AVERRHOA BILIMBI AS AN ALTERNATIVE STAIN REMOVER

Reference:
Domingo, S.N., Nuque, J.M., Samson, E.Y., Tizon, C.J. & Vargas, M.R. (2018). Averrhoa
bilimbi as an alternative stain remover. Retrieved from colinscollege.com/averrhoa-bilimbi-as-
an-alternative-stain-remover-syan-neilla-f/

Summary:

Averrhoa bilimbi, or commonly known as Kamias or Cucumber tree, is an acidic fruit

that makes it a possible ingredient or bleaching agent for removing different stains. It has a high
oxalic acid content that can be used to remove stains from clothes. The study determined the
effectiveness of kamias as a bleaching agent, specifically as an alternative stain remover to
commercial bleaches. The study only focused on the effectiveness of kamias as a natural
bleaching agent on common stains like ketchup, chocolate, soy sauce, paint, ink, and dirt. The
type of clothing that was used is cotton. In the experiment conducted by the researchers, the
effects of kamias as natural bleach and the time it takes to remove stains will be compared to the
effects and time it takes commercial bleach alone to remove stains of ketchup, chocolate, soy
sauce. The materials that were used were white cotton cloths, dropper, juicer or squeezer, knife,
chopping board, gloves, container for the kamias extract, kamias extract, and food stains
(ketchup, chocolate, soy sauce). Same stains will be used for the kamias extract alone and
commercial bleach alone. Ten to fifteen kamias were rinsed, diced, and then extracted using a
juicer or squeezer. On the first set of stains, six drops of the kamias extract will be applied on
each type of stain. On the second set of stains, commercial bleach will be applied. After ten
minutes, the results were checked and recorded. On the first set, during the application of the
kamias extract on the stains, the ketchup stain showed signs of reaction, while the chocolate and
soy sauce stains showed no reactions. After 3 to 5 minutes, the three stains started disappearing
slowly. After 10 to 15 minutes, there are still little amount of stains on the cloth. After being
scrubbed, the stains fully disappeared. On the second set, during the application of the
commercial bleach on the stains, the three stains immediately showed signs of reaction. After 3
to 5 minutes, the three stains started disappearing rapidly. After 10 to 15 minutes, there are still a
little amount of ketchup stain, while the chocolate and the soy sauce stains already disappeared.
After being scrubbed, the ketchup stain fully disappeared. The commercial bleach removes the
stains faster compared to kamias extract. Kamias extract can removes stains but it takes a longer
amount of time and to fully remove the stains, you will need to scrub the cloth. In conclusion,
Averrhoa bilimbi is effective as an alternative stain remover, but you would need to do a little
scrubbing on the cloth to fully remove the stains.
FEASIBILITY OF OYSTER SHELL AS STAIN REMOVER

Reference:
Feasibility of oyster shell as stain remover. (2010). Retrieved from
www.scribd.com/doc/112421985/Feasibility-of-Oyster-Shell-as-Stain-Remover

Summary:

Oyster shells are made up of calcium carbonate, which is one of the main components of
a detergent used on clothes. Additionally, 0.14% of extractable chlorine is present on oysters.
This study aimed to create a stain remover that is eco-friendly because all commercial stain
removers react with organic material to trinalomethanes like chloroform, which is a well-known
carcinogen. The materials used in this study were mortar and pestle, pearl or true oyster,
chlorine, detergent, plant, containers, fabrics (plain white and printed), black paint, soy sauce,
and chalk. The following procedures were then done: Pulverize the oyster shell by pounding it
until it becomes a powder-like substance, put it in a container, then set it aside. Do the same
process to the chalk. Mix 3 tablespoon of the pulverized oyster shell into 60ml distilled water.
Do the same process for the pulverized chalk, the detergent, and the chlorine. Cut the different
fabrics into 12 pieces with equal sizes (the researchers used 3x3 inches for their study), and put
equal amount of stains (black paint, catsup, and soy sauce) on each of the cloths. Soak the
stained fabrics into the different treatments and record the changes that will take place. To test
the effect of oyster shell solution and detergent on plants, water two different plants with the
solutions. Make sure that the plants are under good condition. Different observations were made
by the researchers as the experimentation was happening. Such observations were: Pulverized
oyster shell and chalk were not soluble substances because they settled at the surface and bottom
of the solution. The color of the water with the fabric with the black paint stain turned to black.
Frequent use of chlorine may cause the fabric to become thin, it is not suitable for colored
fabrics, and it can irritate the skin. Detergent was proven to be hazardous for plants while the
pulverized oyster shell had no direct harmful effect on the plant. The results of the experiment
showed that after 24 hours, the pulverized oyster shell and water solution did not fully remove
the black paint stain but the color of the fabric gradually became gray, and the catsup and the soy
sauce stain faded but the yellow borders did not. For the chalk and water solution, the color of
the fabric with the black paint stain also became gradually gray, the catsup stain almost faded but
yellow borders did not disappear, and the soy sauce stain disappeared but the yellow borders
remained. For the detergent and water solution, the fabric with the black paint stain turned blue
when washed, and the fabrics with the catsup and soy sauce stains turned blue as well. For the
chlorine and water solution, the black paint stain from the fabric totally faded but the fabric
became thin that it ripped off, and the yellow borders from the fabrics with the catsup and soy
sauce stains faded but the fabric also became very thin. In conclusion, the pulverized oyster shell
can serve as an alternative and cheap stain remover but it still needs further
improvement/development. Chlorine was the most effective stain remover but it has its side
effects.
CALAMANSI AS STAINED REMOVER

Reference:
De Guzman, K., Tabada, J., Tadeo, A., Rosario, M., & Esteban, C. (2010). Calamansi as stained
remover. Retrived from www.scribd.com/doc/35881952/Calamansi-as-Stained-Remover

Summary:

Calamansi as a stain remover is cheaper and is safer for the skin because it does not
contain chemicals that can burn the skin, unlike commercial bleaches. This study was conducted
to determine if calamansi can be an alternative product in removing stains from white clothes.
The only materials used in this study were calamansi extracts, a knife, and a container. The
experiment is done by using the following procedures: Cut the calamansi in half using a sharp
knife then squeeze the calamansi in a container. Remove the seeds of the calamansi by filtering
it. Then, apply the calamansi extract into the stain of the white cloth (a dress was used in this
study) and expose the cloth under the sun for 40 minutes. The stain used in this study were
banana and rust from iron. The results of the study states that about 85% of the banana stain was
removed, and about 50% of the rust from iron was removed. In conclusion, the use of calamansi
as a stain remover is effective because of its acidic nature. It was proven in this study that
calamansi can be a good alternative stain removing product in removing stains in white clothes,
it just needs further development.