INTRODUKSYON SA KASAYSAYAN

Kasaysayan - isang makabuluhang salaysay tungkol sa nakaraan.

- salitang-ugat ng kasaysayan ay “saysay,”

- binibigyan-diin nito ang elemento ng pagiging makabuluhan.
- pagsasalaysay tungkol sa sarili natin o tungkol sa ating ugnayan sa ibang kabihasnan.
- Isa pang mahalagang katangian ng kasaysayan ay ang pagiging likas nito sa kultura at kamalayang Pilipino
sapagkat mayroon nang salitang “kasaysayan” sa bokabularyo ng mga sinaunang Pilipino.

history - ay nanggaling sa tradisyon ng mga Griyego at dinala sa Pilipinas ng mga Espanyol noong ika-16 siglo.

- sa “story” o sa pagsalaysay na walang partikular na diin sa kabuluhan (Veneracion, 1983 at 1984)

kasaysayan - ang pagkakaroon ng “saysay” o pagiging makabuluhan ng nakaraan

MGA KONSEPTONG PANGKASAYSAYAN

(a) pagpapatibay ng kabuluhang pangkasaysayan (historical significance) - Sa kaso ng kasaysayan, dapat mahalaga ito
para sa mga Pilipino . Dagdag pa, itinuturing na makabuluhan ang isang kaganapan kung ito ay nagdulot ng malawak na
pagbabago sa mahabang panahon para sa maraming tao.

(b) paggamit ng primaryang sanggunian –

Primarya - nagbibigay ng direktang ebidensya tungkol sa isang kaganapan, lugar, tao, o bagay

Sekondarya - ebidensyang walang direktang ugnayan sa kaganapan, lugar, tao, o bagay na inaaral. Maaaring
paglalarawan, pagsusuri, o pagbubuod na lamang ito ng mga primayang sanggunian.

Konteksto ang tinatawag sa mga detalyeng bumubuo sa isang kaganapan. Maaaring tumutukoy ang konteksto sa mga
kondisyong sosyal, pulitikal, pangekonomiko, at relihiyoso.

kritikang panlabas - tinitingnan ang katunayan ng isang sanggunian. Maaaring tingnan ang mga pisikal na aspekto ng
dokumento tulad ng uri ng papel o tinta.

kritikang panloob - inaalam ng historyador kung makatotohanan ang impormasyong ipinapahiwatig ng isang
sanggunian at kung maaari itong gamitin bilang ebidensya. Maaaring tingnan din sa kritikang panloob ang mga motibong
nagtulak sa may-akda upang lumikha ng ganoong uri ng sanggunian

(c) pagtukoy sa mga nagbago at nagpatuloy (change and continuity) - kaganapang nagdulot ng malaki o malawak na
pagbabago sa buhay ng tao o sa mas malawak na lipunan (Salevouris at Furay, 2000)

(d) pagsuri sa sanhi at epekto - Kinakailangang maunawaan natin kung anu-ano ang epekto ng kaganapang
pangkasaysayan na ating pinag-aaralan at kung paano nito binago ang lipunan.

(e) pag-unawa sa mga pananaw pangkasaysayan-ang pagkakaroon ng malalim ng pag-unawa sa pananaw

pangkasaysayan ay nakatutulong sa atin upang magkaroon ng bukas na isip sa pagtingin sa nakaraan at maluwag na
pagtanggap na iba´t iba ang gawi, pag-iisip, at pamantayan ng tao at lipunan sa iba´t ibang panahon.

(f) pagkilala sa etikal na aspekto ng kasaysayan - layunin ng historyador na makamit ang patas na pagsasalaysay sa
kasaysayang pinapag-aralan at manatili itong kritikal, makabuluhan, at walang kinikilingan.
KAHALAGAHAN NG KASAYSAYAN

1. Nagsisilbi siyang paraan upang maintindihan natin ang ating sarili at maging ang pagkakakilanlan ng ating bansa.
2. Nagagamit natin ang kasaysayan upang maunawaan ang ating kasalukuyan.
3. maaaring matulungan tayo ng kasaysayan na maitama ang mga kamalian ng nakaraan at binibigyan tayo ng mga
aral na mahalaga pa rin sa kasalukuyan
4. sa pag-aaral ng kasaysayan, unti-unti nating naiintindihan ang damdamin at kaisipan ng mga tao gayundin ang
paggalaw ng mga institusyon
5. nagkakaroon tayo ng mas bukas na pag-iisip tungkol sa mga tao at lipunan sa ating pag-aaral ng kasaysayan.
6. mahalagang panimulang basehan ang kasaysayan ng iba’t ibang disiplina.
7. uri rin ng aliwan o libangan ang kasaysayan lalo na sa mga taong mahilig dito.
8. ang pag-aaral ng kasaysayan ay nagdudulot ng pagbuo ng kritikal na kasanayan sa tao (Salevouris at Furay,
2000).

Status of Women in Pre-colonial Philippines

• Women enjoyed relative freedom in precolonial society. They had rights, held property, conducted business,
and had a public life
• a baby girl was as welcome as a boy
• The bride did not lose her name after marriage. Among the Tagalogs, if a woman was from a distinguished
family, her husband usually took her name
• Women enjoyed relative freedom in precolonial society. They had rights, held property, conducted business,
and had a public life
• a baby girl was as welcome as a boy
• The bride did not lose her name after marriage. Among the Tagalogs, if a woman was from a distinguished
family, her husband usually took her name
• Divorce was allowed and was usually due to infertility, infidelity, failure to fulfill familial obligations, and the
like. In the event of divorce, if the wife was at fault, her family was obliged to return the dowry; but if the
husband was at fault, he lost his rights to the dowry. The couple would get equal custody of their children.
• Virginity was of little value, and women were not overly protected.
• Filipino wives enjoyed freedom in making decisions for the family, and as such were not confined solely to
domestic affairs like having a baby.
• Precolonial women, especially those settled along the shore, did not like to give birth many times; they
perceived it as being like pigs giving birth to huge litters of young. Because of this, they practiced abortion
whenever the couple reached their desired number of children, as there was no concept of birth control
then.
• Gender was not an issue in terms of leadership succession.
• In the role of a babaylan, women were active participants in important events in society – birth, wedding,
death, planting, harvesting, and the like.
 • They acted as healers, midwives or religious practitioners who had contact with the spirit world. In cases
where the role of a babaylan was assumed by a male, he was dressed like a woman, showing that women
were indeed highly respected.

Sexual enhancement techniques

Penis pins and sex rings

The practice of penis implants was widespread across Southeast Asia in ancient times. In the Philippines,
researchers have established that these were present in various forms from the Visayas to southern Luzon. In
the Visayas, pins made of gold, ivory, or brass were inserted in young boys through their penis heads, according
to research by the pre-eminent historian of pre-colonial Philippines, William Henry Scott.

Pigafetta's findings

"Both young and old males pierce their penises with a gold or tin rod the size of a goose quill. In both ends of the
same bolt, some have what resembles a spur, with points upon the ends; others are like the head of a cart nail. I
very often asked many, both young and old, to see their penis, because I could not credit it. In the middle of the
bolt is a hole, through which they urinate.

➢ Women in the past enjoyed sex

➢ Nothing is wrong with that
➢ Sex is something that women must enjoy
➢ Women who is open about enjoying sex is frown upon (masama ang tingin sa kanila, parang hindi
normal)
➢ But a man who enjoy sex is viewed as normal
➢ This leads to a different point of view
➢ Maria Clara and the boxing of women in categories
➢ Women became objects in the sexual act and not as participant who must have equal share of the fun
that comes from it
➢ Women in the past, demands an enjoyable sex! And its something that is empowering to them
➢ Women in the past enjoyed sex
➢ Nothing is wrong with that
➢ Sex is something that women must enjoy
➢ Women who is open about enjoying sex is frown upon (masama ang tingin sa kanila, parang hindi
normal)
➢ But a man who enjoy sex is viewed as normal

SOCIAL SYSTEM

❖ Colonial and pastoral acts and policies emphasized the superior attitude of the Spaniards.
❖ the kastila was superior to the indio.
❖ emphasis on limpieza de sangre (purity of blood).
❖ Spain extended the rule of color to its colonies where color determines not only a person’s racial classification,
but also his position in the social, economic, and political hierarchy.
❖ Purity of blood, originally invested on the peninsula with religious values which became a means of maintaining
and preserving the privileges of the dominant class of Europeans.
1. Peninsulares - a Spanish-born Spaniard or mainland Spaniard residing in newly colonized countries and of pure
Spanish descent .
2. Insulares or Criollos - person of pure Spanish descent born in the Philippines during Spanish colonialization.
3. Mestizo - people of mixed European and native heritage or descent.
i. Mestizo Espanyoles – (Spanish mestizo); person of mixed Spanish and European ancestry.
ii. Mestizo Sangleyes – (Chinese mestizo); person of mixed Chinese and European ancestry.
4. Indio or Naturales - without admixture of any other race; refer to the natives or the Filipinos and
constitutes the majority of the population.

Clothing

➢ Filipinos dress, or undress, for roles.

➢ imply that one – whether a peasant in rough red breeches or a dignitary in embroidered shirt and velvet
trousers – is dressed up, prepared to play out another aspect of one’s role in the world.
➢ The country’s economically stratified society and its culture are encoded in dress and adornment that conferred
prestige, indicated race, and confirmed political status.

Religious Activities

❖ Religious calendar is punctuated by feasts of saints and by celebrations keyed to events in the lives of Jesus
Christ and Mary.
❖ The feast of saints after whom towns are named, or who have been designated patron saints, are celebrated in
fiestas all over Christian Philippines.
❖ The celebrations have many modes: A novena, a high mass on the feast day itself, and a procession constitutes
the climax.
❖ There was a union of Church and State.
❖ The Roman Catholic Church was equal to and coterminous with the State. Therefore, the cross as well as the
scepter held sway over the archipelago.
❖ the State took care of temporal matters, the Church took care of spiritual matters and hence preoccupied itself
with the evangelization and the conversion of the Filipino inhabitants from their primal religion to Roman
Catholicism. (Buanzon, 1991)
❖ The Spanish friars wanted the Philippines to become the "arsenal of the Faith" in Asia.
❖ Spanishness was equated with Catholicism.

SOCIO CULTURAL

Family Names

❖ The natives were named after the area where they lived
❖ the traditional practice was to be named as the grandson of so and so, as in Apo ni Tuliao or Apo ni Lagmay.
❖ if the person had a unique characteristic, his name was a physical description of his/her person
❖ Claveria in 1849 called a meeting of all the provincial governors in the country. Gleefully armed with
his Catalogo, he instructed them to give a surname to all heads of families under their jurisdiction. The
parish priests helped.
❖ How some indigenous names remained and persisted had two possibilities. Some families were able to
retain their old nomenclature because, before the decree was imposed, these families had been registered
in the town census as pacified, baptized and had paid their taxes.
❖ The other possibility was that the old surnames were not changed because their names were already
registered in the government books or municipalities for some misdemeanors (prison cells). The most likely
explanation was that others fled to the hills

❖ A: AponiTolau, AponiBolinaw, AponiAngara, AponiAndaya, AponiBakal

B: Buhay, Banaag, Bantug, Binay, Bitoon
C: Cabanituan, Cabangis, Calookan, Casaysay, Cuyapo
K: Kalaw, Katigbak, Kintanar, Kanlaon, Kawit
D: Dimapilis, Dimayuga, Datu, Dimaano, Dumaguit
G: Galang, Gatdula, Gatbonton, Gatmaitan, Gatchalian
H: Humabon-gabon, Habagat, Handiong, Hinumbian, Hagonoy
 I : Indamat, Inciong, Ikaliwan, Ilaw, Indang
L: Lagumbay, Liwag, Lakandula, Lacaba, Lumanlan,
M: Magsalin, Mañaul, Makapagal, Manalo, Madamba
N: Nakpil, Nabis, Nagtahan, Nalundasan, Nilinaw
O: Odiongan, Oton, Olongapo, Otawis, Obando
P: Paquiao, Paquing, Panaligan, Padayao, Paramisuli
R: Roldan, Ranit, Ramit, Ranao
S: Sikatuna, Sabtang, Sumulong, Sikat, Sapnit
T: Tapales, Tatad, Tumaneng, Tupas, Talisay
U: Ulan, Untalan, Umali, Umano, Umangkat
W: Wigan, Waling-waling, Walan, Wika
Y: Yambot, Yambao, Yumbugan, Yumina, Yabonan

Ways and Languages of Courtship

❖ a fan or handkerchief on her right hand means she’s looking for a suitor
❖ a fan or handkerchief on her left hand declares that she already has suitor or boyfriend
❖ *closing her fan signals her desire to talk to a young man
❖ *resting her lips on a closed fan tells him to come and visit her at home
❖ *playing with the ribbon of her fan says she doesn’t want to fall in love again
❖ *running a closed fan over her eyes indicates she is annoyed with him
❖ *closing and opening the fan deliberately says he is very cruel
❖ *fan herself frenziedly to say that she loves him very much
❖ *a young man might run his handkerchief over one arm if he wants to meet her
❖ *run his handkerchief across his chest to invite her to dance
❖ *trail his handkerchief on his foot to ask her to go for a walk
❖ *ran his handkerchief over his ear to warn her that someone is listening or watching
❖ *ran his handkerchief over his cheek to say he loves her so much
❖ * ran his handkerchief lightly over his nose to ask if he may kiss her
❖ *holds the umbrella with her right hand means she loves the man very much and will wait for him that night by
her window
❖ *holds it with her left tells she cannot stand him and would like him to go away
❖ *lets it fall to the ground to tell she is inviting him to come to her house so she can get to know him better
❖ *closes her umbrella if she wants to tell him that everything is over and that he must give up because she’s
getting married
❖ *holds the umbrella with his right hand means he wants to know if she could get to like him
❖ *holds it with left hand if he is angry and he wants to break up with her
❖ *opens it suddenly because he wants her to return all his letters and pictures
❖ *closes it gently for he still loves her and wants to marry her

Other Ways of Courting

• paseo

• swimming

• equestrian

• rigodon

Other Socio-Cultural Results

• The adoption of the Gregorian calendar and the Western method of keeping and counting time.

• The introduction of Spanish music and dances.

• The advent of religious literature and art.

Three colonial treaties define the territorial boundaries of the Philippines:

1) Treaty of Peace Between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, U.S.-Spain, 10 December 1898,

2) Treaty Between the Kingdom of Spain and the United States of America for Cession of Outlying Islands of the
Philippines [U.S.-Spain, 7 November 1900,

• The Treaty of Washington of 1900 was signed on November 7, 1900, and came into effect on March 23, 1901,
when the ratifications were exchanged.

3) Convention Between the United States of America and Great Britain Delimiting the Boundary Between the
Philippine Archipelago and the State of North Borneo. U.S.-U.K., 2 January 1930,

• The Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930) was an agreement between the
governments the United Kingdom and the United States to definitely delimit the boundary between North
Borneo (then a British protectorate) and the Philippine archipelago (then a U.S. Territory).

• The convention was signed in Washington, D.C., on January 2, 1930 by U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson
and British Ambassador to the United States Esme Howard. It was ratified by the U.S. in February 1930 and, after
clarification by exchanges of notes between the two governments in 1930 and 1932, by the United Kingdom in
November 1932. It entered into force after an exchange of ratifications on December 13, 1932

1987 Philippine Constitution

❖ The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein,
and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial,
fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other
submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their
breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

The Philippine National Territory Geographical Context

❖ The Republic of the Philippines is an archipelago of more than 7,100 islands in the South China Sea occupying a
land area of 298,170 square kilometers, with a coastline of over 36,000 kilometers in length. It is bounded by the
Pacific Ocean on the east, the Celebes Sea and Bornean waters on the south, and the South China Sea on the
west and north. It lies off the coast of Southeast Asia, forming a discontinuous chain of islands stretching 1,840
kilometers from north to south separating the Pacific Ocean from the mainland Asian continent.

❖ It is surrounded by a number of seas with deep troughs: one on Luzon island, another in the Sulu Sea, a third in
the Celebes Sea, and the fourth in the Mindanao trench or the Philippine Deep, east of Samar and Surigao. The
geographical configuration of the Philippine Archipelago, as defined in the Treaty of Paris, appears to be in the
form of a vast rectangle, measuring 600 miles (966 km) in width and more than 1,200 miles (1,932 km) in length.

PRECOLONIAL SOURCES

The Philippine Islands is a monumental 55-volume book by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson. It consists
of primary source documents for Philippine history translated into English

Fr. Pedro Chirino -as a Spanish priest and historian who served as a Jesuit missionary in the Philippines

- one of the earliest works about the Philippines and its people that was written

- Chirino also went to missions in Tigbauan from February 1593 to April 1595 and Leyte in June 1595, It was in
Tigbauan where Father Chirino established in 1593 what would become the first Jesuit boarding-school in the
Philippines

- return to Europe in 1602, he worked on the publication of these writings into a book entitled Relación de las
Islas Filipinas

- Return in 1606, died in 1635

Juan de Plasencia - was a Spanish friar of the Franciscan Order

 - He spent most of his missionary life in the Philippines, where he founded numerous towns in Luzon and
authored several religious and linguistic books, most notably, the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine), the first
book ever printed in the Philippines.

- Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos" (1589), that not only helped understand and preserve many of the
traditional ways of the local population, but also provided the first form of Civil Code, used by local governors to
administer justice

Francisco Ignacio Alcina, S.J

- Spanish historian and missionary

- Most of those years were spent among the natives whom he used to call "My beloved Bisayans
- 1637 Paranas, Samar
- 1645 - 1648 Rector of Carigara, Residence of Leyte
- 1649 Cebu
- 1653 - 1656 Catbalogan, Samar[3]:56
- 1657 - 1666 Rector of Palapag, Samar
- 1667 - 1668 Catbalogan, Samar
• Seventeenth century Spanish missionary views were strongly coloured by their views on the unquestioned
superiority of the Hispanic culture and by their conviction that the pre-Hispanic animistic religion was a
manifestation of the Devil.

Antonio de Morga - was a Spanish lawyer and a high-ranking colonial official for 43 years, in the Philippines (1594 to
1604)

- He was also a historian. After being reassigned to Mexico, he published the book Sucesos de las islas Filipinas in
1609

- His history was first published in English in 1868

- perhaps the best account of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines written during that period, is based partly on
documentary research, partly on keen observation, and partly on Morga's personal involvement and knowledge

BOXER CODEX - a manuscript written circa 1595 which contains illustrations of Filipinos at the time of their initial
contact with the Spanish

- a manuscript written circa 1595 which contains illustrations of Filipinos at the time of their initial contact with
the Spanish
- It is believed that the original owner of the manuscript was Luis Pérez das Mariñas, son of Governor General
Gómez Pérez das Mariñas
- The manuscript’s earliest known owner was Lord Ilchester, then auctioned in 1947,
- Prof. Charles R. Boxer, an authority on the Far East. It is now owned by the Lilly Library at Indiana University
- The Boxer Codex depicts the Tagalogs, Visayans, Zambals, Cagayanons and Negritos of the Philippines in vivid
colors

WILLIAM HENRY SCOTT - was a historian of the Gran Cordillera Central and Prehispanic Philippines

- William Henry Scott was born on 10 July 1921, in Detroit, Michigan, where he was christened Henry King Ahrens
1939, after gaduating, he changed his name to William Henry Scott reached Sagada in January 1954
- Part 1 of the “Barangay” describes Visayan culture in eight chapters on physical appearance, food and farming,
trades and commerce, religion, literature and entertainment, natural science, social organization, and warfare.
Part 2 surveys the rest of the archipelago from south to north.
- pre-Hispanic Filipino: tribal organization, extent of Muslim influence, technology, customs, religious rituals,
conflict, etc.
- Many of the essays here overlap with Scott's Barangay
The original structure was built in 1750 by Don Luís Rocha as a summer house along the Pasig River. It was
purchased by the state in 1825 as the summer residence for the Spanish Governor-General.
Since 1863, the Palace has been occupied by eighteen Spanish Governors-General, fourteen American Military
and Civil Governors, and later the Presidents of the Philippines
Economic Institutions

Encomienda - In 1570 the encomienda was introduced in the Philippines when Legaspi, in compliance with the decree
issued by King Philip II in 1558, distributed lands in Cebu to loyal Spanish subjects. These men had helped conquer the
Philippines.
 - One of the major initial policies of the governorship of Legazpi was to recognize all lands in the Philippines as
part of public domain regardless of local customs.
- As such, the crown was at liberty to parcel out huge tracts of Philippine lands as rewards to loyal civilian and
military as rewards. Spanish Period (1521-1898)
- Began in 1503
- The encomienda was not actually a land grant but was a favor from the kind under which the Spaniard receiving
his favor was given the right to collect tributes–or taxes–from the inhabitants of the area assigned to him. The
man who received this favor was called an encomendero

The encomenderos were required by law to perform the following duties:

1. to give protection to the natives

2. to help the missionaries convert the natives to Christianity

3. to promote education

- In return for such a duty, the encomiendas enjoyed the right to have a share in the tribute (tributo) paid by the natives.

- Legazpi himself had granted encomiendas to the friars, like the Agustinians in Cebu and Manila. Spanish Period (1521-
1898)

There were three kinds of encomiendas:

1. the Royal Encomiendas, belonging to the King

2. the Ecclesiastical Encomiendas, belonging to the Church

3. Private Encomiendas, belonging to private individuals

• At first the natives paid eight reales as tribute. This amount was increased to ten reales in 1589 by order of King
Philip II.
• Aside from the tribute expected from the royal encomiendas, the king also received reales from each tribute
each encomiendero received from his encomienda. The total amount of the tributes intended for the king was
kept as fund to pay the expenses for the country’s defense. This fund was called the situado.

The size of an encomienda was determined in two ways:

1. by the number of people living in it

2. by the value of the land

• At first an encomienda could be held for three generations (about ninety years). This was later reduced to two
generation. But because of the complaints from encomenderos, the king decided to return the encomienda
tenure to three generations in 1635.
• Almost all the grants that Legazpi extended to the Spanish officials and friars were confined to what would
eventually become the provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, and Bulacan.
• Much later, in place of the encomiendas, the Spanish authorities began to group together several barangays into
administration units. They termed these units as pueblos or municipios which were governed by
gobernadorcillos

Abuses by the encomendero

• Brutal treatment of the Filipinos

• Collecting more tribute than that authorized by law

• Forcing the people to work for them

• Seizure of the people’s animals and crops without just compensation

The friars tried to protect the Filipinos from the greed and abuses of the encomenderos by:
1. preaching from the pulpits against encomendero abuses

2. writing letters and memorials to the King of Spain in which they reported the abuses of the encomenderos

3. refusing to absolve the encomenderos from their sins.

Tax

1. Tribute (buwis) - Paid in cash or in kind (produce), 1570s – tribute was fixed at eight reales (1 real =12 ½
centavos) eventually raised to 15 reales

2. bandala - the annual enforced sale or requisitioning of goods, particularly of rice or coconut oil ; outright
confiscation and non-payment ; was abolished in 1782

3. cedula personel

• Polo y servicio or prestacion personal - community labor of either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos ranging
from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render service to community projects for 40 days (till 1884, and later
reduced to 15 days). Someonecan be exempted by paying falla (1 ½ real per day). Had plenty of negative effects

Manila Acapulco Trade (1565-1815)

- regular fleet service

- two vessels making the journey yearly

- the whole trip lasted approximately 200 days

- linked the Amersian world and Asia

- as early as 1637 Chinese immigrants converged as the Parian or Alcaiceria of Manila in Binondo

Impacts of galleon

- neglect of native industries like agriculture

- arrest of population growth
- the trade benefitted only a very small coterie of prvileged Spaniards
- Filipinos were only involved in constructing galleons
- force labor
- deforestation