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धार्मिक अनुभव - विकिपीडिया PDF
धार्मिक अनुभव - विकिपीडिया PDF
खोज
धा मक अनुभव
इस लेख को स यापन के लए अ त र उ रण क
आव यकता है । और अ धक जान
एक धा मक अनुभव (कभी-कभी आ या मक
अनुभव, प व अनुभव या रह यमय अनुभव के पम
जाना जाता है) एक परक अनुभव है जसे एक
धा मक ढांचे के भीतर ा या कया गया है। [१] यह
अवधारणा १ ९व शता द म प मी समाज के बढ़ते
तकवाद के खलाफ एक र ा के पमउप ई । [२]
व लयम जे स ने इस अवधारणा को लोक य बनाया।
[2]
प रभाषाएँ
व लयम जे स …
मनोवै ा नक और दाश नक व लयम जे स ने द वा रस
ऑफ धा मक अनुभव म रह यमय अनुभव क चार
वशेषता का वणन कया है । जे स के अनुसार, ऐसा
अनुभव है:
नॉमन हबेल …
रचड वनबन …
डो फ ओटो …
इ तहास
मूल …
बारहमासी दशन …
अ त ववाद …
Transcendentalism एक ारं भक 19 व सद था
उदार ोटे टट आंदोलन है, जो अं ेजी और जमन म
न हत थी व छं दतावाद , क बाइ बल आलोचना हडर
और Schleiermacher , और संदेह क म । [वेब 1]
ा सडट ल ट् स ने धम के एक सहज, अनुभवा मक
कोण पर जोर दया। [वेब 2] ेमीरमैचर के बाद, [16]
स य क एक क अंत ानता को स य क कसौट
के प म लया गया। [वेब २]18 व सद के अंत और 19
व सद के ारंभ म, ह ंथ के पहले अनुवाद दखाई
दए, ज ह ांसडट ल ट ने भी पढ़ा, और उनक सोच
को भा वत कया। [वेब 2] उ ह ने सावभौ मकतावाद
और यू नटे रयनवाद वचार का भी समथन कया ,
जससे यू नटे रयन यू नवस ल म को बढ़ावा मला , यह
वचार क अ य धम म भी स चाई होनी चा हए, य क
एक यार करने वाला ई र सभी जी वत ा णय को
भुनाएगा, न क केवल ईसाई। [वेब २] [वेब ३]
नया सोचा …
आलोचना …
"धा मक अनुभववाद" को अ य धक सम या त के प
म दे खा जाता है और यह व यु के बीच क अव ध
के दौरान - स प से काल बथ ारा अ वीकार कर
दया गया था । [२३] २० व शता द म, धा मक और
धा मक व ास के औ च य के प म नै तक अनुभव
अभी भी बोलबाला है। इस उदारवाद धमशा ीय
कोण को धारण करने वाले कुछ भावशाली
आधु नक व ान चा स रेवेन और ऑ सफ़ोड भौ तक
व ानी / धमशा ी चा स कूलसन ह । [24]
धा मक अनुभव के कारण
यान
सूफ भँवर
धा मक थाएँ: परंपराएँ धा मक अनुभव को े रत
करने के लए कई कार क धा मक था क
पेशकश करती ह:
धा मक था का
प मी …
Neoplatonism …
नयो लाटो न म धा मक और रह यमय दशन के एक
कूल के लए आधु नक श द है, जो 3 व शता द ई वी
म लया गया था, जसे लो टनस ारा था पत कया
गया था और लेटो और पहले के लैटो न ट क
श ा पर आधा रत था ।
ईसाई धम …
ईसाई रह यवाद …
हे सचसम ए…
इ लाम …
जब क सभी मुसलमान का मानना है क वे भगवान के
माग पर ह और वग म भगवान के करीब हो जाएंगे -
मृ यु के बाद और "अं तम नणय" के बाद - सू फय का
मानना है क भगवान के करीब बनना और इस नकटता
का अनुभव करना संभव है, जब क एक है ज़दा। [५६]
सूफ पैगंबर के लए ज मेदार परंपरा के अनुसार
भगवान को प ीय तरीके से मानते ह, " श रया मेरे
श द (अ वाल) ह, ता रक मेरे काय (अमल) ह, और
हक़ क़ा मेरी आंत रक अव थाएं (अहवाल) ह "। श रया,
ता रक और हक का पर पर अ यो या त ह।
ए शया …
बौ धम का …
ह धम …
यूरोपीय दाश नक पर आधा रत, राधाकृ णन ने धम को
"अपनी मौ लक एकता म वा त वकता का मूल अनुभव"
कम कर दया। [६०] सवप ली राधाकृ णन के अनुसार ,
" ह धम केवल एक व ास नह है । यह कारण और
अंत ान का मेल है जसे प रभा षत नह कया जा
सकता है, ले कन केवल अनुभव कया जाना है।" [६१]
एक धा मक व के स यापन के प म अनुभव पर
यह जोर एक आधु नक वकास है, जो १ ९व शता द म
शु आ था, और प मी यू नटे रयन मशन रय ारा
भारतीय वचार के लए पेश कया गया था । [१२] इसे
नव-वेदांत म लोक य कया गया है , जसम १ ९व
सद से ह धम क लोक य समझ का बोलबाला
है।[६२] [नोट ६] यह रह यवाद पर जोर दे ता है।
[६२] [६३] [६४] [६५] वामी ववेकानंद ने नव-वेदांत क
श ा को क रपंथी नंदवाद, सभी धम और सभी
य के बीच एकता के पम तुत कया।
[६६] [६ 67]
मेहर बाबा …
साइकेडे लक स
Dr. R.R. Griffiths and colleagues at Johns
Hopkins University had done a double
blind study evaluating the psychological
effects of psilocybin comparing with
methylphenidate(Ritalin). 36 hallucinogen-
naive adults were recruited. 22 of the 36
reported mystical experience. The effect
persisted even at 2 and 14 months follow-
up.[69][70] The group continued to do
studies in evaluating the effect with
different dosing[71] and the resulting
mystical effect on personality.[72]
यूरो फ ज़योलॉजी
Psychiatry …
Neuroscience of religion …
घालमेल धा मक अनुभव
कई मनोवै ा नक ने मॉडल ता वत कए ह जसम
धा मक अनुभव वयं के प रवतन क या का ह सा
ह।
भी
दे
ख
चेतना क प रव तत अव था
न ीय ेपण
साइकेडे लक अनुभव
धा मक अनुभव से तक
आ म ान (आ या मक)
उ च चेतना
कुंड लनी
मो
मौत का पास से अनुभव
नवाण
धम का मनो व ान
Psychonaut
धा मक परमानंद
धा मक अनुभव अनुसंधान क
धा मक पुन ार
आ म ान
आ या मक संकट
थीटा लय
पारगमन (धम)
Turiya
नोट् स
1. Such study may be said to have begun
with the American psychologist and
philosopher William James in his
1901/02 Gifford Lectures later
published as The Varieties of
Religious Experience.
2. James also gives descriptions of
conversion experiences. The Christian
model of dramatic conversions, based
on the role-model of Paul's
conversion, may also have served as a
model for Western interpretations and
expectations regarding
"enlightenment", similar to Protestant
influences on Theravada Buddhism, as
described by Carrithers: "It rests upon
the notion of the primacy of religious
experiences, preferably spectacular
ones, as the origin and legitimation of
religious action. But this
presupposition has a natural home,
not in Buddhism, but in Christian and
especially Protestant Christian
movements which prescribe a radical
conversion."[8] See Sekida for an
example of this influence of William
James and Christian conversion
stories, mentioning Luther[9] and St.
Paul.[10] See also McMahan for the
influence of Christian thought on
Buddhism.[11]
3. 1. To form a nucleus of the
universal brotherhood of
humanity without distinction of
race, creed, sex, caste, or
colour.
2. To encourage the study of
comparative religion,
philosophy, and science.
3. To investigate the unexplained
laws of nature and the powers
latent in man.
4. Robert Sharf: "[T]he role of experience
in the history of Buddhism has been
greatly exaggerated in contemporary
scholarship. Both historical and
ethnographic evidence suggests that
the privileging of experience may well
be traced to certain twentieth-century
reform movements, notably those that
urge a return to zazen or vipassana
meditation, and these reforms were
profoundly influenced by religious
developments in the west [...] While
some adepts may indeed experience
"altered states" in the course of their
training, critical analysis shows that
such states do not constitute the
reference point for the elaborate
Buddhist discourse pertaining to the
"path".[25]
5. William Blake: "If the doors of
perception were cleansed every thing
would appear to man as it is, infinite.
For man has closed himself up, till he
sees all things thru' narrow chinks of
his cavern."[30]
6. Also called neo-Hinduism[62]
7. This is contrary to the view of William
James and F.D.E. Schleirmacher who
viewed religious experience as a
"preconceptual, immediate affective
event."[77][78]
8. According to the Standford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "
[personalism] emphasizes the
significance, uniqueness and
inviolability of the person, as well as
the person's essentially relational or
communitarian dimension."[79]
9. It is important to note that this school
of thought evolved out of the thinking
of St. Thomas Aquinas due to his
focus on the individual uniqueness of
the person and his subsequent
discourse on the supposed nature of
the Trinity and Jesus' divine/human
existence. However, personalism and
irreligiosity are not mutually exclusive
as atheist personalism also functions
within the greater school of thought.
संदभ
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2. Sharf 2000.
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6. Issues in Science and Religion, Ian
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79
7. Sharf 2000, p. 271.
8. Carrithers 1983, p. 18.
9. Sekida 1985, p. 196-197.
10. Sekida 1985, p. 251.
11. McMahan 2008.
12. King 2001.
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