202

,ay; - 5
cj;jpfs;
xU Gjpdk; rpwe;J tpsq;f Gjpdj;jpd; fiyf;$Wfspy;
xd;whd cj;jp Njitahd xd;whFk;. rpy tifahd top
Kiwfisg; Gjpdj;jpd; top gilg;gjpd; %yk; mg;Gjpdj;ijr;
rpwg;ghf cUthf;f KbAk;. fijapd; Nghf;fpy; gy tifahd
cj;jpfisf; ifahStjpy; gilg;ghrphpahpd; fiy EZf;fk;
ntspg;gLfpwJ.

5.1. cj;jp - nrhy; tpsf;fk;

“mwpit ca;j;Jf; fhzg;gLtJ ca;j;jp. mJ cj;jp

vd te;jJ. cj;jp vd;gJ tlnkhopapy; Aj;jp vdj;
jphpe;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ”1

vd;W rptypq;fdhh; $Wfpwhh;.

Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;G mbg;gilahdf; fUj;ijj; jhq;fp

epw;gjpNyNa mjd; fl;likg;Gj; jpfOk;. vdpDk; mf;fUj;J
Ritg;glf; $Wk; Kiwapdhy; jhd; thrfh; mjidj; njspthfTk;
Mo;e;Jk; czu KbAk;. xU fUj;ijr; Ritg;gl $w
Ntz;Lkhapd; jFe;j cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

“fiyQd; jhd; toq;Fk; nghUistpl toq;Fk;

Kiwapy; Mh;tk; fhl;lNtz;Lk;. cj;jpiag; gw;wpa
Ntl;ifAk; tbtj;jpd; kPJ Mh;tKk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;”2 vd;ghh;.

jhk; nrhy;y tpUk;gpa fUj;ijg; gpwh; Ritf;f

Ntz;Lkhdhy; mth; kdq;nfhs;SkhW nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mg;gb nrhy;Yfpd;w KiwNa cj;jpahFk;. ,yf;fpaj;Jiwapy;
cj;jp vd;gJ xU gilg;ghsdpd; gilg;gpy; rpy ntspg;ghl;L
EZf;fq;fisf; $Wfpd;wJ.
 203

 ‘cj;jp’ gw;wpa mwpQh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;

cj;jpfs; gw;wp gyh; gy fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wfpd;wdh;. xU
rpyh; $w;wpid mwpjw;FhpaJ. Vnddpy; mg;nghOJjhd; xU
ehtypd; Mrphpah; ve;j tpjkhd cj;jpiaf; ifahz;L cs;shh;
vd;gij mwpaKbAk;.

“fl;likg;Gld; cj;jpfs; nrk;ikahf

,izf;fg;gLtjd; %yk; fiyg;gilg;Gr; rpwe;j
tbtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ”3

vd;ghh;. fUj;Jfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; jpwj;ij fUj;Jg;

Gyg;ghl;Lj;jpwd;> fiyj;jpwd;> fiyEl;gk;> fiy cj;jp vd;W gy
tifahf $wpdhYk; cj;jp vd;Nw ngUk;ghYk; mJ
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. cj;jpfisg; gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ>

“Ejyp GFjy; Nthj;J Kiw itg;Ng

- - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - -- -
- - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - -- -

ca;j;Jzu itg;G vd cj;jp vz; ehd;Nf”4

vd;W gtze;jp Kdpth; Kg;gj;J ,uz;L cj;jpfisf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mtw;wpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd cj;jpfs; ciuahlypy;
gad;gLfpd;wdthFk;. xU fUj;ij gilg;ghsh; nrhy;tjw;Fk;
rhjhuzkhd kdpjh; nrhy;tjw;Fk; Vuhskhd NtWghLfs; cz;L.
mJ mwptpaYf;Fk; fiyf;FKs;s NtWghL Nghd;wjhFk;.
tpz;iz ,bf;Fk; jiy ,kak; vd;gJ fiy $WfpwJ.

“tpz; vd;W xd;W ,y;iy vd;Wk; ,kakiyr; rpfuk;

vJTk; tpz;izj; jhf;fp ,bg;gJk; ,y;iy vd;Wk;
29>141 mb cauk; cilaJ vd;Wk; mwptJ
mwptpay;”5
 204

vd;gh; K.t. ,t;thW jkJ fUj;ijf; fiy Nehf;Fld; jdf;Nf

chpa cj;jpapy; ntspg;gLj;JtNj fiyapd; jdpr; rpwg;ghFk;.
NkYk; cj;jp vd;gJ fiyahf;f KiwahFk;. ,J gilg;gpy;
gilg;Nghdpd; Kj;jpiuaha; miktJ MFk;.

“fiyQh; xUth; jpwikapd; nrt;tpa ntspaPl;bw;Fg;

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Mw;wYk; Mf;f KiwAkhf
miktJ cj;jp”6

vd;W $WtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,jid „Literary

Technique my;yJ Literary Perice‟ vd;W Fwpg;gpLth;. ,yf;fpaf;
fiyQh;fshy; ifahsg;gLtd ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs; MFk;.
,tw;iw>

“,yf;fpaj;jpd; ghLnghUis ntspg;gLj;jf;

ifahSk; ntspaPl;L EZf;fq;fs;”7

vd;gh;. cj;jpAk; cs;slf;fKk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlh;Gilait.

cs;slf;fj;jpid czh;j;Jk; KiwNa cj;jp vdW
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. njhy;fhg;gpahpd; cj;jp gw;wpa E}w;ghtpw;F
tpsf;fk; $Wifapy;>

“cj;jp vd;gJ tlnkhopr; rpijT. mJ

#j;jpuj;jpd;ghw; fplg;gNjhh; nghUs; NtWghL
fhl;LtJ”8

vd;gh; ,sk;G+uzh;. Gjpa jpwdha;thsh;fs; cj;jpfisg; gw;wpa

Ma;tpy; kpfTk; mf;fiwf; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;. 1930-ypUe;J
1940tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; vOe;j Gjpa jpwdha;T ,yf;fpaj;jpd;
cs;Ns fhzg;gLk; nra;jpfSf;F cj;jp Kjd;ikahd ,lk;
nfhLj;jJ. vdNt> ,yf;fpak; rpwg;ghfj; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff;
fhuzkhd $WfSs; xd;W ,yf;fpa cj;jp MFk;.
 205

“cj;jp vd;gJ gilg;ghsd; jhd; $w te;j

nra;jpapd; cs;slf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; KiwNa
vdyhk;”9

vd e. gpr;irKj;J Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

“,yf;fpaj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l xU cs;slf;fg;

nghUisr; nrhy;Ytjw;Fg; gad;gLfpd;w top
Kiwapid cj;jp vd;fpNwhk;. nkhop eil $l
mt;tifapy; cj;jpahf mikaf; $Lk;”10

vd;W jp.R.eluhrd; $Wtjpd; %yk; nkhop eilAk; xU

cj;jpahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. Gjpd Mrphpah; jd; gilg;gpidg;
gbg;Nghh; kdq;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; jUk; KiwNa cj;jpfs;
MFk;. ,t;Tj;jpfs; Gjpd Mrphpahpd; jpwj;jpw;Nfw;g gythW
mikAk;.

“cj;jpfs; gy jug;gl;lit. cj;jpNa ,y;yhjJ

Nghy xU fijiaNah> fhtpaj;ijNah> Neubahfr;
nrhy;ypj; jPh;j;J tpLtJ xU nghpa cj;jp.
cj;jpfspy; vijANk kiwj;J thrpf;Fk;NghJ kwe;J
tplhJ nra;fpw cj;jp NkyhdJ”11

vd;ghh; f.e. Rg;ukzpak;. xU fiyg;gilg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;Fg;

gilg;ghsd; jd; gilg;gpy; ifahSk; Ez;zpa mZFKiwNa
cj;jp MFk;. xU gilg;ghsp jd; gilg;gpd; ,yf;F
gbg;gtDf;Fr; nrd;wila Ntz;b Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW
KiwfNs „cj;jpfs;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. Gjpd Mrphpad;
jd;Dila fUj;ijg; gbg;gtDf;F vspikahf tpsq;f itf;f
ifahSk; cj;jp EZf;fq;fs; gy. mt;tifapy; Gjpdq;fs;
rpwe;J tpsq;Ftjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;w cj;jpfs; Mrphpahpd;
jdpr;rpwg;ig vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltdthf mikfpd;wd.
 206

“jdpj;Jiw Kiw El;gk;> fiyg;ghzp> fiy

EZf;fj;jpwd;> fiy EZf;ff; $W> ,ay;El;gf; $W>
njhopy;Jiw El;gk;> jdpr;nray; Kiwj;jpwk; Mfpad
cj;jpahFk;”12

vdr; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof Mq;fpyk; - jkpo; mfuhjp

cj;jpf;F tpsf;fk; $WfpwJ

“gilg;ghsd; jhd; nrhy;y tUk; fUj;Jf;fisf;

fw;gth; kdj;jpy; vspjpy; gjpar; nra;aTk; tpsq;f
itf;fTk; ifahSk; Kiwfs; cj;jpahFk;”13

vd;Wk; $Wth;.

“VNjDk; xU Nehf;fk; gw;wp xU nrhy;njhlh;

nghUz;ik> fUj;J> nghUs;> czh;T> ghj;jpuk;>
nray;> epfo;r;rp> ,lk;> fhyk;> fdT> fbjk;>
tUzid> Mly;> ghly;> fhl;rp. epwk; vd VNjDk;
xd;wid MSk;NghJ mjpy; cj;jp Neu KbfpwJ”14

vd;W r.Nt. Rg;ukzpad; gilg;ghsdpd; gd;Kfg; ghh;itiar;

Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. gilg;ghdJ thrfdJ kdjpy; gjpa Ntz;Lk;.
gbf;Fk; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;lNtz;Lk;. ,jw;F Mrphpah;
ifahz;Ls;s KiwNa cj;jpahFk;.

“xU gilg;ghsDf;Fr; nrhy;Yk; Kiw (Narration)

vd;gJ Kjd;ikahdjhFk;. jhd; epidj;j fUj;ij
thrfd; kdjpy; gjpa itg;gjw;Fk;> mtd; mij
vspikahf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; mJ gad;gLfpwJ.
mjw;F mtd; ifahSk; KiwNa cj;jp”15

vd;W uPF vd;gth; $Wfpd;whh;.

 207

 cj;jp mikg;G
Gjpdj;jpy; cj;jpfspd; gpd;dzpapy; nrhy;yg;gLk; fiy
mOj;jk; ngWfpd;wJ. ntWk; fij kl;Lk; fiyg;gilg;G Mfptpl
KbahJ. vj;jifa ,ay;G epiy ,Ug;gpDk; gilg;ghspapd;
Jizapy;yhky; ,yf;fpak; KOikailtJ ,y;iy.

“ahjhh;j;jNk fiyg;gilg;ghtjpy;iy. ntWk;

fiyQhpd; kNdhghtNk fiyapd; mbj;jskhf
miktJ ,y;iy. ajhh;j;jk; fiyapd;
kNdhghtj;jpd; top gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpwJ”16

vd;fpwhh; Nfh. Nfrtd;. vdNt jhd; xNu nghUis ghh;f;Fk;

gy;NtW gilg;ghspfspilNa gy;NtW tifahd Nfhzq;fisg;
ghh;f;f KbfpwJ. nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w fUj;J kw;wth;fSf;Fg; Ngha;
Nru Ntz;Lnkdpy; mJ fiy El;gj;JlDk; vopYlDk;
nrhy;yg;glNtz;Lk;. me;j vopy; vd;gJ cj;jpfshNyNa
mikfpwJ. ve;j xU njhopypYk; mZFKiw rhh;e;j cj;jp
mike;jpUf;Fk;. xU rpw;gpNah> xtpaNdh> jr;rNdh> ahuhf
,Ue;jhYk; mth;fspd; njhopy; EZf;fq;fis Nehpy; fz;Lk;>
Nfl;Lk;> njhpe;Jk; nfhs;fpwhd;. ftpQDk; jdJ fhtpaj;ij
gilf;Fk; Kd; ahg;gpd; El;gq;fisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhd;.
mJNghy vOj;jhsDk; jkJ Jiwapy; <Lgl;L cioj;j
Kd;Ndhh;fspd; gilg;Gfisf; fw;wjpypUe;J mth;fs;
ifahz;bUf;Fk; cj;jp EZf;fq;fisAk; mwpe;J tUtJ
,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ.

 cj;jpapd; Njit
fij ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cj;jpia ifahs;tJ kpf
,d;wpaikahj xd;whFk;. cjhuzkhf>
 208

“cyf cUz;il Nghd;w xU nghpa Nfhsk;. mjd;

kPJ gy tifahd tz;zr; rpj;jpuq;fs; mofhfj;
jPl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mf;Nfhsk; rw;Wj; njhiytpNy
fhl;rpg; nghUshf itf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mjdUNf
xUtd; epd;W nfhz;L Ntbf;ifg; ghh;f;Fk;
kf;fSf;F mf;Nfhsj;ij tpsf;fpf; nfhz;bf;fpwhd;.
rpW nra;jpia $l tpl;Ltplhky; nrhy;ypj;jhd; Mf
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; kpfTk; nkJthf Rw;Wfpwhd;.
nrhy;y te;j nra;jpia kPz;Lk; epidTg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ vijNah nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd
epidj;J nrhy;yhky; tpl;Ltpl;lij kPz;Lk; Rw;wpr;
nrhy;Yfpwhd;. ,q;qdNk ehtyhrphpaUk; jk;
fijiar; nrhy;tjw;Fg; gy cj;jp EZf;fq;fis
ifahs Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ”16

vd;ghh; vopy;Kjy;td;. vdNt> gilg;ghspapd; gilg;G rpwf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;why; mth; ifahSk; cj;jpfs; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.

“czh;j;jp czh;j;jp gapd;w gapw;rpapy; mth;fs;

ngWk; jpwikNa fiyahfpwJ. ,e;j fiyj;Jiw
gz;gl gz;gl fiyQh;fSf;F fiyia gilf;Fk;
Mw;wy; tsh;fpwJ. gpwh;f;F czh;j;Jk; Ntl;ifAk;
tsh;fpwJ”17

vd;w K.t. tpd; $w;wpw;Nfw;g jhk; czh;e;jtw;iw kw;wth;f;F

czh;j;Jtjw;Fg; gilg;ghsUf;F cj;jpKiw kpfr; rpwe;j
mbg;gilf; $whf mikfpwJ.
 209

5.2. cj;jpapd; tiffs;

nghJthf cj;jpfis %d;whfg; gFf;fyhk;. mit>

1. nghJepiy cj;jpfs; (General Technique)

2. kuG topg;gl;l cj;jpfs;

3. jdp epiy cj;jpfs; (Unique Technique)

vd;gdthFk;. cj;jpfs; tifAk;> njhifAk;> epiyAk;
fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g khWglf; $bad. gilg;ghsdpd; kd
epiyf;Nfw;gTk; khWk; jd;ik nfhz;ldthf mikfpd;wd. NkYk;
mJ Nehf;fk;> gad;> ghLnghUSf;F Vw;gTk; khWglf; $baJ.

Gjpdj;jpy; vz;zw;w cj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLfpd;w td;ikahd mDgtq;fs;> fz;fspy; ePh;
tutiog;gjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. cjLfspy; Gd;rphpg;G Vw;gl top
nra;ayhk;. tha;tpl;Lr; rphpf;f VJthfyhk;. typia czur;
nra;tjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. fz;zPh; tpLtJ> ngU%r;R tpLtJ>
rphpg;gJ> typia czh;tJ vd;gnjy;yhk; Gjpdk; gbf;Fk;NghJ
thrfh;fSf;F Vw;glNtz;Lk;. mj;jifa Kiwia Ma;Tf;Fhpa
Gjpdq;fspd; %yk; thrfh;fspd; vz;zj;jpy; gjpa nra;jpUf;fpwhh;
Mrphpah;.

5.3. rh.fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy; cj;jpfs;

Ma;Tf;F vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s vl;L Gjpdq;fspy; fijiar;
rpwg;gpf;fj; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; gy cj;jpfs;
ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd. mit fijNahl;lj;jpw;Fj; Jiz
nra;fpd;wd.

xU fijg;ghj;jpuj;jpd; %yk; fijf;$Wjy; KiwNa

jdpik Nehf;F vd;Wk; Mrphpad; jhNk fijiaf; $WtJ
glh;fi
; f Nehf;F vd;Wk; ,Utifahf $Wth;. jkpo;g; Gjpdq;fspy;
,uz;lhk; epiyNa ngUk;ghYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. rh. fe;jrhkp
,U epiyfspYk; fijiaf; $wpAs;shh;.
 210

“ahh; $wpdhYk; fijaikg;G rpwf;Fk;. ntw;wp ngWk;

vd;gijr; rpe;jpj;J nrayhw;w Ntz;baJ Mrphpahpd;
flikahFk;”18

vd;gjw;Nfw;g fijf;$wy; mikfpd;wJ. fijia vt;tifahf

$wpdhYk; mtw;wpy; cj;jpfs; ifahsg;gLk;.

,t;tifapy; Ma;Tf;F vLj;jf;nfhz;l rh. fe;jrhkpapd;

Gjpdq;fspy; vj;jifa cj;jpfs; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;Tj;jpfs;
Gjpdq;fspy; gapd;W tUk; ghq;F Fwpj;J ,t;tpay; tpsf;FfpwJ.

5.3.1. Nehf;Fepiy cj;jp

fij $Wk; cj;jpapy; Nehf;Fepiy rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ.
fijf;$WNth; ve;j xU Nfhzj;jpypUe;J jk; fijiar;
nrhy;fpwhh; vd;gijf; fhl;LtNj Nehf;Fepiy. mjhtJ Gjpdj;jpy;
fij ahuhy; $wg;gLfpwJ vd;gijj; jhd; Nehf;F epiy my;yJ
fij $Wk; Nfhzk; vdg;gLfpwJ. Gjpdk; ,aw;Wk; Mrphpah;
mg;Gjpdj;jpy; jhd; $w vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fUj;ij tpl
mtrpakhdJ mth; fijiar; nrhy;Yk; KiwNa MFk;. mth;
fijr; nrhy;Yk; KiwapNyNa me;ehty; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ.

,f;fij $Wk; cj;jp (Technique of Narration) fij

,yf;fpaj;jpd; ntw;wpf;F ,d;wpaikahj $whFk;. xU fijapy;
,lk; ngWk; epfo;r;rpfis thpirg;gLj;jp fhyKiwg;gb $wptUtJ
fijahfptpl KbahJ. mJ fijiag; Nghy fhzg;gl;lhYk;>
fij ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fhpa fiyj;jd;ik cs;sjhfhJ. gbg;gthpd;
Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;l KbahJ. mJ gw;wpNa Gjpdj;jpy; fijf;
$Wtjw;F Mrphpah; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jp kpfr; rpwe;j xd;whff;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. fijia ahh; topahff; $WtJ vd;gjpy;
MrphpaDf;F KOr; Rje;jpuk; cz;L. Mrphpah; topahfNth>
jiyik khe;jh; my;yJ rpW ghj;jpuj;jpd; Nfhzj;jpNyh> fij
khe;jh;fNs jk;Ks; khwp khwpNah fij $Wtjhf mikf;fyhk;.
 211

mnkhpf;f Gjpdhrphpah; tpy;ypak; ghy;f;dh; (William Faulkner)

Nehf;F epiyapy; gy Nrhjidfis epfo;j
; ;jpg; ghh;j;Js;shh;.
„M]; I Ny ilapq;‟ vd;w Gjpdk; FLk;gj;J mq;fq;fs;
midthpd; Nehf;fpy; ,Ue;Jk; fijf; $wg;gLtjhfg;
gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. K.tujuhrdhhpd; „nre;jhkiu‟> „fs;Nsh
fhtpaNkh?‟ mfpydpd; „rpNefpjp‟ MfpaitAk; ,q;F
epidf;fj;jf;fd.

“fij epfo;r;rpfs; N[hdj;jd; uhgd; $WtJ Nghd;W

`hk;nyl;bd; (Hamlef) ghh;itapypUe;Jk; mikayhk;.
n[l;Ul;bd; (Getrude) Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk;
mikayhk;. NkYk; mth; jw;fhy ehty;fspy;
jdpkdpjDf;Fk; ntsp cyfpw;Fk; cs;s Nkhjiy
mbehjkhf miktjhy; ngUk;ghYk; jiyik
khe;jNu fijf; $Wk; Kiw nghpJk; fhzg;gLfpwJ
vd;fpwhh;.”19

bf;fd;];> lhy;];lha; (Dickens, Tolstoy) ,UtUk;

Nehf;Fepiyia khw;wp khw;wp mikj;J ntw;wpg; ngw;wth;fs;.
Gjpdj;jpy; Nehf;Fepiy gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

1. jd;ikf;$w;W
ngUk;ghYk; Gjpdk; jiykhe;jhpd; $w;whf mikayhk;.
,t;tikg;gpy; fij $Wk; khe;jh; gw;wpa KOikahd mwpT
fpilf;fg; ngWfpwJ. Vida khe;jh;fis Nehpilahf mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;F tha;g;gpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,k;Kiw epiwitj; juhJ
mikfpwJ.
 212

2. Kd;dpiyf;$w;W
fijapd; rpy epfo;r;rpfis ,we;j fhyj;jpYk;. rpytw;iw
epfo;fhyj;jpYk; mikf;Fk;NghJ Kd;dpiyf; $w;W Mrphpadhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

3. glh;f;iff;$w;W
jkpo; ehty;fspy; nghpJk; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; Kiw ,JNt.
,k;Kiw ngUk;ghYk; MrphpaNd fij $Wtjhf mikfpwJ.

fijiaf; $Wk; khe;jh; my;yJ Mrphpah; ve;epiyapy; epd;W

fijiaf; $wg; Nghfpwhh; vd;gij Mrphpad; jPh;khdpf;fpwhd;. ,J
gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; mikayhk;.

m) vy;yhk; mwpe;j flTspd; epiyapy;> fijf; $Wjy;

(Omiscence). ,k;Kiwapy; mikayhk;.

M) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epiy (Selective Omniscence) ,q;F

thrfidg; NghyNt fijiaf; $WgtDf;Fk; mLj;J
epfog;NghtJ gw;wp ahnjhd;Wk; njhpahJ.

,) ehlf epiyapy; fij $wg;glyhk;. ,k;Kiwapy;

ciuahly;fs; mjpfk; ,lk; ngw tha;g;Gz;L.

<) vy;yhk; mwpe;j epiyapy; ,Ue;J fijf; $wg;gLk; NghJ

fij khe;jiug; gw;wpa tpkh;rdq;fSk; $wg;gLtJ
gjpg;ghrphpa Kiw (Editorial Omniscence) vd;gh;.

vdNt fijapd; Nehf;Fepiy fij nrhy;Yk;NghJ

ehtyhrphpadhy; ftdj;NjhL rpe;jpj;Jj; Njh;T nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.
Nehf;Fepiy rhptu mikahjNghJ khe;jh;g; gz;G> fij
epfo;r;rpfspd; tpisTfs;> czh;r;rpfs; KOik ngwhJ
Nghfpd;wd. Gjpdj;jpy; ntw;wp Gjpdhrphpad; njhpT nra;Ak; Nehf;F
newpia xl;b mikfpwJ vd;gJ ,jdhy; czuKbfpwJ.
 213

 Nehf;Fepiy tiffs;
Nkw;fz;l jd;ikf;$w;W Kd;dpiyf; $w;W> glh;f;iff;
$w;W Nghd;w ghFghLfisf; nfhz;L Nehf;Fepiy 1. cs;
Nehf;Fepiy> 2. GwNehf;Fepiy vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

“fij epfo;r;rpfisAk; fij khe;jh;fisAk;

Gyg;gLj;Jtjd; thapyhf xUth; my;yJ gyhpd;
kdq;fs; fUtpahFk;. ,jid Nehf;F epiy vd;gh;.
,e;j Nehf;Fepiy ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit> 1. cs;
Nehf;Fepiy> 2. GwNehf;Fepiy vd;ghh;”20

,t;tpU epiyfisAk; rh.fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ.

5.3.1.1. cs;Nehf;F epiy

fij khe;jUs; xUth; fijf; $Wtjhf miktJ. ,ijj;
jw;$w;WKiw vd;Wk; $Wth;. jw;$w;W Kiwapy; fij> jiyik
khe;jh; $WtjhfNth my;yJ Jizkhe;jh; $WtjhfNth
mikAk;. fijapy; tUk; epfo;r;rpfs; mthpd; nrhe;j mDgtkhf
,Ug;gjhy; thrfh;fSf;F epfo;r;rpapy; neUf;fk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

“xUth; fij nrhy;Yk;NghJ fij epfo;r;rpfSk;

czh;r;rpfSk; me;j xUtUila mDgtq;fNsh
miktjhy; fw;gtUf;F neUq;fpa njhlh;G Vw;gl;L
mjdhy; Cf;fk; kpFjpahfpwJ”21

vd;ghh;. fij khe;jh;fs; thapyhff; fijiaf; $wpf; $Wk;

Kiwapidr; nrk;ikahff; ifahz;L ntw;wpf; fz;Ls;shh; rh.
fe;jrhkp.
 214

“uhkypq;fk; nghpa nghpa Gj;jfkhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;L

te;J> uhj;jphp ntFNeuk; tiuapy;
gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUg;ghd;. XNuhh; rkak; mtiug; ghh;ff
;
vdf;Fg; ghtkhf ,Uf;Fk;”22

vd;w mtd; MdJ Gjpdj;jpy; tUk; fijj; jiytd;

rptrz;Kfj;jpd; $w;wpd; %yk; fij $Wfpwhh; rh. fe;jrhkp.

5.3.1.2. GwNehf;F epiy

,e;epiyapy; ehtyhrphpah; jhNd Neubahff; fijf;
$WtjhFk;.

“ehtypd; Mrphpah; jhk; tpUk;Gk; fUj;Jf;fis

vy;yhk; ,ilapNyNa $wKbAk;. fij khe;jhpd;
gz;Gfis vy;yhk; tpsf;fKbAk;. mth;fspd;
czh;r;rpfisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; gioa
mDgtq;fisAk; vLj;Jiuf;f KbAk;. xt;nthU
nraYf;Fk; epfo;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzq;fs; ,d;d ,d;d
vd;W mt;tg;NghJ tpsf;f KbAk;”23 vd;ghh;.

“vjph; nta;apy;> moF iff;Fl;ilia vLj;J

jiyapy; ,Wff; fl;bf; nfhz;L Mf;]pNyl;liu
mOj;jp kpjpj;jhd;. Gy;Nlhrh; fUk;GifNahL Ntfkhf
efh;e;jJ. ,td; ];Bhpq;if xbj;J tz;bia Neh;
xOq;fpy; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;”24

vd;w thpfspy; Mrphpah; jhNd fijiaf; $Wtjhf

mike;Js;sJ.
 215

5.3.2. ciuahly; cj;jp

xt;nthU Gjpdj;jpYk; ciuahly; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ciuahly; ,Ue;jhy; jhd; mg;Gjpdk; KO ntw;wpiag; ngWk;.
ghj;jpug;gilg;G Kiwapy; mjd; gz;G eyd;fis MrphpaNu $wpr;
nry;yhky; gbg;Nghh; czUk; tz;zk; ehlf Kiwapy; gilj;Jf;
fhl;LtNj ciuahly; cj;jpahFk;.

“Gjpdj;jpy; eilngWk; ciuahly; Neubahf

fijia elj;jpr; nry;Yjy;> ghj;jpuq;fspd; gz;ig
tpsf;Fjy; vd;w ,uz;by; xd;iwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;”25

vd;ghh; m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd;. ciuahly; capNuhl;lkhf mikAk;

NghJ Gjpdk; caph;ngWfpwJ. Mrphpadpd; vz;zq;fis
ntspg;gLj;jTk; Jiz nra;fpwJ. ,lk;> #oy;> khe;jh;f;Fg;
nghUe;Jk;gb miktJjhd; ciuahly; cj;jpahFk;.

“ciuahly; Gjpdj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; gy

ghj;jpuq;fspDila kdk;> gz;G> Fwpf;Nfhs;>
czh;r;rpfs; Kjypatw;iw ekf;F vLj;jf; fhl;Lk;
fz;zhb”26

vd;W m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; $WtjpypUe;J ghj;jpuq;fspd;

czh;r;rpfis ciuahly; ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mika Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjid mwpaKbfpwJ.

“ehtypy; mikAk; ey;y ciuahly; fUtpd; tsh;r;rp>

fijapd; ,af;fk;> fijkhe;jhpd; gz;G> tpsf;fk;
Kjypatw;wpw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;”27

vd;W m. fh[h KifjPd; $Wfpwhh;. NkYk;>

 216

“Gjpdq;fisg; nghWj;j tiuapy; ciuahly;

capNuhl;lj;jpidf; nfhzuf; $baJ. gy epiyg;gl;l
khe;jh; jk; czh;itAk;> rpe;jidiaAk;>
gq;fspg;igAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk; ntWk; fijf;
$w;W kl;LNk ntspf;nfhzh;e;J tplhJ. mjdhy;
ciuahly; Gjpdj;jpy; ,d;wpaikahjhfpd;wJ”28

vd;W tstd; ciuahlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpdwhh;.

rh. fe;jrhkp ghj;jpuq;fspd; ,ay;Gf;Nfw;g czh;r;rpf;Nfw;g
ciuahliy mikj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shh;. ,jdhy; fijg;
gbg;gtDf;Ff; fijNahL xd;wptpl KbfpwJ.

nry;iyah jd; jq;ifapd; jpUkzj;jpw;fhf tPl;ilAk;>

nfhy;iyiaAk; tpw;WtpLfpwhd;. jd; tPli
; l tpl;Lr; nry;Yk;
NghJ mOif czh;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhd;.

“jk;gp vJf;F mow? vq;fpl;l nrhy;Y jk;gp‟-ghf;fpak;

„,j tpl;Lg;Nghf vdf;F ,~;lk; ,y;y mf;fh‟–

nry;iyah.

„eP vJf;Fg; NghfZk;. ,q;NfNa ,U‟–ghf;fpak;

„mk;khjhd; tPl;l tpj;Jl;lhq;fNs‟– nry;iyah

„tpj;jh vd;d? vd; tPL ,y;y. mJy ,U‟–ghf;fpak;”29

vd;w ciuahly;fspd; top ghj;jpuq;fspd; gz;GfisAk;>

czh;r;rpfisAk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
 217

5.3.3. fijia eLtpy; njhlq;Fk; cj;jp

gilg;ghsh;fs; rpyh; jk; fijapd; eLtpy; njhlq;Fk; Xh;
cj;jpiaf; ifahz;L tUfpd;wdh;. mt;thNw rh.fe;jrhkpAk;
,t;tif cj;jpiaf; ifahz;l Kiwapy; ,d;wpaikahj
,lj;ijg; ngWfpwhh;.

“,uz;L kzpf;F tuNtz;ba uapy; Ie;Njfhy;

kzpf;F te;J Nrh;e;jJ. rq;fud; tz;b epw;gjw;F
Kd;dhNyNa fPNo ,wq;fpdhd;”30

vdg; nghJkf;fs; gazk; nra;Ak; Giftz;biaf; nfhz;L

fijiaj; njhlq;Ffpwhh; Mrphpah;.

“jhNkhjud; fhiu epWj;jp tpl;Lj; jiyia ntspNa

ePlb
; g; ghh;j;jhd;. rhiyapd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk;
$l;lk;> Ntbf;ifg; ghh;f;Fk; $l;lk;. Mz;fs;>
ngz;fs;> rpWth;fs; vd;W tpj;jpahrk; ,y;yhky;
xd;whf epd;W nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;”31

vd;w thpfspy; nghJ rhiyapypUe;J fijia Mrphpah;

njhlq;fpapUf;fpwhh;.

5.3.4. gpd;Ndhf;F cj;jp

Kd;G ele;j epfo;r;rpfis vLj;Jf; $Wk; tifapy; fij
epfo;r;rp $wg;gLtJ gpd;Ndhf;F cj;jp vdg;gLk;. jkpo;g; Gjpd
cyfpy; ngUk;ghyhd gilg;ghsh;fs; ,t;Tj;jpiag;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.

“rk;gtj; jfty;fshy; fijg;gpd;dy; tsuhky;>

vz;zq;fs;> epidTfs;. fUj;Jfs;> czh;r;rpfs;
,tw;why; fij tsUtJ jhd; epidTg;ghij
my;yJ gpd;Ndhf;F (gpsh~;Ngf;) cj;jp”32
 218

vd;W rp.R. nry;yg;gh tpsf;fkspf;fpwhh;. rh. fe;jrhkpapd;

Gjpdq;fspy; ,t;Tj;jp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

“fhNthp> nuhk;g ey;y nghz;Z; rkj;J ml vq;fg;gh!

vd;d Nty> gk;gukh nra;th> mJkhjphp xU nghz;z
vd; tarpNy ghh;j;jNj ,y;y‟... Rikahd
epidTfspy; Njth; Mo;e;jhh;”33

vd;W fhNthpapd; epidTfis Njth; gpd;Ndhf;F cj;jpapy;

rpjk;guj;jplk; $Wfpwhh;. rpjk;guKk; mt;tg;NghJ jd; ghy;a fhy
epidTfisAk;> jhiaiaAk; epidj;Jf; nfhz;L tUe;Jthd;.
nrhh;zj;jpd; fle;j fhy tho;f;if Njthpd; %ykhf rpjk;guj;jplk;
$wg;gLfpwJ. ,JNghd;w epfo;Tfs; rhahtdk; vDk;
Gjpdj;jpYs;s fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fspd; epidTfs; gpd;Ndhf;F
cj;jpapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

5.3.5. Kd;Ndhf;F cj;jp

“fij epfOk; fhy msit ,d;W> ehis> mLj;j
ehs;> mLj;j thuk;> mLj;j Mz;L vd;W fijia
Kd;Ndhf;fp efh;j;Jk; epiy. miuehs;> XU ehs;>
rpyehs;> khjq;fs;> Mz;Lfs; ,tw;iwf; fhykhff;
nfhz;L mf;fhyk; KOtJk; fij elg;gjhff;
$WtJ Kd;Ndhf;F cj;jp”34

vd;W muq;f. Rg;igah Kd;Ndhf;F cj;jpf;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;.

Gjpd Mrphpah; Kd;Ndhf;F cj;jpiag; gy ,lq;fspy;

ifahz;Ls;shh;. nry;iyah gs;spf;Fr; nry;yhky; kzpapd;
filf;F fl;lhaj;jpd; Nghpy; Ntiyf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;. topapy;
gs;spf;$lj;ijg; ghh;f;fpwhd;. mq;F eilngWtij Kd;Ng
vz;zpg; ghh;f;fpwhd;.
 219

“,e;j Neuk; gs;spf; $lj;jpy; kzp mbj;jpUf;Fk;.

rutzd; vg;NghJk; jhkjkhf tUfpwtd;. mjw;fhf
ntspapy; epw;ghd;. Kl;b NghLthd;. ,iw
tzf;fj;jpw;Fg; gpwF tFg;G njhlq;Fk;”35

,jd; %yk; Kd;Ndhf;F cj;jp ifahsg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhz

KbfpwJ.

5.3.6. epidNthil cj;jp

Gjpdq;fspy; ,f;fhy vOj;jhsh;fshy; ifahsg; ngWk;
cj;jpfSs; rpwg;gplk; ngWtJ edNthil cj;jpahFk;.

“fhyk;> ,lk; ,itfspd; gpd;dzpapy; epfo;r;rpfis

Kiwahff; $whky; cs;kdj;jpd; vz;zq;fisg;
nghoptJ ,k;Kiwapd; ghw;gLk;”36

vd;ghh;. xU ghj;jpuk;> kw;nwhU ghj;jpuj;jplk; Kd; epfo;e;j

epfo;r;rpia $Wtjhf miktJk; edNthil MFk;.

“edNthil vd;gJ Xh; mfepiy ciuahlNy. mjpy;

ghj;jpuk; jd;DlNdNa Ngrpf; nfhs;fpwJ. jd;idg;
gw;wpAk;> jd; cyifg; gw;wpANk Ngrpf; nfhs;fpwJ.
mJ ghj;jpuj;jpd; kdk; vg;gb nray;gLfpwJ vd;gij
ekf;F czh;j;JfpwJ”37

vd;ghh; fU Kj;ijah.

“edNthil vd;gJ „Stream of consciousness‟ vd;Dk;

Mq;fpyr; nrhw;nwhlhpd; Neh;r; nrhw;nghUs; MFk;”38

vd;W nghUs; jug;gLfpwJ.

 220

“edNthil cj;jp ehtypy; ,lk; ngWk; rpwe;j

cj;jp. Kd;dh; ele;j epfo;r;rpfis vz;zpg;
ghh;f;FkhW fijia vOJtJ. ghj;jpuq;fspd;
mDgtq;fis mitfNs vz;zpg; ghh;f;FkhW
mikj;Jf; nfhs;tJ”39

vd;W Kidth; muq;f Rg;igah $Wfpd;whh;. Gjpdj;jpy; khe;jh;

gilg;G elg;gpay; jd;ikAld; (Realistic) Njhd;w ,k;Kiw
cjTfpwJ. NkYk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; fle;j fhy tho;f;ifia
czh;j;j> Mrphpahpd; ,ilaPL tUzid ,d;wpg; ghj;jpuj;jpd;
czh;Ttop epfo;r;rpfis czh;j;j ,t;Tj;jp rpwg;ghfg;
gadspf;fpwJ.

gpd;Ndhf;F cj;jpiag; Nghd;wJ jhd; edNthil cj;jpAk;.

Mdhy; ,uz;Lk; rpwpjsT NtWgLfpd;wd. edNthil cj;jpf; fhd
tpsf;fj;jpid mwpQh; nj.ngh.kP. mth;fs;>

“kf;fs; kdk; vd;why; edT epiyapy; Njhd;WtJ

kl;Lk; md;W> edTepiy kdk; kpf kpfr; rpwpa gFjp>
mjd;fo
P ; mlq;fpa edtbepiy kdk; vd;Wk;> edtpyp
kdk; vd;Wk;> ntt;NtW gil gilaha;f; fplf;Fk;
mb kdNk kpf kpfg; nghpajhk;”40

vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. ,jd; top gpd;Ndhf;fpypUe;J NtWgl;lJ

edNthil vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

Ma;Tf;Fhpa Gjpdq;fspy; Mrphpah; gy epiyfspy;

edNthil cj;jpiaf; ifahz;Ls;shh; vd;gijg; gpd;tUkhW
fhzKbfpwJ. rq;fud; Ntiytha;g;G epWtdj;jpw;Fr; nry;fpwhd;.
mq;F ,isQh;fs; Ntiytha;g;G nfhLf;FkhW Nfh~k; Nghl>
mjpy; ,td; fye;Jnfhs;fpwhd;. Nghyp]; midtiuAk; ifJ
nra;J Ntdpy; mioj;Jr; nry;fpwhh;fs;.
 221

“Nghyp]; Ntdpy; Kd;G xUKiw nrd;wJ $lj;

jpBnud;W epidTf;F te;jJ”41

“vd; jfg;gdhh; fhykhd md;iwf;F ehd; jiuapy;

cUz;L mONjd;. Vnol;L Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF $l
mJ epidtpy; ed;whf ,Uf;fpwJ”42

vd;W rptrz;Kfk; cs;Nshl;lkhf vz;Ztij mwpa KbfpwJ.

5.3.7. FwpaPl;L cj;jp

FwpaPlL
; cj;jpapy; rkPgf;fhykhf ghj;jpuj;jpd;
Gwr;#o;epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; epiw> Fiwfisf; nfhz;Lk;,
fz;zpy; gLk; fhl;rpfisf; nfhz;Lk; mtw;iwg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;L
$WtJ FwpaPlL
; cj;jp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

“mbf;fb fz;zpy;gLk; fhl;rpfisAk; nghUl;fisAk;

rpe;jidapy; itj;J tUzpg;gjhYk; tpsf;FtjhYk;
me;j ghj;jpuj;jpd; kd cisr;riyAk; rydj;ijAk;
ntspapLtJ Mrphpahpd; GJ cj;jp. fijkhe;jhpd;
mDgtq;fspy; mbf;fb ,ize;J epw;Fk; ,JNghd;w
epfo;r;rpfis itj;J fijg;Nghf;fpy; tUzpg;gij
; cj;jp vd;W nrhy;yyhk;”43
FwpaPlL

vd;W Nrh. rpl;b rptghj Re;juk; tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;. Gjpd Mrphpah;

FwpaPLfs; %ykhf fU> ghj;jpug;gz;G Kjyhdtw;iw tpsf;fpf;
fhl;Lfpwhh;.

“mJ GJhPjpahd fbjk;; NeNu mth; iff;Nf te;jJ.

kw;w fbjnky;yhk; „rhahtdk;‟ Gspe;Njhg;G
rhk;g%h;j;jp Iah; Nky; ghh;j;J> Nkw;gbA+h;
ehl;lhz;ikf;fhuh; moFj;Njth; Fkuh;
 222

=rptdahz;bj;Njth; iftrk; nfhLg;gJ vd;W tUk;.

rhk;g%h;j;jp Iah; Ms; tpl;lioj;Jg; gbj;Jf;
fhz;gpg;ghh;. rpjk;guk; ,jidj; jfh;j;J tpl;lhd;”44

rKjha khw;wj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;F ,f;fbjk; xU FwpaPlhf

mikfpwJ. Gjpd Mrphpah; ,f;fbjj;ij xU FwpaPlhfg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

5.3.8. fbj cj;jp

E}iyg; gbf;Fk; Mrphpad; mij Ritgl $Wtjw;F Vw;w
tifapy; eLeLNt rpy fbjq;fis mikj;Jf; fhl;LtJ fbj
cj;jpahFk;. fbj cj;jp jkpo; ,yf;fpaj; Jiwf;Fg; Gjpjhdjy;y.
,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;dh; Njhd;wpa rpyg;gjpfhu fhtpaj;jpy;
khjtp vOjpajhf ,uz;L fbjq;fisg; gilj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;
,sq;Nfhtbfs;.

vdNt> fbjq;fspd; thapyhff; fijiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk;

cj;jpiaf; fbj cj;jp vd;gh;. ,k;Kiwapidj; njhlf;f fhy
vOj;jhsh;fs; Kjy; ,f;fhy vOj;jhsh;fs; tiu gad;gLj;jp
tUfpwhh;fs;.

“fij khe;jh;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;Sk;

fbjq;fs; thapyhff; fijiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk; Kiw”45

vd;W g. gukrptk; $WtJ <z;L vz;zj;jf;fJ.

Gjpd Mrphpah; rh. fe;jrhkpAk; jk; Gjpdq;fspy; fbj

cj;jpiag; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

nry;iyahTf;F jd; mk;khtplkpUe;J fbjk; te;jijg;

gbj;Jf; ghh;ff
; pd;whd;.

“igapy; ifia tpl;L xU fbjj;ij vLj;jhd;. mJ

mk;khtpd; fbjk;. mf;fhTf;F tisfhg;G – epiwa
 223

nryT. IE}W &gha; NtZk;. mtrpak; tu Ntz;Lk;

,e;jg; gf;fNk tutpy;iynad;W mk;kh
vOjpapUe;jhs;”46

vd;W fbjj;jpy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ. fijg;ghj;jpuq;fs; Nehpw;

$wtpayhj nra;jpfis ntspg;gLj;jTk;> jtph;f;f Kbahj
rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPh;T fhzTk;> fijapy; jpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jTk;>
fijia tsh;j;Jr; nry;yTk; gad;gLj;Jk; fbj cj;jpia jkJ
Gjpdj;jpy; ifahz;Ls;shh; rh. fe;jrhkp.

5.3.9. goq;fijf; $Wfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jp

,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; rpf;fy;fisAk;> jdpkdpj
czh;TfisAk; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtdthfNt Gjpdq;fs;
cs;sd. vdNt fhyq;fhykhf kf;fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;j
goq;fijfisAk;> tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisAk; epfo;fhyj;jpw;F
Vw;wgb Gjpjha; khw;wpg; nghUs; Gyg;ghl;bw;Fg; Gjpd Mrphpah;fs;
gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdh;. rKjha> jdpkdpj czh;TfNshL
njhlh;Gila tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisAk; goq;fijfisAk;
Njhe;njLj;Jg; gpizj;Jf; $Wtjd; %yk; Gjpd Mrphpah;fs;
ntspg;gLj;jf; fUjpa nra;jpfs; vspikahf ntspg;gLj;jg;
ngWtij czu KbfpwJ.

“,e;jpa ehl;by; ,uhkhazk;> ghujk;> ghftjk;>

Guhzq;fs; vy;yhk; kf;fspd; md;whl tho;tpy;
mbf;fb ciuahlypYk;> vOj;jpYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghj;jpug;
gilg;gpw;Fk;> fij mikg;gpw;Fk; fUj;Jf;
njsptpw;Fk; goq;fijfs; Xh; cj;jpahfg;
gad;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,g;goq;fij cj;jp ,e;jpah;
gad;gLj;Jk; ,e;jpa cj;jp”47
 224

vdf; Fwpg;gpLth;. ,g;goq;fijfs; Ma;tpw;Fhpa Gjpdq;fspy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sd.

“ghDkjp jphpNahjdd; nghz;lhl;b> rhUkjp

mhpr;re;jpud; nghz;lhl;b ngaU khjphp ,Uf;Fk;”48

vd;w $w;wpy; kfhghujk;> mhpr;re;jpug; Guhzf; fijfis Mrphpah;

Gjpdq;fspy; ,lk; ngwr; nra;Js;shh;. NkYk;>

“,yq;ifapy; uhtztjk; epfo;j;jpa uhkid

gpuk;k`j;jp Njh~k; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. mjd;
epth;j;jpf;F ,iwtid gpujp~;il nra;J
G+[pg;gJjhd; top vd;gij mwpfpwhd; uhkd;”49

vd;gjd; %yk; uhkhazf; fijAk;> Gjpdj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

Kdpth; fij> Gj;jh; fijfisAk; Mrphpah; ,lk;ngwr;
nra;Js;shh;.

5.3.10. ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jp

fij tpsf;fj;jpw;Fk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; nrayhf;fj;jpw;Fk;
,yf;fpar; nra;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
fijNahl;lj;jpw;Fj; Jiz nra;fpd;wd. mt;tifapy; Ma;Tf;Fhpa
Gjpdq;fspy; Guhzq;fs;> Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpg; gps;isj;jkpo;>
jpUf;Fws;> ghujpjhrd; ftpijfs;> K.tujuhrdhhpd; Gjpdq;fs;>
iggps; Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fis Gjpd Mrphpah; gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

5.3.11. gpuhzpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jp

,aw;if tsq;fisAk;> gpuhzpfisAk; fij epfo;tpw;F
vOj;jhsh;fs; gad;gLj;jp tUfpwhh;fs;. ,jpy; gpuhzpfSk;
fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fshfNt jpfo;fpd;wd. ,it Kjd;ik khe;jh;fNshL
rhh;e;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. gpuhzpfs; xU FwpaPlhfTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 225

“ilfh; fl;bypy; ,Ue;J fPNo jhtpf; Fjpj;jJ.

Fiuj;Jf; nfhz;L thry; gf;fk; XbaJ”50

“My tpOijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L xU nghpa Fuq;F

Kd;Nd jhtpaJ”51

vd;w thpfspy; eha;> Fuq;F Nghd;w gpuhzpfs; Gjpdj;jpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sij mwpa KbfpwJ.

5.3.12. ek;gfj;jd;ikA+l;Lk; cj;jp

fijiag; gbf;Fk;NghJ mf;fijapd; epfo;Tfs;
cz;ikapy; epfo;e;jpUf;ff; $Lk; vd;w ek;gf czh;itj;
Njhw;Wtpg;gJ ,t;tif cj;jpahFk;. gilg;ghsh;fs; fw;gidahfg;
gy fijfisAk; jk; tho;tpy; fz;l kdpjh;fspd; cz;ik
epfo;Tfisf; $Wtdthfr; rpy fijfisAk; mikg;gh;. fij
gbg;Nghh; ek;Gk; tifapy; vLj;Jiug;gh;. mt;tifapy;
rh.fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy; ,t;Tj;jpapid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Nl mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nrhh;zj;jpd; fztUld; jhd;
ve;jsTf;F neUf;fkhd gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gij kzp
nrhh;zj;jplk; ek;Gk;gbahff; $Wfpwhd;.

“mz;zd; vg;gbg;gl;l MS. mTq;ffpl;l nrj;j Neuk;

gofpdhNghJk;> mg;Gwk; rhfpw tiuf;Fk; kwf;f
KbahJ. fij Nfl;gJ Nghy mtd;
nrhy;tijnay;yhk; Nfl;lgb ,Ue;jhs;. jd; fztd;
mg;gbg;gl;l Msh vd;W ,tSf;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ”52

,t;thW epfo;T cz;ikapy; eilngw;wpUf;ff; $Lk; vd;W ek;Gk;

tifapy; ,t;Tj;jpia eaj;Jld; ifahz;L ,Uf;fpwhh; rh.
fe;jrhkp.
 226

5.3.13. eifr;Rit cj;jp

gbg;Nghhpd; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;Lk; tifapy; gilg;ghsd;
eifr;Rit cj;jpiaf; ifahStJ cz;L. fijapy;
eifr;Ritiaf; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; gad;gLj;JtJ fijf;F
moNfw;wTk;> gbg;Nghiu <h;g;Gf; nfhs;sTk; nra;fpd;wd.
rh.fe;jrhkpapd; Gjpdq;fspy; eifr;RitAzh;it eakhff;
ifahz;Ls;shh;. Uf;Fkzp tFg;gpy; ghlk; elj;jpf; nfhz;L
,Uf;fpwhh;. mg;NghJ khzth;fsplk; Nfs;tp Nfl;fpwhh;.

“ahh; tPl;y vy;yhk; eha; ,Uf;F?

,uhN[e;jpud; ,uz;L iffisAk; J}f;fpdhd;

mJ vJf;F ,uz;L if?

vq;f tPl;y ,uz;L eha; Br;rh;

%d;W eha; ,Ue;jh?

,uz;L ifNahL xU fhiyAk; Nrh;j;Jf; J}f;fpLNtd;

Br;rh;”53

vd;w ciuahlypy; eifr;Rit czh;T ntspg;gLtijf;

fhzKbfpwJ.

5.3.14. ghl;Lg;ghLjy; cj;jp

fij khe;jh;fs; ,d;gkhfTk; Jd;gkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
jd;id kwe;J ghl;Lg;ghLtJ ,ay;G. ,g;ghl;Lg; ghLk; cj;jp
tl;lhu Gjpdq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; fhzKbfpwJ. mk;Kiw
fijNahl;lj;jpw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mt;tifapy;
Gjpd Mrphpah; jk; Gjpdq;fspy; fij khe;jh;fs; ghl;Lg;ghLtij
,lk;ngwr; nra;Js;shh;. rq;fuypq;fk; kfpo;r;rpNahL ele;J
nry;Yk;NghJ ghl;Lg;ghbf; nfhz;L nry;fpd;whd;.
 227

“jpBnud;W rq;fuypq;fk; „xa;ahuf; nfhz;ilahk;

jhok;G+thk;.... cs;Ns ,Uf;Fjhk; <Uk; NgDk;...‟
vd;W ghbf;nfhz;L elf;f Muk;gpj;jhh;”54

vd;w thpfspy; ghl;Lg; ghLk; cj;jpia fhzKbfpwJ.

,t;Tj;jpapd; top mg;ghj;jpuj;jpd; kNdhepiy ntspg;gLtijf;
fhz KbfpwJ

5.3.15. ehlf cj;jp

Guhz> ,jpfhrq;fs; ehlfkhf ebf;fg;gLtJ rKjhaj;jpy;
tof;fkhftpl;lJ. Ch; jpUtpoh kw;Wk; gs;spfspy; ,e;epfo;r;rpfs;
eilngWk;. ,e;ehlfq;fspd; %yk; Gjpd Mrphpah;fs; jhk; $w
tpUk;Gk;; fUj;Jf;fis thrfh;fSf;F njhptpg;gh;. ,it
fijNahl;lj;jpid elj;jpAk; nry;Yk;. mt;tifapy; rh. fe;jrhkp
gs;spapy; ele;j uhkaz ehlff; fhl;rpia jk; Gjpdj;jpy;
,lk;ngwr; nra;Js;shh;.

jq;fuhR> 'Uf;F> Uf;F ehd; ];$y;y gbf;fpwg;g

ghj;jpUf;Nfd;. IQ;rhW MSq;f uhkh;> yl;Rkzh;>
rPij Nt~k; Nghl;Lf;fpl;L... Fbf;fhu uhkd;
xopf...mNahf;fpa uhkd; xopfd;D fj;jpf;fpl;L
ebr;rhq;f!' vd;whd;”55

vd;gjd; top ehlf cj;jp Gjpdq;fspy; ifahsg;gl;bUg;gJ

Gyg;gLfpwJ.

5.3.16. nra;jpj;jhisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jp

cyfr; nra;jpfspd; %yk; jhd; $w tpUk;Gk; fUj;ij
Gjpd Mrphpah; $w KbAk;. ,ij fijkhe;jh;fs; top
nray;gLj;Jth;. Gjpdj;jpy; nra;jpj;jhs;fis fijkhe;jh;fs;
thrpf;Fk; #oiy rh. fe;jrhkp Vw;gLj;jp> fijia efh;j;jpr;
nry;fpwhh;.
 228

“xU rpd;dg; igad; Ngg;giu ePl;bdhd;. Ngg;giu

thq;fpf; nfhz;L te;J ehw;fhypapy; cl;fhh;e;J gbf;f
Muk;gpj;jhd;. mNahj;jpapy; uhkh; Nfhtpy; fl;Ltij
ve;j rf;jpahYk; jLf;f KbahJ vd;w rpq;fy
mwptpg;Gjhd; jiyg;Gr; nra;jpahf ,Ue;jJ”56

vd;w thpfspy; nra;jpj;jhspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; nra;jpia

fijkhe;jh; gbf;Fk; #oiyg; Gjpd Mrphpa Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhLj;jpUg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

5.3.17. ngah; cj;jp

Gjpdj;jpy; gytif cj;jpfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
Gjpdj;jpw;Nfw;wthW mt;Tj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;Jth;. me;j
tifapy; rh. fe;jrhkp Gjpjhf xU cj;jpiaf; ifahz;Ls;shh;.

“nghpa rhiyapypUe;J fpsp%f;F khkuk; tiuapy;

xU nfhbg;ghij! Mykuj;jpypUe;J KdP];tud;
J}q;F %Q;rp kuk; tiuapy; xU ghij”57

,t;thpfspy; mq;;F xU kuk; ,Ue;jJ. ,q;F khkuk; ,Ue;jJ

vd;W $wpr; nry;yhky; capNuhl;lkhf $w Kw;gl;L „fpsp%f;F
khkuk;‟ vd;w tifapy; $wpr; nry;tJ xU GJtif cj;jpNa
vdyhk;.

“fdfrghgjp nrl;bahh;> Rg;G Iah;> rk;g%h;j;jp Iah;>

gyhj;Njhg;G ghh;j;jrhujp Iaq;fhh;> gjQ;ryp rh];jphp>
KUfG+gjp gps;is> cj;jpuhgjpg; gilahr;rp>
yl;Rkzuht;”58
 229

vd rhahtdk; Gjpdj;jpd; fij epfOk; fsj;jpy; gy;NtW

gphptpdh; tho;fpd;wdh; vd;gijg; ngah; %ykhfNt Mrphpah;
czh;j;Jfpwhh;. ngahpy; kl;LNk rhjpiaf; fhl;bapUg;gJ ,g;Gjpd
MrphpaUf;Nf chpa xU jdp cj;jp MFk;.

5.3.18. Nghuhl;l cj;jp

xU Gjpdj;jpy; ghj;jpuq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Nghuhl;lq;fis
rpj;jhpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ xU tif cj;jpahFk;. Gjpdj;jpd; mikg;Gf;
$WfSs; vOr;rpiaj; J}z;b Gjpdj;NjhL xd;Wk;gbr; nra;tJ
Nghuhl;lNk MFk;. rh. fe;jrhkp jdJ Gjpdq;fspy; ,t;Tj;jpia
mikj;Js;shh;.

xU muR CopaUf;F Mjuthf rf Copah;fs;

fhty;Jiwf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl;lk; nra;fpwhh;fs;.

“NghypNr! nfhy;yhNj... nfhy;yhNj

nghJ[d Copaidf; nfhy;yhNj
NghypNr! mbf;fhNj... mbf;fhNj

muR Copaid mbf;fhNj”59

vd;w thpfspy; Nghuhl;l cj;jpia mwpa KbfpwJ.

5.3.19. Ngr;R tof;F cj;jp

Ma;Tf;Fhpa Gjpdq;fspy; gy Ngr;R tof;FfisAk;
Mrphpah; Xh; cj;jpahff; nfhz;L gilj;Js;shh;.

“me;j mlg;G ,Ue;jh> xU gf;fj;jpy; rhkhq;f

Nghlyhk;. xU gf;fj;jpy; nuz;L NgU te;jh Fe;jp
Ngryhk;> nrj;j gLj;Jf;fyhq;f> khkh”60

“eP ,q;fjhNd ,Uf;fg;Nghw. N[hf;fhd nghz;zhg;

ghj;J ehd; Kbr;R itf;fpNwd;. ehisf;F th”61
 230

,it Nghd;w gy ,lq;fspy; Ngr;R tof;fpid xU cj;jpahff;

nfhz;L Gjpdj;ijg; gapy;Nthh; vspikaha; mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;>
Gjpdk; rpwe;J tpsq;fTk; Mrphpah; top fz;Ls;shh;.

5.3.20. jiyg;gpdhy; fijia czh;j;Jk; cj;jp

fijf;Ff; fijj; jiyg;G kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
fijj;jiyg;G gilg;ghsdpd; fiyEl;g ntspg;ghl;by; xU
$whFk;. m/J xU gilg;gpid Mrphpah; ve;jg; ghh;itapy;
ntspg;gLj;jf; fUJfpwhh; vd;gijr; Rl;lf; $baJ. fijf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd jiyg;G mikAkhdhy;> mJ gilg;gpd; juj;ij
cah;j;Jk;. mNjhL gbg;gtdpd; rpe;jidiaAk; njhl;L epw;Fk;.
fijj; jiyg;Gf; nfhz;Nl Mrphpadpd; Nehf;F> Nghf;Ffs;
Gyg;gLk;.

“fijapd; jiyg;G> fijapd; cs;sPl;il xUthW

RUf;fpj; jUtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. fijapd; fUj;J
mjd; cs;sPlhFk;. mt;Ts;sPl;bd; fiy Fd;whf;
FWf;fNk jiyg;ghf mika Ntz;Lk;”62

vd;W $Wth;. „njhiye;J Nghdth;fs;‟ Gjpdj;jpy; jhNkhjud;

jd;id tpl;Lj; njhiye;J Nghd rq;fud;> uhkrhkp> NtZNfhghy;
MfpNahiu fz;Lgpbj;J xd;W Nrh;j;J jd; tPlb
; y; tpUe;J itf;f
Vw;ghL nra;tjhf fij mike;Js;sJ. „mtd; MdJ‟ Gjpdj;jpy;
rptrz;Kfk; jd;idg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpapy; ntw;wpf;
fz;L. cyfj;jpw;Fj; jd;id milahsg;gLj;Jfpwhd; vd;gjhff;
fijf; $wg;gl;L cs;sJ. „Ntiyaw;wtd;‟ Gjpdj;jpy; rq;fud;
Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfj;jpy; GjpT nra;J tpl;L>
Ntiyf;fpilf;fhky; jtpf;Fk; epiyapy; fijapd; ikaf;fUj;J
cs;sJ.
 231

njhFg;Giu
 rKjhaf; $Wfis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ljw;Nfw;w Gjpa
cj;jpfisg; Gjpd Mrphpah; Nkw;nfhz;L cs;shh;.

 Xh; Mrphpad; gilg;Gj; jpwid ntspf;nfhzh;tdthf cj;jpfs;

mikAk;. xU rpwe;j fiyg;gilg;ghfg; Gjpdq;fs; gilf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lnkdpy; Vw;w cj;jpfs; ifahsg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

 cj;jp vd;gJ gilg;ghsd; jhd; $w te;j nra;jpapd;

cs;slf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; KiwNa. ,JNghd;W cj;jp
Fwpj;J gy;NtW mwpQh;fspd; tpsf;fq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

 rh. fe;jrhkp jhk; fw;Wzh;e;j gl;lwptpidAk;> Rw;Wg;Gw

mwpitAk; ntspg;gLj;jp jk; gilg;Gfspy; rpytif
cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

 fij $Wk; cj;jp> gpd;Ndhf;F cj;jp> Kd;Ndhf;F cj;jp>

edNthil cj;jp. FwpaPL cj;jp> ciuahly; cj;jp>
gpuhzpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; cj;jp> eifr;RitAj;jp> cs;spl;l
gy cj;jpfis Mrphpah; Ma;Tf;Fhpa Gjpdq;fspy;
ifahz;Ls;shh;.

 rKjha jdpkdpj czh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf

mtw;NwhL njhlh;Gila goq;fijf; $Wfisg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;shh;.

 jdpkdpj Jf;fq;fs;> th;f;fg; Nghuhl;lr; rPh;NfLfs;

Nghd;wtw;iw ntspf;fhl;l ,t;Tj;jpfs; nghpJk; Jiz
Ghpe;Js;sd.

 cj;jpfspd; topahf Mrphpahpd; jdpj;jd;ikia mwpa

KbfpwJ.
 232

rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;
1. rptypq;fdhh; M.> 14-tJ fUj;juq;F Ma;Tf;Nfhit njhFg;G> g.71

2. ,uhkypq;fk; kh.> ehty; ,yf;fpak;> g.147

3. jpUkiy> jkpo;-kiyahs ehty; xg;gha;T> g.147

4. gtze;jp Kdpth;> ed;D}y;> gf;.14>125

5. tujuhrdhh; K.> ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.174

6. Subramanian S.V. and Murugan (Eds.), Pater son Tamil studies,

jkpourp ,uh.> jkpo; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs; - Xh; mwpKfk;> g.44

7. Rg;ukzpad; r.Nt.> fk;gd; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs;> g.34

8. ,sk;G+uzh;> njhy;fhg;gpak; - kugpay;> E}.110

9. gpr;rKj;J e.> jpwdha;Tk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; nfhs;iffSk;> g.4

10. eluhrd; jp.R.> jpwdha;Tf; fiy> g.203

11. Rg;ukzpak; f.e.> ehty; fiy> g.153

12. Chidambaranatha Chettiat, English – Tamil Dictionary, p.116

13. rhujhk;ghs; nr.> nrt;tpay;> g.71

14. Rg;ukzpad; r.Nt.> ,sq;Nfhtpd; ,yf;fpa cj;jpfs;> g.6

15. Nkhfd; lhf;lh; ,uh. (gjpg;ghrphpah;)> ehty; tsh;r;rp> g.197

16. ,uhkypq;fk; kh.> ehty; ,yf;fpak;> gf;.149-150

17. tujuhrdhh; K.> ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.214

18. fPjh Nfh.nt.> jkpo; ehty;fs; - Xh; mwpKfk;> g.120

 233

19. Jonarthan Roban, The technique of Modern Fiction, p.207

20. jz;lhAjk; ,uh.> ,yf;fpaf; fiy> g.107

21. tujuhrdhh; K.> ,yf;fpa kuG> g.127

22. fe;jrhkp rh.> mtd; MdJ> g.15

23. tujuhrdhh; K.> ,yf;fpa kuG> g.126

24. fe;jrhkp rh.> Vhpf;fiuapNy> g.1

25. Qhdrk;ge;jd; m.r.> ,yf;fpaf; fiy> g.263

26. NkyJ> g.356

27. fh[h KifjPd; m.> `]dpd; tuyhw;W ehty;fs; - Xh; Ma;T> g.203

28. tstd; Kidth; rh.> ngz; gilg;ghsh;fspd; gilg;Gfs;> g.86

29. fe;jrhkp rh.> #h;atk;rk;> g.159

30. fe;jrhkp rh.> Ntiyaw;wtd;> g.5

31. fe;jrhkp rh.> njhiye;J Nghdth;fs;> g.5

32. nry;yg;gh rp.R.> ,yf;fpar; Rit> g.75

33. fe;jrhkp rh.> rhahtdk;> g.37

34. Rg;igah muq;f.> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T ,rq;fs; nfhs;iffs;> g.259

35. fe;jrhkp rh.> #h;atk;rk;> g.49

36. Qhd%h;j;jp jh.V.> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;tpay;> g.320

37. Kj;ijah fU.> n[afhe;jd; ehty;fspy; ghj;jpug;gilg;G> g.158

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38. gpughfhp f.> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tk; nfhs;iffSk;> g.194

39. Rg;igah muq;f.> ,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;T ,rq;fs; nfhs;iffs;> g.277

40. kPdhl;rpRe;judhh; nj.ngh.> ghl;bNy Gul;rp. gf;.74-75

41. fe;jrhkp rh.> Ntiyaw;wtd;> g.32

42. fe;jrhkp rh.> mtd; MdJ> g.38

43. rpl;b rptghj Re;juk; Nrh.> Gjpdj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;> g.29

44. fe;jrhkp rh.> rhahtdk;> g.189

45. gukrptk; g.> jkpopy; xU gf;ff; fijfs;> g.45

46. fe;jrhkp rh.> #h;atk;rk;> g.239

47. muq;frhkp rp.> Ma;Tf;Nfhit> g.22

48. fe;jrhkp rh.> mtd; MdJ> g.31

49. fe;jrhkp rh.> tprhuizf; fkp~d;> g.31

50. NkyJ> g.51

51. fe;jrhkp rh.> #h;atk;rk;> g.49

52. NkyJ> gf;.56-57

53. fe;jrhkp rh.> tprhuizf; fkp~d;> g.51

54. NkyJ> g.105

55. NkyJ> g.120

56. fe;jrhkp rh.> vl;lhtJ fly;> g.76

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57. fe;jrhkp rh.> rhahtdk;> g.18

58. NkyJ> g.236

59. fe;jrhkp rh.> tprhuizf; fkp~d;> g.170

60. fe;jrhkp rh.> rhahtdk;> g.106

61. fe;jrhkp rh.> Vhpf;fiuapNy> g.87