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คํานํา
โลกกําลังเข้าสู่ยุค 4.0 Digital Society หรือ Smart City

ซึ งเน้ น การขับ เคลื อ นด้ ว ยเทคโนโลยีแ ละนวัต กรรมที ม ี ก าร
เปลียนแปลงและพัฒนาไปอย่างไม่หยุดยัง( เป็ นสังคมแห่งข้อมูล
ข่าวสารและการสือสารผ่านระบบดิจติ อล คนในสังคมใช้ชวี ติ แบบ
Digital Life หรือ Smart Life สามารถควบคุมและจัดการคําสังของ
ระบบปฏิบตั ิการต่างๆ ผ่านโทรศัพท์มอื ถือ รีโมทคอนโทรล และ
ระบบออนไลน์ มีการใช้ AI (Artificial Intelligence) และหุ่นยนต์ใน
ชีวติ ประจําวัน รวมทัง( ทํางานแทนมนุ ษย์ในบางหน้าที อาคารและ
ทีอยู่อาศัยจะมีล ัก ษณะเป็ น Smart Home, Smart Building และ
Smart Plant ซึ ง อาคารและสิ ง ปลู ก สร้ า งต่ า งๆ เหล่ า นี( ไ ม่ ไ ด้
ต้องการแค่ ความปลอดภัยในชีว ิตและทรัพย์ส ิน แต่ ย งั ต้องการ
ความทันสมัยในการสือสารและระบบปฏิบตั ิการทีมปี ระสิทธิภาพ
และมันคงด้
วย
Kumwell เล็งเห็นถึงความต้องการของทุ กภาคส่วนใน

สังคม ไม่ว่าจะเป็ นภาคไฟฟ้ า (ระบบการผลิตไฟฟ้ า ระบบสายส่ง
ระบบจําหน่ าย เป็ นต้ น) ภาคคมนาคม (รถไฟใต้ ดิน รถไฟฟ้ า
สนามบิน ท่าเรือ ทางด่วน เป็ นต้น) ภาคโทรคมนาคม (สถานีส่ ง
สัญ ญาณคลืนไมโครเวฟ สถานี ว ิทยุ สถานี โทรทัศน์ สถานี ส่ ง
สัญญาณโทรศัพท์มอื ถือ ศูนย์ข้อมูล เป็ นต้น) ภาคอุตสาหกรรม
(โรงงานปิ โตรเคมี โรงกลันนํ ( ามัน โรงงานผลิตเหล็ก ฟาร์ม เป็ น
ต้ น ) ภาคที อ ยู่ อ าศั ย (ตึ ก สู ง ตึ ก คอมเพลกซ์ สนามกี ฬ า
โรงพยาบาล โรงเรียน บ้าน พระราชวัง วัดวาอาราม เป็ นต้น) ล้วน
แล้ ว แต่ ต้ อ งการระบบต่ อ ลงดิ น (Grounding System) ระบบ
ป้ องกั น ฟ้ าผ่ า (Lightning Protection System) อุ ป กรณ์ ป้ องกั น
เสิร์จ (Surge Protection Device) ระบบตรวจจับและเตือนฟ้ าผ่ า
(Lightning Detection & Warning System) และยังต้ อ งคํ านึ งถึ ง
การรบกวนของคลืนต่ างๆ ตามมาตรฐานความเข้ากันได้ ทาง
สนามแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้ า (EMC/EMI) ทีส มบูรณ์แบบ เพือให้เกิดความ
ปลอดภัยต่อชีวติ และทรัพย์สนิ ระบบสือสารและระบบปฏิบตั ิการ
เป็ นไปอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพและมันคง Kumwell จึงได้ลงทุนห้อง
ทดสอบวิจ ัยเพื อ พัฒ นาผลิต ภัณ ฑ์ แ ละอุ ป กรณ์ สํ าหรับ ระบบ
ดังกล่าวให้ได้ตามมาตรฐาน และยังได้ลงทุนพัฒนาระบบตรวจจับ
ฟ้ าผ่า ครอบคลุมประเทศไทยและภูมภิ าคอาเซียน เพือให้ทุกท่าน
สามารถทราบว่าเกิดฟ้ าผ่ าทีไหน เมือไหร่ ซึงสามารถตรวจจับ
ข้อมูลฟ้ าผ่ าได้แม่นยําถึง 99.99% ตัง( แต่ ขนาด T กิโลแอมแปร์
ชนิดฟ้ าผ่าแบบก้อนเมฆสู่ก้อนเมฆ หรือก้อนเมฆลงสู่พ(นื ดิน และ
พัฒนาระบบเตือนฟ้ าผ่ าให้ก ับหน่ วยงานต่ างๆ ทีต้องการความ
ปลอดภัยสู ง รวมทัง( พัฒ นาระบบเตือ นฟ้ าผ่ าผ่ านทาง Mobile
Application ทัง( ระบบ Android และ iOS
เพือตอบสนองความต้องการของสังคม Kumwell จึงได้

ดําเนินโครงการ CSV (Creating Shared Value) ร่วมกับเครือข่าย
ภาครัฐและภาคเอกชน เพือให้เกิดการเชือมโยงให้ทุ กภาคส่ วน
เห็นความสําคัญเรืองความปลอดภัยของระบบการต่ อลงดินและ
ระบบป้ องกันฟ้ าผ่า โดยสร้างศูนย์การเรียนรู้ (Kumwell Learning
Center) เพือส่ งมอบความรู้ให้ กับ วิศ วกรผู้ เชียวชาญ และช่ าง
ผู้ชํานาญการ เพือให้เกิดความรูค้ วามเข้าใจในการออกแบบ การ
ติ ด ตั (ง อย่ างถู ก ต้ อ งและได้ ม าตรฐาน และเพื อ ส่ ง มอบความ
ปลอดภัยสู่สงั คม
จากการที Kumwell ได้จดั สัมมนาในหัวข้อเจาะลึกการ

ต่อ ลงดินตามมาตรฐานติดตัง( ระบบไฟฟ้ า วสท. และ Substation
Grounding Design According to IEEE 80 อย่างต่อเนือง ณ ศูนย์
การเรียนรู้ (Kumwell Learning Center) ซึงได้รบั ความสนใจจาก
วิศวกรทัง( ในและต่างประเทศอย่างคับคังเสมอมา จึงเห็นว่าวิศวกร
ผู้เชียวชาญ (ทีปรึกษา ออกแบบ ติดตัง( บํ ารุงรักษา) และช่ าง
ผู้ชํ านาญการ อีกจํานวนมากต้ องการความรู้ความเข้าใจเรือง
มาตรฐานการต่ อ ลงดิน เพื อ ให้ เกิ ดองค์ ค วามรู้ ที ส มบู รณ์ และ
ครบถ้วน Kumwell จึงได้เรียนเชิญ ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์ ประสิทธิ Z
พิทยพัฒน์ ซึงเป็ นผู้มคี วามรูค้ วามเชียวชาญระบบการต่อลงดิน
และเป็ นวิทยากรอย่างต่ อเนือง มาช่วยเรียบเรียงเนื(อหาหนังสือ
คู่ ม ือ การต่ อ ลงดิ น ร่ วมกับ ที ม วิศ วกรของ Kumwell ในการนี(
บริษทั ฯ ขอขอบพระคุณ ผูช้ ่วยศาสตราจารย์ ประสิทธิ Z พิทยพัฒน์
เป็ นอย่างสูงทีได้ทุ่มเทกํ าลังกายกําลังใจอย่างเต็มที จนหนังสือ
เล่มนี(เสร็จสมบูรณ์
บริษัทฯ หวังเป็ นอย่างยิง ว่าหนังสือคู่มอื การต่อลงดิน

เล่มนี( จะให้ความรู้ ความเข้าใจ และเป็ นประโยชน์ แก่ ผู้อ่าน เพือ
ส่งมอบความปลอดภัยให้กบั สังคมต่อไป
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13.3 Symmetrical Component 3055
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-JL JLE-

2F6 42LF ?125- 5155- -
5.
/ ( Step Voltage )

42 = 968;5 7 -
612 Ò 4E2
Ò 4E2E -
74L065 46 2
6.
*Touch Voltage ltage )
6 . F; GPR

42=9?12 GP )
85; 7
6 0
6 5 57
--6 42
7.
2 / Transferred
ransferred Voltage )
E-
- 6LL22 -E>JL
E>J E- 2 06.2J
??ERemote mote Point ) LE- 2 15E- 6
L
L2L LE- 2E>06 .2??ELE-
2
208

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0.1 Basic shock situations

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209

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10.3 *
' 30*
/,½/Z
7?E- 6 E172 2 0 9 F; .2
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( Frequency ) , Magnitude ) ?32 Duration )

'3 3
1 mA E2
.- F
l
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1 – 9 mA .- F >2E(

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9 – 15 mA >, E2L>2 >2E-
60 – 100 mA - 5; 1 JJ,, 1 J10
J1 4-
llation Threshold
Fibrillation hreshold
J1- 34
w
IEEE std. 80 ?

2Fibrillation
ibrillation Threshold
Threshol ( FT ) > /9 856
4-

>4- 4-J1-46 2
2; 32 856E2J1-?
m

2FT 6 0.03 - 3.0 s 1E-.
4.
Sb Ib 2 u ts
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Ib = ?E6 1722( A )
ts = 32 6 ?E172( s )
Sb =
2
6
210

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? ?6J1-E1722E2J1-

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k SB
'
l
k
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IB
ts
5 ,½/Z<=kg
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Sb 0.0135
k550 0.116
0.
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,½/Z 77kg
kg )'

IB
0.11
116
ts
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0.157
IB
ts
211

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10.4
/

4- 2 1 E- ?4DC 15
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¾=:<
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tage '
'Step
St Vo Voltage
m
56
7 82F;JL
JL
JL E- 2 32- 72
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0

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/ L E- 2 J1- Touch Voltage ?
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Step
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Touc Voltage

Touch
560

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E>.22 6 F
J1- > .E- .>

212

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.>6 10.4Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
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ge Circuitt
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Ib L
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,% VTh
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Th RB
ZTh
m
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Vth = Theremin Voltage
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Zth = Impedance of the system
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Step Voltage
0
6 .2JLE- 2??12 -; F1

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??E6 1722Ib
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5 @ VTh
ZTh RB
l
Touch Voltage
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ZTh =5I/ 2
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ZTh = 2 5I
w
5I=
4-
=

4-

4-

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m
,, ½ /Z )

) /Metallic
eta Disc Radius 0.08 m
/ Meta
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Voltage
Volt
ZTh = Rf / 2 = U / ( 2 x 4 x 0.08 ) = 1.56 U
= 1.5 U
216

Æ6 (*Ç
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For Step Voltage

ZTh = 6.0U
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Etouch = IB ( RB + 1.5 U )

'
l
Estep = IB ( RB + 6.0 U )
el
10.6 5
*'

'

Tou Voltage
Touch Voltag and Step
w
Voltage Criteria )
)
5 @(3 )'
@(30 )'
m
Etouch
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'
'
Estep = IB ( RB + 6.0 U )
Ku

2;
.2
2-46J1-?42
? >5 - 21F6
5J3- 08;5 7 >.85; LE- 2
? >5
?

7

08;57
5 185; 1>?/
**%-*(,m 1; Resistivity .1500-3000 : m
217

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16?32J1- -2
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5Derating Factor 85; 7
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2Step ?Touch Voltage Criteria J6 3- 08;5 7J12
J1
>
Step Voltage Criteria
riteria
R 2 R f I B
m
Estep B
0.116
Estep
s 50 1000
100 6Cs u U s
ts
0.157
Ku
Estep
s 70 10
1000 6Cs u U s
ts
Touch Vo
Vol
Voltage Criteria
§ Rf ·
Etouch ¨¨ RB 2 ¸¸ I B
© ¹
Etouch 50 1000 1.5Cs u U s 0.116

ts
218

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Etouch 70 1000 1.5Cs u U s 0.157

ts
10.7
5 @ 5 /
4 42 ?42 -1 ?4-4- J1-
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2
6 0J6 33-
1
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§ TCAP u 10 4 · § K 0 Tm ·
¨¨ ¸¸ ln ¨¨ ¸¸
© tcD r U r ¹ © K 0 Ta ¹
219

Æ6 (*Ç
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197.4
Akcmil I
§ TCAP · § K 0 Tm ·
¨¨ t D U ¸¸ ln ¨¨ K T ¸¸
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30 ,30[_[
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D r factora
Fusinga Thermala capac
capacity
Materiala K0 at temperature o
o o
C
Resistivitya at 20 TCAP
T
TCA
Description conductivity at 20 C C Tm
0
U r ( P: cm )
(%LACS) (1/ oC ) (0 C)
o
(
o
C) >J /cm * C @
3 o
w
Copper,
annealed 100.0 0.00393 234 1083 1.722 3.4
Soft-drawn
m
Copper,
commercial 97.0 0.00381
0381 242 10844 1.78 3.4
hard-drawn
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40.0
0.0 0.00378
0.0037 245
2
24 1084e 4.40 3.8
ire
re
steel wire
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Copper-clad
Copp
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0 00
0.00 245 1084e 5.86 3.8
steel wire
Copper-clad
lad
1
17.0 0.00378 245 1084e 10.1 3.8
steel rod
Aluminum-
clad steel 20.3 0.00360 258 657 8.48 3.561
wire
220

Æ6 (*Ç
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Steel, 1020 10.8b 0.00377 245 1510 15.90 3.8
Stainless-
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rodc
l
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8.6 0.00320 293 419e 20.10 3.9
steel rod
el
Stainless
2.4 0.00130 749 1400 72.00
72 4.0
steel, 304
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10.8
5 @

/
4-
/
4- 1 . 4 42 . 4 6 J3-
5
m
Sverak equationn
ª1 1 § 1 ·º
Rg U« ¨1 ¸»
¬ LT 20
2 A © 1 h 20 / A ¹¼
/30
=
4- 8? : m)
h =
F( m )
A = 85; 6 m2)
LT =
46 l"
221

Æ6 (*Ç
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10.9
5 @
'

?Ground Fault ) ?E- F;E-Í

5
("Single Line To Ground ( SLG )
2) Line to Line to Ground ( L-L-G )
l
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SLG 2 60 ?E>?J1-

6 J1-?..2L-L-G
L-L G Fault
L-L-
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/SQY4- J3- 3 Sequence
5 Zero ro , Positive ?
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?hp}vF) 2 1F6 ?E1 -

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?
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??
?J1- ==9E- 7F6? J1- Rz}
m
zvp?\zvp
zvp
p
?
?G L
/ /E
/E-
IG = Sf If
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IG = ?( A )
Sf = Current Division Factor
If = ?]"
222

Æ6 (*Ç
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2 3 //

/
2-02 564--.42>0
Computer Program 85632J
/F64->- -.6L.4-
-IEEE std. 80 E-J1-
2Sf > JAnnex C
J1-Sf = 1.00 ; ?J1-?42L LE-
24-J3-4 ?1
2J3-2J4 44; ?
l
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IEEE std. 80 ? J1-1
2 Sf 6 1??
1?? ?J1-

>;
2Sf 4
> F > > 56 6
D26
w
10.10 )
@ [
(( ((
?42 JL
JL E- 2 ?>?-
?>? 4 J
- 1 4 J?32
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m
Voltage 56 J
F0.3-
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0.3
1F6 4-F
F -E>J2
6 Resistivity 46L?
?782
82E-- 16 -
3276 E-
Ku
'5 [
[

[
((Ground Grid
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1)
> Loop 42 56 / J1-

0 /J1-

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4-E-
2) 44Loop? 856J1-L42 -
-
2)4
0>/9J??6 ; E-
3)Ground Grid E> 6 ;
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))+

Æ6 (*Ç
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- ??123.0 - 7.0 m
- J46 44-42LF2
- 144; 60 ?0424 ¯8?J-Surge
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0 ; /L EE-
- 2 ?

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l
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51 : 1 LFÒ:
Ò:: 3
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10.11
((
'((

w
d. 80 E--?
44 IEEE std.
?42
LE- 22
2 > 12
12 Steps 4
4 Block Diagram ;
m
Ku
))M

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10.11.1 Block Diagram
l
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w
m
Ku
)),

Æ6 (*Ç
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Step 1 Field Data

- 185; 6 L
- 2Resistivity
-
/1?Fault
Step 2 Conductor Size

l
el
Constant
nt 44
- 41E-?Fault ?
2Constant
Step 3 Touch and Step Criteria

age Criteria 4
2ts, U, Us
-
/1Touch ? Step Voltage
w
esign
Step 4 Preliminary Design
- Groundd Grid >
>Loop
Lo /
Loop
m
ound Rods 40154

- Ground 4Grid
Step 5 Grid Resistance

istanc
Ku
/1G Resistance
-
/1Grid
Step 6 Maximum GGrid Current

/1Ground Fault Current If
-

-
/1Grid Current IG
226

Æ6 (*Ç
((
'((
2 3 //
Step 7 GPR
-
/1GPR = IG Rg
Step 8 Mesh Voltage

-
/1Mesh ?Step Voltage
l
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Step 9 Em vs Etouch
- L-Em-2Tolerable Touchh Voltage?42
Voltage
ge?42
?42J3-
J3E-
Step 10 Es vs Estep
w
- L- Touch, Step Voltage 6
/E- 446 2
2
Criteria?
42J3-E-
-L-E2E-4->>0
>0J
J12
m
Step 11 Modify Design
- L-Touch
ch,, Step
Touch, Ste 2

2Criteria
J1 32
- L->>0J12 3 Ground Rods 15J1-Grid 3 -
Ku
Step 12 Detailed De
Design
- L-Tou
Touch ?Step Voltage E--
->
>>0 856J1-420>/942E-
->
227

Æ6 (*Ç
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2 3 //
10.11.2
5 @Mesh Voltage
56
2GPR 2Etouch , Estep 4-
/1
2Em?Es42E>
Mesh Voltage L
/E-.4
U u K m u Ki u I G
Em
LM
l
el
The Geometrical Factor Km

/E-
/E-4.4
4
1 ª ª D2
u «ln «
D 2 u h 2 h º Kii u ln
l «
ª 8 ºº
Km » »»
2 u S «¬ ¬17 u h u d 8u D u d 4 u d ¼ Kh ¬ S 2 u n 1 ¼ »¼
w
1Grids 6 Ground

und Rods
Rod .2 1
156 0
m
K ii 1
1Grids
Grids E2
E6 2 Ground
Gr Rods 15-?E2E-.2
1556 0
Ku
1
Kii 2
2 u nn
h
Kh 1
h0
h0 1m
228

Æ6 (*Ç
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2 3 //
l
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ngular
n 5 [
+ 3030/ Rectangular
n na u nb u nc u nd
w
/30
m
2 LC
na
Lp
Ku
229

Æ6 (*Ç
((
'((
2 3 //
Lp
nb
4u A
0.7u A
ª Lx u Ly º Lx u L y
nc « A »
¬ ¼

Dm
nd
L2x L2y
or Ki
The irregularity Factor
Ki 0.644 0.148
0. 48 u n
Grids 6E2 Ground Rods 15-?E2.26 150
Effective buried Length Lm 1 E--
LM LC LR
6 Ground Rods .2 6 0 .2

2LM
/E-
Grids G
ª § ·º
LC «1.55 1.22¨ ¸» L
Lr
LM
« ¨ L2 L2 ¸» R
¬ © x y ¹¼
Lr is the length of each ground rod in m
)+*

Æ6 (*Ç
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'((
2 3 //
10.11.3
5 @ Step Voltage Es
Step Voltage L
/E-.4
U u K s u Ki u I G
Es
Ls
l
1 Grids 6 1 5 E2 Ground Rods The
he Effective buried
el
Conductor Ls
/E-
LS 0.75 u LC 0.
0.85 u LR
w

2Ks
/E-
1ª 1 1 1
1 0.5 º»
m
n 2
Ks
S «¬ 2 u h D u h D ¼
10.12
12/
12 /

((
Ku
LE- 2- .;
-85
- 85; 6 A = 63 m x 84 m
-?3(,kA
- 32 tf = 0.7 s
- Current Division Factor Sf= 0.6
- Soil Resistivity = 40 : m
)+(

Æ6 (*Ç
((
'((
2 3 //
- 8;170kg
- Surface Material s = 2500 : m
- Grid Conductor depth hs = 0.10 m
Step 1 Field Data

l
el
A = 63 x 84 = 5292 m2
= 40 :m
w
Step 2 Conductor Size

If = 31.5
.5 kA
m
tf = 0.7 s
Annealed
ealed Copper
Ku
tc = 0.7 ss, a20 = 0.0039, U = 1.7241, Ko = 245,

20
Ta = 40, Tm = 1083, TCAP = 3.422
)+)

Æ6 (*Ç
((
'((
2 3 //
1
Amm 2 I
§ TCAP u 10 4 · § K 0 Tm ·
¨¨ ¸¸ ln ¨¨ ¸¸
© tcD r U r ¹ © K 0 Ta ¹
= 93.2 mm2
l
120 mm2
el
5
Amm2 = ( S / 4 ) d2
4 u Amm 2
w
d = d
S
= 0.0124
24 m
m
Step 3 Touch
ouch and
nd Step Crit

- 1

Criteria
s = 2500 : - m, hs = 0.10 m
Ku
§ U·
0.09¨¨1 ¸¸
© Us ¹
Cs 1
2hs 0.09
= 0.69
)++

Æ6 (*Ç
((
'((
2 3 //
Etouch 70 1000 1.5Cs u U s 0.157

ts
= 673 V
l
Estep 70 1000 6Cs u U s 0.157

el
ts
= 2130 V
w
Step 4 Preliminary Design sign

5 D = 7m
m
6 16 757- 633 x 84 m

Gridrid Conductor = 13 x 63 + 10 x 84
= 1659 m
Ku
J3-Ground
Grou Rod 38 4-42?4-10 m
)+M

Æ6 (*Ç
((
'((
2 3 //
l
el
Step 5 Grid Resistance
w
LT = 16599 + 38 x 10 = 2039 m
A = 5292 m2
= 40 : m
m Rg U«
ª1
¬ LT

1 §
20
¨1
1 ·º
¸»
0 A © 1 h 20 / A ¹¼
:
Ku
= 0.26
Step 6 Maximum
Max Gri
Grid Current
If = 31.5 kA
Sf = 0.6
IG = 0.6 x 31.5
= 18.9 kA
)+,

Æ6 (*Ç
((
'((
2 3 //
Step 7 GPR
GPR = IG x Rg
= 18.9 x 1000 x 0.26
= 4914 V
Etouch = 673 V
l
el
GPR 2Etouch ?Estep 4-

/42
/42E>
E>
Step 8 Mesh Voltage

w
4-
/Em ? Es 856 >
>
Touch
T and Step
Voltage Criteria
Mesh Voltage ge
m
U u K m u Ki u I G
Em
LM
Ku
1 ª ª D2
u «ln «
D 2 u h 2 h º Kii u ln ª 8 ºº
Km
2 u S «¬ ¬17 u h u d 8u D u d
»
4 u d ¼ Kh « S 2 u n 1 » »
¬ ¼ ¼»
D = 7 m, h = 0.5 m, d = 0.0142 m
Lc = 1659 m, Lp = 2 ( 84 + 63 ) = 294 m, A = 5292 m2
)+'

Æ6 (*Ç
((
'((
2 3 //
l
el
w
56
m
Ku
)+$

Æ6 (*Ç
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2 3 //
Lc = 1659 m, Lx = 63 m, Ly = 84 m,
l
el
Lr = 10 m, LR = 10 x 38 = 380 m
= 40 : m, IG = 18.9 kA
w
m
= 578 V
Ku
Step 9 Em vs Etouch
Em = 578 V
Etouch = 673 V
Em -2 Etouch J3-E-
)+%

Æ6 (*Ç
((
'((
2 3 //
Step 10 Es vs Estep

/ Es
U u K s u Ki u I G
Es
Ls
1ª 1 1 1
1 0.5 º»
l
n 2
Ks
S «¬ 2 u h D u h D ¼
el
= 0.406
w
= 2.324
m

U u K s u Ki u I G
Ku
Es
Ls
= 455 V
Estep = 2130 V
Es -2 Estep J3-E-
)+#

Æ6 (*Ç
((
'((
2 3 //
Step 11 Modify Design

E2 > J3-E-
Step 12 Detailed Design

l
?426J3-E-??J1-??J1--

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86? 42 32 4 42 0 >>/9 Ground RRod

/9 42 86Ground
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ound Loop F; ? 2 7
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4

11.4
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Electr
ectrical
- IEC 60364 - 4 - 44 : Electrical ical installation of
o buildings Part 4 - 44
Protection of safetyy - Protection against
aga voltage disturbances and
m
electromagnetic
agneticc disturbances
- IEC 603644 - 5 - 54 : Electrica ctrica installation of buildings Part 5 - 54
Electrical
Selection and
nd erection of ele
eelectrical equipment Earthing arrangements
and protective condu
conductor
conductors
Ku
I 619366 - 1 : Power
- IEC Pow installation exceeding 1 kV a.c. Part 1 Common
rules
12.2 //

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6 56
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242J

IEC
Protective earth neutral ( PEN)
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2 Bonding
ing jumper
jumper Bonding jumper
3 Conductivee electrical equipment enclosure Exposed conductive part
4 Building steel,
ste metal
m fence, metal pipe Extraneous conductive part
5 Equipment bonding jumper Equipment bonding jumper
6 Gr
Ground bus Earthing bus
7 EEquipment
Eqq electrode conductor (EGC) Protective earth conductor (PE)
8 Grounding electrode conductor (GEC) Earthing electrode conductor
9 Grounding electrode Earth electrode
10 Main bonding jumper Main bonding jumper
11 Neutral or grounded conductor Neutral conductor
261

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Symbol Name Remark

C Extraneous-conductive-part
C1 Water pipe, metal for outside Or district heating
pipee
C2 Waste water pipe, metal for outside
C3 Gas pipe with insulating insert, metal for
or
l
el
outside
C4 Air-conditioning
C5 Heating system
C6 Water pipe, metal e.g.
g. in a bathroom
throom See IEC 60364-
w
7-701 701.415.2:
2006
C7 Waste water pipe,
ipe, metal e.g. in a See IEC 60364-
m
bathroom
room 7-701 701.415.2:
dated 2006
D Insulating
ting insert
MDB Main distribution
distributio bboard
Ku
DB Distribution
ribution board
bo Supplied from the
main distribution
board
MET Main
M earthing terminal See 542.4
SEBT Supplementary equipotential bonding
terminal
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Symbol Name Remark

T1 Concrete-embedded foundation earth See 542.2
electrode or soil-embedded foundation
earth electrode
T2 Earth electrode for LPS if necessary See
ee 542.2
542
LPS Lightning protection system (if any)
l
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PE PE terminal (s) in the distribution board

PE/PEN PE/PEN terminal (s) in the distribution
stributionn
board
M Exposed-conductive-part
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Symbol Name Remark

1 Protective earthing conductor (PE) - See Clause 543
- Cross-section
areaa see 543.1
54
- Type of
tive
protective
l
conductor see
el
543.2
- Electrical
Electrica
contin see
continuity
w
543.3
5
1a Protective conductor,
nductor,r, or PEN conductor,
conducto if
any, from supplying
m supply ying network
m
2 Protective
ective bonding conductor fo for See 544.1
tion to the main earthing
connection eart
ear terminal
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ctive bonding conductor
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supplementary bonbonding
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wn conducto
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5 Earth
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9, 56- 724-42
-Global Earthing System
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4 IEC 60364
IEC 64 - 4 - 44 56 ?E- HV earthing system
?LV
? LV earthing system 56 Earth fault -HV side ? J1-
Overvoltage F6 7 42 LV Installation 4 3 System
Overvoltage
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rthing
11
782
6 L6 Uf )

2
U1 and U2)
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Table 44.A1 Power-frequency stress voltages and power-frequency

fault voltages in low-voltage system
Types of system Types of earth U1 U2 Uf
earthing connections
TT RE and RB U0* RE x IE + U0 0*
connected
RE and RB RE x IE + U0 U0* 0*
l
separated
el
TN RE and RB U0* U0* RE x IE**
connected
RE and RB RE x IE + U0 U0* 0*
separated
w
RE and Z U0* RE x IE + U0 0*
connected U0 x (3)^(1/2)
3)^(1/2) RE x IE + U0 x RA x Ih
RE and RA (3)^(1/2)
(3)^(1
(3)^(1/2
ed
separated
m
RE and Z U0* U0* RE x IE
connected
ed U0 x (3)^(1/2)
(3) U0 x (3)^(1/2) RE x IE
RE and RA
separated
eparated
RE x IE + U0 U0* U0*
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RE x IE + U0 x U0 x (3)^(1/2) RA x Id
(3)^(1/2)
269

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Table 44.A2 Permissible power-frequency stress voltage

Duration of the earth fault in the high-voltage Permissible power-frequency stress voltage
system t on equipment in low-voltage installation s U
>5s U0 + 250 V
<=5 s U0 + 1200 V
In systems without a neutral conductor, U0 shall be the line-to-line voltage.
ge.
Note 1. The first line to of the table relates to high-voltage systemss having longng disconnection
l
gh-voltagee systems. The second

times, for example, isolated neutral and resonant earthed high-voltage
el
line related to high-voltage having short disconnection time, forr example low-impedance
low-impedanc
low pedanc
earthed high-voltage systems. Both lines together aree relevant designsign criteria for insulation
insulat of
ins
low-voltage equipment with regard to temporary power ency overvoltage, see IEC
ower frequency IE 60664-1
nected to thee earthing arrangement

Note 2. In a system whose neutral is connected arran of the transformer
w
frequencyy overvoltage iss also to

substation, such temporary power-frequency t be expected across
ed enclosure
insulation which is not it an earthed sure when the equipm
equipment is outside a building.
m
1Stress
ss Voltagege MV / LV Transformer
MV Tra
Tr
Table
Table 444 . AA22
U1 = U0 + 1200
= 230 + 1200
Ku
= 1430 V
?4IEC
IEC 60664
6 -1
¯-LV

= 2 U0 + 1000
= 2 x 230 + 1000
= 1460 V J 1 s
270

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11Stress Voltage 0>/9E- E>

6
U 2 = U0+),*
= )+*ê),*
= 480 V
4IEC '*''M-(
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Table 4 4 .A1F6 F; 6 LVV Installation ? 1 2 Exposed
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-Curve Fig MMA A)
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m
50 V , 67 V , 75 VVE-E-J6 ; ?J3-
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BS 7430
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J1-.LF430
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?Fuse 4-4J200 ms
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5
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2. TN - b
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272

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- ?E- TN 6 HV earthing ?LV earthing 42 LF
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- 56 6 MV / LV substation
- 6 Substation 02?L.F; 1; ?12
2
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- 6LV allation 56
LV Installation
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86 42421
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NGR ( Neutral Ground Resistor ) F6L
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1000 A
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Direct Earthing
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276

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56 ?E-
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278

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CU 2 n
3S kcccc
Z CC
Ku
C = Voltage
Vo Factor
J?PCVCß((
J?
J
279

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/ 30 12.2 L- ? E - SCC = 500 M V A , 22 kV J1-

/1
2ZCC
CU 2 n 1.1u 22 2
Z CC
S CC 500
l
= 1.065 :
el
/ 30 12.3 L-?E- SCC = 500 MVA

MVA,
VA,, RN = 5 : , RE = 1 :
J1-
/1
2?
w
U0
I k1
ZCC RN RE
m
22 u 1000 / 3
(1.065 5 1)
Ku
= 1798
1 A
42
44IEC 60909 J1-
2C
./-
Ik1 = 1.1 x 1798
= 1978 A
280

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12.6
HV 'LV [ +Ã (
56 ?E- 42 - HV ?42
-LV 42; ?E- ;
a. ?4242 --Interconnectionn )
b. ?42Separation )
l
Interconnection
connection J6 ; ?
J> 4 L- E-
5 Interconnection
el
44; 4
5
1?JGlobal bal Earthing
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2?2ELV ..2 JHV HV Substations
Substat
w
3?2ELVV 15 15 -HV
HV Substatio
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4?2ELVLV .J2 -Proximity
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L-42 > Global
Global
Global Earthing
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m
HV ?LV ? > > Interconnection
rconnection
12.6.1
' )
)
[ Global Earthing System
)

-
-- L-42 > Global Earthing System

Ku

22L
2 Local
Local Earthing Systems ?42LF1J1-1

4242
?
4-46
- L- Earth Fault HV side Fault Voltage ?46
Voltage
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- Step Voltage ?Touch Voltage ?
2 46 ?.2J
/96 ?E-
281

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- HV earthing system ?LV earthing system ?42 LF

Interconnection
Earth Fault [Global Earthing System

SUBSTATION LV INSTALLATION
LLATION
l
U1 U1 = U0 U 2 = U 1 = U0
U2
MDB
el
MV ph1 LV
ph2
ph3
PEN
w
PE
UF = 0 UF = 0
OTENTIAL ZONE
EQUIPOTENTIAL ZO
m
IE Re
U2 = U1 = U0

Earth FFault JGlobal Earthing System

.>6 12.8 Ear
Ku
12.6.2
'(( / LV /w /[ HV Substations
12.6
'((
)
- ?E- LV .2 J85; 6 6

0 HV
earthing system ; HV earthing system ? LV
earthing system ?4-42LF > Interconnection
-2?42?E2 > Global earthing system
- 1->12Substation Service Transformer
282

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Earth Fault [ Equipotential Zone

U1 U1 = U0 U 2 = U1 = U0
U2
MDB
MV ph1 LV
ph2
l
ph3
PEN
el
PE
UF = 0 UF = 0
w
EQUIPOTENTIAL ZONE
NE
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U2 = U1 = U0

m
.>6 12.99 Earth Fault
Fau J Eq
Equ
JEquipotential Zone
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) /
12.6.3
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- L- 42
> Global earthing system HV

Ku
earthing system ?LV earthing system ??4-42
- Global earthing system J/ 32 ;
2 Fault
Voltage ?Stress Voltage ?E-41
- L- E 2 Global earthing system HV earthing system
? earthing system42 Interconnection - -
?4-E-4-1JIEC 60936 - 1 Table 5, Fig 12
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Earth Fault [30+ Global Earthing System

U1 U1 = U0 U 2 = U1 = U0
U2
MDB
MV ph1 LV
ph2
ph3
PEN
el
PE
UF = 0 UF RE x IE
EQUIPOTENTIAL ZONE OUTSIDE ZONE

OUTSID
w
IE Re

U2 = U1 = U0
.>6 12.10 Earth

rth Faultt JE6 2 > Global
bal Earthing System
Global
12.6.4
'((
)

'((
) / LV /[ ( Proximity ) (HV Substations

) /LV
--
Industrial

Industrial

Industrial 15 Commercial installationF6 ?
E- ?LV .J2 - 32
.
J1D2
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6 LV System64 4;
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J Zone HV earthing system
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- E 2 L 4 4 ; HV earthing system
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- J1- > Equipotential Zone Equipotential
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Earth Fault [ Equipotential Zone

U1 U1 = U0 U2 = U1 = U0
U2
MDB
MV ph1 LV
ph2
l
ph3
PEN
el
PE
UF = 0 UF = 0
w
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NTIAL ZONE
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U2 = U1 = U0
m .>6 12.11
2.11 Earth Fault
Fault J
JJEquipotential Zone
Ku
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12.7
5 @ 0
'/'
ÒÍíÒ
4-1
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d
el
r
U
U
w
.>6 12.12
12 1
F6

4-

/E-.4
m
U
R
2uS u r
U
S ud
286

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12.7.2
4-1
l
el
r
U
U
w
d
m .>6 12.13
1 3 1
12.1
4-
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4-
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U
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4uS u r
U
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287

Æ6 ()Ç
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/30
R =
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r = =( m )
d = -72=.9( m )
12.7.3
4-1
6 4??12
??12x
x
.>6 12.14 16 2 > n .>
288

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16 L 2 > . n .
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ydD
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dL
I
e
=9E- dV 02 5
6 ?
n
U I / n U
w
dV , R
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u
m
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y
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E
UI dD
V

4Sy ³E SinD
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289

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Sin
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l
el
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w
X L L
SinE , Cos E , CotE
C
X 2 L2 X 2 L2 X
m
V
R
I
U ª 1 º
R
ln « Cot E »
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290

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76 1X = a, / X >> 1
U 2L
R ln
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U 4L
R ln
2SL
l
d
el
4.2 mm, ʌ = 100
/ 12.4 16 L = 3 m, d = 14.2 :m
J1-1
4-1
w
U ª 4L º
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m 100
ln
ª 4 u 3 u 1000 º
2S u 3 «¬ 14.2 »¼
Ku
= 35.8
3 :
6
55
4-

44; 427 1E>LFReference Earth
291

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/ 12.5 16 L = 3 m, d = 14.2 mm,ʌ = 100 : m

J1-1
4-01213 m
U ªL L2 º
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2SL ¬« X X »¼
l
:
el
= 4.7
6
5
4-4; 420 3 m1
m 1E>LFReference
Reference Earth
w
12.7.4
/ E-- 4??12
?
56 ? ? J1- 6 7
16 ?
2.0
5
m
UE = I x R
/30
Ku
UE = ( V )
I = ?E1 -1( A )
R =
4-
292

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l
w
6 0 121

?6 0 X 121
m
U ªL L2 º
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2SU «¬ X X »¼
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UE
2SL d
U ªL L2 º
UX Iu ln « 1 2 »
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2 [
L L2
C 1 2
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L L2
C 1
X X2
l
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C 2 2C «¬ X »¼ 1
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w
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C 2 1
m
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'(3
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U X 4L
ln ln C
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/ 12.6 ?E- MV / LV Transformer 56 Earth Fault

-MV
IG = 1000 A
J1-1??12 56 1550 V

1 L = 3 m , d = 14.2 mm, RE = 5 :
l
el
UE = 1000 x 5 = 5000 V
UX 50
0.01
UE 5000
w
0.01
§ 4L ·
C ¨ ¸
© d ¹
m C
§ 4 u 3000
¨
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3
.2 ¹
·
¸
0
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2 56 -?1000 A 16

> 5000 V ?
2 1550 V 6 ??44.3 m
L-RE = 1 : , IG = 1000 A,UX = 50 V
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l
el
UX 50
0.05
UE 1000
5 @ C = 1.40
w
X = 8.7 m
12.8
'/' HV earthing arthing 'LV
'LV earthing
eart w:':

m
thing ?LV
- HV earthing ??LV
LV earthing
earth 4-44; 12 8
856J1-
6 ?HV
2 .2J /9

>
>
??12 ; ( X ) L

-??12 /1E-
/F; .2
Ku
Factors
ctors 1
12
1>
> 6 Uacc
2
16 UE
22
33.
3.? Ik1
2 Short Circuit Capacity ( Scc )
-HV
4
4-1HV / MV Substation RS
5
4-1MV / LV Transformer RE
296

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- J6 ; ?

2
6 /E-
Ò?22 kV ( PEA )
Scc = 500 MVA
Uacc = 50 V , RS = 5 : , RE = 5 :
RS = 5 : , RE = 1:
L = 2.4 m , d = 14.2 mm
l
Uacc = 430 V , RS = 5 : , RE = 5 :
el
RS = 5 : , RE = 1 :
2?24 kV ( MEA )
w
Scc = 500 MVA VA
Uacc = 50 VV,, RS = 5 : , RE = 5 :
R S = 5 : , RE = 1 :
m Uacc = 430 VV,, RS = 5 : , RE = 5 :

R S = 5 : , RE = 1 :
Ku
?
22 kV ( PEA )
?22
Scc = 500 MVA
L = 2.4 m, d = 14.2 mm
Uacc = 50 V, RS = 5 : , RE = 5 :
?E-??12 X = 49 m
297

Æ6 ()Ç
[
'((
5 0 0 )

Uacc = 50 V , RS = 5 : , RE = 1 :
?E-??12X = 14 m
?22kV ( PEA )
Uacc = 430 V , RS = 5 : , RE = 5 :
?E-??12 X= 5.3 m
Uacc = 430 V , RS = 5 : , RE = 1 :
?12
?E-??12 XX=
== 1.2 m
?Í4kV ( MEA )
Sccc = 500 MVA
l = m, d = 14.2 mm
2.4 m
Uacc = 550 V, RS = 5 : , RE = 5 :
?E-
E - ??12
? X= 49 m
Uacc = 50 V, RS = 5 : , RE = 1 :
?E-??12 X = 15 m
?24 kV ( MEA )
298

Æ6 ()Ç
[
'((
5 0 0 )

Uacc = 430 V, RS = 5 : , RE = 5 :
?E-??12 X = 6.0 m
Uacc = 430 V , RS = 5 : , RE = 1 :
l
?E-??12 X = 1.55 m
el
,
- 1 Uacc = 50 V , RE = 1 :
w
?E-??12 X = 15 m
- 1 Uaccc = 430 V , RE = 1 :
?E-??12
X = 1.5 m
m
- . ( PEAA ) - 1
1J1-
J1- X = 20 m
- . ( MEA ) - 1
11J1-
J1- X = 2m
5
5 [

[
.
Ku
5.17.5
17.55 0
5.17.5 5
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5.17.5.7
5.17.5 4.-7439.743946 4-

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299

l
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w
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13.1(5

/?782 ( Fault Calculation on ) > 5
56 6
D
l
6 021F6E-
el
- 56
782Fault ) F; J?E- -
- ?782?
2.2?8 1 2
- ?>- ?4-42 6 Fault Fau
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-
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> 26

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6 /E-
/E-
- J3- 580
0>/9>>-- 4;
2Relays
Relays
ays E-2 1?
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J?E-
?E- 46 2L F; E-4
5
- Three - phase short circuitcircu ( k3, k )
- Line
ine to Line short circuit
cir ( k2 )
Ku
ne to Line short
- Line shor
sh circuit with earth connects ( k2E )
- Line to Earth short circuit ( k1 )

+*(

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l
el
w

.>6 13.1 ; 4
856
?J3-
J3-4 23
?J3-
5
m
k3, k = Three - phase

pha short circuit
k2 = Line to Lin
Line
Li short circuit
k2E = Line to t Line short circuit with earth connects
Ku
k1 = Line
L to Earth short circuit

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/1?782E-2
Ò-
56
/
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-?Radial
-?Medium Voltage
l
Í-Computer
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-?Highigh Voltage
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age
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¬:&
13.2 ±¦Æ¬:& :&
1?
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1 ;
/1
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242F > > 4-J3-
J3-Per
Per - Unit
Actua
A
Actual Quantities
p.u.
Base
B Quantities
Ku
/ 30 \3.1
/ \3.1Transmission
Tran Line X = 40 W
Base
Impedance = 50 W
Zp.u. = M*K,*ß*%* p.u.

+*+

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Base Quantities ?3 Phase

Base Voltage : kVb = Phase to Phase Voltage in kV
Base MVA : MVAb = Three Phase MVA
MVAb
l
Base Current Ib ( kA )
3kVb
el
(kVb ) 2
Base impedance Zb : ))
MVA
VAb
w
±¦Æ
Za MVAb
Per Unit impedance
nce : Z pp..u. Za u
Zb (kVb ) 2
m
kVa
Per Unit Voltage : kVp.u.
kVb
Ku
MVAa
Per Unit MVA : MVAp.u.
MV
MVAb
Ia
Per Unit Current : I p.u.
Ib

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£%«¬±¦

Za
Z p.u .1
Z b1
Za ªZ º
Z p.u.2 Z p.u.1 « b1 »
Zb2 ¬ Zb2 ¼
l
el
2
ª kV º ª MVAb 2 º
? Z p.u .2 Z p.u .1 « b1 » « »
¬ kVb 2 ¼ ¬ MVAb1 ¼
MVAb
w
? Z p.u .
MVAa

µ30/[_
m
Base Power
Base
ase Voltage
oltage
= 100
1 M MVA
= Rated
R Voltage
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Ku
13.3¶««#«¬
13.3¶««#«
13.3¶««#«
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Ph 3 Phase 6 E 2 0 J1- > Phasor 3 30 6 0 E-
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2. Negative-Sequence Components
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56 Phasor 6E2 0 ; ?

2 2 7
7
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89E-2
l
el
-, = -,/ -,+ -, .
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m
Ku
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Symmetrical Component of Three Unbalanced Phasors
Sym

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a + a2 = - 1.0
a - a2 = - j 1.732
1 + a + a2 = 0
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¶««#«¬£¦¶««
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Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
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3/
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l
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el
«V » «1 a 2 a »» ««Va1 »»
« b» «
«¬Vc »¼ «¬1 a a 2 »¼ «¬Va 2 »¼
'
w
ªVa 0 º ª1 1 1 º ªVa º
«V » «1 a 2 a »» ««Vb »»
« a1 » «
¬«Va 2 ¼» ¬«1 a a 2 ¼» ¬«Vc ¼»
m

ªVa 0 º ª1 1 1 º ªVa º
«V » 1«
« a1 » 1 a a 2 »» ««Vb »»
3«
«¬Va 2 »¼ «¬1 a 2 a »¼ «¬Vc »¼
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_
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Ia I a 0 I a1 I a 2
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«I » 1«
« a1 » 1 a a 2 »» «« I b »»
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m
«¬ I a 2 »¼ «¬1 a 2 a »¼ «¬ I c »¼
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1
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3
2.52 199.7q
m
Vb 0 Va 0 1. 4 .1$

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1.4 9
a 2Va1 R R R
Vb1

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Vb 2

Vc 0 Va 0 1.4745.1$ 9
V c1 aVa1 1120$ 3.9720.5o 3.97140.5q

Vc 2 a 2Va 2 1240q 2.52 19.7q 2.52220.3q

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13.4.1
/Fault
- Three Phase Fault
- Single Line-to-Ground Fault
- Line-to-Line Fault
- Double Line-to-Ground Fault
l
el
1. Three Phase Fault
w
m
Ku

>6 13.4 Connection Diagram Three Phase Fault

+((

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2. Single Line-to-Ground Fault

l
el
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.>6 13.5 Connection Diagram Single Line-to

Line-to
Line-to-Ground Fault
ine Fault
3. Line-to-Line ult
m
Ku
.>6 13.6 Connection Diagram Line-to-Line Fault

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4. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
l
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tion Diagram
.>6 13.7 Connection agram Double
Double
ble LLine-to-Ground Fault
m 13.4.22 Fault Equation

Three
Equat
hree Phase Fault > Fault 4
Symme
ymm
- 2 Symmetrical Fault
Ku
-
/ ¯8? Positive Sequence 2;
/?J3-
Fault
6 15 > E24
-
2 Unsymmetrical Fault
- 2 > 3 Components
-
/?J3-Positive, Negative, Zero Sequence
Components

+(+

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7.- 2L1? E-3 “ Power System Analysis ”

1. Three Phase Fault
Three Phase Fault LE-- .>6 13.8
l
el
w
.>6 13.8 Ph Fault

3.8 Three Phase F
m
2. Single Line-to
Line-to-Ground
Line-to--Ground Fault
Fau

Single
Single Line to Ground Fault LE--
.>
>13
6 113.9
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Ku

+(M

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.>6 13.9 Single Line-to-Ground

Ground Fault
J6 3-J
/8/J
J Sequence
/J Sequenc Network ;
I af
um I a1
I a1
I a2
VF
3
I a0
Z 1 Z 2 Z 0 3Z f

2

2?J Sequence
Sequenc Network ?1?J42? Phase ( /?
Fault ) E-

«I » «1 a 2 a »» «« I a1 »»
« b» «
«¬ I c »¼ «¬1 a a 2 »¼ «¬ I a 2 »¼

+(,

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I af I a 0 I a1 I a 2 3I a 0
3. Line-to-Line Fault
Line to Line Fault LE--. 13.10
- .>6 13
3.10
l
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w
m
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Line-to-Line Fault

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l
el
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100
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3 u 115
100
m
V)
I b (115kV 2.6243
3 kA
3 u 22
kV 2 22 2
Z b (22kV)
kV ) 4.84 :
100
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MVA
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100
ZS 0.0667 p.u.
1500

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? 10
;
R
Z
RS 0.0066 p.u.
2
§X·
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10 RS 0.066 p.u.
l
XS
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100
00
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40

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X
? 10
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R
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2
§X·
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Z0 Z1 Z2
l
el
1. ?E- - 0.0066 + j0.066 0.0066 + j0.066
2. 1-> 0.0411 + j0.2466 0.041111 + j0.2466
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66 0.0477
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3. >- 2 0.15777 + j0.6380
380 0.0787 + j0.1362
j0.13 0.0787 + j0.1362
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km
m
Fault 6 F2 0.1988
88 + j0.8846 0.1264
0.126 + j0.4488 0.1264 + j0.4488
Ku
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j0.3 p.u.
Z0 + Z1 + Z2 = 0.1365
0 + j0.8718 p.u.
6 F2 : Z1 =0.1246
= 0.1 + j0.4488 p.u.
Z0 + Z1 + Z2 = 0.4516 + j1.7822 p.u.

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0.4516 j1.7822
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4.27 kAA
Ik3 (kA) Ik1 (kA)

Ku
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2.L-J3- Neutral Ground Resistor ( NGR ) 856 ?J1-E2

1000 A
E ph
I
R
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1000
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Ku
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Base Pow
Powe
Power = 100 MVA
Base VVoltage = 6.6 kV
Ba
100
IB 8.75 kA
6.6 u 3

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MVAB 100
XQ 0.1 p.u.
MVA>Sec @ 1000
]&£«
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XT u
100 MVA>T @
l
el
7 100
u 0.7 p.u.
100 10
^&¨
w
100
XG 0.1u 2p
p..u
.u.
5
100
00
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5
m ¨

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Ku

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E 1.25
LF = 1.25 p.u.
X1 0.1 + 0.7
1.25 u 8.75
10.94 kA
l
2) SLG
el
w
m
Ku
I0 = I1 = I2
IF = 3I0

+)%

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3E
LF
X1 X 2 X 3
3 u 1.0

0.1 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.7
= 1.304 p.u.
l
= 1.304 x 8.75
el
= 11.41 kA
º¨
w
m X X T // X G
0.8 u 2.0
0.5714 p.u.
Ku
0.8 2.0
Q

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±¬ ¥
E 1.0
IF 1.75 p.u.
X1 0.5714
IF 1.75 u 8.75
1.5.31 kA
l
SLG
el
w
m
Ku

++*

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/ 30 \^:?E- .>

/1
2Fault

l
el
w
("+Ph Fault at F
IF = E / X1 = 1.0 / 0.2
0 = 5.00 p.u.
m

IB = 125 u 1000
15
5..5
5u 3
= 4656 A = 4.66 kA
Ku

IF = 5.00 x 4.66
4 = 23.3 kA

++(

Æ6 (+Ç
5 @
' )
l
el
w
m
2) SLG
G Fault, Solidly Grounded RN = 0
I1 = I 2 = I 0 = 1.0 / ( X0 + X1 + X2 )
Ku
= 1.0 / 0.43
= 2.33 p.u.
IF = 3I0 = 3 x 2.33 x 4.66

= 32.6 kA

++)

Æ6 (+Ç
5 @
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3) SLG Fault, Low Resistance Grounding RN = 10 :

kV 2
ZB =
MVA
15.52
=
125
= 1.922 :
l
el
RN = 10 :
= 10 / ( 1.922 ) = p.u.
5.2 p.u.
I1 = I2 = I0 = 1.00 / ( 3 x 5.2 + j0.43

j0. )
w
= p.u
0.62 p.u.
IF = 3 I0 = 3 x 0.62
0.6 x 4656
m
= 866
86 A
4) SLG Fault,
ault, High Resistance
Resis
Res Grounding RN = 500 :
500 :
Ku
RN =
= 500 / 1.922 = 260 p.u.
I1 = I2 = I0 = 1.0 / ( 3 x 260 + j0.43 )
= 0.00128 p.u.
IF = 3I0 = 3 x 0.00126 x 4656
= 17.9 A

+++


1?E-
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3. Substation Grounding Design

w

4. Lightning Protection
ction System
tem Design
m

5. 42
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7. IEEE std 80
Guide For Safety in AC Substation Grounding
8. IEEE std 142
Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power System

em
l
el
9. IEC 60364 – 4 – 44
Part 4 – 44 Protection of Safety

afety Against
st Voltage Disturbances
Distur
w
10. IEC 60364 – 5 – 54
Part 5 – 54 Selection
election and Erection of Electrical
Ele Equipment
m
Earthing
ng arrangements Protective Conductors
ngements and Prote
Protec
11. IECC 619366 – 1

Ku
Power
wer installation exceeding
e 1 kVac
Part 1 Common
CComm rules
12. 4>-
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4
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TOTAL
SOLUTION
GROUNDING & LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM
"WE TAKE YOU TO SAFETY"
To provide total solution for Electricity, Transportation, Telecommunication, Industrial Plant, Building Segments with world class quality products, grounding system such as
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Conductors, Shear Bolt Connectors, Surge Protection Devices, Ground Monitoring, and Lightning Detection & Warning System.
ELECTRICITY
LECTRICITY LEARNING
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Solution
ution for Transmission Line Tower Grounding Impedance
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training tion for each segmen such as Substation,
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TRANSPORTATION TECTION & W

DETECTION WAR
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To provide Lightning Data, Lightnin

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INSPECTION AND IMPROVEMENT

INSPECT
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um
Improvement existing site that had problem from Lightning

ghtning strike.
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system
LABORATORY & RESEARCH CENTER

INDUSTRIAL
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ank Farm.
for exiting Tank
To guaranteed and verify grounding and lightning protection components comply with IEC 62561 Standard and Surge Protective
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100/3 Thesabansongkrow Rd. Lardyao, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900
Tel. 02-9543455 Fax. 02-5917891
www.kumwell.com E-mail: info@kumwell.com
www.facebook.com/KumwellOfficial LINE ID: kumwell_line
CSV
CREATING SHARED VALUE
"WE TAKE YOU TO SAFETY"
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CSV : Safety to Society

M
Ministry of
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Ministry of
Education
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Ministry of
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Professional Skill Labourr
Scientist / Engineer Labour
Engineer /
Technician
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Research &
Development
SOCIETY Sa
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Ministry of Manufacturer tec
Protection
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Scient and
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Standard Verification
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C mmerce
Commerce
M
Ministry of
I ustry
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Learning Center
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โลกกําลังเข้าสู่ยุค 4.0 Digital Society หรือ Smart City

Kumwell เล็งเห็นถึงความต้องการของทุ กภาคส่วนใน

เพือตอบสนองความต้องการของสังคม Kumwell จึงได้

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เพือตอบสนองความต้องการของสังคม Kumwell จึงได้

จากการที Kumwell ได้จดั สัมมนาในหัวข้อเจาะลึกการ

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230 - 400 V, 3 4 -

J3- NYY

>? 500 mm2

4; 42 220 49 ;F E> ?0

3 - 1- Elive front ont ) ? >

-1- 7439 >5510-4-E242? ?1

86 ;5 1 85

.>6 3.20 Multi Grounded Neutral

- 4-J1- 421

- 4214-42 -1

- Neutral ?J3- 12EJ1- Phase Pha to Neutral Loads