O Problema Geral da Navegação

O PROBLEMA GERAL
1 DA NAVEGAÇÃO

1.1 DEFINIÇÃO; FORMAS; SEQUÊNCIA

BÁSICA DAS ATIVIDADES
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Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas 1

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

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 Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

1.2 TIPOS E MÉTODOS DE NAVEGAÇÃO.

PRECISÃO REQUERIDA E INTERVALO
DE TEMPO ENTRE POSIÇÕES
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WLFDVGDFRVWDPDVQmRLQIHULRUDPLOKDVRXHPiJXDVFRPDWpPHWURVGHSURIXQGLGDGH
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Figura 1.1 – Precisão Requerida e Intervalo de Tempo entre Posições

Tipo de Navegação

Requisito Em águas Costeira Oceânica

restritas
'LVWkQFLDjFRVWDRX 0HQRUTXH 'HD 0DLRUTXH
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Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas 3

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

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1.3 A FORMA DA TERRA. A ESFERA

TERRESTRE
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Figura 1.2 – Forma da Terra

4 Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

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Figura 1.3 – Parâmetros do Elipsóide Internacional de Referência

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Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas 

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

1.4 PRINCIPAIS LINHAS, PONTOS E

PLANOS DO GLOBO TERRESTRE
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Figura 1.4 – Equador: Círculo Máximo a Meio entre os Pólos

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Figura 1.5 – Círculo Máximo e Círculo Menor

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Figura 1.6 – Paralelo ou Paralelo de Latitude

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6 Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

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Figura 1.7 – Meridianos

Eixo da Terra

1.5 A POSIÇÃO NA TERRA. SISTEMA DE

COORDENADAS GEOGRÁFICAS
Figura 1.8– Principais Linhas, Planos e Pontos do Globo Terrestre. Sistema de Coordenadas
GeográÀcas

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Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas 

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

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1.6 DISTÂNCIAS NA SUPERFÍCIE DA

TERRA. A MILHA NÁUTICA
(OU MILHA MARÍTIMA).
ORTODROMIA E LOXODROMIA

a. A MILHA NÁUTICA
A DISTÂNCIA HQWUHGRLVSRQWRVQDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDpDVHSDUDomRHVSDFLDOHQWUHHOHV
H[SUHVVDSHORFRPSULPHQWRGRPHQRUDUFRGHFtUFXORPi[LPRTXHRVXQH(PQDYHJDomRDV
',67Ç1&,$6VmRQRUPDOPHQWHPHGLGDVHP0,/+$61É87,&$6
MILHA NÁUTICARX0,/+$0$5Ì7,0$pRFRPSULPHQWRGRDUFRGHPHULGLDQRTXHVXE
WHQGHXPkQJXORGHPLQXWRFXMRYpUWLFHSRVLFLRQDVHQRFHQWURGD7HUUD0DLVUHVXPLGDPHQ
WHSRGHVHGHÀQLUD0,/+$1É87,&$FRPRVHQGRRFRPSULPHQWRGRDUFRGH
GH/DWLWXGH
&RQWXGRRFRPSULPHQWRGRDUFRGHPHULGLDQRFRUUHVSRQGHQWHDXPkQJXORGH
QRFHQWURGD
7HUUDYDULDOLJHLUDPHQWHFRPROXJDUXPDYH]TXHD7HUUDQmRpSHUIHLWDPHQWHHVIpULFD'DGR
SRUpPRLQWHUHVVHGHXPDXQLGDGHGHYDORUFRQVWDQWHÀ[RXVHSRUXP$FRUGR,QWHUQDFLRQDO
RYDORUGDPLOKDQiXWLFDHP0(7526LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWHGD/DWLWXGHGROXJDU
3RGHUVHLDHQWmRGHÀQLUXPD0,/+$1É87,&$FRPRRFRPSULPHQWRGRDUFRGHXPPLQXWR
GHPHULGLDQRWHUUHVWUHHGL]HUTXHVHXYDORUpGH0(7526

 Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

'HYLGRDRSUREOHPDGDVGHIRUPDo}HVHP/DWLWXGHDSUHVHQWDGDVQDV&$57$6'(
0(5&$725/DWLWXGHV&UHVFLGDVDVGLVWkQFLDVQHVWDVFDUWDVGHYHPVHUVHPSUHPHGLGDV
QDHVFDODGDV/DWLWXGHVPLQXWRGH/DWLWXGHpLJXDODPLOKD

b. ORTODROMIA E LOXODROMIA
Figura 1.9 – Ortodromia (Arco de Círculo Máximo)

ORTODROMIApTXDOTXHUVHJPHQWRGH
XP FtUFXOR Pi[LPR GD HVIHUD WHUUHVWUH e
DVVLPDPHQRUGLVWkQFLDHQWUHGRLVSRQWRV
QDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUD)LJXUD

NA ESFERA TERRESTRE

NA CARTA DE MERCATOR

²/2;2'520,$28/,1+$'(5802pDOLQKDTXHLQWHUFHSWDRVYiULRVPHULGLDQRV
VHJXQGRXPkQJXORFRQVWDQWH)LJXUD
(PERUDDPHQRUGLVWkQFLDHQWUHGRLVSRQWRVQDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDVHMDXPD2572
'520,$LVWRpRDUFRGRFtUFXORPi[LPRTXHSDVVHSHORVGRLVSRQWRVHPQDYHJDomRpTXDVH
VHPSUHPDLVFRQYHQLHQWHQDYHJDUSRUXPD/2;2'520,$LVWRpSRUXPD/,1+$'(5802
LQGLFDGDSHOD$JXOKDQDTXDODGLUHomRGDSURDGRQDYLRFRUWHWRGRVRVPHULGLDQRVVREXP
PHVPRkQJXOR

Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas 

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

Figura 1.10 – Loxodromia ou Linha de Rumo

NA ESFERA TERRESTRE

NA CARTA DE MERCATOR

1.7 A DIREÇÃO NO MAR. RUMOS E

MARCAÇÕES
Figura 1.11 – Direções

DIREÇÃOpQDVXSHUItFLHGD7HUUDDOLQKDTXHOLJD
GRLVSRQWRVFRPXPDRULHQWDomR$)LJXUDDSUH
VHQWDDVGLUHo}HV&$5'($,6,17(5&$5'($,6RX
/$7(5$,6 H &2/$7(5$,6 FRPXPHQWH UHIHULGDV
HPQDYHJDomRWRGDVDVGLUHo}HVPRVWUDGDVVmR',5(
d¯(69(5'$'(,5$6LVWRpWrPFRPRUHIHUrQFLDR
1257(9(5'$'(,52

&$5'($,6 16(H:
/$7(5$,6 1(6(1:H6:
11((1((6(66( 
&2/$7(5$,6  11: :1: :6: H
66:

 Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

Figura 1.12 – Rumo

RUMOSXPQDYLRRXHPEDUFDomRJRYHUQD

VHJXLQGR XP 5802 TXH SRGH VHU GHÀQLGR
FRPRRkQJXORKRUL]RQWDOHQWUHXPDGLUHomR
GHUHIHUrQFLDHDGLUHomRSDUDDTXDODSRQWDD
SURDGRQDYLRRXRTXHpRPHVPRRkQJXOR
KRUL]RQWDOHQWUHXPDGLUHomRGHUHIHUrQFLDH
DSURDGRQDYLR2VUXPRVVmRPHGLGRVGHž
DžQRVHQWLGRGRPRYLPHQWRGRVSRQWHLURV
GHXPUHOyJLRDSDUWLUGD',5(d®2'(5(
)(5È1&,$)LJXUD

$VGXDV',5(d¯(6'(5()(5È1&,$
GHQDYHJDomRPDLVXWLOL]DGDVVmR
1257(9(5'$'(,52RX*(2*5É),&2H

1257(0$*1e7,&2

$VGLUHo}HVDERUGRVmRPDWHULDOL]DGDVUHVSHF
WLYDPHQWHSRUHTXLSDPHQWRV*,526&Ð3,2
$*8/+$*,526&Ð3,&$H$*8/+$0$*
1e7,&$$VVLPWHPVHDVUHIHUrQFLDV1257('$*,52TXHHPJHUDOSRGHWHUXPGHVYLR
HPUHODomRDR1257(9(5'$'(,52H1257('$$*8/+$TXHSRVVXLGLIHUHQWHVGHVYLRV
HPUHODomRDR1257(0$*1e7,&2FRQIRUPHR5XPRHPTXHVHQDYHJXHTXHFRQVWLWXHP
TXDQGRSORWDGRVQD&859$'('(69,2'$$*8/+$0$*1e7,&$

Figura 1.13 – Rumos Verdadeiro, da Agulha, Magnético e da Giro

$VVLP FRQIRUPH D ',5(d®2 '(

5()(5È1&,$HPUHODomRjTXDOpPHGLGR
RUXPRGHQRPLQDVH)LJXUD
58029(5'$'(,525Y
5802'$$*8/+$5DJ
58020$*1e7,&25PJ
5802'$*,525JLUR
7DPEpP UHODFLRQDGRV DRV FRQFHLWRV
DFLPDDSUHVHQWDGRVSRGHPVHUGHÀQLGRVRV
VHJXLQWHVHOHPHQWRV
PROApDGLUHomRSDUDDTXDORQDYLRHVWi
DSRQWDQGR QXP GHWHUPLQDGR LQVWDQWH
4XDQGR VH JRYHUQD HP XP GHWHUPLQDGR
5802QHPVHPSUHVHFRQVHJXHPDQWrOR
ULJRURVDPHQWHFRQVWDQWH1RUPDOPHQWHSRU
LQÁXrQFLD GR HVWDGR GR PDU RQGDV YDJD
OK}HVYHQWRHUURVGRWLPRQHLURHWF

Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas 11

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

RUMOS PRÁTICOSTXDQGRVHQDYHJDHPULRVFDQDLVHVWUHLWRVRXiJXDVFRQÀQDGDVpFR
PXPRULHQWDUVHSRUUHIHUrQFLDVGHWHUUDHQmRSRUUXPRVGDGRVSHODVDJXOKDVPDJQpWLFDRX
JLURVFySLFD(VWDVGLUHo}HVQDVTXDLVRQDYLRGHYHJRYHUQDUSDUDPDQWHUVHVDIRGHSHULJRV
VmRGHQRPLQDGDV5802635É7,&26
1DUHDOLGDGHHVSHFLÀFDPHQWHRWHUPR5802DSOLFDVHjGLUHomRQDTXDOVHQDYHJD
QDVXSHUItFLHGRPDUTXHHPJHUDOHQFRQWUDVHHPPRYLPHQWRSHORHIHLWRGDFRUUHQWHHIHLWR
HVVHTXHQDUHDOLGDGHUHSUHVHQWDDUHVXOWDQWHGDDomRGHGLYHUVRVDJHQWHVWDLVFRPRYHQWR
FRUUHQWHVHRXWURV$VVLPVXUJHRFRQFHLWRGH580212)81'2FRPRDGLUHomRUHVXOWDQWH
UHIHULGDDR1257(9(5'$'(,52UHDOPHQWHQDYHJDGDGHVGHRSRQWRGHSDUWLGDDWpRSRQWR
GHFKHJDGDQXPGHWHUPLQDGRPRPHQWR1RUPDOPHQWHR580212)81'2pDFRPSRVLomR
GR58021$683(5)Ì&,(HDTXHOHGHYLGRDRHIHLWRGDFRUUHQWH5802'$&255(17(
FRQIRUPHPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUD
Figura 1.14 – Rumo na Superfície e Rumo no Fundo
$VDEUHYLDWXUDVXWLOL]DGDVVmR
58029(5'$'(,525RX5Y
58020$*1e7,&25PJ
5802'$*,525JLUR
5802'$$*8/+$5DJ
5802635É7,&265S
580212)81'25IG
$SUHFLVmRDGRWDGDpGHž8P5802GHYHVHUVHPSUHHVFULWRFRPWUrVDOJDULVPRV
HPVXDSDUWHLQWHLUD([HPSORVžžžžž

MARCAÇÃOpRkQJXORKRUL]RQWDOHQWUHDOLQKDTXHXQHRSRQWRQRQDYLRDSDUWLUGRTXDO
VHID]DREVHUYDomRGRREMHWRPDUFDGRHXPRXWURREMHWRHXPDGHWHUPLQDGD',5(d®2'(
5()(5È1&,$
(VWD',5(d®2'(5()(5È1&,$SRGHVHU
1257(9(5'$'(,52RX*(2*5É),&2
1257(0$*1e7,&2
1257('$*,52
1257('$$*8/+$
352$'21$9,2
&RQIRUPHD',5(d®2'(5()(5È1&,$DPDUFDomRVHUiGHQRPLQDGD

Figura 1.15 – Marcação Verdadeira

MARCAÇÃO VERDADEIRA 0 RX 0Y p R kQJXOR

KRUL]RQWDOHQWUHR1257(9(5'$'(,52HDOLQKDTXH
XQH R SRQWR GH REVHUYDomR QR QDYLR DR REMHWR PDUFDGR
PHGLGRGHžDžQRVHQWLGRGRPRYLPHQWRGRVSRQ
WHLURVGHXPUHOyJLRDSDUWLUGR1257(9(5'$'(,52
)LJXUD2EWLGDDSDUWLUGRGRFXPHQWRFDUWRJUiÀFR
)XGDOHLWXUDGD$*8/+$*,526&Ð3,&$FRPELQDGDD
VHXGHVYLR

 Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

MARCAÇÃO MAGNÉTICA0PJpRkQJXORKRUL]RQWDOHQWUHR1257(0$*1e7,&2H

DOLQKDTXHXQHRSRQWRGHREVHUYDomRQRQDYLRDRREMHWRPDUFDGRPHGLGRGHžDžQR
VHQWLGRKRUiULRDSDUWLUGR1257(0$*1e7,&22EWLGDDSDUWLUGRGRFXPHQWRFDUWRJUiÀFR
RXGDOHLWXUDGD$*8/+$0$*1e7,&$FRPELQDGDDVHXGHVYLR
MARCAÇÃO DA GIRO0JLURkQJXORKRUL]RQWDOHQWUHR1257('$*,52HDOLQKDTXH
XQHRSRQWRGHREVHUYDomRQRQDYLRDRREMHWRPDUFDGRPHGLGRGHƒDƒQRVHQWLGRKR
UiULRDSDUWLUGR1257('$*,52GHVYLDGRGR1257(9(5'$'(,52
MARCAÇÃO DA AGULHA0DJpRkQJXORKRUL]RQWDOHQWUHR1257('$$*8/+$HD
OLQKDTXHXQHRQDYLRDRREMHWRPDUFDGRPHGLGRGHžDžQRVHQWLGRKRUiULRDSDUWLU
GR1257('$$*8/+$'HVYLDGRGR1257(0$*1e7,&2GHDFRUGRFRPD&859$'(
'(69,2'$$*8/+$0$*1e7,&$
4XDQGRD',5(d®2'(5()(5È1&,$pD352$'21$9,2DPDUFDomRSRGHVHU
GHQRPLQDGDGH0$5&$d®25(/$7,9$RX0$5&$d®232/$5

Figura 1.16 – Marcação Relativa

MARCAÇÃO RELATIVA0UpRkQJXORKR

UL]RQWDOHQWUHD352$HDOLQKDTXHXQHRSRQWR
GHREVHUYDomRQRQDYLRDRREMHWRPDUFDGRPH
GLGRGHžDžQRVHQWLGRKRUiULRDSDUWLU
GD352$)LJXUD(QWmRWHUHPRV0Y
0U5)LJXUD

Figura 1.17 – Mv = Mr + R

Mv = Mr + R
Figura 1.18 – Marcação Polar

MARCAÇÃO POLAR0SpPHGLGDDSDUWLUGD

SURDSDUD%25(67(%(RXSDUD%20%25'2
%%GHžDž5HFHEHVHPSUHXPDGHVLJQD
omR%(RX%%WDOFRPRPRVWUDGRQD)LJXUD

Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas 13

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

Figura 1.19 – Exemplos de Marcações

Um navio no Rv = 045º. marca um farol

exatamente pelo # de BB
a) Qual a Mp ?
b) Qual a Mr ?
c) Qual o Mv ?

1D)LJXUDXPQDYLRQR58029(5
'$'(,525Y žPDUFDXPIDUROH[DWDPHQWH
QRWUDYpVGH%%LVWRpQD0$5&$d®232/$50S
ž%%eSRVVtYHOHQWmRREWHUD0$5&$d®2
5(/$7,9$0UHD0$5&$d®29(5'$'(,5$
0YGRIDURO

0U ž
0Y 0U5 ž
7DO FRPR RV 58026 DV 0$5&$d¯(6
WDPEpPGHYHPVHUVHPSUHHVFULWDVFRPWUrVDOJD
ULVPRVHPVXDSDUWHLQWHLUD$DSUR[LPDomRDVHU
XVDGDpGHž([HPSORV0 ž0 ž
0 ž

1.8 A VELOCIDADE NO MAR

VELOCIDADE YHOpDGLVWkQFLDSHUFRUULGDQDXQLGDGHGHWHPSR(PQDYHJDomRD
XQLGDGHGHYHORFLGDGHFRPXPHQWHXWLOL]DGDpR1ÐTXHFRUUHVSRQGHjYHORFLGDGHGH
0,/+$1É87,&$325+25$
VELOCIDADE NO FUNDOYHOIGpDH[SUHVVmRTXHGHVLJQDYHORFLGDGHDRORQJR
GDGHUURWDUHDOPHQWHVHJXLGDHPUHODomRDRIXQGRGRPDUGHVGHRSRQWRGHSDUWLGDDWpXP
SRQWRGHFKHJDGD
VELOCIDADE DE AVANÇO62$GRLQJOrV´63(('2)$'9$1&(µpDH[SUHVVmR
XVDGDSDUDLQGLFDUDYHORFLGDGHFRPTXHVHSUHWHQGHSURJUHGLUDRORQJRGDGHUURWDSODQHMDGDe
XPLPSRUWDQWHGDGRGHSODQHMDPHQWRFRPEDVHQRTXDOVmRFDOFXODGRVRV(7$´(67,0$7('
7,0(2)$55,9$/µRX+25$(67,0$'$'(&+(*$'$HRV(7'´(67,0$7('7,0(
2)'(3$5785(µRX+25$(67,0$'$'(3$57,'$HPUHODomRDRVGLYHUVRVSRQWRVH
SRUWRVGDGHUURWDSODQHMDGD

14 Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

1.9 OUTRAS UNIDADES DE MEDIDA

UTILIZADAS EM NAVEGAÇÃO
MEDIDAS DE DISTÂNCIAS
MDUGD SpV PHWUR
1DUHDOLGDGHPLOKDQiXWLFDWHPMDUGDV(QWUHWDQWRGHPRGRDSUR[LPDGR
PXLWDVYH]HVFRQVLGHUDVHHPQDYHJDomRPLOKD MDUGDV
DPDUUDFDEOH EUDoDV MDUGDV PHWURV

MEDIDAS ANGULARES
$OpPGRXVRGDPHGLGDDQJXODUHP*5$8pWDPEpPWUDGLFLRQDOHPRXWUDV0DULQKDV
RXVRGR3217232,17SULQFLSDOPHQWHHPUHODomRjSURD232172FRUUHVSRQGHDWULJp
VLPDVHJXQGDSDUWHGRFtUFXORHSRUWDQWRDƒ

MEDIDAS DE PROFUNDIDADES
PHWUR SpV MDUGD EUDoD
Sp SROHJDGDV PHWUR
EUDoD MDUGDV SpV PHWUR

Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas 

 O Problema Geral da Navegação

16 Navegação costeira, estimada e em águas restritas