DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN
CENG 144
Engr. MARCELO T. ABRERA, Jr.
Instructor
WORKING STRESS DESIGN
also called ALLOWABLE-STRESS DESIGN or
STRAIGHT-LINE DESIGN

From the early 1900s to early 1960s

In this method, the dead load and live loads to be

supported, called working loads or service loads, were
first estimated. Then the members of the structure were
proportioned so that stresses calculated by a
transformed area method did not exceed certain
permissible or allowable values.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN
also called STRENGTH DESIGN

After 1963, this method rapidly gained popularity

because:
① It makes use of a more rational approach than
does WSD
② It uses a more realistic consideration of safety;
and
③ It provides more economical designs.
In this method, the working dead and live loads are
multiplied by certain load factors (equivalent to safety
factors), and the resulting values are called factored
loads. The members are then selected so they will
theoretically just fail under the factored loads.
STRAIN VARIATION
Tests of reinforced concrete beams confirm that strains vary in
proportion to distances from the neutral axis even on the tension
sides and even near ultimate loads.

STRESS VARIATION
Compression stresses vary approximately in a straight line until
the maximum stress equals about 0.50𝑓𝑐 ′. When the ultimate load
is reached, the compressive stresses vary from zero at the neutral
axis to a maximum value at or near the extreme fiber
The curved stress block is replaced with an equivalent rectangular
block of intensity 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ and a depth 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑴𝒏
defined as the theoretical or nominal resisting moment of a
section

𝑹𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑹𝒏

𝑴𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑴𝒏

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠

∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Determine the values of a, c and 𝝐𝒕 for the beam
shown in the figure. 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 and 𝒇′𝒄 =
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊

Answer
 back

① 𝐟 = 𝟒𝟔𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 𝒑𝒔𝒊
② 𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕

Next
BALANCED SECTION

a beam that has a balanced steel ratio

the tensile steel will theoretically just reach its yield point at the
same time the extreme compression fibers attain a strain equal to
0.003.

the member can suddenly fail without warning

COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED OR BRITTLE SECTION

the extreme compression fibers attain its maximum strain while

the steel has not yet reached its yield point.
as the load on such a member is increased, its deflections will
usually not be particularly noticeable, even though the concrete is
highly stressed in compression and failure will probably occur
without warning to users of the structure.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION

Section 21.2.2 states that members whose computed tensile

strains are equal to or greater than 0.005 and at the same time
whose concrete strains are 0.003 are to be referred to as
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION

the steel will yield before the compression side crushes and
deflections will be large, giving users warning of impending failure.
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS or ∅ FACTORS

0.90 for tension-controlled beams and slabs

0.75 for shear and torsion in beams
0.65 or 0.75 for columns

0.65 or 0.75 to 0.9 for columns supporting very

small axial loads
0.65 for bearing on concrete
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS or ∅ FACTORS
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS or ∅ FACTORS
For ductile or tension-controlled beams and slabs where 𝜖𝑡 ≥ 0.005,
the value ∅ for bending is 0.90.

Should 𝜖𝑡 be less than 0.005, it is still possible to use the sections

if 𝜖𝑡 is not less than certain values.
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS or ∅ FACTORS
MINIMUM PERCENTAGE OF STEEL
MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT RATIO
BALANCED STEEL PERCENTAGE, 𝝆𝒃
Determine the ACI design moment capacity, ∅𝑴𝒏 , in
kip-ft, of the beam shown in the figure if 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
and 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊.

Answer
 back

∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗. 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕

Determine the ACI design moment capacity, ∅𝑴𝒏 , in
kip-ft, of the beam shown in the figure if 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
and 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊.

Answer
 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟖 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒
Section is not ductile and may not be
used as per ACI Section 9.3.3.1

Next
Determine the ACI design moment capacity, ∅𝑴𝒏 ,
in kip-ft, for the beam in the figure if 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
and 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊.

Answer
 back

∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒. 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕

Next
Determine the ACI design moment capacity, ∅𝑴𝒏 ,
in kN-m, for the beam in the figure if 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
and 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂. Use bar diameter = 32 mm

Answer
 back

∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟔𝟔𝟏. 𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

Next
For the section shown.
① Check steel percentage, and compare it with the
minimum and maximum values.
② Compute the value of 𝝐𝒕 . Classify the beam whether it is
tension-controlled, transition or compression-controlled. Can
the section be used according to ACI?
③ If the section can be used, determine the value 𝝓.
④ Determine the design moment capacity, in kip-ft.

Answer
 back

① 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟔 > 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟓 𝒐𝒌

𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟔 < 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟑 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒌
② 𝝐𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟖 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
𝝐𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟖 > 𝝐𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟗
∴ transition
𝝐𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟖 > 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒
∴ the section can be used based on ACI
③ 𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟗𝟕
④ 𝝓𝑴𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐢𝐩 − 𝐟𝐭

Next
Calculate the nominal or theoretical ultimate
moment strength of the beam section shown in the
figure if 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 and 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊. The 6-in.-
wide ledges on top are needed for the support of
precast concrete slabs.

Answer
 back

303.02 kip-ft

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