Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work

Roa

203058

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2020 12-03
 Introduction

This work is carried out the aim of giving the reader basic concepts through practical
exercises on the topics of electromagnetics waves, dielectric conductors, and insulators and
how they propagate in open media.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic waves?

Propagation refers to something reaching different places. Free space implies vacuum,
when the waves are there they scatter and the power densityalso known as
attenuation is reduced.
2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of losses?
Loss tangent or delta tangent is a measure of the state of an insulation or dissipation
factor and is a measure of dielectric loss of a liquid or solid insulator. Its magnitude
depends on the type of insulation and its conditions and is independent of its volume.
3. Of what physical variables does the value of the tangent of losses depend?
The physical variables that influence the value of the loss tangent of a dielectric
material are basically humidity, the level of impurities present in the material or its
temperature.
The relationship between the conduction current and the displacement current in a
specific medium is constant σ / ωε whose value depends on the parameters of the
medium and the frequency of the applied signal. The total current flowing through the
medium is the vector sum of the two components; Additionally, there is a 90 ° phase
angle between the displacement current and the conduction current. This relationship
is called loss tangent and it is a characteristic of the medium, in conductive materials
it tends to be very high Tan (δ) → ∞ since the conduction current is much more
important than the displacement current; while in dielectric media the behavior is
opposite, so the loss tangent tends to be small Tan (δ) → ∞.
4. How are the propagation medium classified from the tangent of losses?
Perfect Dielectrics: It does not present conduction current, therefore, they do not
have losses due to the joule effect.
Tan (δ) = 0 δ = 0
Perfect Conductors: They do not have bias current, therefore, they do not have
capacitive effects or charge accumulation.
Tan (δ) → ∞ δ = π / 2
Good Insulators: They present conduction current and have losses due to the joule
effect, but this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they are
also called Low Loss Dielectrics.
Tan (δ) → 0 ^ + δ → 0 ^ +
Good Conductors: They have bias current, therefore, they have capacitive or charge
accumulation effects, but the conduction current and the losses due to the joule effect
are much more significant.
Tan (δ) → ∞ δ → π / 2
Dissipative Dielectrics: They have both effects and neither is negligible compared
to the other.
0 <δ <π / 2
5. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?
Propagation, attenuation, and phase constants, as well as the intrinsic impedance of a
medium, are called propagation parameters.
Dielectrics
Mediu Non Dielectric with Good
with low
m Dissipative losses Driver
losses

γ jw √ με jw √ με √ jw μ ( σ + jωε ) √ j ωσμo

α 0 ση ℜ( γ) √ πfσμo
2

β ω √ με ω √ με ℑ( γ ) j √ πfσμo
 j ωμ j ωμo
η √ μ
ε √ μ
ε √ σ + jωε √ σ

Application exercises:

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of
frequency f =CCC MHz. Note that CCC are the first 3 digits of your identification
number:

Sea Water

Frecuency f =142 MHz=142∗106 Hz

σ =4 S / m
Relative Permitivit y=εr=80

Permitivity∈a Vacuum=ε o=8,8542∗1012 C 2 /N m 2

σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ωε 2 πf ε r ε o

Donde 2 πf =ω y ε r ε o=ε
4
tan ( δ )=
2π ¿¿
4
tan ( δ )= 8
( 8,9221∗10 ) ( 7,0833∗10−10)
4
tan ( δ )=
6,3197∗10−1
tan ( δ )=6,3294 rad

( δ )=tan−1 ( 6,3294 )
°
( δ )=( 8,102∗101 )
 1. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Conclusions

Conclusion 1: We learned the importance of wave propagation depending on the

medium in which they travel, and through the type of medium or material in which it
is made.

Bibliography

 Quesada, M., & Maroto, J. (2014). Plane electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic waves in free space. From Maxwell's Equations to Free and
Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates.
New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 49-60). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press.

(pp. 513-519). Recovered from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513