (1952˛¬- P-\n-®p-)-
s\mt_¬ t\Snb h¿jw˛ 2005 I≠p]nSnØw˛ Blood groups i- k v - X - im- k v - { X- ⁄ - ≥ ˛Thomas Alwa *- -G-Xp- kw-_-‘n-®- ]-T-\-Øn-\m-Wv- sh-¶n-´-
* _w•mtZinse Grameen Bank * 1948¬- ssh-Zy-im-kv{- X-Øn-\p-≈- ]p-ck - vI - m-cw- Edison cm-a-≥ cm-a-Ir-jv-W-\v- s\m-t_¬- e-`n-®-Xv˛
kam[m\s\mt_¬ t\Snb h¿jw˛ 2006 t\-Sn-b- t]mƒ- ap-≈d- p-sS- I-≠p-]n-SnØw˛ D D T * tkm-hn-b-‰v- ssl-{U-P-≥ t_mw-_n-s‚- ]n-Xm- Structure and function of the ribosome
(aplΩZv bq\qkpambn ]¶n´p) * UnF-≥F- bp-sS- B-Ir-Xn- I-s≠-Øn-bXn\v hv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´- im-kv-{X-⁄-\v- * 2007˛¬ Intergovernmental Panel on
Francis Crick of UK .James W atson of 1975˛¬- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_¬- e-`n-®-p. t]cv? Climate Change F∂- kw-L-S-\- k-am-[m-
USA F∂n-h¿-s°m-∏w- 1962˛-se- ssh-Zy-im- Andrei Sakharov \- s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-am-b-t∏mƒ- A-Xn-s‚- X-
kmlnXys\mt_epw kv - { X- Ø n- \ p- ≈ - ]p- c - k v - I m- c w- t\- S n- b Xv ˛ * 1937˛\pw- 1948˛-\pw- a-t[y- A-©p- {]m-h-iyw- e-h-\m-bn-cp-∂- C-¥y-°m-c-≥˛- cm-tP-{µ- ]-
Maurice W ilkins (Un-F≥ ®u-cn-
{]ikvXcpw Mischer BWv)
- F I-s≠-Øn-bXv s\m-t_¬- k-am-[m-\- k-Ωm-\Ø - n-\v- \m-a\
t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-s´-¶n-epw- A-hm¿-Uv- e-`n-°m-
- n¿-
*- -1865˛¬- t_mw-s_-bn¬- H-cp- {_n-´o-jp-Im-c-
* Godfrey Hounsfield 1979 ¬- ssh-Zy-im-kv- sX- t]m-b- t\-Xm-hv-˛- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- ("-H-cp- s‚- a-I-\m-bn- P-\n-®- hy-‡n- 1907˛¬- km-
* {]ikv X amb Mahathma Gandhi F∂
{X-Øn-\p-≈- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- t\-Sn.- C-t±-l-Øn- ap-gp-h-≥k-a-b- cm-jv-{So-b-{]-h¿-Ø-I-t\m- a- ln-Xy- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn.- t]-cv-˛- dp-Uv-bm¿-
]pkvXIw cNn® {^©pkmlnXyImc\mb
s‚- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- I-≠p-]n-SnØw˛ CT Scan \p-jym-h-Im-i- {]-h¿-Ø-I-t\m- A-√-'- F-∂- Uv- In-πnw-Kv- (s\m-t_¬- I-Ωn-‰n- C-t±-l-sØ-
Romain Rolland kmlnXy ]pckvImcw * 1903˛¬- Iyq-dn- Z-ºX - n-am¿-s°m-∏w- ^n-kn-Ivk - v- Im-c-Ww- ]-d-™m-Wv- s\m-t_¬- I-Ωn-‰n- Km- {_n-´o-jv- ]u-c-\m-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂p-)-
t\Snb h¿jw˛ 1915 s\m-t_¬- ]-¶n-´- im-kv-{X-⁄≥˛ Henri ‘n-Pn-sb- H-gn-hm-°-nbXv) *- -au-•n- F-∂- A-\-iz-c- I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-\p- P-
* s\mt_epw(1925) HmkvIdpw (1938)t\Snb Bequerel * Km‘n-Pn- B-cm-[n-°p-Ib - pw- I-Øp-If - n-eq-sS- ∑w-\¬-In- In-πn-Mv- c-Nn-®- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- _m-
GI kmlnXyImc≥˛ George Bernard * 1906se ^nknIvkv ]pckvImcw t\Snb _-‘w- ]p-e¿-Øp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- {]-i-kv-X- e-km-ln-Xy- Ir-Xn-˛- "-Pw-Knƒ-_p-°v-'- (a-[y-{]-
Shaw of Ireland sP.sP. tXmwks‚ I≠p]nSnØw˛ Electron \m-b- H-cp- d-jy-≥ km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\pw- s\m- tZ-in-se- I-≥l- h-\-am-Wv- C-Xn-s≥d- ]-iv-Nm-
* 1949˛se kmlnXy ]pckvImcw t\Snb Sn * 1918˛se ^nknIvkv ]pckvImcw t\Snb t_¬- e- ` n- ® n- √ .- t]- c v - ˛ Leo Tolstoy Øew)
Fkv Fenb‰ns‚ {]ikvXamb IrXn˛ The amIv k v πm¶ns‚ kn≤m¥w˛ Quantum (Ct±lØns‚ {]ikv X IrXnbmWv * DØcmJWv U nse A¬tamdbn¬ Hcp
Waste Land Theory bp≤hpw kam[m\hpw) {_n´ojv ssk\nI Hm^okdpsS aI\mbn
* kmlnXy s\mt_¬ t\Snb * Bt]£n-I-Xm- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m- * Ccp]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-se- hn-{ip-X- Ir-Xn-I-fn- 1857˛¬ P\n® hy‡n 1902˛¬
KWnXimkv{XImc≥˛ Bertrand Russel of Xm-hm-sW-¶n-epw- B¬-_¿-´v- sF-≥Ão-≥ sem-∂v- F-∂v- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂- bp-fn- - sshZyimkv{X s\mt_¬ t\Sn. t]cv˛
United Kingdom (1950) s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\Ø - n-\v- A¿-l\ - m-°n-bX - v- kv- c-Nn-®- hy-‡n-°pw- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- * Ronald Ross (s\mt_¬- I-Ωn-‰n- C-t±-l-
* kmlnXy s\mt_en\v A¿l\mb GI t^m-t´m- C-eI - v{- Sn-Iv- C-^I - vS- n-\p- \¬-In-b- hn- e-`n-®-n√. t]cv? James Joyce sØ- {_n-´o-jv- ]u-c-\m-bn- I-W-°m-°p-∂p-).-
{][m\a{¥n˛ W inston Churchill of i-Zo-Ic - W
- a- m-Wv.- G-Xp- h¿-js - Ø- ^n-kn-Ik v- v- H-∂mw- kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c- w-AS- n-®a- ¿-Øn-b- {_n-
United Kingdom (1953) s\m-t_-em-Wv- A-t±-lØ - n-\p- e-`n-®X - v˛- - 1921 ´o-jv- Hm-^o-k¿-am-cn-se-mfmb Hugh Ross s‚-
* 1971 se kmlnXy ]pckvImcw t\Snb Pablo *- -1935se- ^n-kn-Iv-kv- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- t\-Sn-b- sP- s\mt_¬ kΩm\hpw ]n-≥X-e-ap-d-°m-c-\m-Wn-t±-lw.-
Neruda bpsS kztZiw˛ Nnen
* 1982 se kmlnXy ]pckvImcw t\Snb
bnw- k v - Nm- U v - h n- ° n- s ‚- I- ≠ p- ] n- S n- Ø w˛
Neutron
C¥ybpw *- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn¬- P-\n-®-h-cn¬- B-Zy-am-
bn- s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-bX - ˛v- - sdm-Wmƒ-
Gabriel Garcia Marquez s‚ kztZiw˛ * 1964se ^nknIvkv ]pckvImcw t\Snb * s\mt_¬ kΩm\Øn\¿lbmb BZy Uv- tdm-kv-
sImfw_nb Charles H. Towns s‚ I≠p]nSnØw˛ Laser C¥y°mc≥ (Gjy°mc≥)˛ c_o{µ\mYv *- -1946˛¬- ]p-c-kv-Im-cw- t\Sn-b Herman Hesse
* 1994˛¬- km-ln-Xy-s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-b- P-∏m-\o- * 1904- s e ckX{¥ ]pckv I mcw t\Snb SmtKm¿ (1913) (1877˛1962) bv°v aebm-fØn-se BZy-sØ
kv- km-ln-Xy-Imc≥˛ Kensaburo Oe W illiam Ramsay bpsS {]ikvX * SmtKm-dn-s‚- Ko-Xm-RvP - e
- n-bp-sS- Cw-Kvf- o-jv- ]- ]{XØn-s≥-dbpw- (cm-Py-kam-Nm-cw-˛1847)-
I≠p]nSpØw˛ Rare gases cn-`m-j-bv-°v- A-h-Xm-cn-I- F-gp-Xn-b- km-ln- imkv{XobambcoXnbn¬ Xømdm°nb \n-
* 1908se ckX{¥ ]pckvImcw t\Snb Ernest
kam[m\ kΩm\ Rutherford s‚ {]-i-kv-X- I-≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-w˛
Xy-Im-c-\v- 1923˛-se- s\m-t_¬- e-`n-®p.- t]cv˛
W illiam Burton Yeats (KoXm-Rv-P-en-bp-sS-
L≠p-hn-s≥-dbpw (1872)- in¬-]n-bm-b sl¿-
a≥- Kp-≠¿-´pambp≈ _‘w˛ aIfp-sS aI≥
Proton
tPXm°ƒ * 1944-se ckX{¥ ]pckvImcw t\Snb Otto
Cw-•o-jv- ]-cn-`m-j- ap-≥\n¿-Øn-bm-Wv- Sm-tKm-
dn-\v- s\m-t_¬- \¬-In-b-Xv-)-
(slt bpsS {]ikvX IrXnbmWv
kn≤m¿Y)
Hahn s‚- {]-ik - X v- - I-≠p-]n-Sn-Øw˛ Nuclear *- i
- m-kv{- X-hn-jb - Ø
- n¬- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-b- B- * C¥y-bn-se- sa-Iv-kn-°-≥ ÿm-\-]-Xn-bm-bn-
* Atacn°≥ Km‘n F∂dnbs∏´ am¿´n≥
Fission Zy- G-jy-°m-c-≥ ˛-kn.-hn.-cm-a-≥ (^n-kn-Iv-kv- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-Tn-®- km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_¬- tP-
eqX¿ InwKv Pq\nb¿ kam[m\ s\mt_en\v
A¿l\mb h¿jw ˛ 1964 ˛-1930)- Xm-hv- (1990)- ˛- Octavio Paz (C-¥y-sb- {]-
* lcnX hnπhØns‚ (Green Revolution)
]nXmhmb Norman Borlaug kam[m\
kam[m\ kΩm\ *- -kn.-hn.-cm-a-s\- s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-\m-°n-b- I-
≠p-]n-Sp-Øw-˛- cm-a-≥ C-^-Iv-Sv- (C-Xp- kw-_-
W-bn-®- Cu- em-‰n-≥ A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-Xn-`-bp-
sS- A-hk - m-\I - n- "In Light of India'- (1995)
- -rX
]pckvImcØn\v A¿l\mb h¿jw˛ 1970 tPXm°fpsS ‘n-®- {]-Jym-]-\w- \-S-Øn-b- s^-{_p-h-cn- 28 -F∂ D]\ym-k kam-lm-cam-Wv)
* Cu- P n- ] v - X n- s e Anwar Sadat kam[m\ B-Wv- C-¥y-bn¬- tZ-io-b- im-kv-{X-Zn-\-am-bn- * C¥ybn¬ hnZym`ymkw t\Snb aym≥am¿-
s\mt_¬ t\Snb h¿jw˛ 1978 ]pkvXI߃ B-N-cn-°p-∂-Xv-)- kz-tZ-in- 1991˛¬- k-am-[m-\-s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn.-
G-jy-bn-se- a-t≠-e- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Cu-
* 1982¬- G-Xv- hn-j-b-Øn-\m-Wv- B¬-hm- an¿- *- s
- sh-Zy-im-kv{- X-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- s\m-t_¬-
U-en-\v- s\m-t_¬- ]p-ck - vI
- m-cw- e-`n-®X
- v˛- - k- * “Freedom in Exile” cNn®Xv Zsseema t\- S n- b - A- t a- c n- ° - ≥ ]u- c - \ m- b - C- ¥ y- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-h-mZn Bcv˛ Aung San Suu Kyi
am-[m-\w- (A-h-cp-sS- `¿-Ø-mhv Gunnar * “Long W alk to Freedom” cNn®Xv ≥hwiP≥ (American Citizen of Indian (\mjW¬ eoKv t^m¿ sUtam{IknbpsS
Myrdal 1974se- C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kv- k-Ωm-\w- s\¬k¨ at≠e Origin)˛ l¿tKmhnµv Jpcm\ (1968) t\Xmhv)
t\-Sn-bn-cp-∂p-)- * “Freedom from Fear’cNn®Xv HmMv km≥ * l¿tKmhn-µv- Jp-cm-\-bp-sS- {]-[m-\- I-≠p-]n- * 2001se- km-ln-Xy- s\m-t_-en-\¿-l-\m-b- {Sn-
*- -1983 se- k-am-[m-\- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-w t\Snb Leh kp In (‘Freedom knows no fear’ F∂ Sp-Øw-˛- Ir-{Xn-a- Po-≥ (Artificial Gene) \n-Um-Up-kz-tZ-in-bpw- C-¥y-≥ hw-i-P-\p-am-
Valesa bp-sS- kz-tZ-iw-˛- t]m-f-≠v- (]n¬-°m- hm°pIƒ HmMv km≥ kp InbptSXmWv) * ^nknIv-kn¬- s\m-t_¬- t\-Sn-b- (1983)- c- b- t\m-h-enÃv˛ V.S. Naipaul (V.S. stands
e-Øv- A-t±-lw- cm-Py-Øv- {]-kn-U-‚m-b-n) ≠m-a-sØ- C-¥y-°m-c-≥˛- F-kv.-N-{µ-ti-J¿- for Vidiadhur Surajprasad) (Ct±lØn-
* 1987 se kam[m\ ]pckvImcw t\Snb Oscar {]tXyI {i≤bv°v (A-ta-cn-°-≥ ]u-c-Xz-ap-≈- hy-‡n-bm-Wv- C- s≥-d ]q¿-hn-I¿- DØ¿-{]tZin-se {_m-lv-
Arias Sanches s‚ kztZiw˛ tImÃm dn° t±-lw-)- aWIp-Spw-_°m-cm-Wv.- 1932¬- {Sn-\n-Um-Un-
* \qdmasØ kmlnXy s\mt_¬ tPXmhv˛ *- -kn.-hn.-cm-a-\pw- F-kv.-N-{µ-ti-J-dpw- X-Ωn-ep- ¬- P\n-® At±lw- 1962¬- BZy-am-bn- C¥y-
* tkm-hn-b‰v- bq-Wn-bs≥-d Xeh\m-bn-cp-∂ an-
JM Coetze of South Africa (2003) ≈- _-‘w-˛- kn.-hn.-cm-a-s‚- A-\-¥-c-h-\m- bn¬- FØn.- C¥y-sb∏‰n- aq-∂p- ]p-kv-
Jm-tb¬- tKm¿-_t®hv- kam[m\ s\mt_¬ * Gjy-bp-sS- s\m-t_¬- F-∂d - n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X - v˛- -
t\Snb h¿jw˛ 1990 Wv- F-kv.-N-{µ-ti-J¿- XI߃- cNn- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v - ˛ - "An Area of
a-Kv-k-tk- A-h-m¿Uv (Magsaysay Award)
* cmjv{Sob {]XntbmKns°m∏w s\mt_¬ *- -k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\¿-bm-b- B-Zy- C-¥y- Darkness'-(1964),-"India:A W ounded
* Ata- c n- ° - b p- s S- s\m- t _¬- F- ∂ - d n- °m-cn-bm-b- hn-tZ-ihwiP (Indian Citizen
]¶n´ Z£nWm{^n°≥ t\Xmhv ˛Nelson Civilisation'- (1977),-‘India: A Million
bs∏Sp∂Xv˛ Lasker Award of Foreign Origin) ˛ aZ¿ sXtck (1979)
Mandela (1993˛se kam[m\ ]pckvImcw * C{ktb- e n- s ‚- s\m- t _¬- F- ∂ - d n- b - Mutinies Now'-(1990)-
F.W. De Klerk s\m∏w ]¶n´p) s∏Sp∂Xv˛ W olf Prize
* B·kv tKm¨Iv k m s_mPmIv k v l yp * `mcXcXv\w- t\-Sn-b- ti-jw- s\m-t_¬- k-
* 1994¬- C{ktb¬-°m-c\m-b Shimon Perez, (Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu)F∂ Ωm-\w- (k-am-[m-\w-)- t\-Sn-b- G-I- hy-‡n-˛-
* kam-¥-c- s\m-t_¬-˛- ssd-‰v- sse-hv-en-lp-Uv
Yitzhak Rabin- F∂n-h¿s°m∏w- kam[m\ Ahm¿Uv
bYm¿Yt]cp≈ aZ¿ sXtck (1910- - s\¬-k-¨- a-t≠-e- (b-Ym-{I-aw-˛- 1990,- 1993).-
]pckvImcw ]¶n´ ]ekv-Xo≥- AtXm-dn-‰n- * en‰n¬ s\mt_¬ ˛ UNESCO Peace ˛1997)FhnsSbmWv P\n®Xv˛ ap-≥ bp-tKm- C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw- ]m-In-kvX - m-s‚-bpw- ]-ct- am-∂-
sNb¿-am≥-˛ Yassar Arafat Prize …m-hy-bn-se- L-S-I- dn-∏-ªn-°m-bn-cp-∂- am- X- _-lp-a-Xn-Iƒ- t\-Sn-b- G-I- s\m-t_¬-
* 1996se kam[m\ ]pckvImcw t\Snb Jose * s\mt_¬ ss{]kns‚ ]mcUn˛Ig Nobel kn-tUm-Wn-b-bn-se- kv-tIm-]v-sP- F-∂- ÿ- tP-Xm-hm-Wn-t±-lw.-
Ramos Horta ,Carlos Philip Belo Prize e-Øv- *- -s\m-t_¬- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-b- ti-jw- `m-c-X-
F∂nhcpsS cmPyw˛ CuÃv Xntam¿ * ]cnÿnXn s\mt_¬˛ Goldman Prize * aZ¿ sX-tc-k- C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1929 c-Xv-\-Øn-\v- A¿-l-\m-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n- ˛- kn.-
* 2000˛¬- kam[m\ ]p-ckvI - m-cw- t\Snb Z£n- * KWnXØnse s\mt_¬˛ Abel Prize *- -1950˛¬- a-Z¿- sX-tc-k- ÿm-]n-®- kw-L-S-\-˛- hn.-cm-a-≥ (b-Ym-{I-aw-˛- 1930,- 1954)-
WsIm-dn-b≥ t\Xmhv˛ * B¿°nsSIvNdnse s\mt_¬˛ Pritzker an-j-\-do-kv- Hm-^v- Nm-cn-‰n- *- s- \m-t_¬- (1979),- a-Kvk - t- k- A-hm¿-Uv(- 1962),-
* Kim Dae Jung Prize *- -km-º-Øn-I- im-kv-{X-Øn¬- s\m-t_¬- t\- `m-c-X- c-Xv-\w- (1980)- F-∂n-h- t\-Sn-b- G-I-
* Iw]yq-´¿- k-b-≥kn-se- s\m-t_¬˛Turing Sn-b- B-Zy- G-jy-°m-c-≥ ˛- A-a¿-Xym-sk-≥ hy-‡n-˛- a-Z¿- sX-tc-k- (A-¥m-cm-jv-S-[m-c-
imkv{X kΩm\ Award (1998)- W-bv-°p-≈- a-Kv-k-tk- A-hm¿-Uv- e-`n-®- B-
* F©n\nbdnMnse s\mt_¬˛Queen Eliza- *- -A-a¿-Xym-sk-∂n-\v- t]-cp- \¬-In-b-Xv- a-s‰m- Zy- C-¥y-°m-cn-bm-Wv- a-Z¿- sX-tc-k.- km-aq-
tPXm°ƒ beth Prize for Engineering cp- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hm-Wv.- t]-cv-˛- c-_o-{µ- ln- I - t\- X r- X z- Ø n\v (Community
* tPm{K^nbnse s\mt_¬˛Vautrin Lud \m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- (1861˛-1941)- Leadership) aKvktk e`n® hnt\m_m
* 1908¬- ssh-Zy-im-kv{- X-Øn-\p-≈- ]p-ck
- vI
- m-cw- Prize *- -A-a¿-Xym-sk-≥ {]m-K-ev-`yw- sX-fn-bn-®- ta- `mshbmWv C¥ybn¬\n∂v BZyambn B
t\-Snb Paul Erlich s‚- I-≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-w˛ * s]m-fn-‰n-°¬- k-b≥ - kn-se- s\m-t_¬˛Johan Je˛ W elfare Economics (_w-Kmƒ- £m-a- Ahm¿Uv (1958)t\SnbXv)
Chemotherapy Skytte Prize in Political Science w (Bengal Famine)At±-l-Øn-s‚- ]-T-\- * American Friends Service Committee
* 1923¬- ssh-Zy-im-kv{- X-Øn-\p-≈- ]p-ck
- vI
- m-cw- * Bt_¬- ss{]-kv- \¬-In-Øp-Sß - p-∂X - n-\p-ap- ß-fn¬- G-sd- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-bn-´p-≠v-)- kam[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-
t\- S n- b Frederick G Banting s‚ ºv- (2003)- K-Wn-XØ - n-se- s\m-t_¬- F-∂p- hn- *- -c-k-X-{¥-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- s\m-t_¬- t\- bv-X- C-¥y-≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬-
I≠p]nSnØw˛ Insulin ti-jn-∏n-°s - ∏-´n- cp∂Xv˛ Fields Medal (40 h- Sn-b- (2009)- C-¥y-≥ hw-i-P-≥˛- sh-¶n-´-cm-a- s\-{lp
* 1924¬- ssh-Zy-im-kv{- X-Øn-\p-≈- ]p-ck
- vI
- m-cw- b- n-\p- Xm-sg-bp-≈h - ¿-t°- C-X-v e-`n-°m-≥ A¿- ≥ cm-a-Ir-jv-W-≥ (C-t±-lw- C-t∏mƒ- A-ta- * 1959- ¬ C¥y cmjv { Sobm`bw \¬Inb,
t\- S - n b W illem Einthoven s‚ I≠p l-Xb - p-≈p.- B-t_¬- ss{]-kn-s‚- k-Ωm-\Ø - p- cn-°≥ - ]u-c\ - m-Wv.- Xm-ak - n-°p-∂X - v- bp-ssW- Tensin Gyatso F∂ b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cp-≈- Sn-_-
]nSnØw˛ Electro Cardio Gram I- G-It- Z-iw- s\m-t_-en-\p- k-am-\a - m-W)-v - ‰-Uv- In-Mv-U-Øn¬-)- ‰-≥ B-flo-b- t\-Xm-hv- Z-sse-em-a- k-am-[m-
* 1929¬- ssh-Zy-im-kv{- X-Øn-\p-≈- ]p-ck
- vI
- m-cw- *- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- P-\n-®v- s\m-t_¬- k- \- s\m-t_-en-\v- A¿-l-\m-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1989
Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-˛- sh-¶n-´-cm-a-≥
t\- S - n b Sir Frederick Hopkins s‚
I≠p]nSnØw˛ Vi tamins
ssh-cp-[y-߃- cm-a-Ir-jv-W-≥
*- -C-¥y-bn-se- G-X-v ÿ-ea
{]-hm-k- `-cW - I - q-SØ
- m-W-v Z-sse-em-ab
- n-s‚- B-ÿm-\w-˛- [¿-a-
- p-sS-

* 1930¬- ssh-Zy-im-kv{- X-Øn-\p-≈- ]p-ck

- vI
- m-cw- *- -sh-¶n-´c - m-a≥
- cm-aI - r-jvW - ≥- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- im-e- (ln-am-N¬- {]tZiv)
*- G
- ‰
- h
- pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- t]-‰‚
- p-Iƒ- kz-¥a
- m-°n-sb-

136
 IaypWnÃv {]ÿm\w
Cover story
tIcf Ncn{XØneqsS
I-ayq-W- n-kØ - n-s‚- B-Nm-cy-\m-b- Im-d¬- am¿-Ivk
X-am-bX - v- a-eb- m-fØ- n-em-Wv.- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- sI.-cm-aI
‚v- _m-e‰- v- t]-∏d- n-eq-sS- A-[n-Im-cØ - n¬-h∂
cn-∏m-Sp-Xs - ∂- hy-‡a- m-°n-bn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw- h-en-sbm-cp- hn-`m-Kw- P-\X
‰v- t]-∏d- n-eq-sS- A-[n-Im-ct- e-‰s - ∏-´X - v- tI-cf - Ø
Øn¬-h∂ - - G-jy-bn-se- B-Zy- I-ayq-W
se- ]n-Wd- m-bn- {Km-aØ - n¬-tN¿-∂- tbm-KØ
e-bm-fa- Æ - n¬- I-ayq-W - n-Ãv- {]-ÿm-\w- {]-h¿-Ø\-am-cw-`n-®X
A-hn-kva- c - W
- o-ba- m-b- Nn-e- G-Sp-If - n-eq-sS- H-∂p- k-©c
C ¥ybn¬- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS-
N-cn-{Xw- 1920˛¬- Xp-S-ßp-∂p.- se-\n-≥
ap-≥ssI-sb-Sp-Øv- tam-ktv- Im-bn¬- ÿm-
]n-®- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- C-‚¿-\m-j-W-en-s‚-
(tIm-an-t‚-¨-)- c-≠mw- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
1920˛¬- tam-kvt- Im-bn¬- k-tΩ-fn-®p.- A-
Fw.-F-≥.-tdm-bn
Xn¬- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-b- Fw.-F-≥.-tdm-bn-
(am-\-th-{µ-\m-Y- tdm-bn-)- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.-
sa-Iv-kn-t°m-bn¬-\n∂p-≈- {]-Xn-\n-[n-
bm-bn-´m-Wv- tdm-bn- tam-kvt- Im-bn-se-Øn-
b- X v . tdm- b n- b pw- kp- l r- Ø p- ° - f pw-
1920˛¬- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n-se- Xm-
jv-sI-‚ n¬- C-¥y-bn-se- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv-
]m¿-´n-°v- cq-]w -\¬-In.- tIm-an-t‚-Wn-
s‚- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- A-Xn-\p- In-´p-Ib - pw- sN-
bv-Xp.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- 1928˛-se- B-dmw-
tIm-¨-{K-kn¬-h-®v- tdm-bn- tIm-an-t‚-
Wn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-d-¥-≈-s∏´p.
BZyIme
{]h¿Ø\߃
tI-cf
- Ø - n-se- B-Zy-Im-eI- a
- yq-Wn-Ãp-
Im-cn¬- h-en-sbm-cp-`m-Kw- kn-hn¬- \n-b-
a-ew-L-\- {]-kv-Ym-\-Øn-s‚- H-gp-°n-eq-
sS-h-∂v- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãp-I-
fpw- I-ayq--Wn-Ãp-I-fp-am-b-h-cm-Wv.- tIm-
- n-s\-°p-dn-®v- H-cp- ]p-kvX
- r-jvW- ] - n-≈b - m-Wv- A-Xn-s‚- I¿-Øm-hv.- tem-IØ
- X - v- 1953˛¬- sX-t°- A-ta-cn-°≥
- b- p-sS- `m-Kt- [-bw- \n¿-Wb - n-°p-∂X
- n-em-Wv- (1957).- km¿-h{- Xn-I- thm-´h
- n-Ãv- `-cW - k - m-cY- n- C.-Fw.-Fk - v.B- s- W-∂X
- n¬-h® - m-Wv- tI-cf - Ø- n¬- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- ]-ck
- n-s‚- 75˛mw- hm¿-jn-IØ
- n-°mw.-
¨-{K-kv- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚- \n-e] - m-Sp-If
am-bp-≈- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-am-Wv- C-
- p-
Xn-\p- Im-c-W-am-b-Xv.- 1930˛-em-Wv- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- kn-hn¬- B-⁄m- ew-L-\- {]-
ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.- A-Xn-s‚- `m-K-am-
bn- Km-\v-Pn-bp-sS- Z-Wv-Un-bm-{X-bpw- D-
∏p-kX - ym-{K-lh - p-sam-s°- \-S∂ - p.- cm-Py-
sa-ßpw- A-Xn-s‚- X-cw-K-߃- i-‡-am-
bn- A-e-b-Sn-®p.- tI-c-f-Øn¬- {_n-´o-jv-
`-c-W-Øn-s‚- Io-gn-em-bn-cp-∂- a-e-_m-dn-
em-Wv- Cu- {]-ÿm-\w- G-sd- kzm-[o-\w-
sN-ep-Øn-b-Xv.- sI.-tI-f-∏-s‚-bpw- Sn.-
B¿.-Ir-jv-W-kzm-an- A-ø-cp-sS-bpw- t\-
Xr-Xz-Øn¬- k-Xym-{K-l-Pm-Y-Iƒ- kw-
L-Sn-∏n-®p.- ]-eb - n-SØ
- pw- D-∏p-\n-ba- w- ew-
Ln-°s - ∏-´p.- t]m-eo-kv- em-Øn-®m¿-Pn¬-
\n-c-h-[n- t]¿-°p- ]-cn-t°-‰p.- t\-Xm-°-
fpw- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fpw- Iq-´-tØm-sS- P-bn-
en-em-bn.- a-e_ - m-dn¬-\S- ∂ - - k-ac- ß
- f- n¬-
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬-\n-∂pw- sIm-®n-bn¬-
\n-∂pw- B-fp-I-sf-Øn- ]-s¶-Sp-Øv- A-d-
Ãn-em-bn- X-S-h-\p-`-hn-®p.-
F-∂m¬- 1931 am¿-®v- \m-en-s‚- Km-
‘n-˛-C¿-hn-≥ k-‘n- {]-Im-cw- kn-hn¬-
\n-ba- e
- w-L\ - - {]-kvY - m-\w- tIm-¨{- K-kv-
]n-≥h-en-®p.- {]-£p-_v-[-am-b- A-¥-co-
£w- im-¥-am-bn.- F-∂m¬- H-cp- hn-`m-K-
Øn-\v- C-Xn¬- A-Xr-]v-Xn- tXm-∂n.- km-
]n.-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈
137
- I- w- C-¥y-bn-se- H-cp- {]m-tZ-in-I- `m-jb
- m-Zy-am-bn- H-cp- I-ayq-W
- cm-jv{- S-am-b- {_n-´o-jv- K-bm-\b - n-em-sW-∂v- C.-Fw.-Fk
- n-\v- H-cp- I-ayq-W
- I
- m-iw- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-®p-≈- Xn-cs
- pw- \n-kvX
- ¿-°a- m-Wv.- 1939 Un-kw-_d- n¬- X-et- »-cn-Øm-eq-°n-
- y-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°m-≥ Xo-cp-am-\s
- n¬- tI-cf - N
- c
- n-{X-Øn¬- B- {]-ÿm-\w- F-gp-Xn-t®¿-Ø-
]n.- kp-µ-c-ø
{am-Py-Xz- hn-tcm-[w- i-‡n-{]m-]n-®p-h-cn-
I-bpw- _-lp-P\ - ]- n-¥p-W- Iq-Sn-hc
- n-Ib
- pw-
sN-øp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬- k-a-cw- s]-s´-∂p-
]n-≥h-en-®-Xv- cm-Py-Øp-S-\o-fw- \n-cm-i-
bp-fh- m-°n. t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- A-a¿-
jw- ]p-I™ - p.- h-eX- p-]£
- °
- m-cp-sS- k-
‘n- a-t\m-`m-h-sØ- F-Xn¿-Øp-sIm-≠v-
tIm-¨-{K-kn¬- H-cp- C-S-Xp-]-£w- tIm-
¨-{K-kn¬- D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v- C-Xv- Im-c-
W-am-bn.
BZy tkmjyenÃv
cmjv{SØns‚ ]ndhn
tem-IN - c- n-{X-sØ- \n¿-Wm-bI - a- m-bn-
kzm-[o-\n-®- H-cp- kw-`h - Ø- n-s‚- A-\¥ - -
c-^-e-߃- F-√m-h-cp-sS-bpw- {i-≤-]n-Sn-
®p- ]-‰n- ap-t∂-dn-s°m-≠n-cp-°p-∂- H-cp-
Im-e-L-´w- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- 1917˛-
se- d-jy-≥ hn-π-h-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v- tem-
I-Øm-Zy-am-bn- H-cp- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- cm-jv-
{Sw- ]n-d-hn- sIm-≠n-cp-∂p-˛- tkm-hn-b-‰v-
bq-Wn-b-≥.- A-hn-sS-bp-≠m-b- ]p-tcm-K-
Xn- C-¥y-bn-se- ]p-tcm-K-a-\- Nn-¥m-K-Xn-
°m-cp-sS- {i-≤-bm-I¿-jn-®p.- Ip-d-®p-Im-
ew-ap-ºv- km¿- N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS- Io-gn¬-
A-kz-X{- ¥-hpw- A-]c - n-jIv- r-Xc
- p-am-bn-°-
gn-™n-cp-∂- B- P-\-X- km-{am-Py- N-ß-
- n¬- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-kn-≤o-Ir-
- n-Ãv- K-h¨ - s- a-
- v.\
- º
- q-Xn-
- n-Ãv- `-cW- I- q-Sw- _m-e-
- ™-Sp-∏n-eq-sS- A-[n-Im-c-
- a-Sp-ØX - v.- a-
e-s]m-´n-®v- Zq-sc-sb-dn-™v,- hy-h-km-b-
hpw- Ir-jn-bpw- A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øn,- hn-
Zym-`ym-k-hpw- kw-kv-Im-c-hpw- ]-c-Øn- D-
b-cp-∂- Im-gv-N- bp-h-tIm-¨-{K-kp-Im-sc-
h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw- B-I¿-jn-®p.- P-bn-en¬-
°-gn-™n-cp-∂- A-h-cp-sS- a-\- p-Iƒ-°v-
tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n¬-h-∂- Kw-`o-c-am-
‰-ßf - pw- A-hb - v°- p-]n-∂n-ep-≈- hn-πh - I- -
c-am-b- Nn-¥m-K-Xn-I-fpw- ]p-Xn-b- sh-fn-
®-ta-In.- Km-‘n-b-≥ k-a-c-am¿-K-ß-fm-b-
\n-cm-lm-c-{h-X-hpw- A-lnw-k-bpw- A-h-
cn¬- A-Xr-]v-Xn-bp-≠m-°n.- d-jy-≥ hn-
π-h-sØ-bpw- A-hn-S-sØ- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv-
]m¿-´n-sb-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-\m-b-
se-\n-s\-bpw- Ip-dn-®v- In-´m-hp-∂- ]p-kv-
X-Iß - s - f-√mw- ]-Tn-°m-\pw- I-gn-bp-∂- hn-
h-cß- s - f-√mw- ti-Jc - n-°m-\pw- A-h¿- Xp-
S-ßn.- C-¥y-°v- kzm-X-{¥yw- In-´m-≥ C-
hn-sS- Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- tIm-¨-{K-kpw- Aw-
Ko-I-cn-°p-∂- A-lnw-km-]-cn-]m-Sn- A-]-
cym-]v-X-am-sW-∂v- A-h¿- hn-e-bn-cp-Øn.-
d-jy-bn¬- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- \-S-∏m-°n-
b- hn-πh - - ]-cn-]m-Sn- A-`n-Im-ay-am-sW-∂v-
A-h¿-°v- tXm-∂n.- C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X-
{¥yw- b-Ym¿-Y- kzm-X-{¥y-am-h-W-sa-
¶n¬- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n-te-Xp-t]m-
se- P-∑n-If - pw- ap-Xe- m-fn-am-cp-an-√m-Ø- H-
cp- km-aq-ln-IL - S- \- - sI-´n-∏S- p-t°-≠X - v-
A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂- \n-K-a-\-Øn¬- A-
h¿- F-Øn-t®¿-∂p. tkm-jy-en-k-sa-
∂m¬- C-sXm-s°-bm-Wv- A¿-Ya - m-°p-∂-
Xv- F-∂p- I-cp-Xn-b- A-h¿- X-߃- tkm-
jy-en-Ãp-I-fm-sW-∂v- {]-Jym-]n-®p.-
tI-cf - Ø- n-se-∂- t]m-se- t_mw-s_,-
bp.-]n.,- H-do-k- ap-X-em-b- kw-ÿm-\-ß-
fn-epw- k-am-\- Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p.- A-hn-sS-sb-√mw- tIm-¨-{K-kn¬-
H-cp- hn-`m-Kw- P-bn-en¬-h-®v- ]-g-b- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚- \-bØ - n¬- A-
Xr-]vX - c- m-Ip-Ib - pw- tkm-jy-en-kØ
°v- B-I¿-jn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
- n-te-
A-h¿- Hm-tcm- kw-ÿm-\-Øn-epw- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- cq-]-h-Xv-
I-cn-®p.- 1934 sa-bv- am-kØ - n¬- ]-S\ v- b
- n¬-
H-cp- A-Jn-te-¥ym- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- k-tΩ-
f-\w- hn-fn-®p-Iq-´n. A-∂v- A-hn-sS-h-®p-
Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø- kw-L-S-\m- I-Ωn-‰n- X-
 A-d-_n-°-S-enemb A-ta-cn-°≥ tam-U¬(1946)-
C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-s≥d- a-[y-Øn¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-
cm-jv-{So-b-cw-K-sØ- {]-£p-_v-[-am-°n-b- kw-K-Xn-I-fm-Wv-
A-ta-cn-°≥ tam-U-¬- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-hpw- kz-X-{¥- Xn-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- {]-kv-Ym-\-hpw.
1945 \-hw-_¿- 16\m-Wv- "-A-ta-cn-°≥ tam-U¬-' F-∂v-
]n-∂o-Sv- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´- H-cp- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-cw- k¿-
°m¿- {]-Jym-]n-®-Xv. Zzn-a-Wv-U-e- {]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`, {]m-b-
]q¿-Øn- thm-´h - I - m-iw, Zn-hm≥ `-cW - w- \n-e\
≠p-X-s∂- \o-°w- sN-øm-\m-hm-Ø- H-cp- F-Ivk
D-]t- Z-im-[n-Im-cw- am-{X-ap-≈ \n-ba - k- `- m- k-an-Xn-Iƒ F-
∂n-hb - m-bn-cp-∂p- ]p-Xn-b- `-cW - ]- c- n-jvI
ti-jX - I - ƒ. Zn-hm-s≥d- ]-Zh - n-sb- A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U-
≠n-t\m-Sv- Xm-cX - a - yw- sN-bvX - n-cp-∂X - n-em-Wv- C-Xn-s\- "-A-
ta-cn-°≥ tam-U¬-' F-∂p- hn-fn-®X - v. Cu ]-cn-jI
°p-dn-®v- Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N\ - - \-SØ - m≥ Zn-hm≥ k¿- kn- ]n-
cm-ak - zm-an- A-ø¿- kvt- ‰‰v- tIm¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-°-sf- £-
Wn-®p. ]-´w- Xm-Wp-]n-≈, ]n- F-kv- \-S-cm-P-]n-≈ Xp-S-
ßn-b- ]m¿-´n-bn-se- an-X-hm-Zn-I-fm-b- t\-Xm-°ƒ Cu
`-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-cw- H-∂p- ]-co-£n-®p-t\m-°m-sa-∂- A-
`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]-t£, kw-L-S-\-bn-se- Xo-{h-
hm-Zn- hn-`m-Kw- Cu ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-sf- \-J-in-Jm-¥w-
F-Xn¿-Øp. A-Xp-Im-c-Ww- kv-t‰‰v- tIm¨-{K-kv- C-Xn-
s\- Xn-c-kv-I-cn-®p.
cm-Ph - m-gvN- t- bm-Sv- _-\v[ - s- ∏-´p-≈ ]-cº
≤m-¥] - c - h
- p-am-b- A-hI - m-iß - t- f-bpw- ]m¿-es
{º-Zm-b- {]-Im-ca - p-≈ P-\m-[n-]X - y- `-cW
k-a\ - z-bn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v- H-cp- ]p-Xn-b- `-cW
cw- ]-co-£n-®p- t\m-°m-\p-≈ {i-aa - m-bn-cp-∂p- k¿- kn- ]n-
hn-`m-h\ - w- sN-bX -v X - .v F-∂m¬, `-cW - L
]-Z-hn-bpw, `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-cw- {]-Jym-]n-®-Xn-s\- Xp-S¿-∂v-
a-lm-cm-Pm-hv- {io- Nn-Øn-c-Xn-cp-\mƒ Zn-hm-s≥d- Im-em-h-
[n- A-©p-h¿-j-tØ-°p-Iq-Sn- \o-´n-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xpw- P-\-ß-
fn¬- C-Xn-s≥d- D-t±-ii - p-≤n-sb-°p-dn-®v- kw-ib
Zn-hm-s≥d- tkz-Om-[n-]-Xyw- A-c-°n-´p-d-∏n-°m-\p-≈
H-cp- X-{¥-am-bm-Wv- P-\-߃ ]p-Xn-b- ]-cn-jv-Im-c-sØ-
°-≠-Xv. `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- {]-t£m-`-ß-fpw-
{]-I-S-\-ß-fpw- cm-Py-sam-´p-°m-cw-`n-®p. an-°- am-[y-a-ß-
fpw- ]p-Xn-b- ]-cn-jv-Im-c-sØ- {]-Xn-Iq-en-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-
b-Xv. k-a-cw- A-Sn-®-a¿-Øm-\p-≈ \o-°w- Zn-hm-\pw- Xp-S-
ßn. ]p-∂-{]-bn-epw- h-b-em-dn-epw- {]-t£m-`-߃ sh-Sn-
sh-bv-]n¬- I-em-in-®p. A-t\-I-am-fp-Iƒ sh-Sn-tb-‰p- a-cn-
®p. ]p-∂-{]- h-b-em-dn-s≥d- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw- X-s∂- "-A-ta-cn-
øm-dm-°n-b- I-c-Sp- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-sS-bpw- I-
c-Sp- `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS-bpw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn-em-Wv- 1934 H-Iv-tSm-_-dn¬- apw-ss_-
bn¬-h-®v- H-∂mw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-
en-Ãv- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂-Xv. ]n-∂o-Sv- ao-d-
‰v- (1936),- ss^-kv-]q¿- (1937),- em-tlm¿-
(1938)- F-∂o-hn-S-ß-fn-epw- k-tΩ-f-\-
߃- \-S-∂p.- C-h-bn-se-√mw- tI-c-f-
Øn¬-\n-∂p-≈- {]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ- kw-_-
‘n-®n-c-p∂p.
knFkv]nbpsS
cq]hXvIcWw
tIc-f-Øn¬- 1934˛¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-
\p-≈n¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v-
]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- im-J- cq-]o-Ir-X-am-bn.- kzm-
X-{¥y-ka - c
- Ø
- n-se- tZ-io-bh- m-Zn-If- p-sS-
tbm-K-Øn¬- sI.-tI-f-∏-≥ A-[y-£-X-
h-ln-®p.- N-t{¥m-Øv- Ip-™n-cm-a-≥ \m-
b-cm-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- B-hi - y-IX
- s - b-°p-
dn-®p-≈- {]-ta-bw- hn-h-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- kw-
km-cn-®-Xv.- kn.-sI.-tKm-hn-µ-≥ \m-b-sc-
{]-kn-U-‚m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Øp.- ]n.-Ir-
°≥ tam-U¬- A-d-_n-°-S-en¬-' F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
P-\-ß-fp-sS- {]-Xn-I-c-Ww- {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-b- km-l-N-cy-
Øn¬, X-s∂- hn-c-an-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-I-W-sa-∂v- A-`y¿-
Yn-®p-sIm-≠v- k¿- kn-.-]n- 1946 \-hw-_¿- 10\v- a-lm-cm-Pm-
hn-\v- I-sØ-gp-Xn. cm-Pn- kzo-Ic - n-®X- n-s\-Xp-S¿-∂v- 1946 Un-
kw-_¿- G-gn-\v- k¿- kn- ]n- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-t\m-Sv- hn-S-
]-d-™p. ]-t£, ]n-∂o-Sv- a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-s≥d- k-Ω¿-±-Øn-
- n¿-Øn-s°m- \p- h-g-ßn- Un-kw. 20\v- Xn-cn-®p-h-∂v- Zn-hm≥ ]-Zw- G-
- n-Iyq-´o-hv, s‰Sp-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.
k¿- kn-]n-bp-sS- Xn-cn-®p-h-c-thm-sS- A-ta-cn-°≥ tam-
- m-cØ - n-s≥d- k-hn- U¬- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-Øn-\v- ]p-Xn-sbm-cp- h-gn-Øn-cn-hm-
bn. C-¥y- 1947 Hm-K-kv-Xv- 15\v- kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-∂-tXm-sS-
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- H-cp- kz-X-{¥- cm-Py-am-bn- \n-e-\n¿-Øm-
v- m-cs - Ø- \p-≈ ]-≤X - n-Iƒ Zn-hm≥ B-kq-{X-Ww- sN-bvX - p-Xp-Sß
- n.
1946 P-\p-h-cn- 16se- `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-cn-jv-Im-cw- H-cp- kz-X-
{¥- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- hn-`m-h-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂n-√. Xn-cp-hn-
Xmw-Iq-dn-s\-- H-cp- G-Io-Ir-X- kz-bw-`-c-W- C-¥y-bn¬- A-
X¿-ln-°p-∂- kvY - m-\w- t\-Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\p-t±-in-®p-sIm-≠p-
≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.-
kzX-{¥- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- `-c-W-L-S-\- kw-_-\v-[n-®-
hn-i-Zmw-i-߃ 1947 P-\p-h-cn- 27\v- H-cp- ]-{X-°p-dn-∏n-eq-
sS- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. Zzn-a-Wv-U-e- \n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`, {]m-
b-]q¿-Øn- thm-´-h-Im-iw, F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv- I-Ωn-‰n- F-
- c - m-KX - h - pw- kn- ∂n-h- C-Xn¬- hn-`m-h-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. Cu \n¿-tZ-i-
- a-≠d - n- k- ߃°v- 1947 G-{]n¬- 8\v- H-cp- cm-P-Io-b- hn-fw-_-c-Øn-
- {- ]-{In-bt- b-bpw- eq-sS- {]m-_-eyw- \¬-In. cm-Py-sØ- F-√m- cm-jv-{So-b-I-
- L - S- \ - m-]c - n-jI v- m- £n-I-fpw- Cu \o-°-sØ- i-Iv-X-am-bn- F-Xn¿-Øp. C-Xp-
am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´v- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- t]-´-bn¬- kw-L-
- S- \
- b - n¬- Zn-hm-s≥d- Sn-∏n-®- H-cp- {]-Xn-tj-[- tbm-K-Øn¬- s]m-eo-kv- I-S-∂p-
sN-∂v- A-Im-cW - a - m-bn- sh-Sn-hb
- ° v- p-Ib- pw- aq-∂p-t]¿- sIm-
√-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.
Zn-hm≥ C-Xn-\n-S-bv-°v- tIm¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-°-sf-bpw-
- a - p-fh - m-°n. ssh-kv-tdm-bn-sb-bpw- Im-Wm≥ ]-e-{]m-h-iyw- U¬-ln-
°p-t]m-sb-¶n-epw- F-ß-p-\n-∂pw- t{]m¬-km-l-\w- e-`n-
°m-sX- \n-cm-i-\m-bn- a-S-tß-≠n-h-∂p. 1947 Pq-sse- 25\v-
H-cp- s]m-Xp-]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø-ti-jw- a-S-ßn-t∏m- ∂- `-c-W-L-S-\- F-√m- kw-kv-Ym-\-
Im≥ Xp-S-ßp-tºmƒ k¿- kn-]n-°p- sh-t´-‰p. 1947 Pq- ߃°pw- _m-[-I-am-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬-
sse- 28\v- a-lm-cm-Pm-hv- C-¥y≥ bq-Wn-b-\n¬- tN-cp-hm- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-\v- {]-tXy-I- `-c-W-L-
\p-≈ Xo-cp-am-\w- {]-Jym-]n-®p. 1947 B-K-kv-Xv- 19\v- k¿- S-\-sb-∂- B-i-bw- A-{]-k-Iv-X-am-bn.
kn- ]n- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- hn-´p. 1947 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 24\v- a- A-ta-cn-°≥ tam-U¬- A-d-_n-°-S-
lm-cm-Pm-hv- D-Ø-c-hm-Z-`-c-Ww- {]-Jym-]n-®p. en¬- F-∂- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-hpw- A-tXm-sS-
C-¥y≥ `-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W- k-`- hm¿-sØ-Sp-°p- bm-Ym¿-Xv-Yy-am-bn.
jv-W-]n-≈-bm-bn-cp-∂p- sk-{I-´-dn.- P-b- S-ßn-bX - v- 1935 a-[y-Øn-em-Wv.- kn.-Fk - v.-
{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-¨,- B-Nm-cy- \-tc-{µ- ]n.-bn-eq-sS-b-√m-sX- t\-cn-´v- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv-
tZ-hv,- Fw.-B¿.-ak - m-\n,- A-tim-Iv- ta-Ø,- ]m¿-´n-bn¬- tN-cp-I-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- tI-
dmw- a-t\m-l¿- tem-ly,- A-Nyp-Xv- ]-Sv- {µ- I-Ωn-‰n-bn¬- Aw-K-am-Ip-I-bpw- sN-
h¿-[-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p- tIm-¨- bvX
- - ]n.- kp-µc - ø
- b
- m-Wv- C-hn-Ss - Ø- tkm-
{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- A-Jn- jy-en-Ãp-I-sf- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-am-
te-¥ym-t\-Xm-°ƒ. C.-Fw.-Fk - v.- ]n-∂o- bn- _-‘s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bX - v. A-∂p-ap-X¬- C-
Sv- Fw.-B¿.- a-km-\n-tbm-sSm-∏w- ]m¿-´n- hn-S-sØ- kn.-F-kv.-]n.- H-∂-S-¶w- I-ayq-
bp-sS- A-Jn-te-¥ym- tPm-bn-‚ v- sk-{I-´- Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bn¬- e-bn-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-
dn-bm-bn.- tIm-¨{- K-kn-s\- D-X] v- X
- n-jW v- p- kn.-Fk - v.] - n.- A-Jn-te-¥ym-t\-Xr-Xz-hpw-
Xz-Øn-s‚- am¿-K-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-°p-I- tI-c-f-L-S-I-hpw- X-Ωn¬- H-cp- io-X-k-a-
sb-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p- tkm-jy-en-Ãp-If - p-sS- cw-X-s∂- \-S-∂n-cp-∂p.-
e-£y- w.- kn.-sI.-tKm-hn-µ≥ - \m-b¿- ]n¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-
°m-e-Øv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- tI-cf - Ø
- n¬- ÿm-]n-®v- A-[n-Iw- I-gn-bp-
]m¿-´n-bn¬-\n-∂-I-∂p. tIm-¨-{K-kv- ∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- A-Xn-s‚- A-Jn-te-¥ym- t\-
tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- cq-]w-sIm-≠t- ∏mƒ- Xr-Xz-Øn-\p-t\-sc- tI-c-f-Øn-se- tkm-
Iq-sS-\n-∂- ]-ec - pw- ]n-∂o-Sv- C-Xp-t]m-se- jy-en-Ãp-Iƒ-°v- A-Xr-]X v- n- tXm-∂n-Øp-
G-Xm-\pw- B-gv-N-I-tfm- am-k-ß-tfm- I- C.-Fw.-F-kv. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.- tIm-¨{- K-kn-\I - Ø- v- H-Xp-
gn-™t- ∏mƒ- A-Xn¬-\n-∂p- hn-´p-am-dn.- F- S-Øn-bn-cp-∂- {]-kpw- ]-{X-hpw,- A-t±-l- ßn-\n-∂p-sIm-≠p-≈- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- A-
∂m¬,- _-lp-`q-cn-]-£w- Aw-K-ß-fpw- D- Øn-\p- \-S-Øm-≥ \n-hr-Øn-bn-√m-sX- h- h-cn¬- A-ln-jv-Wp-X- kr-jv-Sn-®p. tIm-
d-®p-\n-∂p.- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ∂-t∏mƒ- hn¬-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- ¨-{K-kn-se- h-e-Xp-]-£-Øn-\p- Io-g-S-
]m¿-´n-bp-sS- ap-J-]-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p- "-{]-`m- tI-c-f-Øn-se- kn.-F-kv.-]n.- t\-Xm- ßp-∂- \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv- ]-e-t∏m-gpw- A-Jn-
Xw-'.- C.-Fw.-F-kv.- B-bn-cp-∂p- ]-{Xm- °ƒ- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- A-Jn-te- te-¥ym- t\-Xr-Xzw- kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. tkm-
[n-]¿.- sI.-F-kv.- \m-b¿- ]m-e-°m-´v- \- ¥ym- t\-Xr-Xz-hp-am-bn- _-‘s- ∏-Sm-≥ Xp- jy-en-Ãv- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- H-cp- hn-`m-Kw-
138
I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- hn-tcm-[n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh- `q-cn-]£ - w.- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn.- sk-{I-´d - n-bm- bm-Wv- A-Wn-\n-c-∂-Xv.- A-Xm-Wv- H-Sp- c-s°- t_m-[y-am-bn.- 1940 am¿-®n¬- "-I-
∂-Xpw- tI-c-f-Øn-se- kn.-F-kv.-]n.-°m- bn- C.-Fw.-F-kv.- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p.- hn¬,- 1939˛-40¬- tI-c-f-Øn-se- tkm-jy- ayq-Wn-Ãv'- F-∂p-t]-cp-≈- c-lk - y-am-kn-
sc- kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw- \n-cm-im-P-\- 1935 G-{]n-en¬- tIm-gn-t°m-´p- tN¿-∂- kw- en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- ap-gp-h-≥ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿- I- ]p-dØ - p- h - ∂ - p.- "-ap-t∂m-´v'- - F-∂- H-cp-
I-am-bn-cp-∂p.- C-sX-√mw- Im-e-{I-ta-W,- ÿm-\- cm-j{v- So-b- k-tΩ-f\ - Ø - n¬- "-tIm- ´n-bn¬- e-bn-°p-∂- Xo-cp-am-\-Øn¬- I- hm¿-Øm-hn-Xc - W- - k¿-°p-ed - pw- {I-aa - m-
Xp-S¿-®b- m-bp-≈- A-\p-`h - ß- f- n-eq-sS-bm- ¨-{K-kn-s\-bm-sI- £o-Wn-∏n-°p-∂- C- em-in-®-Xv.- tI-c-f-Øn-se- kn.-F-kv.-]n.- bn- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - n-®p- Xp-Sß- n.- 1940 P-\h - -
Wv- tI-cf- Ø
- n-se- tkm-jy-en-Ãp-Iƒ-°v- S-Xp-˛h - e- X - p- a-’c - a- h- k - m-\n-∏n-°m-≥'- Nn- Aw-K-߃- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-t\m-Spw- cn-bn¬- H-fn-hn¬-t]m-b- ]n.-Ir-jW v- ] - n-≈-
t_m-[yambXv. e- H-Øp-Xo¿-∏p-Iƒ- ap-t∂m-´p-h® - p.- A- tem-I- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- {]-ÿm-\-tØm-Spw- Un-kw-_d - n¬- ssh-°Ø - v- A-dà - n-em-bn.-
Xn-s‚- `m-Ks - a-∂- \n-eb - ° v- v- C.-Fw.-Fk - v.- ]p-e¿-Øn-b- B-Z-c-am-Wv- A-Xn-\p- t{]- 1940˛¬- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn.- t\-Xz-Xz-
sXmgnemfn sk-{I-´d - n- ÿm-\w- cm-Pn-h® - p. sIm-ßm- cn-∏n-®- ap-Jy-I-mcWw. Øn¬- C-S-Xp-]-£-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- 1940
´n¬- cm-a≥ - ta-t\m-≥ B- ÿm-\w- G-s‰-
ktΩf\߃ Sp-Øp.- 1938,-1939,-1940 h¿-jß - f - n¬- sI.- Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´nbpw
k-]vX - w-_¿- 15 {]-Xn-tj-[- Zn-\a
N-cn-°m-≥ tIm-¨{- K-kv- ssl-°a
- m-bn- B-
- m-≥Uv-
]n.-kn.-kn.-bp-sS- `m-ch - m-ln-If - m-bn- {]-h¿-
tI-cf - Ø - n-se- tIm-¨{- K-kv- tkm-jy-
en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- A-Jn-te-¥ym-X-e-Øn-se- Øn-®X - pw- C-SX - p-]£ - ° - m-cm-Wv.-
tIcfhpw \n¿-t±-iw- \¬-In.- C-¥y-°v- kzm-X{- ¥yw-
\¬-In-s√-∂- C-¥ym- sk-{I-´d - n-bp-sS- {]-
I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-sb-t∏m-se- kw-L-Sn- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Iayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- tI-c-f-L-S- Jym-]-\-tØm-Sp- {]-Xn-tj-[n-°m-\m-Wv-
X-am-b- sXm-gn-em-fn- {]-h¿-Ø\ - w- \-SØ - m- bn¬- Aw-K-Xzw- In-´p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- hy-h- Iw- 1937˛¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠p.- apw-ss_-bn¬- tIm-¨{- K-kv- t\-Xr-Xzw- B-hi - y-s∏-´X - v.-
≥ {]-tXy-Iw- {i-≤n-®n-cp-∂p.- tkm-jy- ÿ-I-fn-sem-∂v- tIm-¨-{K-kn¬- Aw-K- \n-s∂-Øn-b- F-kv.h - n.- Lm-s´-bm-Wv- A- {]-Xn-tj-[-Øn-\v- a-‰p- hn-j-b-߃- hn-
en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-am-bn- cq-]w- am-bn-cn-°p-I-bpw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy- Xn-\v- I-fs
- am-cp-°n-bX- v ]n.-Ir-jW v- ] - n-≈,- j-ba - m-°c - p-X∂ - v- \n¿-t±-ih - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
sIm-≈p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-X-s∂- A-Xn-s‚- en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- A-®S- ° - Ø - n-≥Io-gn¬- sI.-Zm-tam-Zc- ≥
- F-≥.-kn.-ti-J¿,- C.-Fw.- ∂p. F-∂m¬,- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- \n-b-{¥-W-
{]-h¿-Ø-I¿- tIm-gn-t°m-´pw- I-Æq-cpw- tIm-¨{- K-kn-\I - Ø - v- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-Ib - p- F-kv.- F-∂o-h-cp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- c- Øn-em-bn-°g - n-™n-cp-∂- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn.-
a-‰pw- sN-dn-b- tXm-Xn¬- t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-b- am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-tX- A-hk - c - Ø - n¬,- tIm- l-ky-am-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p- {]-h¿-Ø\ - w.- tIm- A-Xv- a¿-±-\- {]-Xn-tj-[- Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-
≥ {]-h¿-Ø\ - w- Xp-Sß - n-°g - n-™n-cp-∂p.- ¨-{K-kn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xp- kw-_- ¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n,- sI.-]n.- cn-°m-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- tIm-¨{- K-kn-s‚-
1935 sa-bv- am-k-Øn¬- tIm-gn-t°m-´p-h- ‘n-®v- cq-£a - m-b- hm-Z{- ]-Xn-hm-Zß - ƒ- A- kn.-kn.- F-∂o-h-bn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- k-am-[m-\] - c- a- m-b- {]-Xn-tj-[w- F-∂- \n-
®v- {io-a-Xn- a-Wn-s_-≥Im-c-bp-sS- A-[y- ∂v- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bn¬- \-S-°p-∂p- k-Po-h- {]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS- H-cp- kw-L-S- e-bn¬- A-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- A-e-k-a-t\m-`m-
£-X-bn¬- H-cp- A-Jn-e- tI-c-f- sXm-gn- ≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-h-km-\w,- tIm-¨-{K- \-bm-bn-cp-∂p- I-ayq-Wn-kv‰ - v- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- h-tØm-sS-bm-Wv- A-Xn-s\- ho-£n-®-Xv.-
em-fn- k-tΩ-f-\w- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn- kn¬- Aw-K-Xzw- t\-Sn- A-Xn¬- {]-h¿- tI-c-f-L-S-Iw.- 1939 Un-kw-_-dn¬- X-e- {]-kv-Xp-X-Zn-\-Øn¬- sam-dm-g-bn¬-
epw- tI-c-f-Øn-se- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- t\-Xm- Øn-°-W-sa-∂- Xo-cp-am-\w- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- t»-cn-Øm-eq-°n-se- ]n-W-dm-bn- {Km-a- s]m-eo-kv- k-∫v- C-≥kv-s]-Iv-S¿- Ip-´n-
°ƒ- hn-Pb - n-®p.- c-≠m-as - Ø- k-tΩ-f\ - w- C-‚¿-\m-jW - e - n-s‚- \n¿-t±-iØ - n-\\ - p-k- Øn¬-tN¿-∂- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en- Ir-jv-W-≥\m-b¿- sIm-√-s∏-´p- ("-sam-dm-
Xr-»q¿-h® - -v 1937˛¬- _m-Se -v n-hm-eb - p-sS- A- cn-®v- F-Sp-Øp-I-gn-™-t∏m-gm-Wv- I-ayq- Ãv- ]m¿-´n- t\-Xm-°-≥am-cp-sS- tbm-K- g- kw-`-hw-'- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- Cu- tI-kn-
[y-£X - n-bn¬- \-S∂ - p.- B-e∏ - p-gb - n¬- 1939 Wn-Ãp-Iƒ- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- Øn¬-h-®m-Wv- tI-c-f-Øn-se- tkm-jy- em-Wv- sI.-]n.-B¿.- tKm-]m-es - \- h-[i - n-
^n-{_-hc - n- 19˛-\v- \-S∂ - - aq-∂mw- k-tΩ-f- ]m¿-´n-bn¬- Aw-KX - z-sa-Sp-Øv- {]-h¿-Øn- en-Ãp-Iƒ- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Aw-K-ß- £-bv-°v- hn-[n-®-Xv.- Km-‘n-Pn- Dƒ-s∏-sS-
\-Øn¬- ]n.-\m-cm-bW - ≥ - \m-bc - m-bn-cp-∂p- °m-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv.- fm-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-°m-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®X - v.- c- bp-≈- tZ-io-b- t\-Xm-°ƒ- C-S-s]-´-Xn-
A-[y-£≥ - .- t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-b\ - p-Iƒ- kw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬- l- ≠mw- tem-I- a-lm-bp-≤w- Xp-Sß - n-bt- Xm- \m¬- 1946¬- h-[-in-£- Po-h-]-cy-¥-am-
L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂X - n-epw- k-ac - ß - ƒ- \-SØ - p- cn-P-t\m-≤m-c-Ww,- A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\w,- Sp-Iq-Sn- tkm-jy-en-Ãp-I-fp-sS- \n-jv-{In- °n- am-‰n-).- X-e-t»-cn¬- c-≠p- ]m¿-´n- {]-
I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- Im-cy-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- Jm-Zn,- ln-µn- {]-Nm-cW - w- Xp-Sß - n-bh - - Dƒ- b- \n-e-]m-Sn-t\m-Sp-≈- hn-tbm-Pn-∏v- A- h¿-Ø-I¿-˛-A-_p-hpw- Nm-Øp-°p-´n-bpw-
]m¿-´n-bp-sS- am-Xr-Ib - m-Wv- tI-cf - Ø- n-se- s∏-´n-cp-∂p. l-cn-P-\-ß-fm-Wv- k-aq-l- ¥n-a-am-bn- {]-I-Sn-∏n-°m-≥ I-ayq-Wn-Ãp- ˛- sh-Sn-h-bv-]n¬- a-cn-®p. a-´-∂q-cn¬- H-cp-
kn.-Fk - .v ] - n.-°m¿- ]n-¥p-S¿-∂X - .v - C-X-v tI- Øn-s‚- G-‰-hpw- A-Sn-Ø-´n¬- F-∂m-bn- Iƒ-°v- \n-hr-Øn-bn-√m-sX- h-∂X - n-\m-em- t]m-eo-kp-Im-c-≥ ]-cn-t°-‰v- B-ip-]-{Xn-
c-fØ - n¬- C-SX - p-]£ - w- i-‡n-s∏-Sp-∂X - n- cp-∂p- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- ]-£w.- sXm-gn-em- Wv- B- Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv.- A-ß-s\,- bn¬- a-cn-®p.- tI-cf - Ø
- n-se- A-kzm-ÿy-
\p- Im-cW - a - m-bn.- fn-I-fpw- I¿-j-I-cp-am-Wv- G-‰-hpw- Xm-sg- 1939 A-h-km-\-Øn-epw- 1940 B-Zy-Øn- ß-sf-°p-dn-®t- \z-jn-°m-≥ tIm-¨{- K-kv-
I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- t\-Xm-°f - m-b- Lm-s´,- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- I-ayq-Wn-Ãp-I-fp-sS- \n- ep-am-bn- A-∂-sØ- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm- ssl-°-am-≥Uv- ]-´m-`n- ko-Xm-cm-a-ø-tb-
kp-µc - ø - - F-∂n-hc - p-am-bn- C-Sb - v° - n-sS- I- e-]m-Sv.- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s\-s°m-≠v- tkm- jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-°m¿- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿- bpw- Xp-S¿-∂v- ]n.-kp-∫-cm-ø-s‚- t\-Xr-
≠p- kw-km-cn-°m-≥ tI-cf - Ø - n-se- tkm- jy-en-kw- kzo-I-cn-∏n-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-bn- ´n-bn¬-t®¿-∂p.- A-tXm-sS,- H-cp- Im-eØ - v- Xz-Øn¬- H-cp- I-Ωo-j-s\-bpw- \n-tbm-Kn-
jy-en-Ãp-Iƒ-°-v A-hk - c - a - p-≠m-bn.- 1934˛- cp-∂p- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS-bpw- s\-{lp-hn-s‚-bpw- k- ®p.- A-t\z-j-W-sØ-Øp-S¿-∂v,-k-]v-Xw-
37 Im-es - Ø- c-lk - y-]{- X-am-b- "-Ia - yq-Wn- ´n-bp-sS- e-£yw.- A-Xv- km-[n-°m-≥ I- tµ-iw- tI-´v- tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm-\Ø - n¬- B- _¿- 15˛-\v- A-®S- ° - e - w-L\ - w- \-SØ - n-sb-
Ãv'- - Dw- 1938˛-39 Im-es - Ø- ]-ck - y-]{- X-am- gn-bp-I-bn-s√-∂- I-ayq-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ- hm-Zn- th-i-]q¿-hw- A-Wn-tN¿-∂- bp-hm-°ƒ- ∂m-tcm-]n-®v- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn.-]n-cn-®p-hn-
b- "-\m-jW - ¬- {^-≠v'- - Dw- hm-bn-°m-≥ ®p.- a-[y-h¿-KØ - n-\v- kzm-[o-\° - q-Sp-Xe - p- tIm-¨{- K-kv- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-s‚- {]-hr-Øn- ´v- H-cp- A-Uv-tlm-°v- I-Ωn-‰n-sb- Np-a-X-
A-h¿-°v- A-hk - c - a - p-≠m-bn.- I-ayq-Wn- ≈- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- cm-jv-{So-b-sØ- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- hn-izm-kw- \-in-®v- B-Zyw- e- G¬-]n-°m-≥ tZ-io-b- t\-Xr-Xzw- t{]-
kv‰ - v- {]-ÿm-\Ø - n-s‚- A-Jn-te-¥ym- t\- s]m-Xp-hn¬- F-Xn¿-°p-I-bpw- sXm-gn-em- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-epw- ]n- cn-Xa - m-bn.- B¿.-sI.-F¬.-\µ - vt- Im-fn-b¿-
Xm-°≥ - am-cm-b- tPm-jn,- A-[n-Im-cn,- A- fn-h¿-K- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- h-f¿-®-sb- ∂o-Sv- I-ayq-Wn-kØ - n-epw- F-Øn-t®¿-∂p. {]-kn-U-‚pw- kn.-sI.-tKm-hn-µ-≥\m-b¿-
P-bt- Lm-jv,- `-cZ- zm-Pv- ap-Xe - m-bh - c - p-am-bn- tIm-¨-{K-kv- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂n-S-Øp-am- sk-{I-´d - n-bpw- Fw.-]n.-tKm-hn-µt- a-t\m-≥
Iq-Sn-°m-gvN - - \-SØ - m-\pw- km-[n-®p.- C-Xn- {Xw- A-hc - p-am-bn- k-lI - c - n-°p-Ib - p-am-Wv- BZyIme Aw-K-hp-am-bp-≈- A-Uv-tlm-°v- I-Ωn-‰n-
eq-sS- ]-Wn-ap-S° - p-Iƒ- \-SØ - m-\pw- t{S- I-ayq-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ- sN-bv-X-Xv.- tIm-¨-{K- tI-c-f-Øn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s\- ]p-\- w-
Uv- bq-Wn-b\ - p-Iƒ- sI-´n-∏S- p-°m-\pw- {]m- kn-s\- H-cp- b-Ym¿-Y- km-{am-Py- hn-cp-≤- {]h¿Ø\߃ L-Sn-∏n-°m-≥ Du¿-Pn-Xa - m-b- \-S] - S- n-If - m-
tbm-Kn-I- \n¿-t±-iß - ƒ- e-`n-®p.- {]m-tbm- kw-LS- \ - b - m-bn- h-f¿-Øp-Is - b-∂X - m-bn- ]n.Ir-jv-W-]n-≈- sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn- H- cw-`n-®p. C-Xn-\p-ti-jw I-ayq-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ-
Kn-I- {]-iv-\-߃- ]-cn-l-cn-°m-\p-X-Ip- cp-∂p- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- Im-gv-N- cp- Xm-Xv-°m-en-I- s{]m-hn-≥jy¬- I-Ωn- °v- tIm-¨{- K-kn¬- h-en-b- ÿm-\a - p-≠m-
∂- X-cØ - n¬- cm-jv{- So-b- {K-Ÿß - f - pw- e- ∏m-Sv.- ]n-∂o-Sv- kn.-Fk - v.] - n.- t\-Xr-Xz-hpw- ‰n-bpw- A-Xn-\p-Io-sg- a-e-_m¿- {]-tZ-i- bn-√.- {]m-Y-an-Imw-K-Xzw- t]m-epw- \-
Lp-te-JI - f - pw- hm-bn-®v- {]-_p-≤X - - ssI- Cu- k-ao-]-\w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p.- kn.-F-kv.- Øv- \m-ev- Xm-eq-°v- I-Ωn-‰n-I-fpw- sIm- jvSs∏´p.
h-cn-°m-≥ I-gn-s™-∂X - m-Wv- a-s‰m-cp- sa- ]n.-bp-sS- c-≠mw- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- (ao-d- ®n-bn-epw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-epw- Xm-eq-°v-
®w.- C-Xn-s‚- ^-e-am-bn- kz-¥w- ]m¿-´n- ‰v-)- cm-Py-Øp-≈- F-√m- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- i-
‡n-I-fp-sS-bpw- sF-Iyw- am¿-Iv-kn-kw-
]-Zh - n-bp-≈- c-≠p-IΩ - n-‰n-If - p-am-bn-´m-Wv- \ntcm[\w \oßp∂p
sb-°mƒ- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-tbm-Sv- tkm- C-¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- tI-c-
˛- se-\n-\n-k-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- 1942 Pq-em-bv- 24˛-\v- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-
jy-en-Ãp-Iƒ-°v- Iq-Sp-X¬- B-`n-ap-Jyw- f-LS- I - w- {]-h¿-Øn-®p-Xp-Sß - n-bX - v.- ]m¿-
]-Sp-Øp-b¿-Ø-em-Wv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- e- ´n-bp-sS- taep-≈- \n-tcm-[-\w- \o-°n.- C-
tXm-∂n.- F-∂m¬,- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿- ´n- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- I¿-j-I- {]-ÿm-
£yw- F-∂v- "-ao-d-‰v- Xo-kn-kv-'-eq-sS- {]- ¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n- tI-c-f-L-S-
´n-bpw- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bpw- tN¿-Øv- \-hpw- C-Xn-\I - w- i-‡a - m-bn-°g - n-™n-cp-
Jym-]n-®p.- C-cp- ]m¿-´n-I-fp-sS-bpw- t\- I-Øn-s‚- ap-J-]-{X-am-bn- 1942 sk-]v-Xw-
H-cp- kw-bp-‡- am¿-Iv-kn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp- ∂p.- 1940 P-\p-h-cn- a-[y-Øn¬- ]-g-b- Nn-
Xm-°-≥am¿- H-∏n-´- H-cp- Hu-]-Nm-cn-I- I- _¿- B-dn-\v- tIm-gn-t°m-´p-\n-∂v- "-tZ-im-
≠m-°m-≥ I-gn-bp-sa-∂- t\-cn-b- H-cp- B- d-bv° - ¬- Xm-eq-°v- B-ÿm-\a - m-°n- ]m¿-
cm-dpw- D-≠m-bn.- C-Xp-aq-ew- C-cp- ]m¿-´n- `n- a m- \ n- ' - hm- c n- I - b m- b n- B- c w- ` n- ® p-
i- A-°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬- A- ´n-bp-sS- c-lk - y-tI-{µw- {]-h¿-Ø\ - a - m-cw-
I-fpw- X-Ωn-ep-≈- k-l-I-c-Ww- sa-®-s∏- (1946˛¬- Zn-\-∏-{X-am-bn-).- B-Zy-sØ- ]-
h¿- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-hn-´v- I-ayq-Wn- `n-®p.- 1940 P-\-h-cn- ap-X¬- ]n.-Ir-jv-W-
Sm-≥ Xp-Sß - n-bt- ∏mƒ- Fw.-B¿.-ak - m-\n,- {Xm-[n-]-k-an-Xn- A-[y-£-≥ C.-Fw.-F-
Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bn¬- tN-cm-≥ ap-Xn¿--∂n√. ]n-≈-bpw- 1940 am¿-®v- ap-X¬- C.-Fw.-F-
A-tim-Iv- ta-Ø,- tUm.-tem-ly- Xp-S-ßn- kv.- \-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sm-bn-cp-∂p.- 1943 am¿-
kp-am-Wv- H-fn-hn-ep-≈- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß - s - f- ®v- 20,-21 Xo-b-Xn-I-fn¬- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-
sI.]n.kn.kn. b- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- hn-cp-≤-cpw- a-‰p- tIm-¨- ap-Jy-am-bpw- \-bn-®X - v.- 1940 P-\h - c - n- 26\v- ´n-bp-sS- kw-ÿm-\- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂p.-
{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- {]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw- X-
CSXp\nb{¥WØn¬ Ωn¬- A-`n-{]m-b- hy-Xym-ka - p-≠m-bn.- A-
D-Ø-c- tI-c-f-Øn-em-sI-bpw- 1941 P-\-h-
cn- 26˛-\v- Z-£n-W- tI-cf - Ø
- n-em-sI-bpw-
A-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-co-Xn-
Xn¬- tI-cf - Ø - n-se- kn.-Fk - v.] - n-°m¿- a- bn¬- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- H-cp- s{]m-hn-
1935˛¬- \-S-∂- sI.-]n.-kn.-kn.- Xn-c- \-S∂- - Np-hs - c-gp-tØm-sS- kw-LS- n-Xa - m-bn- ≥jy¬- I-Ωn-‰n- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- B-cw-`n-
s™-Sp-∏n¬- C-SX- p-]£
- Ø- n-\m-bn-cp- km-\n-˛-ta-Ø-˛-tem-ly- {Kq-∏n-s\-Xn-sc- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂- H-cp- ]m¿-´n-bp-s≠-∂v- ]- ®-Xv.- 1946˛¬- a-e-_m-dn¬-\-S-∂- Xn-c-
∂p-
139
s™-Sp-∏n¬- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS-
t]-cn¬-Ø-s∂- A-©v- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-Iƒ-
a¬-k-cn-®p.- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- ]n-¥p-W-tbm-
sS- H-cp- kz-X-{¥-\pw- a¬-k-cn-®p.- B-dp-
Xm-eq-°p-If - n¬-°q-Sn- B-sI- t]mƒ- sN-
bv-X- thm-´n-s‚- 25 i-X-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Iw-
]m¿-´n- t\-Sn.- C-S-Xp-]-£-Øn-s‚- B-`n-
ap-Jy-Øn¬- 1937˛¬- Po-h¬- km-ln-Xy-
kw-L-sa-∂- t]-cn¬- B-cw-`n-®- kw-L-
S-\- 1944˛¬- ]p-tcm-K-a-\- km-ln-Xy- kw-
L-S-\-bmbn.
Izn‰n¥ymkachpw
tIcfhpw
Iayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- N-cn-{Xw- A-
kw-Jyw- {]-t£m-`-ß-fp-sS-bpw- I-Y- Iq-
Sn-bm-Wv.- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv-˛-I¿-j-I- {]-ÿm-
\-Øn-s‚- t\-Xm-°s - f- ]n-Sn-Iq-Sm-≥ s]m-
eo-kv- \-S-Øn-b- th-´-bm-Wv- 1941˛-se- I-
øq¿- k-a-c-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-®-Xv.- ]q-gv-Øn-
h-bv-]n-s\-Xn-sc- \-S-∂- P-\-ap-t∂-‰-am-bn-
´m-Wv- 1946se- I-cn-sh-≈q¿- k-a-c-sØ-
N-cn-{Xw- tc-Js - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v.- 1946˛-se- ]p-
∂-{]-˛-h-b-em¿- {]-t£m-`-am-Wv- tI-c-f-
Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- \-S-Øn-b- G-
‰-hpw- h-en-b- k-a-cw.- 1948˛-se- tIm-dmw,-
Xn-√-t¶-cn,- ap-\-b-≥Ip-∂v,- H-©n-bw,- iq-
c-\m-Sv,- C-S∏ - ≈- n- kw-`h - ß - f - pw- I-ayq-Wn-
Ãv- t]m-cm-´N - c- n-{X-Øn-se- {i-t≤-ba
kw-`h - ß- f - m-Wv.- a-e_ - m¿- {_n-´o-jp-Im-
cp-sS- t\-cn-´p-≈- `-c-W-Øn-≥Io-gn-em-bn-
cp-∂n-´pw- A-hn-sS- Izn-‰n-¥ym-ka
Zp¿-_e - a
- m-b- {]-Xn-Ic - W- a - m-Wv- e-`n-®X - v.-
d-jy- A-®p-X-≠p-i-‡n-Iƒ-s°-Xn-cm-b-
bp-≤Ø - n¬- tN¿-∂X - n-\m¬- {_n-´o-jv- K-
h-¨s - a-‚ n-s‚- bp-Z[ v- b - X - \v- ß - f - p-am-bn- k-
l-I-cn-°p-I- F-∂- \-bw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-
Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-®-Xn-\m-em-Wv- Cu- km-l-
N-cy-ap-≠m-b-Xv.-
XncphnXmwIqdpw
Iayq-Wnkhpw
ae_m-dn¬- F-∂- t]m-se- Xn-cp-hn-
Xmw-Iq-dn-epw- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- X-Øz-ß-fn¬-
B-Ir-jvS- c - m-b- hy-‡n-If - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
I-ayq-Wn-k-Øn-s‚- B-Nm-cy-\m-b- Im-
d¬- am¿-Iv-kn-s\-°p-dn-®v- 1912˛¬- kz-tZ-
im-`n-am-\n- sI.-cm-aI - r-jW
v- ] - n-≈- H-cp- ]p-
kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®p.- H-cn-¥y-≥ `m-j-bn¬-
am¿-Iv-kn-s\-°p-dn-®v- D-≠m-b- B-Zy- ]p-
kvX - I
- a
- m-WX - v- (1910˛¬- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬-\n-∂v- \m-Sp-IS- Ø - s - ∏-
´n-cp-∂p-).- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- "-I-ayq-Wn-
Ãv- eo-Kv-'-F-∂- t]-cn¬- H-cp- sN-dn-b- {Kq-
kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- sI.-cm-aI
- r-jW
v- ]
- n-≈
∏v- 1931˛¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-bn.- ssX-°m-Sm- I-ayq-Wn-k-Øn-s‚-bpw- B-i-b-߃- {]-
bn-cp-∂p- A-Xn-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø-\- tI-{µw.- N-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.- sI.-F.-Zm-tam-Z-c-ta-t\m- Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´nbpsS
C-¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-am-bn- _-
‘-s∏-´n-s√-¶n-epw- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-
≥,- Kw-Km-[-c-ta-t\m-≥,- kn.-\m-cm-b-W-
]n-≈- F-∂n-h¿- C-Xn¬-s∏-Spw.-
XncphnXmwIq¿ LSIw
Zy-sØ- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- {Kq-∏v- F-∂p- hn-ti- Iayq-Wn-Ã-v ]m¿-´n- \n-eh - n¬-h∂ - X - n-s\-
jn-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂- C-Xn-s‚- k-Po-h- {]-h¿- bqØveoKns‚ Øp-S¿-∂-v Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-epw- C-¥y-≥ I-
Ø-I¿- F-≥.-kn.- ti-J¿,- s]m-∂-d- {io- ayq-Wn-Ã-v ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- L-SI - w- Hu-tZym-Kn-
[¿,- Pn.-in-h-i-¶-c-∏n-≈,- Xn-cp-h-´m¿- Xm-
Bhn¿`mhw I-am-bn- B-cw-`n-®p.- F-∂m¬- {_n-´o-jn-
Wp-]n-≈,- - F-≥.-]n.-Ip-cp-°ƒ- F-∂n-hc - m- Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- 1938˛¬- cq-]-h-Xv- ¥y-bn¬- \n-∂p-≈- C-Ss - ]-Se - p-Iƒ- A-\p-
bn-cp-∂p-(tI-c-f-Øn¬- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿- I-cn-®- kvt- ‰-‰v- tIm-¨{- K-kn-\p-≈n-se- hn- h-Zn-°n-√- F-∂X - m-W-v X-s‚- \n-e] - m-sS-∂pw-
´n-bp-sS- kw-ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v- 1937˛¬- Xp- `m-Ko-b-X- H-cp- C-S-Xp-]-£w- D-b¿-∂p-h- C-¥y-≥ \m-jW - ¬- tIm-¨{- K-kpw- Km-‘n-
S-°w- Ip-dn-®- \m-ep-t]-cn-sem-cm-fm-Wv- cm-\n-Sb - m-°n.- D-Øc - h
- m-Z`- c
- W- - {]-t£m- Pn-bpw- C-°m-cyw- Aw-Ko-Ic - n-®n-´p-≈X - m-
F-≥.-kn.- ti-J¿- F-∂v- t\-c-sØ- kq- `-W-Øn-\-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n- tÃ-‰v- tIm-¨- sW-∂pw- Zn-hm-≥ kn.-]n.-cm-ak - zm-an- A-ø¿-
Nn-∏n-®p-h-s√m-).- ao-d-‰v- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\- I-ayq-Wn-Ã-v t\-Xm-h-v sI.-kn.-tPm¿-Pn-s\-
t°-kn-se- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- X-S-hp-Im¿- X-
{K-kv- sa-tΩm-dm-≠w- X-øm-dm-°n.- F-
∂m¬,- A-Xv- k-a¿-∏n-t°-≠X - n-s√-∂v- Km- A-dn-bn-®p.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- C-¥y-≥
øm-dm-°n-b- C-¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿- ‘n-Pn- \n¿-t±-in-®p.-At- Xm-sS- tÃ-‰v- tIm- \m-jW - ¬- tIm-¨{- K-k-v {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂n-
´n-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-]-cn-]m-Sn- a-e-bm-f- ¨-{K-kn¬- hy-‡a - m-b- H-cp- C-SX - p-]£
- w- √.- tÃ-‰-v tIm-¨{- K-km-Wp-≈X - .v - A-Xp-t]m-
Øn¬- X¿-P-a- sN-bv-Xv- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®- cq-]w-sIm-≠p.- C-S-Xp-]-£- {]-ÿm-\- se- C-¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bpw- Xn-cp-
Xv- Cu- {Kq-∏m-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- e-Lp-te- ß-fp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- {]-h¿-Øn-°m-≥ hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-°m-≥ A-\p-hZ- n-
J- A-®-Sn-®- {]-kv- t]m-eo-kv- I-tø-dp- A-h¿-°v- Xm-Xv-]-cyw- D-≠m-bn.- "-bq-Øv- °n-√.- Zn-hm-≥ hn-iZ- a - m-°n.-
I-bp-≠m-bn.- tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚- A- eo-Kv-'- F-∂- t]-cn¬- A-h¿- {]-h¿-Øn- Xp-S¿-∂v- ]m¿-´n- Hm-^o-kn-se- "-C-¥y-
Sn-ÿm-\- {]-am-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- hy-‡n- ®p-Xp-S-ßn.- sI.-kn.-tPm¿-Pv- sk-{I-´-dn- ≥ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-
am-b- [m-c-W- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- eo-Kp-Im¿-°p- bm-bn- H-cp- k-a-c-k-an-Xn- cq-]-h¬-°-cn- I-Ωn-‰n- Hm-^o-kv-'- F-∂- t_m¿-Uv- am-‰n-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- {]m-tbm-Kn-I- {]-h¿-Ø- ®v- bq-Øv-eo-Kv- k-a-c-cw-K-Øn-d-ßn.- F- B- ÿm-\-Øv- "-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- I-ayq-
\-ß-sf-°mƒ- B-i-b- {]-Nm-c-W-Øn- ¶n-epw- 1939 ^n-{_-h-cn-bn¬- {]-t£m-`- Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- Hm-^o-kv-'- F-∂- t_m¿-
em-Wv- A-h¿- {i-≤- tI-{µo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂- ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ- ]n-≥h-en®p. Uv- ÿm-]n-®p.- Zn-hm-s‚- C-Ss - ]-Se - p-Iƒ-
Xv. Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- B-Zy-am-bn- H- H-gn-hm-°p-∂X - n-\m-bn- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- I-
cp- sXm-gn-em-fn- bq-Wn-b-≥˛- {]-kv- sXm- dmUn°¬ {Kq∏ns‚ ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- C-¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv-
]m¿-´n-bn¬-\n-∂v- kz-X{- ¥-am-sW-∂v- {]-
gn-em-fn- bq-Wn-b-≥˛- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv- I-
- m-b- ayq-Wn-Ãv- eo-Kp-Im-cm-Wv.- P\\w Jym-]n-°p-∂- H-cp- \-S] - S- n- kzo-Ic - n-®p.- C-
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- eo- 1939 ^n-{_-hc - n- 13˛-\v- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq- ¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- `-cW - L - -
Kp-Im-cpw- a-e-_m-dn-se- tkm-jy-en-Ãp- dn-em-sI- D-Øc - h- m-Z` - c
- W
- Z- n-\a - m-Nc - n-®p.- S-\b- \ - p-kc - n-®v- ]m¿-´n-°v- {]-kn-U‚ - v- C-
- c
- Ø
- n-\v- I-fpw- X-Ωn¬- {]-h¿-Ø\ - Ø
- n¬- hy-Xym- C-Xv- s]m-Xp-P\ - ß - f - n¬- h-ºn-®- B-th- √.- P-\d - ¬- sk-{I-´d - n-tb- D-≈q.- A-Xn¬-
k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬- I- i-ap-fh - m-°n.- H-Sp-hn¬- am¿-®v- 6,-7 Xo-bX - n- \n-∂p- hy-Xy-kvX - a - m-bn- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-
ayq-Wn-Ãv- eo-Kv- I¿-j-I- {]-ÿm-\-tam- I-fn¬-t®¿-∂- tÃ-‰v- I-Ωn-‰n- tbm-Kw- am¿- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-°v- H-cp- {]-kn-U‚ - pw-
sXm-gn-em-fn- {]-ÿm-\-tam- \-S-Øn-bn-cp- ®v- 25 ap-X¬- k-ac - w- B-cw-`n-°m-≥ Xo-cp- sk-{I-´d - n-bpw- D-≠m-bn. sI.-kn.-tPm¿-Pm-
∂n-√.- F-∂m¬- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- B-ÿm- am-\n-®p.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- \n¿-t±-ia - \ - p-k- bn-cp-∂p- {]-kn-U‚ - v.- ]n.-Sn.- ]p-∂q-kv- sk-
\-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂- kn.-F-kv.-]n.- cn-®v- B- k-ac - ]- c - n-]m-Sn-bpw- \n¿-Øn-h® - p.- {I-´d- n-bpw. 1943˛¬- C-¥y-≥ I-ayq-Wn-Ãv-
°m¿- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n¬- \-S-°p- A-X-v cm-Py-sØm-´m-sI- \n-cm-ib - p-fh - m-°n.- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- B-Zy-sØ- ]m¿-´n- tIm-¨-
∂- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- \n¿-am-W-Øn-s‚- am- dm-Un-°¬- Nn-¥m-KX - n- tÃ-‰v- tIm-¨{- K- {K-kv- apw-ss_-bn¬- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- Xn-cp-
Xr-I- F-Sp-Øp-Im-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v- tkm- kn¬- i-‡n-s∏-´X - n-s‚- ^-ea - m-bn- H-cp- hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬-\n-∂v- {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- ]-
jy- e n- Ã v - e- £ yw- hn- i - Z o- I - c n- ° p- I ,- dm-Un-°¬- {Kq-∏v- tÃ-‰v- tIm-¨{- K-kn¬- s¶-Sp-ØX - v- sI.-kn.-tPm¿-Pv- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
thm-´n-√m-Ø- Im-≥Un-tU-‰v- sa-º-dm-bn-
sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw- I¿-j-I-cp-sS-
bpw- kw-L-S-\- sI-´n-∏-Sp-°p-I- F-∂o-
cq-]s - ∏-´p.- Fw.-F≥
bn-cp-∂p- B- {Kq-∏n-s‚- sk-{I-´d
- .-tKm-hn-µ≥ - \m-bc
- n.-
- m-
sI.-hn.-]-t{Xm-kpw- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.-
c-≠p- Im-cy-߃-°m-Wv- {]m-[m-\yw- tÃ-‰v- tIm-¨{- K-kn-s‚- c-≠mw- k-tΩ- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v-
\¬-In-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- f-\w- 1939 k-]vX - w-_¿- 7,-8 Xo-bX - n-If - n¬- 1944˛¬- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏v- \-S∂ - t- ∏mƒ- I-ayq-
tIm-¨-{K-kn-\p- sh-fn-bn¬- {]-h¿-Øn- I-cp-\m-K∏ - ≈- n-bn¬- \-S∂ - p.- D-Øc - c - h - m- Wn-Ãp-Im¿- tIm-¨{- K-kn¬-Øs - ∂-bm-W-v
°p-∂-h-cp-sS- kw-L-S-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p- I- Z-`-c-W-Øn¬- Ip-d-™- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im- {]-h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂X - v.- dm-Un-°¬- {Kq-∏v- F-
ayq-Wn-Ãv- eo-Kv.- I-ayq-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ- tIm- c-߃- ]-co-£n-®p-t\m-°m-sa-∂p-≈- H- ∂-t]-cn¬- H-cp- {]-Xn-]£ - a - m-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p-
¨-{K-kn¬- Aw-K-ß-fm-bn- {]-h¿-Øn- cp- {]-ta-bw- h-e-Xp-hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚- B-`n- F.-Sn.-kn.-kn-bn¬- A-hc - p-sS- {]-h¿-Ø\ - w.
°p-∂-Xn-\p-X-s∂- eo-Kn-s‚- {]-h¿-Ø- ap-Jy-Øn¬- thm-´n-\n-´t- ∏mƒ- C-SX - p-£w- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n-\p-th-≠n- cq-]h - X - vI - c - n-®-
I¿- F-Xn-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬- a-e-_m- B- {]-ta-bs - Ø- F-Xn¿-Øp.- {]-ta-bØ - n- A-©w-K- ]m¿-es - a-‚d - n- t_m¿-Un¬- I-
dn-se- kn.-F-kv.-]n.-bn¬- Aw-K-Xz-Øn-\p- \v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- 172 thm-´pw- F-Xn¿- ayq-Wn-Ãv- {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- sI.-kn.- tPm¿-
th-≠- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ- ap-ºp- kq-Nn-∏n-®- Øv- 90 thm-´p-am-Wv- e-`n-®-Xv.- {]-ta-bw- Pn-s\-bpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.- sI.-F.-
s√m.- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- eo-Kp-Im¿- I-ayq-Wn- ]m-km-sb-¶n-epw- C-S-Xp-]-£-Øn-s‚- am-Xyp,- F.-]n.- D-Zb - `- m-\p,- sI.- i-¶c - \ - m-
k-Øn-s‚- s]m-Xp-ho-£W - Ø - n-\v- {]-Nm- kzm-[o-\w- K-Wy-am-sW-∂v- h-e-Xp-]-£- cm-bW - ≥ - X-ºn- F-∂n-hc - m-bn-cp-∂p- Cu-
cw- \¬-Ip-I,- A-Xn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\- °m¿-°v- t_m-[y-s∏-´p.- hn-`m-KØ - n¬- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-If - m-bX - .v - 1948˛-
Øn¬- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K- cm-P-`-c-W-Øn-\pw- km-{am-Py-Xz-Øn- se- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬- 16
kn-s‚- _q¿-jzm- t\-Xr-Xz-sØ- i-‡n- \pw- F-Xn-cm-bn- [o-c-am-bn- k-a-cw- sN-ø- ko-‰p-Iƒ- t\-Sn-b- ]m¿-´n-°-v B-sI- t]mƒ-
bm-sb-Xn¿-°p-I- F-∂o- Im-cy-ß-fn-em- W-sa-∂v- hm-Zn-®p-t]m-∂-h-cm-Wv- C-S-Xp- sN-bvX - - thm-´n-s‚- 25 i-Xa - m-\h - pw- In-´n.-
Wv- {i-≤- tI-{µo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- Xn-cp- ]-£-°m-cm-bn- am-dn-b-Xv.- c-≠p- X-h-W- kn.-]n.- cm-a-kzm-an- A-ø¿- B-hn-jv-I-
h-\-¥-]p-cw,- _m-e-cm-a-]p-cw,- s\-Sp-a- Km-‘n-Pn- C-Ss - ]-´- co-Xn-bpw- C-¥y-≥ \m- cn-®- "-A-ta-cn-°-≥ tam-U¬-'- `-c-W-L-S-
ßm-Sv- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬- bp-h-P-\- kw- j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-se- h-e-Xp-]-£w- \- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xv- I-ayq-Wn-Ãp-Iƒ- F-
L-hpw- A-h¿- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.- B- Im-Wn-®- k-‘n- a-t\m-`m-h-Øn-epw- A- Xn¿-Øp.- "-At- a-cn-°≥ - tam-U¬- A-d_ - n-
Zy-am-bn- H-cp- sF-Iy- tI-c-f- k-tΩ-f-\w- h¿-°v- I-Sp-Ø- A-a¿-j-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- °-S-en¬-',- "-Zn-hm-≥ `-c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-
hn-fn-®p-Iq-´n-b-Xpw- Cu- bp-h-P-\-kw-L- tÃ-‰v- tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xr-Xzw- Zn-hm-\p- ∏n-°p-I'- - Xp-Sß - n-b- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-߃- \m-
ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- cm-P-`-c-Ww- B-h-iy-an- am-bn- H-Øp-Xo¿-∏p-≠m-°m-≥ \-S-Øn-b- ´n-em-sI- A-e-b-Sn-®p.- ]m¿-´n-sb- A-Sn-
s√-∂- t]m-Ã-dp-Iƒ- \m-sS-ßpw- ]-Xn- ]-cn-{i-a-Øn-epw- A-h¿-°v- {]-Xn-tj-[-ap- ®-a¿-Øm-≥ Zn-hm-≥ k-∂m-l-sam-cp-°n.-
°p-I- C-h-cp-sS- a-s‰m-cp- {]-h¿-Ø-\-am- ≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu- A-\p-`-h-߃- Xn-cp- a¿-±-\-\-b-Øn-\pw- Zn-hm-≥ `-c-W-Øn-\p-
bn-cp-∂p.- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- eo-Kn-\p-]p-d-ta- hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- C-S-Xp-]-£- {]-h¿-Ø-I- sa-Xn-sc- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- \-S-Øn-b-
Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- tI-k-cn- _m-e-Ir- sc- kn.-F-kv.-]n.-bn-te-°pw- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- {]-t£m-`N - c - n-{X-Øn-se- D-÷z-e- A-[ym-
jv-W-]n-≈-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- cm- ]m¿-´n-bn-te-°pw- B-I¿-jn-®p. b-ß-fm-Wv- ]p-∂-{]-bn-se-bpw- h-b-em-dn-
jv-{So-b- {Kq-∏v- tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚-bpw- se-bpw- k-a-c-ß-ƒ.
140
 C¥ybnse B-Zy-sØ Iayq-WnÃv- a-{¥n-k-`
1957 G{]n¬ A©v sh≈nbmgvN
C¥y-sb-∂- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c- dn-∏-ªn-°n-se- A-∂-
sØ- ]-Xn-\m-ep- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-sem-∂m-b- tI-c-f-
Øn¬- H-cp- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-eq-
sS- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- h-∂p.- \m-ev-]-Øn-sb-´p-h-b- p-
Im-c\m-b C Fw- i¶c≥- \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- sF-Iy-tI-
c-fØ
- n-s‚- {]-Ya - a- p-Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-bn- k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄- sN-
bv-Xp.- 126 Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- Aw-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
tI-c-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bn¬- A-dp-]-Xp- kn.-]n.-sF.-Aw-K-ß-
fpw- A-©p- kn.-]n.-sF.-kz-X-{¥-≥am-cpw- tN¿-∂v- 65
Aw-Kß - f - p-sS- kw-Jym-_e - a- m-Wv- `-cW - I - £ - n-b° v- p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂-Xv.- ]-Xn-s\m-∂w-K- a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬- ap-Jy-a-
{¥n-bpw- a-‰p-≈- F-´p-t]-cpw- ]-cn-]m-h\ - a - m-b- {]-Xn-⁄-
sb-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ- hn.-B¿.-Ir-jv-W-ø-cpw- tUm.-F.-B¿.-
ta-t\m-\pw- ssZ-h-\m-a-Øn-em-Wv- k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄- sN-
bv-X-Xv.-
\n-ch - [ - n- k-hn-ti-jX - I - ƒ- B- a-{¥n-k` - b- v°- p- kz-
¥-am-bn-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\ß - f - n-sem-∂n-se- B-
Zy- I-ayq-Wn-Ãv- a-{¥n-k-`-sb-∂- \n-e-bn¬- tem-I-{i-
≤- ]n-Sn-®p- ]-‰n-b- A-Xn-se- aq-∂p-t]¿- A-h-c-h-cp-sS-
ta-J-e-I-fn¬- I-gn-hp- sX-fn-bn-®- {]-K-ev-`-≥am-cm-bn-cp-
∂p.- \n-b-a-h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n- hn.-B¿.-Ir-jv-W-ø¿,- B-tcm-
Ky-h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n- tUm.-F.-B¿.-ta-t\m-≥,- hn-Zym-`ym-k-
h-Ip-∏p-a{- ¥n- tPm-k^ - v- ap-≠t- »-cn- F-∂n-hc - m-bn-cp-∂p-
B- {]-Xn-`m-[-\-≥am¿.- Aw-K-ß-fp-sS- i-cm-i-cn- {]m-b-
hpw- h-f-sc-°p-d-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se- G-I-h-
\n-Xm- Aw-K-hpw- d-h-\yp-˛- F-Iv-ssk-kv- h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n-
bp-am-bn-cp-∂- sI.-B¿.-Ku-cn-bv-°v- 38 h-b-t - D-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p-≈p.- k-`-bn¬- U-]yq-´n- kv-]o-°-dpw- H-cp- h-
\n-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- sI.-H.-A-bn-jm-`m-bn.- \n-b-a-k-`mw-
K-am-bn- B-Zyw- k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄- sN-bv-X-Xpw- H-cp- h-\n-
X- X-s∂-˛- tdm-k-Ωm- ]p-∂q-kv.- Ip-d-®p-\m-fp-Iƒ-°p-
ti-jw- a-{¥n-k`- b - n-se- Aw-Kß - f - m-b- Sn.-hn.-tXm-ak - pw-
sI.-B¿.-Ku-cn-bpw- X-Ωn¬- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®-Xpw-(1957)-
C-¥y-bn¬- a-{¥n-am¿- X-Ωn¬- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®- B-Zy-
kw-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p.- {i-t≤-b-am-b- ]-e- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-
Im-cß- f - pw- a-{¥n-k` - - sIm-≠p-hc - n-Ib - p-≠m-bn.- C-¥y-
bn-em-Zy-am-bn- `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-\n-b-aw- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-
sI.-B¿.-Ku-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- tPm-k-^v- ap-≠-iv-ti-cn-
A-h-X-cn-∏n-®- hn-Zym-`ym-k-_n¬- tI-c-f-am-sI- N¿-®m-
hn-j-b-am-bn.- 1957 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- c-≠n-\v- \n-b-a-k-`-
_n¬- ]m-km-°n.- B-e-∏p-g,- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- Pn-√-Iƒ-
\n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xpw- 1957 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 31\v- tI-c-f- tÃ-‰v-
C-e-Iv-{Sn-kn-‰n- t_m¿-Uv- cq-]w- sIm-≠-Xpw- Cu- a-{¥n-
k-`b- p-sS- Im-eØ - m-Wv.- hn-tam-N\ - k- a - c- Ø- n-\pw- a-{¥n-
k-`- km-£yw- h-ln-®p.- 1959 Pq-sse- 31\v- tI-{µw- `-c-
W-LS- \ - b - p-sS- 356˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- {]-tbm-Kn-®v- C.-Fw.-
F-kv.-a-{¥n-k-`-sb- ]n-cn-®p-hn-´p.- C-¥y-bn¬- {]-kv-Xp-
X- A-\p-t—-Zw- {]-tbm-Kn-®- B-Zy- k-µ¿-`-am-bn-cp-∂p-
A-Xv.-
a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw-Iq-Sn-b- Aw-Kw- B-
tcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n- tUm.- F.- B¿.- ta-t\m-\m-bn-cp-
∂p- (1886˛-1960).- a-{¥n-k` - b
- n¬,- a-{¥n-sb-∂- \n-eb - n¬-
ap-≥]-cn-Nb - a- p-≈- G-I- hy-‡n-bpw- A-t±-la - m-bn-cp-∂p.-
1886 G-{]n¬- B-dn-\v- Nm-Øp-°p-´n- a-∂m-Sn-bm-cp-sS- ]p-
{X-\m-bn- H-cp- k-º-∂- X-d-hm-´n¬- P-\n-® A-t±-lw-
Cw-•-≠n¬-\n-∂m-Wv- - ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X- _n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn-
b-Xv.- A-Xn-\p-ti-jw- Xr-»q-cn¬- {]m-Œo-kv- B-cw-`n-®p.-
tZ-io-b- {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn¬- k-Po-h-am-b- A-t±-lw- ]m-
e-°m-Sv,- Xr-»q¿- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-I-fn¬- Iu-¨-kn-e¿,-
sN-b¿-am-≥ F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-Tn-®p.-
Im¬-\q-‰m-≠n-te-sd-°m-ew- \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-hp-am-bn-cp-
∂p.- sIm-®n-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- A-
ºm-´p- in-h-cm-a-ta-t\m-s‚- B-I-kv-an-I- \n-cym-W-Øn-
\p-ti-jw- {Km-tam-≤m-c-W-a-{¥n-bm-b- (1938˛-42)- A-
t±-l-Øn-\v- A-hn-izm-k-{]-ta-bw-aq-ew- cm-Pn-h-bv-t°-
≠n-h-∂- B-Zy-sØ- a-{¥n- F-∂- hn-ti-j-W-hpw- kz-
¥-am-Wv.- 1952¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-bm-bn- Xn-
C Fw- Fkv- \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv- kXy{]Xn-Pv-R sNbv-Xt∏mƒ--
cp-˛-sIm-®n- A-kw-ªn-bn-te-°v- a-’c - n-®- A-t±-lw- kn.-
A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m-t\m-Sv- tXm-‰p.- 1954¬- Nn-‰q-cn¬- a-’-
cn-®v- P-bn-°p-I-bpw-sN-bv-Xp.- ]-\-ºn-≈n- tKm-hn-µ-ta-
t\m-t\m-Sv- ]n-W-ßn- 1956em-Wv- A-t±-lw- tIm-¨-{K-
kv- hn-´-Xv.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v-˛-]n.-F-kv.-]n.- ]n-¥p-W-bp-≈-
kz-X{- ¥-\m-bn- Xr-»q-cn¬-\n-∂v- a-’c - n-®- tUm.- ta-t\m-
≥ sI.- I-cp-Wm-I-c-s\- tXm¬-]n-®m-Wv- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-
se-Øn-b-Xv.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- tIm-gn-t°m-Sv- sa-Un-°¬-
tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬- A-t±-lw- {]-[m-\- ]-¶p-
h-ln-®p.-
a-e-bm-f- km-ln-Xy-hn-a¿-i-I-≥,- hn-Zym-`ym-k-Nn-¥-
I-≥,- cm-{„o-b{- ]-h¿-ØI - ≥ - ,- D-÷z-eh - m-Kva- n- F-∂o- \n-
e-I-fn¬- Xn-f-ßn-b- {]-Xn-`m-[-\-\m-b- tPm-k-^v- ap-≠-
t»-cn-°v- (1903˛-77)- hn-Zym-`ym-k- h-Ip-∏n-s‚- Np-a-X-e-
bm-bn-cp-∂p.- Xr-»q-cn-se- I-≠» - mw-IS- h- n¬- 1903 Pq-sse-
17\v- B-Wv- A-t±-lw- P-\n-®X - v.- `u-Xn-Ii - m-kv{- X-Øn¬-
_n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn-b-ti-jw- a-e-bm-f-Øn-epw- kw-kv-Ir-X-
Øn-epw- Fw.-F.- _n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn- Xr-»q¿- sk-‚ v- tXm-
a-kv- tIm-tf-Pn¬- A-[ym-]-I-\m-bn.- 1948 ap-X¬- sIm-
®n- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- A-kw-
ªn-bn-epw- Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂- ap-≠-t»-cn- B-Zyw- tIm-
¨-{K-kp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw- {I-ta-W- I-ayq-Wn-
kv-‰v- k-l-bm-{Xn-I-\m-bn.- "-s{]m-^-k¿-',- "-sIm-¥-bn¬-
\n-∂v- Ip-cn-in-te-°v-'- Xp-S-ßn-b- t\m-h-ep-I-fpw- "-am-
s‰m-en-',- am-\-Z-fiw-',- "-\m-S-Im-¥w- I-hn-Xzw-'- Xp-S-ßn-
b- hn-a¿-i-\-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpw- "-Im-hy-]o-Tn-I-'- F-∂- A-e-
¶m-e-im-kv-{X- {K-Ÿ-hpw- c-Nn-®p.- ]u-c-kv-Xy- `m-jm-
hn-`m-Kw- X-e-h-\m-bn-cn-s°- am-t\-Pv-sa-‚p-am-bn- sX-
‰n- 1952¬- sk-‚ v- tXm-a-kn¬-\n-∂v- hn-c-an-®p.- 1953 ap-
X¬- \-h-Po-h-≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn.- cq-]-`-{Z-Xm-hm-Z-Øn-
eq-sS- a-e-bm-f- km-ln-Xy-Øn¬- sIm-Sp-¶m-‰p-b¿-Øn-
b- ap-≠-t»-cn-bm-Wv- "-\-f-N-cn-X-'-sØ- tI-c-f- im-Ip-
¥-f-sa-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.- a-e-bm-f- hn-a¿-i-\- km-
ln-Xy-Øn¬- ]p-Ø-\p-W¿-hp-≠m-°n-b- A-t±-lw- ]m-
iv-Nm-Xy-˛-]u-c-kv-Xy- I-em-˛-km-ln-Xy- Z¿-i-\-ß-sf-
k-a-\z-bn-∏n-®v,- A-Xn-s‚- sh-fn-®-Øn¬- km-ln-Xy-Ir-
Xn-I-sf- hn-e-bn-cp-Øn.- a-W-eq¿- \n-tbm-P-I-a-fi-e-
Øn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- A-t±-lw- H-∂mw- tI-c-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bn-
te-°v- P-bn-®-Xv.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- ap-≠-t»-cn- sIm-®n-≥
k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- {]-Y-a- ssh-kv-Nm-≥k-e¿- ]-Zw-
h-ln-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-
X-e-t»-cn- Pn-√m-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- {]-K-ev-`-\m-b- A-`n-
141
`m-j-I-s\-∂p- t]-sc-Sp-Ø- hn.-B¿.- Ir-jv-W-ø¿- ]m-
e-°m-Sv- Pn-√-bn-se- ti-J-co-]p-c-Øv- 1915 \-hw-_¿- 15\v-
P-\n-®p.- tI-c-f-Øn-se- sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS-bpw- I¿-j-
I-cp-sS-bpw- {]-iv-\-߃- ]-cn-l-cn-°m-≥ k¿-hm-fl-\m-
{]-b-Xv-\n-®- A-t±-l-sØ- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- A-\p-`m-hn-sb-
∂m-tcm-]n-®v- 1948¬- X-S-hn-em-°n.- I¬-°-Øm- Xn-ko-
kp-Im-e-Øpw- A-Xn-\p-ti-j-hpw- F.- sI.-Pn.- A-S-°-
ap-≈- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im-cp-sS- h-°m-e-Øv- A-t±-l-Øn-
\m-bn-cp-∂p.- 1952se- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬- Iq-Øp-]d - º
- v- \n-
tbm-PI - a
- fi
- e
- s - Ø- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w-sN-bvX - v- A-kw-ªn-
bn-se-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- X-s‚- kz-Xk - n-≤a - m-b- hm-Itv- [m-
c-Wn-bn-eq-sS- {i-≤- ]n-Sn-®p-]-‰n.- 1957¬- X-e-t»-cn-bn¬-
\n-∂p- a-’-cn-®- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-
bp-sS-bpw- ]n.-Fk - v.]
- n.-bp-sS-bpw- ap-…nw-eo-Kn-s‚-bpw- ]n-
¥p-W-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS- B-Zy-Im-e-Øv-
A-t±-l-Øn-\v- \n-b-a-h-Ip-∏n-s‚- Np-a-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
]n-∂o-Sv- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bn¬-\n-∂pw- B-`y-¥-c-h-Ip-∏pw- e-
`n-®p.- ]n-∂o-Sv,- a-{¥n-k-`-bp-sS- A-h-km-\-\m-fp-I-fn¬-
B- h-Ip-∏v- kn.- A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m-\v- G¬-]n-®p-sIm-Sp-
Øp.- km-aq-ln-I-t£-a-]-c-hpw- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-hp-am-b-
\n-ch- [ - n- ]-cn-jvI - m-cß- ƒ-°v- Xp-S° - w-Ip-dn-®- A-t±-lw-
]n¬-°m-e-Øv- 1968¬- tI-c-f- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-epw-
1973¬- kp-{]ow-tIm-SX - n-bn-epw- P-UP v- n-bm-bn.- C-¥y-bn¬-
]-e- {]-K-ev-`-cpw- \o-Xn-\ym-b-cw-K-Øp-\n-∂pw- cm-jv-{So-
b-˛-`-c-W-cw-K-ß-fn-se-Øn- I-gn-hp-sX-fn-bn-®n-´p-s≠-¶n-
epw- B-Zy-am-bm-Wv- H-cmƒ- cm-jv-{So-b-cw-K-Øp-\n-∂pw-
\o-Xn-\ym-b-cw-K-sØ-Øn- {]-K-ev-`-a-Xn-sb-∂- hn-ti-j-
Ww- kz-¥-am-°n-b-Xv.- \ym-bm-[n-]-s\-∂- \n-e-bn¬-
k-aq-l-a-\- m-£n-sb- kv-]¿-in-°p-∂- \n-c-h-[n- hn-[n-
\ym-b-߃- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®- A-t±-lw- \n-b-a-kw-_-‘n-
bm-b- A-kw-Jyw- te-J-\-ß-fpw- F-gp-Xn.-
B-th-tim-÷z-e-am-b- _-lp-P-\- k-a-c-ß-fn¬-°q-
Sn- h-f¿-∂v- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- t\-Xr-\n-c-bn-se-
Øn-b- h-\n-Xb - m-Wv- sI.-B¿.- Ku-cn-bΩ - .- _n.-F.,- _n.-
F¬.- _n-cp-Z-߃- t\-Sn- A-`n-`m-j-I-bm-bn-cn-s°-bm-
Wv- A-h¿- cm-{„o-b-Øn-te-°n-d-ßn-b-Xv.- h-b-em¿- k-
a-c-tbm-≤m-hv- sI.-B¿.- k-Zm-in-h-s‚- k-tlm-Z-cn-bm-
b- Ku-cn- 1948¬- A-t±-lw- a-cn-®-ti-j-am-Wv- ]m¿-´n-
Aw-Ka - m-bX - v.- A-tX-h¿-jw- \-S∂ - - Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏n¬- ]-
cm-P-b-s∏-s´-¶n-epw- 1952epw- 1954epw- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- \n-
b-a-k-`mw-K-am-bn.- 1957¬- tN¿-Ø-e-bn¬- aq-∂mw-h-´w-
P-bn-®m-Wv- Ku-cn-b-Ω- tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- {]-Y-a- d-h-\yq-˛-
F-Iv-ssk-kv- h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv.-
a-{¥n-k-`-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- {]m-bw-Ip-d-™- Aw-K-am-
bn-cp-∂p- h¿-°-e- Fw.-F¬.-F.-bpw- s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øp-
h-Ip-∏p-a{- ¥n-bp-am-bn-cp-∂- Sn.-F.- a-Po-Zv.- Xn-cp-h\ - ¥ - ]- p-
cw- Pn-√-bn-se- C-S-hm-bn¬- H-cp- k-º-∂- ap-…nw- Ip-Spw-
_-Øn¬- P-\n-®- A-t±-lw- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- a-lm-cm-Pm-
kv- tIm-tf-Pn-se- _n-cp-Z- ]-T-\-Øn-\p-ti-jw- ]-{X-
{]-h¿-Ø-I-\m-bn.- {]-`m-Xw,- a-e-bm-f-cm-Pyw,- P-\-bp-
Kw- ]-{X-ß-fn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- tIm-¨-{K-kp-Im-c-\m-
bn- s]m-Xp-Po-hn-X-am-cw-`n-®- a-Po-Zv- t{S-Uv-bq-Wn-b-≥
{]-h¿-Ø\ - Ø
- n-eq-sS- I-ayq-Wn-kv‰ - v- ]m¿-´n-bn-ep-sa-Øn.-
1952epw- 1954epw- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- \n-b-a-k-`mw-K-am-bn-
cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.-
B-e-∏p-g- ]-´-W-Øn-se- ^m-Œ-dn- hm¿-Un-ep-≈-
ssX-∏-d-ºn¬- `-h-\-Øn¬- 1910 P-\p-h-cn- 19\v- P-\n-®-
Sn.-hn.- tXm-a-kv- ]p-∂-{]-˛-h-b-em¿- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- \m-
b-I-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- _n.-F-
√n-\v- ]-Tn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv- Sn.-hn.- tXm-ak - v- cm-{„o-bØ - n¬-
B-Ir-„-\m-b-Xv.- D-Ø-c-hm-Z-`-c-W- {]-t£m-`-Ww- sIm-
Sp-ºn-cn-s°m-≠- \m-fp-I-fn¬- Sn.-hn.- tXm-a-kpw- kv-t‰-
‰v- tIm-¨-{K-kn¬- k-Po-h-am-bn.- kz-tZ-i-am-b- B-e-
∏p-g-bn¬- Xn-cn-s®-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- sXm-gn-em-fn-cw-K-
Øv- ]p-Ø-\p-W¿-hv- kr-„n-®p.- 1938¬- I-∂n-´- sXm-gn-
em-fn- bq-Wn-b-s‚-bpw- 1940¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- I-b¿-
^m-Œ-dn- sXm-gn-em-fn- bq-Wn-b-s‚-bpw- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn-
Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p.- 1940¬- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-Sn-bn¬-
F-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- 1943¬- sXm-gn-em-fn- kw-L-S-\-Iƒ-
G-Io-I-cn-®v- A-Jn-e- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-
b-≥ tIm-¨-{K-kv- F-∂- kw-L-S-\- ÿm-]n-®v- A-Xn-
s‚- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn.- 1946¬- \-S-∂- ]p-∂-{]-˛-h-
b-em¿- k-a-c-ß-fp-sS- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw- G-s‰-Sp-Ø- Sn.-
hn.- tXm-a-kn-s\- 1946 H-tŒm-_¿- 30\v- A-d-kv-‰p-sN-
bv-Xp.- 1948se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-s´-¶n-epw-
C-S-Xp-ÿm-\m¿-Yn-I-fn¬- G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw- thm-´p-In-´n-
b-Xv- Sn.- hn.- tXm-a-kn-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- 1952¬- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-
®n- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v- B-e-∏p-g-bn¬-\n-∂v- A-t±-lw-
hn-P-bn-®p.- A-Sp-Ø- h¿-jw- B-e-∏p-g- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-
‰n- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- P-bn-®v- A-[y-£-\m-bn.- C-¥y-bn-
se- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im-c-\m-b- B-Zy-sØ- \-K-c-k-`m- sN-
b¿-am-≥ F-∂- hn-ti-j-Ww- A-t±-l-Øn-\p- kz-¥-am-
bn.- 1954¬- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v- hn-P-bn-
®- A-t±-lw- {]-Xn-]-£- t\-Xm-hm-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.-
1957¬- ho-≠pw- B-e-∏p-g-bn¬-\n-∂p- P-bn-®- A-t±-lw-
sXm-gn¬-˛-K-Xm-K-X- h-Ip-∏p-I-fp-sS- Np-a-X-e-bp-≈- a-
{¥n-bm-bn.- a-{¥n-bm-bn-cn-s°- A-t±-lw- sI.- B¿.- Ku-
cn-bΩ- s - b- hn-hm-lw-Ig- n-®p.- I-ayq-Wn-kv‰ - v- ]m¿-Sn- 1964¬-
]n-f¿-∂-t∏mƒ- tXm-a-kv- kn.-]n.-sF.-bn-epw- Ku-cn-b-Ω-
kn.-]n.-F-Ωn-epw- \n-e-bp-d-∏n-®p.- 1967se- C.- Fw.- F-
kv.- a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬- hy-h-km-b-h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n-sb-∂- \n-
e-bn¬- N-h-d-bn-se- ssS-‰m-\n-bw,- hm-f-bm-dn-se- a-e-
_m¿- kn-a-‚ v- ^m-Œ-dn,- sh-≈q¿- \yq-kv-{]n-‚ v- ^m-Œ-
dn,- sI¬-t{Sm-¨,- B-e-∏p-g-bn-se- a-W-en-„n-I- ^m-Œ-
dn,- •m-kv- ^m-Œ-dn- F-∂n-h- ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬- \n¿-
Wm-b-I- ]-¶p-h-ln-®p.- 1970se- sX-c-s™-Sp-∏n-epw- hn-
P-bn-®v- A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m-≥ a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬- hy-h-km-b-
h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n-bm-bn.- 1977se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n-epw- hn-P-
bn-®v- a-{¥n-bm-b- A-t±-lw- A-tX-h¿-jw- am¿-®v- 26\v-
Im-≥k¿- tcm-Kw-aq-ew- A-¥-cn-®p.-
C-cn-ßm-e-°p-S-bn¬-\n-∂v- H-∂mw- tI-c-f- \n-b-a-k-
`-bn¬- Aw-K-am-b- kn.- A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m-≥ I-ayq-Wn-kv-
‰v- \n-b-a-k-`m-I-£n-bp-sS- D-]-t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- [-\-
Im-cy-h-Ip-∏p-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- a-{¥n-k-
`-bp-sS- A-hk - m-\\- m-fp-If
- n¬- hn- B¿- Ir-jvW - ø- c - n¬-
\n-∂v- B-`y-¥-c-h-Ip-∏p-Iq-Sn- e-`n-°p-I-bpw- A-ß-s\-
hn-tam-N-\-k-a-c-sØ- t\-cn-Sp-I-sb-∂- D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw-
Iq-Sn- \n¿-h-ln-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- {]-Y-a- a-{¥n-k-`-bn-
se- Aw-K-ß-fn¬- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- tI-c-f- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-
bm-b- hy-‡n-sb-∂- hn-ti-jW - h - pw- A-t±-lØ - n-\p- kz-
¥-am-Wv.- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- Po-hn-X-am-cw-
`n-®v- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- Pn-√m-I-Ωn-‰n- A-[y-£-\m-bpw-
{]-tZ-iv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- I-Ωn-‰n- Aw-K-am-bpw- {]-h¿-Øn-
®- A-t±-lw- 1942em-Wv- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-bn¬- Aw-
K-am-b-Xv.- 1945¬- sIm-®n- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-te-°v- a-’-cn-
®p-tXm-‰- A-t±-lw- 1952¬- Xn-cp-˛s - Im-®n- \n-ba- k- `- b- n¬-
Aw-K-am-bn.- 1954¬- ho-≠pw- tXm-‰- A-t±-lw- A-tX-
h¿-jw-X-s∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n- tI-{µ-I-Ωn-‰n- Aw-
K-am-bn.-
`-£y-˛-h-\w- h-Ip-∏p-I-fp-sS- Np-a-X-e-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-
∂- sI.-kn.- tPm¿-Pv- kw-`-h-_-lp-e-am-b- cm-{„o-b-Po-
hn-X-Øn-s‚- D-S-a-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- "-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- H-
∂m-a-sØ- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-Im-c-≥'- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-
s∏-´n-´p-≈- A-t±-lw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- kv-t‰-‰v- tIm-¨-
{K-kn-s‚- ÿm-]I - t- \-Xm-°f - n-sem-cm-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- sN-
ß-∂q-cn-ep-≈- H-cp- C-S-Ø-cw- bm-t°m-_m-b- Ip-Spw-
_-Øn¬- P-\n-®- A-t±-lw- Fw.-F.,- F¬.-F¬.-_n.-
_n-cp-Z-߃- t\-Sn- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øv- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-
bn-cn-s°-bm-Wv- cm-{„o-b-Øn-te-°v- {]-th-in-®-Xv.- Xn-
cp-h\ - ¥
- ]- p-cw- _m¿- A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ - sk-{I-´d - n-bpw-
ap-\n-kn-∏¬- Iu-¨-kn-e-dp-am-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®- sI.-kn.-
1939se- k-ac - Ø
- n-s‚- ap-∂W - n-t∏m-cm-fn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- kv-
t‰-‰v- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- N-cn-{Xw- Hm-´-≥Xp-≈-em-bn- F-
gp-Xn-bn-´p-≈- A-t±-lw- bq-Øp-eo-Kp-am-bpw- k-l-I-cn-
®p- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- 1938¬- A-t±-lw- h-°o¬-∏-Wn- A-h-
km-\n-∏n-®p.- ]-√-\-bn¬- ]m-≠-h-Øp- i-¶-c-∏n-≈-bp-
sS- ho-´n¬- \-S-∂- tbm-K-Øn-epw- dm-Un-°¬- {Kq-∏n-
s‚- cq-]-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-epw- {]-[m-\- ]-¶p-h-ln-®- A-
t±-lw- 1939¬-X-s∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n-bn¬- Aw-K-
Xzw- t\-Sn-bn-cp-∂p.- Nn-d-°-en¬- tN¿-∂- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰p-
]m¿-Sn-bp-sS- c-l-ky-tbm-K-Øn-epw- A-t±-lw- ]-s¶-Sp-
Øp.- F-d-Wm-Ip-f-Øv- H-fn-hn¬- I-gn-b-h-sh- H-cp- t_m-
142
´p-bm-{X-bv-°n-S-bn¬- A-t±-l-sØ- A-d-kv-‰p-sN-bv-Xp.-
A-t±-lw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰m-sW-∂p-≈- Zn-hm-≥ k¿- kn.-
]n.- cm-a-kzm-an- A-ø-cp-sS- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-ج- Km-‘n-Pn-
t]m-epw- hn-iz-kn-°m-≥ Iq-´m-°n-bn-√.- F-∂m¬,- hn-
Nm-c-W-th-f-bn¬- s]-cp-ºm-hq¿- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- Xm-≥
I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰m-sW-∂v- sI.- kn.- {]-Jym-]n-®p.- H-cp- h¿-
jw- X-S-hn-\p- in-£n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- I-ayq-Wn-
kv-‰p-]m¿-´n- \n-b-a-hn-t[-b-am-b-t∏mƒ- sI.-kn.- tPm¿-
Ppw- tam-Nn-X-\m-bn.- 1942¬- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- I-ayq-Wn-
kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn.- 1946se- ]p-∂-{]-˛-h-b-em¿-
k-a-c-Øn-\p- Np-°m-≥ ]n-Sn-®-h-cn¬- H-cmƒ- A-t±-l-am-
bn-cp-∂p.- 1952¬- cm-Py-k`- b - n-te-°pw- 1954¬- Xn-cp-˛s - Im-
®n- \n-ba - k- `
- b
- n-te-°pw- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´- A-t±-lw-
1957¬- am-th-en-°c - s- b- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bvX - m-Wv- tI-
c-f- \n-b-a-k-`-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv.-
C-cn-ßm-e-°p-S-bv-°-Sp-Øv- am-Sm-bn-t°m-W-Øv- ]p-
e-b-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬- 1920em-Wv- X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W- h-
Ip-∏p-a-{¥n- ]n.-sI.- Nm-Ø-≥ P-\n-®-Xv.- C-cn-ßm-e-°p-
S-bn¬- ssl-kv-Iqƒ- ]-T-\w- I-gn-™v- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- a-
lm-cm-Pm-kn¬- tN¿-s∂-¶n-epw- tIm-tf-Pv- hn-Zym-`ym-kw-
]q¿-Øn-bm-°m-≥ I-gn-™n-√.- \m-´n¬- a-S-ßn-sb-Øn-
b- Nm-Ø-≥ I¿-j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-bm-b- Z-fn-X-sc- kw-
L-Sn-∏n-®v- k-a-kv-X- sIm-®n- ]p-e-b-a-lm-k-`- kw-L-Sn-
∏n-®p.- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- t\-Xm-°-fm-b- ]n.- sI.- Ip-am-c-
s‚-bpw- sI.-hn.-sI.- hm-cy-cp-sS-bpw- kzm-[o-\-am-Wv- A-
t±-l-sØ- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]-£-Øn-se-Øn-®-Xv.- Iq-S¬-
am-Wn-Iy-t£-{X- \n-cØ - p- Xp-d∂ - p-In-´m-\p-≈- {]-t£m-
`-Øn-epw- ]m-en-bw- k-Xy-{K-l-Øn-epw- B-th-i-tØm-
sS- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- Nm-Ø-≥ 1954¬- Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- \n-b-a-
k-`mw-K-am-bn.- 1957¬- Nm-e-°p-Sn-bn¬-\n-∂m-Wv- A-t±-
lw- hn-P-bn-®-Xv.-
tIm-¨-{K-kv,- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n,-
t{S-Uv-bq-Wn-b-≥ {]-ÿm-\w,- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- ]m¿-´n- F-
∂n-h-bn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-®- A-\p-`-h-k-º-Øp-am-bn-´m-Wv-
1957¬- I-Æq-cn¬-\n-∂p- P-bn-®v- sI.-]n.- tKm-]m-e≥ - hy-
h-km-ba - {- ¥n-bm-bX - v.- I-Æq-cn-\S- p-Øv- ]p-Xn-b] - d- º
- n-em-
Wv- A-t±-lw- P-\n-®-Xv.- Nn-d-°¬- cm-Pm-kv- ssl-kv-Iq-
fn¬- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- A-h-km-\n-®p.- 1930se- D-∏p-k-Xy-
{K-lØ - n¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- A-t±-lw- 1934˛-40 Im-eØ - v- sI.-
]n.-kn.-kn.- sk-{I-´d - n-bm-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- C-°m-eØ - m-
Wv- A-t±-lw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-kv-‰p-]m¿-Sn-bn-
epw- k-Po-h- {]-h¿-ØI - \
- m-bX- v.- 1939¬- ]n-Wd - m-bn-bn¬-
\-S∂- - I-ayq-Wn-kv‰ - p-]m¿-´n-bp-sS- B-Zy-tbm-KØ - n¬- A-
[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.- t{S-Uv-bq-Wn-b-≥ t\-Xm-
hm-bpw- tim-`n-®- A-t±-lw,- ^m-tdm-°n-se- Hm-´p-I-º-
\n- k-a-c-Øn¬- {]-[m-\- ]-¶p-h-ln-®p.- Nn-d-°¬- Xm-
eq-°n¬- bq-Øv-eo-Kv- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®- A-t±-lw- ]-e- {]m-
h-iyw- {Iq-c-a¿-Z-\-Øn-\pw- C-c-bm-bn.- 1952¬- a-{Zm-kv-
\n-b-a-k-`mw-K-am-b- A-t±-lw- I-ayq-Wn-kv-‰v- \n-b-a-k-
`m-I-£n- D-]-t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p.-
 FOCUS
1. "_o-lm¿- Km-\v-[n-'- sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
tUm.- cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zm-Wv.- B-[p-\n-I-
Km-‘n- _m-_mw- Bw-sX.-
2.- -"-a-l¿-jn-'- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-´- `m-cX
- c
- X
- v\
- a- m-
Wv- Un.-sI- Im¿-th.- "-cm-P¿-jn-'- F-∂d - n-
b-s∏-´X - v- ]p-cp-tjm-Øw-Zm-kv- T-WvU - ≥- .-
3.- -"-an-ssk¬- am-≥ Hm-^v- C-¥y-'- tUm.- F.-
]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-em-am-Wv.- an-ssk¬-
hn-a-≥ Hm-^v- C-¥y- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv- sS- n- tXm-a-kv.-
4.- -"-Pm-Xn- H-∂v,- a-Xw- H-∂v,- Ip-ew- H-∂v- ssZ-
hw- H-∂v-'- F-∂- k-tµ-iw- \¬-In-b- km-
aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jvI- ¿-Øm-hm-Wv- ssh-Ip-Wv-
T-kzm-an-Iƒ.- C-¥- D-e-In-te- H-tc- H-cp-
Pm-Xn- Xm-≥,- H-tc- H-cp- a-Xw- Xm-≥,- H-tc-
H-cp- I-S-hpƒ- Xm-≥ F-∂- ssX-°m-Sv-
A-ø-bp-sS- h-N-\-Øn-s‚- a-e-bm-f- ]-cn-
`m-j-bm-b- H-cp- Pm-Xn- H-cp- a-Xw- H-cp-
ssZ-hw- {]-kn-≤-am-°n-b-Xv- {io-\m-cm-
b-W-Kp-cp-hm-Wv.-
5.- -"-tI-c-f-Øn-se- ]-£n-{Km-aw-'- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- B-e-∏p-g- Pn-√-bn-se- \q-d-\m-
Sv.- F-∂m¬,- ]-£n-]m-Xm-fw- h-b-\m-Sv-
Pn-√-bn-em-Wv.-
6.- -]p-e-b-≥ A-ø-∏-≥ F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-´-
km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv- k-tlm-Z-
c-≥ A-ø-∏-≥.- ]p-e-b-≥ a-Øm-bn- F-
∂p- hn-fn-®-Xv- Ip-am-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h-s\- (s]m-
bv-I-bn¬- tbm-l-∂m-≥)-bm-Wv.-
7.- -]q¿-h-L-´-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-
b- `m-K-am-Wv- B-{‘-{]-tZ-in-e- Pn-‘-
K-U- (1690 ao.-)- ]-›n-a- L-´-Øn-se- G-
‰-hpw- D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- `m-K-am-Wv- tI-c-f-
Øn-se- B-\-ap-Sn- (2695 ao.-).-
8.- -A-Jn-em-Wv-U-a-Wv-U-ew- A-Wn-bn-s®m-
cp-°n- F-∂p- Xp-S-ßp-∂- Km-\w- c-Nn-®-
Xv- ]-¥-fw- sI.-]n.-cm-a-≥]n-≈-bm-Wv.-
ssZ-th-ta- ssI-sXm-gmw- tIƒ-°p-am-dm-
I-Ww- F-∂- Km-\w- c-Nn-®X - v- ]-¥f
- w- tI-
c-f- h¿-a-bm-Wv.-
9.- -hn-‘ym-a-e-\n-c-I-fn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-b-cw-
Iq-Sn-b- `m-K-am-Wv- A-a¿-Im-≠-Iv- (1048
ao.-)- km-Xv-]p-c- a-e-\n-c-I-fn-se- G-‰-hpw-
D-b-cw- Iq-Sn-b- `m-K-am-Wv- [p-]v-K-Vv- (1350
ao.-).-
10.- -I-S¬-Øo-c-ap-≈- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pn-√-I-
fn¬- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b-Xv-
a-e-∏p-d-am-Wv- (3550 N.-In.-ao-).- F-∂m¬,-
I-S¬-Øo-cw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- I-Æq-
cn-\m-Wv.-
11.- -Pm¿-J-Wv-Un-\m-bn- \n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-´- a-
s‰m-cp- t]-cm-Wv- h-\m-©¬.- D-Ø-cm-J-
Wv-Un-s‚- ]-g-b- t]-cm-Wv- D-Ø-cm-©¬.-
12.- -tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B-‚ n- sk-]v-
‰n-°m-Wv- ^n-t\mƒ.- B-Zy-sØ- B-‚ n-
_-tbm-´n-Iv- s]-\n-sk-en-≥.-
13.- -\-f-µ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-
≥ Kp-]v-X- hw-i-Øn-se- Ip-am-c- Kp-]v-X-
Confusing Facts
\m-Wv.- ]m-e-hw-i-Øn-se- [¿-a-]m-e-\m-
Wv- hn-{Iw-in-e-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥.-
14.- -\-f-µ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-
X- ]p-jy-`q-Xn- hw-i-cm-Pm-hv- l¿-j-\m-
Wv.- _-Jv-Xn-bm¿- Jn¬-Pn-bm-Wv- ]-{¥-
≠mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬- (1193)-\-f-µ-sb- \-in-
∏n-°m-≥ t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv.-
15.- -\-f-N-cn-Xw- B-´-°-Y- D-Æm-bn-hm-cy-cp-
sS- c-N-\-bm-Wv.- Ip-©-≥ \-ºym-cm-Wv-
\-f-N-cn-Xw- Xp-≈¬- c-Nn-®-Xv.-
16.- -\-ho-I-c-Ww- A-Y-hm- dn-t^m¿-ta-j-\p-
Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®- cm-Py-am-Wv- P¿-a-\n.- \-
thm-∞m-\-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv- C-
‰-en-bn-em-Wv.- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚- P-∑-
tZ-iw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- C-‰m-en-b-≥ \-
K-c-am-b- ^v-tfm-d-≥kn-s\- a-[y-Im-e-L-
´-Øn-se- G-Y-≥kv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-
®n-cp-∂p.-
17.- -\m-b¿- `r-Xy-P-\-kw-Lw- F-∂- t]-cp-
\n¿-t±-in-®-Xv- I-∏-\- I-Æ-≥ ta-t\m-\m-
bn-cp-∂p.- -\m-b¿- k¿-ho-kv- skm-ssk-
‰n- F-∂- t]-cn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv- sI.-
]-c-ap-]n-≈-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
18.- -\m-c-ß-bn-en-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- hn-‰m-an-\m-
b- hn-‰m-an-≥ kn-bp-sS- cm-k-\m-aw- A-
kv-tIm¿-_n-Iv- B-kn-Uv.- F-∂m¬,- \m-
c-ß-bn-ep-≈- A-æw- G-sX-∂v- tNm-Zn-
®m¬- D-Ø-cw- kn-{Sn-Iv- B-kn-Uv.-
19.- -\m-f-µ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- ]p-\-cp-≤-cn-°-
W-sa-∂- \n¿-t±-iw- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-t∂m-
´p-h-®-Xv- F.-]n.-sP.- A-_v-Zpƒ- I-emw.-
A-Xn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-Im-≥ K-h-¨-
sa-‚ v- \n-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- A-a¿-Xym- sk-∂n-
s\-bm-Wv.-
20.- \
- m-jW - ¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- kn-≤- sN-
ss∂-bn-em-Wv.- \m-j-W¬- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-
´v- Hm-^v- bp-\m-\n- sa-Un-kn-≥ _mw-•q-
cn-em-Wv.-
21.- -\m-j-W¬- s]m-eo-kv- A-°m-Z-an- ssl-
Z-cm-_m-Zn-em-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- C-hn-tS-°v- am-
‰p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv- A-Xv- au-≠v- A-_p-hn-
em-Wv- {]-h¿-Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.-
22.- - \ m- j - W ¬- U- b - d n- sU- h - e - ] v - s a- ‚ v -
t_m¿-Un-s‚- B-ÿm-\w- Kp-P-dm-Øn-
se- B-\µ - v- B-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- \m-jW
U-b-dn- dn-k¿-®v- C-≥Ãn-‰yq-´v- l-cn-bm-\-
bn-se- I¿-Wm-en¬- B-Wv.-
23.- -\m-j-W¬- Un-^-≥kv- tIm-tf-Pv- \yq-
U¬-ln-bn-em-Wv.- \m-jW - ¬- Un-^≥
A-°m-Z-an- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂-Xv- a-lm-cm-
jv-{S-bn-se- ]q-s\-bv-°-Sp-Øv- J-U-Iv-hm-
kv-e-bn-em-Wv.-
24.- -\m-Km¿-Pp-\-km-K¿- A-W-s°-´v- Ir-jv-
W- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- Ir-jv-W-
cm-P-km-K¿- Im-th-cn-bn-em-Wv.-
25.- -\n-e-hn-ep-≈-h-bn¬-h-®v- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-
ap-≈- ]-c-am-[n-Im-c- cm-jv-{Sw- F-∂- hn-
ti-j-Ww- km-≥ am-dn-t\m-bv-°v- kz-¥-
am-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-
]-g-°-ap-≈- cm-P-`-c-Ww- \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-
cm-Pyw- P-∏m-\m-Wv.- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈-
knw-lm-k-\-hpw- P-∏m-\n-te-Xm-Wv.-
26.- -\n-Xm-¥- l-cn-Xm-`-bp-sS- \m-Sv- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- t\-‰mƒ.- \n-Xy-\-K-cw- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- tdmw.-
27.- -\q-dmw- h-b- n¬- (1958)- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-Øn-
eq-sS- B-Z-cn-°-s∏-´- t[m-Wv-tUm- tI-
i-h- Im¿-sh- (1858˛-1962)- F-∂- km-aq-
ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hm-Wv- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sn-b- {]m-b-Øn¬- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-bv-°v- A¿-
l-\m-b-Xv.- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-™- {]m-b-
Øn¬- `m-c-X-c-Xv-\-bv-°v- A¿-l-\m-b-Xv-
k-®n-≥ sS-≥Up¬-°¿- (2014).-
28.- -\yq-a-tdm-f-Pn- kw-Jy-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-
T-\a - m-Wv.- \yq-tdm-fP - n- \m-Uo-hyq-ls - Ø-
°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv.-
29.- \
- yq-t{Sm-¨- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®X - v- sP-bnw-kv- Nm-
Uv-hn-°v.- F-∂m¬,- \yq-t{Sm-¨- t_mw-
_v- I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv- km-ap-h¬- tIm-l-
≥.-
30.- -\-Zn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-\-am-Wv- t]m-´-
tam-f-Pn.- ]¿-h-X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈- ]-T-
\-am-Wv- Hm-tdm-f-Pn.-
31.- -]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-cw-K-sØ- Hm-kv-I¿- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ]p-en-‰v-k¿- k-Ωm-\w.-
Im-bn-I- cw-K-sØ- Hm-kv-I¿- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- tem-dn-b-kv- kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv- A-
hm¿-U.v-
32.- -]-®- {K-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- bq-dm-
\-km-Wv.- \o-e-{K-lw- F-∂v- `q-an-sb-
hn-fn-°m-≥ Im-cW - w- P-eØ - n-s‚- km-∂n-
[yw-aq-ew- \o-e\ - n-dØ
- n¬- Im-Ws - ∏-Sp-∂-
Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.-
33.- -]-Ø-\w-Xn-´- Pn-√-bn-se- a-Æ-Sn-bn-em-Wv-
th-ep-Ø-ºn- Z-f-h- B-fl-l-Xy-sN-bv-X-
Xv.- F-∂m¬,- th-ep-Ø-ºn-bp-sS- ar-X-
- ¬-
- kv-
i-co-cw- I-gp-hn-te-‰n-b- ÿ-ew- Xn-cp-h-
\-¥-]p-c-sØ- I-Æ-Ωq-e-bm-Wv.-
143
34.- -]-£n-∏-\n- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-ø-s∏-´- B-Zy-
cm-Py-am-Wv- sa-Iv-kn-t°m.- F-bv-Uv-kv-
tcm-Kw- B-Zy-am-bn- dn-t∏m¿-´v- sN-ø-s∏-
´-Xv- A-ta-cn-°≥ - sF-Iy-\m-Sp-If- n-em-Wv.-
35.- -]-£n-Iƒ- h-gn-bp-≈- ]-cm-K-W-am-Wv-
Hm¿-Wn-tØm-^n-en.- F-∂m¬,- P-¥p-
°ƒ-h-gn-bp-≈-Xv- kq-^n-en.-
36.- -]-√-h-≥am-cp-sS- X-e-kv-Ym-\-am-bn-cp-∂-
Xpw- ]-´p-hy-h-km-b-Øn-\p- t]-cp- tI-´-
Xp-am-b- \-K-c-am-Wv- Im-©o-]p-cw,- F-
∂m¬- ]m-Wv-Uy-≥am-cp-sS- X-e-kv-Ym-\w-
a-[p-c-bpw- tNm-f-≥am-cp-sS-Xv- X-©m-hq-
cpw- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
37.- -]-c-a-ho-c- N-{I-Øn-\p- k-am-\-am-bn- k-
am-[m-\-Im-e-sØ- [o-c-X-bv-°v- cm-jv-{Sw-
\¬-Ip-∂- _-lp-a-Xn-bm-Wv- A-tim-I-
N-{Iw.-
38.- -]-cn-ÿn-Xn- s\m-t_¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv Goldman Prize. KWnXØnse
s\mt_¬ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv Abel
Prize.
39. -]gß-fp-sS- cm-Pm-hv- am-º-g-am-Wv.- F-
∂m¬,- ]-g-ß-fp-sS- dm-Wn-bm-Wv- am-t¶m-
ssÃ-≥.-
40.- -]-lm-cn- `m-j- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-
D-]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv- ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-
in-em-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- ln-am-N¬- {]-tZ-in-
se- {]-[m-\-`m-j- ln-µn-bm-Wv.-
41.- -]m-\n-∏-´p- bp-≤-߃- \-S-∂- h¿-j-߃-
1526,- 1556,- 1761 F-∂n-h-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,-
Xm-t\-iz¿- bp-≤-߃- \-S-∂- h¿-j-ß-
fm-Wv- 1191,- 1192 F-∂n-h.-
42.- -]m-]-\m-iw- kv-Iow- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- Xm-
{a-]¿-Wn- \-Zn-bn-em-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- ]m-]-
\m-iw- _o-®v- tI-c-f-Øn¬- h¿-°-e-bn-
em-Wv.-
43.- ]
- m¿-es - a-‚p-If
- p-sS- am-Xm-hv- {_n-´W
- n-te-
Xv.- F-∂m¬,- tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw-
Aw-K-_-e-ap-≈- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- ssN-\-bn-
te-Xv.-
44.- -]m-en¬- A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- ]-©-km-c-
em-Iv-tSm-kv.- F-∂m¬,- ]m-en¬- A-S-
ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂- amw-kyw- tI-ko-≥.-
45.- -]m-h-ß-fp-sS- Xm-Pv-a-l¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xv- Hu-dw-K-_m-Zn-se- _o-_n- Im- a-
Jv-_-cm.- C-cp-]-Xmw- \q-‰m-≠n-se- Xm-Pv-
a-l¬- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- U¬-ln-bn-
se- tem-´-kv- sS-ºnƒ.-
46.- ]
- m-In-kvX- m-\n-se- kn-‘v- {]-hn-iy-bn-se-
em¿-Jm-\- Pn-√-bn-em-Wv- sam-l-≥sPm-
Zm-scm.- F-∂m¬,- k-ln-hmƒ- Pn-√-bn-em-
Wv- lm-c-∏.-
47.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-
l-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- d-lv-a-Øv- A-
en-bm-Wv.- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-
Xm-a-l-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- cm-Pv- \m-
cm-b-¨- t_m-kv- B-Wv.-
48.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- cm-jv-{S-]n-Xm-hv - ap-l-Ω-
 Zv- A-en- Pn-∂-bm-Wv.- A-t±-l-am-Wv- ]m-
In-kv-Xm-s‚- B-Zy- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬.-
]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- B-Zy- {]-kn-U-‚ v- C-kv-
I-µ¿- an¿-k- B-bn-cp-∂p.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-
s‚- B-Zy- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- en-bm-J-Øv- A-
en- Jm-≥ B-bn-cp-∂p.-
49.- -]p-en-‰v-k¿- k-Ωm-\w- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- C-
¥y-°m-c-\-mWv Gobind Behari Lal
(1937).- ] p- e n- ‰ v - k ¿- k- Ω m- \ w- t\- S n- b -
(2000)- B-Zy-sØ- C-¥y-≥hw-i-P- Ppw-
]m- em-ln-cn-bm-Wv- .-
50.- -]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- tZ-io-b-Km-\-am-Wv- Izm-
an- X-cm-\m.- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-s‚- tZ-io-
b- Km-\-am-Wv- an-√n- X-cm-\.-
51.- -]m-Xn-cm- kq-cy-s‚- \m-Sv- F-∂- A-]-c-
\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- t\m¿-th-bm-
Wv.- F-∂m¬,- D-Z-b-kq-cy-s‚- \m-Sv- P-
∏m-\m-Wv.-
52.- -]p-cm-X\ - - H-fn-ºn-Ik v- n-se- B-Zy- hn-Pb - n-
sIm-tdm-_k - .v - B-[p-\n-I- H-fn-ºn-Ik -v n-se-
B-Zy- hn-Pb - n- sP.-_n.-sIm-tWm-en.-
53.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- tZ-io-b- Im-bn-I- hn-t\m-
Zw- tlm-°n-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- _w-•m-tZ-
in-t‚-Xv- I-_-Un-bm-Wv.-
54.- -]q-°-fn-se- ]p-cp-j- ssew-Kn-Im-h-b-hw-
tI-k-cw.- F-∂m¬,- kv-{Xo-ssew-Kn-Im-
h-b-hw- P-\n.-
55.- -]q¿-hm¿-[-tKm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-
Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Pyw- d-jy-bm-Wv.- ]-
›n-am¿-[- tKm-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- hn-kv-
Xo¿-Ww- Iq-Sn-b- cm-Py-am-Wv- Im-\-U.-
56.- ]
- S- n-™m-td-b‰w KpP-dm-Øn¬- ]q¿-ht- c-
Jmw-i-w 6807' epw- In-g-t°-b-‰w- A-cp-
Wm-N¬- {]-tZ-in¬ 97025' ]q¿htc-Jmw-
i-Øn-epw- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂p.-
57.- -]-Z-hn-bn-en-cn-s°- A-¥-cn-®,- tI-c-f-Øn-
se- B-Zy- Fw-F¬-F- tUm.-F.-B¿.-ta-
t\m-\pw- a-{¥n,- hn.-sI.-th-e-∏-\p-am-Wv.-
58.- -]-Zv-a-hn-`q-j-¨- _-lp-a-Xn-°v- A¿-l-\m-
b- B-Zy-sØ- tI-c-fo-b-≥ hn.-sI.- Ir-
jv-W-ta-t\m-\m-Wv-(1954).-]-Zv-a-`q-j-¨-
t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- a-eb - m-fn- h-≈t- Ømƒ- \m-
cm-b-W-ta-t\m-\m-Wv- (1954).- tUm.- {]-
Im-iv- h¿-Ko-kv- _-©-an-\m-Wv- ]-Zv-a-{io-
_-lp-aX - n- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- a-eb - m-fn- (1955).-
59.- -^m¬-t°- A-hm¿-Upw- (1984)- `m-c-X- c-
Xv-\-hpw- (1992)- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- hy-‡n-
k-Xy-Pn-Xv- td- B-Wv.- C-Xp- c-≠pw- t\-
Sn-b- G-I- h-\n-X- e-Xm- a-t¶-jv-I-dm-Wv.-
60.- -_-\m-d-kv- ln-µp- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS-
D-Zv-Lm-S-\-am-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- C-¥y-bn¬-
a-S-ßn-sb-Øn-b-ti-jw- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- B-
Zy-sØ- s]m-Xp-N-S-ßv.- Km-‘n-Pn- C-¥y-
bn¬- \-S-Øn-b- B-Zy- k-Xym-{K-l-am-Wv-
N-ºm-c-≥ k-Xym-{K-lw- (1917).-
61.- -Km-‘n-Pn- C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- \n-cm-
lm-c-k-a-cw- A-\p-jv-Tn-®- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-
Zv- an¬-k-a-cw- \-S-∂-Xv- 1918˛-em-Wv.- k-
Xym-{K-l- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- P-∑-`q-an- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bm-Wv.-
62.- _
- l - n-cm-Im-iØ - p-t]m-b- B-Zy- Po-hn- \m-
b-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- _-ln-cm-Im-i-Øp-
P-∑-sa-Sp-Ø- BZy Pohn ]m‰bmWv.
63. _m_ntemWnb≥ km{amPyØnse
BZy-sØ- N-{I-h¿-Øn- B-bn-cp-∂- l-
Ωp-d-_n- B-Wv- tem-I-Øn-se- B-Zy-
sØ- \n-b-a-Zm-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv.- tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- en-
Jn-X- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
l-Ωp-dm-_o-kv- tIm-Un-s‚- D-]⁄ - m-Xm-
hm-Wn-t±-lw.- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- \n-
b-aZ- m-Xm-hv- a-\p-ka
v- r-Xn-bp-sS- I¿-Øm-hm-
b- a-\p.- B-[p-\n-I- a-\p- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-Sp-
∂-Xv- ln-µp- tIm-Uv- _n-√n-\p- cq-]w- \¬-
In-b- tUm.-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-ZvI - ¿.-
64.- -_m-ey-Im-e-Øv- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- G-‰-hpw-
Iq-Sp-X¬- kzm-[o-\n-®- C-Xn-lm-k- I-Ym-
]m-{Xw- l-cn-›-{µ-\m-Wv.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-
sS- Po-hn-X-Øn¬- h-en-b- kzm-[o-\w- sN-
ep-Øn-bn-´p-≈- k-∂ym-kn-bm-Wv- dm-bv-
N-µv- `m-bv.-
65.- -_n.-kn.- 1500 ap-X¬- 1000 _n.-kn.- h-sc-
bp-≈- Im-e-L-´-am-Wv- ]q¿-h-th-Z-Im-e-
L-´w.- F-∂m¬,- 1000 _n.-kn.- ap-X¬-
600 _n.-kn.- h-sc-bp-≈- Im-e-L-´-am-
Wv- ]n¬-°m-e- th-Z-Im-e-L-´w.-
66.- -_o-lm¿- hn-Zym-]o-Tw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- tUm.-
cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zv.- `m-c-Xo-b- hn-Zym- `-h-
s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥ sI.-Fw.-ap-≥jn.-
67.- _
- p-≤≥ - P-\n-®- ÿ-ew- epw-_n-\n-bm-Wv.-
F-∂m¬,- _p-≤-≥ A-¥-cn-®- ÿ-ew- Ip-
in-\-K-c-am-Wv.-
68.- -_p-≤-a-X-°m¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈- C-
¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bm-Wv.-
F-∂m¬,- i-X-am-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- kn-°n-an-em-Wv.-
69.- _
- p-≤a - X
- Ø
- n-\v- {]m-No-\- C-¥y-bn¬- \m-
ev- a-lm- k-tΩ-f\ - ß- f - m-Wv- \-S∂- X- v.- F-
∂m¬,- ssP-\-a-X-Øn-\v- c-≠v- a-lm- k-
tΩ-f-\-ß-fm-Wv- \-S-∂-Xv.-
70.- -_-tbm-f-Pn-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- A-cn-tÃm-´n-
em-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- _-tbm-f-Pn- F-∂- hm-
°v- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv- Po-≥ em-am¿-°v.-
71.- -_w-•m-tZ-ip-am-bn-´m-Wv- C-¥y-°v- G-‰-
hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- A-Xn¿-Øn-bp-≈-Xv.- G-‰-
hpw- Ip-d-hv- A-Xn¿-Øn- ]-¶n-Sp-∂- cm-Pyw-
A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm-\m-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- Cu-
A-Xn¿-Øn-`m-Kw- ]m-Iv- A-[n-\n-th-i- Im-
iv-ao-cn-em-Wv- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.-
72.- `
- c
- W- L- S- \- b
- p-sS- 32˛mw- A-\p-t—-Zw- kp-
{]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn¬- dn-´v- s]-‰o-j-≥ k-
a¿-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n-bpw- 226˛mw- A-\p-
t—-Zw- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬- dn-´v- s]-‰o-j-
≥ k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂X - n-s\-∏‰ - n-bpw- {]-Xn-]m-
Zn-°p-∂p.-
73.- -`-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-am-W-k-`-bp-sS- Xm-Xv-
Im-en-I- A-[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xv- k-®n-Zm-
\-µ- kn-≥l.- ÿn-cw- A-[y-£-\m-b-Xv-
tUm.-cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zv.-
74.- -`q-an-bn¬-\n-∂v- t\m-°n-bm¬- G-‰-hpw- h-
ep-∏-Øn¬- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- \-£-
{Xw- kq-cy-\m-Wv.- kq-cy-≥ I-gn-™m¬-
`q-an-bn¬-\n-∂v- t\m-°n-bm¬- G-‰-hpw- h-
ep-∏-Øn¬- Im-Wm-≥ I-gn-bp-∂- \-£-
{Xw- kn-dn-b-km-Wv.-
75.- -`q-an-bp-sS- ]-em-b-\- {]-th-Kw- 11.-2 In.-
ao.-/-sk-°-‚pw- N-{µ-s‚-Xv- 2.-4 In.-ao.-/-
sk-°-‚pw- B-Wv.-
76.- -`q-an-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn- d-jy-bp-sS- 77 i-
X-am-\w- G-jy-bn-em-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- X-e-
ÿm-\-am-b- tam-kv-tIm-bpw- P-\-kw-Jy-
bp-sS- 74 i-X-am-\-hpw- bq-tdm-∏n-em-Wv.-
77.- `
- q-Kp-cp-Xz-_e - w- G-‰h - pw- Ip-dh- p-≈X - v- `q-
144
a-[y-tc-Jb - n-epw- `q-Kp-cp-Xz-_e - w- G-‰h - pw-
Iq-Sp-X-ep-≈-Xv- {[p-h-{]-tZ-i-Øpw- B-
Wv.-
78.- `q-tI-{µ-Øn¬-\n-∂v- G-‰-hpw- A-I-se-
bm-bn- ÿn-Xn- sN-øp-∂- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bm-
b- Nnw-_c - m-tkm- C-Iz-tUm-dn-em-Wv.- k-
ap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬-\n-∂v- 6,-310 ao-‰¿- D-b-c-Øn-
em-Wn-Xv.- F-∂m¬- `qanbpsS Oblate
Spheroid BIr-Xn- Im-c-Ww- C-Xv- 8848
ao-‰¿- D-b-c-ap-≈- F-h-d-Ãn-s\-°mƒ- `u-
a-tI-{µ-Øn¬-\n-∂v- A-I-se-bm-Wv-.-
79.- -{]-Im-i-Øn-\v- G-‰-hpw- th-Kw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
iq-\y-X-bn-epw- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- h-{P-Øn-
ep-am-Wv.-
80.- {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚- I-Wn-Im- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-
s‚-D-]-⁄m-Xm-hm-Wv- sF-k-Iv- \yq-´-
¨-.- F-∂m¬,- {]-Im-i-Øn-s‚- X-cw-K-
kn-≤m-¥w- {In-kv-Xy-≥ ssl-P-≥km-Wv-
cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.-
81.- -{]-Im-iw- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- th-K-Øn¬-
k-©-cn-°p-∂-Xv- iq-\y-X-bn-em-Wv.- F-
∂m¬,- i-_v-Z-Øn-\v- iq-\y-X-bn-eq-sS- k-
©-cn-°m-t\- km-[y-a-√.-
82.- -{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS- tXm-´n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
]-£n- Im-°.- Im-´n-se- tXm-´n- I-gp-X-
∏p-en-bm-Wv.-
83.- -{]-kn-U-‚ n-s\- kw-`m-h-\- sN-bv-X- B-
Zy- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w- X-an-gv-
\m-Sm-Wv- (tUm.-cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-≥).- F-
∂m¬,- {]-kn-U-‚ n-s\-bpw- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
sb-bpw- (\o-ew- k-Rv-Po-h- sd-Õn,- ]n.-
hn.- \-c-knw-l-dm-hp-)- kw-`m-h-\- sN-bv-
X- B-Zy- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-
B-{‘m-{]-tZ-im-Wv.-
84.- -{]m-No-\- tI-c-f-Øn-se- Pq-X- hym-]m-cn-
I-fp-sS- kw-L-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-©p-h-Æw.-
{]m-No-\- tI-c-f-Øn-se- kn-dn-b-≥ {In-
kvX - ym-\n-If - p-sS- kw-La - m-bn-cp-∂p- a-Wn-
{Km-aw.-
85.- {- ]m-Xn-\n-[y-an-√m-sX- \n-Ip-Xn-bn-√- F-∂-
Xv- A-ta-cn-°≥ - sF-Iy-\m-Sp-If - p-sS- kzm-
X-{¥y-k-a-c-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´- ap-{Zm-
hm-Iy-am-Wv.- A-ta-cn-°-≥ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-
I-fp-sS- {]-am-Wh - m-Iy-am- Wv ‘In God W e
Trust’.
86. {^©phn-]f -v h
- Ø- n-s‚- {]-hm-NI - ≥ - F-∂-v
dq-tkm-bpw- {^-©v- hn-πh - Ø
- n-s‚- in-ip-
F-∂v- s\-t∏m-fn-b\- pw- A-dn-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂p.-
87.- -{^-©v- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-bm-b- cm-Py-
ß-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- P-\-kw-Jy-
bp-≈-Xv- U-tam-{Im-‰n-Iv- dn-∏-ªn-Iv- Hm-
^v- tImw-tKm-bm-Wv.- F-∂m¬- {^-©p-
`m-j- kw-km-cn-°p-∂-h¿- G-‰-hpw- Iq-
Sp-X¬- A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂- cm-Pyw- {^m-
≥km-Wv.-
88.- -{^m-≥kn¬-\n-∂v- A-ta-cn-°- hm-ßn-b-
tÃ-‰m-Wv- eq-bn-kn-bm-\.- sa-Iv-kn-t°m-
bn¬-\n-∂v- hm-ßn-b-h-bm-Wv- I-en-t^m¿-
Wn-b-bpw- A-cn-tkm-W-bpw.-
89.- -{_n-´-¨- 1997˛¬- ssN-\-bv-°v- ssI-am-
dn-b- {]-tZ-i-am-Wv- tlm-t¶m-Mv.- 1999˛¬-
t]m¿-®p-K-em-Wv- a-°m-hp- ssN-\-bv-°v-
ssI-am-dn-b-Xv.-
90.- {- _n-´o-jp-Im¿- C-¥y-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®- B-
Zy-sØ- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n- sIm¬-°-Ø.-
{_n-´o-jv- A-[n-Im-c-Øn-\v- sh-fn-bn¬- C-
¥y-bn¬- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- B-Zy- k¿-h-
I-em-im-e- ssa-kq¿.-
91.- -{_n-´n-jv- ssk-\n-I-cm-Wv- tSm-an- A-‰v-In-
≥kv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ]p-ep- {^-©p-
ssk-\n-I-\m-Wv.-
92.- {_n-´n-jn-¥y-bn-se- A-Iv-_¿- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-´-Xv- sh-√-…n- {]-`p.- F-∂m¬,- {_n-
´n-jn-¥y-bn-se- Hu-dw-K-ko-_v- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv- I-gv-k-¨- {]-`p.-
93.- -{_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚w-K-am-b- B-Zy-sØ-
C-¥y-°m-c-≥ Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-bm-
Wv.-{_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚w-K-am-b- c-≠m-
a-sØ- C-¥y-°m-c-≥ Sir Mancher jee
Merwanjee Bhownagree (1896þ1906)
B-Wv.-
94.- -{_n-´o-jv- a-e-_m-dn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I-e-
Iv-S¿- hn-eyw- a-Iv-en-tbm-Uv- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
h-[n-°s - ∏-´- a-e_ - m¿- I-eI - vS- d
- m-Wv- sIm-
t\m-en.-
95.- -{_n-´o-jv- B¿-an-bn¬- e-^v-‰-\-‚ v- tI-W-
em-bn-cp-∂- tdm-_¿-´v- t_-U-≥ ]-h¬-
B-Wv- 1907˛¬- kv-Iu-´v- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-
\p- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv.- s]-¨-Ip-´n-Iƒ-
°m-bp-≈- ssK-Uv- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-
®-Xv- 1910˛¬- B-Wv.-
96.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-
d¬-am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- B-
]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xv- hm-d-≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv-
B-Wv-(1773˛-85).- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-
ew- A- [ n- I m- c - Ø n¬- Xp- S ¿- ∂ - ssh-
t{km-bn- en-≥en-Xv-tKm- {]-`p-hm-Wv-
(1936˛-43).-
97.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- G-I-tZ-iw- a-[y-
Øn¬- ÿn-Xn- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂- \-K-c-am-
Wv - a- l m- c m- { „- b n- s e- \m- K v - ] q¿.- F-
∂m¬,- kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- a-[y-`m-K-
Øp-≈- \-K-cw- a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se- P-_¬-
∏q-cm-Wv.-
98.- -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w- I¬-
°-´-bn¬-\n-∂v- U¬-ln-bn-te-°v- am-‰p-
∂-Xm-bn- 1911˛¬- tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥ cm-
Pm-hv- U¬-ln- Z¿-_m-dn¬- {]-Jym-]n-°p-
I-bpw- 1912˛¬- A-Xv- \-S-∏m-Ip-I-bpw- sN-
bv-Xp.-
99.- -{_n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-
k-Xn-bm-Wv- _-°nw-Kv-lmw- sIm-´m-cw.-
{_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS- Hu-tZym-
Kn-I- h-k-Xn-bm-Wv- 10 Uu-Wn-Mv- kv-
{So-‰v.-
100.- -{_n-´-s‚- h-µy-h-tbm-[n-I-≥ F-∂p- hn-
fn-°-s∏-´- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂p- hn-
eyw- F-hm¿-´v- •m-Uv-Ã-¨- (1809˛-1898).-
C-¥y-bp-sS- h-µy-h-tbm-[n-I-≥ F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn- (1825˛-
1917)- BWv.