Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
tSÍü ébl@¿ yxStMHét |§s@ m{/F QÇúêE m\rT (tSÍ ;”BÃn KRSTÂ ¥~bR¿
xÄ!S xbÆ¿ 1998 ›.M)¿ 17‐21ÝÝ
2
d^RT ¥lT “l¾½ y“§½ ¬Â>½ tk¬Y wzt ¥lT nWÝÝ /êRÃêE xÆèC (Apostolic
Fathers) XNÄ!h#M qdMT yb@t KRStEÃN xÆèC (Second‐Century Fathers) d^RT yb@t
KRStEÃN xÆèC (Third‐Century Fathers)ÝÝ
3
q’ì”WÃN xbW (Cappadocian Fathers) y¸Æl#T½ yqEúRÃW TLq$ xÆT ÆSL×S (Basil
The Great)½ gÖRgÖR×S zXNz!Âz# (Gregory of Nazianzus) XNÄ!h#M gÖRgÖR×S zn#s!S (Gregory
Nyssa) ÂcWÝÝ bz!H m{/F yb@t KRStEÃN xÆèCN SM yMN-QsW½ y_NT B‰Â
mÚ?FT b¸-qÑbT mNgD nWÝÝ ywNg@§WÃN xBÃt KRStEÃÂT ;WÄêE ngr ml÷T
(contextualize theology) y¸lWN g¤ÄY Tk¤rT y¸s-#bT XSk çn DrS½ yb@t KRStEÃN
xÆèCN Sû btmlkt TLQ Tk¤rT l!s-#bT y¸gÆ YmSl¾LÝÝ
4
gùÆx¤ nþqEà bgÖRgÖéúWÃnù yzmN x³È«R 325 ›.M b°lþÃN yzmN x³È«R 318 ›.M
ytμÿd yb@t KRStEÃN g#Æx@ nWÝÝ
1 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
YH xR×S ÃSnœW g#Æx@ n!qEà ymkrbT yngr ml÷T RXs g¤ÄY kmμÿÇ bðT½
yxBN ywLDN GNß#nT xSmLKè ytnœ l@§ yngr ml÷T F+T nbRÝÝ bngr
ml÷t$ ›lM½ äÄLStEK äÂRk!Ãl!ZM ÄY¸K äÂRk!Ãl!ZM (xìB>n!ZM)
bmÆL l¸¬wq$T xStMHéãC qÄ¥Y -Nú> nW y¸ÆlW yb@²N¬‘n# ³Ä nUÁ
t&ãìt$S (Theodotus)½ b190 ›.M YHN TMHRT wd MDr éM XNÄSgÆ yngr
ml÷T Mh#R XNÄ!h#M yb@t KRStEÃN ;”b@ XMnT ynbrW s¥:t$ £±l!tS 6
XNÄ!h#M y_Na b@t KRStEÃN ¬¶K [ˆð xWúb!×S zqEúRà gL[êL 7 ÝÝ bwQt$
yéM b@t KRStEÃN RXs l!”n ÔÔúT ynbrW v!KèR t&ãìt$SN bxStMHéW
MKNÃT btGœ[ b@t KRStEÃN½ twGø tÆé nbRÝÝ ngR GN yxìB>n!ZM
xStMHé qNd¾ mMHR bmçN ¬¶K bSÍT y¸ÃWqW yúäú¬W ÔWlÖS nW
(Paul of Samosata)ÝÝ yädLStEK äÂRk!Ãl!ZM TMHRT -Nú> nW TBlÖ
y¸¬sbW ys¸RÂW n!ã-#S (Noetus of Smyrna 190 ›.M) b!çNM½ xStMHéWN
b¥SÍÍT yxStMHéW xÆT tdR¯ b¬¶K y¸¬wqW yl!b!ÃW q&S úÆL×S nWÝÝ
Glsb# xStMHéWN b¥SÍÍTM çn½ TMHRt$N bt-Âkr mLk# b¥St¥R bSÍT
Xy¬wq bmÿÇ MKNÃT½ yz!H xStMHé dUðãC bÑl# sÆL×úWÃN XytÆl#
Y-„ zND GD çñxL 8 ÝÝ q&S tKl ¥RÃM g²," XRúcW bb§YnT y¸m…T b@t
KRStEÃN ysÆL×SN xStMHé XNdMTktL bYÍ xS¬WqêL 9 ÝÝ q&S tKl ¥RÃM
YHN Ybl# XN©!½ yx!T×ùÃ y/êRÃêET b@t KRStEÃN m\rt XMnT ksÆL×S
xStMHé UR xNÄCM mU-M ylWM—l!mSL YCL YçÂLÝÝ ksÆL×úWÃN
xStMHé bBz# mLk# ytly yddr n#Íq& nW—S?tTN ¥b§l_ xScU¶ b!çNMÝÝ
5
bwQtÜ yxgr é¥ Ngù¿ ngoT ynbrÝÝ
6
(Hippolytus =235) Hippolytus, ʺThe Heresy of Theodotus,ʺ in The Refutation of All Heresies, 7.23,
in The Ante‐Nicene Fathers, vol. 1 (New York: Charles Scribnerʹs Sons, 1899).
7
(Eusebius of Caesarea 260‐339 ›.M) Eusebius, History of the Church, 7.27, in Eusebius, The History
of the Church: A New Translation with Commentary, trans. Paul Maier (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1999),
8
Sl sÆL×úWÃN xStMHé ¬¶K sð ¥B‰¶Ã kflg# tSÍü ébl@¿ sÆL×úWÃN:‐
y/êRÃT b@t KRStEÃN xStMHé b”l XGz!xB/@R s!mzN¿ y¸lWN m{/F YmlkaLÝÝ
9
tKl ¥RÃM g²,"¿ x!ys#SN ¥N Yl#¬L? (1978 ›.M) g{ 4ÝÝ
2 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
y_Na b@t KRStEÃN ʺWg#Z kmxR×S wWg#Z kmsÆL×Sʺ TbL XN©!½ zmn®c$
sÆL×úWÃNM çn# xR×úWÃN½ y|§s@ xStMHé _NSs#M çn WQ„ g#Æx@ n!qEÃ
nW½ kz!Ã bðT ynb„T yb@t KRStEÃN xbW |§s@ÃêE xmlμkTM çn xStMHé
xLnb‰cWM y¸L ÑGT b¥‰mD §Y ÂcWÝÝ
y_Na b@t KRStEÃN MN ;YnT xStMHé nb‰T y¸lW g¤ÄY mLS y¸ÃgßW½
(1) ”l XGz!xB/@R bRXs g¤Ä† §Y MN TMHRT xlW½ (2) ¬¶K y_Na b@t
KRStEÃN XMna½ xStMHéê |R;t xML÷ê MN YmSL XNd nbr YgLÚL
b¸l#T h#lT x:¥D ¥gÂzb!ÃãC x¥μYnT BÒ nWÝÝ WZGb#N bbsl Mh#‰êE
xμÿD btktl mNgD lmF¬T Bc¾ gÖÄÂ Y,W kçn½ YHN xμÿD mktL yGD
YçÂL¿ X¾M y¬¶K S?tTN b¬¶K l¥rQ ¬¶μêE snìCN b¥QrB WYY¬CNN
l¥μÿD TLQ Ñk‰ l¥DrG XNäK‰lNÝÝ
10
yz!H KFL /úB ytwsdW k¸ktlW m{/F nW:— tSÍü ébl@¿ yY‡ê MSKéCÂ
xStMHéxcW b”l XGz!xB/@R s!mzN¿ (‰:Y xút¸ DRJT¿ xÄ!S xbÆ 1991 ›.M), 50‐
60ÝÝ Sl Y‡ê MSKéC SlDRJ¬cW sð ¥B‰¶Ã kflg# YHN m{/F YmlkaLÝÝ
11
bMDR §Y bgnT lz§lM mñR TC§lH (1991), 191‐195¿ kQÇúN {/#æC Xy-qs#
¥m‰mR (1994), 280‐284 YmlkaLÝÝ
12
The Watchtower, 15 June 1957, 274ÝÝ
13
Zn! k¥h#ÝÝ
14
The Watchtower, 1 December 1981, 27 bQNF ÃlWN xY=MRMÝÝ
1515
The Watchtower, 1 May 1957, 274. The Watchtower, 15 January 1983, 22 The Watchtower, 15
September 1911, 2885.
3 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
m{/F QÇS y¦Y¥ñT sãC h#l#N mmRmR mLμÑN dGä ymÃZ ^§ðnT
xlÆcWÝÝ bb@¶Ã Yñ„ ynb„ KRStEÃñC½ ʺLb sðãCʺ ytÆl#bT h#n¾ MKNÃT½
y/êRÃWN yÔWlÖSN {/#æCÂ TMHRèC bTUT YmrM„ SlnbR XNd çn LB
Y§*LÝÝ
ʺxTmRM„"ʺ½ ʺXn@ BÒüN yxM§K DRJT n"ʺ½ ʺl@lÖC GlsïCM çn# y¦Y¥ñT
DRJèC sYÈÂêE ÂcWʺ½ wzt XÃl y¸ÃStMrW TMHRT XWnT¾nt$ XNÁT
l!múkR YC§L? ʺxTmRM„ʺ ʺZM B§Ch# tqbl#ʺ btÆlbT h#n@¬? x§NÄC
¥múk¶Ã XNÄ!h#M ¥múk¶Ã l!çn# y¸Cl#TN m\rèC h#l# bmdMsS Sl‰S YH
;Ynt$N MSKRnT mS-T tgb! nWN?
16
The Watchtower, 1 May 1964, 277.
17
yY‡êN f”D l¥DrG ytd‰j ?ZB (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 2005).
18
kQÇúN {/#æC Xy-qs# ¥m‰mR (1994), 33‐36 YmlkaLÝÝ
19
Sl Y‡ê MSKéC SlDRJ¬cW sð ¥B‰¶Ã kflg# y¸ktlWN m{/F YmlkaL:—
tSÍü ébl@¿ yY‡ê MSKéC xStMHéxcW b”l XGz!xB/@R s!mzN¿ (‰:Y xút¸
DRJT¿ xÄ!S xbÆ 1991 ›.M)ÝÝ
4 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
20
X¾ ²Ê bDRJt$ {/#F §Y YHN /!S ¥QrB yÒLnW½ yDRJt$N [#/#æC b_ä b¥NbB
XSk çn DrS½ yDRJt$ xƧTM½ ʺyt”ê¸ãC SM ¥_ÍT nWʺ b¸L ÑG¬CNN
bdfÂW l!ÃÈ_l# xYgÆMÝÝ ʺSM ¥_ÍTʺ mçn#N XNμ* bTKKL mrÄT y¸ÒlW½
mr©WN ¥NbB s!ÒL BÒ nWÝÝ ʺb|§s@ ¥mN YgƦLN?ʺ b¸lW bDRJt$ m{/F §Y
bWL XNd¬yW½ ʺ¬¥" LÆM ÆéCʺ bmÆL y¸¬wq$T yDRJt$ [ˆFÃN½ TMHRt
|§s@N btmlkt wdz!H DMÄ» §Y ydrs#T½ bRμ¬ mÚ?FTN xNBbW XNd çn
b{/#æÒcW §Y XSk -qs# DrS½ yDRJt$ xƧT½ ʺyt”ê¸ãCN {/#F x¬NBb#ʺ
mƧcW XRS bRs# y¸ÈrS xLÃM½ ʺXn@ BÒ xWQL¦lWʺ xLÃM ʺxNt l‰SH xTb”Mʺ
XNd ¥lT YçÂLÝÝ
21
ym-bqEà GNB ym{/F QÇS yT‰KT ¥~bR b|§s@ ¥mN YgƦLN b¸L RXS
ÃzUjW m{/F mr©ãCN XNÁT xDR¯ XNd¸Ã-MM½ ³Rõ XNd¸q_L bx-”§Y
mr©ãCN b¥-ÂbR xNÆBÃn#NM çn yDRJt$N xƧT wd túút DMÄ» XNd¸dRS
k¸ktlW Dr g{ §Y bGL_ mmLkT YÒ§L <http://www.bible.ca/trinity/trinity‐jw‐
deceptions>ÝÝ sãC MÂLÆTM yY‡ê MSKéC ‰úcW YHN Dr g{ l¥yT f”d¾ b!çn#
(f”d¾ XNÄYçn# TLQ yçn KLk§ xlÆcW b!çNM)½ yxM§K Bc¾ wk!L nW b¸l#T
DRJ¬cW xr¥êE TMHRT nW ÃlWN xStMHé bXLL¬Â bç¬ XNd¸qbl#T _R_R
ylWMÝÝ YHN Dr g{ XNÄ!mlkt$ lY‡ê MSKR wÄíCãM XNÄ!Ãú† b¥KbR XN-
YQã¬lNÝÝ
22
ʺxÄ!Sʺ x§LNM XN©! ʺxÄ!Sʺ BNL XNμ*½ ʺxÄ!Sʺ yçnW lX¾ nWÝÝ ngR GN ʺxÄ!Sʺ ytÆlW
ngR DéM ynbr XWnT nWÝÝ sãC XWnTN Ãg¾l# XN©! XWnTN xYf_„MÝÝ wR^ yμtET
2000 ›.M tf-r¼twld y¸ÆL XWnT ylMÝÝ tgß y¸ÆL XN©!ÝÝ YHM XWnT byT¾WM
5 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
ngR GN ym-bqEà GNB DRJT [ˆðW½ y|§s@ TMHRT lx!ys#S lÔWlÖS b:D
nW y¸lWN b!-Qs#M½ ʺy|§s@ TMHRT b×/NS wNg@L WS_ Yg¾Lʺ s!l#
xk¬TlW yÚûTN {/#F gN_lÖ ¥Sqrt$½ DRJt$ y[ˆðWN /úB bTKKL
XNÄÂWQ XNÄ!ÃWM k{/#ÍcW yt²Æ TMHRT XNDÂg" xDRÙLÝÝ
ʺx! dBL† çPk!NS å¶JN xND x@‹l#>N åV ¶l!JN (y¦Y¥ñT MN+ :DgT)
ytÆlW m{/F XNÄ!H b¥lT mLS YsÈl#:— ʹbm=rš y|§s@ TRg¤M sð tqÆYnT
ÃgßW bxB²ßW yb@t KRStEÃN ±ltEμ W-@T nWʹʺ (b|§s@ ¥mN YgƦLN? g{ 9
bQNF ÃlWN Y=M‰L)ÝÝ
BlêL YbL XN©! [ˆðW kz!H q_lÖ b¸gßW ;rFt ngR §Y:—
¥l¬cWN GN xL-qsMÝÝ
ï¬Â g!z@ xNÄ!h#M h#n@¬ WS_ XWnT nWÝÝ XWnT XNd¥ÃrjW h#l#½ XWnT xYf-RM¿
xYlw_MMÝÝ bxND g!z@ XWnT yçn ngR h#l# g!z@ XWnT nWÝÝ
23
ʺThe beginning of the doctrine of the Trinity appears already in John ʺ (c. 100). ʺTo Jesus and
Paul the doctrine of the trinity was apparently unknown; . . . they say nothing about it.ʺ (Origin and
Evolution of Religion, E. W. Hopkins, p 336)
24
ʺThe final orthodox definition of the trinity was largely a matter of church politics. ... The church ...
also believed with the first simple Christians that Jesus Christ was God on earth.ʺ (Origin and
Evolution of Religion, E. W. Hopkins, p339, all quoted within the same paragraph).
25
Origin and Evolution of Religion, E. W. Hopkins, Ch 20, The Christian Trinity. History of Religions,
1918, E. Washburn Hopkins, Professor of Sanskrit and comparative Philology, p 552,556.
6 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
26
lMúl@ y‰s# ym-bqEà GNB mMH‰N½ KRS¬dLðÃN bmÆL y¸¬wqW ¦Y¥ñ¬êE
DRJT [ˆFÃN½ XNÄ!h#M z ê&Y x!NtRÂ>ÂL bmÆL y¸¬wqW ¦Y¥ñ¬êE DRJT
xƧT Ygß#b¬LÝÝ
27
ymSk# Mh#‰NN X¥"nT bm_qS ÑGTN ¥-ÂkR Rt$: lçn ÑGT TKKl¾ xμÿD
b!çNM½ y‰SN xStMHé l¥{ÂT y‰SN sãC bX¥"nT m_qS GN S?tT nW (ʺyb@t
KRStEÃn@ xStMHé TKKL lmçn# yb@t KRStEÃn@ mUb! X¥"nt$N YS_L"ʺ XNÁT
YƧL?)ÝÝ
28
Arthur Weigall, The Paganism in Our Christianity, 1928. [The Twelve Disciples Derived From Zodiac:
p25. The 27 books of the New Testament Canon is invalid: p37. The name Mary is of pagan origin: p41, The
virgin birth is of pagan origin: p44, 47, 60. The early life of Jesus is totally unknown: p49. Jesus born in a
stable and wrapped in swaddling clothing is of pagan origin: p52. Miracles of Jesus are of pagan origin: p58.
Jesusʹ 40 day temptation in wilderness is of pagan origin: p61. Earthquake at cross is false: p62. Jesus
Crucifixion was a Jewish human sacrifice of pagan origin: p69,76. Jesus Side Pierced is of pagan origin:
p83,84. Jesus never actually died, two angels were only men: p93,94. Ascension is of pagan origin: p100.
Jesus suffering to save us is of pagan origin: p106. Jesus decent into Hades is of pagan origin: p113. Jesus
ʺhung on a treeʺ is of pagan origin: p118. Jesus the ʺRock of salvationʺ is of pagan origin: p129. Jesus the
ʺslain Lamb of Godʺ is of pagan origin: p131,132. ʺWashed in the Blood of the lambʺ is of pagan origin: p132.
Baptism and the Lordʹs Supper are both of pagan origin: p134, p146,147. Phrase ʺSoldiers of Christʺ is of
pagan origin: p135. Jesus as ʺthe Shepherdʺ is of pagan origin: p136. Lords Supper is of pagan originʺ
p146,147. The idea of ʺblood atonement for sinsʺ is of pagan origin: p152,158. Jesus ʺBegotten of Godʺ is of
7 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
QÇúêE TMHRèC h#l# y¥YqbL [ˆð nWÝÝ XNÄ!ÃWM [ˆðW yY‡ê MSKéC
x!ys#S sW çñ wdz!HC MDR kmMÈt$ bðT l!q m§XK ¸μx@L nW y¸lW
TMHR¬cW ‰s# xr¥êE m\rT xlW s!L {æxLÝÝ XNd xRtR ê&GL h#l# íN
‰Y§NDS 29 ½ x!. ê>bRN çPk!NS 30 ½ s!GFÊND äÊNz@ 31 ½ êEL ljNT 32 ½ l@Y¥N
xïT 33 ½ x@DêRD ©!ïN 34 ½ xìLF ¦RÂK 35 wzt m{/F QÇSN =Mé m\r¬êE
b¸Æl#T KRStEÃÂêE xStMHéãC y¥ÃMn# yKRST m\rt XMnT kxr¥WÃN
ymDBl x¥LKT xML÷ ytqÄ nW y¸L {n# xÌM çcW ÂcWÝÝ
bx-”§Y ym-bqEà GNB ¥~bR k-qúcW 33 _QîC máL 8t$ (25%) bhLãt
XGz!xB/@R y¥ÃMn# XNÄ!h#M m{/F QÇSN =Mé m\r¬êE y¸Æl#TN
KRStEÃÂêE xStMHéãC y¥Yqbl# XNÄ!ÃWM Xnz!H xStMHéãC xr¥êE m\rT
çcW y¸l# [ˆFT ÂcWÝÝ 2t$ (6%) xR×úêE xm§kkT çcW [ˆFÃN¼yDRJt$
mMH‰N ÂcWÝÝ 3t$ (10%) yYh#Ä! XMnT½ y£NÇ XMnTÂ ÑSl!M [ˆFÃN ÂcWÝÝ
4t$ (12%) xNÄCM ¦Y¥ñ¬êE ZNÆl@ yl@§cW [ˆFT b!çn#M {/#ÍcW TKKl¾
bçn mLk# tÈQî xLqrbMÝÝ 16t$ (50%) y|§s@ x¥NÃN s!çn#½ yGlsïc$ /úB
bt²Æ mLk# XytbÈ-s qRïxL 36 ÝÝ
pagan origin: p169. Incarnate Logos of Jn 1:1 is of pagan origin, The ʺpre‐existent angelʺ is a 4th century
concept: p172,173‐175. The Trinity is of pagan origin: p182. The ʺLordʹs Dayʺ (Sunday) is of Pagan Origin:
p209,210‐211. Jewish Sabbath and the Sunday Lordʹs Day both of pagan origin: p136, p209,210‐211.
Conclusion of entire book: Almost all of Christianity is of pagan origin! p242]
29
John Rylands, Bulletin of The John Rylands Library (G.H. Boobyer, ʺJesus as ʹTheosʹ in the New
Testament,ʺ Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 50, 2(Spring 1968): 251.
30
E. Washburn Hopkins, The Origion and Evolution of Religion (New Haven, Conn.: Yale
University Press, 1923).
31
Siegfriend Morenz, Egyptian Religion
32
Will Durant, The Story of Civilization
33
Lyman Abbott, Dictionary of Religious Knowledge
34
Edward Gibbon, Bulletin of The John Rylands Library
35
Adolf Harnack, Outlines of the History of Dogma
36
XÃNÄNÇ mr© XNÁT t²Bè XNd qrb btÅÆ+ l¥StêL y¸ktlWN Dr g{
YmlkaL <http://www.bible.ca/trinity/trinity‐jw‐deceptions>ÝÝ
8 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
yQDm g#Æx@ n!qEà xbW yG¶K {/#æC XJG bRμ¬ kmçÂcWM bh#lT [ˆFÃN
bÈM‰ ytzU° 7 tk¬¬Y Q{ çcW mÚ?FT xl# 38 ÝÝ bz!H h#n@¬ WS_ ym-
mqEà GNB DRJT kXnz!H {/#æC -qS“cW y¸§cWN xND h#lT ;rFt
ngéC YHN ÃHL SÍT μlW {/#F WS_ fL¯ ¥GßT kœR KMR WS_ mRØ
kmflGM b§Y XJG kÆD nWÝÝ YH bGL{ b¸¬wQbT h#n@¬ XNÄ!h#M MN+N -
Qî mÚF GÁ¬ ÃlmÚF dGä wNjL bçnbT Mh#‰êEW ›lM DRJt$ YHN xμÿD
mMr-# lMN YçN?
ym-bqEÃ GNB ym{/F QÇSÂ yT‰KT ¥~bR QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbW bq_¬ -
Qšcêlh# çcW SF‰ãC bTKKL XNÄ!¬wq$ b!ÃdRG ñé½ y-qúcWN KFlÖC
xND bxND XynqSN b¥WÈT yg¤Ä†N XWnt¾nTM çn S?tT bq§l# mmRmR
bÒLN nbRÝÝ DRJt$ GN MNŒN bmdbQ YHN :DL nFgÖÂLÝÝ
37
YH b|n xmKN× ʺFalse Dilemmasʺ bmÆL Y¬w”LÝÝ
38
Apostolic Constitutions. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson 7 Vol. New york:
Charles Scribnerʹs Sons, 1899.
9 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
bz!H ÄsúêE _ÂT WS_ ym-bqEÃ GNB ym{/F QÇSÂ yT‰KT ¥~bR y|§s@ÃêE
xStMHé ÃLnb‰cW xR×úêE xÆèC nb„ b¥lT ÃqrÆcW xbW TMHRt |§s@N
btmlkt MN ;YnT xÌM XNd nb‰cW ¥úyT XN©! QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbW
|§s@N xSmLKè ynb‰cWN xStmHé mtNtN xYdlM 39 ÝÝ Slz!H DRJt$
ÃqrÆcWN xÆèC BÒ yTMHR¬cW m\rT MN XNd çn l¥yT Ñk‰
XÂdRUlNÝÝ
y¸L xÌM XSμlW DrS btwsn dr©M b!çN½ k§Y y-qSÂcWN yb@t KRStEÃN
xÆèCN MSKRnT ¥QrB y¸ñRbT YmSlÂLÝÝ
×SõS s¥:T
ʺb|§s@ ¥mN YgƦLN?ʺ b¸L RXS ym-bqEà GNB ym{/F QÇS yT‰KT
¥~bR ÃútmW m{/F ×SõS s¥:T x!ys#S KRSèS:— (1) kxB ytly ¥NnT
39
tSÍü ébl@¿ yxStMHét |§s@ m{/F QÇúêE m\rT (tSÍ ;”BÃn KRSTÂ ¥~bR¿
xÄ!S xbÆ¿ 1998 ›.M)¿ 17‐21ÝÝ
40
James White, ʺHistorical Honesty and the Watchtower Societyʺ (b¸ktlW Dr g{ §Y Ñl#
{/#ûN ¥GßT YÒ§L:‐ http://www.aomin.org/Witnesses.html).
41
Zn! k¥h# km-bqEÃ GNB¿ February 1, 1992 g{ 19‐23 -Qî XNd ÚfWÝÝ
42
Zn! k¥h# km-bqEÃ GNB¿ November 1, 1991 -Qî XNd ÚfWÝÝ
10 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
XNÄlW½ (2) bxB ytf-r mLxK XNd çn½ (3) b¥Nnt$ kxB XNd¸ÃNS
XNÄ!h#M½ (4) xNd xB h#l#N ngR y¥DrG ClÖ¬ XNd l@lW y¸ÃMN yb@t
KRStEÃN xÆT nW s!L äGèxL:—
b165 Xzx bs¥:TnT yätW jStEN x!ys#S sW kmçn# bðT½ ʺh#l#N kf-rW
XGz!xB/@R ytlyÂʺ ytf-r mLxK XNd çn gLÛxLÝÝ bt=¥¶M x!ys#S
kXGz!xB/@R Ãns XNd nbr ʺfȶ XNÄ!ÂgR XNÄ!\‰ kfqdlT W+ MNM ngR
y¥ÃdRG. . .ʺ XNd nbr tÂG…L 43 ÝÝ
×SõS s¥:T x!ys#S kxB ytly ¥NnT xlW BlÖxL y¸lW NGGR k|§s@
x¥NÃN m\rt XMnT UR xND b!çNM (yÆ?RY¼ytf_é ¥nS úYçN y|‰
KFFL ¥nS)½ bxB ytf-r mLxK nW½ kxB y¸ÃNS ¥NnT xlW½ XNÄ!h#M
XNd xB k¦l@ k¤l# (h#l#N ÒY) xYdlM y¸lW glÚ GN y×SõSN XMnT b+‰>
y¸wKL xYdlMÝÝ DRJt$ Sl ×SõS s¥:T μqrbW glÚ btly mLk# ×SõS Sl
x!ys#S y¸ktlW XMnT nbrW 44 :—
ʺy›l¥T fȶ XGz!xB/@R LJ xlW¿ YH L°M bk¤R yçn yXGz!xB/@R ”L nW¿
XNÄ!h#M XGz!xB/@R nWÝÝ b_Nt$ zmN bXúT xMúL bm§XKT g{ lÑs@ XNÄ!h#M
ltq„T nb!ÃT tgLÛ nbRʺ 45 ÝÝ
43
ʺb|§s@ ¥mN YgƦLN?ʺ (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1993), 7.
44
ʺQDm g#Æx@ n!qEà xbW MN xSt¥„?ʺ b¸lW RXS |R bRμ¬ mr©ãCN ywsDnW
Robert M. Bowman, Jr. Why You Should Believe in the Trinity: An Answer to Jehovahʹs Witnesses
(Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1989), 27‐47 §Y nWÝÝ
45
Justin Martyr, First Apology 63, in The Ante‐Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the
Fathers down to A.D. 325, ed. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, rev.ed. A. Cleveland Coxe
(Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1969 reprint [orig. 1885]), 1:184. kz!H bҤ
YHN m{/F ANF b¸L M~Úr ”L BÒ XN-QsêlNÝÝ
46
Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 36, in ANF, 1:212.
47
Zn! k¥h#¿ 128, in ANF, 1:264.
48
Zn! k¥h#¿ Dialogue with Trypho ch. 36.
49
Zn! k¥h#¿ Dialogue with Trypho, ch. 37.
50
k×SõS UR YwÃY ynbr xYh#ÄêE nWÝÝ
51
Zn! k¥h#¿ Dialogue with Trypho, ch.48.
11 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
ʺXnz!H ”§T bGL{ XNd¸Ãú†T XRs# KRSèS YHN ngR bm\rtW bXRs#
tmSKél¬L¿ Y,WM xM§KÂ KRSèS XNd mçn# m-N xML÷ YgÆêLʺ 54 ÝÝ
YHM yKRStEÃñC XMnT yx/Ç xM§K XMnT XN©!½ ƒST x¥LKTN ¥MlK
XNÄLçn gLÛxL:—
ʺXGz!xB/@RN BÒ LÂmLK YgÆÂL. . .SGdT y¸gÆW XGz!xB/@R BÒ nWÂʺ 57 ÝÝ
×SõS s¥:T b{/#æc$ WS_ x!ys#SN m§XK ÃlbT h#n@¬ xlÝÝ YH GN m-bqEÃ
GNB DRJT XNd¸ÃMnW x!ys#S l!q mLxK ¸μx@L nW l¥lT úYçN½ (1)
x!ys#S bxB yt§k mLXKt¾ (mLxK) nW l¥lT XNÄ!h#M½ (2) yxB mLXKt¾
çñ wdz!HC MDR kmMÈt$ bðT ¥lTM bzmn Bl#Y XNd XGz!xB/@R mLxK
bmçN lQÇúN XNd tgl- l¥SrÄT nWÝÝ Xnz!H h#lT /úïC bRμ¬ y|§s@
x¥NÃN ‰úcW kÑl# LB y¸qbl#T mçn# BÒ úYçN k|§s@ xStMHé UR
xNÄCM Q‰n@ yl@lbT xmlμkT nWÝÝ ×SõS YHN ¥lt$ TMHRt |§s@N
y¥YqbL nW wYM xR×úêE xmlμkT nbrW ¥lT b+‰> xYÒLMÝÝ
ym-bqEÃ GNB ¥~bR:—
b165 Xzx bs¥:TnT yätW jStEN x!ys#S sW kmçn# bðT½ ʺh#l#N kf-rW
XGz!xB/@R ytlyÂʺ ytf-r mLxK XNd çn gLÛxLÝÝ bt=¥¶M x!ys#S
kXGz!xB/@R Ãns XNd nbr ʺfȶ XNÄ!ÂgR XNÄ!\‰ kfqdlT W+ MNM ngR
y¥ÃdRG. . .ʺ XNd nbr tÂG…L 58 ÝÝ
52
Zn! k¥h#¿ Dialogue with Trypho, ch. 68.
53
Zn! k¥h#¿ Dialogue with Trypho ch. 56.
54
Zn! k¥h#¿ Dialogue with Trypho, ch. 63.
55
Zn! k¥h#¿ Dialogue with Trypho, ch. 124.
56
Justin Martyr, First Apology 6, in ANF, 1:164.
57
Zn! k¥h#¿ 16, 17, in ANF, 1:168.
58
ʺb|§s@ ¥mN YgƦLN?ʺ (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1993), 7.
12 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
y¸lW /rG lDRJt$ ÑGT ên¾ b!çNM½ bTMHRt _QS WS_ ÃlmGÆt$N GN
LB Y§*LÝÝ
Sm _R yb¤t KRStEÃN ;Ýb¤ XMnT 59 ynbr b100 ›.M twLì 165 ›.M bs¥:TnT
yätW ×SõS s¥:T½ |§s@ y¸lWN ÑÃêE ”L ÃLt-qm XNÄ!h#M xBÂ wLD
çcW GNß#nT MN YmS§L y¸lWN btF¬¬ mLk# çSqm- b!çNM ×SõS
lxB½ lwLDÂ lmNfS QÇS XNÄd¸sGD½ x!ys#SM F[#M xM§K XNd çn ygl[
yb@t KRStEÃN xÆT nWÝÝ
/@Ên@ãS
ʺb|§s@ ¥mN YgƦLN?ʺ y¸lW ym-bqEà GNB ym{/F /@Ên@ãS:— (1) x!ys#S
kxB ytly ¥NnT XNÄlW XNÄ!h#M (2) b¥Nnt$ kxB Ãns Æ?RY XNÄlW gLÛxL
y¸L TMHRT xlW:—
x!ys#S sW kmçn# bðT kXGz!xB/@R ytly Ãns ?LW XNd nbrW b200 Xzx
xμÆb! yätW x!rNyS tÂG…LÝÝ x!ys#S ʺkxNÇ XWnt¾Â Bc¾ XGz!xB/@Rʺ
¥lTM ʺyh#l#M yb§Y kçnW l@§ Xk¤Ã kl@lW xM§Kʺ UR Xk¤L XNÄLçn
xMLKèxLÝÝ (g{ 7)
59
;”b@ XMnT¼KRST y¸lW Sû (Apologetics) y¸lWN yXNGl!Z¾ ”L y¸wKL nWÝÝ
bGXZ ;”b! ¥lT y¸-BQ½ -ÆqE½ tmLμC½ kLμY ¥lT nWÝÝ ;”b@ KRST y¸Æl#T
yKRSTÂN m\rt XMnT kmÂF”N XNÄ!h#M KRStEÃÂêE μLçn# ytlÆ yS?tT
TMHRèC¼/!îC y¸-Bq$ sãC ÂcWÝÝ “x±lÖËtEKS” (apologetics) Y¸lW yXNGl!Z¾
Sû ytwsdW “x±lÖ©!Ô wYM “x±lÖ©!×” k¸lW yG¶K ”L nWÝÝ x±lÖ©!à y¸lW
”L b1’@_éS 3÷15 §Y y¸g" s!çN½ h#l#M yx¥R¾ TRg¤äC (y1954½ y1980 XNÄ!h#M
yxÄ!s# mdb¾ TRg¤M) “mLS mS-T” BlW tRg¤mW¬LÝÝ bxB²¾W YH KFL l;”b@
KRST m¶ _QS tdR¯ YwsÄLÝÝ y;”b@ KRST ;b!Y ;§¥½ KRStEÃÂêE XMnT m{/F
QÇúêE MKNìêE¼MKN†xêE lmçn# ¥Sr© ¥QrB nWÝÝ x±lÖ©!à y¸lW yG¶K ”L
b¸ktl#T KFlÖC WS_M t-Qî Yg¾L (/êRÃT |‰ 22÷1¿ 25÷16¿ 1öéNèS 9÷3¿
2öéNèS 7÷11¿ ðLùS†S 1÷7:16¿ 2-!ät&ãS 4÷16)ÝÝ
13 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
ʺyXGz!xB/@R LJ x!ys#S KRSèS k¬§Q FQ„ ytnœ yF_rt$ xμL lmçN kDNGL
¥RÃM lmwlD ywrd sWN k‰s#Â kXGz!xB/@ UR ÃS¬rqʺ 62
B§*LÝÝ XNÄ!h#M:—
“b@t KRStEÃN b›lM h#l# XNÄ!h#M XSk ›lM ÄRÒ DrS BTbtNM½ b@t KRStEÃN
k/êRÃT kXnRs# dq m²ÑRT ytqblCW y¸ktlWN m\rt XMnT nW:‐
h#l#N ÒY yçn s¥YN MDRN XNÄ!h#M Æ?RN bXnz!HM WS_ y¸ñ„TN h#l#
yf-r xND XGz!xB/@R¿ bXGz!xB/@R LJ bxNÇ bx!ys#S KRSèS½ lDn¬CN s!L
TSBXT yçn¿ bmNfS QÇS½ yXGz!xB/@RN zmN bnb!Ãt$ Ãb\r XNÄ!h#M ytwÄ°
g@¬CNN yx!ys#S KRSèSN M{xT½ kDNGL mwlD½ ?¥M½ kѬN mnœT½
bxμl |U wd s¥Y ¥rG½ ‘h#l#N xND xDR¯ lmsBsB’ bxB KBR ks¥Y
mgl_½ ysW LíCN h#l# bxÄ!S xμL kѬN ¥SnœT½ Y,WM KRSèS x!ys#S
g@¬CN xM§μCN XNÄ!h#M xľCN Ng#œCN mçn#N½ b¥Y¬yW xB f”D
‘bs¥YÂ bMDR kMDRM b¬C’ Ãl g¤LbT h#l# XNÄ!NbrkKlT½ M§SM h#l# lh#l#
^-!xT BlÖ XNd tsê XNÄ!msKRlT nW. . .” 63
60
Irenaeus, Against heresies 1.10.1 in ANF, 1:330.
61
Zn! k¥h#¿ in ANF, 1:417.
62
Clement of Alexandria, Exhoration to the Heathen 10, in ANF, 2:202.
63
Irenaeus, Against heresies X.l in ANF, 1:330.
64
Against Heresies, Book II, ch. 30, section 9.
14 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
ʺwLD lÑs@ s!ÂgR XNÄ!H B§*L½ ʹYHNN ?ZB Lb@™W wR©lh#ʹ (zixT 3÷8‐‐
b¸”-lW q¤_Ìõ) YH lsW LíC DnT wd §Y y¸wÈW wd¬C y¸wRdW
XRs# nWʺ 65 ÝÝ
ʺh#l#N ngR yf-rW XRs# k”L UR BÒWN nW ÃlW¿ xM§KÂ g@¬ tBlÖ Y-‰LÝÝ
ytf-„ F-#‰N GN YH ;Ynt$ ”L lXnRs# m-¶Ã l!çN xYCLM¿ FTˆêE bçn
mLk#M yYgƾL _Ãq& l!ÃqRb# xYCl#M¿ YH m-¶Ã yfȶ m-¶Ã BÒ nWÂʺ 66
ʺkQÇúT mÚ?FT §Y XNÄúyh#T½ bh#l# ngR F[#M bçn h#n@¬ yxÄM LJ yçn
XGz!xB/@R tBlÖ l!-‰ wYM g@¬ y¸ÆL SM l!s-W xYCLMÝÝ XRs# GN b‰s#
|LÈN XSμh#N kñ„ sãC bbl- mLk# xM§K½ XNÄ!h#M g@¬ XNÄ!h#M z§l¥êE
Ng#|½ XNÄ!h#M TSBXT yçn ”L½ bnb!ÃT h#l#½ b/êRÃT h#l#½ XNÄ!h#M b‰s#
bmNfS XNμ* y¬wj. . .QÇúT mÚ?FT SlXRs# YHN ngR y¥YmsK„ kçn XNd
l@§W h#l# sW BÒ bçn nbRʺ 67 ÝÝ
ʺSlz!H KRSèS ‰s# kxÆt$ UR lÑs@ ytÂgr y?ÃêN xM§K nW¿ XNÄ!h#M xBN
ygl-W XRs# nWʺ 68 ÝÝ
ʺ[bMDR §Y] btgßbT g!z@ h#l#M Sl KRSèS tÂg„¿ XRs#NM xM§K xl#Tʺ 69 ÝÝ
ʺxND XGz!xB/@R XN©! l@§ xM§K ylMÝÝ XRs#M h#l#N f-rÝÝ XRs# BÒWN
xM§K½ XRs# BÒWN g@¬½ XRs# BÒWNM fȶ nWʺ 73 ÝÝ
65
Against Heresies, Book III, ch. 6, section 2.
66
Against Heresies, Book III, ch. 8, section 3.
67
Against Heresies, Book III, ch. 19, section 2.
68
Against Heresies, Book IV, ch. 5, section 2 (12).
69
Against Heresies, Book IV, ch.6, section 6. bQNF ÃlWN xY=MRMÝÝ
70
Against Heresies, Book IV, ch. 20, section 1 (13).
71
Against Heresies, Book IV, ch. 20, section 4
72
Against Heresies, Book IV, ch. 20, section 3.
73
Against Heresies, Book II, ch.1, section 1.
74
Against Heresies, Book III, ch. 4, section 2
15 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
bx-”§Y b115 ›.M twLì 190 ›.M yätW½ bLJnt$ y/êRÃW ×/NS dq
mZÑR knbrW klþÝRÕS yt¥r XNÄ!h#M yL×N b@t KRStEÃN l!q ÔÔúT
ynbrW /@Ên@ãS x!ys#S KRSèS F[#M xM§KÂ F[#M sW yçn XNÄ!h#M F_rt$N
l¥ÄN sW yçn xM§K XNd çn ÃMÂLÝÝ
ql»NõS zXSKNDRÃ
ʺb|§s@ ¥mN YgƦLN?ʺ y¸lW ym-bqEà GNB ym{/F ql»NõS x!ys#S
bÆ?RYW kxB XNd¸ÃNS ÃMN nbR s!L b¸ktlW mLk# YäG¬L:—
XNd l@lÖc$M bz!HM SF‰ xk‰μ¶ yçnW n_B kTXMRt _QS WÀ ÃlW KFL
nWÝÝ
ym-bqEÃ GNB ¥~bR YHN YbL XN©!½ ql»NõS kDRJt$ xStMHé UR bt”rn
mLk# XNÄ!H Y§L:—
ʺml÷¬êE ”L½ XRs# yF[#M xM§K mgl_ nW¿ XRs# k›l¥T fȶ UR Xk¤L
nWʺ 81 ÝÝ
75
/êRÃW ×/NS xys#S F[#M xM§K mçn#N ytÂgrÆcWN MNÆÆT bqÈ×c$ M:‰æC §Y
bSÍT l¥yT XNäK‰lNÝÝ
76
Against Heresies, Book I, ch. 8, section 5(11 ).
77
Clement of Alexandria, Exhortation to the Heathen 10, in ANF, 2:202.
78
Clement, The Instructyor 1.8, 1.11, in AnF, 2:227, 234.
79
Clement, Exhortation to the Heathen 12, in ANF, 2:206.
80
Clement, Miscellanies [Stromata] 5.1, in ANF, 2:444.
81
Clement, Exhortation to the Heathen, ch. 10.
16 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
-R-#LÃñS
-R-#LÃñS l|§s@ xStMHé yMNglgLÆcWN ÑÃêE ”§T (lMúl@ ʺ|§s@ʺ½
ʺƒST xμ§Tʺ½ ʺxND xM§Kʺ) yqmr yb@t KRStEÃN xÆT çñ úl½ ym-bqEÃ
GNB DRJT -R-#LÃñS bxStMHét |§s@ y¥ÃMN XNÄ!ÃWM xr×úêE
xStMHé ynbrW sW nbR y¸lW TMHRt$ s!b² y¸ÃSdNQ nWÝÝ
-R-#LÃñS bGL_½ ʺTMHRt |§s@ ¥lT xND xM§K ƒST xμ§T—xB½ wLDÂ
mNfS QÇS ¥lT nWʺ s!L yÚf b!çNM ym-bqEÃ GNB m{/F GN:—
-R-#LÃñS xB wLD ytlÆ xμ§T XNd nb„ mqbl# XÑN b!çNM½
wLD ÃLnbrbT g!z@ nbr...¥N¾WM ngR kmgßt$ bðT XGz!xB/@R BÒWN
YñR nbR y¸lW glÚ km-bqEÃ GNB XN©! ktRt$LÃñS BR: ymn=
xYdlMÝÝ
yKRSèS b@t KRStEÃN kWLda jMé bz!H MDR bñrCÆcW g!z@ÃT h#l#½
HLWÂêN y¸f¬tn# bRμ¬ yngr ml÷T _Ãq&ãC g_mê¬LÝÝ bxNÚ‰êEnT
82
Fragments, Part I, section III.
17 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
s!¬Y½ xNÄNìc$ yngr ml÷T _Ãq&ãC bx+R g!z@ WS_ XLÆT s!Ãgß#½
xNÄNìc$ GN byT¾WM y¬¶K zmN úÃ=”+q$ ÃlûbT g!z@ ylM ¥lT YÒ§LÝÝ
kXnz!H yngr ml÷T _Ãq&ãC WS_ TMHRt |§s@ qĸWN ï¬ YY²L b!ÆL
XBlT xYçNMÝÝ byzmÂt$ sãC btúút mNgD ytrÇT xStMHé nWÂÝÝ
TMHRt |§s@N XNd xR×S μl# ymÂF”N _”T bm-bq$ £dT WS_ TLQ
DRš ynbrW xTÂt&ãS (Athanasius) b!çNM½ RXs g¤Ä†N b-ll bÄbr mLk#
Ãqrb#T q’ì”WÃN xbW 84 ÂcWÝÝ
bRμ¬ sãC btlY mÂFÝN# TMHRt o§s¤ kÝl XGzþxB¼¤R ytqÄ úYçN#
kgùÆx¤ nþq½Ã b“§ 85 ymÈ Æ:D xStMHé nW y¸L xmlμkT x§cW”” gùÆx¤ nþqEÃ
bé¥W q&úR ³S«N«þñS 86 t«Rè# yxND yXSKNDRà b¤t KRStEÃN xl”
ynbrW xR×S½ “xþysùS KRSèS kxB UR bhùlù ngR TKKL xYdlM” y¸lWN
TMHRtÜN lmmRmR ytqm« gùÆx¤ nW””
gùÆx¤W xR×SN xWGøÂ KRSèS F™ùM xM§K nW y¸lWN m¿rt XMnT xANè
Ãlf gùÆx¤ bþçNM# xNÄND sãC TMHRt o§s¤ knþqEÃ gùÆx¤ bðT xLnbrM
y¸L ytúút GN²b¤Â ÑGT x§cW”” gùÆx¤ nþqEà BlùÃTN ¼ÄþúTN XÃÈqs
xStMHéWN dRZ ÆlW mLK ÃB‰‰ gùÆx¤ XN©þ# bmA¼F QÇS ÃLtqm«WN
TMHRT ÃSt§lf gùÆx¤ §lmçnù ¬¶KN bm_qS X¥Ÿ b¥f§lG YHN ytúút
y¬¶K GN²b¤½½ y¬¶K X¥Ÿ b¥QrB S?tt$N ¥Ul_ xGÆB Sl¸çN# kgùÆx¤ nþqEÃ
bðT ynb„TN yb¤t KRStEÃN xbW bRXs g“Ć §Y MN BlW ;lû y¸lWN
g“ÄY bxSrJnT l¥QrB XäK‰lhù”” YH A¼ùF ÄsúêE _ÂT Slçn# yhùlùNM
xbW X¥ŸnT TMHRT bSÍT ¥QrB Sl¥YÒL# y_qEècÜN BÒ bÂÑÂnT
³N_rN bmWsD XÂqRÆlN”” YHN yMÂdRgWM yXnzþHN xbW A¼ùF bq_¬
bmtRgÖM nW””
83
d^RT ¥lT “l¾½ y“§½ ¬Â>½ tk¬Y wzt ¥lT nWÝÝ
84
q’ì”WÃN xbW (Cappadocian Fathers) y¸Æl#T½ yqEúRÃW TLq$ xÆT ÆSL×S (Basil
The Great)½ gÖRgÖR×S zXNz!Âz# (Gregory of Nazianzus) XNÄ!h#M gÖRgÖR×S zn#s!S (Gregory
Nyssa) ÂcWÝÝ bz!H m{/F yb@t KRStEÃN xÆèCN SM yMN-QsW½ y_NT B‰Â
mÚ?FT b¸-qÑbT mNgD nWÝÝ ywNg@§WÃN xBÃt KRStEÃÂT ;WÄêE ngr ml÷T
(contextualize theology) y¸lWN g¤ÄY Tk¤rT y¸s-#bT XSk çn DrS½ yb@t KRStEÃN
xÆèCN Sû btmlkt TLQ Tk¤rT l!s-#bT y¸gÆ YmSl¾LÝÝ
85
gùÆx¤ nþqEà bgÖRgÖéúWÃnù yzmN x³È«R 325 ›.M b°lþÃN yzmN x³È«R 318 ›.M
ytμÿd yb@t KRStEÃN g#Æx@ nWÝÝ
86
bwQtÜ yxgr é¥ Ngù¿ ngoT ynbrÝÝ
18 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
ÕlþÝRÕS (Polycarp) b70 ›.M twLì b155 ›.M wYM dGä 160 ›.M yät½
ym_MqÜ ×¼NS dq mZÑR ynbr XNÄ!h#M ysMRn@S b¤t KRStEÃN lþq ÔÔúT
ynbr sW nW”” YH sW TMHRt o§s¤N btmlkt XNÄþH B§*L:‐
o “xB wLD h#lT kmNfS QÇS UR dGä ƒST mçÂcWN XNgLÚlNÝÝ yq¤_„M
QdM tktL kD~nT¼DnT xNÚR nW. . .YHM xNDnTNÂ ƒSTnTN m\rT xDR¯
ƒSt$NM ¥:kL Ãdrg nW¿ XnRs#M xB½ wLDÂ mNfS QÇSÝÝ [xB½ wLDÂ
mNfS QÇS] ƒST ÂcW. . .ngR GN bÆ?RY úYçN bg{¿ b^YL úYçN ngR GN
b;YnTÝÝ bÆ?RYÂ (substance) b^YL xND ÂcW¿ MKNÃt$M xND xM§K BÒ
S§l YHM Æ?RY½ g{ ;YnT bxB½ bwLD bmNfS QÇS z#¶Ã Ãl bmçn#”
(Adv. Prax. 23; PL 2.156‐7¿ ymjm¶ÃWN QNF xY=MRM)
xRg@NS (Origen 185‐254) yXSKNDRÃ b@t KRStEÃN yngr ml÷T Mh#R nWÝÝ
xRg@NS KRSTÂN ktl† /ÃSÃN ytk§kl KRSTÂN btmlkt Bz# yÚf sW nWÝÝ
o “b@t KRStEÃN b›lM h#l# XNÄ!h#M XSk ›lM ÄRÒ DrS BTbtNM½ b@t
KRStEÃN k/êRÃT kXnRs# dq m²ÑRT ytqblCW y¸ktlWN m\rt
87
Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, eds., The Ante‐Nicene Fathers, Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1975 rpt., Vol. 4, p. 253, de Principiis, 1.111.4
88
Roberts and Donaldson, Ante‐Nicene Fathers, Vol. 4, p. 255, de Principii., I. iii. 7
19 ktSÍü ébl@
QDm g#Æx@ n!qEÃ xbWxR×úWÃN nb„ wYS |§s@ÃWÃN?
XMnT nW:‐ h#l#N ÒY yçn s¥YN MDRN XNÄ!h#M Æ?RN bXnz!HM WS_
y¸ñ„TN h#l# yf-r xND XGz!xB/@R¿ bXGz!xB/@R LJ bxNÇ bx!ys#S
KRSèS½ lDn¬CN s!L TSBXT yçn¿ bmNfS QÇS½ yXGz!xB/@RN zmN bnb!Ãt$
Ãb\r XNÄ!h#M ytwÄ° g@¬CNN yx!ys#S KRSèSN M{xT½ kDNGL mwlD½
?¥M½ kѬN mnœT½ bxμl |U wd s¥Y ¥rG½ ‘h#l#N xND xDR¯
lmsBsB’ bxB KBR ks¥Y mgl_½ ysW LíCN h#l# bxÄ!S xμL kѬN
¥SnœT½ Y,WM KRSèS x!ys#S g@¬CN xM§μCN XNÄ!h#M xľCN Ng#œCN
mçn#N½ b¥Y¬yW xB f”D ‘bs¥YÂ bMDR kMDRM b¬C’ Ãl g¤LbT h#l#
XNÄ!NbrkKlT½ M§SM h#l# lh#l# ^-!xT BlÖ XNd tsê XNÄ!msKRlT nW. . .”
(Against Heresies X.l)ÝÝ p
kg#Æx@ n!qEà bðT ynb„T Xnz!H yXMnT xÆèC XNÄ!H ;YnT XMnT çcW kçn½
yxStMHéW qÄ¥Y xmNÀ g#Æx@ n!qEà úYçN ”l XGz!xB/@R nW ¥lT nWÝÝ
y|§s@ xStMHé -Nú> yn!QÃ g#Æx@ b!çN ñé½ KRStEÃn# ¥~brsB kqDäW
xStMHé UR y¥YÈÈM nW b¸L t”WäWN lMN x§qrbM? XNÄ!H ;Ynt$
t”WäS b¬¶K lMN xLtzgbM?
20 ktSÍü ébl@