socialur mecnierebaTa seria

Tvisebrivi
meTodebi
socialur kvlevaSi

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

TinaTin zurabiSvili

Tbilisi
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria In the Appendix 1, a transcript of a focus group interview is presented.

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

In the Appendix 2, a Short Glossary of the terms used in qualitative research practice is
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava presented. This is a concise reference for the students, where only terms covered in terms of
this particular course are explained. Nevertheless, I hope this will be helpful for the students,
given that some of them may not be familiar with any vocabulary connected with research
practice, and few of the terms used in this course are already established in Georgian (some
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi are not fully established even in English).
Over 40 terms are defined in this glossary, e.g.: actor; respondent; in-depth interview;
biographic interview; life history; research design; observation; close-ended questions; open-
ended questions; ethnography; ethics; qualitative methods; quantitative methods; content
analysis; focus group; moderator; case-study; fieldwork; discussion guide, transcript;
hypothesis, et al. The terms and in (Georgian) alphabetical sequence.
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 This Glossary, however, is not the only one the students will be using; they will be
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 encouraged to consult academic social science dictionaries.

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 9 - 3

111
Week 8. s a r C e v i
Ethics of Qualitative Research
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours
winaTqma 4
It’s hard to overestimate significance of ethical issues while doing fieldwork. During our
Tema 1. Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi:
last class, we will focus on the responsibility of the researcher while doing fieldwork and the
Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva 5
requirements of professional communities towards their members.
Codes of ethics have been elaborated in a systematic way after the Second World War Tema 2. siRrmiseuli interviu 16
by professional associations of the social scientists in Europe and North America; other magaliTi #1. axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema
countries joined them later. Nowadays, most of the professional association are saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegma 25
international, which leads to unification of ethical standards of the respective professional
activity over the state boarders. Tema 3. fokus-jgufi 27
Codes of ethics should be distinguished from the legal requirements, and from mutual magaliTi #2. Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove
responsibilities outlined in the contracts signed between the researchers and clients; during saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegma 37
the class, we discuss the specific character of ethical norms. magaliTi #3. korufcia saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba
Two Codes of Ethics we are focusing on in this class are ICC/ESOMAR International sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis
Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice (ICC/ESOMAR, 1995) and Code of Ethics warmomadgenlebis mier.
and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics (American fokus-jgufebis angariSi 39
Sociological Association, 1999). We focus on: (a) Rights of the respondents; (b) Rights of
the clients who commission research; and (c) responsibility towards the society in general. Tema 4. dakvirveba 48
Sanctions against those who violate ethical norms are discussed based on the hierarchy
of sanctions in the ASA Code of Ethics. Tema 5. monografiuli gamokvleva 61
We will also discuss special rules that try to regulate publications of research results in
the media, in order to avoid misinformation and deception of public. Tema 6. socialuri kvlevis eTika 71
Two case studies are presented during the class, to be discussed during the seminar; magaliTi #4. gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis 76
one is a CNN publication where survey results are presented, and the second is a paper mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili
where an ethnographer (Eric J. Arnould) discusses ethical dilemmas he faced while doing
fieldwork in Chad. danarTi #1. korufcia saqarTveloSi.
fokus-jgufis transkripti 77
Homework assignments for this week are: danarTi #2. Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis
1. the students are required to find on the web codes of ethics of several professional ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 100
organizations whose members are involved in social research, and to compare these Codes;
2. Assess the quality of presentation of the finding in the CNN publication distributed in QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH 104
class.
3. Discuss the case study concerning ethical dilemmas that Eric J. Arnould faced during
his fieldwork and provide their own assessment of the situation and best ways to deal with it.

Required readings for this week are:

W. Lawrence Newman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative

Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 396-398 (“Ethical Dilemmas of Field
Research”).

Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 306-307 (“Research Ethics in Qualitative Field Research”).

Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in

Advances in Consumer Research 25: 72-74.

ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice.

http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961

American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics.

http://www.asanet.org/members/ecoderev.html

American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies

and Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html

110 3
 winaTqma
winamdebare saleqcio kursze muSaoba daviwye Telavis saxelmwifo univers-
itetSi. Tavdapirvelad is warmoadgenda saleqcio kursis “sociologiuri
kvlevis meTodebi” erT-erT nawils, romelic Tamar zurabiSvilTan erTad
SevimuSave. socialur mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis farglebSi
saSualeba momeca, gamefarTovebina da magistraturis studentebisTvis gada-
memuSavebina am saleqcio kursis is nawili, romelic kerZod Tvisebriv meTodebis
eZRvneba. kursze muSaoba davasrule kaliforniis universitetSi los-
anjelesSi, sadac Ria sazogadoebis institutis FDFP programis farglebSi
vimyofebodi.
samwuxarod, am saleqcio kursSi ver moxerxda socialuri kvlevis yvela
Tvisebrivi meTodis ganxilva, amitom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im meTodebze,
romlebic yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove praqtikaSi da romlebic,
Cemi azriT, yvelaze metad daexmareba studentebs sakuTari kvlevebis Cata-
rebaSi. TiTqmis yvela meTodTan dakavSirebiT saleqcio kursSi moyvanilia
Sesabamisi kvleviTi instrumentebis magaliTebi; garda amisa, yoveli Temis bo-
los moyvanilia Sesabamisi meTodisadmi miZRvnili sakvanZo literaturis sia.
ramdenadac kvlevis meTodebis Seswavla warmoudgenelia mxolod literaturis
Seswavlis meSveobiT, yvela Temis dasasruls moyvanilia praqtikuli davalebebi.
minda didi madloba gadavuxado Cems kolegebs moskovis levada-centridan
da, upirveles yovlisa, aleqsei levinsons; swored am kvleviT centrSi muSaobis
periodSi davinteresdi kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebiT da ramdenime Zalze
saintereso kvlevaSi miviRe monawileoba; aseve didi madloba Ria sazogadoebis
institutis FDFP programas, romlis farglebSic saSualeba momeca davswrebodi
wamyvani Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebis kursebs kaliforniis universitetSi los-anje-
lesSi (UCLA); socialur mecnierebaTa centrs da akademiuri stipendiebis prog-
ramas (AFP), romlis farglebSic vaswavlidi am kurss socialur mecnierebaTa
centrSi; da Cems studentebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes am
saleqcio kursis SeqmnaSi.
4 109
Week 6.
Case Study
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour
Case study is the final method considered in terms of this course. As in the case of
participant observation, we will discuss this method during two week.
First we will focus on the history of this method, which was introduced in the social
sciences based on the experience of anthropologists. Experience of the Chicago School and
their role in establishing this method are also discussed.
Case studies are a lot in common with participant observation, but we consider the
former as an even broader research approach, rather than a single method of collecting the
data. As a multi-method approach, case studies employ a number of research techniques
that help the researchers to collect the data; what is particularly specific with case studies,
the methods used can be both qualitative and quantitative (e.g., surveys).
As an example of early case study research, we will discuss a study of the 1930s
conducted by Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues in the Austrian village of Marienthal. This
study is very interesting for us mainly from the methodological perspective, use of many
various techniques of data collection which are discussed in detail by the authors.
Since there is no single way to conduct case study research, and there are no clear
guidelines regarding site selection and data analysis, one of the best ways to learn about
this method is to introduce more examples. So, the second study we will discuss in detail in
this class is Mitchel Dunier’s Sidewalk, which is distinctive in a number of ways. We discuss
several aspects of this study: the research question and how it was formulated; its
theoretical context and how Dunier fit his study into the particular one; methodology used by
Dunier and, specifically, his relationships with the informants; use of photography in
presenting the findings.
Required readings for this week are:
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. Pp. 17-42, 231-
289.
James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston. Pp. 25-39 (“Informants”).
Recommended readings:
Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage
Publications.
James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston. Pp. 55-68 (“Interviewing an Informant”).
Week 7.
Case Study (continued)
Discussion, 2 hours; students’ presentations, 2 hours
This week is focused on discussions. During the class, we will first discuss readings
from the Sidewalk, focusing on the specific ways of conducting fieldwork and building
relationships with informants.
In the second part of the class, the students will present their research projects focusing
on (a) their research questions; (b) sites; and (c) methodology they use to conduct the
fieldwork. This will be our final discussion of students’ research projects before they finish
and submit them.
 Historically, participant observation was first developed by anthropologists and
ethnographers, and was considered as a means to learn about distinctive culture.
Contemporary participant observation as it is practiced by most social sciences, can be
applied in modern as well as in non-modern societies; its major aim as well as its major
advantage is the possibility to study a distinctive (sub)culture and explain its meanings as
they are understood and interpreted by its members. Paradoxically, it is considered that
studying unfamiliar cultures is usually more effective than researchers’ own culture, because
in the latter case the researcher can not approach his/her own culture as a complete
stranger.
Participant observation is always a long-time commitment and usually takes years to
collect the data. It starts with entering the field, establishing contact with the actors, finding
informants. Characteristics of good informants are also discussed during the lecture.
During the fieldwork, the researcher defines the exact focus of observations, starting
with descriptive stage of observation and eventually arriving to selective observation.
Fieldnotes are discussed in detail, as a way to document how the fieldwork proceeds.
As an example of possible analytic strategy used by participant observers, W.F.White’s
classical analysis of group structure in the Street Corner Society will be presented, to be
further discussed during next week’s class.
There is only one homework assignments for this week:
The students are required to go to a public library in pairs, take different seats and
observe what’s going on in the library for 3 hours. They are required to take notes during the
observation, but not to share any observations with each other. Immediately after the
observation, they have to write (again, separately) fieldnotes based on what they’ve
observed, and submit them.
Required readings for this week are:
James P. Spradley. 1997. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and
Winston. Pp. 53-62; 73-84; 100-111; 122-129.
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian
Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 3-51; 94-110; 279-373.
Recommended readings:
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant
Observation”).
Week 5.
Participant Observation (continued)
Lecture, 1 hour; discussion, 3 hours
During our fifth week, we continue to learn participant observation, in particular – how to
write fieldnotes during the fieldwork, and how to transform them into the research report.
Relatively little new material will be delivered during this week; instead, we will focus of
detailed discussion of (a) fieldnotes submitted by the students as a result of observations
they made, and (b) readings from White’s Street Corner Society.
By next week, the students have to make final decisions regarding their course projects,
so these discussions will be particularly helpful at this stage.
108
Tema 1.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi:
Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva
socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mWidro kavSiri Teoriasa da
empiriul kvlevebs Soris. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im aspeqtis
Seswavlis mizniT, mecnierebi regularulad atareben empiriul kvlevebs, raTa
Seamowmon esa Tu is Teoriuli mosazreba; am kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad iwvevs
arsebuli Teoriebis gadasinjvas da daxvewas, zogjer ki — Zveli Teoriis
uaryofas da axali Teoriis warmoSobas. magaliTad, socialuri mkvlevrebi jer
kidev XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Seiswavlidnen siRaribes da mis gamomwvev
mizezebs; am kvlevebis Sedegad Seiqmna siRaribis klasikuri Teoriebi. magram XX
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si siRaribis specifikuri formebis empiriuli
Seswavlis Sedegad moxda am Teoriebis gadasinjva da Seiqmna “qveklasis” Teoria.1
siRaribis es forma klasikuri Teoriebis yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili.
empiriuli socialuri kvlevebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara mxolod
Teoriuli codnis gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed praqtikul donezec,
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis
gaRrmavebasa da saxelmwifo marTvis optimizaciaSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi saubaria
e.w. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi cxov-
rebis iseT aspeqtebs rogorebicaa, magaliTad, araformaluri urTierTobebi
formalur organizaciebSi; korufciis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi faqtorebi;
siRaribis mizezebi; da sxva. gamoyenebiTi socialuri kvlevebis Sedegebi SeiZ-
leba gaxdes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZveli saxelmwifo marTvis an
arasamTavrobo TviTmmarTvelobis doneze.
aranaklebi roli eniWeba empiriul kvlevebs samomxmareblo bazris Seswav-
laSi — e.w. marketinguli (sabazro) kvlevebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs momxmare-
belTa motivaciis, ama Tu im produqtis SeZenis survilis, reklamis efeqturobis
detaluri Seswavla. swored sabazro kvlevebis damsaxurebaa, rom wamyvani kom-
paniebis mier warmoebuli produqcia maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs momxma-
rebelTa moTxovnebs da survilebs, xolo reklama sul ufro efeqturi xdeba.
socialuri sinamdvilis sul ufro da ufro meti mxare Seiswavleba
empiriuli kvlevebis meSveobiT, xolo Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom
es kvlevebi kompetenturad iyos Catarebuli da miRebuli iqnes sando Sedegebi.
socialuri kvlevis meTodika2 Seiswavlis empiriuli socialuri kvlevis
ganxorcielebis konkretul gzebs, ganixilavs informaciis Segrovebis mecni-
eruli saSualebebis, anu meTodebis erTobliobas da im eTikur principebs,
romelTa dacviTac unda Catardes socialuri kvleva. empiriuli socialuri
kvlevis meTodika, rogorc sistematuri codnis dargi, socialur TeoriasTan
SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda da Tumca ufro praqtikul xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad
gamoiyeneba Teoriuli problemebis Semowmebis, hipoTezebis damtkicebis an
uaryofis mizniT.
socialuri kvlevis meTodebi or did jgufad iyofa: raodenobriv da Tvi-
sebriv meTodebad. Tumca am ori jgufis meTodebs Soris aris mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebebi, maT erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba aerTianebs: maTi
mTavari da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi mizania Cveni codnis gamdidreba
socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb.
kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebi (rogorebicaa masobrivi gamokiTxva,
kontent-analizi) iSveliebs raodenobriv maCveneblebs — qulebs, procentebs —
1
ix. Michael B. Katz, ed. 1993. The “Underclass” Debate: Views from History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press; TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2002. “‘qveklasis’ Teoria da misi gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi.” epoqa 2: 76-84.
2
sityvebi “meTodi”, “meTodika” warmoiSva berZnuli sityvisgan methodos, rac SeiZleba
iTargmnos rogorc “Seswavlis gzebi”.
5
da miznad isaxavs daadginos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gamovlenis sixSire.
meTodebis es jgufi uaRresad formalizebulia, ris gamoc isini “mkacri”
meTodebis saxeliTaa cnobili.
raodenobrivi meTodebis mecnierulobas da am meTodebis meSveobiT
miRebuli Sedegebis sandoobas statistikuri kanonzomierebebi uzrunvelyofs.
raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis erT-erT umTavres Rirsebas am Sedegebis
reprezentatuloba warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs, rom kvlevis procesSi
gamokiTxuli adamianebi (respondentebi) proporciulad warmoadgenen mTel
mosaxleobas, an mosaxleobis im nawils, romlis Seswavlac dagegmilia kvlevis
procesSi (anu generalur erTobliobas, romelic ganisazRvreba yoveli kon-
kretuli kvlevis amocanebidan gamomdinare). respondentebis reprezentatuli
SerCeva mecnierulad amarTlebs gamokiTxvis Sedegebis gavrcobas generalur
erTobliobaze, ris Sedegadac saSualeba gveZleva, respondentTa mier gamoT-
qmuli azri generaluri erTobliobis warmomadgenlebis azrad CavTvaloT.
raodenobriv meTodebs Soris msoflio praqtikaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia
masobrivi gamokiTxva — xalxis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemasTan
dakavSirebiT. am meTods safuZvlad udevs ori daSveba: (1) rom mosaxleobis mier
socialuri movlenebis Sefasebebis gavrceleba garkveul statistikur kanonebs
emorCileba, da (2) rom msgavsi socialuri mdgomareobis mqone pirovnebebi,
rogorc wesi, analogiurad afaseben movlenebs. masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros
yoveli respondenti ganixileba ara rogorc unikaluri pirovneba mdidari da
ganumeorebeli Sida samyaroTi, aramed rogorc ama Tu im socialuri erTobis
(jgufis) nawili, romelic warmoadgens misi msgavsi pirovnebebis azrs da gvawv-
dis informacias CvenTvis saintereso socialuri fenomenis an misi Sefasebis
Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomidan gamomdinare iTvleba, rom analogiuri socialuri
mdgomareobis mqone individebi kvlevis procesSi “urTierTSemcvlelni” arian. 3
Tumca raodenobrivi meTodebis farglebSi intensiurad Seiswavleba respon-
dentebis mier dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebi da/an Sefasebebi mniSnvelovan socia-
lur problemebTan dakavSirebiT, es meTodebi, rogorc wesi, ver dagvexmareba
respondenTa mier gamoTqmuli azrebis motivaciis SeswavlaSi; respondentebs ar
eZlevaT saSualeba, axsnan, Tu ratom fiqroben ase, da ara sxvagvarad.
socialuri kvlevis meTodebis meore jgufi, Tvisebrivi meTodebi siRr-
miseulad Seiswavlis socialur cxovrebas; xSir SemTxvevaSi es Seswavla xdeba
ara mkvlevris ofisSi an sxva xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi, aramed “bunebriv”
pirobebSi, iq, sadac realurad viTardeba urTierToba adamianebs Soris — iqneba
es saklaso oTaxi, soflis maRazia, gazeTis redaqcia Tu sxva.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi interdisciplinarulia da farTod gamoiyeneba TiTqmis
yvela socialur mecnierebaSi: sociologiaSi, eTnografiaSi, anTropologiaSi,
fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, biografiul mecnierebaSi, istoriaSi, da sxv.
zogadad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc meTodebi,
romelTa meSveobiT mopovebuli monacemebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver
daeqvemdebareba raodenobriv analizs (es mizezebi SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebaTa
mcire ricxvi; iSviaTi an sulac unikaluri movlenebis Seswavla; arafor-
malizebuli midgoma calkeuli SemTxvevebis Seswavlisadmi, da sxva). am meTodebs
aklia maTematikuri sizuste; maTi meSveobiT Cven ver miviRebT informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu procentulad rogoraa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi esa Tu is azri.
samagierod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs eZlevaT
saSualeba, SeniSnon, daafiqsiron da axsnan adamianebis qcevis iseTi niuansebi,
romlebic SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas.4
Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT Cven ufro Rrma codnas viRebT im xalxis
Sesaxeb, vis cxovrebas an vis mosazrebebsac SeviswavliT; Cven ara mxolod
3
Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis,
sasurvelia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis
raodenobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar
zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika.
raodenobrivi meTodebi. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.
4 popular qualitative research methods.
ix. Earl Babbie. 2002. The Basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. P. 281.
6 107
moderator.
Next section is devoted to the 10 most frequently used projective techniques that
facilitate focus group discussions. These techniques are: verbal associations, finishing
sentences, personification, stereotypes, collages, brand mapping, etc.
Last section discusses the possibilities of analysis of the data obtained through focus
group discussions. Analysis of focus group results is quite similar to the analysis of in-depth
interview data, although there are several specific considerations, first of all – the level of
analysis should be determined; although both individual and group level can be justified, our
advise is to base analysis on the interplay of the two levels of analysis (Morgan 1997: 60).
Two examples are offered in the end of this lecture, one of which is a possible
discussion guide, and the other – a descriptive report of a research project based exclusively
on focus groups. In addition, Appendix 1 offers a transcript of a focus group conducted with
students of one of Georgian universities, where the causes of corruption in Georgian higher
education are discussed.
Homework assignments for this week are:
1. To find out which projective techniques are used in the Discussion Guide presented
in the Example 2.
2. To write a Project Proposal on a given topic (“Causes of Corruption in the Georgian
Higher Educational Institutions”); the project should be conducted using focus groups.
3. To prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of focus-
group discussions, where the students are required to use projective techniques they find
suitable for the topic they choose.
Our discussion classes will be based on the analysis of the students’ homework
assignments; besides, we’ll watch a tape of a focus-group discussion and evaluate how it
was conducted. If possible, I’ll try to arrange a visit to a research center where the students
will have an opportunity to see a room designed for focus group discussions, with all
necessary equipment.
Required readings for this week are:
David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 31-65.
Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third
edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 39-68; 97-124.
maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba
axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da
perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.
Recommended readings:
С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М.
Week 4.
Participant Observation
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour
As we move towards non-verbal techniques of data collection, observation is obviously
the first method to be introduced. In contrast with the interview techniques discussed during
the previous weeks, observation takes place in the natural environment, which presents
additional challenges to the researcher. Although a distinction will be made between non-
participant and participant observation, we will focus on the latter, which is one of the most
interviews. An example of a discussion guide is presented in the appendix, which can help
students to work on their own guide;
2) to conduct 3 in-depth interviews based on this guide, and to discuss the process of
conducting these, specifically focusing on the difficulties they encounter;
3) the students are also required to transcribe one of these interviews – the one they
think was the most successful.
The most important and/or typical experiences reported by the students will be
discussed during next meeting.
Required readings for this week are:
Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative
Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 121-150 (“Issues in Interviewing”).
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220
(“Unstructured Interviewing”).
gabriele kapai. 2000. “biografiul-naratiuli interviu: Teoriuli
winamZRvrebi da gamoyenebis xerxebi.” (Targmani wignidan: Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra
realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle società
multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag).
Recommended readings:
Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative
Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 61-120 (“Interviewing”).
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 449-488
(“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).
Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s
Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics
of Reproduction in Everyday Life”).
С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М., 2000.
Week 3.
Focus Groups
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours
We discuss focus group as a “group in-depth interview,” which, however, has several
specific features, which are determined, first of all, by the fact that up to a dozen of
respondents participate in a single focus group discussion. The greatest advantage of focus
groups as a qualitative research method is that it gives the researchers the possibility to
observe the process of forming group judgments and/or decisions.
A short review of the historical development of the focus groups in the social
sciences focuses on Robert K. Merton’s and his colleagues’ work in this field. Major areas of
use of focus groups in contemporary research practice are reviewed, namely, marketing
research, social and political research; these are the areas where focus groups proved to be
most effective, while there are some areas where it is not usually recommended to use focus
groups – e.g., personal relationships; income.
In the section devoted to the main features of this method, we discuss distinctiveness
of focus groups, technical aspects of their preparation, selection of participants, and advises
regarding how to conduct them, specifically focusing on the role and functions of the
106
vafiqsirebT maT mier gamoTqmul azrebs azrebs, aramed, agreTve saSualebas
vaZlevT, axsnan Tavisi pozicia, Tqvan, Tu ratom fiqroben ise, rogorc fiqroben;
ra faqtorebma iqonia gavlena maT cxovrebaze da rogor afaseben yoveli am
faqtoris rols Tavis cxovrebaSi. kvlevis mxolod es meTodebi gvaZlevs
saSualebas, SeviswavloT ama Tu im movlenis mizezebi; vupasuxoT ara kiTxvebs
“ra?”, “ramdeni?” (am or kiTxvas raodenobrivi meTodebis meSveobiT vupasuxebT),
aramed kiTxvebs “ratom?”, “rogor?”
Tvisebrivi meTodebis erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom es meTodebi
saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT da aRvweroT samyaro kvlevis obieqtebis Tva-
liT. vinaidan Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas mkvlevris mizania individua-
luri saqcielis gageba, es meTodebi xSirad “interpretaciuli sociologiis”
farglebSi ganixileba. magram Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebiT erTi serio-
zuli sirTule arsebobs: gamokvlevis Sedegebis damuSavebisas problemuri xdeba
individualuri donidan saerTo kanonzomierebebze gadasvla, ris gamoc
socialur mecnierTa nawils eWvi Seaqvs am meTodebis mecnierulobaSi (am sityvis
pozitivisturi gagebiT) anu imaSi, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia sando
monacemebis miReba socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamo-
yenebisas Cven, rogorc wesi, gagviWirdeba imis mecnierulad damtkiceba, rom
srulad SeviswavleT esa Tu is fenomeni, da rom Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi
obieqturi da sandoa, miT umetes — rom Catarebuli kvleva pasuxobs repre-
zentatulobis moTxovnebs. Tvisebrivi Sedegebi arasodes ar aris reprezen-
tatuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi meTodebiT warmarTuli kvlevis Se-
degebi ar SeiZleba ganvazogadoT da movaxdinoT maTi eqstrapolacia generalur
erTobliobaze. magram mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom es arc aris Tvisebrivi
kvlevis mizani — Tvisebrivi meTodebi Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor xsnis adamiani
socialur samyaros da Tavis adgils masSi.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi intensiurad iyenebs informaciis Segrovebis iseT sa-
Sualebebs, rogorebicaa araformaluri interviu da dakvirveba, amitom pirveli
SexedviT Tvisebrivi mkvlevris muSaoba Zalian hgavs Cveulebrivi adamianis
yoveldRiur saqmianobas. Tumca, am saleqcio kursis farglebSi Cven davrwmun-
debiT, rom es msgavseba zedapiruli da moCvenebiTia.5
Tvisebrivi meTodebi mraval kvleviT teqnikas aerTianebs. esenia, magaliTad:
• siRrmiseuli interviu;
• “cxovrebis istoria”;
• biografiuli interviu;
• zepiri istoria;
• werilebis, piradi dRiurebis da sxva werilobiTi dokumentebis Tviseb-
rivi Seswavla;
• fokus-jgufi da jgufuri interviu;
• dakvirveba;
• monografiuli gamokvleva (“SemTxvevis Seswavla”).
xSirad Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli kvleva moiTxovs erTdroulad
ramdenime kvleviTi teqnikis gamoyenebas, rac mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs,
sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seiswavlos misTvis saintereso fenomeni. Tvisebrivi meTo-
debis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba yvelaze xSirad monografiuli gamokvlevis
(“SemTxvevis Seswavlis”) farglebSi xdeba.
5
Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis, sasurve-
lia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis raode-
nobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar zurabi-
Svili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika. raodenobrivi
meTodebi. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.
7
 mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed ingli-
surenovan qveynebSic, sadac warmoiSva socialuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi,
dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebuli uni-
ficirebuli terminologia. Zalze xSirad terminebs “Tvisebrivi meTodebi”,
“eTnografia”, “CarTuli dakvirveba”, “SemTxvevis Seswavla” xmaroben rogorc
sinonimebs, Tumca zog naSromSi isini ganixileba, rogorc gansxvavebuli me-
Todebi. yvelaze ufro xSirad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi gaigivebulia eTnogra-
fiasTan,6 Tumca, Cveni azriT, eTnografia ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre nebismieri
Tvisebrivi meTodi; rogorc j.spradli aRniSnavs, eTnografia niSnavs
[gansxvavebuli] kulturis aRweras, da misi ZiriTadi mizania cxovrebis gan-
sxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi Tavad am kulturis
warmomadgenlebs esmiT7; amgvari eTnografiuli Seswavla ki SeiZleba ramdenime
Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT moxdes.8
Tvisebrivi meTodebi naklebadaa formalizebuli, amitom maT “rbil”, “moq-
nil” meTodebsac uwodeben. iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebobs konkretuli
instruqciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moiqces mkvlevari ama Tu im
situaciaSi — rogorc wesi, mas uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba Seqmnili viTa-
rebidan gamomdinare, is TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs kvlevis obieqtebis
individualur Tvisebebs. “gadawyvetilebis miRebisas Tqven unda ixel-
mZRvaneloT meTodologiuri da eTikuri mosazrebebiT. vinaidan isini xSirad
upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, gadawyvetilebis miReba Zalze rTuli iqneba”, —
afrTxilebs momaval mkvlevrebs e. babi9.
ramdenadac Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze mcirea im
aucilebel moTxovnaTa sia, romelTac kvleva unda akmayofilebdes, aseTi
kvlevis warmateba didadaa damokidebuli iseT subieqtur faqtorze, rogoricaa
mkvlevris gamocdileba da ostatoba. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba indi-
vidualuria, isini did Tavisuflebas aniWeben mkvlevars, romelic, rogorc wesi,
gamodis ara mxolod gamokvlevis ideis avtoris, misi Teoriuli nawilisa da
problematikis SemmuSaveblis, aramed aseve empiriuli informaciis Semgroveb-
lis, interviueris da/an damkvirveblis rolSic.
is garemoeba, rom Tvisebrivi mkvlevari ar unda emorCilebodes mkacr
instruqciebs, ar niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi kvlevis Catareba iolia — piriqiT, es
Zalian rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmea, romelic araCveulebriv koncentrirebas
da Sromisunarianobas moiTxovs, iseve rogorc mTel rig specialur unar-
Cvevebs, romelTa umravlesobac mxolod kvlevis Catarebis procesSi SeiZleba
iqnes Camoyalibebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tvisebrivi mkvlevris individualuri
pasuxismgebloba kvlevis msvlelobazec da miRebul Sedegebzec ufro didia,
vidre raodenobrivi mkvlevrisa.
Tvisebrivi mkvlevris profesionalizmi unda gamoixatebodes, agreTve im
garemoebis gacnobierebaSi, rom gamokvlevis procesSi mkvlevari Zalauneburad
axdens gavlenas Sesaswavl socialur jgufebze da urTierTobebze; Tumca
garkveulwilad SesaZleblia am gavlenis minimizacia, misi srulad gamoricxva
SeuZlebelia.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis procesSi mkvlevari, rogorc wesi, axlo da xangrZliv
urTierTobebs amyarebs im xalxTan, vis cxovrebasac Seiswavlis, sargeblobs maTi
ndobiT. Tvisebrivi meTodebis umravlesobis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia
respondentebis aqtiuri daxmarebis gareSe, romlebic savele muSaobis dros
6
ix., magaliTad: James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston;
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press; Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in
the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7
Spradley, James P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 3.
8
am saleqcio kursis farglebSi yoveli meTodis ganxilvisas moyvanili iqneba
qarTulenovan literaturaSi gamoyenebuli yvela Sesabamisi termini da moSveliebuli
iqneba misi inglisurenovani Sesatyvis(eb)i.
9
Earl Babbie. Op. cit. P. 285.
8 105
John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative
Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 101-122 (“Thinking Topics”).
iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”
// sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1998. gv. 22-44.
Recommended readings:
Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 282-268 (“Qualitative Filed Research”).
Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in:
Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations.
Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
W. Lawrence Newman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-381 (“Field Research”).
В. Ядов. 1995. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы.
Изд-во «Самарский университет». С. 42-80 («Методология»).
After the first lecture, students are required to prepare two assignments to be submitted
two days prior the next class:
a) Think of and bring a list of 5 issues which are suitable for qualitative research; and
b) Come up with a research design of their own, where both theoretical and practical
aspects of the proposed research will be considered; research proposals submitted by the
students will be discussed during the next seminar.
Week 2.
In-Depth Interview
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours
The first method that is covered in detail in terms of this course is in-depth interview.
While introducing this method, we first distinguish between structured, semi-structured and
non-structured interviews. In-depth interview is an example of semi-structured interviews
which are conducted based on a discussion guide as a major research instrument, which,
however, is not directive, and allows both researcher/interviewer and respondent to develop
new issues not mentioned in the guide, provided that they are of interest to the study.
After Robert S. Weiss, we consider in-depth interviewing as a process of collaboration
between researcher and respondent. Use of open-ended questions stimulates
development of the respondent’s narrative, which can be directed by the questions of the
interviewer. We also discuss several probing techniques (silence, echo, baiting) that can
help us get more information, often – without interviewer’s injection in respondent’s narrative.
We also discuss technical aspects of conducting in-depth interviews, such as selection
and preparation of the setting; recording equipment; selection of respondents.
In addition to general discussion about in-depth interview as qualitative research method
in the social sciences, we consider two variations of in-depth interviewing, namely, life
histories and biographic narrative interviews (Gail Kligman’s and Gabriele Cappai’s works
are used to get better understanding of these types of in-depth interview).
The lection finishes with the discussion of possibilities of analyzing in-depth interviews.
In the end, we offer an example of how a Discussion Guide of an in-depth interview can
look like, with a short review which emphasizes its major features.
Homework assignments for this week are:
1) to prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of in-depth
 Tinatin Zurabishvili
QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
Course outline
As stated in the course syllabus, the main objectives of this 8-week course are two-fold:
as a result of attending this course, the students will: (a) get familiar with the theory and
history of qualitative research methods in social sciences; and (b) learn how to conduct
various types of qualitative research which are most frequently used in the contemporary
social research practice.
Main topics covered in the course are outlined below.
Week 1.
Qualitative Methods in Social Research: Introduction and Historical Overview.
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour
The first lecture offers introduction to qualitative research methods in social sciences.
We start with discussion of the nature and distinctive features of qualitative research
methods, which are compared with quantitative methods, such as surveys. We stress that,
unlike quantitative research method results, qualitative data are not representative, which,
however, does not mean that they are less scientific; they provide deeper understanding of
the social world than the quantitative methods do, although they can not be generalized and
claimed that their results are representative for the population under study.
Qualitative research methods offer more flexibility to the researcher while doing field
work. On the other hand, this leads to higher responsibility of the researcher, and poses
specific ethnical issues, which will be covered more in detail later on.
Major issues in the discussion of the nature of qualitative and quantitative research
methods are connected with the idea that qualitative and quantitative methods of social
research are of different, but not of opposite nature; they should be used appropriately in
order to achieve reliable results. The model of “qualitative – quantitative interactive
continuum” developed by Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz (1998) is introduced, which
stresses the idea that the two groups of methods can mutually enrich the research.
First lecture also offers a historical analysis of development of qualitative research
methods, and a discussion of theoretical paradigms that lay behind qualitative and
quantitative research methods
At the end of the lecture, we discuss research design and the ways to develop it.
Detailed analyses of components of research design are presented, in order to make the
students familiar with the ways of thinking about new research projects and getting prepared
to start one.
At the end of the class, we will have discussion and/or Q&A session.
Required readings for this week are:
Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 288-298 (“Some Qualitative Filed Research Paradigms”).
Michael Burawoy. 1991 “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al.
1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of
California Press.
Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research
Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University
Press. Pp. 1-12 (“Qualitative-Quantitative Research: A False Dichotomy”).
104
mkvlevris “informantebis” rols kisruloben da exmarebian mas “SeaRwios”
Sesaswavl jgufSi. Sesabamisad, raodenobriv meTodebTan SedarebiT, Tvisebrivi
meTodebis gamoyenebisas ufro mwvaved dgeba kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli eTikuri
normebis dacvis sakiTxi, kerZod: gvaqvs Tu ra moraluri ufleba, Cveni kvleviTi
miznebis misaRwevad gamoviyenoT adamianis Cvendami ndoba da gulaxdiloba,
saaSkaraoze gamovitanoT misi piradi cxovreba? Tvisebriv mkvlevars gansa-
kuTrebuli eTikuri pasuxismgebloba akisria; mniSvnelovania, rom masa da
kvlevis obieqtebs Soris arsebuli ndoba kvlevis damTavrebis da Sedegebis
gamoqveynebis Semdegac iqnes SenarCunebuli.
rogorc wesi, Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli gamokvlevis savele etapi,
iseve rogorc monacemTa damuSaveba, ufro met dros moiTxovs, vidre
raodenobrivi kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi sruliad
gansxvavebul kvleviT instrumentebze dayrdnobiT muSaoben. Tumca arsebobs
kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic specialurad Tvisebrivi meTodebiT
miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebisTvisaa Seqmnili, Tvisebrivi Sedegebis analizis
sakvanZo etapebi dRemde kompiuteris gareSe xorcieldeba. rogorc wesi,
Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegad yvelaze xSirad viRebT sakvlevi obieqtis Sida
struqturis analizs da/an kvlevis sakiTxis adekvatur tipologias.
Teoriuli winamZRvrebi
Tu raodenobrivi meTodebis ganviTareba socialuri kvlevis praqtikaSi
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs ukavSirdeba, Tvisebrivi meTodebi
humanitarul sferosa da xelovnebasTanaa kavSirSi; maT damkvidrebaSi
garkveuli roli iTamaSa, agreTve samedicino praqtikam, romelic yvela
pacientisadmi individualur midgomas da calkeuli samedicino SemTxvevebis,
daavadebebis Rrma da safuZvlian Seswavlas moiTxovs. Tvisebrivi meTodebi
calkeuli pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa patara jgufis gamocdilebis, grZnobebis,
Sefasebebis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli, amitom am midgomas xSirad “subieqturi
sociologiis”, an mikrosociologiis farglebSi ganixilaven. Tu raodenobrivi
meTodebis farglebSi respondenti ganixileba, rogorc ama Tu im socialuri
jgufis warmomadgeneli, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi yoveli respondenti sainteresoa
rogorc pirovneba. adamianebisadmi gamovlenili Rrma interesis gamo mkvlevrebi
Tvisebrivi meTodebis rolis gazrdas XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sociologiis
da, ufro farTod, socialuri mecnierebebis humanizaciis periods ukavSireben.
Tvisebriv da raodenobriv meTodebs sxvadaxva “filosofia” udevs safuZ-
vlad. Tu raodenobrivi meTodebi pozitivistur ideebs emyareba da gulisxmobs,
rom xalxi srulad acnobierebs Tavis grZnobebs, saqciels da Sexedulebebs,
Tvisebrivi meTodologia simboluri interaqcionizmis principebs iziarebs.
simboluri interaqcionizmis mizania SevecadoT gavigoT adamianis saqcieli ise,
rogorc es Tavad moqmed pirs, anu aqtors esmis. am Teoriis fuZemdeblis,
herbert blumeris Tanaxmad, simboluri interaqcionizmis oTxi ZiriTadi
principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:10
1) adamianebis qceva ganpirobebulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac adamianebi
ukavSireben sagnebs, romelic maTi samyaros nawilia; e.i. adamianebi moqmedeben
ara sagnebis, aramed im mniSvnelobis mimarT, romelsac isini am sagnebSi xedaven;
2) sagnebis mniSvneloba yalibdeba socialuri interaqciis procesSi, Sesa-
bamisad, kultura adamianebs Soris sagnebis damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobebis
urTierTgaziarebaa;
3) rogorc individualuri, aseve koleqtiuri socialuri moqmedeba damoki-
debulia aqtorebis mier socialuri situaciis interpretaciis form(eb)ze;
4) sagnebis mniSvneloba icvleba aqtorebis mier samyaros interpretaciis
procesSi.
es sami principi Tvisebrivi kvlevis principebadac SegviZlia miviCnioT. ro-
gorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis mizania, gamovlenili da aRwerili
10
Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall. P. 50.
9
iqnes is mniSvneloba, romelsac moqmedi pirebi Tavad ukavSireben ama Tu im
moqmedebas, da ara — daadginon ama Tu im azris gavrcelebis sixSire.
istoriuli mimoxilva
Tvisebrivi meTodebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes
evropelma anTropologebma, romlebmac ganaviTares “CarTuli dakvirvebis”
meTodi afrikisa da aziis primitiuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT. Cikagos
sociologiuri skolis pirveli yvelaze cnobili gamokvleva, uiliam Tomasisa da
florian znaneckis “poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi” (1918 w.) srulad
emyareba Tvisebriv meTodebs, kerZod, amerikaSi gadasaxlebuli poloneli
glexebis mier gamogzavnili werilebis, maTi Canawerebis (piradi dRiurebi da
sxv.) da e.w. “cxovrebis istoriebis” Seswavlas. raodenobrivi meTodebi da,
upirveles yovlisa, masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodi mxolod XX saukunis 30-ani
wlebis dasawyisidan damkvidrda aSS-Si adgilobrivi gazeTebisa da politikuri
partiebis iniciativiT da materialuri mxardaWeriT.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-s socialur mecnierebebSi da, kerZod, sociolo-
giaSi ganviTarda “meTodebis konfliqti”, romelic raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi
meTodebis momxre mecnierTa dapirispirebaSi gamoixata. am dapirispirebaSi
sufTa meToduri kamaTis garda igrZnoboda, agreTve im droisaTvis wamyvani
amerikuli universitetebis ori meToduri skolis, kolumbiis da Cikagos
skolebis dapirispireba. Tu Cikagos skolis waromadgenlebi did yuradRebas
uTmobdnen Tvisebriv meTodebs da mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes maT ganviTa-
rebaSi, kolumbiis universitetis mecnierebi raodenobrivi meTodebis momxreni
iyvnen da miiCnevdnen, rom sociologia ar unda acxadebdes Tavs namdvil
mecnierebad, Tu mas ar SeuZlia miRebuli empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis
dasabuTeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis analogiurad. swored sabunebis-
metyvelo mecnierebebi iyo, kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT,
“WeSmariti” mecnierebebi; isini miiCnevdnen, rom sociologiaSi da, zogadad,
socialur mecnierebebSi empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis dasabuTeba mxolod
maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac kvleva raodenobrivi meTodebiT, upirveles
yovlisa — respondentTa reprezentatuli SerCevis safuZvelze tardeba.
Tvisebriv meTodebs kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenlebi aramecnierulad
miiCnevdnen da maTi damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.
amis sapirispirod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi xazs usvamdnen im
garemoebas, rom am meTodebiT SesaZlebelia rTuli da naklebad gavrcelebuli
fenomenebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla, rom es meTodebi dagvexmareba iq, sadac yvela
raodenobrivi meTodi uZluria; Tvisebrivi meTodebi aseve sasargebloa
adamianTa Sinagani samyaros, Sidajgufuri urTierTobebis Seswavlis dros. maTi
meSveobiT, rogorc wesi, xdeba problemuri situaciis sruli da yovelmxrivi
Seswavla, da ara misi calkeuli gamovlinebebis dafiqsireba.
ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli iyo imis uaryofa, rom arc erTi Tvisebrivi meTodi
ar pasuxobda statistikuri reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs, arc Tvisebrivi
kvlevis Sedegebis generalizacia iyo SesaZlebeli. garkveul sirTuleebs war-
moadgenda Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis analizis strategiac, romelic, agreTve
minimalurad iyo formalizebuli da Zalze mwvaved svamda mkvlevaris obieq-
turobis sakiTxs. aRiarebdnen ra am sirTuleebs, Tvisebrivi meTodebis
mxardamWerni xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom aseT kvlevebs ZaluZT mniS-
vnelovnad gaamdidron Cveni codna socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. amisaTvis ki
saWiroa, rom es meTodebi maTTvis Sesaferis adgilas iyos gamoyenebuli da ar
iqnes Sefasebuli raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis “meTodebis konfliqtSi” droebiTi gamar-
jveba moipoves kolumbiis universitetis warmomadgenlebma. 1935 wels maT mier
daarsebuli iqna axali mecnieruli Jurnali American Sociological Review.11 Review-s
fonis meSveobiT tardeba. satelefono interviuebi, rogorc wesi, 10-15 wuTze
met xans ar grZeldeba. satelefono gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gansakuTrebiT
Znelia reprezentatulobis dacva.
siRrmiseuli interviu — intervius saxeoba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba
Tvisebriv meTodebSi. esaa nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviu, romelic
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze warimarTeba da miznad isaxavs, Seityos
respondentis ara mxolod damokidebuleba da pozicia, aramed motivaciebi.
transkripti — intervius an fokus-jgufis audio-Canaweris qaRaldze
gadatanis (“gaSifvris”) Sedegad miRebuli teqsti. Tvisebriv kvlevaSi xSirad
swored transkriptis saxiT viRebT pirvelad (“nedl”) monacemebs, romelTa
damuSavebac xdeba kvlevis Sedegebis analizis mizniT.
fokus-jgufi — Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli meTodi,
romelic aseve cnobilia “jgufuri diskusiis” saxeliT. rogorc wesi, fokus-
jgufSi 6-dan 12-mde respondenti iRebs monawileobas; is warimarTeba
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze specialuri kvalifikaciis mqone wamyvanis,
moderatoris mier.
“Ria” kiTxva — kiTxvis saxeoba, romelic ar sTavazobs respondentebs pasuxis
SesaZlo variantebs. am tipis kiTxvebi Zalian mizanSewonilia imdenad,
ramdenadac isini minimalur gavlenas axdens respondnetTa pasuxebze, magram
maTi statistikuri damuSaveba Zalian Sromatevadia, amitom Ria kiTxvebi ufro
farTodaa gavrcelebuli, da ufro damaxasiaTebelia Tvisebrivi kvlevisTvis.
SerCeva — wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac unda moxdes respondentTa SerCeva
generaluri erTobliobis wevrebisagan. am process gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros, sadac SerCeva reprezentatuli unda
iyos; Tvisebriv kvlevaSi SerCevis SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT naklebi moTxovna
arsebobs.
SerCeviTi erToblioba — respondentTa jgufi, romelsac Cven viRebT
SerCevis Sedegad da romlebsac uSualod gamovkiTxavT. Tu SerCeva sworad
ganxorcielda, SerCeviTi erToblioba generaluri erTobliobis
reprezentatuli iqneba.
“cxovrebis istoria” — siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic miznad
isaxavs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlas respondentis cxovrebaSi am problemis
adgilis, misi gavlenis dadgenis meSveobiT. ix. agreTve: biografiuli interviu.
hipoTeza — mecnierulad dasabuTebuli varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori
pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevris mier dasaxul kvleviT kiTxvebze. hipoTeza
gamokvlevis programis aucilebeli nawilia.

11
manamde, jer kidev 1895 wels, pirveli sociologiuri Jurnali, American Journal of
Sociology, Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetze iqna daarsebuli albion
smolis mier.
10 103
damuSavebis da gamoyenebis meTodebis erToblioba.
socialuri kvlevis meTodologia — samecniero kvlevis logika, romelic
erTian sistemaSi aerTianebs mis principebs, wesebsa da meTodebs. socialur
kvlevaSi meTodologia ganixileba rogorc kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli,
ukavSirdeba mis problemur monaxazs da Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs
gamokvlevis programaSi.
moderatori — fokus-jgufis wamyvani, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc Tavad
mkvlevari, aseve mowveuli piri.
monografiuli gamokvleva — kvleviTi midgoma socialur mecnierebebSi,
romelic ramdenime meTods aerTianebs; cnobilia, agreTve “SemTxvevis Seswavlis”
saxeliT. es midgoma upirveles yovlisa gamoirCeva imiT, rom mis farglebSi
mravali meTodi gamoiyeneba (upirveles yovlisa — CarTuli dakvirveba), savele
samuSaoebi ki Zalian didi xnis manZilze grZeldeba. Tumca yvelaze xSirad
monografiuli gamokvleva Tvisebriv meTodebTan asocideba, mis farglebSi
raodenobrivi meTodebic gamoiyeneba.
naxevrad daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi,
romlebsac Tan erTvis pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia, magram, agreTve
mocemulia damatebiTi varianti “sxva”, sadac respondentebs saSualeba eZlevaT,
daafiqsiron gansxvavebuli azri, romelic ar iqna (an ver iqna) gaTvaliswinebuli
gamokiTxvis organizatorebis mier.
pirispir interviu — intervius yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba, romlis
drosac interviueri pirispir esaubreba respondents da kiTxvarSi iniSnavs mis
mier gacemul pasuxebs. pirispir interviu, rogorc wesi, respondentis binaze
tardeba; misi xanrgZlivoba SeiZleba meryeobdes 20 wuTidan 60 wuTamde.
intervius sxva saxeobebia satelefono da safosto interviu.
raodenobrivi meTodebi — socialuri kvlevis formalizebuli meTodebi,
romelTa gamoyenebac statistikur kanonzomierebebs emyareba da romlebic miz-
nad isaxavs gamoavlinos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gavrceleba, misi gamov-
lenis sixSire. es iseTi meTodebia, rogorc masobrivi gamokiTxva, kontent-ana-
lizi.
reaqtiuloba — mkvlevris an kvleviTi situaciis gavlena aqtorebis
saqcielsa da naTqvamze, kvlevis obieqtebis reaqcia im garemoebaze, rom
mkvlevari Seiswavlis maT; gansakuTrebiT vlindeba CarTuli dakvirvebis
warmoebis procesSi. ician ra, rom maT moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian
sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi
aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara, isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba
adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram dakvirvebis warmoebisas es Zalze
seriozuli problemaa, vinaidan amaxinjebs miRebul Sedegebs.
reprezentatuloba — mTavari moTxovna respondentTa SerCevisadmi
masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros. reprezentatuloba gulisxmobs, rom
SerCeva proporciulad asaxavs generaluri erTobliobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs,
warmoadgens ra mis “mikromodels”.
respondenti — adamiani, romelic kvlevis Catarebis dros informaciis
uSualo wyaroa, romlisganac mkvlevrebi iReben maTTvis saWiro informacias;
gamokiTxuli.
sadiskusio gegma — kvlevis instrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba siRrmiseuli
intervius da fokus-jgufebis struqturirebis mizniT. esaa intervius sava-
raudo kiTxvebis sia. sadiskusio gegma ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebisgan Sedgeba.
savele samuSaoebi — termini, romliTac moixsenieba kvlevis Catrebisas
pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis procesi.
satelefono gamokiTxva — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic tele-
102
furclebze ver gamoinaxa adgili verc Tvisebrivi meTodebisaTvis da verc
Cikagos sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. magram es gamarjveba ar
iyo xangrZlivi — meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganaxlda da Semdgom TandaTan
gaizarda mkvlevrebis interesi Tvisebrivi meTodebis mimarT, romlebic dRes
sul ufro da ufro myar adgils ikaveben socialur gamokvlevebSi.
“meTodebis konfliqti” dRes
Tumca raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, ar arsebobs erTazrovani pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu romelia am
meTodebidan “ukeTesi” da romeli — “uaresi”, an romels unda mivaniWoT
upiratesoba. yvela meTods aqvs Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi, yvela SeiZleba
kargi da saWiro iyos Tavis adgilas, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ra sakiTxis
Seswavlas vapirebT da ra kvleviT kiTxvebze veZebT pasuxs. kvlevis meTodis
SerCeva konkretuli kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare unda moxdes — aris
amocanebi da kiTxvebi, romelTa gadaWrasac ukeT SeZlebs raodenobrivi
meTodebi, iseve rogorc aris amocanebi, romelTa gadawyvetac Tvisebrivi
meTodebis meSveobiTaa yvelaze mizanSewonili.12 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoiyeneba ama Tu im problemis, socialuri situaciis
siRrmiseulad Seswavlis mizniT. am meTodebis meSveobiT Seswavlili problemebi
moicavs, magaliTad, migracias da emigrantebis cxovrebas axal garemoSi;
damnaSaveTa samyaros Sida struqturas da/an damnaSaveTa pirovnul Tvisebebs;
Zalauflebis ganawilebas mcire socialur jgufebSi; gansxvavebuli yofis mqone
adamianTa (mag., musikosebis, mocekvaveebis) cxovrebis aRweras da sxv. sxva mxriv,
raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu SeviswavliT
sazogadoebaSi arsebul stratifikaciul sistemas; ama Tu im politikuri
partiis mxardaWeris perspeqtivebs; romelime masobrivi informaciis saSualebis
auditoris demografiul Tvisebebs, da sxv.
amasTan, socialuri sinamdvile imdenad rTulia, rom warmoudgenelia misi
Seswavla mxolod erTi meTodis saSualebiT. Cven yovelTvis gvaqvs arCevani
mraval midgomas Soris, xolo saukeTeso Sedegs, rogorc wesi, Tvisebrivi da
raodenobrivi meTodebis gaerTianebisas, maTi paraleluri gamoyenebisas
miviRebT.
sociologiis istoriaSi cnobilia ramdenime kvleva, romlebic am ori jgufis
meTodebis Serwymis TvalsazrisiTaa gansakuTrebiT saintereso. maT Soris erT-
erTi yvelaze adrindelia 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria
iahodas, pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva,
romlis Temac umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.13 ukanasknel
wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia ielis universitetis mier 2000-2001
wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvleva aRmosavleT evropis 7 qveyanaSi, romelic
Seiswavlida e.w. “eTnikuri siRaribis” problemas.14 aseTi kvlevebi adasturebs,
rom “meTodebis konfliqtis” gadaWris yvelaze mizanSewonili gza iqneba
raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis erToblivi gamoyeneba, rac saSualebas
mogvcems, ufro srulad davinaxoT is problema an sakiTxi, romelsac
SeviswavliT.
amerikeli mkvlevrebi isador niumani da kerolain benci, romlebmac Tavisi
wigni Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis Tanaarsebobisa da TanamSromlobis
gzebs miuZRvnes, xazs usvamen am meTodebis dapirispirebis xelovnurobas da, amis
12
raTa miviRoT gadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli meTodis gamoyeneba
mogvcems ukeTes Sedegs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlisas, aucileblad unda
gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, Tu ramdeni dro gvaqvs gamokvlevis Casatareblad da
ramdeni Tanxaa gamoyofili amisaTvis.
13
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed
Community. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
14
am kvlevis Sedegebi jer ar gamoqveynebula. aseTi kompleqsuri gamokvlevebi SedarebiT
iSviaTad tardeba, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom maTi Catareba Zalze rTulia, da
amasTan — Zalian ZviradRirebuli.
11
sapirispirod, laparakoben maT Soris arsebuli “interaqtiuli kontiniumis”
Sesaxeb, romelsac, maTi rwmeniT, ara aqvs gamokveTili sawyisi da bolo wertili —
kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare, mkvlevarma SeiZleba daiwyos muSaoba am
“kontiniumis” nebismier wertilSi, rac kvlevis sworad warmarTvis pirobebSi ar
Seamcirebs am kvlevis xarisxsa da mecnierul faseulobas15.
Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis “kontimuumze” laparaki socialuri
kvlevis mimarT axlebur midgomas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove etapze mkvlevari ar
unda Semoifarglos meTodebis mxolod erTi jgufiT, miT umetes — romelime
erTi meTodiT. piriqiT, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebi unda ganixile-
bodes rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli da urTierTgamamdidrebeli. rac ufro
mravali kuTxidan SevecdebiT Cvens winaSe mdgari amocanis Seswavlas, miT ufro
mniSvnelovan da faseul Sedegebs miviRebT.
gamokvlevis programa
empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba arasodes ar aris TviTmizani — is
miznad isaxavs axali codnis miRebas socialuri sinamdvilis ama Tu im aspeqtis
Sesaxeb, emsaxureba akademiuri samyaros, mTavrobis, kerZo biznesis, Tu farTo
sazogadoebis interesebs. kvlevis daniSnuleba da is interesebi, romlebsac is
emsaxureba, gamoxatulia gamokvlevis programaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva naklebad formalizebulia, misi
Catarebisas, iseve rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi,
aucilebelia, rom Sedgenili iqnes gamokvlevis programa. programis Sedgena
aucilebelia gamokvlevis miznebis, amocanebisa da problemebis Camoyalibebis
mizniT. amasTan, am dokumentSi Camoyalibebuli iqneba SerCeuli meTodis
gamoyenebis marTebuloba.
gamokvlevis programebi gansxvavdeba kvlevis tipidan gamomdinare. socia-
luri gamokvlevis sami ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs: dazverviTi, aRweriTi da
analitikuri. gamokvlevis tipis SerCeva damokidebulia imazec, Tu ramdenad iqna
Seswavlili esa Tu is problema adrindeli gamokvlevebis Sedegad.
dazverviTi gamokvleva kvlevis yvelaze martivi tipia — misi mizania,
Seagrovos pirveladi monacemebi ama Tu im problemis irgvliv, “dazveros” misi
mdgomareoba. aseT gamokvlevas, rogorc wesi, Zalian martiv programaze
dayrdnobiT da mxolod erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT atareben. yvelze xSirad
dazverviTi gamokvleva ama Tu im problemis Seswavlis pirveli etapia.
aRweriTi gamokvleva ufro rTulia, misi mizania garkveuli problemis an
adamianTa jgufis Sesaxeb vrceli informaciis miReba, romelic SemdegSi
saSualebas miscems mkvlvrebs daadginon, arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri am
problemis sxvadasxva elements Soris. aRweriTi gamokvleva sruli kvleviTi
programis SemuSavebas moiTxovs.
analitikuri gamokvleva yvelaze ufro rTulia. socialuri problemis
aRwerasTan erTad is miznad isaxavs misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis
gamoaSkaravebas. sworad Catarebuli analitikuri gamokvleva movlenebis ganvi-
Tarebis prognozirebis saSualebasac iZleva. analitikur gamokvlevaSi, rogorc
wesi, paralelurad gamoiyeneba informaciis Segrovebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli
meTodi.
yvela tipis kvleva ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc wesi,
Tanamimdevrulad xorcieldeba. esenia:
‰ gamokvlevis programis SemuSaveba;
‰ savele etapi, romlis drosac xdeba informaciis Segroveba;
‰ informaciis damuSaveba;
‰ miRebuli Sedegebis analizi;
‰ kvlevis angariSis momzadeba da publikacia.
15
ix. Isadore Newman, and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology.
Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
12
srulad iziarebs dakvirvebis obieqtTa yofas, monawileobas iRebs maT
saqmianobaSi, esaubreba maT, raTa ukeT Seiswavlos maTi cxovreba.
daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi, romlebsac
Tan axlavs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia.
demografia — mosaxleobis struqturis mecnieruli Seswavla, romelic
awarmoebs mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdisa da Semcirebis, Sobadobis, sikvdi-
lianobis, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis, migraciis analizs; agreTve, ganixilavs mis
asakobriv, sqesobriv Tanafardobas da am maCveneblebis cvlilebebs. demogra-
fiuli informaciis Segrovebis umTavresi wyaroa regularuli aRwera, romelic
yvela saxelmwifoSi saSualod 10 weliwadSi erTxel tardeba.
eTnografia — gansxvavebuli kulturis Seswavla da aRwera, romelic
ZiriTadad Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT xdeba. eTnografiis ZiriTadi mi-
zania cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi am kulturis
warmomadgenlebs esmiT.
eTika — profesiuli saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli principebis da normebis
erToblioba, romelic ama Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs.
eTikuri normebi Tavmoyrilia eTikis kodeqsebSi.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi — socialuri kvlevis meTodebis jgufi, romelic
aerTianebs iseT meTodebs, rogorebicaa siRrmiseuli interviu, “cxovrebis is-
toria”, fokus-jgufi, dakvirveba, monografiuli gamokvleva, da sxv. es meTodebi
cnobilia rogorc “moqnili” meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT miznad isaxavs ara Sesaswavli fenomenis raodenobrivi gavrcelebis
suraTis dadgenas, aramed mis siRrmiseul Seswavlas.
interviu — respondentis gamokiTxvis, misgan informaciis miRebis procesi.
interviu verbaluri informaciis miRebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli
saSualebaa socialur kvlevebSi. misi ramdenime ZiriTadi tipi gamoirCeva,
gamomdinare iqidan, ramdenad struqturirebulia interviu: struqturirebuli,
nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli.
interviueri — kvleviTi jgufis wevri, romelic uSualod esaubreba
respondents, mimarTavs mas kiTxvaris kiTxvebiT da iniSnavs miRebul pasuxebs.
interviueri ZiriTadad masobrivi gamokiTxvis procesSi gamoiyeneba.
informanti — CarTuli dakvirvebis dros mkvlevaris informaciis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi wyaro; Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic exmareba
mkvlevars am kulturis SeswavlaSi.
kiTxvari — specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad Sedgenili kiTxvebis erToblioba,
romelTac respondentebi pasuxoben masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros. gamokiTxvis
tipidan gamomdinare, kiTxvari SeiZleba miZRvnili iyos mxolod erTi Temisadmi,
an sxvadasxva Tematuri blokisagan Sedgebodes.
kontent-analizi — sociologiuri kvlevis meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac
Seiswavleba sxvadasxva tipis dokumentebi maTSi ama Tu im maCveneblebis gamov-
lenis sixSiris dafiqsirebis mizniT. termini iTargmneba qarTul enaze rogorc
“Sinaarsis analizi”; is SeiZleba iyos rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisebrivi.
masobrivi gamokiTxva — sociologiuri kvlevis yvelaze farTod gavrce-
lebuli raodenobrivi meTodi, mosaxleobis azris Seswavla ama Tu im prob-
lemasTan dakavSirebiT misi reprezentatuli nawilis (SerCevis) gamokiTxvis
safuZvelze. gamokiTxva xdeba formalizebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze,
specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad SerCeul respondentebTan.
meTodi — ama Tu im saqmianobis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis konkretuli
xerxi. socialur kvlevaSi — pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis saSualeba. ix.
agreTve: Tvisebrivi meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebi.
socialuri kvlevis meTodika — pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis,
101
 danarTi #2.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
analitikuri gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze rTuli saxeoba,
romelic miznad isaxavs ara marto socialuri problemis aRweras, aramed,
agreTve misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis gamoaSkaravebas. ix. agreTve:
dazverviTi gamokvleva da aRweriTi gamokvleva.
anketireba — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT
warimarTeba. anketirebis dros respondenti TviTon kiTxulobs kiTxvaris
kiTxvebs da Tavadve aRniSnavs pasuxebs, romlebic mis azrs Seesabameba. ix.
agreTve: interviu.
aqtori (Tvisebriv kvlevaSi) — pirovneba, romlis moqmedebac mkvlevris
dakvirvebis da Seswavlis sagania. termini gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad CarTuli
dakvirvebis Sesaxeb saubrisas.
biografiuli interviu — siRmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic
miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis (biografiis) qronologiur rekonstruq-
cias, raTa Seswavlil iqnes ama Tu im socialuri problemis gavlena individis
cxovrebaze, mis mier ama Tu im movlenebis gaazreba da Sefaseba, da sxv.
biografiul interviusa da “cxovrebis istorias” Soris bevria saerTo, Tumca
pirveli gansakuTrebiT farTod gamoiyeneba evropaSi, kerZod — germaniaSi, xolo
meore — aSS-Si. ix. agreTve: cxovrebis istoria.
aRweriTi gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvleva, romelic tardeba ama Tu im
socialuri problemis SeZlebisdagvarad sruli aRweris mizniT, xSirad — raTa
gamovlenili iqnes, arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri am problemis Semadgenel elementebs
Soris. ix. agreTve: dazverviTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.
gamokvlevis programa — sabuTi, romelic aucilebelia empiriuli
socialuri gamokvlevis Casatareblad. gamokvlevis programa kvlevis dawyebamde
unda SemuSavdes. aq Camoyalibebulia gamokvlevis strategia, dasabuTebulia
gamokvlevis problemis mniSvneloba da aqtualuroba da mis Sesaswavlad
SerCeuli gzebis (meTodebis) gamoyenebis marTebuloba. gamokvlevis programis
safuZvliani damuSaveba xels uwyobs xarisxiani gamokvlevis Catarebas da sando
Sedegebis miRebas, Tumca wminda gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis SemTxvevaSi misi
SemuSaveba SeiZleba ar moxdes.
generaluri erToblioba — yvela im adamianTa erToblioba, visac axasiaTebs
is socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebi, romelTa Seswavlac mkvlevris mizans
warmoadgens. gamokvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare, generaluri erToblioba
SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos. magaliTad, Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
azris Seswavla, generalur erTobliobas warmoadgens saqarTvelos yvela
srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis damokidebulebas ama
Tu im problemisadmi, generaluri erTobliobaa saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qalebi;
Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT
miznad, Cveni generaluri erToblioba am universitetis studentebi iqnebian.
generaluri erTobliobis gansazRvra SerCevis Sedgenis safuZvelia.
dazverviTi gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze ubralo tipi,
romlis mizanicaa ama Tu im problemis winaswari Seswavla, misi mdgomareobis
“dazverva”. ix. agreTve: aRweriTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.
dakvirveba — informaciis Segrovebis meTodi (ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba
eTnografiaSi, antropologiaSi da sociologiaSi), romlis drosac mkvlevari
akvirdeba aqtor(eb)is moqmedebas. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben e.w. “ubralo” da
“CarTul” (“monawile”) dakvirvebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevari aranairad ar
ereva im movlenebSi, romlebsac akvirdeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi is xSirad
100
nebismieri kvleva programis SedgeniT iwyeba. Tu am dokumentis Sedgenas
saTanado yuradRebis gareSe movepyrobiT, SeiZleba mTeli gamokvleva CaiSalos.
maSinac ki, rodesac yvelaze martivi, dazverviTi gamokvlevis programis Sesaxeb
vsaubrobT, aucilebelia misi Sedgenis dros maqsimalurad davasabuToT Cveni
miznebi da amocanebi.
gamokvlevis programis mTavari mizania gamokvlevis problemis gansazRvra,
misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba da am problemis SeswavlisaTvis SerCeuli gzebis
marTebulobis damtkiceba. programa unda pasuxobdes kvleviTi kiTxvebis
logikur Tanamimdevrobas:
o ra unda SeviswavloT?
o ra miznebis misaRwevad unda SeviswavloT?
o sad da ra pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT?
o kvlevis ra saSualebebis gamoyenebiT unda SeviswavloT?
am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba gamokvlevis ukeT momzadebasa da
CatarebaSi gvexmareba.
gamokvlevis programa, romelic, agreTve “gamokvlevis koncefciis”
saxeliTaa cnobili, rogorc wesi, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: meTodologiuri da
proceduruli.
programis meTodologiur nawilSi, romelic Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, xdeba (1)
socialuri problemis Camoyalibeba da misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba; (2) gamo-
kvlevis obieqtisa da Temis gansazRvra; (3) dasmuli problemidan gamomdinare,
gamokvlevis miznis (an miznebis) da amocanebis dasaxva da (4) gamokvlevis
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba.
programis procedurul (meTodur) nawilSi saWiroa (1) Sesaswavli erTeulis
(jgufis) gamoyofa da (2) informaciis Segrovebis meTodebis aRwera da daxa-
siaTeba.
ganvixiloT moTxovnebi gamokvlevis programis orive nawilisadmi.16
programis meTodologiuri nawili
1. problemis Camoyalibeba. SeuZlebelia socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba
“saerTod” — mas aucileblad unda hqondes fokusi, unda gamoiyos konkretuli
sakiTxebis jgufi, romelic mkvlevris ZiriTadi interesia. yvela kvleva tardeba
ama Tu im socialuri problemis Seswavlis mizniT. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli so-
cialuri problemebi SeiZleba exebodes cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos, magram isi-
ni yovelTvis xalxis erToblivi cxovrebiT, urTierTqmedebiT da/an maTi socia-
lur institutebTan urTierTobiTaa gamowveuli, asaxaven interesebis sxvada-
sxvaobas da mosaxleobis farTo fenebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. ra Tqma unda,
gamokvleva am problemebs ver gadaWris, magram mas SeuZlia, gaamdidros Cveni
codna maT Sesaxeb da daexmaros sazogadoebas arsebuli problemebis gadaWraSi.
ar aris mizanSewonili erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ramdenime socialuri
problemis Seswavla — aseTi kvlevis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba Zalian Znelia,
xSirad ki SeuZlebelic.
gamokvlevis problemis ukeT Camoyalibebisa da misi aqtualobis dasabuTebis
mizniT aucilebelia Seswavlili iqnes arsebuli literatura am problemasTan
dakavSirebiT. agreTve mniSvnelovania am problemisadmi miZRvnili wina kvlevebis
Sedegebis moZieba. literaturis mimoxilvaSi xdeba moZiebuli literaturis
ganxilva da dagegmili kvlevis adgilis gansazRvra arsebul samecniero wyaroebs
Soris.
gamokvlevis programis es nawili mizanSewonilia davasruloT Cveni uSualo
kvleviTi kiTxvis CamoyalibebiT.
2. gamokvlevis Temisa da obieqtis gansazRvra. gamokvlevis TemaSi gamo-
16
qvemoT moyvanili moTxovnebi ar aris SemuSavebuli specifikurad Tvisebrivi kvlevi-
saTvis. ramdenadac, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamokvlevis programa yvela tipis
gamokvlevisTvis unda iqnes SemuSavebuli, es moTxovnebi SeiZleba wavuyenoT rogorc
Tvisebriv, aseve raodenobriv kvlevas.
13
kveTilia socialuri problemis is aspeqtebi, romelTa uSualo Seswavlacaa
dagegmili. rogorc wesi, socialuri problemebi Zalian rTulia; gamokvlevis
Temis gamoyofa aucilebelia imisTvis, rom kvleva mimarTuli iyos problemis
swored im mxareebze, romelTa Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens. gamokvle-
vis Temis gamoyofa problemis gansazRvris Semdeg xdeba da mis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan maxasiaTeblebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, gvalvis gavlenis Seswavlisas
gamokvlevis uSualo Tema SeiZleba iyos (a) zaralis odenoba, romelic gvalvam
mosaxleobas miayena; (b) resursebi, romelic aqvs mosaxleobas, raTa gaumklavdes
zarals; (g) sxvadasxva saxis saxelmwifo an saerTaSoriso daxmarebis efeqtu-
robis Sefaseba da sxv.
gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvra advilia gamomdinare im Temidan, romlis
Seswavlacaa dagegmili. gamokvlevis obieqti Seswavlis uSualo sagania.
socialur gamokvlevebSi, rogorc wesi, esaa mosaxleoba (an misi romelime nawili)
an sabuTebi. magaliTad, Tu SeviswavliT kaxeTSi gvalvis gamo warmoqmnil
problemebs, ara aqvs azri, gamovkiTxoT Tbilisis mosaxleoba, romelsac
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs soflis meurneobasTan an glexebi, romlebic imereTSi
an aWaraSi cxovroben. gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvris Sedegad Cven vayalibebT
generalur erTobliobas, anu yvela im adamianis erTobliobas, romlebic im
specifikuri socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebis matareblebi arian, romelTa
Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens.
sxva magaliTebi: Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis azris Seswavla
umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT, generalur erToblioba iqneba
saqarTvelos yvela srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis
damokidebulebas ama Tu im problemisadmi, generalur erToblioba
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela qalia; Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis
studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT miznad, generalur erToblioba iqneba am
universitetis yvela studentebi.
3. gamokvlevis miznisa da amocanebis dasaxva. gamokvleva SeiZleba atarebdes
sufTa mecnierul xasiaTs. am SemTxvevaSi mas mxolod SemecnebiTi mizani eqneba —
garkveuli problemis an sazogadoebrivi jgufis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba,
codnis gaRrmaveba an Teoriuli mosazrebebis Semowmeba. arsebobs, agreTve e.w.
gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi, romlebic raime praqtikuli miznis misaRwevad tardeba.
es SeiZleba iyos romelime azris gavrcelebis an sareklamo kampaniis
efeqturobis Sefaseba; xalxis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba; ama Tu im sferoSi
arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis dasaxva da a.S.
Tu gamokvlevis mizani mkvlevris farTo interess gamoxatavs, amocanebi am
miznis dakonkretebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Tu gamokvlevis mizani kaxeTSi gvalvis
Sedegebis Sefasebaa, misi amocanebi SeiZleba iyos gvalvis gamo yvelaze metad
dazaralebuli glexebisaTvis daxmarebis SesaZlo gzebis SemuSaveba.
4. gamokvlevis hipoTezis Camoyalibeba. hipoTeza mecnierulad dasabuTebuli
varaudia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevaris mier dasmul
kiTxvebze, rogor SeiZleba aixsnas Sesaswavli procesebi. nebismieri socialuri
gamokvlevis Catarebas win uswrebs met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra bunebis problemasTan gvaqvs saqme, raa misi warmoSobis mizezebi da
rogori SeiZleba iyos misi gadaWris gzebi. gamokvlevis Catarebis Sedegad
hipoTeza an dadasturdeba, an uaryofili iqneba.
kargi hipoTeza iseT hipoTezas ar niSnavs, romelic aucileblad
dadasturdeba. uaryofili hopiTezac SeiZleba kargi kvleviTi
kiTxvebis dasmaSi dagvexmaros da swori mimarTuleba misces
gamokvlevas.
programis proceduruli nawili
1. Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofa eyrdnoba gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvras,
romlis Sedegadac gamoiyofa im mosaxleobis Tu sabuTebis raodenoba da
konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic uSualod unda iqnes Seswavlili.
socialur gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia Sesaswavli erTeulebis SerCeva, radgan
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gamokvlevis obieqtSi gansazRvruli yvela erTeulis
14
konkretulad ra SeiZleba gavakeToT Cven?
- me, magaliTad, Zalian cud mdgomareobaSi var, imitom rom me bevrad
mirCevia, rom mivce fuli leqtors da raRac CavTvalo, imitom rom namdvilad
problemebiT var savse, magram dRes-dReobiT me amas ar gavakeTeb, miT umetes,
maqvs saSualeba. me sami gamocda gadavitane da vapireb swavlas. me vfiqrob, es iyo
Cemi erT-erTi Setanili wvlili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
- marTali xar.
- albaT marTla, rom aRar gadavixadoT gamocdebSi da CaTvlebSi fuli.
- Cveni cxovreba xom marto gamocdebi da CaTvlebi ar aris?
- ara.
- arc arsad.
- me vfiqrob, zogadad interesi unda gaviRviZoT imisa, rom ar CavdgaT fexi
iq, sadac...
- Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs.
- erTi, pirveli — Seni piradi magaliTiT misce magaliTi sxvas, meores; es aris
erTi momenti, da meore momenti — is, rac Sen ici da iman ar icis (Tundac
uflebebi, Tundac Sen ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is) — Sen daexmaro im adamians im
resursiT, rac Sen gaqvs. bunebrivia, Tu raime organizaciis wevri xar, meti
saSualeba SeiZleba gqondes, TavisTavad, magram Tu xar rigiTi pirovneba, es ar
niSnavs, rom ar SegiZlia — Tundac kerZo saubarSi Sens megobars uTxra,
elementarulad is informacia, romelic SeiZleba ver moipova, SeiZleba ar
undoda, ar gaigo; anda qmediTi daxmareba aRmouCino, gahyve imas, igive
informaciis gamoTxovebis momentSi, yvelam xom ar icis? egec Setanili wvlilia.
bevri rame SeiZleba!
- Tundac, ukanono gadasaxads — magaliTad, pasportis aReba mindoda,
Sevitane gancxadeba. 6 lari Tu 12 lari momTxoves. me vuTxari: “damiwere qviTari
da vixdi”. ar dagiwero. ratom ar damiwer, veubnebi — sxvaTaSoris, maSin vicrue da
Tavisuflebis institutis saxeli gamoviyene...
- ar aris eg korufcia?
- pasporti, Tu piradobis mowmoba?
- pasporti.
- 6 lari Zalian iafia pasportisTvis.
- ara, ubralod gancxadebis Setana.
- veubnebi, damiwere [qviTari] da 24 lari unda mogce. analogiurad, diplomis
fuli minda, rom bankSi Sevitano — ar aris aranairi gza!
- angariSis nomeri ici, rom Seitano?
- Tundac, bavSvi myavs, da ramdenime dRis win aRricxvaze aviyvane bavSvTa
poliklinikaSi. maqvs polisi, dedisac da bavSvisac. TbilisSi samSobiaroSi 100
dolari moaWra polisma. aq mivitane — rveuli xom mivitane, kargi, istoriebi ara
aqvT; 10 lari xom gadavixade, risTvis — eg RmerTma icis. da 5 lari kidev wamlebi
mogvces raRac da imaSi gadagvaxdevines.
- da is sadazRvevo polisi raRa iyo?
- hoda, polisis funqcia ver gavige. Zlivs vikavebdi Tavs, magram aqeT sidedri
medga, iqiT dedaCemi — “kargi, gaCumdi! eqimebia, dagvWirdeba”. gavCumdi. mere
gamovdivar da yvirian, intriganiao. intrigani var?
- eg aris kidev — mSoblebis faqtori Zalian is aris. Cems das Sehqonda
pasportze 10 lari rom mosTxoves, me vuTxari, ar gadavixdiT-meTqi, da
deidaCemma: “sircxvilia, gadavixadoT, ra moxdao”.
- jer skolidanve, Ramis skolaSi vswavlobdi, 9 Tve xom vswavlob, TveSi 10
lari unda gadamexada, ese igi 90 lari, ara? fasianze vswavlobdi. kaco, 120
lariani gadasaxadi momitanes. me vuTxari, damiwereT-meTqi qviTari — damiweres,
Senaxuli maqvs dRemde. rom moviTxove es qviTari — ratom moiTxoveo, direqtori
iZaxis, eg giJiao, rom dadis, TavisTvis laparakobso. anu igive, ra!
didi madloba!
99
 maS axla aravin ar unda ifiqros imaze, rom rame seriozuli brZola
daiwyos korufciis winaaRmdeg?
- ara, rogor ara.
- seriozuli brZola da seriozuli cvlilebebi moitana am revoluciam.
- aba ra aris seriozuli cvlileba?
- Zalian bevri!
- me davinaxe cvlileba, dRes-dReobiT myavs axalgazrda axloblebi TbilisSi,
romlebic samsaxurs eZebdnen da sakmaod kargi codna aqvT, erTma gogom sami ena
icis, yvela Tavis profesiaSi, ase vTqvaT, karg donezea. aqamde Zalian wva-
lobdnen, da sxvaTaSoris oTxidan samma ukve samsaxuri naxa. me vfiqrob, ukve
iciT, rogori done Semovida da rogori azrovneba? rom Tu ar geyoleba
samsaxurSi profesionali, ukve rom midixar, TbilisSi elementarulad: “ingli-
suri ici? kompiuteri ici?” atestacias gadixar da giReben samsaxurSi.
- eg kerZo struqturebSi.
- ki, kerZoSia, magram am SemTxvevaSi TviTon Cveni codniT, Cemi azriT, raRac
patara wvlils SevitanT korufciis winaaRmdeg.
- ki!
- imitom, rom sul rom gvqondes magis imedi, weRan rogorc vTqvi, Tu qvevidan
ar wamovida, is zemodan namdvilad ar iqneba.
- Cemi azriT, kidev, unda Seiqmnas (da mgoni ukve Seqmnilic aris) anti-
korufciuli komisiasaviT raRaca, sadac iqnebian arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
wevrebi, ucxoeTidan moyvanili eqspertebi... unda gaakontrolon.
- oRond, es ar unda iyos... [formalurad.]
- da unda Sedges es antikorufciuli sabWo da unda gaakontrolon igive Cveni
universiteti da ase mivaRwevT Sedegs.
kidev ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?
- Zalian kargia, precedentebi iqmneba, rom korumpirebulebs iWeren, vinc
ixlarTeba raRaceebSi, iWeren, magram Cumad mainc xdeba, ra.
- Cumad ki ar xdeba, yvelaze didi Secdoma ra aris — iWeren, magram ar iWeren
Tavisebs. axla saCvenebel daWerebze nu damiwyebT laparaks, ra!
- wavidnen, daiWiron anzor burjanaZe da davijereb rom asea, ra!
vin unda ibrZodes, Tqveni azriT, axla saqarTveloSi korufciis wina-
aRmdeg?
- yvela.
- xalxi.
- yvela absoluturad.
- yvelam, magram mTavrobisgan unda modiodes keTili neba. me rac ginda viy-
viro...
- ra Tqma unda!
ra SemTvevaSi iqneba brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg dRevandel
saqarTveloSi warmatebuli?
- Tu kanoni ikanonebs.
- Tu ara marto sityviT, aramed Cveni saqmiTac... sinamdvileSi ai gamodian
revoluciis dros, da sinamdvileSi saqme saqmeze rom midges, saqmiT verafers ver
gaakeTeben.
- kanoni ikanonebs da xelfasebi gaizrdeba. magram erTi SemTxveva moxda —
sagadasaxados TanamSromlebs hqondaT 400 lari xelfasi. axla daaWres da 30
lari dautoves.
- ara, 40 lari — nuli mouWres.
- ara, vici rom 30 — Zmakacis deda 400 lars iRebda, atestacia gavlilebi,
samjer gamocdebi Caabarebines, axla meoTxed Caabarebines da 30 larze dasves.
adre iRebda 400 lars. axla wadi da nu moaparineb imas!
- jerjerobiT mainc Zalian Znelad moxdeba es, magram imedi ar unda
daikargos.
98
anu generaluri erTobliobis yvela warmomadgenlis Seswavla.
magaliTad, Tu Cveni gamokvlevis generalur erTobliobas kaxeTis glexebi
warmoadgenen, kaxeTSi mcxovreb yvela glexs, anu ramdenime aTeul aTas adamians,
mkvlevarTa jgufi ver gaesaubreba SezRuduli droisa da finansuri resursebis
gamo. es arc aris saWiro. aucilebelia mxolod glexebis nawilis Seswavla, rome-
lic sworad unda iyos SerCeuli. generaluri erTobliobis am nawils SerCeviTi
erToblioba hqvia, da misi amorCeva gansakuTrebul kanonzomierebebs eyrdnoba.
Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobrivi da
Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, raodenobrivi
meTodebiT muSaoba moiTxovs SerCevis reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofas,
maSin rodesac Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas aseTi moTxovna ar arsebobs.
2. informaciis Segrovebis meTodebi aRwerili unda iyos programis daskvniT
nawilSi. aq aRiniSneba, kvlevis romel meTodebs aniWeben upiratesobas
gamokvlevis organizatorebi, da ratom. garda amisa, mizanSewonilia specialur
danarTSi moyvanili iqnes yvela is kvleviTi instrumenti (kiTxvebi,
instruqciebi da sxva), romlebic gamoyenebuli iqneba gamokvlevis Catarebisas.
davalebebi:
1. moifiqreT 5 socialuri problema, romelTa Seswavlac mizanSewonilad
migaCniaT Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT.
2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa TqvenTvis saintereso socialuri
fenomenis empiriulad Seswavlis mizniT; dagegmeT am fenomenis Seswavla
romelime Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT.
rekomendebuli literatura:
1. iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”
// sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba. gv. 22-44.
2. В. Ядов. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы. Изд-во
«Самарский университет», 1995. С. 42-80.
3. Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, CA:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 281-311 (Chapter 10. “Qualitative Filed Research”).
4. Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in: Robert M.
Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Second Edition.
Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
5. Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 1-60.
6. Michael Burawoy. 1991. “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al.
1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley:
University of California Press.
7. W. Lawrence Neuman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-401 (Chapter 13. “Field Research”).
8. Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology.
Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-26.
9. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 3-
16 (Chapter 1. “Ethnography and Culture”).
10. Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research. Techniques and
Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Publications. Pp. 3-14 (Chapter 1. “Introduction”).
15
 Tema 2.
siRrmiseuli interviu
rogorc cnobilia, interviu informaciis Segrovebis erT-erTi yvelaze
farTod gavrcelebuli saSualebaa, da es mxolod socialur mecnierebebTan
dakavSirebiT rodia swori. Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebas rigi mkvlev-
rebisa “intervius sazogadoebas” uwodebs17 — mosaxleobis interviuirebis sxva-
dasxva forma imdenadaa gavrcelebuli, rom interviu yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
nawilad iqca. arsebobs intervius mravali saxeoba; maT Soris gvxvdeba iseTebi,
romlebic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. sayovelTao aRwerac da
Jurnalisturi preskonferenciac intervius nairsaxeobebia.
interviuersa da respondents Soris urTierTobis formis safuZvelze gamo-
iyofa pirispiri, satelefono da safosto interviu. intervius xangrZlivoba
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogori tipis interviusTan gvaqvs
saqme: satelefono intervius xangrZlivoba SeiZleba 5 wuTs ar aRematebodes,
xolo e.w. “cxovrebis istoria” SeiZleba ramdenime dRes gagrZeldes.
Tavisi struqturisa da kiTxvebis tipidan gamomdinare, interviu SeiZleba
iyos struqturirebuli; nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebu-
li. masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gamoiyeneba struqturirebuli interviu,
romelic kiTxvarze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba da saSualebas gvaZlevs, maqsima-
lurad formalizebulad warvmarToT ramdenime aTasi interviu. eTnografiuli
kvlevis Catarebisas, gansakuTrebiT, kvlevis sawyis etapze, gamoiyeneba ara-
struqturirebuli interviuebi, romlebic exmareba mkvlevars, Seiqmnas saerTo
warmodgena kvlevis obieqtebis Sesaxeb. intervius orive am saxeobasTan Seda-
rebiT, siRrmiseuli interviu, romelic Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi “savizito
baraTia”, Zalze gansxvavebul tips warmoadgens da e.w. nawilobriv struqtu-
rirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba, anu ikavebs Sualedur pozicias
struqturirebul da arastruqturirebul interviuebs Soris. rogorc am meTo-
dis erT-erTi wamyvani specialisti robert vaisi aRniSnavs, siRrmiseul inter-
vius mravali saxeliT moixsenieben, romelTa Sorisaa: “Tavisufali interviu”,
“naratiuli interviu”, “fokusirebuli interviu”, “biografiuli interviu” da
sxv.18 Tavad vaisi am meTods “Tvisebriv intervius” uwodebs. misi azriT, Tumca
Tvisebrivi interviu sxvaTa azris Seswavlis “bunebrivi saSualebaa, is jer kidev
ar aris saTanadod damkvidrebuli socialuri kvlevebis samyaroSi, rom erTi
saxeliT moixseniebodes”19.
siRrmiseuli interviu da misi nairsaxeobebi gamoiyeneba ara mxolod socia-
lur mecnierebebSi, aramed, agreTve, mraval monaTesave dargSi: JurnalistikaSi,
kriminalistikaSi, boigrafiul mecnierebaSi, marketingSi da sxv. gansxvavebuli
midgomebis miuxedavad, yvela am SemTxvevaSi am meTods aerTianebs is garemoeba,
rom is miznad isaxavs respondentebisagan detaluri, Rrma da Tanamimdevruli
informaciis miRebas maTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis
safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba garkveuli sazogadoebrivi kanonzomierebebis
dadgena, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — saerTo xasiaTis daskvnebis gakeTeba.20
xSirad gamoiyofa siRrmiseuli intervius Semdegi fazebi: preinterviu,
kerZod interviu da postinterviu. yovel maTgans Tavisi funqcia aqvs.
preintervius mTavari mizania kontaqtis damyareba respondentTan. swored
preintervius dros unda avuxsnaT mas gamokvlevis mizani da is, Tu rogor iqna
arCeuli respondentad konkretulad es pirovneba; davarwmunoT igi intervius
anonimurobaSi da aucileblad vTxovoT nebarTva, CaviweroT interviu audio- an
17
ix., magaliTad: Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein. 2002. “From Individual Interview to the
Interview Society,” pp. 3-32 in: Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Ed. by Jaber F.
Gubrium. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
18
zogi qarTveli mkvlevari am meTods “CaRrmavebul intervius” uwodebs.
19
Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New
York: Free Press. P. 208.
20
Ibid. P. 210.
16
- movaleobas ixdi, ver gaxsovdeba.
- axla iseTi gadaRlili var gamocdebis mere, ver vazrovneb.
- me Tu mkiTxavT, pirvel rigSi, unda gamoicvalon leqtorebi, arian ukve
Zalian bebrebi bevrni.
- marTalia!
- marTalia!
- sapensio asaki...
- axali kadri unda movides.
- ara, erTi-ori xanSi Sesuli namdvilad kargia oRond, ver ityvi, rom
axalgazrdebi unda Semoiyvano...
- ara, me ar viZaxi, axalgazrdebi unda SemoviyvanoT — unda SemoviyvanoT
iseTebi, vinc ufro...
- Semoyvanaze, umjobesi xom ar iqneba, rom weRan rogorc vTqvi — rom
gadaxalisdes.
- asaksac gaaCnia, mikiTxavda kaci, SeiZleba, Zalian brwyinvaledac icoda,
[magram] misi xmis tembri iyo CurCuli, da auditoriis damorCilebis done — nuli.
- da, sxvaTaSoris, eg iwvevs ukve... xuTianze damTavrebuli studenti, marTla
kargi studenti, Cemi axlobeli movida SarSan, undoda rom leqtorad imuSavos,
magram... am dros me mikiTxavs qali leqcias, romelsac kbilebi daaviwyda saxlSi
da meubneba, “wadi Svilo, kbilebi momitaneo”. amasTan is axalgazrda gogo,
romelmac marTla xuTebze daamTavra — “me xuTosnebi ar mainteresebso”, maSin
reqtoratSi uTxres.
- erTi momentic aris, arian aq moxucebi, xanSi Sesuli kadri, romelsac
SeiZleba sapensio asaki aqvs, magram imas ver Secvli, imitom rom brwinvalea.
- egeTi SemTxvevebi...
- skolaSic da universitetSic asaks ratomRac abaven Rvawlmosilebas — es ase
aRar aris.
- marTalia.
universitetis situacia, mgoni, safuZvlianad ganvixileT. Tqveni azriT,
SeiZleba Tu ara axla vilaparakoT warmatebuli brZolis Sesaxeb korufciis
winaaRmdeg zogadad saqarTveloSi?
- araviTar SemTxvevaSi.
- jer ara.
- jerjerobiT ar SegviZlia.
- Cemi azriT, igive revoluciam erTi Zalian cudi raRac moaxdina — xalxi
adre xom iZaxda, Cven verafers ver SevcliT, unda movides kargi mTavrobao. axla
xalxi uaresad gazarmacda da iZaxis, Cven kargi mTavroba gvyavs da axla isini
gviSvelian. anu, ratom aqvs am xalxs aseTi...
- ar gamigia maseTi naTqvami.
- ra? yvela mase iZaxis!
- marTalia, revoluciam erTi ra SeiZleba cudi moitanos — xalxs amdeni wlis
dagrovili energia im ramdenime kviraSi daaxarjvina da axla aRar ainteresebs im
xalxs jer-jerobiT, ai mere ukve daiwyebs isev, albaT.
- ara, ki ar ainteresebs, ukve imedi aqvT, albaT, rom raRacas gamocvlian.
- ara, imedi SeiZleba gqondes, magram Senc unda iyo aqtiuri.
- es aqsiomaa: Sen xar moqalaqe, Sen gaqvs uflebebi, romlebic pirvel rigSi Sen
unda daicva. xelisuflebas — aravis ar hqondes iluzia, rogorc ginda kargi
xelisufleba iyos, is yovelTvis Tavxeddeba xelisuflebiT, es ase xdeba
gamonaklisebis gareSe.
- Sen xom axla amas iZaxi — Sen rom moxvide xelisuflebaSi, analogiurad
iqneba.
- aucileblad! adamiani var da ase iqneba!
- Tu ar Segawuxe, raRaca Tu ar gaiZule, ar gaakeTeb. keTili nebiT es ar
iqneba.
- aqedan gamomdinare, Sen rogorc ki xuWav Tvalebs...
- iTxove da mogecemao — raRac unda iTxovo da...
97
 - unda CaWran!
- ar SeiZleba!
- ara, ar unda CaWran!
- unda CaWran! axla ratom —
- Cemi azria! unda gauSvan, wavidnen.
- wavidnen da adamians wamali dauniSnon, romelic mas ar sWirdeba?
- ara, imas ar miiReben samsaxurSi, roca ar eqneba codna.
- e-e, fuls miscems da miiReben.
- Tu maSin, me vlaparakob, roca gamoswordeba situacia.
- jerjerobiT xom... Tu Sen igives gaakeTeb, ar gamowordeba!
- meti raRa pativi unda ecaT [saxelmwifo gamocdebze], ver gavige —
geubnebian, wigni Semoitane, konspeqti Semoitane, mTeli biblioTeka amoitane,
dade da waikiTxe — erT saaTs gaZleven, ori sityva gviTxari! oTxians giwerT, Tu
oTx sityvas gvetyvi, or sityvaze samians giwerT. ver iZaxian! maS ar unda CaWra
egeTebi?
- hoda unda gauSva, isini arc arasdros ar iswavlian, unda gauSva eseTebi,
wavidnen ra!
- unda sacerSi gatardes yvela.
- ver garicxav, imitom rom roca fuliT gyavs miRebuli, imas...
- kargi, is wava da giCivlebs.
- sad giCivlebs?
- getyvis, rom vabarebdi, ras gamomarTvio fuli?
- ras giCivlebs, ras ambob?
- raRaca sistemis cvlas mohyveba xolme viRacis...
- ZiriTadi yvelaferi iTqva, da, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovania, rom
Seicvalos saswavlo programebi, romlebic aris Zalian moZvelebuli, Tundac
Cems fakultetze, ucxo enebze, aranairad ara varT kmayofili im swavliT
meTodebiT, rasac gavdivarT, da me ara var darwmunebuli, rom rodesac
davamTavreb, viqnebi srulyofili da kargi specialisti da isev bavSvi fiqrobs,
rom sxva gzebiT miiRos, Seivsos is codna — roca man es codna unda miiRos
universitetSi, da yvelanairad unda iyos dakmayofilebuli. Cemi azriT, es unda
Seicvalos.
- Cemi azriT, aucileblad unda gadaxalisdes saswavlo programebi, ukve
iTqva da veTanxmebi, absoluturad gawelili, gaberili da xSir SemTxvevaSi,
uazro sagnebis swavleba, anu, rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro, vTqvaT, akademiur
doneze icode saqarTvelos istoria, Cemi azriT.
- Tu ar abareb istoriulze.
- sjobia profesiuls daeTmos meti dro da ara piriqiT, profesiuli sagnebis
xarjze farTovdeba is sagnebi, romlebic... elementarulad, saqarTvelos
istoria igulisxmeba, rom iswavleba skolaSi. igive qarTuli ena. marTalia,
qarTuli ena aucilebelia, imitom rom aCvena gamokiTxvebma, rom TiTqmis aravin
ar icis normalurad aq, magram mainc es ar unda aRematebodes, vTqvaT, erT wels
da ar unda gadadiodes sam welze.
- ubralod normalurad unda iswavlebodes.
- da testi unda iyos. es aucilebelia, Cemi azriT.
- me minda kidev erTi davamato, Cemi azriT, CaTvla-gamocdebis arsebuli
sistema unda Seicvalos testirebiT, imitom rom, Cemi azriT, jer erTi CaTvla-
gamocdebs miaqvs uazrod didi dro, meorec, aseTi erTi erTze Secvla
leqtorTan yovelTvis iwvevs korufciul moments, da sjobia testi, jer erTi, is
dokumentic aris.
- davamateb — testebi iyos ara marto, vTqvaT, pirveli semestris bolos,
meore semestris bolos, aramed, vTqvaT, erTi Tvis Semdeg...
- ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, da gaadvildeba studentis saqme.
- ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, imitom rom ici, rogor aris? rom ar gTxoven,
adamiani xar da gimuSavdeba erTi momenti. yovelTviuri an yovelkvireuli
gamokiTxva rodesac ar aris, Sen ar swavlob, da gamocdebis [win] amxela wignebs
ixli TavSi da ra Zali medga...
- ho, ra!
96
videofirze.
kerZod interviu warmoadgens kiTxva-pasuxis gacvlis process interviuersa
da respondents Soris, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari iRebs misTvis saWiro
informacias. qvemoT detalurad visaubrebT interivus am nawilis Sesaxeb.
da bolos, postinterviu respondentisa da interviueris damSvidobebis
procesia, magram amasTan rig damatebiT funqciasac asrulebs. swored
postintervius dros SeiZleba molaparakebuli iqnes Semdgomi Sexvedris
SesaZlebloba, Tu gamokvlevis programa aseT Sexvedras iTvaliswinebs; gadaeces
respondents saCuqari an fuladi anazRaureba gamokvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis,
Tu es winaswar iyo molaparakebuli, da sxv.
meTodis daxasiaTeba
Tumca, erTi SexedviT, siRrmiseuli interviu waagavs Tavisufal saubars
mkvlevarsa da respondents Soris, es ase ar aris, da warmatebuli intervius
Catarebas mTeli rigi profesiuli unar-Cvevebis daufleba da sakmaod mdidari
praqtikuli gamocdileba ganapirobebs — es aris meTodi, romelSi daxelovnebac
mxolod misi gamoyenebis procesSia SesaZlebeli.
siRrmiseuli intervius mizania, gavigoT respondentebis maqsimalurad deta-
luri mosazrebebi Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; amitom “rogor?” da "ra-
tom?" kiTxvebi yvelaze xSiri da sasargebloa am tipis interviuSi. ara nakleb xSi-
rad aqvs adgili Txovnas respondentisadmi, dawvrilebiT agviRweros esa Tu is
SemTxveva Tavisi cxovrebidan da misi STabeWdilebebi, misi reaqcia am Sem-
TxvevasTan dakavSirebiT; misi damokidebuleba garkveuli xalxis an movlenebi-
sadmi, mis mier CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis Sefaseba.
robert vaisi ganixilavs siRrmiseul intervius rogorc interviuersa da
respondents Soris TanamSromlobis process, romlic drosac orive monawiles
erTi mizani amoZravebs — esaa axali informaciis warmoeba kvlevis TemasTan
dakavSirebiT. metic, misi TqmiT, am TanamSromlobaSi interviueri “is instru-
mentia, romlis saSualebiTac respondenti mogviTxrobs Tavis ambavs”21. amitom
interviueri arasodes ar unda Seecados, srulad akontrolos intervius
msvlelobis procesi — piriqiT, man unda misces respondents saSualeba, rac
SeiZleba meti ilaparakos Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, ra Tqma unda,
valdebulia uzrunvelyos, rom saubarma ar gadauxvios kvlevis Temas; mxolod
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia interviuers, gamoiyenos Tavisi Zalaufleba da
Seitanos cvlileba intervius msvlelobaSi, Tumca man es rbilad unda gaakeTos.
rogorc h.r.bernardi aRniSnavs, “Tqven agebT pasuxs imaze, rom saubari
fokusirebuli iyos [kvlevis Temaze], magram saSualebas aZlevT respondents,
gansazRvros saubris Sinaarsi. mieciT mas ufleba, mogawodoT informacia,
romelic, misi azriT, mniSvnelovania”22.
mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom siRrmiseul intervius, rogorc wesi, atarebs
ara daqiravebuli interviueri, romelsac ara aqvs miRebuli monawileoba
kvlevis dagegmvis procesSi, aramed Tavad mkvlevari, romelic muSaobda
gamokvlevis programis Sedgenaze, winaswar Seiswavla socialuri problema,
romelsac interviu exeba.23 “iyo kargi interviueri, niSnavs icode, Tu ra saxis
informaciaa saWiro kvlevisaTvis da Segwevdes unari, daexmaro respondents
mogvces es inforamcia”24, — aRniSnavs robert vaisi.
21
Ibid. P. 65.
22
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third
edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. P. 209.
23
es yovelTvis ase ar aris dasavleTis qveynebis Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi, sadac
miRebulia interviuerebis daqiraveba ara mxolod raodenobrivi, aramed, agreTve
Tvisebrivi interviuebis Catarebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, am saleqcio kursSis far-
glebSi Cven ufro mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom siRrmiseuli interviu Tavad
mkvlevarma Caataros, da am leqciaSi terminebi “mkvlevari” da “interviueri” ixmareba
rogorc sinonimebi.
24
Robert S. Weiss. Op cit. P. 66.
17
 siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis mizniT, mkvlevari ar amzadebs struqtu-
rirebul kiTxvars — magram mas yovelTvis aqvs Sedgenili savaraudo kiTxvebis da
maTi sasurveli Tanamimdevrobis werilobiTi monaxazi, romelic emyareba
intervius procesSi gansaxilveli Temebisa da sakiTxebis winaswar Seswavlas. am
monaxazs sadiskusio gegma ewodeba. sadiskusio gegma mkvlevris samuSao instru-
mentia, romelic gvexmareba vakontroloT intervius procesi, ar gamovtovoT
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi da maqsimaluri informacia miviRoT respondentisgan
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.25
sadiskusio gegmis momzadeba aucilebelia, Tu gvinda miviRoT sando
Tvisebrivi monacemebi, rac SemdgomSi saSualebas mogvcems, SevadaroT sxvada-
sxva intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia. amave mizniT, gansaxilveli Temebis
Tanamimdevroba intervius dros sasurvelia ucvleli iyos, Tumca dasaSvebia
garkveuli variaciebi. mainc, ar aris sasurveli, rom winaswar SemuSavebuli geg-
misagan gadaxveva, kiTxvebis formulirebisa da Tanamimdevrobis Secvla Zalian
xSiri da/an radikaluri iyos.
siRrmiseuli intervius mTavari Rirseba isaa, rom is saSualebas gvaZlevs
rogorc Cven, mkvlevrebs, aseve respondentebs uSualod intervius msvlelo-
bisas wamovwioT an ganvaviTaroT axali Temebi, romlebic aqtualuria gamo-
kvlevisaTvis, magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ar iqna winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli
kvlevis dagegmvis etapze. uSualod intervius procesSi wamoWrili axali
Temebis ganviTareba SesaZlebeli xdeba, ramdenadac sadiskusio gegma ar
moiTxovs, zedmiwevniT zustad davicvaT iq dasmuli kiTxvebis formulireba da
Tanamimdevroba, aramed garkveul Tavisuflebas gvaniWebs. swored es garemoeba
ganapirobebs imas, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, siRrmiseuli interviu
nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba.
siRrmiseuli interviu ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba,
anu iseT kiTxvebze, romlebic ar sTavazoben respondentebs pasuxis SesaZlo
variantebs. aseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas respondentebs sruli Tavisufleba
eniWebaT sakuTari azris gamoxatvisas, mkvlevari aranairad ar “ubiZgebs” maT
garkveuli kategoriis pasuxebisaken, amitom iTvleba, rom aseTi kiTxvebi gansa-
kuTrebiT mizanSewonilia iseTi Temebis Seswavlis mizniT, romlebic SedarebiT
naklebadaa Seswavlili, da am Temebisa da sakiTxebis ufro Rrmad Seswavlis
saSualebas gvaZlevs. “daxuruli” kiTxvebi, romlebic Zalian gavrcelebulia
raodenobriv kvlevebSi, TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba siRrmiseul interviuSi.
sirRmiseuli interviu warmatebulia maSin, rodesac mkvlevarma miiRo
mdidari da detaluri informacia sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi
inforamciis miRebaSi mas xSirad exmareba moTxovna, daakonkretebinos respon-
dents misi pasuxebi. Tu respondenti yveba Tavisi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, magram
Zalian zogadad ganixilavs mas, interviueri aucileblad unda Caeros saubarSi
da sTxovos mas, daakonkretos esa Tu is detali. magaliTad, SeiZleba dausvas
aseTi kiTxva: “rogor ganviTarda bolo aseTi SemTxveva?” an “rodis moxda es
ambavi bolos?”26 rac ufro vrcel informacias viRebT respondentis gamoc-
dilebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro meti masala gveqneba dasamuSaveblad da miT ufro
metia imis albaToba, rom kvleva warmatebuli iqneba.
siRrmiseuli intervius dros mizanSewonilia, interviuerma Zalian cota
ilaparakos; rogorc wesi, rac ufro uwyvetia respondentis Txroba, miT ufro
warmatebulia interviu.
siRrmiseuli intervius xangrZlivoba damokidebulia gamokvlevis tipze
da/an Temaze, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi is sul cota 1 — 1,5 saaTs grZeldeba da
iSviaTad grZeldeba 3 saaTze mets. ra Tqma unda, intervius mizania respon-
dentisgan informaciis miReba da, Teoriulad, rac met informacias miviRebT
misgan, miT ukeTesi iqneba, magram praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia, saubari usasrulod
gagrZeldes. amitom mkvlevris profesionalizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
maCvenebelia, droulad “gamoicnos” is pasuxebi da gadaxvevebi, romlebic
25
am leqciis Semdeg (magaliTi #1) moyvanilia siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegmis
magaliTi.
26
Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. Pp. 74-76.
18
Caabarono.
- maraa, kaco, me rom gamocdebi mqonda, mubnebodnen, mwvane ginTia, risi
geSiniao.
- movidao viRac qisti, romelmac ar icoda qarTuli. axla me veubnebio, me ar
vici qisturio da rusuli me ki vicio, magram ruseTSi ar varT da ratom unda
gamogcado rusulad? am dros is unda mieRoT.
- Cems win gogo gadioda, istorias rom vabarebdi — ra Tqma unda, ar icoda, da
erT-erTi sakiTxi hqonda [erekle]. [gamomcdeli] eubneba axla, rac ici is moyevio
da — araferi ar vicio. gagiJda, moixsna saTvale — ras hqvia araferi ar vicio,
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi nu magdebo, iq 70 kacze meti zis auditoriaSi, Tan icis,
rom viRaca magis mere unda CaWras — moyevio rame! araferi ar vicio.
sanam movrCebiT universitetis Sesaxeb saubars, vinmes rame xom ar darCa
saTqmeli?
- am yvela problemis mogvarebasTan erTad unda aiwios universitetis pres-
tiJi, anu, raSi gamoixateba: unda daematos iseTi sagnebi, iseTi fakultetebi,
romlebic kaxeTs sWirdeba, ra. amdeni pedagogi weliwadSi kaxeTs ara sWirdeba,
Cemi azriT, da es aucileblad unda gakeTdes da es reqtoris Zalian didi
survilia da, albaT, momavali wlidan gakeTdeba, unda gakeTdes mevenaxeoba-
meRvineobis fakulteti, razec aris moTxovna kaxeTSi, oRond es unda iyos Zalian
prestiJuli fakulteti, Tundac weliwadSi uSvebdes xuTs, magram profesional
kadrs. da imas garantirebuli eqneba samsaxuri. axla Cven rom mivdivarT, ar viciT
sad mivdivarT — diploms ki viRebT, magram sul sxvagan vfiqrob vimuSavo, imitom,
rom maRali xelfasia.
- kidev erTs davamatebdi. me vfiqrob, leqtorebis kadri unda gadaxalisdes,
anu gadamzaddessaviT...
- rame treningebisaviT...
- ... da literaturac unda gaZlierdes, Torem is literatura, romliTac
swavlobdnen 10 wlis win, ukve CvenTvis moZvelebulia.
- anu, Taobebia gaWedili. erTi qalia kaxeTSi, 75 wlis, vinc akeTebs miwis
analizs.
- marto erTi qali?
- is qali rom mokvdes, ver gaigeb, kaxeTSi ra miwaSi ra Cayaro. SeiZleba vazis
miwaSi miwis Txili Cayaro, qvebSi Cayaro RanZili, anu ra unda gaakeTo, ar ici.
- me vfirqob, mTavari problemebi ukve Tqves: is, rom leqtorebma unda
atestacia, Tu rac aris [gaiaron], rom leqtoris done iyos maRali, da rac
mTavaria, da mec amis msxverpli var, rom TviTon ara var mondomebuli, magram
vapireb — Cemi azriT, bavSvebis mondomeba swavlisadmi, es iqneba, me mgoni,
gadamwyveti, imtom rom Tu is bavSvi swavlobs, da Semdeg Tu is Tavis uflebebs
gaecnoba, da Semdeg, Tu is Tavisi uflebebisaTvis daiwyebs brZolas, ukve
daanaxebs Tavis saxes reqtoratsac da leqtorebsac da ukve esec erT-erTi is
iqneba, rom korufcia aRmoifxvras mTlianad. imitom, rom am revoluciazec,
igive, xalxma daanaxa, da ara vinmes yvirilma, ukacravad, xalxma daanaxa, aqvs
xalxs amis saSualeba, energia da CveniT unda gavakeToT es, me mgoni.
- Cemi azriT, sanam saxelmwifoSi ar Seicvleba situacia, universitetSic ar
Seicvleba; roca saxelmwifoSi Seicvleba, me vfiqrob, rom avtomaturad aqac
sxvanairi situacia Seiqmneba.
- araswori midgomaa.
- ho.
- saerTod es aris Zalian daStampuli, yovelTvis ase iyo, zevidan qveviT.
modiT, piriqiT, qvevidan SevcvaloT, da ava is nel-nela zeviT.
- saxlis Senebas iwyeben, me rogorc vici, saZirkvlidan.
- weRanac vTqvi me es azri da axlac gavimeoreb, rom igive saxelmwifo
gamocdebze is, rodesac 4 weli aZlev fuls, axla, saxelmwifo gamocdebze, aRar
unda aiRon fuli da pirdapir gauSvan isini, arc CaWran, araferi — Cemi azriT.
gauSvan is studentebi, da igive samsaxurSi roca miva is, mixvdebian, rom mas ara
aqvs codna, da morCa. is, rom is studentebi CaWran, romlebic 4 wlis
ganmavlobaSi fuls aZlevdnen universitets...
95

axla skolis Tema davxuroT. erTi Zalian mokle SekiTxva universitetTan
dakavSirebiT — rogor fiqrobT, axali reqtori ras Secvlis? ramdenad
TvliT, rom reqtoris Secvla moitans sasurvel cvlilebebs korufciis
dargSi? sxva dargebs jerjerobiT nu SevexebiT.
- axali reqtori ecdeba, me vfiqrob, rom mcdeloba iqneba, magram ramdenad
ganaxorcielebs, eg ar vici. imitom rom me vici erTi magaliTi, rom moatyues
reqtori. sinamdvileSi fuli iqna aRebuli, erT-erTi bavSvis SeyvaniT, aiRo sxvam
is fuli, 300 dolarzea aq saubari, aiRo sxvam, erT-erTma moxelem es fuli da
Seiyvana reqtorTan rogorc uniWieresi bavSvi, rogorc es-es-es.
- me SemiZlia faqtebiT vilaparako. 12 maisidan aris reqtori, damtkicda 1
ivniss, Tu ar vcdebi. ukve aris raRac sasikeTo Zvrebi, me, magaliTad, Cems Tavze
gamovcade, davinaxe.
- ki.
- axali cocxis faqtori mgonia jerjerobiT.
- ara, me ara mgonia axali cocxis faqtori. axla raSia saqme — saxelmwifo
gamocdebze am kacma Semoiara absoluturad yvela auditoria da uTxra, rom ar
gadaixadoT araferi, ar mokrifoT, dekans ar misceT, aravis ar misceT, vinc
ginda mogTxovoT, imitom rom azri ar eqneba. da marTla CaiWrnen is
fulgadaxdilebi.
- ukan daubrunes fuli?
- ar vici, ra gaakeTes.
- eg dekanebis da studentebis [saqmea].
- mere mirbodnen saCivlelad, ai, maS fuli raRas gamogvarTveso? karg dros
mirbodnen! es erTi. meore, sanam reqtoris arCevnebi iqneboda, studentebis
garkveulma nawilma movagroveT 600 xelmowera [erT-erTi kandidatis] mxardasa-
Werad — magram es ar iyo raRaca Tavis moqonvis principi, Cven mas warvudgineT
Cveni programa, ra unda Seesrulebina mas studnetebisTvis. da amaze dagvTan-
xmda. iq iyo: biujetis gamWvirvaloba, misaRebi gamocdebis gamWvirvaloba, rac
ukve faqtia da me piradad Cemi arasamTavrobo organizaciis saxeliT mivmarTav
da me davakvirdebi misaReb gamocdebs Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi axla.
da iq iyo sxvadasxva sakiTxebi, romlebzec es kaci dagvTanxmda, romlebzec visa-
ubreT, romlebic gvjera, rom gakeTdeba, da jerjerobiT midis sworad yve-
laferi.
- ho, imedi aris.
- is fuli, mosawyobi fuli, ojaxidan mainc xom gamodioda, ara? da midioda
marcxena jibeSi. axla me vnaxe, rom fasian seqtorze gazrdilia gadasaxadebi.
- ho.
- da es aris marTali. imitom rom mainc gamodis is fuli, da [sjobs] wavides
ise, rom leqtorebs gauzardo xelfasi, vidre is “marcxniv” wavides.
- ar SeiZleba, Seni arasamTavrobo organizacia ara marto misaRebze
daeswroT, aramed, vTqvaT, saxelmwifo gamocdebze da aseve sesiaze?
- ki.
- kargi iqneba!
danarCenebis azri mainteresebs — kidev ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom
universitetSi situacia gamoswordes korufciis TvalsazrisiT?
- Cemi azriT, pirvel rigSi leqtorebs xelfasi unda gaezardoT.
- unda gaezardoT.
- [fasiani seqtoris gadasaxadebis gamoyenebiT ufro kargia maTi xelfasebis
gazrda.]
- ki, Torem saxelmwifo ar gazrdis Tavisi iniciativiT.
- da Semdeg leqtorebis atestacia unda moxdes.
- unda akontrolon misaRebi gamocdebi, TviTon universitetis xelmZRva-
nelobam. anu, me viZaxi, kargi mxriv unda akontrolon.
- a. erT wels iyo mimReb komisiaSi Tavmjdomared. movida viRac qistio, imas,
ra Tqma unda, Tavidanve ise hqonda saqme, rom imas unda Caebarebina. dedaCemma
[Tqva], Tavidanve momceso sia, ai amaT unda Caabarono, da danarCenebma ar unda
94
zedmeti an usargebloa am konkretuli gamokvlevis problemis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT, da iswavlos respondentis Tavazianad gaCumeba da saubris
msvlelobis Secvla saWiro mimarTulebiT.
iTvleba, rom siRrmiseuli intervius meTodiT ganxorcielebuli erTi gamo-
kvlevis farglebSi sakmarisia 20-30-dan 50-60-mde siRrmiseuli intervius
Catareba27, raTa miRebuli iqnes sakmarisi da sando empiriuli monacemebi. saerTo
rCeva interviuebis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT aseTia: interviuebis Catareba
unda Sewydes maSin, rodesac axali interviuebis msvlelobaSi miRebuli
informacia meordeba, axali informacia umniSvnelo da periferiuli xasiaTisaa
da aRar amdidrebs Cvens codnas Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad,
damatebiTi interviuebis Catareba aRar aris gamarTlebuli28. masobrivi gamo-
kiTxvis dros gamokiTxul aTasobiT respondentTan SedarebiT es ricxvi
SeiZleba Zalian mcired mogveCvenos, magram nu daviviwyebT, rom yoveli aseTi
intervius dros Cawerili saubris qaRaldze gadatanas (“gaSifvras”) sul cota 6-
8 saaTi dasWirdeba, ris Sedegadac miviRebT 20-ze meti gverdis moculobis
teqsts (“transkripts”); yvela interviu damuSavebuli da gaanalizebuli unda
iqnes. es Zalze Sromatevadi samuSaoa.
Znelia CamovayaliboT zusti wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac xdeba responden-
tebis SerCeva siRrmiseuli interviusaTvis. iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebrivi
meTodebiT muSaobisas, aq arasodes ara gvaqvs saqme reprezentatul SerCevasTan.
respondentebis SerCeva xdeba gamokvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, im moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebsac mkvlevars gamokvlevis amocana karnaxobs. Cveu-
lebriv saqme gvaqvs erTi da igive socialuri jgufis warmomadgenlebTan, an
xalxTan, romlebsac miRebuli aqvs garkveuli gamocdileba — magaliTad, Tu
SeviswavliT warmatebul biznes-karieras, unda davukavSirdeT warmatebul
biznesmenebs; Tu gamokvlevis Temaa bavSvebis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli saerTo
problemebi, maSin kvlevaSi monawileoba axalgazrda mSoblebma unda miiRon; Tu
gamokvlevis Temaa migracia, unda CavataroT interviu migrantebTan; Tu gamo-
kvleva umaRlesi saswavleblebis problemebs exeba, unda moviwvioT studentebi
da/an profesor-maswavleblebi, da a.S.29
siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba yovelTvis winaswar SeTanxmebulia respon-
dentTan da tardeba aseve winaswar SeTanxmebul adgilas — es SeiZleba iyos
respondentis saxli, misi samsaxuri an mkvlevris ofisi. aseTi interviu arasodes
ar tardeba quCaSi an sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi, rogorebicaa kafe,
biblioTeka da sxv. siRrmiseuli interviu tardeba pirispir mkvlevarsa da
respondents Soris; sxva pirTa daswreba akrZalulia. vinaidan amis miRweva
sakmaod Znelia respondentis ojaxSi, siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba ufro
mizanSewonilia mkvlevris ofisSi, sadac daculi iqneba simSvide da intervius
CatarebisaTvis xelsayreli sxva pirobebi.
siRrmiseuli intervius diqtofonze Cawera aucilebelia misi Semdgomi ana-
lizis mizniT. es moTxovna damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mkvlevars
rogorc teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT (teqnikuri aRWurvilobis momzadeba, misi
gamarTulad muSaobis uzrunvelyofa), aseve eTikuri TvalsazrisiTac (respon-
dentebis konfidencialobis dacva).
siRrmiseuli intervius specipikuri saxeobebi
siRrmiseuli interviu Tvisebrivi kvlevis Zalze gavrcelebuli meTodia, da
gasakviri ar aris, rom misi gamoyenebis manZilze SemuSavebuli iqna misi ramdenime
nairsaxeoba. biografiul-naratiuli interviu da “cxovrebis istoria”, iseve
27
SesaZloa, yvela am intervius damuSaveba ver moxerxdes, vinaidan respondentebs Soris
SeiZleba Segvxvdes adamianebi, romlebic ver moaxerxeben Tavisi azris sakmaod
vrclad Camoyalibebas. Tumca, siRrmiseuli interviuebis Catarebis dros aseTi ram
SedarebiT iSviaTad xdeba, vinaidan yvela respondenti, rogorc wesi, individualurad
aris xolme SerCeuli, da SerCevis erT-erTi moTxovna swored maTi lingvistikuri
komunikaciis maRali donea.
28
Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 21.
29
ix. Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit.
19
rogorc fokus-jgufi, romlis Sesaxebac Semdeg leqciaze visaubrebT, SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeobebi — Tumca maT sakmaod
specifikuri Tvisebebi gaaCnia, samive es meTodi Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeble-
biT siRrmiseuli intervius analogiuria.
“cxovrebis istoria” iTvaliswinebs respondentis cxovrebis dawvrilebiT
aRweras. siRrmiseuli interviusagan gansxvavebiT, es aris arastruqturirebuli
interviu, romelic ar moiTxovs sadiskusio gegmis SemuSavebas da romlis
Catarebis procesSic mkvlevris roli xSirad mxolod msmenelis rols utoldeba
— is sTxovs respondents, mouyves mas Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, da misi Semdgomi
Careva Txrobis procesSi Zalian umniSvneloa, rogorc wesi, mxolod Txrobis
fokusirebis an qronologiis dacvis mizniT xdeba.
“cxovrebis istoriis” meSveobiT SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes, magaliTad, mig-
raciis gavlena adamianis cxovrebaze da axal kulturul garemoSi adaptaciis
sirTuleebi. intervius msvlelobaSi miRebuli informaciis gamdidrebis mizniT
mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiyenos piradi dokumentebi, rogorebicaa werilebi,
dRiurebi, fotosuraTebi da sxv.
Tumca misi saxeliT Tu vimsjelebT, es meTodi TiTqos respondentis mTeli
cxovrebis momcvelia, es ase ar aris. cxovrebis periodi, romelsac kvlevis
procesSi SeviswavliT, Zalauneburad SerCeviTia; aseT SemTxvevaSic ki interviu
Zalian xangrZlivia da SeiZleba ramenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes (aseT
SemTxvevebSi, ra Tqma unda, saubari mTeli dRe ar mimdinareobs, magram ramdenime
dRis manZilze mkvlevari da interviueri ramdenime saaTs saubroben).
“cxovrebis istoriis” meTodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi upiratesoba
gamoixateba sxvadasxva pirovnebebis istoriebis Sedarebis da garkveuli soci-
aluri kanonzomierebebis Ziebis SesaZleblobaSi. amitom es meTodi farTod
gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, kriminalistikaSi.
socialur mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneba “cxovrebis istoriis” ramdenime saxe-
oba, kerZod, amerikuri kvleviTi tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “cxovrebis is-
toria” da biografiul-naratiuli interviu, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba evro-
peli (upirveles yovlisa, germaneli) mkvlevrebis mier. amerikul sociologiaSi
es meTodi saTaves iRebs Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebis uiliam Tomasis da
florian znaneckis klasikuri gamokvlevidan “poloneli glexi evropasa da ame-
rikaSi” (1918) da kliford r. Sous “jek roleris” cxovrebis aRweraSi (1930). 1930-
iani wlebidan interesi am meTodisadmi Sesustda, magram 1960-anebSi kvlav
gaZlierda.
“cxovrebis istoriis” gamoyenebisadmi ori midgoma gamoirCeva:
tradiciuli, romelic miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis obieqtur
aRweras da gamoirCeva interesiT imisadmi, Tu ra asaxva pova mis cxovrebaSi
farTo socialurma procesebma, ra gavlena iqonies maT Cveulebrivi adamianis
cxovrebaze. aseTi midgoma gvexmareba, SeviswavloT socialuri procesebis
subieqturi Sefasebebi, gavamaxviloT yuradReba socialur procesebsa da
individualur cxovrebas Soris arsebul kavSirze, SevafasoT socialuri
cvlilebebis mniSvneloba, da sxv. am konteqstSi es meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneba
axali socialuri fenomenebis Seswavlis mizniT, raTa Sevsebuli da
gamdidrebuli iqnes mkvlevrebis xelT arsebuli statistikuri masala.
SedarebiT axali midgoma miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebiseuli gzis
interpretacias da/an aseTi interpretaciis SesaZlo gzebis Seswavlas, ris
Sedegadac es midgoma fsiqologias uaxlovdeba.
amerikelma sociologma geil kligmanma (Gail Kligman) “cxovrebis istoriis”
gamoyenebiT Seiswavla rumineli qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTelobis prob-
lemebi CauSeskus reJimis dros, rodesac eris gamavlebis iZulebiTi politika
tardeboda. am politikas tragikuli Sedegebi hqonda qalebis janmrTelobisa da
TviT sicocxlisTvisac ki, vinaidan rTuli ekonomikuri pirobebi qalebs xSirad
ubiZgebda aralegaluri abortebi gaekeTebinaT, romlebic arakvalificiurad
keTdeboda, ris gamoc maT mravali qalis sicocxle Seewira.30
30
ix. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania.
Berkley: University of California Press.
20
Sen vina gkiTxavs, wadio — ar iZleva! azri ara aqvs, xalxo!
- iq sxva situaciaa.
- magedan modis.
- ra doneze qreboda fuli, kacma ver miagno.
- ara, dawyeba eg aris, skolidan, magram dRes-dReobiT universitetis
korufcia ufro damRupvelia.
- ara, gamomdinarea skolidan.
- me vfiqrob, universitetidan gadaiRo skolis struqturam, imitom rom adre
ar iyo.
- ara, ra aris — erTi rame, ra. studenti rom modis universitetSi, is modis
skolidan da is skolaSi Tu mieCvia meqrTameobas, fulis micemas, raRaceebs, xom —
igives gaagrZelebs aq da aravis ar unda gaukvirdes es.
- amis mizezi ra aris, iciT? weRan rom viZaxdiT, im avtobusebze, im fasadis
SekeTebaze da a.S. — skolas ara aqvs fuli da iZulebuli xdeba, xom?
- ki, iZulebuli xdeba.
- anu saxelmwifom dRes, samwuxarod, qarTulma saxelmwifom yvelanairi mora-
luri ufleba dakarga, vinmes rame mosTxovos; Tundac im adamians, romelsac Sia
da raRacas iparavs, da martivad vityvi, ratomac. saqarTvelos parlamentma
rodesac daadgina, rom saarsebo minimumi unda iyos 115 lari, da igive parlamenti
adgens, rom minimaluri xelfasi qveyanaSi unda iyos 14 lari, xom — amiT igive Seni
xelisufleba geubneba, rom sasikvdilod xar ganwiruli da Seni Tavis gadasar-
Cenad rac ginda is qenio. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelanair moralur valdebulebas
mosamarTle kargavs, rom miusajos...
- ese igi, raRac momentSi saxelmwifo gvibiZgebs korufciisken.
- raRac momentSi ki ara, gibiZgebs Sen!
- eg yvelaferi maRlidan modis, aba...
- isic sakiTxavia, minimumi aris marTla is 115 lari, Tu ufro meti sWirdeba
adamians, magram rodesac Sen amas akeTeb, da plius...
- yvelas ara aqvs imis saSualeba, kerZo biznesi wamoiwyos, yvelas ara aqvs imis
saSualeba, arian adamianebi, mcodneebi...
- ver dadgeba da papiross ver gayidis quCaSi!
- profesoria!
- viRa iyidis, yvelam rom papirosi gayidos?
- rogor ara, gaiyideba! oRond, erTi rame kidev da skolasTan dakavSirebiT
xmas aRar amoviReb. Zalian aris axla yuradReba misaqcevi da dasafiqrebeli —
rogorc viciT, reformiT SeiZleba iseTi rame moxdes, umaRles saswavlebelSi
saerTod gauqmdes gamocdebi da skolaSi miRebuli raRac Sefasebebis mixedviT
ganawildes. es aris absurdi — aq ixsneba korufcia da midis skolaSi, Tu direq-
tori ar Seicvala, Tu sistema ar Seicvala, Tu monitoringi an sazogadoebrivi, an
saxelmwifo, an raRacnairi monitoringi ar ganxorcielda.
- nu, praqtikebze rom viyaviT [skolebSi] — bavSvebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, swavla ar
undaT! es aris kidev yvelaze didi, da maswavlebels rom eubnebian, “ki-Wa!” mere
vubnebi, Sen swavla ar ginda-meTqi? da — “me rad minda swavla, me rad minda!”,
marto rom ipranWebian da bolos veRar Sevikave Tavi, me rom Seni maswavlebeli
viyo, kedelze gartymevinebdi-Tqo Tavs. aris usaSinlesi mdgomareoba. ara, ar
vartymevinebdi, magram im wuTas...
- meoTxe skolaSi maswavlebelma marilze daayena muxlebiT bavSvi.
- eg adre iyo, axla piriqiT xdeba.
- adre ara, erTi wlis winandeli faqti.
- Sevedi skolaSi da guli gamiskda — telefonze TamaSobs naxevari klasi, ra!
meoTxeklaseli lawirakebi!
- Cems periodSic iyo, magram verc erTi maswavlebeli ver bedavda xeli daedo
CemTvis.
- maswavlebeli rom yviris, maswavlebeli rom wivis, wixliT rom Semodis, rom
Semodis da ar icis, rom Sesavali unda gaakeTos, bavSvi unda moamzados, da im
gagiJebul bavSvs rom dadgeba da wivil-kivils dauwyebs: “modi gakveTili
Camabare!”, JurnalSi yofaqcevis magivrad saganSi “erTians” rom dauwers — ar
iswavlis da ver gaamtyuneb. ai eg maswavlebeli unda miartya kedelze!
93
Caabaros, daCagrulia.
- ai, universitetSia eg faqtori, rom momzadebaze — skola maxsendeba xolme
magaze, erT leqtorTan vemzadebodi, da Semdeg ukve, rom davanebe am leqtorTan
momzadebas Tavi, imitom rom aranairi Sedegi vera vnaxe — ai veranairi, naxevari
saaTi vsaubrobdiT, meWoraveboda uxeSad rom vTqvaT, da siTamamec ar myofnida,
rom meTqva rom “ara” — Semdeg misi mSoblebis binis pirdapir daviwye momzadeba da
amis gamo ignorirebas mikeTebda kursze, maxsovs, maSin kargi aRmavlobis periodi
mqonda, da, rasac hqvia, Caaqro mTlianad CemSi eg, da axla ver viwyeb isev Tavidan,
imitom rom is Zalian Zlieri survili mqonda. da rom vuyvebodi seminars,
yovelTvis ukmayofilebis SegrZneba hqonda da Suaze mawyvetinebda an roca xels
viwevdi, ignorirebas mikeTebda — es imitom, rom masTan aRar vemzadebodi.
- aseTi faqtebi skolaSi xSiria xolme.
- amaSi geTanxmebi, magram meore momentic aris. rodesac aq adamiani modis, da
elementaruli, minimaluri azrovnebis donec ara aqvs. magaliTad, Cven visxediT
CaTvlaze, Sexvda qristianoba, da naxevari saaTi mekiTxeboda, saidan daviwyo
qristianobao. bolos leqtorma mohkra yuri da eubneba — saidan unda daiwyo
qristianoba, axla ar gamagiJoo!
- mkalaviSvilidan-Tqo.
- miT umetes, rom faqtebi dazepirebuli ki hqonda, magram veRar moaxerxa imis
“gadaxarSva”.
- TviTon skolaSi maswavleblebis done aris Zalian dabali. erTi statia
davwere erTi sami Tvis win — ese igi, 90% maswavleblebisa ori xeliT mwyevlida.
statia exeboda skolis problemebs, arc saxelebi damisaxelebia, arc gvarebi —
modiodnen da, “Sen is ratom dawere?”. iq wamZRvarebuli maqvs ilia WavWavaZis
“kacia-adamianSi” romaa, “vinc luarsabis saxeSi Tavis Tavs icnobs” da a.S.
vekiTxebi: “icani Seni Tavi?” — “ara, kaco!” — “Sen gagikeTebia aseTi rame?” — “ara!”
- “maS ra ginda?” — “ara, es xom skolis prestiJia!” ra skolis prestiJia, es rom
xdeba, ar aris prestiJis dacema?
- ai, goka gabaSvilma rom Tqva, erTi gadacema gavakeTeo da sul nacvalsa-
xelebiT vlaparakobdio — da yvelam damirekao, “ratom Tqvi, goka, Cemze?” yvela
kargad xvdeboda, vin ra gaakeTa.
- yofili ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge mibarebs — axla mibarebs, warmoid-
gine — meo suliT pedagogi varo, da rogor unda makadros adamianmao, rom
skolaSi fuliT awyoben xalxso? saxeli da gvari miTxari, vino? axla, me unda
vuTxra, gaigeT? mere is wavides, ciliswamebaze miCivlos da marbeninos giJiviT.
- axla, skolis wesdebaSi weria, rom is bavSvebi, vinc cxovroben Telavs gareT,
skolas unda hqondes erTi avtobusi, rogorc sazRvargareT aris, da Turme es
bavSvebi — me ar vicodi, axla gavige — skola valdebulia es bavSvebi waiyvanos
saxlSi da Semdeg diliT wamoiyvanos. imis gamo, rom skolas ara aqvs, igive pirvel
skolas, amis saSualeba, hqondes avtobusi, hqondes yoveldRiurad benzini...
- ra sisulelea!
- ... direqtori ar iRebs saerTod soflidan bavSvebs, dameTanxmebiT, albaT,
imitom, rom pirvel skolaSi iSviaTia...
- eg aris diskriminacia sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.
- ... an Tu iRebs, maSin im bavSvs saxlSi manqana unda hyavdes, da im SemTxvevaSi
iRebs.
- an fuli unda hqondes da gadaixados.
- ra Tqma unda, esec korufciaa, xom?
- ara, ara, es ukve diskriminaciaa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.
- ai ra informacias vflob: 2003 welSi skolebSi, Tu ar vcdebi, 355 aTasi lari
iyo gamoyofili xelfasebisa da socanaricxebis garda, rom unda daxarjuliyo.
ese igi, rom gadagvexeda, rogor iyo gamoyofili: yvela skolaSi saxuravi unda
iyos gakeTebuli, fasadi unda iyos gakeTebuli, merxebi unda iyos, skamebi unda
iyos, dafebi, sul yvelaferi unda iyos — ar aris arsad! midixar buRalteriaSi,
xom? am saqmes edga a. g., proeqtis farglebSi. mivida buRalterTan, ekiTxeba: es
fuli Camogividao? — Camomividao. <...> mere mivida sxva skolebSi, wamoiReTo? —
arao. is midis isev buRalterTan, romelic eubneba, waRebuli aqvTo [fuli]. aba
maCveneo qviTrebio, miReba-Cabarebis raRaca — eg kontrolis palatis saqmeao,
92
“cxovrebis istoriis” analogiurad, biografiul-naratiuli interviuc
respondentis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad; esec
arastruqturirebuli interviua, romlis msvlelobaSic interviueri minimalu-
rad ereva saubarSi, vinaidan am tipis intervius erT-erTi mTavari mizani
Txrobis spontanurobis uzrunvelyofaa. am intervius ZiriTadi gansxvaveba
“cxovrebis istoriisagan” imaSi gamoixateba, rom biografiul-naratiul inter-
viuSi ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba Tavad respondentis Sefasebebis Seswavlas
mis cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT, rac, rogorc am meTodis
Teoretikosebi varaudoben, saSualebas gvaZlevs gansakuTrebulad Rrmad
SeviswavloT am procesebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi.31
respondentTa gulaxdilobis gamomwvevi meTodikebi
siRrmiseuli intervius warmatebis upirveles sawindars warmoadgens
interviuersa da respondents Soris iseTi urTierTobis damyareba, romelic
respondentis gulwrfelobas gamoiwvevs. aseTi urTierTobis winapirobaa
mkvlevris WeSmariti interesi respondentis cxovrebisadmi, araSefasebiTi
damokidebuleba misi gamocdilebis an misi azrebisadmi da misi unari daarwmunos
respondenti, rom intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia mxolod kvleviTi
amocanebisTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli.
amasTan, arsebobs specialuri profesiuli meTodikebi, romlebic gvexmareba,
gamoviwvioT respondentis meti gulwrfeloba da miviRoT misgan meti informacia,
vidre is Tavidan apirebda gaemJRavnebina CvenTvis. es meTodikebi xSirad moixsenieba
rogorc “zondirebis” saSualebebi (“probing”); maTi meSveobiT Cven vubiZgebT respon-
dents, daasrulos azri, romelic bolomde ar ganumartavs, an agvixsnas is, rasac
mxolod gakvriT Seexo. zondireba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac respondentebi aRiqvamen gamokvlevis Temas rogorc Zalze rTuls an
saTuTs, da amis gamo SeiZleba Tavi Seikavon detaluri da gulwrfeli pasuxebisagan.
qvemoT ganvixilavT respondentebis gulaxdilobis gamomwvev ramdenime
meTodikas — “siCumes”, “eqos” da “ganacxads”; mniSvnelovania, rom maTi gamoye-
nebis dros interviueri ar ereva saubarSi, Sesabamisad, ar axdens gavlenas
respondentebis pasuxebze.
1) siCume. imis magivrad, rom saubris dros warmoqmnili pauzis dros
mkvlevarma morigi kiTxva dasvas, is agrZelebs Cumad jdomas. xSirad xdeba, rom
aseT situaciaSi respondenti Tavs uxerxulad grZnobs, amitom gadawyvets, Tavad
Seavsos siCume, agrZelebs saubars, Tan ambobs mets, vidre Tavidan apirebda.
es meTodika Zalian misasalmebelia im TvalsazrisiTac, rom is neitraluria,
mkvlevari arafers ambobs, ar svams damatebiT kiTxvebs, Sesabamisad, gamoricxu-
lia, raime gavlena iqonios respondentis pasuxze.
amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am meTodikis warmatebiT gamoyeneba Zalze rTulia,
vinaidan aq ar SeiZleba gadaWarbeba — SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom respondenti
aRar apirebs arafris Tqmas; aseT SemTxvevaSi Camovardnili siCume SeiZleba uxe-
rxuli gaxdes. mkvlevars unda Seswevdes unari, droulad auRos alRo situacias
da gadawyvitos, gaagrZelos siCume Tu droulad gadavides morig kiTxvaze.
2) eqo Zalze neitraluri da nakleb sarisko meTodikaa, romelic ar iwvevs
intervius mimarTulebis Secvlas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac respondentma daas-
rula pasuxi raime kiTxvaze, magram mkvlevari ar aris maincdamainc kmayofili
miRebuli pasuxiT, mas SeuZlia ubralod nela gaimeoros respondentis mier
naTqvami bolo sityva an fraza. didia imis albaToba, rom respondenti
daubrundeba Sewyvetil Temas da ufro srul informacias mogvawvdis.
3) ganacxadi. es meTodika gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare, daxurul Temebze
saubrisas gamoiyeneba, rodesac respondentebs euxerxulebaT saubari an ar
undaT, raime jgufuri saidumlo “gascen”. ganacxadis teqnikis gamoyenebisas
mkvlevari iqceva ise, TiTqos man ukve icis yvelaferi, rac am sakiTxTanaa
dakavSirebuli, da Tavisuflad saubrobs respondentTan “daxuruli” an “akrZa-
31
Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle
società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag.
21
luli” detalebis Sesaxeb. amis Sedegad respondents uCndeba grZnoba, rom - ki, marTalia, es aris — maSin ar unda arsebobdes.
yvelaferi isedac cnobilia, am TemasTan dakavSirebiT aRaraferia dasamali, da - CamovTvaloT, ra SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba universitetSi korufcia. Cemi azriT
is ufro gulaxdili xdeba, mosalodnelia gacilebiT meti gviTxras, vidre sxva — SeiZleba srulad ver vTqva, magram SevavsoT. erTi is, rom xelfasi unda
SemTxvevaSi ityoda, vinaidan rac ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli miaCnia mkvlevari moematos profesor-maswavleblebs. meore is, rom skolidanve bavSvi unda
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro uadvildeba laparaki. is gabedulad wamovides codniT. mesame is, rom saerTod es kvalifikacia gadaisinjos
grZnobs Tavs, vinaidan Tvlis, rom araviTari saidumlo ar gaucia — mkvlevarma profesor-maswavleblebis.
isedac icoda yvelaferi. - ki, aucileblad, eg aris pirveli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es meTodika SeiZleba Zalze efeqturi iyos, misi - SemCneulebi vinc arian ise ki ara, rom Tan “ar ginda” da Tan jibes uwevs,
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis unda vifiqroT respondentis interesebze da ar iZulebiT rom arTmevs im fuls, [aramed] Zalian-Zalian rom aqvT am korufciaSi
davarRvioT eTikis elementaruli normebi. rac ufro gulaxdilia respondenti gadgmuli fexebi, eseni unda moSordnen.
CvenTan saubrisas, miT metia Cveni pasuxismgebloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom - ki.
mogvianebiT man ar inanos, rom dagvTanxmda interviuze. swored Cven varT - da ucodinroba, TviTon leqtorebis done unda iyos normaluri.
pasuxismgeblebi, agreTve, imaze, Tu rogor iqneba gamoyenebuli intervius msvle- - da iseTi leqtorebi, romlebic bavSvebs ukiTxaven — vTqvaT, sagani uweria
lobaSi miRebuli informacia. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ukeTesic aris, SevaCeroT “ekonomiqsi” magram es ver gaurCevia politikuri ekonomikisgan. aseTi
respondenti da ar vaTqmevinoT is, ris Tqmasac is, SesaZloa, ukve apirebda.32 leqtorebic unda gavidnen.
“zondireba” SeiZleba iyos arasruli an sruli. s.belanovskis mohyavs sruli - aris leqcia, rodesac erT-erTma leqtorma — aseTi faqti arsebobs, ra —
zondirebis aseTi magaliTi: datova bavSvebi auditoriaSi da uTxra: Cumad iyaviTo, bazari daiketebao,
interviueri: Tavis tkivilis ra wamlebi iciT? RanZili maqvs sayidelio. taqsiT gaiqca, RanZili iyida, da isev im leqciaSi
respondenti: aspirini, analgini, piramidoni. da citramoni. moaswro, amovida da gauSva is bavSvebi. isini Cumad isxdnen, iman RanZili iyida. an,
interviueri: (siCume.) rZal-dedamTilis urTierTobebze midis saubari.
respondenti: kidev, spazgani, da, Tu ar vcdebi, maqsigani. isini erTmaneTSi - bavSvebsac awyobdaT, xom, ese igi, Cumad jdoma?
meSleba xolme. - rogor ar awyobdaT! mageTi leqtoris Catarebul leqcias naRdad mirCevia,
interviueri: kidev? rom siCumes vusmino!
respondenti: Svils panadols vaZlev xolme, amboben, is usafrTxoao... - eg marTalia.
interviueri: hm. - ise marTali xar.
respondenti: a, gamaxsenda — kidev baralgini.
interviueri: baralgini... skolebSi korufcias aqvs adgili?
respondenti: kidev, reklamaa xolme televiziiT, magram saxeli ar maxsovs, - ki.
raRac wamali, romelsac ormagi moqmedeba aqvs. - ra Tqma unda!
interviueri: kidev? - adre ise ar iyo...
respondenti: sxva araferi maxsendeba. - skolidan modis, me Tu mkiTxavT.
interviueri: aRaraferi?
respondenti: diax, veRarafers vixseneb.33 sad ufro metia — skolaSi Tu universitetSi?
sruli zondireba mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac interviueri darwmundeba, rom - universitetSi.
respondents aRaraferi aqvs saTqmeli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. - universitetSi.
- skolaSi iafi, universitetSi Zviri.
- skolaSi gamoxatvis forma sxva aris.
siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi - skolaSi iwyeba korufcia da mere grZeldeba universitetSi.
ar arsebobs unificirebuli midgoma Tvisebrivi Sedegebis damuSavebisadmi. - ara, iq fuli ar aris, skolaSi.
ramdenadac TviTon es meTodebi araa formalizebuli, maTi Sedegebis damu- - rogor ar aris! pirvel skolaSi vici maswavlebeli, rom 60 lars iRebs
Savebis formalizaciac Zalian rTuli, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SeuZlebeli amocanaa. niSanSi!
avtorebis umravlesoba xazs usvams, rom iseve rogorc nebismieri Tvisebrivi - Tavi daanebe pirvel skolas!
monacemebis SemTxvevaSi, siRrmiseuli intervius (da misi nebismieri nairsa- - ginda dagisaxelo?
xeobis) Sedegebis damuSaveba ar aris kvlevis izolirebuli safexuri, aramed - vin aris?
monacemTa analizi savele etapis dros, interviuebis Catarebis paralelurad - n. T.
iwyeba. kerZod, jeims spradlis Tanaxmad, analizi pirveli intervius dasru- - ara.
lebisTanave unda daiwyos, ramdenadac Catarebuli intervius Sedegebis gaana- - studenti modis skolidan, me vfiqrob, skolidan unda daiwyos maswavleb-
lizeba dagvexmareba, ukeT SevarCioT kiTxvebi Semdeg interviuebisaTvis.34 amis lebisa da sistemis gadaxaliseba, rom mere kadri wamovides normaluri.
sapirispirod, robert vaisi miiCnevs, rom naadrevia analizis dawyeba savele - ar aris korufcia, rom Sen bavSvs Zalas atan, rom, ginda Tu ara, SenTan
etapis damTavrebamde.35 moemzados, da Tu SenTan ar moemzadeba, niSans ar dauwer?
ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT, rom Tvisebrivi analizi bevradaa damokidebuli - da emzadebian?
mkvlevris individualur midgomaze; zog SemTxvevaSi, masze garkveul gavlenas - ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars
arTmev da maswavleblad iReb, rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere isev aq fu-
32 liT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase gagrZeldes mudmivad?
damatebiT aseTi meTodikebis Sesaxeb ix. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in
- Caketili wrea.
Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pp. 210-217.
33 - eg modis skolidan. TavSi rom urtyav, rom eubnebi, rom Seni saqme ar aris,
С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М. С. 26.
34
James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 92. Seni uflebebis dacva araferi ar aris — aq universitetSi rom amodis da is rom
35
Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 151. fuls sZalavs — iman ar icis, rom komisia unda moiwvios da viRacasTan erTad

22 91
azriT, aqvs raime gamarTleba?
- araviTari.
- gaaCnia visTvis?
- ara, gamarTleba aqvs. magaliTad, 16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da
mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos
fuli viRac debilisgan, visac aqvs fuli da sTavazobs. codoa.
- magram erTi ramea oRond — is bavSvi ar aris codo, rom niSans ar uwers?
- ar aris codo, is aris debili...
- mcodnesac rom ar ar uwers niSans, mainc awvalebs?
- ara, eg...
- ara, ki, aseTi faqtebi aris, rom gawvaleben.
- Cven erTi rame gamogvrCa. dRes, Cems kursels — dRes moxda es ambavi —
romelic pirvelia Tavis kursze da romelsac hyavs yvelgan “xuTi” — yvelaferi
icoda, mesamed daibara qalma da mainc “oTxi” dauwera, im imediT, rom
“xuTianisTvis” fuls miutanda. es ar aris gawameba?
- ara, me magaze ar viZaxi.
- “oTxi” damiwereo, Tqva am bavSvma, “xuTi” ar mindao. ukve itira kidec.
- ar aris ganaTleba. unda icodes, rom SeuZlia man moiwvios komisia...
- ukve ra aris, ici? is imedi da isa — yvela iseTi xom ver iqneba, ara?
- magas viZaxi — samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar aris kargad Camoyalibebuli,
brZolisunariani.
- me magaze ar viZaxi.
- axla sxva Temaze gadavediT, Cven xom...
- ara, sxva Tema ar aris, am qals uWirs am SemTxvevaSi, ityvi, rom 16 lari aqvs
xelfasi.
- ara, es aris ubralod gamamarTlebeli sabuTi.
- me raze vbrazdebi, iciT — Cemi azriT, dauSvebelia students aqvs stipendia
17 lari da leqtorebs, profesorebs aqvT sadRac 50 laramde, ra, dedaCems aqvs
sadRac 31 Tu raRaca, imdenad sasaciloa es yvelaferi!
- 45 lari dekans aqvs.
- erTi Zalian uxeSi Sedareba unda moviyvano, bodiSs vixdi winaswar. es aris
realoba. aiRebs qrTams, maS ras izavs! axla warmoidgineT: erTi leqciis Catareba
Rirda 15 TeTri. da samoqalaqo tualetSi rom Sexvide, Rirs 20 TeTri. ar aiRebs
qrTams? aiRebs!
- Zalian kargi Sedarebaa, magram...
- roca bavSvi Clungia da ar swavlobs, mag SemTxvevaSi ver gaamtyuneb.
- ukacravad, magram Cemi 3 Tvis disSvils Clungma eqimma dauniSna gentamicini
— sinamdvileSi araferze! axla, dedaCemi ki azrovnebs da ar gaukeTa, magram Sen
rom dauniSnav bavSvs da — imitom aris, dayruvdao da is mouvida da es mouvida —
Sen ase nu uyureb, rom Clungia da morCa, gavida [universitetidan] da arafers ar
gaakeTebs, imaze (vTqvaT, ucxo enebze ara) — aTi da aTasi adamianis sicocxlea
damokidebuli da aTi da aTasi adamianis ganaTlebaa damokidebuli.
- ra Tqma unda!
- cxadia.
axla warmovidginoT Telavis saxelmwifo universiteti korufciis
gareSe.
- sami studentiRa darCeba!
- ver warmomidgenia!
- me ver warmomidgenia.
- Zalian sasiamovno iqneba, magram Zalian mcire raodenobiT darCeba — me
gaviricxebi, magram mirCevia meored Caviricxo, magram axla gaviricxo, me amas
Tamamad vityvi.
- me Zalian gamixardeba!
- me, magaliTad, vityvi — mirCevia, am universitetSi sul 5 kaci dadiodes da
iyos iseTi, rogoric unda iyos wesiT, vidre aq iaros 3 aTasma...
- universiteti ver iarsebebs maSin, Tu xuTi kaci ivlis.
- maSin ar unda arsebobdes, es aris sircxvili amis arseboba!
90
axdens, agreTve interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis specifika. miuxe-
davad amisa, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi midgoma Tvisebrivi
teqsturi informaciis analizisadmi. esenia, magaliTad: naratiuli analizi,
hermenevtikuli analizi, diskursuli analizi, kontent-analizi; interpreta-
ciuli analizi; “dafuZnebuli Teoria” (grounded theory). yvela es analitikuri
strategia kargad aqvs ganxiluli h.r.bernards.36
teqstis Tvisebrivi analizis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba moiTxovs informaciis
kodirebas anu mniSvnelovani Tematuri blokebis an elementebis gamoyofas
respondentis monaTxrobSi. es analizis sawyisi etapia; swored kodirebis dros
xdeba, rogorc wesi, sawyisi Teoriuli konstruqtebis gamoyofa.
Tu adre kodireba “xeliT” xdeboda da mkvlevari yuradRebiT kiTxulobda
yvela intervius transkripts, raTa aRmoeCina mniSvnelovani Temebi, kategoriebi
an kanonzomierebebi, amJamad arsebobs ramdenime kompiuteruli programa,
romelsac SeuZlia intervius transkriptebis kodireba37; miuxedavad amisa, rigi
Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebisa mainc “xeliT” muSaobas amjobinebs, Tumca mkvlevrebis
axali Taoba xSirad kompiuterul programebs aniWebs upiratesobas.
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tvisebrivi monacemebis
analizis saboloo mizania miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze Sesaswavli fenomenis,
an misi romelime aspeqtis tipologizacia, anu socialurad mniSvnelovani
tipebis garkveuli klasifikaciis Seqmna. es xdeba respondentTa naambobze
daydnobiT da, amave dros, mkvlevris analitikuri unaris gamoyenebiT,
ramdenadac gamoyofili tipebi, rogorc wesi, Teoriuli abstraqciis Sedegia.
bunebrivia, siRrmiseuli intervius, iseve rogorc yvela misi nairsaxeobis
gamoyenebiT Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegad Cven ver davTvliT Sedegebs
procentulad. am SemTxvevaSi Sedegebi gamoixateba ara ama Tu im maCveneblis
gavrcelebis an misi gamovlenis sixSiris SefasebaSi, aramed garkveuli
socialuri problemis Sefasebebis, mizezebis, kanonzomierebebis, gadalaxvis
gzebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebaSi.
siRrmiseuli intervius da misi analogiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis warmodgena xdeba angariSis saxiT, sadac Zalze
farTod gamoiyeneba citatebi Catarebuli interviuebidan, romlebic
adasturebs mkvlevris mier gakeTebul daskvnebs.
davalebebi:
1. SeadgineT siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis
saintereso Temaze.
2. CaatareT 3 siRrmiseuli interviu (SeZlebisdagvarad — sxvadasxva soci-
aluri da demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone respondentebTan) Tqvens mier
Sedgenili sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze. samive interviu CawereT audioka-
setaze. dawereT dawvrilebiTi angariSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warimarTa es
interviuebi (SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara intervius etapebis gamoyofa; ra
reaqcia hqonda respondents Tqvens SekiTxvebze; ra sirTuleebs grZnobdiT
intervius Catarebis procesSi da rogor gadalaxeT es sirTuleebi).
3. gaSifreT Tqvens mier Catarebuli erT-erTi intervius audioCanaweri,
romelic, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze warmatebulad warimarTa.
36
H. Russel Bernard. Op. cit. Pp. 449-488.
37
aseTi programebia, magaliTad, ATLAS.ti da NUD.IST.
23
 rekomendebuli literatura:
1. С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М.
2. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220 (“Unstructured
Interviewing”) and 449-488 (“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).
3. Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed
identità nelle società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag.
4. James A. Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Publications.
5. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s
Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics of
Reproduction in Everyday Life”).
6. John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative
Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 78-89.
7. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
8. Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview
Studies. New York: Free Press.
24
- ki.
- [anu] moewyobi, da pirvel sesiamde Tu ar dafarav am gadasaxads, gagricxaven.
- me xom ar viyavi fuliT mowyobili da cxonebuli g. a. <...> — me xom ar viyavi
fuliT mowyobili, da es xom icoda iman, iyo proreqtori, da Tu vinme raRacas
akeTebda fuliT, midioda magasTan, da is mere reqtorTan iyofda. me rom ar
viyavi fuliT mowyobili, pirveli kvira araferi da meore kviras biWebma dalies
sasmeli da kursze viyaviT sami kaci fxizlebi, ra — atyda mTeli ambavi,
dagvibares xuTi kaci, ori CemTan erTad sxva, vinc ufulod moewyo da ori kidev
fuliT mowyobilebi, magram imaT Zalian cudi raRaceebi gaakeTes simTvraleSi.
me ise iZulebuli gamxades, rom meRiarebina, rom ar gavegde, rom mec davlie,
gesmis?
- eg ukve dabali donea raRac, sxva sakiTxze gadavdivarT. axla me minda
prestiJs Sevexo — ese igi, nulzea dacemuli universitetis prestiJi, azri ara
aqvs, wiTels aiReb, mwvanes aiReb, cisfers aiReb, mniSvneloba ara aqvs aranairi.
- da me mindoda gamemaxvelebina yuradReba TviTon leqtorebis doneze —
piradad me ucxo enebze vswavlob, magram me Tu ar movemzade da me Tu ar viswavle
kerZo maswavlebelTan...
- eg skolaSia eg problema da magazec vilaparakebT.
- ... kerZo maswavlebeli Tu ar meyoleba, me vinc maswavlis — nu movkvdebi, me
mgoni, namdvilad.
- is ver gaswavlis.
- xandaxan, magaliTad — jek londonis istoria movuyeviT, magram
sinamdvileSi sul sxva rame movuyeviT da ubralod saxelebi SevcvaleT da qali —
cota nela moyeviTo, rom cota SeesworebinasaviT; me ar movyevi, Cemma kurselma
gaakeTa, da Tavisi sakurso miutana TviTon, ese igi gadaaqseroqsa Cumad da
miutana, nu qali ver mixvda.
- anu kvalifikacia aris Zalian dabali.
- ki.
- bodiSi, erTi wami, Tundac CvenTan, iuristebTan rac xdeba — am
universitetSi romc gadawyvitos vinmem, rom iswavlos im programiT, rac aris
dRes — verasodes ver gaxdeba normaluri iuristi, Tu TviTon ar aris aqtiuri
pirovneba.
- eg mindoda [meTqva], TviTon aqtiuroba Zalian [mniSvnelovania].
- ki, jer marto masalebi — ganaTlebis sistemaSi marTla reforma unda
gatardes, imdenad moZvelebul raRaceebs vswavlobT, ubralod...
- SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos, vTqvaT, 60-ian wlebSi gamocemuli wignidan, magram
iuristisTvis es aris dauSvebeli.
- ki, zustad!
- davamateb, ra, Tu SeiZleba — ai is patiosani leqtorebic, romlebic Zalian
cotaa am universitetSi, isinic garkveulwilad xels uwyoben korufcias, da
ratom. magaliTad, sociologiurze mowyoba pirvel weliwads Rirda 400 dolari.
mere, rodesac prestiJi aiwia, ramodenime leqtorma daxvewa jgufi da Zalian
kargad gamoiyvana, igive konferenciebze waiyvana da raRacaSi CarTo — mere
gaZvirda es, faqtia ra, 800 dolaramde iyo SarSan, saSualod.
- ara, meti.
- SeiZleba. anu, ese igi, ginda Tu ar ginda, mainc xels uwyob korufcias, ra!
- korufciul sistemaSi yvelaferi...
- albaT, prestiJis xarjze Rirs raRac, albaT...
axla minda Sevecado Zalian mokled SevajamoT is, rac ukve vTqviT, da mere
gadavideT sxva Temaze. ese igi, Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi yvelas gvxdebaT
raRac korufciuli faqtebi da yvelas erTxel mainc, Soridan mainc
daginaxavT is, rac xdeba arakanonierad. es exeba (a) universitetSi Cabarebas,
(b) sesiebs da (g) saxelmwifo gamocdebs. amis garda, Tu aris kidev rame
korufciuli SemTxvevebi Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi?
- sxva raRa darCa?
Tu SegiZliaT damisaxeloT korufciis raime faqti, romelsac, Tqveni
89
 - ki, ra Tqma unda.
- ra Tqma unda, aris.
- erTi wuTi, davamTavreb Tu SeiZleba. is viRacis Svilia, is viRacis naTesavia,
moewyo. nawili aris fuliT mowyobili, imitom rom imas ara hyavs naTesavi da unda
swavla — iyvnen, Cemi kurselebic iyvnen, brwyinvaled daamTavres, magram fuli
hqondaT gadaxdili. Cemma meuRlem 800 dolari gadaixada inglisurze rom
mowyobiliyo, magram oTxi weliwadi da saxelmwifo gamocdebze ise gavida, rom
arc erT imaSi kapiki ar gadauxdia.
- Zalian kargi!
- iZuleba ara yofila, magram survili radgan hqonda swavlisa, gadaixada,
imitom rom meti gza ara hqonda.
- aravin ar moawyobda.
- ki, ra Tqma unda, sabednierod maseTebic arian jer kidev.
Tu saidumlo ar aris, kidev vin Caabara aq ise, rom fuli ar gadauxdia?
- me.
- me Cavabare.
- mec.
- me — arc fuli, arc...
- me Cavabare, magram axla raSia saqme, viRacam viRacas uTxrao — me ubralod
ar damikarges Cemi codna, imitom rom ver damikargavdnen, amitom ar vTvli me amas
garigebad.
- bevrs daukarges. ai Cems dros bevrs daukarges.
- pirovnulad Cemze ver damikargavdnen, ra, imitom rom…
- bevri vici iseTi, rom hqondaT conda da daarekines ubralod, hyavdaT is
naTesavi an axlobeli, ise rom am bavSvs codna aqvs da ar daukargoT.
rom ar daerekinebinaT ra moxdeboda?
- daukargavdnen!
- ki, ar miiRebdnen!
- dakargavdnen, imitom rom — magaliTs moviyvan, Cemi meuRle rom
mowyobiliyo, erT-erT umaRles pirTan reqtoratSi rom mividnen da gasaubreba
iyo, Tu Tanxaze iyo laparaki, Tu rac iyo, maSin eubnebodnen, rom ai,
momzadebulia da raRaca — maSin uTxres, “Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs”.
- ki, eg...
- “Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs”. ar minda davasaxelo saxeli da
gvari.
- arc gWideba, yvela mixvda!
- gavagrZeleb. inglisuri icio, ekiTxeba — kio, kargad vicio. mere rad
gindao? inglisurze rad ginda rom iswavloo, aq mainc verafers ver iswavlio.
anu prestiJi aris nulze dacemuli. TiTqmis yvela fakultetze, garda
sociologiurisa, ar aris imis prestiJi dacemuli.
- ara, Cvenebi ki fiqrobdnen imas, rom, sityvaze, cudi momentia, rom Svilma
ver Caabaros, da iZulebuli gaxdebi mag SemTxvevaSi, rom gadaixado, xom? rom ar
darCes Svili gareT — magram me vuTxari, rom axla, sityvaze, viRacas daarekinoT
— iqneb vabareb, hoda ratom unda viyo imis madlieri, Tu SevZeli, rom me CemiT
Cavabaro. is fuli gadavixado — ar iyo is fuli gadasaxdeli da xom ar isesxebT-
meTqi? Tu raRaca, RmerTma daifaros, moxda ise, rom ver da raRaca — mere an
vinmes [daurekeT] an raRaca, magram gavedi Cveulebriv, uSpargalkod Sevedi,
Cveulebriv davjeqi, davwere, gamovedi, damiweres 7 qula.
- erTaderTi viyavi, vinc Tavisufali Tema dawera qarTulSi.
- mec Tavisufali Tema davwere.
- meore dRes [maTematikaSi] mqonda testireba, 10-quliani sistemiT iyo da
miviRe 7 damiweres, magram aRar vidave, imitom rom gasuli viyavi.
- magram Cems gverdze ra moxda, vTqvaT — Zalian kargad momzadebuli bavSvi,
romelic ar iyo Telaveli — brwyinvaled abarebda istorias, magram ar uwerdnen
am bavSvs im niSans! sanam aman mere panika ar daiwyo da viRac ar ipova.
- iyo “posleze” mowyoba.
88
magaliTi #1
axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema saqarTveloSi
sadiskusio gegma38
SeniSvnebi:
rogorc es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebis formulireba ar aris
mkacri, aramed SesaZlebelia gvqondes erTi da igive SekiTxvis ramdenime
versia. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes pasuxis mosalodnel
variantebs — aq yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba variantebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania
kvleviTi amocanebidan gamomdinare.
Tu interviueri amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos sadiskusio
gegmaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi, moniSnos, ra kiTxva miaCnia yvelaze
mizanSewonilad ama Tu im informaciis miRebis mizniT, rogor gaagrZelos
diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. savsebiT dasaSvebia da
mosalodnelic aris, rom sadiskusio gegmam cvlilebebi ganicados
interviuebis Catarebis Sedegad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra damatebiT codnas
miiRebs interviueri Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
[SesavalSi gaacaniT respondents intervius mizani, amocanebi, daarwmuneT
misi pasuxebis anonimurobaSi.]
vin brZandebiT? gTxovT mokled momiyveT Tqveni Tavis Sesaxeb. [asaki, ojaxi,
pirveladi identifikacia]
ras saqmianobdiT skolis damTavrebis Semdeg? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT;
skolis damTavrebis Semdeg gasuli mTeli drois manZilze]
ra ganaTleba gaqvT miRebuli? sad swavlobdiT? rodis daamTavreT swavla?
[Tu respondenti ar swavlobs da arc uswavlia skolis Semdeg:] ratom ar
swavlobT? [abarebda, magram ver Caabara; arc ucdia; sxva]
ratom airCieT es specialoba? [nanobs?] romelime sxva specialobaze Tu
fiqrobdiT?
dRes rom irCevdeT specialobas, ras airCevdiT? igives Tu sxvas? ratom?
ramdenad kmayofili xarT miRebuli ganaTlebiT? ratom?
rogor swavlobdiT? rogor daamTavreT umaRlesi saswavlebeli?
ras saqmianobT amJamad? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT]
ramdenad gadgebaT miRebuli ganaTleba?
visTan erTad cxovrobT amJamad? [ojaxuri mdgomareoba]
vin muSaobs ojaxSi? rogor SeafasebdiT Tqveni ojaxis materialur
mdgomareobas? vin arCens ojaxs ZiriTadad?
38
es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis me-2 kursis
studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna saswavlo siRrmiseuli intervius
Catarebisas.
25

eZebT Tu ara samsaxurs amJamad?
[ara:] ratom ara?
[diax:] rogor eZebT? rogor samsaxurs eZebT? [specialobiT Tu nebismiers;
rogori anazRaurebiT]
rogor fiqrobT, ra adgils daikavebs es samsaxuri Tqvens cxovrebaSi?
[Semosavlis wyaro; “saxlidan gasvla”, sayvareli saqmis keTeba da sxv.]
ratom ver moaxerxeT samsaxuris Sovna dRemde? [iyo Tu ara variantebi? iyo
Tu ara iseTi varianti, romelzec TviTon TqviT uari? ra mizeziT? rogori
variantebi iyo es?]
Tqveni azriT, ra pirobebi Seuwyobs xels imas, rom Tqven amJamad samsaxuri
daiwyoT?
romeli specialobaa dRes yvelaze perspeqtiuli?
visTan gaqvT urTierToba yvelaze xSirad? [megobrebi — megobrebis dasaqmeba]
Tqvens megobrebs/axloblebs Soris, vis gaumarTla yvelaze metad samsaxuris
mxriv? [mogviyevs dawvrilebiT — rogori samsaxuri aqvs am adamians; sad; rogor
iSova es samsaxuri; ramdenad kmayofilia, da a.S.]
rogor gesaxebaT Tqveni cxovreba 10 wlis Semdeg? kerZod, dasaqmebis
sferoSi? risken iswrafviT, risi imedi gaqvT?
26
- erT welSi ver iswavlis is.
- ara, me vambob axlandel mdgomareobaze, meoTxe kurselebi, vinc amTavrebs
axla.
- bodiSs vixdi, magram axla saxelmwifo gamocdebze ici ra moxda?
exvewebodnen leqtorebi, sam-sami sakiTxi iswavleTo — aq ar iyo laparaki yvela
sakiTxis momzadebaze.
- sami ki ara, erTi sakiTxi.
- imdenad aqvT tvini gayinuli, rom ver iswavles is sami sakiTxi — ver iswavles
Tu ar iswavles, amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba. mainc iqidan cdiloben gaZvrenas.
- es ukve aris TviTon im pirovnebis brali, rogor, sami furceli ver unda
iswavlo?
- axlobels hqonda erTi gverdi saswavli — leqtorma uTxra, es erTi gverdi
iswavle da dagiwer ra niSans, samians dagiwer da wadi, ra — da es erTi gverdis
swavla ver moaxerxa, gadaixada 15 lari. kinaRam ara vceme, me vuTxari, dajeqi ra,
rom waikiTxo, viRaca rom mogiyves, imas daimaxsovreb amxela kaci!
- ho, magram elementarulad ar atokeben tvins.
- urCeviaT fuli gadaixadon da...
- CvenTan, magaliTad, agrarulSi96 xom vswavlob — aris aseTi pirovneba, g. C.,
romelic aris Tbiliseli profesori, Camodis CvenTan universitetSi, leqcias
atarebs, midis. magram am adamianis sagani xom maqvs me, vswavlob. imis magivrad
atarebs viRac qali — im sagans, leqcias ra. da es kaci Camodis — am semestrSi,
bolo semestrSi iyo erTxel Camosuli — da is leqcia ratomRac gavacdine me, ver
vnaxe, ise rom am semestrSi ar minaxia es pirovneba. Camovida, axla CaTvla-
gamocdebis periodi xom modis — es kaci Camodis erTi dRiT, da im erT dReSi
warmoidgine Sen rom vin Caabarebs, Tan aris saSineli mkacri, rom ra vici. hoda, es
iTxovs — darekavs, Tavis sagans vinc kiTxulobs, etyvis imas, rom amdeni
momikrifos jgufma, rom Camova, dro aRar dakargos, aiRos, Caidos jibeSi da
wavides — xels ki moawers.
- da aseTi kaci aris profesori? profesori aris Zalian bevri, rogorc aris
generali Zalian bevri.
- hoda aris profesori aseTi kaci da is kaci amayobs, rom profesoria da
sazogadoebaSi Cans, rom profesoria. me Tu mkiTxav, aseTi profesorebi ki ar
unda daiWiro, unda raRac...
- unda xarisxi CamoarTva da gauSva...
- aseTi momenti xom ar SeiZleba, ara? Camodis — iZulebuli xar rom misce
fuli, imitom rom...
- ho, aseTi situaciaa, zustad magas vambob, Sen xar imisi studenti,
iZulebuli xar misce, xom? oTxi weli es studenti iZulebulia misces leqtors
fuli, da is leqtoric — “ra kargi bavSvi xar, ai dagiwer Sen xuTians” da mere rom
saxelmwifo gamocdebze sTxov codnas...
- ara, am universitetSi97 xom ar aris aseTi situacia rom erTi profesori
Camodis da magitom, Torem aq xom ar aris ase, rom Tbilisidan...
- profesori ar aris, leqtoria, da leqtori gaiZulebs...
- ara, rogor ar aris, aq ufro metia, magram me minda isev TavSi davbrunde,
erTi wuTi — axla, nu davikavebT iseT pozicias, rom Cven yvelani ise movediT am
universitetSi da ai “sxvebi”, sxvebze fuls iReben da isa.
- ara, magas arc aravin ar ambobs.
- me marTla ar gadamixdia.
- arc me gadamixdia.
- me 15 larad Cavabare.
- me gadavixade.
- arc me gadamixdia, magram viRacam viRacas uTxra da movewye universitetSi.
eg aris Tu ara korufcia?
- ar vici.
96
saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis Telavis filiali.
97
Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi
87
gvarebis dasaxeleba, ara? ese igi, Cemi meuRle wayvanili myavda TbilisSi
samSobiarod da darCenili hqonda gamocda germanulSi, qalbaton m. g.-sTan.
mivedi am qalTan da veubnebi, rom iqneba an gadavavadoT, an raRaca, imitom rom ar
aris fizikurad da axla mSobiare qali rogor Camogiyvano Casabareblad? 25 lari
momecio, da yvelaferi kargad iqnebao. nu, vici es qali vinc aris, rac aris —
rasac metyoda vicodi. jibeSi midevs Cveulebrivi radio. me vuTxari, nakleb ar
iqneba-meTqi? arao, rogor, Tan xuTianio — mase ara xdebao. me vuTxari, vuxsni,
rom Tan gundSi mReris, aqtiuri studentebi varT, is gvikeTebia, es gvikeTebia da
iqneba gagviwioT angariSi... daicao, kaco, grantebi gikeTebiao da geqnebao fuli.
- da am SemTxvevaSi Sen sTxov gadavadebas, araTu niSnis daweras, ara?
- nu, iqneb ramiT mogvexmaroT, an raRaca — kargi, gadamivade, eg miTxari!
pirdapir 25 lars rom majaxeb, egre xom ara xdeba? kargi-meTqi maSin — amoviRe es
radio, davanaxe. ai-meTqi diqtofoni, hoda unda garbeino-meTqi magrad. es xdeba
reqtoris arCevnebamde. Camovedi, reqtorobis orive kandidats vuTxari me es
yvelaferi, am SemTxvevaSi vicrue, rom viTom diqtofonze mqonda es Cawerili,
rom cota seriozuloba Semateboda am faqts, da orive Cavayene saqmis kursSi.
mere iman etyoba gaikiTxa, gamoikiTxa, rom viRaca igre ar viyavi — Tavidan miTxra,
sadac ginda iq miCivle, rac ginda isa qenio da mere, rom, etyoba, mixvda, iq
viRacasTan mivida da Tqva, uTxres, rom cota saxumaro Tema ar aris egao, mere
daiwyo aqeT-iqiT sirbili, xan vin damireka, kaseta momecio, xan isa qenio, xan isa,
xan esa...
- mere ratom ar uTxari, 25 lari momeci da mogcem-Tqo?
da is 25 lari iqna gadaxdili Tu ara?
- ara. niSani ki Tavisi surviliT dawera, dawera oTxiani.
- iZulebiT.
studentis gamoCenis gareSe?
- ki.
- SantaJireba moaxdine.
- ara, SantaJi ar momixdenia, imitom rom me ara mqonia is kaseta. mere ukve
vTqvi, rom is ar iyo Cawerili. morCa.
- minda vTqva saxelmwifo gamocdebze. vfiqrob, rom is pirovnebebi, vinc
Tavidanve fuliT miiRes, mTeli oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi codna ar miuRiaT, ese
igi aZlevdnen leqtorebs fuls. imaT rom mosTxovo saxelmwifo gamocdebze
codna, cota, Cemi azriT, vfiqrob rom ararealuria, imitom rom axla Tu, vTqvaT,
mesame kursze xar, axla SeiZleba leqtorma, vTqvaT, fuli aRar aiRos da
saxelmwifo gamocdazec fuli aRar gTxovon, magram im moswavles, romelsac
oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi fuls arTmevdnen, axlac, Cemi azriT, isev fuliT unda
isa qnan...
- ki, veTanxmebi.
- imitom rom ...
- magram axla uyure — ver dageTanxmebi, universitets Tu unda ramis
pretenzia hqondes, anu Tu unda winsvlis pretenzia hqondes, man diplomi ar unda
gasces ucodinarze — da es daiwyeba dReidan Tu xvalidan...
- piradad CemTvis es didi xarji iqneba, marTali giTxraT, magram [mase] saqme
ar gakeTdeba.
- is pirovneba, romelic Tavisi swavlis periodSi ixdida da axla aRmoCnda am
situaciaSi, Cemi azriT, Rirsia da ar imsaxurebs...
- ki, ki, ki!
- ki.
- Rirsia ratom, kargi ra! yvelaferi misaRebi gamocdebidan iwyeba.
- maseTi arc unda miiRo.
- qrTams rom aZlev Sen, marto is ar aris, vinc aiRo, korumpirebuli, Senc xar
korumpirebuli.
- gasagebia, magram oTxi wliT ukan dros ver davabrunebT.
- kaco, sami weli rom fuli ixade, ar geyo im fulis gadaxda? dajeqi is erTi
weli, iswavle ra!
86
Tema 3.
fokus-jgufi
fokus-jgufi jgufuri intervius saxeobaa, romlis msvlelobac garkveul
wesebs emorCileba da romelsac specifikuri miznebi axasiaTebs. aseve
gansxvavebulia fokus-jgufis Catarebis procesSi gamoyenebuli meTodikebi,
moTxovnebi respondentTa SerCevisadmi da mkvlevarsa da respondentebs Soris
urTierTobis formebi.
zogierTi mkvlevari fokus-jgufs “jgufur siRrmiseul intervius” uwodebs,
vinaidan, rogorc wina leqciaSi aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufsa da siRrmiseul
intervius saerTo Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. magram am or meTods Soris aris seri-
ozuli gansxvavebebic, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom fokus-
jgufis dros erTdroulad ramdenime respondents vesaubrebiT (yvelze ufro
xSirad maTi raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde meryeobs), da Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT
maT Soris azrTa gacvlas (aqedan gamomdinareobs am meTodis kidev erTi
dasaxeleba — “jgufuri diskusia”).
siRrmiseul interviusTan SedarebiT, fokus-jgufs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom
ramdenime adamianisagan Semdgar jgufSi yovelTvis aRmoCndeba xolme adamiani,
romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro gulaxdilia, da misi gulaxdiloba, rogorc
wesi, jgufis sxva wevrebis gulaxdilobasac iwvevs.
garda amisa, siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis procesSi gansakuTrebiT
TvalSi sacemia interviuersa da respondents Soris arsebuli socialuri
distancia, romelmac, SesaZloa, damTrgunvelad imoqmedos respondentze.
fokus-jgufSi es socialuri distancia ar qreba, magram aq respondenti marto
aRar aris — mis gverdiT sxedan sxva respondentebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, imave
socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi arian da romlebic missave mdgomareobaSi
arian, rac respondentis met siTamames iwvevs da TviTdajerebulobas matebs mas.
empiriul socialur mecnierebebSi fokus-jgufebis Tanamedrove saxe
Camoyalibda jgufebTan eqsperimentaluri muSaobis gamocdilebis safuZvelze,
romelsac Tavidan fsiqologebi mimarTavdnen.
Tumca 1940-ian wlebSi socialuri kvlevebis sivrceSi raodenobirivi meTo-
debi dominirebda, am periodSi amerikul socialur mecnierebs Soris iyvnen
iseTebi, vinc skeptikur damokidebulebas gamoTqvamda struqturirebuli da
mkacrad formalizebuli meTodebis mimarT. am skepticizmis ZiriTadi mizezi is
iyo, rom formalizebuli meTodebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavdnen rogorc
respondentebis, aseve mkvlevrebis Tavisuflebas, mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevdnen
kvlevas, rac, zogis azriT, uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda miRebuli informaciis
sandoobaze. amitom TandaTanobiT sul ufro meti popularobiT sargeblobdnen
naklebad formalizebuli meTodebi, sadac Ria kiTxvebi da araformalizebuli
interviuebi dominirebda.
Tanamedrove fokus-jgufebis uSualo winamorbedad socialur mecniere-
bebSi amerikeli sociologis robert mertonis da misi kolegebis mier meore
msoflio omis dros SemuSavebuli “fokusirebuli intervius” meTodi iTvleba. am
meTodis meSveobiT isini ikvlevdnen faSisturi germaniis samxedro propagandis
gavlenas jariskacebze. magram mertonis fokusirebuli interviu SeiZleba
yofiliyo rogorc jgufuri, aseve individualuri. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1956
wels mertonma Tavis kolegebTan, m. fiskesa da p. kendalTan erTad gamosca am
meTodisadmi miZRvnili wigni “fokusirebuli interviu”,39 maT ar SeumuSavebiaT
am terminis mkacri ganmarteba. omis damTavrebis Semdeg mertonma Sewyvita
muSaoba am mimarTulebiT, da garkveuli drois manZilze es meTodi daviwyebas
mieca, sanam 1970-ian wlebSi mis Sesaxeb ar gaixsenes marketinguli kvlevebis
Catarebis mizniT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad fokus-jgufebi farTod gamoiyeneba empiriul
39
Robert K. Merton, Marjorie Fiske, and Patricia L. Kendall. 1956. The Focused Interview. A Manual of
Problems and Procedures. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
27
kvlevebSi da maT sayovelTao aRiareba poves rogorc marketingSi, aseve
politikuri situaciebis da socialuri problemebis Seswavlisas, Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT jerac ar aris Seswavlili Tu ra tipis gamokvlevebSia es meTodi
yvelaze ufro mizanSewonili. iTvleba, rom fokus-jgufebis gamoyeneba
saukeTeso Sedegebs sabazro situaciis, bazarze axali saqonlisaTvis Sesaferisi
adgilis Seswavlis mizniT Catarebul kvlevebSi iZleva. es meTodi yvelaze ukeT
gvexmareba gavigoT respondentebis azri ama Tu im saqonlis Sesaxeb, davadginoT
am saqonlis moxmarebis formebi da, rac ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, arCevanis
gakeTebis motivebi. es informacia SemdgomSi exmareba mwarmoeblebs, gaaumjo-
beson saqonlis xarisxi, Secvalon sareklamo strategia da sxv. aseve, fokus-
jgufebis gamoyeneba efeqturia momavali reklamis efeqturobis gansazRvis
mizniT. marketingis garda, es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur kvlevebSi,
politikuri partiebis an calkeuli politikosebis imijis da maTi saarCevno San-
sebis Sefasebisa da gaumjobesebis mizniT. fokus-jgufebi socialuri xasiaTis
kvlevebSic gamoiyeneba, xSirad — rogorc problemis winaswari Seswavlis
saSualeba an raime socialuri programis efeqturobis Sefasebis mizniT.
amasTan, aris Temebi, romelTa Seswavlisas mizanSewonili ar iqneba fokus-
jgufebis gamoyeneba. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, intimuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi,
maT Soris — piradi higiena, col-qmruli urTierTobebi, Ralati ojaxSi. fokus-
jgufis meTodi aseve naklebefeqturia respondentebis Semosavlis da saerTod,
maTi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kvlevis Catarebisas.
meTodis daxasiaTeba
rogorc mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, fokus-jgufebi saSualebas gvaZlevs,
ara mxolod Zalian Rrmad SeviswavloT esa Tu is rTuli sakiTxi, aramed
SeviqmnaT naTeli warmodgena am sakiTxis irgvliv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli azrTa
mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb. fokus-jgufis dros warmoqmnili diskusiebis Sede-
gad ukeT vlindeba respondentebis damokidebuleba garkveuli socialuri prob-
lemebisadmi, maTi fsiqologiuri ganwyobebi da emociuri Sefasebebi, romlebic
xSirad arc aris Segnebulad gaTviTcnobierebuli respondentebis mier.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufis monawileTa raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde
meryeobs, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi respondentTa minimaluri raodenoba SeiZleba
5-6 iyos, xolo maqsimaluri — 12.40 respondentTa raodenobis mkacri SezRudva
imitomaa aucilebeli, rom fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi mis yvela monawiles unda
mieces Tavisi azris Tavisuflad da srulad gamoTqmis saSualeba. Tu es piroba
ar sruleba, fokus-jgufi ver aRwevs Tavis mizans.
rogorc wesi, fokus-jgufis monawileebs specialuri kriteriumebis safuZ-
velze arCeven, es kriteriumebi ki gamokvlevis amocanebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
upirvelesi moTxovna monawileTa SerCevisadmi isaa, rom isini unda iyvnen gaT-
viTcnobierebulni im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac fokus-jgufi eZRvneba
(marketinguli kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi — unda iyvnen ama Tu im saqonlis momxma-
reblebi, an potenciuri momxmareblebi).
saerTo rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, fokus-jgufis monawileebi ar unda icob-
nden erTmaneTs da jgufis wamyvans. iTvleba, rom ucxo adamianebs Soris jgufis
msvlelobisas SeiZleba e.w. “Tanamgzavris efeqti” gaCndes, da respondentebi met
gulaxdilobas gamoiCenen im adamianebis gverdiT, romlebsac ar icnoben, visac
cxovrebaSi pirvelad da ukanasknelad xedaven. magram rig SemTxvevaSi (maga-
liTad, patara TemebSi muSaobisas) am moTxovnis dakmayofileba Zalze rTulia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac Cata-
rebuli iqna fokus-jgufebis seria, sadac yvela respondenti icnobda erTma-
neTs. am jgufebis araformaluri xasiaTis xazgasmis mizniT isini erT-erTi res-
pondentis binaSi Catarda. rogorc am eqsperimentma daadastura, aseT pirobebSi
40
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac fokus-jgufis wevrebis raodenoba 15-s aRwevs, magram es ar
aris mizanSewonili.
28
Tqvens cxovrebaSi korufciasTan dakavSirebiT Seicvala Tu ar Seicvala?
- Cvens SemTxvevaSi ar Secvlila.
- jerjerobiT...
- araferi ar Secvlila, jerjerobiT mainc.
- magram me vfiqrob, imedi unda iyos, magram jerjerobiT...
niSnavs Tu ara es, rom axla korufcia isevea, rogorc iyo revoluciamde?
- ara, imis laparaki, rom ar Secvlila situacia, cota mgoni ararealuri
meCveneba, imitom rom situacia marTla Seicvala.
- ara, me rasTanac mqonda Sexeba, iq ar Secvlila situacia. igive
universitetis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, leqtorebTan mimarTebaSi.
- SeiZleba ufro gaCumda da ar ismis. ise aRar aris aSkarad.
- gamocdebTan dakavSirebiT.
- axla dameTanxmebiT, sami Tvea Tu oTxi Tvea, rac avirCieT Cveni prezidenti
— sam TveSi da oTx TveSi aseTi didi problemis mogvareba ar SeiZleba. SeiZleba
nela, magram situacia nel-nela win midis — gaumjobesebisaken, korufcias
vgulisxmob.
- imedi geqneba, magram jerjerobiT...
- centridan iwyeba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola da mere regionebSi cota
ufro sustdeba.
- erTi rame minda vTqva, Tu SeiZleba momismineT. Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom
korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba.
- ki.
- jerjerobiT me amas ver vxedav. universitetSi ixdidnen fuls, imitom rom
eswavlaT. marwyvs yididnen da ixdidnen. mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom ar eswavlaT.
mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom mowyobiliyvnen samsaxurSi da is fuli amoeRoT. axlac
asea. movida axali reqtori — rac Cemi TvaliT maqvs danaxuli, modiT konkretul
faqtebze davideT, mgoni, sjobia. saxelmwifo gamocdaze moikrifa isev fuli,
TiTqmis yvela jgufSi. midis reqtori da eubneba: “es fuli daabruneT ukan, azri
ara aqvs”. an: “mokrefili gaqvT? dekans mieciT?” — “ara, rogor gekadrebaT”,
studenti iZaxis. arada, dekani udga gverdze — konkretuli faqti vici, da “ara,
aravis ar miutanoT”, es dekanic iZaxis; arada, is fuli jibeSi udevs. kargi, im
students awyobs, rom gadaixados, ase vTqvaT, raRacnairad gaZvres.
- ki, veTanxmebi, es meqrTameoba universitetSi, pirvel rigSi, xels aZlevs
students. rom aviRoT, me roca vabarebdi aq universitetSi, da 100 kaci viyaviT
Tu ufro metni, vinc vabarebdiT erTad, iqidan codna hqonda erTi xuT-aT kacs.
gvqonda. danarCeni abarebda fuliT. gamocdebze axlac yvelani aZleven fuls,
imitom rom Cairicxnen fuliT, ar ainteresebT codna, mSoblebs aqvT aseTi is,
rom “Cems Svils aucileblad unda hqondes diplomi” da ar uyureben imas, rom
imaT Svils ar unda swavla.
- diplomiani siZe unda iyos, diplomiani rZali unda iyos...
- da Semdeg gamocdebzec leqtorebs aZleven fuls. leqtori aiRebs fuls,
imitom rom valdebuli ar aris, rom ucodinar bavSvs ise dauweros niSani.
axla, am bolo sesiaze aZleven fuls?
- ki.
- ki, kaco.
- ki, ai axla. ufro Cumad, magram ...
- arian leqtorebi, romlebic nebayoflobiT iZaxian uars, da es Zalian kargia,
SemiZlia davasaxelo kidec es leqtorebi, magram arian leqtorebi, romlebic,
piriqiT, moswrebaze arian, rom vTqvaT momavali wlidan [ar ician, ra moxdeba].
- gavaldebuleben, iseT situacias giqmnian, rom valdebuli xar...
- ki, im dRes erTma Tqva, fuli momikrifeT jgufmao.
- ara, bolos mase aSkarad aRar aris, magram mainc.
- da kidev ra situaciaa — rom CaTvlaSi 7 lari ar kmara da 10 lari unda
moitano da aseTi raRaceebi.
- “seilebi” ar aris.
- ubralo magaliTs moviyvan, rac me gadamxda. xom SeiZleba saxelebis da
85
iyos misaReb gamocdebze... garkveulwilad aferxebs korufcias.
- meore momentic aris, TviTon saxelmwifoebriv doneze Tu vityviT,
saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi akisria
saxelmwifos winaSe...
- da ra uflebebi aqvs, arc is ar icis.
- ... da rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom rom misi uflebebi,
rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi.
- ki magram, Cemi azriT, mgoni umetesobas arc unda rom icodes...
- masas, zogadad, ver moTxov amas.
- arc aqvT moTxovnileba.
- gind icode, xom weria xolme, vTqvaT, “icode kanoni, iqnebi daculi” — vici
kanoni — rom, vTqvaT, ar unda gamCxrikon orderis gareSe, — vici, rom is ar aris
sabuTi imisa, rom im wuTas me damiWiron, magram dRes-dReobiTac sakmaod
efeqturad mimdinareobs es. kanoni icis im adamianma, magram ver icavs im kanons!
- verc daicavs, martivad vityvi: Sen rogorc ar unda icode kanoni, Sen ise ver
daicav kanons, rogorc iuristi dagicavs — maSin Cveni profesia saerTod ar
gaxdeboda saWiro.
- elementarul imeebze, yvelaferze advokati xom ar geyoleba, ara?
- ara, yvelaferze advokati ara, Tundac igive saproceso moqmedebebze roca
vsaubrobT, da gakaveben, mainc gWirdeba damcveli.
Tqven daiwyeT laparaki, rom xalxs arc undao arafris Secvla...
- ubralod, me ase mgonia, rom arc cdiloben im situaciis Secvlas, rac aris.
Tu ar cdiloben, maSin ise gamodis, rom moswonT is situacia, Tu ra xdeba?
- ar moswonT, me ubralod ise mgonia, rom mieCvivnen.
- rogor aris, iciT? yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvela-
feri iyos kanonierad; magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad
TviTon mis garda, xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiq-
robs, rom ki, ra Tqma unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos,
magram...
- Tan qarTvelebis fsiqologia ufro sxvanairia.
- ... magram am dros TviTonve fiqrobs, rom kargi iqneboda, rom yvela ase
iqceodes, magram me mainc privilegirebuli unda viyo. es momenti namdvilad aris.
- Cemi azriT kidev, eg ar aris imis dasabuTeba, rom ar unda qarTvel xalxs
raRac Secvalos, imitom rom igive es Cveni ori revolucia imis
damadasturebelia, rom xalxs raRac undoda da Secvales kidec.
- ara, Sen cudad gamige — gana ar unda Secvla, unda rom Secvalos, magram...
- revolucia moxda, magram jer imdeni araferi ar momxdara.
- survili rom ara yofiliyo raRacis Secvlisa da keTildReobisken, arc
moxdeboda revolucia.
- ki.
- me vityvi, rom is elodeba viRacisgan Svelas — ki unda, rom Seicvalos,
magram TviTon mainc ar akeTebs.
- eg marTalia.
- saerTod, qarTveli xalxis Cvevaa, da, mgoni, mTavrobac ukve ise mieCvia
sazRvargareTidan daxmarebas, miliardi, ori miliardi — rogora varT ici,
rogorc patara ToTo bavSvi, rom sul Wamaze da sul TxovniT TvaliT vuyurebT,
ukve gamogvimuSaves aseTi Tviseba.
- nu, axla martivad rom aviRoT: Tu universitetis biblioTekaSi ar aris
wigni, Sen SegiZlia moiTxovo es, anu daayeno aseTi moTxovna, imitom rom gaqvs
amis ufleba, da meore varianti, rasac realurad studentoba mimarTavs: elodeba
axal reqtors, romelic SeiZleba 10 wlis Semdeg movides. “iman gadawyvitos” — es
momenti Zalian aris.
ori ramis Sejereba minda. Tqven yvelam — TiTqmis yvelam — TqviT, rom
gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan. amave dros, Tqven axseneT revolucia. Tu
SevadarebT mdgomareobas revoluciamde da revoluciis Semdeg, situacia
84
savsebiT SesaZlebelia fokus-jgufebis warmatebiT Catareba.41
mizanSewonilia, rom jgufis Semadgenloba homogenuri iyos asakobrivi da
sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT; aseve, fokus-jgufSi erTi da imave socialuri mdgo-
mareobis mqone pirebi unda iRebdnen monawileobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
jgufis warmatebis perspeqtivebi mcirea, vinaidan mis msvlelobaSi Tavs iCens
daZabuloba, mTeli rigi emociuri aspeqtebi, romlebic respondentTa yurad-
Rebis gafantvas iwvevs.
fokus-jgufis warmatebas didwilad gansazRvravs jgufis wamyvanis, anu
moderatoris xelovneba.42 misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, gauZRves diskusias im
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze, romelic sakiTxis winaswari Seswavlis da
gamokvlevis programis safuZvelze iqna SemuSavebuli. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom
siRrmiseuli intervius da fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmebs Soris raime
principuli gansxvavebebi iyos, Tumca fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegma, ra Tqma
unda, orientirebulia ramdenime respondentze.
moderatoris ostatoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man unda gamoiwvios jgufis
monawileebis gulaxdiloba, uzrunvelyos yvela respondentis monawileoba
diskusiaSi, maT Soris maTi, vinc ar aris aqtiuri, an Tavs gaubedavad grZnobs. Tu
jgufis msvlelobaSi raime mizezis gamo viTareba daiZabeba, an respondentebs
Soris raime gaugebroba moxdeba, moderatoris movaleobaa, ganmuxtos situacia.
moderatori kargi msmeneli unda iyos, didi yuradRebiT usminos gamarTul
saubars da rodesac saWirod CaTvlis, gaCumdes, raTa respondentebma Tavad war-
marTon diskusia. fsiqologebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom rodesac responden-
tebi xedaven, rom maT yuradRebiT usmenen, rom maTi azri ainteresebT, isini
iolad da siamovnebiT Tanxmdebian TanamSromlobaze. moderatorma unda
gauadvilos respondentebs diskusiaSi monawileoba; mis qcevaSi ar unda iyos
araferi, rac SeboWavs respondentebs. swored moderatorzea damokidebuli
jgufSi megobruli da Ria atmosferos Seqmna, rac ueWvelad Seuwyobs xels
diskusiis warmatebas. idealur SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi
Seqmnili atmosfero mis monawileebs siamovnebas unda aniWebdes, saintereso
unda iyos maTTvis.
fokus-jgufis Catarebisas aqtualobas kargavs masobrivi gamokiTxvebisTvis
Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad adekvaturad esmiT
respondentebs dasmuli kiTxvebi —moderatoris erT-erT movaloebas swored
imis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, rom respondentebma sworad gaigon dasmuli
kiTxvebi; zogjer moderatoris Careva arc aris xolme aucilebeli, vinaidan
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jgufis sxva wevrebi Tavad exmarebian im respondents,
romelmac ver gaigo kiTxva, azusteben ra kiTxvis Sinaarss. saerTod, jgufis
msvlelobaSi respondentebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan xSirad saSualebas
aZlevs moderators, CrdilSi darCes, Sesabamisad — naklebad moaxdinos gavlena
respondentebis azrebze Tavisi SekiTxvebiT da komentarebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda,
mniSnvelovnad amcirebs respondentebis pasuxebis reaqtiulobas. es garemoebac
fokus-jgufebis Zalze mniSvnelovan upiratesobad iTvleba. amasTan, es, ra Tqma
unda, ar niSnavs, rom moderatori nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs jgufis msvle-
lobisas gamarTul diskusias — piriqiT, misi CrdilSi gasvla, rodesac es saWiroa
da sasargebloa jgufis msvlelobisaTvis, mis maRal profesiul ostatobaze
mowmobs. rodesac is amis saWiroebas dainaxavs, moderatori kvlav CaerTveba
jgufis wayvanis procesSi, imdenad aqtiurad, ramdenadac es saWiro iqneba.
iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis nebismieri saxeoba, fokus-jgufebis
meTodi garkveul Tavisuflebas aniWebs mkvlevars am meTodis gamoyenebis
konkretul formebTan dakavSirebiT. moderatoris mier fokus-jgufis Cata-
rebis stili SeiZleba iyos rogorc mkacri, aseve liberaluri. ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, saqme gvaqvs gamocdil moderatorTan, vinaidan
41
David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications. P. 19.
42
moderatori SeiZleba iyos rogorc kvleviTi gundis warmomadgeneli, romelic
uSualod muSaobs gamokvlevis Catarebaze da monacemTa damuSavebaze, aseve mowveuli
piri, romlis daniSnulebac mxolod fokus-jgufis Catarebaa.
29
respondentebis moCvenebiTi Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, man mainc unda akontro-
los diskusiis msvleloba da unda miiRos pasuxebi dasmul kvleviT kiTxvebze.
fokus-jgufis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba isaa, rom es meTodi
saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT azrebis Camoyalibebis process, da amasTan,
SevecadoT davadginoT, Tu ratom fiqrobs xalxi ise, rogorc fiqrobs43. es xdeba
jgufis monawileebs Soris azrTa gacvlis dros. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is,
rom fokus-jgufis Catareba xSirad xels uwyobs ama Tu im sakiTxis axali TvaliT
danaxvas, misi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gamoyofas, romlebic, SesaZloa, ar
gamoaSkaravebuliyo formalizebuli intervius dros. amitom, rogorc devid
morgani Tvlis, fokus-jgufebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Rirsebas warmoadgens
am meTodis unari, aRmoaCinos axali Temebi da wamoWras axali hipoTezebi44.
amasTan, fokus-jgufi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar isaxavs miznad raime gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebas — misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, yvela respondents Tavisi azris
gamoTqmis saSualeba misces.
magram fokus-jgufis, iseve rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegad
mkvlevari mxolod respondentebis verbalur informaciaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs
daskvnebs, rac, ra Tqma unda, garkveulad amcirebs Sedegebis sandoobas, imitom
rom es informacia yovelTvis ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.45
fokus-jgufis Catareba seriozul momzadebas moiTxovs, rac gulisxmobs
Temis winaswar Seswavlas, gamokvlevis programis da sadiskusio gegmis Semu-
Savebas, agreTve, jgufis Catarebis teqnikuri mxareebis uzrunvelyofas.
Senoba, sadac fokus-jgufi tardeba, specialur moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes.
es unda iyos sada oTaxi, romelic daculia gare xmaurisagan. rogorc wesi,
fokus-jgufebi tardeba mkvlevaris ofisSi, specialur oTaxSi, romlis erTi
kedelzec calmxirivi sarkea, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarTa gunds an
damkveTebs Tvali adevnon diskusias ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon mis msvlelobas.
respondentebma ar ician am sarkis da meore oTaxis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
yovelTvis xdeba fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli saubris audio- da/an vide-
oCawera, ris Sesaxebac respondentebi winaswar unda iyvnen gafrTxilebulni. ra
Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes maTi konfidencialoba.
fokus-jgufis xangrZlivoba, rogorc wesi, saaTnaxevridan or saaTamdea;
Sesvenebis gakeTeba fokus-jgufis mimdinareobis dros ar aris mizanSewonili.
fokus-jgufis msvlelobisas respondentebs, rogorc wesi, umaspinZldebian
gamargilebeli sasmelebiT.
erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi, rogorc wesi, ramdenime fokus-jgufi
tardeba, romlebic xSirad gansxvavdeba monawileTa maCveneblebis mixedviT
(qalebi; mamakacebi; sxvadasxva asakobrivi an profesiuli jgufi); arc Tu iSviaTia
SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufebi sxvadasxva qalaqSi, an sulac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
tardeba. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari gacilebiT ufro mdidar informacias
iRebs, da Sedegebis Sedarebis SesaZlebloba eZleva asakobriv, sqesobriv,
teritorialur/regionalur WrilSi.
arcTu iSviaTad fokus-jgufebi gamoiyeneba kvlevis dazverviT etapze,
rogorc naklebad cnobili problemis Seswavlis pirveli nabiji, romelic
gvexmareba saerTo hipoTezebis formulirebaSi. garda amisa, fokus-jgufebis
msvlelobisas miRebuli informacia mdidar da sasargeblo masalas iZleva
masobrivi gamokiTxvis kiTxvaris Sesadgenad, kerZod, kiTxvebis Camoyalibebisa
da maTi “daxurvis” daxvewis mizniT, vinaidan fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi
kargad vlindeba respondentebis “leqsikoni”, maTi azrovnebis modelebi.
fokus-jgufebi kargad uTavsdeba kvlevis sxva meTodebs, amitom xSirad
gamoiyeneba farTomasStabian proeqtebSi sxva meTodebTan, maT Soris masobriv
gamokiTxvasTan erTad. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufebis Sedegad miRe-
buli Tvisebrivi informacia, rogorc wesi, amdidrebs raodenobriv Sedegebs.
aRsaniSnavia, agreTve isic, rom masobriv gamokiTxvebTan SedarebiT fokus-
43
Richard A. Kruger. 1994. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Second Edition. Thousand
Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 3.
44
David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 21.
45
David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 8.
30
gvaqvs saqme?
- ara, universitetSi rom Semodis studenti, iq unda xdebodes piradi
gasaubreba da uflebebis ganmarteba.
- ki, magram ar xdeba.
- magram me ras viZaxi — TviTon kanoni ukve ar avaldebulebs universitets,
rom [studentis] Semosvlis Tanave, Tavisive iniciativiT...
- anu Tu gainteresebs Seni uflebebi, is getyvis uxeSad: me unda gaswavlo, Sen
unda iswavlo; is arc imas getyvis, rom Tu ar iswavli, fuli gadamixadeo...
- gasagebia, vTqvaT, igive Cvens universitetze rom aviRoT, debulebaSi wlebis
ganmavlobaSi iyo Cadebuli, rom 40% vTqvaT fasiani seqtoridan Semosuli
Tanxebis unda moxmarebodaT studentebs, TviTon universitets, materialur-
teqikuri bazis saxiT, xolo 60% leqtorebs xelfasebis saxiT — ar xmardeboda,
martivad imitom, rom mxolod im adamianebs hqondaT es debuleba wakiTxuli, vinc
es miiRo. da sakmaod rTulad mosapovebeli dokumentia dRemde.
sxva mizezebi, sxva mosazrebebi?
- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba cota xmamaRali naTqvami iyos Cemi mxridan, magram
TelavSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea, me ase mgonia, rom Cveni mTavroba da xalxi
erTmaneTTan kavSirSi saerTod ar aris, anu Cven, adamiani laparakobs sul sxva
enaze, mTavroba laparakobs sul sxva enaze, Cvens problemebze ar laparakoben.
mTavrobas xalxi ar irCevs?
- irCevs, magram raRac momentSi isini ...
- formalurad irCevs.
- adamianebis azrs isini aRar aqceven yuradRebas imis Semdeg, rac isini
amorCeulebi arian.
- dabali politikuri kulturac aris amomrCevlisa, amas aucileblad unda
gavusvaT xazi, ZiriTadad populisti [politikosebi].
- me ise mgonia, rom xalxi arc cdilobs imis gamosworebas, rac xdeba.
- es yvelaferi modis, Cemi azriT, mainc saboloo jamSi imas vfiqrob, im
doneze midis ukve aqcenti, rom mTavroba, mTavroba — me vfiqrob, yvela
CvenTaganis bralic, imitom rom saganmanaTleblo sistema Zalian dabal donezea,
es SeiZleba imis bralic aris, amis bralic, magram Cven kargad viciT, rom Tu
adamians unda swavla da raRacis miRweva, gadalaxavs im raRac problemebs, magram
kidev viZaxi, rogorc weRan vTqvi, Cven vuwyobT amas xels da Cveni isic aris.
- ki.
- sxvaTaSoris, bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams
iRebs, Sen codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. da am SemTxvevaSi — me maqvs
micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved,
vidre imas, vinc aiRo es.
- erTi faqti SemiZlia — dResdReobiT imasac davoben, uxeSad rom SevadaroT,
qaTami ufro adre gaCnda Tu kvercxi; igive situaciaa, meqrTameoba ufro adre
gaCnda Tu TviTon meqrTame? imdenad gadajaWvulia es yvelaferi erTmaneTze,
igive Cvens dRevandel mdgomareobaSi, rom...
- eg marTalia; iyo periodi, roca arc codna, araferi marTla ar fasdeboda,
marTla gareT rCebodi, marTla katastrofa iyo.
axla laparakia am Senobaze, am qalaqze, am qveyanaze Tu ...?
- am Senobazec, am qalaqzec da am qveyanazec. elementarulad, ver Sexval,
gindac codna gqondes, ver Sexval, Tu raRac gadasaxadi ar Seitane
universitetSi; misaReb gamocdebze erTxel CaWra, orjer CaWra, samjer CaWra —
es ukve xdeboda raRac katastrofulad.
axla mase aRar aris?
- me vfiqrob, axla SeiZleba ase iyos, magram mcodnes xmis amoRebis unari da
saSualeba eqneba, odnav mainc rom gaitanos Tavisi simarTle.
- meti aqvs.
- ukve raRas sasikeTo Zvrebi iqneba, ukve raRac testireba, romelic unda
83
 - igivea.
- Cemi azriT, igivea.
- aranairad naklebad.
- SedarebiT naklebi SeiZleba iyos.
- iqidan gamomdinare, rom Telavi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT Zalian pataraa...
- ara, me vityodi piriqiT, TbilisSi ufro, Cemi azriT, naklebia, vidre aq —
patara qalaqia, magram Zalian [gavrcelebulia].
- procentulad Tu aiRebT, am SemTxvevaSi ...
- SeiZleba sadRac naklebi Tanxaa gadasaxdeli, magram Semosavalic naklebia.
- eg aris mTavari, Tu korufcia ra donezea? is aris mTavari, ramdens ixdi, Tu
ra donezea? is xom mainc iRebs am SemTxvevaSi? korufcia is aris, rom iman
SeiZleba — uxeSad ar gamigo — lari aiRos, magram iman xom mainc safasurad
gagikeTa! am wuTas korufciazea laparaki, samarTlebrivi is rom irRveva; aqac
sakmaod irRveva.
- ki, hoda Tanabrad aris procentulad Tu aviRebT.
- nu, Tanabrad.
piradad Tqven Tu gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan?
- albaT, yvelas hqonia met-naklebad.
- met-naklebad.
- me SemiZlia vTqva, rom ar mqonia. Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom arasodes ar
mqonia.
- ho, axla mec vfiqrob, ra vici, verafers ver vigoneb.
- qrTami ar mimicia, magram vici, rom...
Tqvens pirad gamocdilebas davubrundebiT, magram manamde — ra aris
korufciis gavrcelebis mizezi saqarTveloSi, ra iwvevs korufcias?
- Cemi azriT, ucodinroba.
- kanonis ucodinroba.
- gaunaTlebloba.
- samarTlebrivi...
- arsebuli mdgomareoba, raSic Cven vcxovrobT, is saSinelebebi, ase vTqvaT,
rac dRes-dReobiT xdeba: ukanonoba...
- es SeiZleba iyos erTi kompleqsi, socialuri foni, zogadi socialuri foni,
rodesac igive dabali xelfasi aqvT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi da bunebrivia,
sajaro moxeles ar SeuZlia 16 larian xelfasze cxovreba. aqedanac gamom-
dinareobs, erTi faqtori SeiZleba es gamovyoT. meore faqtori, TviTon
moqalaqis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis zedmetad dabali done. mesame faqtoric
SeiZleba arsebobdes am SemTxvevaSi...
- mainc araferi ar Seicvleba.
- mesame faqtoria umTavresi, zogadad saxelmwifoSi ukve sakanonmdeblo
vakuumi, rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis
iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs es procesi. anu es procesi
rom SeCerdes, es vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad. igive universitetSi,
ganaTlebis sistemaSi, es vakuumebi Zalian bevria.
ganaTlebis sistemaSi konkretulad ra vakuumebia?
- vTqvaT, igive ar aris gansazRvruli studentis da universitetis
valdebulebebi. Cven praqtikulad aranair, rodesac SemovdivarT universitetSi,
formalurad Tu iuridiulad ar xdeba gamijvna, ra valdebulebebi aqvs
universitets Cvens mimarT.
- es valdebulebebi wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli.
- ho, wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli, magram sainteresoa, ramdeni icnobs am
wesdebas, xom?
- erTi procenti.
- erTic ara.
Tu aris es wesdeba da Tqven mas ar icnobT, maSin iqneb sxva problemasTan
82
jgufebis Catareba nakleb dros moiTxovs da damkveTs gacilebiT ufro iafi
ujdeba, vidre sxva tipis kvlevis Catareba.
proeqciuli teqnikebi
Tvisebriv meTodebSi da, kerZod, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba e.w.
proeqciuli teqnikebi46, romlebic wina leqciaSi ganxiluli zondirebis saSua-
lebebis ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgens. proeqciuli teqnikebis mizania adamia-
nis Sinagani samyaros ufro Rrma Seswavla. es meTodikebi mWidro kavSirSia fsi-
qologebis mier SemuSavebul testebTan, da fsiqologiis mraval miRwevas iye-
neben.
proeqciuli teqnikebis aucileblobas aqvs rogorc fsiqologiuri, aseve
lingvisturi gamarTleba. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianis qcevis
motivebi xSirad qvecnobierebaSi arsebuli mizezebiT da motivebiT aixsneba,
amitom zog SemTxvevaSi adamians ar SeuZlia sakuTari saqcielis an poziciis axsna
verbaluri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. amas emateba lingvisturi gamarTleba —
enis, anu Cveni verbaluri komunikaciis saSualebis arasrulyofili xasiaTi.
swored proeqciuli teqnikebi dagvexmareba am ori SezRudvis gadalaxvaSi.
mkvlevrebi gamoiyeneben proeqciuli teqnikebis mraval saxeobas. vidre
mkvlevari gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli teqnika
gamoiyenos ama Tu im gamokvlevis farglebSi, man sam kiTxvas unda gasces pasuxi:
1. romeli teqnika dagvexmareba yvelaze ukeT Cvens winaSe mdgari miznis
misaRwevad?
2. rogor unda gamoviyenoT SerCeuli teqnika?
3. rogor unda davamuSavoT miRebuli Sedegebi?
qvemoT moyvanilia aTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli proeqciuli teqnikis mokle
aRwera.47
1. sityvieri asociaciebi
magaliTi: “ra azri gebadebaT, rodesac gesmiT sityva “. . .”?”
es meTodika Zalze martivia. misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi respondentebs,
rogorc wesi, advilad esmiT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan. amasTan, aseTi “savarjiSo”, Tu
is fokus-jgufis an siRrmiseuli intervius dasawyisSi gamoiyeneba, saSualebas
gvaZlevs, SeviqmnaT warmodgena respondentebis “leqsikonis”, maTi sityvaTa
maragis Sesaxeb da agreTve, gaverkveT ama Tu im produqtis an socialuri
situaciis Sefasebis variaciebSi.
es teqnika SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi saxiT;
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, mas aucileblad anonimuri xasiaTi unda hqondes. magram
mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri teqnikis werilobiTi gamoyeneba
dasaSvebia mxolod sakmaod maRali ganaTlebis donis mqone respondentebTan
muSaobisas.
2. winadadebebis damTavreba
magaliTebi: “isini, vinc mxolod xsnad yavas svams, arian . . .”
“idealuri qorwineba — esaa qorwineba, romelic . . .”
es meTodikac Zalze iolia, da amasTan — uaRresad efeqturi. misi gamoyeneba
saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis faseulobebi, cxovrebi-
seuli orientaciebi da interesebi. is gvexmareba, swrafad da mkafiod Camova-
yalibebinoT repondentebs maTi damokidebuleba CvenTvis mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebisadmi.
46
termini nawarmoebia sityvebisgan ~proeqcia~, ~proecireba~.
47
es proeqciuli teqnikebi gamoyofilia sruliad ruseTis sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis
centris (amJamad — levada-centris) Tvisebrivi kvlevebis ganyofilebis mier 1996-1998
wlebSi.
31
3. SekiTxvebi “mesame pirSi”
magaliTebi: “ratomaa, rom zogi diasaxlisi iSviaTad wmends macivars?”
“rogorc fiqrobT, ratom ar uyvars xalxs zangebi?”
cnobilia, rom rodesac adamiani sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb laparakobs, is
imyofeba sakmaod Zlieri socialuri gavlenis qveS, romelic zRudavs mas Tavisi
azrebisa da Sefasebebis gamoxatvaSi da xels uSlis misi azrebis gulaxdil
gamoxatvas. magram rodesac Cven mas vTxovT sxvebis Sesaxeb (anu “mesame pirSi”)
ilaparakos, is gacilebiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba, da ufro gulwrfelad
gviziarebs Tavis mosazrebebs.
4. “Rrubliani” naxatebi
magaliTi: vuCvenoT respondentebs naxati an fotosuraTi, romelzec
aRbeWdilia raime socialuri situacia da erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi piris
gverdiT daxatulia carieli “Rrubeli”, romelic simbolurad misi azris
Casawer adgils warmoadgens. vTxovoT respondentebs, “RrubelSi” am adamianis
azri Caweron.
es meTodika SedarebiT ufro rTulia. misi meSveobiT Cven vigebT
respondentebis reaqcias suraTze asaxul socialur situaciasTan dakavSirebiT
ise, rom Cven mas ar vubiZgebT, raime tipis daskvna gaakeTos — Cven saerTod ar
aRvwerT arafers, ubralod naxats vuCvenebT. am naxatSi respondenti dainaxavs
mxolod imas, ris dasanaxadac is ukve momzadebulia Tavisi socialuri Tu
kulturuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, xolo respondentis mier “RrubelSi”
Cawerili azri naTlad gviCvenebs mis damokidebulebas im problemisadmi,
romelic gvainteresebs.
am meTodikis gamoyenebisas didi yuradRebiT unda movekidoT Sesabamisi
naxatebis SerCevas, da SeZlebisdagvarad karg mxatvrebs unda SevukveToT isini.
naxati unda iyos sada, naTeli da ubralo.
5. personifikacia
magaliTebi: “warmoidgineT, rom axali markis BMW-s avtomobili adamiania.
rogori adamiania is? SegiZliaT amiRweroT?”
“warmoidgineT, rom es organizacia raime cxovelia. konkretulad romel
cxovels gagonebT is?”
kanons gareSea, vakuumia sakanonmdeblo.
- unda meTqva is, rom axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas efeqturad xels,
imitom rom ukve rom ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis
gareSe, da ukve rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris. im dRes erTma amerikelma
Tqva, rom qarTvelebis Cvevaao rom dawyebul saqmes bolomde ar amTavrebeno — da
daaxloebiT hgaqvs, rom dabrkolebas gana gadalaxavs, is fiqrobs, rom modi axla
ukve fuls mivcem, axla ukve daviRale...
- marcxena gzas gamonaxaven.
- Cvenc vuwyobT xels raRac momentSi, me vfiqrob.
- ra Tqma unda!
- da sazRvargareT aravin gadaixdis fuls uswavlelobisTvis, rogorc Cven
vakeTebT, mgoni, amas.
- rogorc yovelTvis, ukuRma varT niWierebi — nebismieri sxva SeiZleba
fiqrobdes problemis gadaWraze, qarTvelma SeiZleba oTxjer meti ifiqros
marcxena mxridan mogvarebaze, mainc moZebnis raRacas.
- da sabolood ver xvdebian, rom uswavleloba ufro Zviri ujdebaT da ufro
cudia qveynisTvis ekonomikuradac da saerTodac.
- cudi kidev is aris, rom adamiani, romelic profesias korufciuli xerxebiT
eufleba, anu romelic, vTqvaT, iqidanve ixdis ukanonod, mere, ra Tqma unda, isic
ukanonod gadaaxdevinebs, rodesac Tanamdebobas daikavebs, anu ukan amoiRebs.
- ho, xelisuflebaSi modis da...
- jaWviviT modis.
Cvens qveyanas davubrundeT. saqarTveloSi korufcia ramdenad aris
gavrcelebuli, Tqveni azriT?
- sakmaod.
- Zalian.
- Zalian gavrcelebulia.
sakmaod Tu Zalian?
- Zalian.
- Zalian.
- me vityodi, katastrofuli masStabiT.
- igives vityodi mec.
- faqtiurad sfero ar arsebobs, sadac korufcia ar aris.

xdeba xolme, rom Tavidan respondentebs uWirT am meTodikis gamoyeneba, SegiZliaT daasaxeloT sami sfero, sadac korufcia yvelaze Zalian aris
magram, rogorc wesi, SemdgomSi isini gatacebiT umateben maT mier Seqmnil saxes gavrcelebuli? an Tu TvliT, rom erTia aseTi sfero — ki, batono, erTi
axal-axal detalebs. daasaxeleT.
sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi es meTodika Zalze mdidar informacias - ganaTleba.
mogvcems rogorc raime saqonlis imijis Sesaxeb, aseve misi “tipiuri - saganmanaTleblo.
momxmareblis” warmomadgenlebis Taobaze; masTan dakavSirebul faseulobebze; - ganaTleba, samarTaldamcavi organoebi...
reklamis gavlenaze; da sxva. - saxelisuflo struqturebSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi, da mesame — damexmareT.
- samarTaldamcav organoebSi.
6. stereotipebi - es SeiZleba Sevides saxelmwifo struqturebSi.
magaliTi: respondentebs sTavazoben produqtebis sias, romlebsac - es im doneze, rom yvelas TvalSia.
yoveldRiurad moixmars romelime hipoTeturi ojaxi, da sTxoven, aRweron es
ojaxi. Telavis raionSi igive sami sferoa, Tu aq raime specifikuri situaciaa?
- ara, me mgoni, igive sami gvaqvs.
am meTodikis gamoyeneba sapirispiro formiTac SeiZleba: aRvweroT ojaxis - mgoni, gamonaklisebi iqneba, magram ZiriTadad igive.
tipi da vTxovoT respondentebs, Seadginon im produqtebis sia, romlebsac es - adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze Tu gadmovitanT xelisuflebis
ojaxi yoveldRiurad moixmars. situacias, maSin igive sami sferoa.
es meTodika personifikaciis meTodikis Tavisebur gagrZelebadac SeiZleba - igive.
CaiTvalos. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovyoT momxmarebelTa jgufebi, romlebic, - samarTaldamcavebi, saganmanaTleblo da...
respondentTa azriT, tipiuria.
saSualod saqarTvelos dones Tu SevadarebT, TelavSi korufcia metad
7. rolebis gaTamaSeba aris gavrcelebuli, naklebad Tu igivea?
magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovT, rolebSi gaiTamaSon raime situacia, - igivea.

32 81
korufciis masStabi — aq yvela sferoSi midis korufcia, iq ki, SeiZleba...
- aseve CamorCenili qveynebi.
modiT davasaxeloT qveynebi, nu davajgufebT.
- indoeTi mgonia me.
- ruseTi.
- sasomxeTic aseve.
- sasomxeTi, azerbaijani, ruseTi, ukraina. yofili sabWoTa samyaro.
ratom aris am qveynebSi SedarebiT metad gavrcelebuli?
- kanoni ar kanonobs, albaT.
- ufro metad gavrcelebuli ar aris, me mgoni, sasomxeTSi an ruseTSi, magram
sadac marTlaa gavrcelebuli — indoeTSi, vTqvaT.
- moicavs im qveynebs, rasac hqvia “ganviTarebadi”.
- da xalxis donea ufro SeiZleba dabali.
- ara, TviTon saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebis procesi ar aris iq
dasrulebuli, aqedan gamomdinare, TviTon sazogadoebac da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
saxelmwifo moxeleebic ver acnobiereben, ras niSnavs saxelmwifoSi cxovreba.
meorec, TviTon korufciis sistemazec aris aq saubari, vTqvaT, nebismier
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, rodesac atyoben, rom raRac sfero eqceva maqsimarulad
CrdilSi, da iq xdeba korufciuli garigeba, cdiloben es gadmoitanon sakanon-
mdeblo regulirebis sferoSi, da aq es kultura ar aris xSir SemTxvevaSi.
- imitom, rom, albaT, kanoni ar kanonobs.
- damokidebulia azrisa da sityvis TavisuflebasTan, rac CvenTanac iyo didi
problema.
kargiT. da romelia, Tqveni azriT, qveynebi, sadac korufcia ar aris, an
SedarebiT naklebad aris gavrcelebuli?
- naklebad.
- gacilebiT naklebad.
- evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyana.
- es aris civilizebuli qveynebi.
- amerika.
- me amerikas davasaxelebdi.
- korufcia aris yvela qveyanaSi.
- ara, naklebad.
da ra aris imis mizezi, rom am qveynebSi korufcia naklebadaa
gavrcelebuli?
- ganviTarebulia, kanoni kanonobs.
- iq aris sakanonmdeblo regulireba.
- Zalian did pativs scemen sazRvargareT saerTod, ginda amerikaSi, gind
evropaSi, kanonebs da eSiniaT, imitom rom ician, raRacas rom daaSaveben, ician,
rom marTla daisjebian.
- weRan damaviwyda meTqva, rom kriminogenuli situacia CvenTan da im qveynebSi
[sadac korufcia gavrcelebulia] Zalian dabal donezea, da iq, [sadac korufcia
ar aris gavrcelebuli,] me vfiqrob, ufro maRal donezea. ician, rom Tu es
moxdeba, daisjeba is adamiani, da CvenTan ukve aravis eSinia arafris gakeTebis.
- ho, igive momentia — raRacas Caiden, fuls miitan da morCa.
- eg cxadia, kanonis simkacre imdenad ar gansazRvravs kanonis dacvas,
ramdenadac TviTon sasjelis aucilebloba, anu prevencia am SemTxvevaSi.
- dausjeloba akeTebs amas.
- dausjelobis sindromia saqarTveloSi.
- isic ar dagvaviwydes, rom iseT qveynebSi arsebobs iseTi kanonebi, romlebic
uSualod xels uwyoben korufciis gaRvivebas.
- martiv magaliTs moviyvan — amerikis nebismier universitetSi ratom ar aris
korufciis didi masStabi? elementarulad, yvela gadasaxadi iq aris kanoni-
zirebuli, anu is ukanono imaSi ar eqceva. aq yvelaferi dauregulirebelia,
80
magaliTad, ganasaxieron sxvadasxva firmis mier warmoebuli analogiuri
saqoneli.
es sakmaod rTuli meTodikaa, romlis gamoyenebasac Zalian didi dro
sWirdeba da amasTan, is moiTxovs moderatoris gansakuTrebul ostatobas. is
saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavigoT, Tu ra adgils ikavebs esa Tu is saqoneli
respondentebis yofaSi.
8. naxatebi da “fsiqonaxatebi”
magaliTi: vTxovoT respondentebs, Tavad daxaton naxati raime
situaciasTan dakavSirebiT.
aseTi naxatebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevafasoT respondentebis mier ama Tu im
saqonlis aRqma, amitom isini Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba satelevizio sareklamo
rgolebis efeqturobisadmi miZRvnil fokus-jgufebSi. amasTan, aseTi naxatebis
meSveobiT SesaZlebloba gveZleva SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad daaxsovdaT
respondentebs ama Tu im saqonlis SefuTva, samarko niSani, da sxva.
ra Tqma unda, aseTi meTodikis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia,
ramdenadac bevri respondenti ukan daixevs im mizezis gamo, rom xatva ar icis,
Tumca aq xatvis xarixs ara aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. amitom es meTodika
yvelaze xSirad bavSvebTan muSaobisas gamoiyeneba.
9. kolaJi
magaliTi: Jurnalebidan gamoWrili suraTebis didi raodenobidan
respondentebs sTavazoben SearCion iseTebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, yvelaze
metad Seesabameba romelime saqonlis an adamianis imijs.
es meTodika saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis
damokidebuleba ama Tu im saqonlis mimarT, da mogvcems iseT informacias,
romlis verbalurad gamoxatvac repondentebs gauWirdebaT.
rogorc wesi, kolaJis Sedgena sakmaod Znelia, amitom iTvleba, rom Tu
respondentebma Tavi gaarTves am amocanas, e.i. isini xangrZlivi drois manZilze
Segnebulad moixmaren ama Tu im saqonels, da maT cnobierebaSi ukve
Camoyalibebulia myari warmodgena mis Sesaxeb.
amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom kolaJis teqnika mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs
Seicavs ara marto respondentebisTvis, aramed mkvlevarebisTvisac, romlebsac,
rogorc wesi, uWirT Sedegebis interpretacia. amitom am teqnikis gamoyenebisas
uaRresad mniSvnelovania, mivceT respondentebs saSualeba, Tavad agvixsnan
Tavisi arCevani da agviRweron is, rac “Seqmnes”.
10. kartografireba (Brand mapping)
magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovoT, ramdenime jgufad dayon konkurenti
firmebis mier damzadebuli msgavsi saqoneli.
es meTodika sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba marketinguli xasiaTis fokus-
jgufebSi. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovacocxloT jgufis msvleloba. amasTan,
is gvaZlevs Zalze Rirebul informacias imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor xedavs
bazars TviTon momxmarebeli. am meTodikis daxmarebiT SeiZleba davinaxoT,
ramdenad “savsea” bazari Tu, piriqiT, jer kidev aris axali markis saqonlis
SemoRwevis SesaZlebloba. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, agreTve davinaxoT, icvleba
Tu ara momxmareblis warmodgena arsebuli saqonlebis Sesaxeb reklamis gavlenis
qveS.
am meTodikis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is sakmaod
did dros moiTxovs da misi CatarebisTvis saWiroa damxmare “TvalsaCino
masalis” gamoyeneba.
proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia Semdegi moTxovnebis
dacva:
33
• maTi gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebelia CvenTvis
saWiro informaciis miReba sxva gziT (kerZod, pirdapiri kiTxvebis meSveobiT);
• mkvlevarma unda SearCios is meTodika, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba mis
winaSe mdgar amocanebs;
• aucilebelia winaswar ganvsazRvroT, fokus-jgufis Catarebis romel etapze
ufro mizanSewonilia SerCeuli teqnikis gamoyeneba;
• respondentebs gasagebad unda avuxsnaT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan, rogoria “TamaSis
wesebi”;
• aucilebelia Seiqmnas garemo, sadac respondentebi ar igrZnoben Tavs ise,
TiTqos isini raRac gamocdas abareben;
• moderatoris saqcieli maqsimalurad moqnili unda iyos, da Tu meTodika ar
“amuSavda” (rac xdeba xolme), man unda moaxerxos jgufTan muSaobis gagrZeleba
ise, rom aRar gaamaxvilos amaze yuradReba;
• araa mizanSewonili, gadavtvirToT jgufi proeqciuli teqnikebiT — erTi
jgufisTvis savsebiT sakmarisia 1-2 aseTi meTodikis gamoyeneba (erTi meTo-
dikis gamoyeneba saSualod 20 wuTs ikavebs);
• yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani am meTodikebis gamoyenebaSi maTi Sedegebis Sem-
dgomi interpretaciaa. yvelanairad unda vecadoT, pirveladi interpretacia
TviT respondentebma mogvcen.
proeqciuli teqnikebis gverdiT, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba,
agreTve zondirebis saSualebebi, kerZod:
siCume. rogorc ukve viciT, es aris erT-erTi yvelaze ubralo, neitraluri
da amasTan efeqturi meTodi, da amitom is Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba.
Jestebis ena. jgufis msvlelobisas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs
moderatoris araverbalur saqciels, kerZod, misi saxis gamometyvelebas,
mimikas, xmis intonaciebs, Tvalebis moZraobas, Tavis daqnevas, xmis intonacias,
diqcias da sxv. yvela es aris jgufis gaZRolis araverbaluri xerxebi.
mizanSewonilia, moderatori pirdapir uyurebdes Tavis Tanamosaubres, magram
amasTan ar iTvleba sworad, Tu is didi xniT daacqerdeba jgufis romelime
monawiles.
jgufuri urTierTobis marTva SesaZlebelia ramdenime teqnikis meSveobiT,
romelTa Sorisaa: dasmuli kiTxvebis “gadagzavna” jgufis sxva wevrebisTvis;
gamoTqmuli azris gameoreba; monawileTa Segnebuli “dapirispireba”, da sxv.
informaciis arasrulad gageba an respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli azris
Segnebulad damaxinjeba moderatoris mier aiZulebs respondentebs, ukeT
Camoayalibon Tavisi azrebi.
“ratom?”-kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, romlebic SeiZleba davyoT “motivis”
(“ratom?”) da “interesis” (“rogor?/rogori?/rogor moxda?”) kiTxvebad.
“zondirebis”, iseve rogorc proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas
yvelanairad unda vizrunoT imaze, rom ar dairRves respondentebis interesebi
da ar CavayenoT isini uxerxul mdgomareobaSi.
fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi
fokus-jgufis Catarebis Semdeg xdeba mis msvlelobaSi Cawerili saubris
qaRaldze srulad gadatana, ris Sedegadac iqmneba saubris transkripti (fokus-
jgufis transkriptis magaliTi ix. danarTSi #1). am transkriptis safuZvelze
mkvlevari an mkvlevarTa jgufi SemdgomSi amzadebs angariSs, romelic, kvlevis
miznebis Tanaxmad, Seicavs pasuxebs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.
fokus-jgufis angariSi analitikuri dokumentia, romelic Cveulebriv Seicavs
citatebs respondentTa saubridan, iseve rogorc mkvlevris daskvnebs da,
xSirad, praqtikul rekomendaciebs.
34
- qrTamis SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis Seni mxridan, xolo korufciis
SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis im mxridan.
- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba xmamaRla ar iyos naTqvami, rom ai, Sen raRac momitane,
magram qvecnobierad, farulad miganiSnebs, rom ai, kargi iqneboda, Tu raRacas
momitan.
- ki.
- sityvaze, vTqvaT, romeliRac samsaxurSi gamocxadda raRac konkursi,
SesarCevi, miiRe monawileoba da geubnebian, rom ai, ki, akmayofileb amas, magram
raRac damatebiTi isini unda gaimarTos — Sen atyob, rom giWianureben saqmes, ar
gawyoben — iZulebuli xdebi rom SesTavazo raRac, “pativs gcem, ra”...
- qrTami me mainc sul cudi gagebiT maxsovs, ai “qrTami misca” da...
- ara, kargi gagebiT verc ityvi.
- kargi gagebaa, rodesac pativs gcemen da Sen pativs scem adamians, magas xom
qrTams ver daarqmev?
- qrTami aris korufciis gamomxatveli meTodi.
maSin sxva kiTxva — korufcia SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc raRac fuladi
Tanxis an saCuqris miReba, Tu amas sxva formebic aqvs?
- sxva formebic aqvs, ra Tqma unda.
- da bankSi ver Seitan, namdvilad.
- korufcias aqvs yvelanairi forma — swored is aris, rom Sen arasamarTleb-
rivad im adamians, vTqvaT, igive rogorc samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT Camovarda
laparaki, TanamSromlad iyvan da nebismieri — amas SeiZleba, uxeSad geubnebi,
parketis dageba undodes an sul sxva raRacis [SekeTeba]; am SemTxvevaSi Sen
raRacis safasurad ukeTeb amas. imiT ki ara, rom is samarTlebrivad sworia, rom
is daimsaxura an raRaca — sxvas toveb TamaSgareT, imitom rom gawyobs im wuTas
Sen am adamianis SemoTavazebuli winadadeba, da mniSvneloba ara aqvs, es ra iqneba.
- amas kanonic aregulirebs, kanonSi aris, rom sajaro pirebs ar SeuZliaT
miiRon saCuqari, romlis fasic aRemateba [800] lars, Tu sworad maxsovs — aris
konkretuli Tanxa miRebuli, anu saCuqarSi igulisxmeba Tanxac da igulisxmeba
nivTic.
- 1000 lari.
- am SemTxvevaSi maSin is moiTxovs sam 400-larians, da Tavisuflad SeuZlia
rom cal-calke aiRos.
- elementarulad ai, nacnobia, kargi, fuls ar gamovarTmev, magram ukve ici,
rom saCuqari Sen unda “ikisro”.
- madlierebis niSnad.
- eg ukve tradiciuli momentia.
- ara! mainc korufciaa.
- korufcias imas ver davarqmevT, rom eqimTan midixar da “banbanerka” migaqvs.
- ara, ra Tqma unda!
- anda, vTqvaT, pativs scem adamians elementarulad adamianuri motiviT da
ara imitom, rom...
- eg vTqvi weRan, qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa,
qrTami sxvaa.
- eg iyo istoriuli winamZRvari qrTamisa.
aris aq vinme, vinc dRes pirvelad gaigo sityva “korufcia”?
- raRac ar mgonia, saqarTveloSi...
- imdenad xSirad ismis dRes-dReobiT, rom ara mgonia.
aris aq vinme, visac ucxo xalxis TandaswrebiT jer ar ulaparakia imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris korufcia da ar gamouTqvia Tavisi azri?
- Sedegebze gvilaparakia, magram korufcia ar gangvimartavs rogorc aseTi.
romeli qveynebia, Tqveni azriT, sadac korufcia Zalian aris
gavrcelebuli?
- es aris ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi qveynebi, Tumca korufciis xarisxi da
79
 - korufcia aris, rodesac romelime adgilze mosaxvedrad Tu raRac,
gWirdeba gasamrjelo, rom miitano, da ara is, rac sinamdvileSi saWiroa, codna an
raRac; sinamdvileSi rac ar gaqvs, im kriteriumebs Sen ver akmayofileb da amis
safasurad Sen unda gadaixado raRac...
- Seavso...
- korufcia es aris kanonis gareT momxdari garigeba, rodesac orive mxare
raRac valdebulebas kisrulobs, vTqvaT, erTi mxare kisrulobs raime Tanxis
gaRebas, xolo meore, da ZiriTadad saxelmwifo moxeleze unda gvqondes aq
saubari, kisrulobs raime ukanono qmedebis Sesrulebas am piris sasargeblod.
- mec, albaT, daaxloebiT ase vfiqrob.
korufcia da meqrTameoba erTi da igivea Tu ara?
- ki.
- Cemi azriT, ki.
- ki.
- erTia.
- Cemi azriT, ara, imitom rom meqrTameoba SeiZleba gamoixatos nebismier
pirTan mimarTebaSi, anu es SeiZleba ar iyos saxelmwifo moxele, vTqvaT, da
qrTami miutano kerZo pirs, romelmac ginda rom samsaxurSi migiRos. korufciaze
rodesac vsaubrobT, es aris uSualod saxelmwifo samsaxurSi momxdari movlena,
xolo qrTami SeiZleba gamoixatos kerZo seqtorSic, arasamTavrobo organi-
zaciaSic.
- mainc korufciasTan aris gadajaWvuli.
- magram amas ar SeiZleba davarqvaT, Cemi azriT, korufcia.
- qrTami pirdapir kavSirSia, Cemi azriT, korufciasTan, imitom rom qrTams
iReb, ese igi... Sen xdebi korumpirebuli.
- raRacas ukanonod akeTeb am SemTxvevaSi.
- Tu am gansazRvrebas gamoviyenebT, am SemTxvevaSi ver mivalT korufciamde,
imitom rom, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba saqarTveloSi qrTami rogorc saCuqari,
anu raime valdebulebis Sesruleba, raime momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians raRacas. gansakuTrebiT, vTqvaT,
notariusebTan mimarTebaSi, vTqvaT, raRac moqmedebas asruleben, xom? moqalaqe,
romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs, cdilobs rom rame gadauxados, rom is
daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamom-
dinareobs.
- da ar aris, Seni azriT, es korufcia?
- ara, korufcia aris, korufciis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, magram
mTlianobaSi identuri cnebebi ar aris.
- ara, identuri ar aris, ra Tqma unda.
...-m rom moiyvana magaliTi — rodesac samsaxurSi iReben ara codnis
safuZvelze, aramed imis safuZvelze, Tu vis ras miscem — im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
viRaca gaiZulebs raRaca misce samsaxurSi miRebisaTvis, magram amave dros
ase Tu ise akmayofilebs, Tundac formalurad, codnis mxriv arsebul
moTxovnebs — am SemTxvevaSi rasTan gvaqvs saqme?
- esec korufciaa, me Tu mkiTxavT, TviTon im moxelis mimarT, vinc iRebs
fuls, imitom rom is mainc akeTebs amas da arasamarTlebrivad xdeba im mxriv, rom
SeiZleba ufro kargi kriteriumebis, ufro kargi Sefasebis mqone adamiani darCes
gareT.
- cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi TviTon im adamianis uflebac irRveva, visac Txoven
[fuls], magram korufciis yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli niSani swored is aris, rom
saxelmwifo moxele TviTon iTxovs “aucilebel” gadasaxads, xolo qrTamis
SemTxvevaSi meqrTame TviTon aris SemTavazebeli.
- dRes-dReobiT, mgoni, qrTamic igivenairad xdeba — eg SeiZleba adre iyo mase,
magram dRes qrTamis micemisas igive movaleobas asrulebs is, rom Sen gTxoven im
qrTams, rom miitano. adre SeiZleba nebayoflobiTi iyo, magram dRes-dReobiT
aRar aris, me mgoni, nebayoflobiTi.
- Tu nebayoflobiTia, maSin es ukve saCuqaria, vTqvaT, madlierebis niSnad.
78
ramdenadac fokus-jgufi axlosaa siRrmiseul interviusTan, am ori meTodis
gamoyenebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebis analogiuri SesaZleb-
lobebi arsebobs. analizis pirvel etapze xdeba informaciis kodireba, Semdeg ki
— Sedegebis interpretacia; analizis saboloo safexurze mkvlevari akeTebs das-
kvnebs, romlebic warmoadgens pasuxs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.
siRrmiseuli interviuebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebisagan
gansxvavebiT, fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSaveba damatebiT moiTxovs
gadawyvetilebis miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra doneze unda ganxorciel-
des analizi. siRrmiseuli intervius SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi TavisTavad
cxadia — aq analizis done SeiZleba mxolod respondenti iyos. magram fokus-
jgufebis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos rogorc respondenti, aseve jgufi
(rogorc erTeuli), miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kvlevis far-
glebSi ramdenime fokus-jgufi tardeba. gadawyvetilebis miReba analizis donis
Taobaze Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tumca, erTi mxriv, yvela jgufi responden-
tebisgan Sedgeba da swored individualuri respondentebi ayalibeben jgufis
msvlelobaSi gamoTqmul azrebs, udavoa, rom jgufis dinamika gavlenas axdens
calkeul respondentebze, anu arsebobs agreTve analizis meore SesaZlo done,
jgufuri. amitom, d.morganis azriT, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis analizi aucileb-
lad unda iTvaliswinebdes am or dones Soris arsebul urTierTobebebs.48
ramdenadac fokus-jgufebi xSirad gamoiyeneba raime problemis winaswari
Seswavlis mizniT, maTi Sedegebis analizi xSirad aRweriTi xasiaTisaa. am leqciis
bolos moyvanilia fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis swored aRweriTi analizis
magaliTi (ix. magaliTi #3). is eyrdnoba kvlevas, romelic Catarda Tavisuflebis
institutis mier saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi 2004 wlis zafxulSi. kvleva
mieZRvna sxvadasxva profesiul jgufSi korufciis gavrcelebis Sefasebas,
korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis ganxilvas da korufciis daZlevis SesaZlo
gzebis dasaxvas. TiToeul jgufSi monawileobas iRebda respondentTa jgufi,
romelic homogenuri iyo profesiuli statusis mixedviT (mag., profesor-
maswavleblebi; policielebi; saxelmwifo moxeleebi; studentebi), magram ara
sqesisa da asakis mixedviT (Tumca, ra Tqma unda, studentTa jgufebi asakis
mixedviTac sakmaod homogenurebi iyo).
fokus-jgufebis Catarebis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebis generalizacia ar
aris gamarTlebuli, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba dasaSvebad CaiTvalos —
Tu Catarebuli iqna sakmaod bevri fokus-jgufi, romlebSic monawileoba miiRes
sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufis da teritoriuli erTeulis
warmomadgenelma respondentebma.
iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv kvlevaSi, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis
analizisas ganuyofelia analizis da angariSis weris etapebi.
davalebebi:
1. gaecaniT fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmas “Rvinis moxmarebis kultura
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi” (magaliTi 2). romeli proeqciuli teqnikebis
gamoyenebaa dagegmili am sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze Catarebul fokus-
jgufSi?
2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa Temaze “korufciis gavrcelebis
mizezebi saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi”; kvleva Catarebuli
unda iyos fokus-jguf(eb)is gamoyenebiT.
3. SeadgineT sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis saintereso Temaze fokus-
jgufis Catarebis mizniT; gamoiyeneT is proeqciuli teqnikebi, romlebic
yvelze mizanSewonilad migaCiaT kvlevis Temidan gamomdinare.
48
David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 60.
35
 rekomendebuli literatura: danarTi #1

1. maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba

axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
korufcia saqarTveloSi92
da perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”. fokus-jgufis transkripti

2. С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М. fokus-jgufis Catrebis TariRi: 29 ivnisi, 2004 w.
fokus-jgufis Catrebis adgili: q. Telavi.
3. Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third edition.
fokus-jgufis respondentebis kategoria: studentebi.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
4. David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks,
SeniSvna:
Calif.: Sage Publications.
transkripti fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli diskusiis dros Cawerili
audio- an videokasetis detaluri gaSifvris Sedegia; masSi unda aisaxos
fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamoTqmuli yvela azri, romlebic SeZlebis-
dagvarad sityvasityviT unda iyos gadatanili qaRaldze. aris SemTxvevebi,
rodesac respondenti Cumad laparakobs da misi sityvebis garCeva ver
xerxdeba — maSin transkriptSi Sesabamisi miniSneba unda iyos gakeTebuli. am
magaliTSi, aseT SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli kvadratuli frCxilebi.
fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamarTuli diskusiis gaSifvris Sedegad
srulad xdeba respondentTa stilis dacva; dauSvebelia saubris
stilisturi redaqtireba.
zogjer transkripSi miTiTebulia, Tu romel respondents ekuTvnis
yoveli gamoTqmuli azri; vinaidan fokus-jgufis respondentebis vinaobis
gamJRavneba arasodes ar xdeba, respondentebs pirobiTi saxelebiT moixse-
nieben xolme. aq moyvanil magaliTSi moyvanilia mxolod jgufis msvlelobaSi
gamoTqmuli azrebi, avtoris miTiTebis gareSe. gamoyofilia mxolod mode-
ratoris sityvebi.

Cveni saubris Temaa korufcia. saubris procesSi kidev davakonkretebT im

sakiTxebs, romlebsac dRes ganvixilavT; magram Tavdapirvelad gTxovT
yvelam warvadginoT Tavi.
- ...,93 studenti.
- ..., agraruli universiteti.
- ..., ucxo enebi94.
- ....
- ..., biosamedicino.
- ..., ucxo enebi.
- ..., iuridiuli.
- ..., studenti.

sanam konkretul magaliTebze da konkretul SemTxvevebze gadavalT, jer

SevecadoT cota akademiurad mivudgeT am sakiTxs — Tqveni azriT, rogor
SeiZleba ganvmartoT, ra aris korufcia? am cnebis Teoriuli ganmarteba Tu
gaqvT vinmes?
- gaaCnia, iseT SenobaSi vimyofebiT, rom akademiurad midgoma, albaT, ufro
saWiro iqneba,95 samecniero doneze. gasarkvevia, korufciaSi ras vgulisxmobT —
es aris marto fulis micema, Tu saCuqaric igulisxmeba, namcxvari... Cemi azriT,
orive igulisxmeba.
- igulisxmeba.

92
fokus-jgufi Catarda Tavisuflebis institutis proeqtis farglebSi “korufcia
saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis
mier”.
93
respondentTa saxelebi gamotovebulia maTi anonimurobis dacvis mizniT.
94
Tumca es ar iyo moderatoris moTxovna, ramdenime respondentma miuTiTa fakulteti,
sadac swavlobdnen.
95
fokus-jgufi Catarda Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis SenobaSi.
36 77
 magaliTi #4. magaliTi #2

gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis mosaxleobaSi
izrdeba emigraciis survili
CNN Italia, 26 agvisto, 2002 w.
londoni (CNN) — isini veRar itanen amindis kaprizebs da cxovrebis siZvires,
zogi — samzareulosac ki. swored esaa ZiriTadi mizezebi, romelTa gamoc
britaneTis moqalaqeebis umravlesobas surs sazRvargareT gamgzavreba — iq,
sadac ufro rbili hava, dabali fasebi da gemrieli samzareuloa.
amaze mowmobs gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelic gazeT «deili telegrafis»
SekveTiT Caatara demoskopiurma sazogadoebam YouGov. rogorc gamokiTxulTa 54
procentma ganacxada, SesaZlebloba rom hqondeT isini siamovnebiT
gaemgzavrebodnen sazRvargareT sacxovreblad.
maTTvis yvelze sasurveli qveynebia SeerTebuli Statebi da avstralia,
sadac maT ar dasWirdebaT enobrivi barieris gadalaxva. (evrogaerTianebaSi
britanelebi yvelaze naklebad floben ucxo enebs). rom ara es barieri, maSin
espaneTs da safrangeTs arCevdnen.
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze britaneTis mosaxleobaSi gaizarda qveynidan
gamgzavrebis survili. msgavsi gamokiTxvis Sedegad, romelic uSualod meore
msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg Catarda, gairkva, rom aseTi survili
mosaxleobis 42 procents hqonda. 1975 wels ki es raodenoba 40 procentamde
Semcirda.
umTavresi motivi, ris gamoc mosaxleobas didi britaneTidan gamgzavreba
surs, aris cxovrebis siZvire da SesaZleblobebis nakleboba. havis cvalebadoba
kidev erTi mizezia, romelsac gamokiTxulebi xSirad asaxelebdnen.
ingliselebis mxolod 25 procentma ganacxada, rom axali sacxovrebeli
adgilebis Zebnis mTavari mizezia maTi ukmayofileba erovnuli samzareuloTi.
sxva mxriv, umTavresi, rac maT Sin darCnis survils uZlierebs, ojaxi,
megobrebi, da erovnuli istoriiT gamowveuli siamayis grZnobaa.
Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi
sadiskusio gegma49
SeniSvna:
rogorc fokus-jgufis es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebi SeiZleba
dajgufebuli iyos Tematurad, da ganlagebuli iyos ise, rom moderators
gauadvildes muSaoba. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes
ramdenime kiTxvas erTsa da imave Temaze, dazustebebs, romelTa mizania
respondentebis daxmareba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT gauWirdebaT kiTxvaze
pasuxis gacema. Tu moderatori amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos
sadiskusio gegmaSi pasuxebis mosalodneli variantebi da moniSnos, Tu
rogor gaagrZelos diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sadiskusio gegma xSirad individualuri dokumentia
da moderatoris gamocdilebasa da mis profesiul midgomas asaxavs.
saerTo SekiTxvebi:
ra SemTxvevebSi svamT Rvinos?
- yoveldRiurad
- dResaswaulebze (dabadebis dRe, axali weli da a.S.)
- qorwili, qelexi
- sxva ?
daaxloebiT ramden litr Rvinos moixmarT weliwadSi? (kerZod, ramdeni
litri Rvino moixmareT Tqven/Tqvenma ojaxma SarSan?)
arCevani
piradad Tqven, rogor Rvinos aniWebT upiratesobas?
- TeTrs Tu wiTels?
- glexurs Tu qarxnuls?
ratom?
Tqveni nacnobebis umravlesoba rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas?
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas axalgazrdebis
umravlesoba saqarTveloSi? ratom?
rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas asakovani xalxi? ratom?

rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinoze ufro didi moTxovna arsebobs dRes

saqarTveloSi?
- TeTrs Tu wiTels?
- glexurs Tu qarxnuls?
ratom?

Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa am tipebis Rvinoebs Soris:

- glexuri;
- qarxnuli Camosasxmeli;
- qarxnuli boTlis.

vin aniWebs upiratesobas glexur Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi.) ratom irCeven

isini aseT Rvinos?

49
es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis II kursis
studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna 2 saswavlo fokus-jgufis
Catarebisas.
76 37
 vin aniWebs upiratesobas qarxnul Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi) ratom irCeven
isini aseT Rvinos? davalebebi:

rogor fiqrobT, dalevs Tu ara glexi qarxnul Rvinos? 1. ipoveT internetSi socialuri kvlevis eTikis ramdenime kodeqsi (garda
(Tu ara — ratom?) im kodeqsebisa, romlebic am masalaSia miTiTebuli) da SeadareT isini
ra SemTxvevaSi dalevs? erTmaneTs maTi detalurobis TvalsazrisiT.

Tqveni azriT, dRes saqarTveloSi yvelaze did mowonebas romeli tipis Rvino 2. gaecaniT publikacias “gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis
imsaxurebs? ratom? mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili” (magaliTi #4). rogor
SeafasebdiT kvlevis Sedegebis gaSuqebis xarisxs?
daasruleT fraza: “is, vinc svams mxolod boTlSi Camosxmul Rvinos, aris . . .”

ra Tvisebebi aqvs xarisxian Rvinos? (naturaluri Rvino?)

Tu SegiZliaT dagvisaxeloT romelime xarisxiani Rvino?
rekomendebuli literatura:
fasi
sad yidulobT xomle Rvinos yvelaze xSirad? 1. Bruce L. Berg. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Fifth edition. Boston:
saSualod ra fasSi yidulobT xomle Rvinos? Pearson. Pp. 43-73 (“Ethical Issues”).
ra gavlenas axdens Tqvens arCevanze Rvinis fasi? Rvinis xarisxi?
Tqveni arCevani Rvinis xarisxze ufroa damokidebuli Tu mis fasze? 2. Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in Advances
ra unda Rirdes Rvino? in Consumer Research 25: 72-74.
unda gansxvavdebodes Tu ara Rvinis fasi misi saxeobis mixedviT (wiTeli da
TeTri, glexuri da qarxnis) 3. ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice.
http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961
Rvinis smis kultura
rogor gesmiT fraza: “Rvinis smis kultura”? 4. American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics. http://www.asanet.org/members/
ra iciT Rvinis smis kulturis Sesaxeb sazRvargareT? ecoderev.html
aris Tu ara raime gansakuTrebuli im wesebSi da tradiciebSi, romlebic
axasiaTebs Rvinis smis wesebs da masTan dakavSirebul tradiciebs saqarTveloSi? 5. American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies and
kaxeTSi? Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html
rogori iyo Rvinis smis kultura saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 100 wlis win?
Seicvala Tu ara bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze Rvinis smis kultura saqarTve-
loSi / TelavSi / TbilisSi? rogoria Rvinis smis kultura axla? ra mogwonT amaSi
da ra — ara?

38 75
arCevnebSi, ar iqnes ganxiluli misi kandidatura asociaciis wevrebisaTvis magaliTi #3
gankuTvnili kvleviTi stipendiebis ganawilebis procesSi da a.S. im sakiTxs, Tu,
kerZod, romeli privilegiebi CamoerTmeva eTikis normebis damrRvevs, korufcia saqarTveloSi
profesiuli eTikis komiteti yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis
gadawyvets. warmomadgenlebis mier
d) asociaciaSi wevrobis Sewyveta ASA-s profesiuli eTikis komitetis
yvelaze seriozuli sanqciaa. aqac, komiteti yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi fokus-jgufebis angariSi
wyvets, Tu ramdeni xniT unda moxdes ama Tu im sociologis wevrobis Sewyveta
ASA-Si da ra pirobiTaa SesaZlebeli am wevrobis ganaxleba momavalSi. sasjelis Tavisuflebis institutis mier 2004 wlis ivnisSi Catarebuli iqna fokus-
yvelaze mZime formaa profesiuli sazogadoebis wevrTa rigebidan garicxva, rac jgufebi saqarTvelos ramdenime qalaqSi (axalcixe, Tbilisi, Telavi, quTaisi).
TavisTavad ara mxolod samarcxvinoa, aramed abrkolebs garicxulis Semdgom jgufebi Catarda sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan: profesor-
profesiul saqmianobas, xels uSlis mas mniSvnelovani SekveTebis mozidvaSi. maswavleblebi, studentebi, mZRolebi, policielebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi.
fokus-jgufebis mTavari mizani iyo am profesiuli jgufebis warmomad-
genlebis mier korufciuli qmedebebis Sefaseba da korufciis formebis Seswavla
kvlevis Sedegebis publikacia profesiuli saqmianobis Sesabamis sferoebSi; korufciuli da arakorufciuli
profesiuli normebis specifikuri jgufia moTxovnebi kvlevis Sedegebis qmedebebis gamijvna ama Tu im profesiis warmomadgenlebis TvalSi; agreTve,
gamoqveynebisadmi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi. am moTxovnebis korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla.
SemuSaveba araprofesiuli publikaciebis momravlebis Sedegad gaxda
aucilebeli. mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad rwmundebodnen, rom angariSi eyrdnoba Semdegi fokus-jgufebis masalebs:
Jurnalistebi, romlebsac ara aqvT Sesabamisi codna, xSirad sakmaod uxeS
Secdomebs uSvebdnen masobrivi gamokiTxvebis an sxva tipis kvlevebis Sedegebis
gamoqveynebisas, am Secdomebs ki Semdeg maTi mkiTxvelebi imeorebdnen. arcTu profesiuli jgufi qalaqi Catarebis TariRi
iSviaTad Jurnalistur masalebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo kvlevis Sedegebi saxelmwifo moxeleebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.
Sefasebuli iyo rogorc araswori, es ki arasaxarbielo gavlenas axdenda am
kvlevebis Sefasebaze sazogadoebis mier. studentebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.
am problemis gadaWris mizniT 1983 wels sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro maswavleblebi da mSoblebi Tbilisi seqtemberi, 2004 w.
kvlevis evropulma kavSirma (ESOMAR) SeimuSava “sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxvebis gzamkvlevi”91, romlis mizansac presaSi socialuri gamokvlevebis profesor-maswavleblebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.
Sedegebis gamoqveynebisas daSvebuli Secdomebis Semcireba iyo. gansakuTrebuli studentebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.
yuradReba am kodeqsSi masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebis publikacias eZRvneba,
romlebic yvelaze ufro xSirad Suqdeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis policielebi quTaisi ivnisi, 2004 w.
mier. garda imisa, rom es kodeqsi ganixilavs gamokiTxvebis Sedegebis
mniSvnelobas demokratiuli sazogadoebebisaTvis da Jurnalistebisa da
socialuri mecnierebebis profesiuli TanamSromlobis Taviseburebebs, aq 1. ra aris korufcia da ra ar aris korufcia
warmodginelia praqtikuli rekomendaciebi kvlevis Sedegebze damyarebuli fokus-jgufebis TiTqmis yvela monawilem daaxloebiT erTnairad ganmarta
publikaciebis momzadebasTan dakavSirebiT. ESOMAR-is rCeviT, yvela korufcia, rogorc:
publikacias, romelic masobrivi gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs iyenebs, aucileblad
unda axldes meToduri informacia Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb, kerZod: “Tanamdebobrivi ufleba-movaleobebis gadameteba angarebis mizniT”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
o romelma kvleviTma organizaciam Caatara gamokiTxva;
“adamiani rom nebismier Tanamdebobaze borotad iyenebs Tavis Tanamdebobas
o gamokiTxvis Catarebis meTodika (piradi, satelefono, safosto Tu sxva); sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
o SerCeviTi erTobliobis raodenoba; “korufcia es aris kanons gareT momxdari garigeba” (studentebi, Telavi)
o SerCevis reprezentatuloba; “korufcia aris, rodesac garkveuli Tanamdeboba aqvs pirovnebas da am
o gamokiTxvis Catarebis TariRebi; TanamdebobiT sargeblobs Tavis raRac gadaWarbebuli ambiciebiT da gZalavs
fuls arakanonierad” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
o dasmuli kiTxvebis tipi (Ria, daxuruli Tu naxevraddaxuruli) da maTi
zusti formulireba. “adamianTa mier saxelmwifo qonebis xelyofa” (profesor-maswavleblebi,
Telavi)
socialuri kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli informaciis gamoqveynebisas “[korufcia] qrTamis garda sxva saxiTac arsebobs: gadasaxadebis damalva,
aucilebelia mkafiod gaimijnos miRebuli Sedegebi da am Sedegebis safuZvelze sagzao policiis TanamSromeli rom mZRols fuls arTmevs, esec korufciaa”
Jurnalistebis mier gakeTebuli komentari. (policielebi, quTaisi)
garda amisa, ESOMAR-i urCevs kvleviT organizacias da masobrivi
informaciis organos, dadon xelSekruleba, romelSic ganxiluli iqneba maT sxva respondentebisagan gansxvavebiT, policiis TanamSromlebi ufro
Soris TanamSromlobis pirobebi. farTod ganmartaven korufcias:
“korufcia pirvel rigSi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia, kanonis darRvevaa”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
91
Guide to Opinion Polls. E.S.O.M.A.R., 1993.
74 39
 “movaleobas pasuxismgeblobiT rom ar Seasruleb, isic korufciaa”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
SedarebiT iSviaTad gvaqvs saqme korufciis ganmartebasTan moralur WrilSi:
“korufcia aris fulis, sindisis da kanonis ukmarisoba” (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)
xSir SemTxvevaSi, respondentebi aigiveben korufcias da meqrTameobas, Tumca
zogjer isini aRniSnaven, rom korufcia meqrTameobasTan SedarebiT ufro farTo
cnebaa, vinaidan is moicavs, agreTve arafuladi saxis garigebebs. SedarebiT
iSviaTad iqna gaigivebuli korufciasTan nepotizmi:
“naTesauri kavSirebi, megobroba, nacnoboba korufciaa, Tanamdebobaze iseTi
adamianebi SeiZleba dainiSnon, romlebic saerTod Sesaferisi ar arian im
Tanamdebobis” (policielebi, quTaisi)
yvela jgufSi respondentebi eTanxmebian azrs, rom korufcia saqarTveloSi
farTodaa gavrcelebuli da aRniSnaven, rom is gamoxatavs rogorc qrTamis
amRebis, aseve qrTamis mimcemis interesebs:
“vinc aZlevs [qrTams], isic kmayofilia da vinc iRebs, isic” (policielebi,
quTaisi)
“meqrTameoba universitetSi pirvel rigSi xels aZlevs students”
(studentebi, Telavi)
respondentebi yvelaze ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom korufcia erTnairad
gasakicxia imis miuxedavad, Tu ra TanxiT gamoixateba aRebuli an micemuli
qrTami; Tumca es pozicia erTsulovani ar iyo:
“nemsis qurdi da aqlemis qurdi erTiao” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“is, vinc 5 maneTs aiRebs, imas Tu saSualeba miecema, milionsac Tavisuflad
aiRebs” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“- rogorc ar arsebobs nawilobrivi orsuloba, ise ar arsebobs nawilobrivi
[korumpirebuloba]. an aris, an ar aris.
- ara! zogi, magaliTad, davuSvaT, im wamlisTvis, im gaWirvebisTvis [iRebs
qrTams] da zogi — fufunebisTvis, sasaxleebisTvis, mersedesebisTvis, “be-em-ve”-
ebisTvis. aq gansxvaveba unda iyos, Cemi azriT” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
respondentebi ganixilaven korufcias, rogorc erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiT
movlenas, romelsac ar SeuZlia, raime dadebiTi Sedegi mohyves da raime
gamarTleba hqondes:
“korufciiT ara mgonia, qveyanam miiRos rame kargi, korufcia sikeTes
moutans konkretul pirovnebas da mis ojaxs” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“korufcia TavisTavad ar SeiZleba iyos kargi, SeiZleba korufcias raRac
dadebiTi Sedegebi gaaCndes, magram misi zneobrivi mxare sul gadawonis im
dadebiTs. amitom korufcia ar SeiZleba iyos kargi” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,
axalcixe)
amasTan, qarTvel respondentebs uWirT erTmaneTisagan gamijnon korufcia
da e.w. “pativiscema”, gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom saqarTveloSi
tradiciulad pativs scemen sxva adamianebs, iqneba es saCuqris Tu, ubralod,
madlobis Tqmis meSveobiT. maTi azriT, ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani
korufciasa da pativiscemas Soris is aris, rom pirveli gamoZalvasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, xolo meore — nebayoflobiTia.
“qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa, qrTami sxvaa”
(studentebi, Telavi)
“yvelafers korufcias ver davarqmev. magaliTad, bavSvi yvavils rom miutans
maswavlebels skolaSi, es ar aris korufcia, es pativiscemaa. korufciad ar
40
da samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, amdenad eTikis kodeqsebi aregulirebs
mkvlevrisa da damkveTis urTierTobebis im sferoebs, romlebic xelSekru-
lebebis miRma rCeba da urTierTpatiosnebisa da urTierTgagebisken, maRali
profesiuli standartebis dacvisaken mouwodebs orive mxares.
g. farTo sazogadoebriobis interesebis dacva
ramdenadac socialuri mecnierebis pasuxismgebloba farTo sazogadoebis
winaSe iuridiuli regulirebis obieqts ar warmoadgens, is mTlianad eqceva pro-
fesiuli eTikis farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTva-
liswineba sociologebis moRvaweobis Zalze mniSvnelovan sferos warmoadgens.
rogorc amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis eTikis kodeqsSia xazgasmuli,
sociologebi acnobiereben maT profesiul da mecnierul pasuxismgeblobas im
sazogadoebis winaSe, sadac isini cxovroben da muSaoben; isini iyeneben Tavis
codnas, raTa xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebriv keTildReobas. gamokvlevis Cata-
rebisas isini miznad isaxaven rogorc sociologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas,
aseve sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis xelSewyobas.90
sanqciebi
ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebi iuridiuli dokumentebi ar aris,
maTi normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg ver iqneba gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi
sanqciebi. arada, eTikis kodeqsis normebis damyareba mxolod mkvlevarTa
keTilganwyobaze da maT mier am normebis didi mniSvnelobis gacnobierebaze
yovelTvis sakmarisi ar aris. amitom, profesiuli sazogadoebebi zrunaven imaze,
rom profesiuli eTikis darRvevis SemTxvevebma SeumCnevlad ar Caiaros da
SeZlebisdagvarad Zvirad daujdes am normebis damrRvevs, vinaidan yoveli aseTi
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi laqa ecxoba yvela mkvlevars, socialuri mecnierebis
sazogadoebriv reputacias.
eTikuri kodeqsebis specifikuri bunebidan gamomdinare, maT mier
gaTvaliswinebuli sanqciebic Taviseburi xasiaTisaa. isini did yuradRebas
aqcevs eTikuri normebis darRvevis SemTxvevebis gaxmaurebas profesiul wreSi
da aseTi faqtebis dagmobas kolegebis mier. amasTan, mniSvnelovania imis
aRniSvna, rom nebismieri faqti mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc
profesiuli eTikis normebis darRveva, Tu es damtkicebuli iqna, iqamde ki
yvelas mimarT Taviseburi “udanaSaulobis prezumfcia” moqmedebs.
profesiuli eTikis normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg Zalze seriozuli
sanqciebi iqna SemuSavebuli amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) mier. am
organizaciis farglebSi muSaobs profesiuli eTikis komiteti, romelic eTikis
normebis darRvevis faqtebs ganixilavs. es komiteti uflebamosilia ASA-s
wevrebis mier, Semdegi saxis sanqciebi gamoiyenos damnaSaveTa mimarT:
a) piradi gafrTxileba. es SedarebiT rbili sanqcia gamoiyeneba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu darRveva SedarebiT msubuqi iyo da ar gamouwvevia seriozuli
piradi an profesiuli ziani. piradi gafrTxileba, rogorc wesi, werilis saxiT
egzavneba eTikis normebis damrRvevs.
b) sajaro gafrTxilebas im SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, Tu darRveva seriozul
xasiaTs atarebda. isic SeiZleba werilis saxiT iyos, magram es werili qveyndeba
Sesabamis sainformacio saSualebebSi.
g) privilegiebis CamorTmeva. nebismieri sociologiuri asociaciis (maT
Soris ASA-s) wevroba ara mxolod sakmaod maRali statusis niSania, aramed
wevrebisaTvis garkveul profesiul da materialur privilegiebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. amitom am privilegiebis CamorTmeva sakmaod seriozul sasjels
warmoadgens. kerZod, eTikis normebis damrRvevi SeiZleba ar iqnes daSvebuli am
asociaciis mier mowyobil RonisZiebebze; ar iqnes Seyvanili saredaqcio
kolegiebSi; aekrZalos monawileobis miReba asociaciis sxvadasxva komitetebSi
90
Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American
Sociological Association, 1999. P. 4-5.
73
respondentebis uflebebisa da Rirsebis pativiscema; pasuxismgebloba sazoga-
doebis winaSe, da sxv.
profesiuli normebis dayofa mizanSewonilia ramdenime jgufad, gamomdinare
iqidan, Tu romeli socialuri jgufis interesebis dacvis mizniTaa SemuSavebuli
eTikuri moTxovnebis esa Tu is jgufi. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa eTikuri nor-
mebi, romlebic icavs (a) respondentebis, (b) damkveTebis da (g) farTo sazo-
gadoebis interesebs. profesiuli kodeqsebis erT-erTi mTavari daniSnulebaa,
gansazRvros mkvlevarTa pasuxismgebloba am sami jgufis mimarT.
a. respondentTa uflebebi
eTikis kodeqsebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben respondentTa
uflebebis dacvas. es gasagebicaa — respondentebi kvlevis umTavres obieqts
warmoadgenen. maTi monawileoba kvlevaSi damokidebulia maT keTil nebaze, da
Cveni upirvelesi valdebuleba unda iyos uzrunvelvyoT, rom isini ar
dazaraldnen kvlevaSi monawileobis miRebis Sedegad.
eTikis kodeqsebis moTxovnebis Tanaxmad, respondentebis monawileoba
gamokvlevaSi nebayoflobiTi unda iyos, mkvlevarma SeZlebisdagvarad unda
miawodos mas sruli informacia gamokvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis Sesaxeb.
respondentTa uflebebis dacvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi valdebuleba,
romelsac mkvlevrebi kisruloben, maTi konfidencialobis dacvaa. xSirad
respondentebi mxolod im pirobiT iZlevian Tanxmobas CvenTan saubarze, Tu maTi
vinaoba ar iqneba gamJRavnebuli, magram, zog SemTxvevaSi, Zalze rTulia maTi
darwmuneba, rom Cven maT konfidencialobas davicavT, vinaidan mkvlevrebisTvis,
rogorc wesi, cnobilia respondentis vinaoba, masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas
ki interviuerebis muSaobis kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad yovelTvis xdeba
TiToeuli respondentis saxelisa da misamarTis Cawera. mniSvnelovania,
davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom es mxolod gamokvlevis saTanado xarisxiT
Catarebis uzrunvelsayofad xdeba da rom Sedegebis damuSavebis Semdeg maTi
pasuxebi mxolod anonimurad iqneba gamoyenebuli, masobrivi gamokiTxvis
SemTxvevaSi — statistikuri damuSavebis Semdeg.
socialuri gamokvlevis zogierTi saxeoba moiTxovs interviuebis Caweras
audio- an videofirze. amisaTvis aseve calke nebarTva gvWirdeba
respondentebisgan, da aqac, iseve rogorc yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Cven unda
davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom Camweri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis
miuxedavad maTi konfidencialoba daculi iqneba.
gansakuTrebiT rTulia respondentTa uflebebis dacva maSin, rodesac
xorcieldeba gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba; magaliTad, Tu dakvirvebas xalxmraval
adgilas vatarebT, sadac Cveulebriv mravali adamiani iyris Tavs, Cven, ra Tqma
unda, ver gavafrTxilebT yvela adamians, rom isini kvlevis obieqtebi arian.
amitom CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas, eTikis normebi garkveulwilad
specifikur xasiaTs iZens, da sakmaod relativisturi xasiaTisaa; erTaderTi
stabiluri mosazreba, romliTac mkvlevari unda xelmZRvanelobdes, isaa, rom
miRebuli unda iqnes yvela zoma, raTa kvlevam respondentebs raime vneba ar
miayenos. kvlevis angariSidan amoRebuli iyos ara mxolod respondentTa
saxelebi da gvarebi, aramed, agreTve yvela is informacia, romlis mixedviTac
SesaZlebeli iqneba adamianis identificireba.
b. damkveTebis uflebebi
empiriuli gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani nawili komerciuli xasiaTisaa da
sabazro, politikuri Tu sxva SekveTebis Sesasruleblad tardeba. mkvlevarebs
ara naklebi pasuxismgebloba akisriaT damkveTebTan urTierTobisas, da maTi
movaleobaa, uzrunvelyon, rom TiToeuli gamokvleva damkveTis mier dasmuli
problemebis gadaWris gzebis povnas isaxavdes miznad da yvelaze ufro
optimalur gzebs sTavazobdes damkveTs gamokvlevis gansaxorcieleblad.
mkvlevarisa da damkveTis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTisaa imdenad,
ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsis garda maTi regulireba xdeba agreTve
or mxares Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. magram rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, eTikis moTxovnebi ufro farTo xasiaTisaa, vidre administraciuli
72
miviCnev, roca eqims sakuTari surviliT pacienti rames aCuqebs. ar aris qrTami,
radgan sakuTari surviliT Cuqnis” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“[Tu] me miCndeba survili, rom im adamians pativi vce, me amas qrTams ar veZaxi.
es SeiZleba iyos sunamo, “banbanerka” an sulac erTi fila Sokoladi. es, Cemi
azriT, namdvilad ar unda aRiqmebodes qrTamad da korufciad” (maswavleblebi
da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
“me, magaliTad, Zalian mewyineba, Tu isic korufciad CaTvales, rodesac me
viRacis pativiscema minda da SemeSindes, rom is ar daiWiron an me ar damiWiron,
rom imas pativi vce. pativiscema sxva aris, magram TviTon ar unda moiTxovon”
(maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
2. korufciis mizezebi saqarTveloSi
korufciis ZiriTad mizezad respondentebi TiTqmis erTxmad asaxeleben
dabal xelfasebs sajaro samsaxuris yvela sferoSi; yvela profesiuli jgufi,
gasagebi mizezebis gamo, gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs Tavisi profesiuli
sferos did mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, da mizanSewonilad
miiCnevs, rig SemTxvevaSi ki moiTxovs, am sferoSi xelfasebis mniSvnelovan
gazrdas; sainteresoa, rom TiTqmis yvela sferos warmomadgenlebi, mamakacebi
iseve rogorc qalebi, aucilebel saarsebo minimumad TveSi daaxloebiT 500 lars
asaxeleben.
“xelfasi minimumze minimumia” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“roca Tanamdebobis piri xar, Zalian Znelia, cduneba Zalian didia”
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“maswavlebels imdeni xelfasi unda hqondes, rom aRar izrunos SeTavsebaze,
rom sxvaganac aiRos saaTebi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
“maswavlebels ar unda ecvas moswavleze cudad, ufro lamazad unda hqondes
Tma davarcxnili” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
“Tu xelfasebi ar gaizrdeba, araferic ar Seicvleba” (maswavleblebi da
mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
bevri respondentis azriT, korumpirebuli pirebis nawili iZulebiT iRebs
qrTams, vinaidan isini sxva gamosavals ver xedaven, es maTTvis Tavis an ojaxebis
rCenis erTaderTi realuri gzaa; Zlieria rwmena, rom es xalxi Zalze ganicdis
aseT mdgomareobas:
“ekonomikuri mdgomareoba unda Seiqmnas imisTana, rom ar gaxde [korum-
pirebuli] — magram miuxedavad amisa, is korumpirebulebi, vinc arian — isini
iReben kidec [qrTams] da ekonomiuri mdgomareobac Zlieri aqvT. magram visac
araviTari saSualeba ara aqvs — iman rom patara raRaca gaakeTos, me mgoni,
korumpirebuli ar unda dauZaxon” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“me rodesac maqvs kargi xelfasi, var Cemi saqmis profesionali da, ase vTqvaT,
patrioti, me namdvilad ar davimcireb Tavs da ara mgonia, arc erTma
maswavlebelma daimciros Tavi da gamarTos mSobelTan raRac uxerxuli saubari,
raRac zewola moaxdinos masze, rom mere iman “pativi sces” — isevdaisev, Tu iqneba
normaluri xelfasebi. imitom, rom pirovneba, vinc aseT saubars warmarTavs,
TviTonac Zalian Seuracxyofilia, da roca mas kargi xelfasi eqneba, merwmuneT,
igi ar Caigdebs Tavs aseT saCoTiro situaciaSi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi,
Tbilisi)
rodesac aseT iZulebiT SemTxvevebTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin, saerTo azris
Tanaxmad, xelfasebis gazrda gadaWris korufciis problemas.
amasTan, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa azri, rom maRali
xelfasi TavisTavad yovelTvis ar iqneba aucilebeli da sakmarisi garantia imisa,
41
rom korufcia aRar iqneba, vinaidan mas sxva mizezebic aqvs: (a) sixarbe da (b)
tradiciuli kulturuli normebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi xels uwyobs
korufciis gavrcelebas, anu, rogorc respondentebi moixsenieben, e.w. “qarTuli
mentaliteti”.
“adamians rac ufro meti aqvs, miT ufro meti unda” (studentebi, axalcixe)
“marto gadarCenisTvis xom ar aris es korufcia? mTlad ise, vTqvaT —
adamiani iRebs qrTams, rom gadarCes — esec ar mimaCnia sworad, imitom rom Zalian
bevri adamiani vici me, romelic ar aris korumpirebuli, da Zalian bevri vici,
rom ukve ‘gadarCenilia’, magram korufciis gzas agrZelebs” (profesor-
maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“zogierT maswavlebels rom misce 1000 lari, is mainc aiRebs qrTams”
(maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
bevri respondentis azriT, korufcia yvelaze seriozul formebs
xelisuflebis yvelaze maRal safexurebze iRebs, kerZod, xSirad saxeldeba
parlamenti. es kidev erTxel adasturebs azrs, rom TavisTavad xelfasebis
gazrda ar gadawyvets korufciis problemas saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac
korufciis gavrcelebaSi dabal xelfasebTan erTad sxva faqtorebic TamaSoben
mniSvnelovan rols; Tumca, ra Tqma unda, xelfasebis gazrda sajaro samsaxurebis
moxeleebisTvis (gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es dakavSirebuli iqneba
pasuxismgelobis amaRlebasTan da dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvrasTan),
saerTo rwmeniT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels korufciis masStabebis
Semcirebas.
dausjelobis sindromi korufciis gavrcelebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
mizezia, da respondentebis mier xSirad iqna gamoTqmuli eWvi axlandeli
xelisuflebis moqmedebebis marTebulebaSi, rodesac xdeba arakanonieri gzebiT
mopovebuli qonebis patronebis gaTavisufleba winaswari patimrobidan
mniSvnelovani jarimis gadaxdis Semdeg. maTi azriT, es xalxi seriozulad unda
daisajos.
korufciis gavrceleba garkveuli Sidasauwyebo zewolis Sedegadac SeiZleba
moxdes, ris Sesaxebac, kerZod, saxelmwifo moxeleebi saubrobdnen:
“SeiZleba ar gindodes, magram Seqmnilia rgoli da gaiZulebs, rom gaakeTo
[qrTami aiRo], rom samsaxuri ar dakargo. gaiZulebs TviTon situacia”
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
Tumca, amave fokus-jgufis erT-erTi respondenti imasac aRniSnavs, rom
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg xelisuflebis Secvlis Sedegad es situacia
Seicvala:
“adre iyo is, rom ver imuSavebdi, Tu qrTams ar gadauxdidi, radgan fuli unda
gekeTebina da yofiliyavi korumpirebuli. dRes me vityvi xmamaRla Cemi saxeliT
da Cemi TanamSromlebis saxeliT, rom Cven vzivarT moWril konkretul xelfasze,
ar davasaxeleb Tanxas, romelic ar gvyofnis elementarul, magaliTad,
sigaretze” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
respondentebi im garemoebas usvamen xazs, rom korufcia xSirad sakuTari
Tavis kvlavwarmoebas uwyobs xels:
“ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars
arTmev da maswavleblad iReb [skolaSi], rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere
isev aq [universitetSi] fuliT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase
gagrZeldes mudmivad?” (studentebi, Telavi)
garda amisa, korufciis gavrcelebas garkveulwilad xels uwyobs Tavad is
garemoeba, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi korufcia Zalze farTodaa
gavrcelebuli, rac respondentTa aseT mosazrebebs iwvevs:
“me Tu ar aviRe, sxva mainc aiRebs, aseTi fiqric xdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
42
Tema 6.
socialuri kvlevis eTika
socialuri kvleva yovelTvis respondentebis, anu Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis
monawileobiT tardeba, misi Sedegebi ki arcTu iSviaTad mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. amitom socialuri mecnierebis yvela dargis
warmomadgeneli profesiuli organizaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi moTxovnaa
gamokvlevebis warmarTvisas mTeli rigi eTikuri principebis dacva, romlebic
respondentTa da farTo sazogadoebis uflebebsa da interesebs icavs da
romlebic profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebSia gaerTianebuli.
eTikis kodeqsi profesiuli saqmianobis principebis krebulia, romelic ama
Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs. rogorc wesi, is asaxavs
idealur warmodgenebs ama Tu im profesiis Sesaxeb. saerTo azris Tanaxmad,
profesiuli moralis normebis SemuSaveba ama Tu im profesiuli jgufis war-
momadgenlebis mier maTi sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gacnobierebisa da
aRiarebis Sedegia. mniSvnelovania, rom profesiuli eTikis normebis aRiareba am
profesiis warmomadgenlebis mier xdeba nebayoflobiT, vinaidan isini afaseben am
profesiul gaerTianebaSi wevrobas; profesiuli eTikis moTxovnebi maT
internalizebuli aqvT profesiuli momzadebis Sedegad.
eTikis kodeqsebi xSirad ganixileba rogorc qveyanaSi arsebuli samarTleb-
rivi normebis gavrcoba ama Tu im profesiuli saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tum-
ca Tavad eTikis kodeqsebi samarTlebriv dokumentebs ar warmoadgenen — isini
ufro farTo xasiaTisa da Sinaarsisaa, vidre iuridiuli dokumentebi. amasTan,
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes, rom vercerTi profesiuli kodeqsi ver SeZlebs,
SesaZlo situaciebis sruli speqtri moicvas.
aSkaraa, rom nebismieri socialuri kvlevis warmateba damokidebulia
sazogadoebis keTilganwyobaze mkvlevrebis mimarT, respondentebis ndobaze
interviuerebisa da gamokvlevis organizatorebisadmi, maT rwmenaze, rom kvleva
tardeba keTilsindisierad, obieqturad, sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacviT da
rom daculi iqneba respondentTa konfidencialoba. eTikis kodeqsis mizania,
aamaRlos socialuri kvlevebis sazogadoebrivi prestiJi, gaaZlieros ndoba am
tipis saqmianobis mimarT da misi warmarTvisaTvis maqsimalurad xelsayreli
pirobebi Seqmnas.
socialur mecnierebebSi eTikuri standartebis sistematuri SemuSaveba XX
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi daiwyes sxvadasxva qveynis profesiulma gaerTianebebma.
dRes es gaerTianebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi transnacionalur xasiaTs atarebs da
sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenel mkvlevrebs aerTianeben.
eTikuri normebis SemuSaveba da maTi SeZlebisdagvarad farTod danergva
socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli gaerTianebebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
misiaa. yvela aseT asociaciaSi gaerTianebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens
kandidatis mier asociaciis eTikuri kodeqsis normebis aRiareba da miReba.
socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli kodeqsis normebis Seswavlis mizniT Cven
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT or aseT dokuments — saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis
(ICC) da sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro kvlevis evropuli kavSiris (ESOMAR)
sabazro da socialuri kvlevis praqtikis erTobliv kodeqss88 da amerikis
sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) eTikis kodeqss89.
dRes ukve danamdvilebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom socialuri kvlevis eTikuri
standartebi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa dacvasac
yvela mkvlevari Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs. yvela profesiuli kodeqsi Seicavs
e.w. saerTo principebs, rogorebicaa: profesiuli kompetenturoba, patiosneba,
88
ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice. ICC/ESOMAR, 1995.
kodeqsis naxva SeiZleba agreTve ESOMAR-is veb-gverdze: www.esomar.nl.
89
Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American
Sociological Association, 1999. kodeqsi SegiZliaT ixiloT agreTve amerikis sociologiuri
asociaciis veb-gverdze: www.asanet.org.
71
quCaSi policiam ubrZana movaWres, aelagebina Tavisi saqoneli, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi mas konfiskaciiT daemuqrnen. dunierma gadawyvita Seemowmebina,
policia mis mimarTac iseTive zomebs mimarTavda Tu ara. man gaSala magida imave
adgilas da daeloda policiis gamoCenas — sabednierod, mas Tan hqonda Tavisi
magnitofoni da SeZlo Caewera policiasTan saubari, Semdeg ki gaaanalia, Tu ra
gavlenas axdens rasa da socialuri mgomareoba imaze, Tu rogor eqceva policia
adamianebs.
swored dunieris dakvirvebis arasistematurobam ganapiroba is, rom aseTi
xangrZlivi savele muSaobis miuxedavad, kritikosebi dunieris kvlevis erT-erT
mTavar naklad miiCnevdnen imas, rom mas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, 24 saaTis
manZilze dakvirveboda Tavisi informantebis cxovrebas da saqmianobas. rogorc
wesi, is maT weliwadSi ramdenime Tvis manZilze xedavda; xvdeboda diliT da
Sordeboda saRamoTi, Tumca maTTan erTad wignebiT da JurnalebiT vaWrobasTan
dakavSirebul sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi monawileobda — magaliTad, mouwia
saqmeebis garkveva policiasTan, rodesac policielebma magidebis aReba
moiTxoves; gahyva Tavis informantebs gadasayrelad gamzadebuli nivTebidan
gasayidad gamosadegi wignebis da Jurnalebis amosarCevad, da a.S.
mainc, dunieris kvleva warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos; es warmateba, hasanis
azriT, iman ganapiroba, rom mitCels mosmenis unari hqonda — is ar axvevda Tavis
azrs Tanamosaubreebs, aramed cdilobda gaerkvia, Tu ratom iqceoda esa Tu is
adamiani ise, rogorc is iqceoda, amasTan, mas Tavad am adamianis axsna
ainteresebda. “quCa mainc quCaa, — ambobs hakim hasani. — es ar unda dagaviwydeT.
mitCi amas maSinve mixvda. mas ar ucdia moeCvenebina Tavi sxva adamianad, vidre is
sinamdvileSi iyo: adamiani da sociologi, romelic cdilobda Caswvdomoda Cveni
cxovrebis azrs”86.
metic, hasani ambobs, rom dunieris midgoma kvlevisadmi ar gamomdinareobda
paradigmidan “mecnierma yvelaze ukveT icis”, aramed mas axasiaTebda socialuri
mecnieris mondomeba, moesmina sxvebisTvis87.
rekomendebuli literatura:
1. Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
2. Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an
Unemployed Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.
3. Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage Publications.
86
Ibid. P. 325
87
Ibid. P. 327. ukve ramdenime welia, rac hakim hasani quCaSi aRar vaWrobs — is niu iorkis
erT-erT saxelmwifo universitetSi muSaobs (Director of the Metropolitan Institute at MCNY,
Metropolitan College of New York).
70
“arian iseTi [studentebi], rom marTla modian, udevT raRac CaTvlis wignakSi;
[me isini] gavabrune — ase iyo me-6 semestrSi, ase iyo me-7 semestrSi, ase iyo me-8
semestrSi, da saxelmwifo gamocdaze wamomisves win. axla: ara sjobda, me TviTon
gamomerTva?” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
garda amisa, korufciis mizezebad dasaxelda kanonebis ucodinroba,
gaunaTlebloba, da arasrulyofili sakanonmdeblo baza:
“rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis
iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs [korufciuli] procesi. anu es
procesi rom SeCerdes, es [sakanonmdeblo] vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad”
(studentebi, Telavi)
3. ra uwyobs xels korufcias
miuxedavad yovelive zemoT Tqmulisa, korufcia respondentebSi garkveul
gagebas iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac is xSir SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc Tavis
gadarCenis erT-erTi xelmisawvdomi strategia im pirobebSi, rodesac adamians
sxva araferi gamosvali aRar darCenia, rodesac is ganwirulia saxelmwifos mier.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dabali xelfasebi ganixileba rogorc korufciis
ZiriTadi mizezi saqarTveloSi, Sesabamisad, respondentebi miiCneven usaxsrobas
korufciis erT-erT umTavres gamarTlebad:
“16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara
aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos fuli viRac debilisgan, visac
aqvs fuli da sTavazobs” (studentebi, Telavi)
amas garda, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa korufciis
kidev ori SesaZlo gamarTleba qarTveli respondentebis mxridan: “susti
saxelmwifo”, romelic ver asrulebs Tavis funqciebs, da “qarTveloba/qarTuli
mentaliteti”.
3.1. “susti saxelmwifo”, rogorc korufciis
institucionaluri gamarTleba
repondentTa umravlesoba “patara kacis” poziciidan uyurebs korufciis
problemas qveyanaSi da miiCnevs, rom pasuxismgebloba korufciis gavrcelebaze
srulad ekisreba saxelmwifos da mis “pirvel moxeleebs”. am poziciisgan
gansxvavdeba studentebis Sefasebebi, romlebic SedarebiT ufro
TviTkritikulebi arian da xedaven rigiTi moqalaqeebis pasuxismgeblobas
korufciis gavrcelebas dakavSirebiT.
“yvelaferi mainc saxelmwifos meTauridan da mTavrobidan iwyeba da
mTavrdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“rodesac saxelmwifo winaswar uSvebs korufcias, imitom rom xelfass aZlevs
amdagvars, is ukve geubneba — midi da iSoveo” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“korufciis Tavi da Tavi mainc, me mgoni, zemodan modis” (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“saxelmwifos midgomaa aseTi, rom imas awyobs, rom ase iyos. korufcia iyos”
(profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“ase Tu ise, korufcia yvela sferoSia, saboloo jamSi yvela sferodan Tanxa
erT xelSi iyris Tavs — kancelariasa da parlamentSi. korufciis saerTod moSla
gamoricxulia, magram Tu zemoT ar moiTxoven fuls, korufciis masStabebi
Semcirdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
saxelmwifosadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi pretenziebi aseTia: is ar zrunavs
moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze; ar uzrunvelyobs “kanonierebis kulturis”
damkvidrebas, rac warmoSobs dausjelobis sindroms; da ar zrunavs iseTi
kanonebis miRebaze, romlebic ukeT imuSavebs Cvens qveyanaSi da mZime tvirTad ar
43
daawveba mosaxleobas. amasTan, sazogadoebaSi Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli rwmena, rom
maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeleebi yvelaze ufro korumpirebulTa Soris
arian saqarTveloSi, rac spobs mosaxleobaSi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas am
saxelmwifo moxeleebis, an sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.
“vfiqrob, saxelmwifom unda ifiqros imaze, rom xelfasebi gaizardos, rom
saxlSi mSieri bavSvi ar melodebodes da am saxlSi misvla ar meSinodes”
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“mSier adamians ver mosTxov kanonis dacvas” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,
axalcixe)
“saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos materialuri keTildReoba da iseTi garemo,
sadac adamians kanondarRvevis SemTxvevaSi SeeSindeba dasjis” (policielebi,
quTaisi)
“kacs rom 30 lars aZlev da imas mere cixeSi Casvam — imis moraluri ufleba
ara gaqvs!” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“Cveni [universitetis] Semosavali rom aris, fasianebidan — 60% mihqonda
saxelmwifos aramwarmoebeli sferodan, amitom ara gvaqvs xelfasi. sad aris, ra
kanonzea laparaki? es aris saxelmwifosgan dadgenili oficialuri yaCaRoba. ...
es aris naZirlebis dawerili kanoni” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“sagadasaxado kanoni, magaliTad, unda iyos iseTi loialuri, rom adamiani
gaiqces gadasaxadis gadasaxdelad” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“Sroma moenatra yvelas! aucilebelia imuSaon, sawarmoebi amuSavdes, pirvel
rigSi” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
saxelmwifo ar uqmnis Tavis moxeleebs normalurad muSaobisaTvis saWiro
elementarul pirobebs, rac kidev ufro amcirebs saxelmwifos am xalxis TvalSi.
“qurdobaze [Tu] daiWire vinme, saqme Ziebamde rom miiyvano, daaxloebiT 50-
dan 100 laramde gWirdeba. furceli ginda, eqsperti, qseroqsi, benzini — am
yvelafers aravin afinansebs, policieli cdilobs, yvelafer amisTvis Tanxa
moipovos” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“Tavidan muSaobas rom iwyeb, forma gWirdeba, aravin ar gaZlevs mas, sakuTari
saxsrebiT unda iyido an Seikero. “pagonebi” 10 lari Rirs, formis perangi 18
lari, 50 lari — Sarvali, forma 100 laramde gijdeba. tyviebi Sen unda iyido,
sawvavi Sen unda Caasxa. aseT pirobebSi korufciisagan Tavs ver daizRvev”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
vinaidan saxelmwifo ar arsrulebs Tavis funqciebs, xdeba korufciaze
pasuxismgeblobis srulad “gadatana” saxelmwifoze an Tundac mis calkeul
maRalCinosnebze, rac mosaxleobas sakuTari udanaSaulobis grZnobas umtkicebs
da Sesabamisad, amcirebs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. respondentebi
iSviaTad afiqsireben SemTxvevebs, rodesac Tavad xalxi ase Tu ise xels uwyobs
korufcias daufiqreblobis, gulgrilobis an sxva raime mizezis Sedegad:
“yvelafers mTavrobas ver davabraleb, adamianebis mentaliteti unda
Seicvalos. 100-dan 70-s hgonia, rom qrTami aris saukeTeso gamosavali. xom
SeiZleba moqalaqem pasporti moiTxovos erTi TviT adre da ara bolo wuTSi?
moqalaqe, romelic erT kviraSi iTxovs pasportis damzadebas, korufcias uwyobs
xels” (policielebi, quTaisi)
fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gaiJRera mosazrebam, rom
korufciaSi met-naklebad Tanabrad ageben pasuxs rogorc qrTamis amRebi, aseve
qrTamis mimcemi — rogorc wesi, SeiniSneba tendencia, mTeli pasuxismgebloba
korufciuli garigebis mxolod erT mxares daekisros, kerZod — qrTamis amRebs,
romelic, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze ufro xSirad saxelmwifo moxelea.
“vinc aZlevs, igivea. es ianusia, orsaxovani, arafriT masze ukeTesi ar aris,
amRebic da mimcemic orive erTia. amitomac, TiTis miSvera mxolod imisken [vinc
44
<...> Cemi ideebi Camoyalibda imis safuZvelze, Tu ras vxedavdi da ra mesmoda
quCaSi”82.
rogorc CarTul damkvirvebels, duniers unda SeemCnia da yuradReba
gaemaxvilebina iseT movlenebze, romlebic sxvebs umniSvnelod eCveneboda. metic
— imis wyalobiT, rom mas TiTqmis mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hqonda
magnitofoni, kasetebis mosmenisas is afiqsirebda iseT momentebs, romlebic
gamorCa anda ar CaTvala mniSvnelovnad uSualod dakvirvebis dros. “CarTuli
dakvirvebis dros kvleviTi SekiTxvebi savele samuSaoebis Catarebisas ibadeba.
magaliTad, me ar SemeZlo meTqva marvinisTvis da ronisTvis83, rom mainteresebda
imis Seswavla, Tu rogor esaubreba ramodenime mamakaci (romelic quCaSi vaWrobs
— T.z.) Camvlel qalebs, imitom rom me ar vicodi, rom es sakiTxi wamoiWreboda.
aseve, me srulebiT ar vicodi, Tu damainteresebda dRevandeli trotuaris
cxovrebis Sedareba im periodTan, rodesac jein jeikobsi werda Tavis wigns. me
viyavi iq, raTa ubralod mewarmoebina dakvirveba da gamekeTebina Canawerebi, da me
vTxovdi im adamianebs, romlebic quCaSi muSaobdnen, rom CemTvis amis neba
daerToT”84.
dunierma es nebarTva miiRo, Tumca is bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom
quCis movaWreebi endobodnen da “Tavisianad” miiCnevdnen mas. is aRiarebs, rom
quCis movaWreebs sxvadasxva motivi amoZravebdaT, rodesac maT masTan
TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades: “zogierT gamyidvels ... ubralod
undoda, rom iq vyofiliyavi rogorc cotaodeni xurdis da sesxebis wyaro, ...
kidev ramodenimem ki CemTan saqmis daWera imitom gadawyvita, rom daweriliyo
wigni am ubnis da maT Sesaxeb. magram Cemi mxridan gulubryvilo iqneboda mefiqra,
rom me vicodi, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini, rom isini mendobodnen, an “Tavisianad”
mTvlidnen, rasac ar unda niSnavdes es”85.
adamianebi ficis qveSac ityuebian, miT umetes mkvlevars ara aqvs aranairi
garantia, rom informanti mas srul WeSmaritebas etyvis. amitomaa, rom dunieris
kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokvleuli masalis gadamowmebis mcdeloba —
yovelTvis, rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, dunierma gadaamowma misi
informantebis biografiis faqtebi (marTla hqonda Tu ara hasans damTavrebuli
rutgersis universiteti? marTla miatova Tu ara ronma Tavisi sacxovrebeli
bina, rodesac umuSevari darCa? marTla zrunavda Tu ara merdiki Tavis
SviliSvilze da a.S.); Seiswavla quCaSi beWvdviTi produqciiT vaWrobis kanonis
evolucia; rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo, iyenebda mraval mowmes, da a.S.
kvlevis warmoebis procesSi dunieri im daskvnamde mivida, rom imisaTvis,
raTa mkvlevarma warmatebuli kvleva Caataros, ar aris aucilebeli, rom
aqtorebma is “Tavisianad” miiCnion — sakmarisia, rom mkvlevars hqondes
dakvirvebis saSualeba; rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is unda akvirdebodes iseT
socialur struqturas, sadac meordeba garkveuli moqmedebebi da situaciebi.
magaliTad, Tu ojaxSi damokidebuleba meuRleebs Soris arc Tu idealuria,
droTa ganmavlobaSi Cven aucileblad gavxdebiT Cxubis an usiamovnebis mowmeni —
ra Tqma unda, es konkretuli Cxubi SeiZleba sul sxva ramis gamo iyos gamowveuli
da sul sxva formebi miiRos, vidre maT Soris Cxubis wina SemTxvevam, magram TviT
aseTi faqtis sixSiremac SeiZleba miuTiTos imaze, Tu ramdenadaa gamwvavebuli
urTierTobebi; anda, Tu romelime dawesebulebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli
korufcia, didia imis albaToba, rom Cven aucileblad SeveswrebiT aseT faqts.
miuxedavad amisa, CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas mainc sasurvelia, rom
mkvlevari maqsimalurad iyos “saitze”, radgan arsebobs unikaluri SemTxvevebic,
romlebic aRar meordeba da romlebsac SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqondes kvlevis warmatebisTvis. magaliTad, masala, romelic dunieris kvlevis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tavs daedo safuZvlad (“Soba me-6 avenueze”), sruliad
SemTxveviT iqna Segrovebuli. Soba dRes, rodesac dunieri ar apirebda kvlevis
Catarebas, man gauara hakims, raTa kinoSi wasuliyvnen. aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT
82
Ibid. P. 341.
83
dunieris informantebi.
84
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 335.
85
Ibid. P. 338-339.
69
 am Teoriis gavlenis Sedegad aSS-s policiam gaamkacra damokidebuleba
naklebad seriozuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis danaSaulebebisadmi — maTxov-
rebisadmi, mTvralebisadmi, xulignebisadmi da a.S. aseTi midgomis farglebSi
policia quCis movaWreebic wesrigis damrRvevebad aRiqvams da yvelanairad
cdilobs maTi saqmianobis SezRudvas.
dunieri ki cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis gamyidvlebis magaliTma bevr
cixidan gamosuls uCvena, rom SeiZleboda fulis patiosnad Sovna — anu, quCaSi
muSaoba socialuri reabilitaciis funqcias asrulebs.
rogorc dunierma kvlevis Sedegad daadgina, erTi SexedviT erTmaneTis
msgavs quCis gamyidvlebs Soris sakmaod mkacri ierarqia arsebobs; maT Soris
ganawilebulia rolebi da funqciebi. aq arian “adgilis damkaveblebi”, anu
adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze adre modian da ikaveben savaWro adgils, Semdeg ki
“yidian” mas 20-50 dolarad; aq arian “momtanebi” — adamianebi, romlebsac moaqvT
Senaxuli saqoneli sawyobebidan da amisaTvis garkveul gasamrjelos iReben;
“magidaze Tvalis damWerebs”, romlebic xSirad iqve axlos mdgomi maTxovrebi an
sxva gamyidvlebi arian, Tvali uWiravT ama Tu im saqmeze wasuli gamyidvlis
magidaze, raTa policiam misi konfiskacia ar moaxdinos79, da a.S.
dunieri cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis movaWreebi “sajaro figurebi” (public
character) arian, romlebic awesrigeben cxovrebas da sazogadoebrivi kontrolis
funqciasac asruleben.
“sazogadiebrivi figurebis” koncefcia cnobil socialur mecniers, jein
jeikobss (Jane Jacobs) ekuTvnis, romelmac jer kidev 1961 wels gamosca wigni “didi
amerikuli qalaqebis sikvdili da sicocxle” (“Death and Life of Great American Cities”),
sadac is grinviC vilijis ubanSi ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze
saubrobs Tanamedrove qalquri cxovrebis Sesaxeb:
“trotuaris socialuri cxovreba bevrad aris damokidebuli maTze, visac
SeiZleba TviTdaniSnuli sajaro figurebi vuwodoT. sajaro figura aris nebis-
mieri adamiani, visac xSiri kontaqti aqvs mraval adamianTan da vinc sakmarisad
aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom sakuTari Tavi sajaro figurad warmoaCinos. sa-
jaro figuras ar unda hqondes raime gansakuTrebuli niWi an sibrZne, raTa Tavisi
funqciebi Seasrulos — Tumca mas xSirad aqvs es Tvisebebi. <...> misi mTavari
kvalifikacia isaa, rom is aris sajaro, rom is esaubreba bevr sxvadasxvanair
adamians. amgvarad xdeba axali ambebis gavrceleba, rac trotuaris mizania”80.
jein jeikobsi sajaro figurebad miiCnevs maRaziis gamyidvlebs, mcire
biznesis mepatroneebs, romlebsac “Tvali uWiravT quCaze”. dunieris azriT,
swored aseT funqcias asruleben wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebi — maT
utoveben sagazeTo jixurSi motanil gazeTebs, isini yuradRebas aqceven maT
maxloblad gaCerebul manqanebs, isini esaubrebian ubnis macxovreblebs, da a.S.
Tavis kvlevis meTods mitCel dunieri “diagnostikur eTnografias” uwodebs.
“rodesac me davbrundi me-6 avenueze, raTa memuSava rogorc Jurnalebis
gamyidvels, me jer kidev ar mqonda Camoyalibebuli zusti kvleviTi SekiTxva”81, —
ambobs dunieri. miT umetes, kvlevis sawyis etapze mas ar hqonia Teoria, romlis
Semowmebasac apirebda. amitom is cdilobda yuradReba gaemaxvilebina quCaSi
mimdinare koleqtiur saqmianobaze; rogor xdeboda saqonlis moZieba, rogori
urTierToba iyo gamyidvlebsa da myidvelebs, gamyidvlebsa da policielebs
Soris, da a.S. “is, rom me ar mqonda gakrveuli kvleviTi SekiTxva Cemi kvlevis
dawyebisas, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes imas, rac sociologiaSia miRebuli.
miuxedavad amisa, me sxvanairi Sexeduleba maqvs. xSirad socialur mecnierebebSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki Tvisebrivi kvlevis dros, rodesac monacemTa didi raodenoba
moipoveba, kvlevis dizaini monacemebis Segrovebis Semdeg gamoikveTeba xolme.
79
kanonis Tanaxmad, policies ufleba aqvs im magidis konfiskacia moaxdinos, romelic
upatronod dgas trotuarze.
80
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 6.
81
Ibid. P. 340-341.
68
qrTams iRebs] es aris uzneoba” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams iRebs, Sen
codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. me maqvs micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems
Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved, vidre imas, vinc aiRo es”
(studentebi, Telavi)
miuxedavad imisa, rom fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi mTavrobis mimarT
zogadad uaRresad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba dafiqsirda, axal mTavrobas
mainc aqvs garkveuli ndobis krediti.
respondentTa umravlesoba imediT uyurebs mTavrobis Secvlas da axali
saxeebis gamoCenas, Tumca jerjerobiT es imedi araviTar realur cvlilebebze
ar aris damyarebuli, aramed mxolod dapirebebsa da imedebze, amitom Znelia imis
Tqma, Tu ramden xans gastans es ndobis krediti. situaciis gamosworebis imeds
badebs, agreTve is garemoeba, rom, respondentebis SefasebiT, TandaTan
mkvidrdeba SiSis faqtori, romelic, SesaZloa, xels Seuwyobs dausjelobis
sindromis aRmofxvras.
3.2. “qarTveloba”, rogorc korufciis kulturuli gamarTleba
“qarTveloba”, “qarTuli mentaliteti”, agreTve xSirad ganixileba rogorc
korufciis Taviseburi gamarTleba. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, qarTvelebs
sCveviaT, “pativi scen” sxvebs, gamoxaton Tavisi madliereba saCuqrebis meSve-
obiT. amas respondentebi miiCneven misaReb movlenad da ar Tvlian, rom amis
winaaRmdeg saWiroa brZola.
“iciT ra aris — qarTvel kacs mentalitetSi aqvs raRacis Cuqeba, TiTqos
mgonia, niSnisTvis ki ar miaqvT es...” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“rogorc wesi, saqarTveloSi qrTamSi igulisxmeba rogorc saCuqari, raime
momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians
raRacas. moqalaqe, romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs [Tanamdebobis pirs],
cdilobs rame gadauxados, rom is daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad
moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamomdinareobs” (studentebi, Telavi)
“yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvelaferi iyos kanonierad;
magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad TviTon mis garda,
xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiqrobs, rom ki, ra Tqma
unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos, magram...” (studentebi,
Telavi)
4. korufciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli agentebi
respondnetebi yvelaze ufro xSirad miiCneven, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg
brZola calkeuli pirovnebebis doneze SeuZlebelia:
“pirovneba ver aRudgeba korufcias, sanam qveyanaSi socialuri mdgomareoba
ar amaRldeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“korufciasTan brZolaSi moqalaqe uZluria, brZola mTavrobidan unda
daiwyos” (policielebi, quTaisi)
Tavad respondentebi, rogorc wesi, ar SebrZolebian korufciul faqtebs,
romlebTanac hqoniaT Sexeba, vinaidan arCies, moridebodnen dapirispirebas,
romelsac aseTi brZola gamoiwvevda.
amasTan, respondentebma rig SemTxvevaSi daafiqsires is cvlilebebi, rome-
lic moxda maT damokidebulebaSi bolo Tveebis manZilze:
“axla me ukve SemiZlia [xmis amaRleba]. me Tu guSin cota mSiSara viyavi, dRes
cota Tamami var” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
45
 “imaze, razec vCumdebodi me yovelTvis, me gulaxdilad vityvi, razec vCum-
debodi, raRac situaciebze, yovelTvis, me ar gavCumdi erTi Tvis win, Zalian
delikaturad, <...> magram me ukve ratom ar gavCumdi, iciT? me ukve vicodi, rom
zurgi ukve cota magari meqneboda, rom Tu me xmas amoviRebdi da Tu amas vityodi,
ukve vicodi, rom im Cems zurgs ukan ukve SeiZleba damdgariyo adamiani, romelic
mxars momcemda” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
SedarebiT iSviaTad saubroben respodnentebi Tavad moqalaqeTa rolis
Sesaxeb korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:
“aq aris mTavari sakuTari uflebebis da movaleobebis gacnobiereba, da
rogorc Tanamdebobis pirma unda gaiTvaliswinos sakuTari movaleoba, aseve
saxelmwifom nebismieri moqalaqisadmi unda gaacnobieros [Tavisi] ufleba-
movaleoba. ase unda iyos gacnobierebuli kanonis uzenaesoba” (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“sazogadoebam is unda gaakeTos pirvel rigSi, rom unda SeveCvioT SeniSvnis
micemas. ai, magaliTad: quCaSi mimavalma axlagazrdam daagdo Zirs nayinis
qaRaldi, Cven mas SeniSvnas ar mivcemT, rom Caagdos qaRaldi urnaSi” (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)
aqac, sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT studentebi yvelaze xSirad gamoTqvemen
konstruqciul mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos
rigiTi moqalaqeebis roli korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:
“Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs”
(studentebi, Telavi)
“kanoni unda vicodeT” (studentebi, axalcixe)
“is, rac Sen ici da [sxva adamianma] ar icis — Tundac uflebebi, Tundac Sen
ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is — Sen [unda] daexmaro im adamians im resursiT, rac
Sen gaqvs” (studentebi, Telavi)
“Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba” (studentebi,
Telavi)
“saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi
akisria saxelmwifos winaSe da, rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom
rom misi uflebebi, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi”
(studentebi, Telavi)
“sabani sadamdec gagwvdeba, ise unda daifaro” (studentebi, axalcixe)
“axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas [korufcias] efeqturad xels, imitom
rom ukve ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis gareSe, da ukve
rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris” (studentebi, Telavi)
mainc, ZiriTadi agenti, romelsac, respondentTa azriT, Seswevs Zala
SeebrZolos korufcias, aris saxelmwifo. mas es SeuZlia gaakeTos Semdegi
RonisZiebebis gatarebis meSveobiT: xelfasebis gazrda da kanonierebis
kulturis damkvidreba, Sesabamisad, dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvra. es
ukanaskneli SeiZleba, kerZod, gakeTdes mosaxleobis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis
meSveobiT:
“saxelmwifom unda izrunos sakuTari moqalaqeebis samarTlebrivi
ganaTlebisaTvis. moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda gaxdnen, aRar unda ifiqron, es
Cemi saqme ar ariso. unda gaacnobieron, rom saxelmwifos mSenebloba TiToeul
maTganzea damokidebuli. mentalitetis Secvlas albaT dro dasWirdeba”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
“saxelmwifom unda akontrolos xalxi, rogor asrulebs kanons; Tu [kanoni]
ar Sesruldeba, unda agebinon pasuxi” (studentebi, axalcixe)
“saxelmwifom unda daanaxos xalxs, rom kanons Tu ar Seasruleb, daisjebi.
viRaca rom dainaxavs, daisaja, sxvac aRar gaakeTebs” (studentebi, axalcixe)
46
saubrebi myidvelebTan. amasTan, dunieri maqsimalurad cdilobda gaekeTebina im
dialogebis mokle Canawerebi (jotted notes), romlebis momswrec is xdeboda. rogorc
Tavad dunieri aRniSnavs, es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT viTarebaSi,
rodesac erTi kulturis an rasis warmomadgneli ikvlevs sxva kulturis da rasis
warmoadgenlebs. “kulturis mniSvneloba garkveulwilad enaSia Caqsovili, da
SeuZlebelia kulturis gageba sxva kulturis warmomadgenlis mier imis gareSe,
rom yuradReba daeTmos sityvebisa da winadadebebis, maTi Tanamimdevrobis
SerCevas”78. amasTan, dunieri aRniSnavs, rom magnitofons SesaZloa garkveuli
zegavlena moexdina informantebze — rodesac ici, rom Seni saTiTao sityva
fiqsirdeba, Sen Zalauneburad cdilob, akontrolo sakuTari saubari, Tavi
aarido zogierT Temas da ar iyo zedmetad gulaxdili. magram, dunieris TqmiT,
magnitofonma SeZlo is, rac yvelaze mTavari iyo — trotuarze mimdinare
cxovrebis dafiqsireba. Cawerili dialogebis Seswavlis mizniT dunierma saubris
specialur analizs mimarTa (conversational analysis), raTa gamoekveTa urTierTobis
garkveuli strategiebi.
imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba sruli informacia Seekriba, dunierma Caatara
interviuebi ZiriTad informantebTan, gaesaubra wignebisa da Jurnalebis
myidvelebs, moinaxula da interviuebi Caatara niu-iorkis im organizaciebis
xelmZRvanelebTan, romlebic qalaqis raionebis keTilmowyobisaTvis ibrZvian da
zRudaven usaxlkaroebs (da usaxlkaro quCis movaWreebs) TaviaanTi raionebis
teritoriebze; gaicno da interviu CamoarTva im adamians, vinc dawera kanoni
quCaSi beWvdiTi produqciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb. dunierma aseve Caatara inter-
viuebi axlomdebare kafeebisa da maRaziebis mepatroneebTan, raTa daedgina, Tu
ra azris arian quCis movaWreebis Sesaxeb maT maxloblad momuSave adamianebi.
imis saCveneblad, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos damokidebuleba
quCaSi momuSave adamianebis mimarT maTi socialuri, ekonomikuri da rasobrivi
maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, dunierma, agreTve Caatara Taviseburi sakon-
trolo dakvirveba iqve maxloblad, ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT momuSave
naZvis xeebiT movaWreTa TeTrkanian ojaxze.
es naZvis xeebi yovel zamTars Camoaqvs niu-iorkSi erT ojaxs vermontis
Statidan; isini TeTrkanianebi arian; isini noembris bolos Camodian niu-iorkSi
da Sobamde rCebian. mTeli am periodis manZilze maT manqanis misabmelSi uwevT
cxovreba, sadac arc abazanaa da arc tualeti. magram maT moaxerxes
daemyarebinaT imdenad kargi urTierToba ubanSi mcxovreb xalxTan, rom isini maT
uflebas aZleven, maTi abazanebiT isargeblon, xolo rodesac qalaqgareT midian,
binis gasaRebsac ki utoveben naZvis xeebiT movaWreebs. aseTi keTilmosurne
damokidebuleba radikalurad gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisgan, rasac
mosaxleoba iCens wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebis mimarT; Zala-
uneburad ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom xdeba ase. dunieris azriT, amas SeiZleba
ramdenime axsna hqondes — is, rom naZvis xeebiT movaWreebi TeTrkanianebi da
saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi arian; is, rom isini bavSvebTan erTad arian
Camosulebi, bavSvebi ki yovelTvis met TanagrZnobas iwveven; sxva mizezebi
SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes im garemoebas, rom bevri quCis movaWre an nasa-
marTlevia, an narkomani/yofili narkomani, rac afrTxobs mosaxleobas; yovelive
amasTan erTad, zog maTgans sakmaod gamomwvevad uWiravs Tavi, rac, ra Tqma unda,
ar iwvevs mosaxleobis simpaTiebs.
dunieri Tvlis, rom jeims vilsonis da jorj kelingis Teoria, romelic
cnobilia rogorc “Camtvreuli fanjrebis Teoria”, quCaSi momuSave wignebisa da
Jurnalebis gamyidvlebTan dakavSirebiT ar marTldeba. es Teoria amtkicebs, rom
Tu romelime ubnis binebSi Camtvreulia fanjrebi da quCebSi matulobs nagavi,
mosaxleobas eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aravis ar adardebs da aravis ar
ainteresebs, Tu ra xdeba am ubanSi; Sesabamisad, am ubanSi matulobs danaSauli,
mosaxleoba cdilobs sxva ubnebSi gadavides sacxovreblad; saboloo jamSi es
yvelaferi iwvevs kriminogenuli mdgomareobis gauaresebas da ubanSi cxovrebis
donis dacemas.
78
Ibid. P. 339.
67
 “— saidan gaqvT es wigni? — vkiTxe mas, Tan gamefiqra, moparuli xom ar aris- respondnetebi acnobiereben im garemoebas, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg
meTqi. brZola ioli ar aris:
me Cemi arxebi aqvs, — mipasuxa hakimma. — gainteresebT es wigni?
“xan aris, rom isea gamartivebuli qrTamis aRebis procedura, rom Zalian
es wigni me davwere, — vupasuxe.
Znelia vinme konkretulze xelis dadeba” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
marTla? aq axlomaxlo cxovrobT?
diax, quCis kuTxeSi, merseris quCaze. SesaZloa, yvelaze ufro konstruqciulia pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac
xom ar momcemdiT Tqvens misamarTs da telefonis nomers, Cems rolodeqsSi brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg unda xdebodes erToblivad, rogorc
rom Sevitano?”76 saxelmwifos, aseve calkeuli moqalaqeebis Zalebis gaerTianebis Sedegad:
swored hakimis am bolo frazam gamoiwvia dunieris daintereseba: quCis gam-
“moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda iyvnen, saxelmwifom ki socialuri pirobebi
yidvlebis umravlesoba iqve quCaSi cxovrobda da is faqti, rom hakims hqonda ro- unda mouwesrigos Tavis moqalaqeebs” (policielebi, quTaisi)
lodeqsi — misamarTebis da telefonebis Casaweri specialuri mowyobiloba, ro-
melsac, rogorc wesi, saqmiani adamianebi xmaroben, — marTlac rom gasakviri iyo. “sazogadoeba kanonmorCili unda gaxdes, saxelmwifom socialuri
mitCels daebada idea, dakvirveba daewyo wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis problemebi unda moagvaros” (policielebi, quTaisi)
movaWreebis saqmianobaze da Seeswavla, Tu ra rols TamaSoben es adamianebi —
romelTa didi nawilic usaxlkaroa, zogi narkomani, zogic cixidan axali
gamosuli — qalaqis am ubnis cxovrebaSi. mitCeli Seecada daaxloveboda da oqtomberi, 2004 w.
damegobreboda hasans, da es erT-erTi Tavisi yofili kurselis meSveobiT
moaxerxa, romelic hasanis wignebis xSiri myidveli aRmoCnda.
rogorc dunieri aRniSnavs, Tavidan hasani Zalian skeptikurad Sexvda mis
ideas — pirvel rigSi imitom, rom dunieris gegma iTvaliswinebda Savakniani quCis
movaWreebis gverdiT muSaobas, maSin rodesac quCaSi muSaoba TavisTavad ar iyo
usafrTxo saqmianoba, miT umetes ki dunierisTvis — ebrauli warmoSobis
TeTrkaniani profesorisTvis, romlis garegnobac da aqcentiT maSinve
gamoyofda mas quCis movaWreebs Soris, romelTa umravlesobasac afro-
amerikeli mamakacebi Seadgendnen.
miuxedavad amisa, dunieri TandaTan Caeba dakvirvebaSi, romelic saerTo
jamSi TiTqmis 7 wels gagrZelda — radgan is sxva qalaqSi aswavlida universi-
tetSi, dunieri mxolod ardadegebis periodSi axerxebda dakvirvebis ganxor-
cielebas, ise rom, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, misi kvleva sezonur xasiaTs atarebda.
dunierma hakimi 1992 wels gaicno da nel-nela dauaxlovda mas. hakimma is sxva
quCis movaWreebs gaacno da dunierma daiwyo muSaoba maT damxmared — is Tvals
adevnebda movaWreebis magidebs, rodesac isini sxvagan midiodnen; mohqonda yava;
yidulobda da yidda saqonels. 1996 wlis zafxulSi, Semdgom ki 1997 wlis
zafxulSi da Semodgomaze man Jurnalebis gamyidvlad imuSava; 1998 wlis
zafxulSi regularulad midioda xolme “saitze” dReSi ramdneime saaTiT, xolo
1999 wlis martSi, rodesac misi kvleva TiTqmis ukve dasrulebuli iyo, kidev 2
kviris manZilze imuSava sruli datvirTviT rogorc quCis movaWrem77.
Tavad dakvirvebis adgili (Greenwhich Village) niu-iorkis erT-erT yvelaze
Tavisufal, garkveulwilad bohemur raionad iTvleba, sadac uamravi mxatvari,
mwerali, sqesobrivi umciresobebis warmoamdgeneli cxovrobs. aqvea ramdenime
umaRlesi saswavlebeli — niu-iorkis universiteti (NYU), New School University, ise
rom am ubanSi bevri studenti da profesori cxovrobs. es xels aZlevs quCis
gamyidvlebs — am ubnis mosaxleoba maT Zveli wignebiT da JurnalebiT amaragebs;
amasTan, gamyidvlebi Tavad eZeben gadasayrelad gamzadebul nivTebSi wignebs da
Jurnalebs.
Tavdapirvelad dunieri mxolod hasans da mis saqmianobas akvirdeboda; wignis
pirveli variantic mxolod hasans exeboda — mas “hasanis magida” erqva (“Hassan’s
Table”; es saTauri garkveulwilad dunieris pirveli wignis saTauris — “Slim’s
Table” — gamoZaxili iyo). dunierma es varianti hasans waakiTxa, da swored am
ukanasknelma CaTvala, rom kvleva usamarTlod iyo fokusirebuli mxolod masze;
man urCia duniers, Tavis kvlevaSi Jurnalebis gamyidvlebic CaerTo.
kvlevis Catarebis procesSi dunieris ZiriTad “iaraRs” warmoadgnenda
magnitofoni, romelic faqtiurad mTeli dRis manZilze CarTuli iyo. dunieri
cdilobda, yvelaferi Caewera —gamyidvlebis saubrebi erTmaneTs Soris, maTi

76
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 21.
77
Ibid. P. 11.
66 47
 Tema 4.
dakvirveba
intervius nebismier saxeobas (maT Soris siRrmiseul intervius da fokus-
jgufs) informaciis Segrovebis verbaluri saSualebebi udevs safuZvlad. magram
adamianTa cxovrebaSi ara naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs moqmedebebs, qcevebs,
urTierTobas, da am moqmedebebs Soris aris iseTebi, romelTa sityvierad aRwera
da gadmocema respondents SeiZleba gauWirdes; damaxinjebulad gadmogvces
isini; an ubralod ar CaTvalos laparakis Rirsad. arada, es SeiZleba iyos
moqmedebebi, romelTa mniSvnelobac socialuri cxovrebis analizisaTvis Zalze
didia. zog SemTxvevaSi respondentebi ar aqceven yuradRebas sakuTari qcevis
garkveul detalebs, amitom intervius dros ver ixseneben maT; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki
isini arasworad ixsomeben imas, Tu rogor ganviTarda movlenebi. socialuri
mecnierebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom adamianebi ar arian sakuTari qcevis
kargi aRmwerebi, da ver gvawvdian sando informacias mis Sesaxeb.50
situaciebSi, rodesac intervius verc erT saxeobas ver gamoviyenebT,
CvenTvis saWiro informaciis mopovebaSi dakvirveba dagvexmareba.
dakvirvebis meTodi Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba socialur mecnierebebSi.
yvelaze xSirad am meTods antropologebi da eTnografebi mimarTaven
gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenelebis cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT, da aq
sityva “kultura” Zalze farTo gagebiT ixmareba. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc sxva,
SedarebiT mcirericxovani da naklebad cnobili socialuri jgufis kultura
(magaliTad, rok-musikosebis; damnaSaveebis; mecxvareebis) da maTi cxovrebis
Sinagani wesebis dadgena, aseve antropologiuri gamokvlevebi — naklebad
cnobili tomis an eris cxovreba an am cxovrebis romelime aspeqti, iqneba es maTi
religiuri wes-Cveulebebi; Taobebs Soris urTierToba; Sromis ganawileba, Tu
sxva. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi kvleva Soreul qveynebSi xorcieldeba, SedarebiT
naklebad Seswavlil kunZulebze, magram Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi
savsebiT miRebulia, mivmarToT dakvirvebas Cvensave qalaqebSi mcxovrebi xalxis
subkulturis Seswavlis mizniT.
dakvirvebis meTodis Teoretikosebi, kerZod, h.r.bernardi, xazs usvamen im
garemoebas, rom damkvirveblis amocana gacilebiT iolia misTvis ucxo
kulturaSi muSaobis dros; es amocana mniSvnelovnad rTuldeba, rodesac mas
mSobliur kulturaSi uwevs dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom
mSobliur kulturaSi Cven “bunebrivad” aRviqvamT da Cveulebrivad gveCveneba
moqmedebebisa da reaqciebis umravlesoba, romlebic mraval kiTxvas warmoSoben,
Tu maT miukerZoebeli TvaliT SevxedavT; zogierTi mniSvnelovani elementi ki
SeiZleba saerTod yuradRebis gareSe dagvrCes, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom
isini Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia da miCveulebi varT maT.
dakvirveba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tvisebriv meTods warmoadgens, romlis
umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom is bunebriv garemoSi xorcieldeba, iq, sadac rea-
lurad mimdinareobs cxovreba, da ara “laboratoriul” pirobebSi, rogoricaa
mkvlevris ofisi. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs am meTodis specifikas da
masTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs. Tumca Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom
Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoirCeva Tavisi araformaluri xasiaTiT, es gansakuTrebiT
sworia dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeuZlebelia imis winaswarmetyveleba,
Tu vin Sexvdeba mkvlevars quCaSi an kafeSi; rodis, ra pirobebSi da ra Temaze
mouwevs intervius Catareba; ra movlenebis momswre gaxdeba dRis manZilze.
iTvleba, rom dakvirvebis warmoebis yvelaze mizanSewonili obieqtia yovel-
dRiuri saqmianoba, romelic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe meordeba dRidan
dRemde. es SeiZleba iyos urTierToba TanamSromlebs Soris samuSao saaTebSi;
Tavisufali drois organizacia ojaxSi an megobarTa wreSi; saswavlo procesi
(skolSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi); bazris cxovreba an maRaziaSi myidvelebis
50
Robert S. Weiss. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York:
Free Press. P. 236.
48
pretacia. amitom mkvlevars naratiuli niWi unda hqondes. am mxriv sainteresoa,
rom am meTodis Camoyalibebis periodSi, rodesac jer ar arsebobda Teoriuli
literatura mis Sesaxeb, Cikagos universitetis studentebs urCevdnen, ekiTxaT
romanebi da avtobiografiuli Txzulebebi, romlebic Tanamimdevrulad asaxaven
adamianis an jgufis cxovrebas da amdenad garkveulwilad avsebdnen arsebul
sicarieles.
Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis yvelaze
mizanSewonil “saitebad” iTvleboda did qalaqebs da sxva dasaxlebebs
mowyvetili patara soflebi da mcire izolirebuli tomebi, vinaidan, erTi mxriv,
maTi mosaxleobis kulturuli da eTnikuri erTianoba SesaZlebels xdida, aseTi
dasaxlebebi ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc kulturuli erToba, xolo meore
mxriv, maTi mcire zoma da mosaxleobis mcire raodenoba aseT Seswavlas
SesaZlebels xdida erTi adamianis ZalebiTac ki.
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi monografiuli gamokvlevis meSveobiT Seiswavlian
iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxi,
socialuri daxmarebis programebis efeqturoba, Tanamedrove samrewvelo
organizaciebis struqtura, eTnikuri da rasobrivi problemebi da sxv. Tumca,
iseve rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisSi, monografiuli gamokvlevebi SedarebiT
mcire Temebis an organizaciebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, raTa SesaZlebeli
iyos mkvlevris uSualo kontaqti Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebTan.
saboloo jamSi, monografiuli gamokvlevis mizania aRweros Sesaswavli
jgufis cxovreba da gaaanalizos am cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi,
SeZlebisdagvarad — gaakeTos mecnieruli daskvnebi jgufSi arsebuli ierarqiis,
urTierTobaTa specifikis da a.S. Sesaxeb.
“SIDEWALK”: monografiuli gamokvlevis erTi magaliTi
Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso
magaliTia mitCel dunieris wigni “Sidewalk” (“trotuari”)74. es wigni am meTodis
gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSad iTvleba, romelmac ramdenime premiac ki
miiRo75. garda imisa, rom es saintereso da SemecnebiTi kvlevaa, is amave dros
inovaciurisaa rogorc savele samuSaoebis Catarebis, aseve Sedegebis
warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT — is uxvadaa ilustrirebuli fotosuraTebiT,
romlebic “Cikago tribiun”-is fotokorespondentma ovi karterma gadauRo
dunieris TxovniT aqtorebs da im garemos, sadac maT uwevdaT cxovreba da
muSaoba (da, ra Tqma unda, suraTebi aqtorebis nebarTviT iqna gadaRebuli).
Sesabamisad, mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva sakuTari TvaliT naxos is adamianebi,
romlebic wignis mTavari gmirebi arian, dainaxos is garemo, sadac isini
cxovroben da muSaoben. garda amisa, dunieris kvleva erT-erTi im kvlevaTagania,
romlis procesSic ganviTarda gansakuTrebiT mWidro urTierToba da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, inteleqtualuri TanamSromloba mkvlevarsa da informantebis Soris;
dunierma saSualeba misca informantebs, gacnobodnen wignis xelnawers da
TavianTi SeniSvnebi gamoeTqvaT. dunieris kvleva imiTac gamoirCeva, rom man
gamomcemlobasTan gaaforma kontraqti, romlis mixedviTac mis informantebs
wignis gayidvidan Semosuli mogebis garkveuli procenti unda mieRoT. ufro
metic, dunierma miiwvia Tavisi ZiriTadi informanti, hakim hasani Tavis
universitetSi da masTan erTad uZRveboda seminars bakalavrebisaTvis “Savi
amerikis quCis cxovreba da gonebrivi cxovreba” (“The Life of the Street and the Life of
Mind in Black America”); dunierma, agreTve SesTavaza hakim hasans, misi wignis
blosityvaobis avtori yofiliyo, razec hasans uari ar uTqvams.
dunieris kvleva, iseve rogorc bevri sxva monografiuli gamokvleva,
sruliad SemTxveviT daiwyo. niu-iorkSi myofi dunieris yuradReba miipyro
wignebis erT-erTma quCis movaWrem — hakim hasanma, romlis magidazec man Tavisi
wigni dainaxa.
74
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
75
Los Angeles Time Book Prize da The C.Wright Mills Award.
65
kvleviTi midgoma (romelic meTodebis vrcel arsenals aerTianebs), da ara
romelime erTi calkeuli meTodi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvas dadebiTad unda
vupasuxoT.
ra Tqma unda, mravali meTodis gamoyenebisas moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo
gansxvavebuli, zogjer — sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis miReba. Tumca, “raodenobrivi”
mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi amas ar aRiqvamen
rogorc saSiSroebas, aramed rogorc kidev erT SesaZleblobas, miRebul
Sedegebs gansxvavebuli TvaliT SevxedoT, rac, saboloo jamSi, sruli da
yovelmxrivi suraTis daxatvaSi unda dagvexmaros. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos
isic, rom monografiul gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi savsebiT ar
Semoifargleboda mxolod Tvisebrivi meTodebiT — piriqiT, isini xSirad
mdidrdeboda statistikuri da raodenobrivi monacemebiT. Cikagos skolis erT-
erTi lideris, ernest berjesis TqmiT, “ori midgomis Tanamoqmedeba ueWvelad
yvelaze nayofieri iqneba”69.
rogorc am meTodis Teoretikosebi miiCneven, kvleviTi amocanebis dasaxva
monografiuli gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
mkvlevarma daiwyo savele samuSaoebi, amitom TviTon gamokvleva iwyeba, rogorc
wesi, gamokvlevis saerTo Temis gansazRvriT, da ara konkretuli hipoTezebis
SemuSavebiT. amis Sedegad monografiuli gamokvleva gansakuTrebuli moqnilo-
biT gamoirCeva. Tumca, rogorc robert iini aRniSnavs, “paradoqsaluria, magram
rac ufro “rbilia” kvleviTi strategia, miT ufro rTuli gansaxorcielebelia
is praqtikulad”70.
monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebaSi Zalian didia mkvlevris roli da
Zalian bevria damokidebuli am ukanasknelis profesiulobaze. monografiuli
gamokvlevis Catarebis dros mkvlevari ar aris daculi emociuri stresisagan,
romelic yovelTvis Tan axlavs CarTul dakvirvebas. amitom kvlevis dawyebamde
mis mier kargad unda iyos gaTviTcnobierebuli mis winaSe mdgari sirTuleebi.
ZiriTadad mkvlevarzea damokidebuli, Tu rogor gansazRvravs is
gamokvlvevis xangrZlivobas — is SeiZleba gagrZeldes rogorc ramdenime Tve,
aseve ramdenime weli. Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rodis unda damTavrdes savele
samuSaoebi. metic, rogorc u.f.uaiTi aRiarebs, “romelime Temis an organizaciis
Seswavlas ar SeiZleba, raime logikuri dasasruli hqondes. rac ufro mets
igebT, miT ukeT gesmiT, Tu ra dagrCaT kidev Sesaswavli”71.
iTvleba, rom monografiuli gamokvleva yvelaze efeqturia rogorc
romelime socialuri problemis winaswar Seswavlis, misi pirveladi aRweris
saSualeba, amitom praqtikaSi es meTodi yvelaze xSirad aRweriT fuqncias
asrulebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve xedavda am meTodis rols Cikagos skolis
warmomadgeneli vivien palmeri, am meTodisadmi miZRvnili pirveli saxel-
mZRvanelos72 avtori (es saxelmRvanelo 1928 wels gamovida). Tumca Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom am meTods savsebiT Seswevs
Zala, ara marto aRweros, aramed, agreTve axsnas esa Tu is socialuri situacia;
kerZod, robert iini gamoyofs monografiuli gamokvlevebis or gansxvavebul
saxeobas — romlebic aRweren socialur sinamdviles da romlebic xsnian mas.73
monografiuli gamokvlevis Sedegebi vrceli angariSis, xSirad ki — wignis
saxiT xdeba xolme cnobili, sadac avtori cdilobs, SesTavazos mkiTxvels
Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebis Rirebulebebis da normebis Taviseburi inter-
69
citirebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Martin Bulmer. 1984. The Chicago School of Sociology.
Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research. Chicago and London: The University
of Chicago Press. P. 162.
70
Robert K Yin. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
P. 16.
71
William F. Whyte. 1993. Street Corner Society. The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Fourth Edition.
Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 324-325.
72
Viven M. Palmer. 1928. Field Studies in Sociology: A Student’s Manual. Chicago, Ill.: The University of
Chicago Press.
73
Robert K. Yin. Op. cit.
64
qceva, da sxva. mklevris uSualo interesi SeiZleba iyos xalxis Cacmuloba ama Tu
im situaciaSi; an mosaxleobis quCaSi moZraobis siCqare, nacnobebTan
gamosaubrebis mizniT SeCerebis sixSire da am SeCerebebis xangrZlivoba.
iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda51, kvlevis procesSi damkvirvebeli Zalauneburad
axdens gavlenas moqmed pirebze da socialur situaciebze, romelSic isini arian
CarTulni. es gavlena cnobilia rogorc reaqtiuloba — ician ra, rom maT
moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu
rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da
saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara,
isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram
dakvirvebis warmoebisas Zalze seriozul problemas warmoadgens, vinaidan
amaxinjebs Sedegebs. misi srulad gadalaxva faqtiurad SeuZlebelia, Tumca
arsebobs misi Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubrebT.
meTodis daxasiaTeba
iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva tipis gamokvleva, dakvirveba Sesaswavli
erTeulis gamoyofiT iwyeba. es SeiZleba iyos:
o adgili, sadac xdeba moqmedeba. specialur literaturaSi es adgili
moxsenieba rogorc “saiti” (ingl. site);
o adamianebi, romlebic CarTulni arian CvenTvis saintereso saqmianobaSi da
vis moqmedebebsac vakvirdebiT, anu “aqtorebi” (ingl. actor);
o TviTon moqmedeba an saqmianoba (scenebi), situaciebi, movlenebi, romlebsac
uSualod vakvirdebiT; da
o nivTebi, romlebis irgvliv an romelTa gamoyenebiTac xdeba moqmedeba.
socialur gamokvlevebSi dakvirvebis meTodi iSviaTad gvxvdeba rogorc
kvlevis erTaderTi meTodi. es imiT aixsneba, rom, rogorc vTqviT, dakvirveba
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebis cxov-
rebis wesis Seswavlis mizniT, aseTi Seswavla ki SeuZlebelia mxolod dakvirvebis
meSveobiT — is aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sxva meTodebis gamoyenebasac, upirve-
les yovlisa — gasaubrebas Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan da eqsperteb-
Tan, romlebic dagvexmarebian sworad avxsnaT is, rac davafiqsireT dakvirvebis
dros. gasaubreba ki, ra Tqma unda, intervius erT-erTi saxeobaa. amitom “sufTa”,
an “ubralo” dakvirveba, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari ar amyarebs urTi-
erTobas aqtorebTan, romlebsac is Seiswavlis, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. rogorc
wesi, dakvirvebis meTodi ixmareba kompleqsurad sxva meTodebTan — upirveles
yovlisa, interviusTan erTad, da am meTodiT muSaobisas mkvlevari Zalaune-
burad erTveba socialur situaciaSi, romelSic aqtorebi monawileoben.
mkvlevris monawileoba socialur situaciaSi, misi CarTva im procesebSi,
romlebsac is Seiswavlis, SeiZleba sxvadasxva intnsiurobiT moxdes. am intensi-
urobidan gamomdinare, gamoiyofa CarTvis Semdegi tipebi:52
CarTvis intensiuroba CarTvis tipi
maRali sruli (“CarTuli dakvirveba”)
aqtiuri
saSualo
mokrZalebuli
dabali pasiuri
mkvlevari ar iRebs monawileobas ar aris “CarTva”
socialur situaciaSi
(“ubralo dakvirveba”)
51
aseT SemTxvevad SeiZleba CavTvaloT situacia, rodesac Sesaswavli obieqti ver
igrZnobs damkvirveblis arsebobas — erT-erTi aseTi magaliTia dakvirveba xalxmraval
adgilebSi.
52
ix. James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. gv. 58.
49
 “ubralo” dakvirveba Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari saerTod ar
iRebs monawileobas socialur situaciaSi — magaliTad, is zis kafeSi da mxolod
akvirdeba im movlenebs, romlebic iq viTardeba.
amis sapirispirod, socialur situaciaSi sruli CarTva Seesabameba CarTul
dakvirvebas (participant observation), romlis drosac mkvlevari ar rCeba gare
damkvirveblad, aramed srul monawileobas iRebs im socialur situaciebSi,
romlebsac Seiswavlis. es monawileoba gamoixateba aqtorebTan erTad maT
yoveldRiur saqmianobasa Tu zeimebSi monawileobis miRebaSi; damatebiT,
mkvlevari awarmoebs araformalur gasaubrebebs aqtorebTan an srulfasovan
interviuebs atarebs maTTan.
CarTuli dakvirvebaa is meTodi, romelic xSirad gaigivebulia Tavad Tviseb-
riv meTodebTan da/an eTnografiasTan; xSirad literaturaSi terminebi
“eTnografia”, “eTnografiuli kvleva” da “CarTuli dakvirveba” ixmareba rogorc
sinonimebi.53
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodisadmi miZRvnil klasikur saxelmZRvanelod
iTvleba jeims spradlis “CarTuli dakvirveba”.54 spradlis Tanaxmad, ucnob
socialur situaciaSi moxvedrili nebismieri adamiani CarTuli damkvirvebeli
xdeba, vinaidan misTvis ucxoa am situaciaSi moqmedi wesebi da normebi, da is
iZulebuli xdeba, gamoikvlios da Seiswavlos isini xalxTan urTierTobis meS-
veobiT.
socialuri mecnierebebis farglebSi CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens
mcdelobas gavigoT, Tu ra mniSvnelobebs aniWeben sxvadasxva socialuri Tu
kulturuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi TavianT cxovrebas, rogor aRiqvamen
sxvadasxva movlenebs da ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben maT. amis Seswavlas sakmaod
bevri dro sWirdeba. CarTuli dakvirvebis minimalur xangrZlivobad ramdenime
Tve iTvleba; srulfasovani gamokvleva ki sul cota erTi wlis manZilze
grZeldeba, vinaidan erTi SexedviT martiv socialur situaciebSic ki xSirad
Rrma da rTuli kulturuli azria Caqsovili. imisaTvis, rom kargad SeviswavloT
ucxo kulturis warmomadgenlebi, maTi kulturuli normebi da/an simboloebi,
didi droa saWiro. maSinac ki, Tu gamokvlevis savele periods ramdenime
weliwads davuTmobT, iZulebulebi viqnebiT, SevarCioT cxovrebis konkretuli
aspeqtebi, romlebic dakvirvebis ZiriTad fokuss warmoadgenen da romlebsac
dawvrilebiT SeviswavliT, danarCenebs ki mxolod zedapiruli yuradReba
davuTmoT.
ar arsebobs CarTuli dakvirvebis warmoebis sayovelTao wesebi, iseve ro-
gorc ar arsebobs dakvirvebis saitis SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaci-
ebi. am gadawyvetilebebis miReba yovelTvis konkretuli situaciidan gamomdi-
nare xdeba. xSirad mkvlevari iwyebs muSaobas garemoSi, sadac aravis ar icnobs; is
ubralod midis kafeebSi, biblioTekebSi, eswreba ama Tu im Temis mier
organizebul RonisZiebebs, dadis SerCeuli “saitis” quCebSi, da TandaTan icnobs
xalxs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi misi informaciis wyaroebi gaxdebian.
miuxedavad am meTodikis simartivisa, “quCaSi dgomis” strategia Zalian efeq-
turia. magram informantebis gacnobis Semdeg Tveebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom
mkvlevarma daimkvidros adgili Sesaswavl jgufSi da moipovos xalxis ndoba.
h.r.bernardi Tvlis, rom am meTodis Seswavlis saukeTeso xerxi misi praq-
tikuli gamoyenebaa. amasTan, misi azriT, SeuZlebelia am meTodis warmatebiT
gamoyeneba, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos is xalxi, visTanac is
muSaobs, anu aqtorebi. “sakuTari Tavis wardgenis wesebi Zalze martivia, — ambobs
bernardi. — ilaparakeT simarTle, iyaviT Tanamimdevruli da nu ilaparakebT
zedmets. CarTul dakvirvebaSi, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba warmoadginos Tavi sxva
adamianad, vidre is sinamdvileSia, is ver miaRwevs warmatebas”55.
CarTuli dakvirvebis ori tipi arsebobs — gamJRavnebuli, (ingl. overt),
53
qarTulad CarTuli dakvirveba zog SemTxvevaSi moixsenieba rogorc “monawile
dakvirveba” rac Sesabamisi inglisuri terminis ufro zusti Targmania.
54
James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
55
H. Russel Bernard. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers.
P. 144.
50
saskolo eseebi: skolis damwyebi da saSualo klasebis ramdenime moswavlem dawera
naSromebi Semdeg Temebze: “ra minda yvelaze metad”, “vin minda viyo” da “ra saCuqari minda
saSobaod”.
eseebis konkursi, romlis gamarjvebulisTvisac dawesebuli iyo jildo: ramdenime
mozardma dawera naSromi Temaze: “rogor mesaxeba Cemi momavali”.
kvebis angariSebi: erTi kviris manZilze 40 ojaxi iwerda, Tu ras Wamdnen, agreTve, ra
sagzals atandnen skolaSi bavSvebs Semweobis miRebis wina dRes da Semweobis miRebis
Semdgom dRes.
sxvadasxva saxis informacia: Cven SevagroveT informacia 80 patara bavSvis mier
miRebuli saSobao saCuqrebis Sesaxeb; barebSi saubris Temebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb; im
sirTuleebis Taobaze, romlebsac mSoblebi Svilebis aRzrdisas awydebian (im Canawerebis
safuZvelze, romlebic eqimis sakonsultacio kabinetSi moviZieT); samedicino analizebi;
maswavleblebisgan miRebuli informacia maTi moswavleebis warmatebebis Sesaxeb;
saxelmwifo organoebis, qarxnis, eklesiis da sxvaTa mier warmoebuli saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianobis Sesaxeb; duqanSi, dalaqTan, yasabTan, fexacmlis SemkeTebelTan, mkeravTan,
konditerTan daxarjuli Tanxebis Sesaxeb; agreTve, sxvadasxva politikuri klubis Tu
sxva organizaciebis mier mowodebuli informacia.
statistikuri monacemebi: am tipis monacemebs warmoadgenda kooperatiuli maRaziis
saangariSo wignebi; sajaro biblioTekidan gatanili wignebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli
Canawerebi; informacia gazeTebis gamoweris Sesaxeb; klubebis wevrebis raodenoba;
arCevnebis Sedegebi; asakobrivi ganawilebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, qorwinebebis da
migraciis maCveneblebi.
saojaxo statistika: marientalSi Camovida savaWro palatis oficialuri
warmomadgeneli specialuri mizniT: raTa Seegrovebina saojaxo statistika, magram
teqnikuri sirTuleebis gamo man mxolod ramdenime ojaxis monacemebis Segroveba
moaxerxa.”67
garda amisa, kvlevis manZize sofelSi ganxorcielebuli iqna ramdenime
socialuri progarma (e.w. tansacmlis proeqti; samedicino momsaxurebis pro-
eqti; Wra-kervis kursebi; konsultaciebi mSoblebisaTvis da sxv.); am programebis
msvlelobaSi, agreTve Segrovebuli iqna damatebiTi informacia. informaciis
wyaroebis aseTi mdidari sia Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevebisTvisac
STambeWdavad gamoiyureba.
Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebic intensiurad iyenebdnen e.w. “mravalmeTo-
dur midgomas” (multimethod approach) monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi; isini
Tvlidnen, rom amis meSveobiT informaciis maqsimalurad farTo speqtris
Segroveba iyo SesaZlebeli. oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi, romlebsac isini iyenebdnen,
iyo: (1) Sesaswavli dasaxlebuli punqtis socialuri istoria; (2) ama Tu im
maCveneblebis gavrcelebis amsaxveli grafikuli masalebi; (3) sxvadasxva
kulturuli jgufis an urTierTobis modelebis aRwera, da (4) iseTi
raodenobrivi monacemebis statistikuri analizi, rogorebicaa Semosavlebi da
xarjebi, mosaxleobis mobiloba, miwis zoma, da sxv.
Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris gansakuTrebuli popularobiT
sargeblobda aseTi gamokvlevebSi piradi xasiaTis dokumentebis (werilebis,
dRiurebis) gamoyeneba, iseve rogorc gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmoba
respondentebis cxovrebis istoriebisadmi; rig SemTxvevebSi, gamokvlevis
saboloo angariSic ise iyo moyolili, rogorc mTavar aqtorTa cxovrebis
istoria68. am angariSebSic Tavis asaxvas poulobs kvlevis dros ramdenime me-
Todis gamoyeneba, ramdenadac aq moyvanilia rogorc dakvirvebis Sedegebi, aseve
Catarebuli interviuebis fragmentebi, eqspertebis Sefasebebi, romlebic arc
Tu iSviaTad ilustrirebulia rukebiT, sqemebiT an fotosuraTebiT.
monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli meTodebis mravalfe-
rovneba aqtualurs xdis SekiTxvas, romelsac rigi mkvlevari svams: kerZod,
ufro gamarTlebuli xom ar iqneboda, monografiul gamokvlevas ewodos
67
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Op. cit. Pp. 4-5.
68
mag.: Clifford R. Shaw. 1966. The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy’s Own Story. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
63
 xangrZlivi savele muSaoba Sedgeba, erTi mxriv, pirveli SexedviT Cveu-
lebrivi yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan, romelsac mkvlevari aqtorebTan erTad
iziarebs, eswreba maT Sexverdebs, muSaobs maT gverdiT, saubrobs maTTan,
isvenebs maTTan erTad da a.S., xolo meore mxriv — yoveldRiuri angariSebis
Sedgenisgan, sadac rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli yovelive is, rasac
mkvlevari akvirdeboda da rac man Seityo dRis manZilze. yovelive es Zalian
mkacr TviTdisciplinas, sakuTari Tavis moqmedebebis kontrols da drois
optimalurad ganawilebis unars moiTxvos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
mkvlevari marto muSaobs.
monografiuli gamokvleva SeiZleba Caataros rogorc erTma mkvlevarma,
aseve mkvlevarTa jgufma. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa gamokvlevis Zalian
maRal doneze organizeba, raTa kvleviTi jgufis wevrebi marTlac erTsa da imave
sakiTxze muSaobdnen, da miRebuli iqnes Sedegebi, romelTa Sedarebac SemdgomSi
SesaZlebeli iqneba. Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevebi individualur
kvleviT proeqtebs warmoadgenda, da dRemde SeimCneva tendencia, es kvleviTi
midgoma erTi mkvlevris mier iqnes gamoyenebuli.
monografiuli gamokvlevis Catarebis procesSi mkvlevari arasodes
yabuldeba informaciis Segrovebis mxolod erT meTods, aramed ramdenime
urTierTSemavsebel meTodikas gamoiyenebs, romlebic Sesaswavli problemis
gansxvavebul mxareebs gamoavlenen. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, dakvirveba da
sxvadasxva saxis interviu, dokumentebis analizi, fokus-jgufi; es SeiZleba iyos,
agreTve saarqivo sabuTebis Seswavla, piradi werilebi da/an dRiurebi, aseve —
fotosuraTebi da sxv. sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs gamokvlevis
Sedegebis sandoobis gazrdas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania Tvisebrivi meTodebiT
Catarebuli yvela gamokvlevisaTvis. arcTu iSviaTad, Sesaswavli Temis Sesaxeb
sruli informaciis miRebis mizniT mkvlevrebi mimarTaven mosaxleobis aRweras
an gamokiTxvas ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi mravalmeToduri midgoma
axasiTebda jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria iahodas,
pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebul gamokvlevas, romlis Temac
umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.66 es gamokvleva Catarda
sofelSi, romlis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba struqturuli cvlilebebis
Sedegad umuSevari darCa. mkvlevarTa mizani mosaxleobaze umuSevrobis gavlenis
Seswavla iyo, rac maT iseTi gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT ganaxor-
cieles, rogorebicaa raodenobrivi monacemebis Segroveba da situaciaSi
“CarTva”. am gamokvlevis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli angariSis dasawyisSive
mkvlevrebs moyavT Tavisi infomaciis wyaroebis sruli sia:
“saojaxo dosie: marientalSi mcxovrebi 478-ve ojaxis yvela wevris Sesaxeb
Segrovebuli iqna detaluri da vrceli informacia: maTi piradi monacemebi, umuSevrobis
Semweobis saxeoba, da sxva. dosie Seicavda agreTve srul informacias sacxovrebeli
pirobebis, ojaxuri cxovrebis, ojaxSi Sromis ganawilebis Sesaxeb da a.S. damatebiT,
yvela ojaxSi Cveni TxovniT avsebdnen saojaxo dRiurs.
cxovrebis istoriebi: Cven CaviwereT 32 mamakacis da 30 qalis detaluri cxovrebis
istoria. am istoriebis mniSvneloba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isini
adamianis mTel cxovrebas asaxaven. rodesac am adamianebma umuSevrobis Sesaxeb daiwyes
laparaki, maTi Txroba ukve mimdinareobda. maTTvis ufro ioli iyo umuSevrobis
gamocdilebis aRwera, vinaidan am droisaTvis maT ukve moyolili hqondaT Tavisi
cxovrebis wina periodis Sesaxeb, romelic maTTvis Sedarebebis safuZvels warmoadgenda.
Cven rom pirdapir maTi axlandeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb dagvesva kiTxvebi, Sedegad
SeiZleba moridebuli siCume an arafrismTqmeli saerTo frazebi migveRo.
drois grafikebi: 80 adamianma Seavso kiTxvari, romelSic aRweres, Tu rogor
gaatares Tavisi cxovrebis erTi dRe.
angariSebi da Civilebi: Cven SeviswavleT ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze venis
noiStatis olqis samrewvelo komisiaSi wardgenili angariSebi da Civilebi (marientali am
olqSi Sedis).
66
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed
Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.
62
rodesac mkvlevari Tavidanve acnobs aqtorebs Tavis vinaobas da miznebs, da
gaumJRavnebeli (ingl. covert), romlis drosac aqtorebisTvis ucnobia, rom saqme
aqvT mkvlevarTan — isini mas aRiqvamen, rogorc socialuri situaciis rigiT
monawiles. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaumJRavnebeli dakvrivebis warmoebas Tavisi
upiratesobebi aqvs (upirveles yovlisa, aRar gvaqvs saqme reaqtiulobis
problemasTan), is Zalze seriozul eTikur problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli,
vinaidan misi warmoebis dros Segnebulad xdeba aqtorebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.
amasTan, mkvlevari mudam “gamomJRavnebis” saSiSroebis winaSea — yovelTvis aris
imis SesaZlebloba, rom romelime aqtori Seityobs mis namdvil vinaobas, an vinmes
xelSi Cauvardeba mis mier kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli Canawerebi.
gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac SeuZle-
belia ama Tu im jgufis Seswavla sxvagvarad, rodesac kvlevis erTaderT
saSualebas gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens; arcTu iSviaTad,
mkvlevari ase Seiswavlis daxurul jgufebs, maT Soris — kriminalur
dajgufebebs. magram Tu mkvlevari kriminaluri dajgufebis wevri xdeba kvlevis
Catarebis mizniT da ar miaCnia mizanSewonilad Tavisi namdvili vinaobis gam-
JRavneba, maSin is iZulebulia, monawileoba miiRos am jgufis kanonsawinaaRmdego
qmedebebSi; garda amisa, mas eqneba informacia dagegmili qurdobis/Zarcvis/yaCa-
Robis Sesaxeb. rogor unda moiqces is aseT SemTxvevebSi? am sakiTxis gadawyveta
Zalian rTulia, imitom rom Tu is Seatyobinebs policias aseT informacias, maSin
iZulebuli gaxdeba Sewyvitos kvleva, xolo Tu Tavs Seikavebs am informaciis
gamxelisagan, maSin damnaSaveTa Tanamonawile xdeba.
CarTuli dakvirvebis sami etapi gamoiyofa — aRweriTi, fokusirebuli da
SerCeviTi dakvirveba.56
mkvlevari axorcielebs aRweriT dakvirvebas (descriptive observation) kvlevis
sawyis etapze, rodesac mas jer ara aqvs gadawyvetili, socialuri realobis
konkretulad romel aspeqtebze gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas. amitom am etapze is
“yvelafers akvirdeba”, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvelafris dakvirveba sinamdvileSi
SeuZlebelia. aRweriTi dakvirveba dakvirvebis pirveli, sacdeli etapia, romlis
msvlelobaSic mkvlevari cdilobs, gaerkves arsebul socialur situaciaSi da
Seiqmnas saerTo warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu “ra xdeba aq”. aRweriTi dakvirvebis
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia pasuxi gavceT mkvlevaris winaSe mdgar aRweriT
kiTxvebze57, romlebic saerTo xasiaTis informaciis miRebas isaxavs miznad.
warmovidginoT, rom es esaa daviwyeT dakvirvebis Catareba sasamarTloSi da
gvsurs SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba garkveuli tipis saqmeebis warmoeba.
dakvirvebis aRweriT etapze Cven SevZlebT mxolod Zalian saerTo doneze
aRvweroT, Tu rogor iqceva sasamrTlo darbazSi xalxi; ra Temebs exeboda Cvens
mier mosmenili saubrebi, ra tipis saqmeebis ganxilva mimdinareobs, romeli
saqmeebi iwvevs yvelaze did interess da a.S.
aRweriT dakvirvebas ar SeuZlia met-naklebad mniSvnelovani Sedegebi
mogvces — misi erTaderTi mizania, dagvexmaros dakvirvebis fokusis dadgenaSi —
xSirad es xdeba eqspertebTan da/an Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan
konsultaciebis meSveobiT, romlebic eyrdnoba aRweriTi dakvirvebis dros
Segrovil masalas.
dakvirvebis fokusis SerCeva da misi Semdgomi dazusteba, anu saboloo jamSi
im situaciis SerCeva, romelic Cveni Seswavlis “fokusSi” moeqceva, yovelTvis
konkretuli gamokvlevis miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinareobs. fokusis
SerCevaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos socialuri situaciis
monawileebTan gasaubrebis Sedegad miRebulma informaciam, maTma komentarebma.
fokusirebuli dakvirveba (focused observation) dakvirvebis meore etapia,
rodesac mkvlevars ukve gamokveTili aqvs Seswavlis konkretuli erTeulebi.
dakvirvebis fokusireba Zalauneburad iwvevs socialuri situaciis im
elementebis ignorirebas, romlebic ar warmoadgens Seswavlis uSualo interess.
56
James P. Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 33-34.
57
jeims spradlis mohyavs aRweriTi kiTxvebis yvela SesaZlo tipis cxrili (ix. James
Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 82-83).
51
 warmatebuli fokusirebuli dakvirveba moiTxovs gasaubrebas Sesaswavli
kulturis warmomadgenlebTan, raTa SevZloT ama Tu im movlenebis axsna TviT am
kulturis warmomadgenelTa TvaliT. aseTi interviuebis Sedegad miRebuli
komentarebis gareSe zogi moqmedeba SeiZleba Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCes, an
uazro da SemTxveviTi gveCvenos, maSin rodesac am kulturis wamomadgenlebis
TvalSi mas garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Tumca
damkvirvebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom adamianebi racionalurad moqmedeben, es
yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.
SerCeviTi dakvirveba (selective observation) dakvirvebis bolo etapia da moiTxovs
damkvirveblis yuradRebis sferos kidev ufro dazustebas da SezRudvas,
fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze gamoyofili Seswavlis erTeulebis ama Tu im
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Seswavlas. magaliTad, Tu restoranSi oficiantebis
saqcielis Seswavla aRweriTi dakvirvebis sagania, maT mier klientebisagan dama-
tebiTi gasamrjelos miRebis xerxebi (magidis SerCeva klientisaTvis; daxmareba
menius SerCevaSi, da sxv.) SeiZleba gaxdes fokusirebuli dakvirvebis sagani,
xolo am xerxebis SedarebiTi efeqturobis dadgena — SerCveviTi dakvirvebis
sagani. anu mklevaris interesi garkveulwilad viwrovdeba, sanam is aRweriTi dak-
virvebidan SerCeviTamde miva. SerCeviTi dakvirveba aucileblad moiTxovs
interviuebis Catarebas Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan maTi Sexe-
dulebebis da komentarebis miRebis mizniT, raTa daskvnebis gamotanisas ar iqnes
ugulebelyofili mniSvnelovani niuansebi, romlebis gagebac mxolod am xer-
xiTaa SesaZlebeli.
dakvirvebis samive etapi, rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ganxor-
cielebuli Tanamimdevruli etapebia, Tumca SesaZloa, rom kvleva mxolod
aRweriTi dakvirvebiT Semoifarglos. yvelaze xSirad es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu
sakiTxis sawyis SeswavlasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac mkvlevari jer ar aris
darwmunebuli, Tu ra iqneba misi kvlevis sagani da problema, an Tu dakvirveba
gamoiyeneba rogorc damxmare meTodi kompleqsuri kvlevis farglebSi.
Tu aRweriTi dakvirvebis etapze mkvlevari SeiZleba sakuTari miznebis
gamJRavnebis gareSe muSaobdes, fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze is Zalaunebu-
rad amJRavnebs Tavs rogorc mkvlevari; xolo SerCeviTi dakvirvebis etapze is
ukve am situaciis monawile xdeba. dakvirvebis SerCeviTi etapis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan damaxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba mkvlevris mier kontrastruli
Sedarebebis da kontrastuli SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan am etapze misi
mizania kulturul situaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamomJRavneba.
nebismieri Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebisas, gansakuTrebiT ki dakvirvebis
SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu muSaobis procesSi gamoCndeba axali
Temebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyos Cveni gamokvlevisTvis, da
mzad unda viyoT, CavrToT es Temebi Cveni muSaobis procesSi, zog SemTxvevaSi —
SevcvaloT kvlevis fokusi.
CarTuli dakvirveba warmoudgenelia mkvlevaris mier damatebiTi kvleviTi
teqnikebis, kerZod, intervius sxvadasxva saxeobis gamoynebis gareSe. CarTuli
dakvirvebis procesSi SeiZleba gamovyoT intervius ori ZiriTadi saxeoba:
formalizebuli da araformalizebuli.
araformalizebulia yvela is interviu, romelic tardeba moumzadeblad,
CarTuli dakvirvebis dros aqtorebTan urTierTobis damyarebis an ganmtkicebis
procesSi, an aqtorebisagan damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis mizniT, rodesac
damkvirvebeli grZnobs, rom misTvis araa srulad gasagebi im movlenebis
mniSvneloba, romlebsac is akvirdeba. aseTi interviuebi araa struqturirebuli
da, rogorc wesi, araa winaswar SeTanxmebuli da dagegmili — isini Cveulebriv
gasaubrebas ufro hgavs da maTi Cawera diqtofonze yovelTvis ar xdeba, Tumca
mis msvlelobaSi damkvirvebelma SesaZloa (da sasurvelicaa) gaakeTos
Canawerebi. magram, miuxedavad maTi “moumzadeblobisa”, araformalizebuli
interviuebi informaciis Zalze mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
formalizebuli interviu mkvlevarsa da aqtors Soris winaswari molapa-
rakebis da SeTanxmebis Sedegia; aseTi interviuebi tardeba winaswar daTqmul
drosa da adgilas da xdeba maTi Cawera audiokasetaze. es interviu Zalze waagavs
siRrmiseul intervius da tardeba winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis (sadiskusio
52
Tema 5.
monografiuli gamokvleva
iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis umaravlesoba, monografiuli gamokvle-
vac Tavdapirvelad antropologebis mier iqna SemuSavebuli da maTi gamoc-
dilebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad damkvidrda socialur mecnierebebSi. erT-
erTi pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac es meTodi gamoiyena, iyo cnobili britaneli
antropologi bronoslav malinovski (1884-1942 ww.). Tumca, garkveulwilad
SeiZleba monografiul gamokvlevad miviCnioT agreTve 1890-iani wlebis bolos
londonSi Carlz butis mier Catarebuli siRaribis cnobili gamokvleva,
romelic erT-erT pirvel socialur gamokvlevad iTvleba msoflioSi da ara aqvs
kavSiri antropologiasTan.
monografiuli gamokvleva sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo frangul mecniereba-
Sic, sadac is klod levi-strosis da frederik le pleis saxels ukavSirdeba.
miiCnevda ra, rom sazogadoebis Seswavlis mizniT saWiroa misi sakvanZo elementis
SerCeva, sadac yvelaze aSkarad gamoikveTeba am sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi, le pleim sazogadoebebis Seswavla muSaTa ojaxebis Seswavlis
meSveobiT gadawyvita. le pleis da mis mimdevarTa naSromebSi yvelaze xSirad
gamoiyeneboda informaciis Segrovebis iseTi meTodebi, rogorebicaa dakvirveba,
interviu da samTavrobo organoebis mier Segrovebul monacemTa Seswavla.
monografiuli gamokvlevis ganviTarebaSi didi roli iTamaSes Cikagos so-
ciologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebma. sociologiaSi swored maT daamkvidres
mkvlevris xangrZlivi droiT dasaxlebis tradicia aqtorebis gverdiT, da
maTTvis saintereso fenomenis mravalmxrivi siRrmiseuli Seswavla.
meTodis aRwera
monografiuli gamokvleva65 calkeuli SemTxevis, Temis an socialuri jgufis
siRrmiseuli da yovelmxrivi Seswavlaa mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli yvela
saSualebis meSveobiT, romelTa Soris umniSnvelovanesia CarTuli dakvirveba.
saerTod, CarTul dakvirvebasa da monografiul gamokvlevas Soris imdeni
saerTo elementia, rom zogjer isini gaigivebulicaa erTmaneTTan; miuxedavad
amisa, monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi mkvlevaris xelT kvlevis Catarebis
ufro mdidari da mravalferovani saSualebebia, vidre CarTuli dakvirvebis
Catarebis dros, Tumca es ukanasknelic kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi elementia.
monografiuli gamokvlevis mTavar upiratesobad iTvleba mis mier
problemis siRrmisulad da mravalmxriv Seswavlis unari. am meTods, iseve
rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv meTodebs, safuZvlad udevs maqs veberis saxelTan
dakavSirebuli “interpretaciuli sociologiis” principebi, romelic miznad
isaxavs socialuri agentebis moqmedebaTa sazrisSi Cawvdomas. monografiuli
gamokvlevis Sesaxeb tradiciuli warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mkvlevari Seiswavlis ama
Tu im socialur erTobas masSi “CaZirvis” meSveobiT. am “CaZirvis” Sedegad
mkvlevari ukeT ecnoba Sesaswavli jgufis cxovrebas, iziarebs misi wevrebis
yofas da saSualeba eZleva, maTi TvaliT Sexedos samyaros.
mkvlevris muSaoba iwyeba misi “saitSi” CasvliT da pirveli kontaqtebis
damyarebiT Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan. aseT gamokvlevebSi, ra Tqma
unda, Zalian mniSvnelovania CarTuli dakvirvebis roli; muSaobis warmateba
didad aris damokidebuli kargi informantebis povnaze.
savele muSaobis dros aucilebeli moTxovnaa, mkvlevari imyofebodes
“saitze” sakmoad xangrZlivi drois manZilze, respondentebTan erTad icxovros
da gaiziaros maTi yofis yvela elementi. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ara
marto uSualo urTierToba daamyaros aqtorebTan da ufro Rrmad Seiswavlos
maTi cxovreba, aramed, agreTve moipovos maTi ndoba.
65
qarTul enaze jer ar aris damkvidrebuli inglisuri “case-study”-s Sesabamisi termini.
mis qarTul Sesatyvisad Cven vxmarobT termins “monografiuli gamokvleva”, Tumca
misi zusti Targmani “SemTxvevis Seswavla” iqneba.
61
monacemTa analizi
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis damuSaveba eyrdnoba savele Canawerebs da
kvlevis procesSi Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebul informacias.
vinaidan CarTuli dakvirvebis manZilze Catarebuli yvela intervius
audioCawera ar xerxdeba, zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari eydnoba intervius Sedegad
xeliT gakeTebul Canawerebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — transkriptebs.
analizis procesSi mkvlevarma Zalian vrceli masala unda Seiswavlos — am
masalis umravlesoba mis mieraa Segrovebuli xangrZlivi savele muSaobis
procesSi; sakuTari savele Canawerebis Seswavlis dros mkvlevari gamoyofs im
detalebs, SemTxvevebs, faqtebs da citatebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania Sesaswavl
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs, gaakeTos daskvnebi Seswavlili socialuri
urTierTobebis specifikisa da aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis Sesaxeb.
monacemTa analizis saboloo mizani unda iyos kvleviT kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacema, magram ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi kiTxvebis saboloo
dazusteba savele muSaobis Catarebis procesSi xdeba, bunebrivia, rom adreuli
Canawerebi am miznisTvis SedarebiT naklebad gamosadegi iqneba. magram es
Canawerebi SeiZleba gamodges imis asaRwerad, Tu rogor moxda kvlevis fokusis
gamoyofa, Tu isini Seicaven informacias im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelmac ubiZga
mkvlevars, garkveuli mimarTulebiT waremarTa kvleva.
rogorc analitikuri strategiis magaliTi, sainteresoa uiliam f. uaiTis
mier gakeTebuli analizi imisa, Tu rogoria erT-erTi amerikuli qalaqis
italiur ubanSi arsebuli dajgufebis Sida struqtura, ra aris am jgufis
lideris avtoritetis safuZvels.64
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis Sejameba, maTi analizis saboloo Sedegi,
rogorc wesi, aris monografia, sadac ganxilulia kvlevis savele etapi da
moyvanilia miRebuli daskvnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarTulad weris unari
saWiro da aucilebelia ara mxolod savele muSaobis yvela etapze, aramed,
agreTve miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros, Sualeduri Tu daskvniTi
angariSis/monografiis daweris mizniT.
davaleba:
wadiT sajaro biblioTekaSi, SeukveTeT wignebi da daakvirdiT iq
myof/misul adamianebs da situaciebs 3 saaTis manZilze. dakvirvebis
dasrulebisTanave gaakeTeT detaluri Canawerebi.
rekomendebuli literatura:
o H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant Observation”).
o Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
o David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
o Roger Sanjek, ed. 1990. Fieldnotes. The Making of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.
o James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
o John Van Maanen. 1988. Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press.
o William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth
edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60
gegmis) mixedviT. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi saWiroa erTi
Temisadmi miZRvnili mTeli rigi formaluri interviuebis Catareba.
interviuebis gamoyenebasTan erTad, CarTuli dakvirvebis erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli niSania mkvlevrebis mWidro TanamSromloba infor-
mantebTan.
informanti, anu Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, exmareba mkvlevars ama
Tu im jgufis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis SeswavlaSi da jgufSi arsebuli
wesebisa da normebis gagebaSi; swored is uadvilebs mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevas,
acnobs xalxs. informantebis gareSe Cven gagviWirdeba SeviswavloT movlenebi,
romelTa mowmeebic vxdebiT. informantis roli gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani
xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobs, romlis
warmomadgenelTa enac man ar icis. am SemTxvevaSi informanti, rogorc wesi,
Tarjimnis funqciebsac kisrulobs xolme, da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze
erTiorad izrdeba.
informantebis SerCeva ioli ar aris, vinaidan kargi informanti mTel rig
moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos Sesaswavli kul-
turis warmomadgeneli, romelic kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas. sasurvelia,
es iyos komunikabeluri pirovneba, vinc dainteresdeba gamokvleviT da mTeli
gulisyuriT CaerTveba masSi; rac mTavaria, mas unda hqondes survili, rom
daexmaros mkvlevars. garda amisa, mas dadebiTad unda uyurebdnen Sesaswavl
jgufSi, ukeTesia, Tu is garkveuli avtoritetiTac sargeblobs. bevri mkvlevari
Tvlis, rom karg informants Seswevs Zala, Cveni “maswavlebeli” gaxdes CvenTvis
ucxo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, informanti ar
unda gaxdes erTaderTi pirovneba, vis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda
mivaniWoT — Tu es moxdeba, maSin kvlevas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. xolo
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informanti Tarjimnis rolsac TamaSobs, ufro izrdeba imis
saSiSroeba, rom is “gafiltravs” aqtorebis naTqvams da mxolod im informacias
gadaTargmnis, romelic mas miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, amitom, sasurvelia, rom
mkvlevarma rac SeiZleba male moaxerxos im enis Seswavla, romelzec mas uwevs
kvlevis Catareba.
magram informanti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos socialur mecni-
erebaTa specialisti, adamiani, vinc Seecdeba mecnieruli terminebiT agvixsnas
mimdinare movlenebi — Cven gvWirdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani, Sesaswavli jgufis
rigiTi wevri, SesaZloa, sxvebze ufro xalisiani da gonebagaxsnili, magram
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mecnieri; Cven gvesaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man
Tavisive eniT unda agvixsnas yvelaferi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eniT, da ara
samecniero kategoriebis gamoyenebiT.
rac unda kargi iyos informanti, misi brmad ndoba ar SeiZleba — rogorc am
kulturis warmomadgenels, mas SeiZleba gauCndes survili, met-naklebed
Sealamazos faqtebi, an ar gamoitanos saaSkaraoze cxovrebis is elementebi,
romlebic miaCnia samarcxvinod, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi arasatrabaxod.
rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis mkvlevars ramdenime infor-
manti sWirdeba xolme, romelTa Sorisac arian ZiriTadi, mTavari (key informant) da
“damatebiTi” informantebi. informantebis SerCeva, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba da
arc unda iyos reprezentatuli.
Tumca garegnulad mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs,
xSirad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aqtorebisgan, sinamdvileSi mas sruliad
gansxvavebeli roli aqvs da, garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs — erTi
mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magram
amave dros is regularulad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa
Seiswavlos misi wesebi; is cxovrobs, raTa Seiswavlos. amitom mniSvnelovania
ganvasxvavoT ama Tu im socialuri situaciis Cveulebrivi monawilis da CarTuli
damkvirveblis rolebi. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT 6 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba58:
1. damkvirvebels ormagi mizani aqvs: Cveulebrivi monawilisagan gansxva-
vebiT, is ara marto monawileobs socialur situaciaSi, aramed Segnebulad da
58
es klasifikacia moyvanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: James P. Spradley. 1980. Op. cit. Pp.
53-58.
53
mizanmimarTulad akvirdeba movlenaTa ganviTarebas, xalxs, maT saqmianobas.
amasTan, mas akisria garkveuli movaleobebi: daakvirdes, Tu rogor viTardeba
movlenebi, CainiSnos da/an daixsomos yvelaferi, rac xdeba, raTa SemdgomSi Tavis
CanawerebSi aRweros movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi.
2. Cveulebrivi adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, damkvirvebelma gaaskecebuli
yuradReba unda gamoiCinos mis garSemo mimdinare movlenebisadmi, raTa SeniSnos
da daixsomos iseTi detalebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv pirobebSi yuradRebas
ar vaqcevT. es garkveul momzadebas moiTxovs. CarTuli dakvirvebisas Cveni miza-
ni unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad araferi dagvrCes yuradRebis gareSe (ra Tqma
unda, yvelafris SeniSvna SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mizani unda
iyos, maqsimalurad gavzardoT dakvirvebuli elementebis raodenoba).
3. cxovrebaSi yvelas gviwevs garkveuli dakvirvebebis Catareba; aseTi
cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebisagan gansxvavebiT, CarTuli damkvirveblis mizani
unda iyos, movlenaTa rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri moaqcios Tavisi dakvirvebis
sferoSi; es miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania,
Seiswavlos socialuri jgufis kulturuli normebi, romlebic araa gamotanili
saaSkaraoze.
4. kidev erTi, SesaZloa, umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba movlenebis rigiT
monawilesa da damkvirvebels Soris isaa, rom damkvirvebeli, imasTan erTad, rom
aris movlenebis monawile, uyurebs am movlenebs gareSe mowmis — “ucxos” —
TvaliT, anu erTsa da imave dros is aris am socialuri situaciis monawilec da
Semswavlelic, romelic ganixilavs situacias, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts. ese
igi, erTsa da imave dros profesiuli damkvirveblebi arian situaciis
monawileebic da gareSe pirebic, romlebic am situacias akvirdebian. mkvlevari
aTviTcnobierebs, rom is ormag rols TamaSobs, da mkafiod ganasxvavebs Tavisi
moqmedebebis “monawileobiT” da “SemecnebiT” mxareebs.
5. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mkvlevari Tavad aris Tavisi kvlevis
instrumenti — mas ar “exmareba” arc kiTxvari, arc sadiskusio gegma an raime sxva
instrumenti. yovel saRamos, savele muSaobis Semdeg, iwyeba kvlevis meore, ara
nakleb mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac man unda gaaanalizos mis mier Segrovebuli
informacia, nanaxi da gagonili, maT Soris — Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebebi, grZno-
bebi, reaqciebi, da azrebi. aseT introspeqcias yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs da is
didad amdidrebs CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mopovebul faqtologiur
masalas. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi adamiani ar eweva Tavisi moqmedebebis da
grZnobebis aseT sistematur da Rrma analizs.
6. da bolos, damkvirvebeli awarmoebs Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegebis dawvri-
lebiT Caweras — esaa iseTi ram, rasac socialuri situaciis nebismieri sxva,
rigiTi monawile arasdros ar akeTebs — Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebs,
vinc regularulad awarmoebs pirad dRiurs. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
wesi, aseTi dRiurebi mimarTulia individis piradi grZnobebis da gamocdile-
bebis aRsawerad da amiT gansxvavdeba savele Canawerebisgan. dakvirvebis Sede-
gebis Cawerasac saTanado codna da gamocdileba sWirdeba, da Cven ganvixilavT
moTxovnebs maTi warmarTvisadmi.
CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba ubralo dakvirvebasTan
SedarebiT isaa, rom aqtorebTan xangrZlivi da mWirdo urTierTobis Sedegad
mkvlevari Zalze mdidar informacias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb; metic, is
Tavad iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze. rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, dakvirvebis meTodiT Catarebuli gamokvleva, rogorc wesi,
didxans grZeldeba, da am drois manZilze mkvlevari da aqtorebi Zalauneburad
sakmaod axlos icnoben erTmaneTs. warmatebuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebelia, Tu mkvlevarma ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, ndobis mopoveba ki
garkveuli pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. rigiT inter-
viuers, romelic maTTvis sruliad ucxo adamiania, respondentebi gacilebiT
naklebi gulaxdilobiT esaubrebian, vidre damkvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, ar
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess; es exeba ara marto
saerTo informacias, aramed, agreTve informacias aqtorebisTvis mgZnobiare
Temebze.
54
es Canaweri gakeTda espaurenovani rok-musikis erT-erT klubSi. Cven vigebT,
rom jorji magidasTan zis, rom Tavidan is inglisurad saubrobda da raRac
momentSi gadavida espanurze. jorjma ar gaacno mkvlevari aravis, vinc
magidasTan ijda. magidasTan saerTo saubari mimdinareobs, romlis drosac
viRacam ikiTxa, romeli jgufi ukravs am dros scenaze; erT-erTi damswreTagani —
ara mkvlevari — akeTebs komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ukravs es
jgufi — “isini ar arian Zalian magrebi”, da mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom es SeniSvna
garkveulwilad bodiSis moxdas niSnavs, imis gamo, rom is iseT klubSi moiyvanes,
sadac jgufi ver ukravs saTanado doneze.
mkvlevari unda ecados, rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT gadmosces Tavis Cana-
werebSi is garemo da dialogebi, romelTa momswrec xdeba. es SeiZleba iyos
pirdapiri naTqvami, perefrazireba an iribi naTqvami. savele CanawerebSi
informantis zusti naTqvami brWyalebSi unda movaTavsoT, perefrazirebuli
sityvebi ki brWyalebis gareSe davweroT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
2004 wlis ... ivnisi. niu-iorki.
Sexvedraze — metros gaCereba braiton biCi, me-10 aRmosavleTis quCa — Tamazi
zustad wuTi-wuTze movida (saRamos 5 saaTze). Tamazi maRali, daaxlovebiT 1.80
sm. da 32-34 wlisaa. ecva TeTri perangi da lurji jinsebi, tyavis fexsacmeli.
perangis jibeSi uCanda Camel-is kolofi da sanTebela. im drois manZilze, rac
saxlamde mivdiodiT, Cven mivesalmeT da movikiTxeT erTmaneTi da is gamiZRva
Tavisi sacxovrebeli binisken, ufro swored ki im binisken, sadac is sawol-
adgils qiraobda. gzad SevekiTxe, ramdeni welia, rac niu-iorkSi cxovrobda da
aRmoCnda, rom ukve meeqvse weli iyo. “sul aq cxovrobdiT Tu sxva binac gqondaT
naqiravebi?” — “sul aq, rac Camovedi, pirveli dRidan, aqa var”. rogorc aRmoCnda,
masTan erT oTaxSi kidev 3 adamiani cxovrobs, zogi dRisiT muSaobs da zogi
RamiT. “iseTi daRlili movdivar xandaxan samsaxuridan rom Zilis garda arafris
Tavi ara maqvs xolme. ai, movediT kidec”. Cven gaviareT 3 kvartali aRmosaleTiT
da aRmovCndiT TeTrad SeRebili orsarTuliani binis win, romelsac ori
Sesasvleli qonda, win patara kibeebiT. Cven marcxena SesasvlelSi SevediT — “ar
SegeSindeT, cota dasalagebelia aqauroba, mainc, kacebi vcxovrobT yvelani”,
gamotyda Tamazi da kari SeaRo.63
am magaliTSi gamoyenebulia rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi naTqvami,
perefrazi, mocemulia garemos da Tavad informantis aRwera.
mniSvnelovania, rom savele CanawerebSi daTariRebuli iyos yoveli Canaweri.
sasurvelia aseve, miTiTebuli iyos zusti saaTi, rodesac esa Tu is dakvirveba
ganxorcielda, adgili, monawileTa raodenoba, maTi daxasiaTeba — rogorc
eTnografebi amboben, rac meti detalia, miT ukeTesi. aseTi Canawerebi
informaciis mdidari wyaroa, kvlevis savele etapis damTavrebis Semdeg is
exmareba mkvlevars aRadginos grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa,
gavlena iqonies miRebul Sedegebze.
savele Canawerebi sakmaod fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs, radgan isini
calkeuli dakvirvebebis aRweras warmoadgens. magram maTi analizisa da
gadamuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba saboloo naSromi, romelic gamarTulia rogorc
Sinaarsobrivad, aseve stilisturad.
ramdenadac savele Canawerebi mxolod mkvlevrisTvisaa gankuTvnili, maTSi
SeiZleba aqtorebis da informantebis namdvili saxelebis xmareba, magram ro-
desac kvlevis angariSs vamzadebT, yvela saxeli unda Seicvalos ise, rom
SeuZlebeli gaxdes aqtoris identifikacia. zog SemTxvevaSi, aqtorebis
konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT, aucilebelia, agreTve SevcvaloT an saerTod
ar davasaxeloT dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac kvleva Catarda, an organizacia,
sadac vawarmoebdiT dakvirvebas.
63
Tamar zurabiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvlevis savele Canawerebidan.
59
irRveva, vinaidan damkvirvebelisTvis ufro advilia, mokled da “Taviseburad”
gaukeTos Tqmuls perefrazireba. SemdgomSi es mravali Secdomis mizezi xdeba,
rameTu aqtorebis mier gamoynebuli ena maTi kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa, da Tu is ar SevinarCuneT, maSin garkveul
kulturul elementebsac davkargavT.
spradlis mesame rCeva aseTia: dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerisas, iyaviT rac
SeiZleba zusti da konkretuli, movlenebi dawvrilebiT aRwereT, maSinac ki,
rodesac Tqveni STabeWdilebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb laparakobT. es rTulia,
da gacilebiT met dros moiTxovs, vidre mokle “Sejamebebi”, magram saboloo
jamSi swored detalebia, rac yvelaze metad dagvexmareba monacemebis analizis
dros. CanawerebSi araa mizanSewonili, vixmaroT iseTi mecnieruli terminebi,
rogorebicaa “roli”, “socialuri situacia”, “interaqcia”, “kulturuli
strategia”, “socializacia” da sxv. detaluri da konkretuli aRwera imisa, risi
mowmeebic Cven gavxdiT dakvirvebis dros, dagvexmareba davicvaT Tavi winaswari
(da xSirad mcdari) Sejamebebisa da Sefasebebisagan; ra Tqma unda, ganzogadoebebi
saWiro iqneba Cveni Semdgomi muSaobisas, magram es unda moxdes mas Semdeg, rac
ukve SevagrovebT faqtebs.
mklvevari unda ecados, rom gadmogvces ama Tu im movlenis informantiseuli
axsna-ganmartebebi, maT Tavs gadamxdari ambebi, sxvadasxva istoriebi — savele
etapis Catarebis procesSi aqtorebis yuradrebiT mosmenis unari erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovania.
ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis aRwera savele CanawerebSi yoveldRiurad
unda xdebodes uSualod dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg — winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba dagvaviwydes detalebi da davkargoT bevri faseuli
informacia. dakvirvebis angariSis dawera SeiZleba or etapad moxdes: uSualod
dakvirvebis damTavrebisas iwereba mokle angariSi, Semdeg ki — vrceli. vrceli
angariSis dawerac ar unda gadavdoT Soreuli momavlisaTvis, magram vinaidan
aseTi angariSebis Caweris dasrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro, sanam maT
SevudgebodeT, mizanSewonilia mokle angariSis dawera uSualod dakvirvebis
damTavrebis Semdeg.
vrcel angariSSi damkvirvebels ar unda eSinodes xSiri ganmeorebebis —
piriqiT, Tu movlenebi xSirad meordeba, isini isev da isev unda iqnes aRwerili;
SemdgomSi es mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba ucxo kulturis SecnobaSi. amasTan,
spradli darwmunebulia, rom swored mravalgzis ganmeorebuli dakvirvebebis
aRweris Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari Cawvdes socialuri situaciis mTel
sirTules, romelic pirveli SexedviT mas, SesaZloa, iolic ki eCvena.
detaluri savele Canawerebis regularuli gakeTeba zog SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlebelia, amitom eTnografisTvis aucilebelia kargi mexsierebis qona. mas
unda SeeZlos daimaxsovros adamianebis garegnoba, sakvanZo frazebi, garemo,
Jestebi da sxva. magram mexsierebis srulad ndoba ar SeiZleba. imisaTvis, rom
mkvlevars ar daaviwydes mniSvnelovani movlenebi, man aucileblad unda
ramenairad CainiSnos isini; es SeiZleba ar iyos gamarTuli da Camoyalibebuli
winadadebebi — sakmarisia sakvanZo fraza, an raime sakvanZo detalis mokled
CaniSvna, rom maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkvlevarma SeZlos ama Tu im movlenis
mexsierebaSi aRdgena da detalurad aRwera.
arsebobs aseTi termini — jottings, an jotting notes, rac mokle Canaweris gakTebas
niSavs. es termini Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari iyenebs mxolod
misTvis gasageb Semoklebebs, SeiZleba, figurebs an sqemebs imisaTvis, rom
CainiSnos raime detali Tu movlena. aseTi Canawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxo
pirebs SesaZloa sityvebis uazro nakrebi eCvenos. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi
Canwerebis magaliTi:
jorji=magidasTan aravin ar gamacno
exla marto espanurad saubrobs
saerTo saubari — vin ukravs
“isini ar arian Zalian magrebi” — bodiSi62
62
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 30.
58
ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, rom gamokvlevis manZilze aqtorebi eCvevian maT
gverdiT damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi qcevis da maTi
saubrebis reaqtiuloba, Sesabamisad, CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli
informacia ufro sando xdeba.
CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis moqmedebs mkvlevaris
emociur mdgomareobaze. rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, obieqturi iyos Tavisi
informatebis mimarT, amis srulad miRweva SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, eTno-
grafiuli kvlevis Sedegad mkvlevrebi xSirad resocializaciis process gadian,
anu eCvevian aqtorebis TvaliT uyuron movlenebs. xSirad mkvlevari rTuli eTi-
kuri dilemis winaSe dgeba — aRweros Tu ara moqmedeba, romelic mis
informantebs cudad daaxasiaTebs? miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari mainc “ucxod”
rCeba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs, Tundac imis gamo, rom is
yovelTvis, nebismieri movlenis dros imaze fiqrobs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is
misi kvlevisTvis, Rirs Tu ara masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da CaniSvna, da a.S.
xSir SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba imitom miiRos monawileoba ama Tu im
RonisZiebaSi, rom mas gadwyvetili aqvs mis Sesaxeb daweros, mniSnvelovnad
miaCnia Tavisi kvlevisTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom rac ar unda ecados
mkvlevari, srulad “Seerwyas” Sesaswavls jgufs, misTvis es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is xels aiRebs Tavis kvlevaze.
bernardi gamoyofs CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcilebis procesSi
mkvlevaris mier gancdili fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebis Tanamimdevrobas:
• pirveli kontaqti;
• kulturuli Soki;
• aRmoCena imisa, rac aSkaraa;
• Sesveneba;
• fokusireba;
• daqancva, meore Sesveneba da gaSmagebuli saqmianoba; da
• muSaobis dasruleba da “saitis” datoveba.59
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevars eufleba Soki, garkveul etapze is
gadaiRleba, gauCndeba Sesvenebis aucilebloba. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad
CarTuli dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan srul CarTvas moiTxovs. bolos, arc iseTi
etapis gamoyofaa SemTxveviTi, rogoricaa “saitis” datoveba — CarTuli
dakvirvebis damTavreba da “saitidan” wasvla cxovrebis mniSvnelovani periodis
damTavrebas niSnavs, da is xSirad mtkivneulia rogorc mkvlevrisTvis,iseve im
aqtorebisaTvis, visTanac man yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi daamyara;
mkvlevarsa da aqtorebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi,
gamokvlevis damTavrebis Semdegac grZeldeba; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
damkvirvebeli daumegobrda aqtorebs, monaTla maTi Svilebi, da sxv.
CarTuli dakvirveba saboloo jamSi Zalze piradi xasiaTis ganumeorebeli
gamocdilebaa; es ar aris romelime rigiTi meTodi, romelic SeiZleba “vcadoT,
rogor gamogviva” — es aris saqme, romelsac mkvlevari uZRvnis cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan periods. amitomaa, rom bernardi Tvlis, rom garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, “mkvlevari arasodes tovebs saits” — sulierad is iq rCeba. rac ar
unda ecados is, SeuZlebelia informatebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis
SenarCuneba da bevri informanti saboloo jamSi mkvlevris namdvili megobari
xdeba.
59
H. Russell Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
Third Edition. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp. 356-362.
55
savele Canawerebi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis
da socialuri jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli
normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis
Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis
Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis
Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im
gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa
yofasac Cven SeviswavliT.
CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs
daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli,
kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalizebuli
interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic
daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom
Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis
angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis
unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT,
romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos
gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros
wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze.
mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele
Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu
mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri
savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis
meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele
CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is socialuri realoba, romelsac mkvlevari
Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da
socialuri organizaciis formebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze.
savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols
TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele
Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri
informaciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes.
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi
kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda
Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve
umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela
detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos.
savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis
Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi,
Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore
midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba
aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da
gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da
praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs
Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba
maTi ukeT warmoebis unari.
dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba
warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli
socialuri situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi.
devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis
aguri da cementia”60. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli
maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani
savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert
emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor
unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar
60
David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107.
56
aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis
Canawerebs unda ewodos “savele Canawerebi”, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan
“dRiurebi” an “Junalebi”, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis
sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa61.
robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele
muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom
arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele
Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari
SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvir-
vebis Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs
da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi,
problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni
aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis
“obieqturobis” miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis
viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba
rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis “subieqturi” STabeWdilebebis asaxva.
savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian
did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime
mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi
SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu
romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba.
savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania — Tavad mkvlevari.
magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad,
savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed
rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili.
savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo
aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba
mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi
exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac
xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas.
rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs?
pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis
warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda,
upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi
muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki,
rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis
aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba:
• yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena;
• mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, socialuri mecnierebis ena);
• Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.).
mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da
ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac
akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis
damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas
Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros,
SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda
saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris
vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva.
rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es
naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad
61
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:
The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x.
57
savele Canawerebi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli kvlevis farglebSi xdeba individebis
da socialuri jgufebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aRwera maTi kulturuli
normebis Seswavlis mizniT, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs savele muSaobis
Catarebas ara eqsperimentalur pirobebSi, aramed ama Tu im Sesaswavli jgufis
Tu individisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv pirobebSi. eTnografiuli kvlevis
Catarebis ZiriTadi mizania imis gageba, Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenen ama Tu im
gamocdilebas, cxovrebis wessa Tu kulturul normas is adamianebi, romelTa
yofasac Cven SeviswavliT.
CarTuli dakvirvebis Catareba mkvlevrisagan mTeli rigi unar-Cvevebs
daxvewas moiTxovs — is unda iyos yuradRebiani damkvirvebeli, kargi msmeneli,
kvalificiuri interviueri rogorc formalizebuli, aseve araformalizebuli
interviuebis Catarebisas. mas unda hqondes Zalian kargi mexsiereba, romelic
daexmareba daimaxsovros is, rasac SeniSnavs dakvirvebis procesSi, raTa Semdgom
Caiweros dakvirvebis Sedegebi, xolo am Canawerebis da SemdgomSi dakvirvebis
angariSis momzadebisaTvis mas moeTxoveba sxvadasxva tipis teqstebis Seqmnis
unari — dawyebuli savele CanawerebiT da damTavrebuli Semajamebeli angariSiT,
romelic xSirad monografiis safuZveli xdeba. amasTan, mas unda SeeZlos miiRos
gadawyvetilebebi gamokvlevis fokusis dadgenisa da gamokvlevis dros
wamoWrili axali sakiTxebis integrirebis an uaryofis Taobaze.
mkvlevris mier ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis dokumentacia savele
Canawerebis meSveobiT xdeba, sadac is cdilobs CainiSnos yvela is wvrilmani Tu
mniSvnelovani movlena, romlis momswrec gaxda. kvlevis procesSi yoveldRiuri
savele Canawerebis (fieldnotes) warmoebis wesebis Seswavla CarTuli dakvirvebis
meTodis Seswavlis mniSvnelovani nawilia Tanamedrove eTnografiaSi. savele
CanawerebSi warmoCenili unda iyos is socialuri realoba, romelsac mkvlevari
Seiswavlis; maTSi xdeba arsebuli cxovrebis wesis, kulturuli normebis da
socialuri organizaciis formebis aRwera detaluri dakvirvevebis doneze.
savele Canawerebi is masalaa, romelic SemdgomSi umniSvnelovanes rols
TamaSobs dakvirvebis Sedgebis Seswavlasa da analizSi — saboloo jamSi, savele
Canawerebi masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis analogiuri
informaciis wyaroa, amitom maTi Sedgena da momzadeba guldasmiT unda moxdes.
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyenebiT kvlevis Catarebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba isaa, rom kvleviT unar-CvevebTan erTad, aseTi
kvleva moiTxovs gamarTulad da sainteresod weris unars. mkvlevars unda
Seswevdes unari, yoveldRiurad aRweros rogorc mniSvnelovani, aseve
umniSvnelo movlenebi, romelTa mowmec gaxda kvlevis procesSi, CainiSnos yvela
detali da SemdgomSi es detalebi ufro farTo konteqstSi moaTavsos.
savele Canawerebis mimarT ori ZiriTadi damokidebuleba arsebobs. erTis
Tanaxmad, savele Canawerebis warmoebis unari, iseve rogorc zogadad weris niWi,
Tandayolilia da misi swavleba SeuZlebelia — is an aqvs adamians, an ara. meore
midgomis Tanaxmad ki savele Canawerebis warmoeba iseTive warmatebiT SeiZleba
aswavlo adamians, rogorc nebismieri sxva unar-Cveva. Cvenc am azrs viziarebT da
gvjera, rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia am unar-Cvevis daufleba Seswavlis da
praqtikuli saqmianobis procesSi; Tu adamiani dRidan dRemde awarmoebs
Canawerebs da kritikuli TvaliT afasebs maT, mas aucileblad gamoumuSavdeba
maTi ukeT warmoebis unari.
dakvirvebis Sedegad gakeTebuli savele Canawerebis umravlesoba
warmoadgens TxrobiT Canawerebs, sadac aRwerilia damkvirveblis mier danaxuli
socialuri situaciebi, Cawerilia mosmenili dialogebi an calkeuli frazebi.
devid m. fetermanis azriT, savele Canawerebi “eTnografiuli struqturis
aguri da cementia”60. miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev XIX saukunidan moyolebuli
maT yvela eTnografi iyenebda Tavis muSaobaSi, meTodologiuri ganxilvis sagani
savele Canawerebi sul raRac bolo 15-20 wlis win gaxda. rogorc robert
emersoni aRniSnavs, adre mkvlevrebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas imas, Tu rogor
unda warmoebuliyo savele Canawerebi. amitomaa, rom dResdReobiT jer kidev ar
60
David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 107.
56
aris miRweuli konsensusi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu konkretulad ra saxis
Canawerebs unda ewodos “savele Canawerebi”, ramdenad unda ganvasxvavoT maTgan
“dRiurebi” an “Junalebi”, da, saerTod, ramdenad marTebulia savele Canawerebis
sxvadasxva tipebad dayofa61.
robert emersonis msgavsad, Cven vTvliT, rom savele Canawerebia savele
muSaobisas gakeTebuli yvela Canaweri. Tumca zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom
arsebobs gansxvaveba savele Canawerebsa da dRiurebs Soris. maTi azriT, savele
Canawerad unda miviCnioT mxolod da mxolod is Canaweri, sadac mkvlevari
SeZlebisdagvarad miukerZoeblad aRwers savele pirobebSi gakeTebuli dakvir-
vebis Sedegebs. rac Seexeba dRiurs an Jurnals, maTSi is Tavis pirad mosazrebebs
da STabeWdilebebs iniSnavs, Seaqvs Tavisi SeniSvnebi gamokvlevis msvlelobasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tavisi molodini, miRebuli gamocdileba, daSvebuli Secdomebi,
problemebi, romlebic uCndeba muSaobis procesSi. magram, rogorc emersoni
aRniSnavs, aseTi dayofis SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeba dakvirvebisaTvis
“obieqturobis” miniWebis mcdeloba, ramdenadac savele Canawerebi (am terminis
viwro gagebiT) momxdaris obieqtur asaxvad iTvleba, xolo dRiurebi ganixileba
rogorc warmoebuli dakvirvebis “subieqturi” STabeWdilebebis asaxva.
savele Canawerebi uaRresad individualuri dokumentia, romelzec Zalian
did gavlenas axdens mkvlevris pirovnuli Tvisebebi. eWvs gareSea, rom ramdenime
mkvlevris mier erTi da igive movlenis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli savele Canawerebi
SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan iqidan gamomdinare, Tu
romel aqtorebze, movlenebze, detalebze, faqtebze gaamaxviles maT yuradReba.
savele Canawerebis auditoria mxolod erTi adamiania — Tavad mkvlevari.
magram swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebiT iwyeba monacemTa analizi, amrigad,
savele Canawerebi unda ganvixiloT ara mxolod rogorc instrumenti, aramed
rogorc warmatebuli eTnografiuli kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi nawili.
savele Canawerebi ar unda ganvixiloT rogor ama Tu im movlenis ubralo
aRwera; maTi waramoebis procesi eTnografiuli kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
komponentia. xSirad swored savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros uCndeba
mkvlevars esa Tu is kiTxva, wamoiWreba kvlevis axali mimarTulebebi. es procesi
exmareba mkvlevars gaaanalizos movlenebi, romelTa momswrec is gaxda, rac
xels uwyobs kvlevis warmatebulad Catarebas.
rogor unda gaukeTdes organizacia am Canawerebs?
pirveli kiTxva, romelsac mkvlevarma unda gasces pasuxi savele Canawerebis
warmoebisas, aris is, Tu romel enaze unda awarmoos es Canawerebi? ra Tqma unda,
upirveles yovlisa, es kiTxva exeba im mkvlevrebs, romlebic ucxo qveynebSi
muSaoben da kvlevis savele etapi ucxo enaze xorcieldeba, magram maSinac ki,
rodesac mkvlevari Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi muSaobs, es sakiTxi ar kargavs Tavis
aqtualobas, vinaidan mainc arsebobs ramdenime enis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba:
• yoveldRiuri, salaparako ena;
• mecnieruli ena (ufro konkretulad, socialuri mecnierebis ena);
• Sesaswavli jgufis ena (profesiuli leqsika, Jargoni da sxv.).
mkvlevari ar unda ahyves survils, gaamartivos mis winaSe mdgari amocana da
ukve savele Canawerebis warmoebis procesSi mecnierul enaze Targmnos is, rasac
akvirdeba; es arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba movlenebis kulturuli mniSvnelobis
damaxinjebis mizezi. jeims spradli urCevs yvela mkvlevars, uari Tqvas
Sefasebebsa da ganzogadoebebze savele Canawerebis gakeTebis dros,
SeZlebisdagvarad gaakeTos Canawerebi imave enaze, ra enazec mimdinareobda
saubarebi, da aucileblad miuTiTos Tavis CanawerebSi yvela frazis avtoris
vinaoba, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad moxdes ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis asaxva.
rodesac mklevari aqtorebis naTqvams gadmoscems, misi mizani unda iyos, es
naTqvami sityvasityviT CainiSnos. es moTxovna, spradlis azriT, yvelaze xSirad
61
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The University of Chicago Press. Pp.viii-x.
57
irRveva, vinaidan damkvirvebelisTvis ufro advilia, mokled da “Taviseburad”
gaukeTos Tqmuls perefrazireba. SemdgomSi es mravali Secdomis mizezi xdeba,
rameTu aqtorebis mier gamoynebuli ena maTi kulturis erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani gamoxatulebaa, da Tu is ar SevinarCuneT, maSin garkveul
kulturul elementebsac davkargavT.
spradlis mesame rCeva aseTia: dakvirvebis Sedegebis Cawerisas, iyaviT rac
SeiZleba zusti da konkretuli, movlenebi dawvrilebiT aRwereT, maSinac ki,
rodesac Tqveni STabeWdilebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb laparakobT. es rTulia,
da gacilebiT met dros moiTxovs, vidre mokle “Sejamebebi”, magram saboloo
jamSi swored detalebia, rac yvelaze metad dagvexmareba monacemebis analizis
dros. CanawerebSi araa mizanSewonili, vixmaroT iseTi mecnieruli terminebi,
rogorebicaa “roli”, “socialuri situacia”, “interaqcia”, “kulturuli
strategia”, “socializacia” da sxv. detaluri da konkretuli aRwera imisa, risi
mowmeebic Cven gavxdiT dakvirvebis dros, dagvexmareba davicvaT Tavi winaswari
(da xSirad mcdari) Sejamebebisa da Sefasebebisagan; ra Tqma unda, ganzogadoebebi
saWiro iqneba Cveni Semdgomi muSaobisas, magram es unda moxdes mas Semdeg, rac
ukve SevagrovebT faqtebs.
mklvevari unda ecados, rom gadmogvces ama Tu im movlenis informantiseuli
axsna-ganmartebebi, maT Tavs gadamxdari ambebi, sxvadasxva istoriebi — savele
etapis Catarebis procesSi aqtorebis yuradrebiT mosmenis unari erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovania.
ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebis aRwera savele CanawerebSi yoveldRiurad
unda xdebodes uSualod dakvirvebis dasrulebis Semdeg — winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi Cven SeiZleba dagvaviwydes detalebi da davkargoT bevri faseuli
informacia. dakvirvebis angariSis dawera SeiZleba or etapad moxdes: uSualod
dakvirvebis damTavrebisas iwereba mokle angariSi, Semdeg ki — vrceli. vrceli
angariSis dawerac ar unda gadavdoT Soreuli momavlisaTvis, magram vinaidan
aseTi angariSebis Caweris dasrulebisTvis meti droa saWiro, sanam maT
SevudgebodeT, mizanSewonilia mokle angariSis dawera uSualod dakvirvebis
damTavrebis Semdeg.
vrcel angariSSi damkvirvebels ar unda eSinodes xSiri ganmeorebebis —
piriqiT, Tu movlenebi xSirad meordeba, isini isev da isev unda iqnes aRwerili;
SemdgomSi es mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba ucxo kulturis SecnobaSi. amasTan,
spradli darwmunebulia, rom swored mravalgzis ganmeorebuli dakvirvebebis
aRweris Sedegad axerxebs mkvlevari Cawvdes socialuri situaciis mTel
sirTules, romelic pirveli SexedviT mas, SesaZloa, iolic ki eCvena.
detaluri savele Canawerebis regularuli gakeTeba zog SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlebelia, amitom eTnografisTvis aucilebelia kargi mexsierebis qona. mas
unda SeeZlos daimaxsovros adamianebis garegnoba, sakvanZo frazebi, garemo,
Jestebi da sxva. magram mexsierebis srulad ndoba ar SeiZleba. imisaTvis, rom
mkvlevars ar daaviwydes mniSvnelovani movlenebi, man aucileblad unda
ramenairad CainiSnos isini; es SeiZleba ar iyos gamarTuli da Camoyalibebuli
winadadebebi — sakmarisia sakvanZo fraza, an raime sakvanZo detalis mokled
CaniSvna, rom maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg mkvlevarma SeZlos ama Tu im movlenis
mexsierebaSi aRdgena da detalurad aRwera.
arsebobs aseTi termini — jottings, an jotting notes, rac mokle Canaweris gakTebas
niSavs. es termini Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari iyenebs mxolod
misTvis gasageb Semoklebebs, SeiZleba, figurebs an sqemebs imisaTvis, rom
CainiSnos raime detali Tu movlena. aseTi Canawerebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ucxo
pirebs SesaZloa sityvebis uazro nakrebi eCvenos. qvemoT moyvanilia aseTi
Canwerebis magaliTi:
jorji=magidasTan aravin ar gamacno
exla marto espanurad saubrobs
saerTo saubari — vin ukravs
“isini ar arian Zalian magrebi” — bodiSi62
62
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. Op. cit. P. 30.
58
ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, rom gamokvlevis manZilze aqtorebi eCvevian maT
gverdiT damkvirveblis yofnas, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba maTi qcevis da maTi
saubrebis reaqtiuloba, Sesabamisad, CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli
informacia ufro sando xdeba.
CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis moqmedebs mkvlevaris
emociur mdgomareobaze. rac ar unda ecados mkvlevari, obieqturi iyos Tavisi
informatebis mimarT, amis srulad miRweva SeuZlebelia, ufro metic, eTno-
grafiuli kvlevis Sedegad mkvlevrebi xSirad resocializaciis process gadian,
anu eCvevian aqtorebis TvaliT uyuron movlenebs. xSirad mkvlevari rTuli eTi-
kuri dilemis winaSe dgeba — aRweros Tu ara moqmedeba, romelic mis
informantebs cudad daaxasiaTebs? miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevari mainc “ucxod”
rCeba im sazogadoebaSi, romlis Seswavlasac cdilobs, Tundac imis gamo, rom is
yovelTvis, nebismieri movlenis dros imaze fiqrobs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is
misi kvlevisTvis, Rirs Tu ara masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da CaniSvna, da a.S.
xSir SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma SeiZleba imitom miiRos monawileoba ama Tu im
RonisZiebaSi, rom mas gadwyvetili aqvs mis Sesaxeb daweros, mniSnvelovnad
miaCnia Tavisi kvlevisTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom rac ar unda ecados
mkvlevari, srulad “Seerwyas” Sesaswavls jgufs, misTvis es SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is xels aiRebs Tavis kvlevaze.
bernardi gamoyofs CarTuli dakvirvebis ganxorcilebis procesSi
mkvlevaris mier gancdili fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebis Tanamimdevrobas:
• pirveli kontaqti;
• kulturuli Soki;
• aRmoCena imisa, rac aSkaraa;
• Sesveneba;
• fokusireba;
• daqancva, meore Sesveneba da gaSmagebuli saqmianoba; da
• muSaobis dasruleba da “saitis” datoveba.59
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevars eufleba Soki, garkveul etapze is
gadaiRleba, gauCndeba Sesvenebis aucilebloba. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad
CarTuli dakvirveba mkvlevrisagan srul CarTvas moiTxovs. bolos, arc iseTi
etapis gamoyofaa SemTxveviTi, rogoricaa “saitis” datoveba — CarTuli
dakvirvebis damTavreba da “saitidan” wasvla cxovrebis mniSvnelovani periodis
damTavrebas niSnavs, da is xSirad mtkivneulia rogorc mkvlevrisTvis,iseve im
aqtorebisaTvis, visTanac man yvelaze mWidro urTierTobebi daamyara;
mkvlevarsa da aqtorebs Soris damyarebuli urTierTobebi, rogorc wesi,
gamokvlevis damTavrebis Semdegac grZeldeba; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
damkvirvebeli daumegobrda aqtorebs, monaTla maTi Svilebi, da sxv.
CarTuli dakvirveba saboloo jamSi Zalze piradi xasiaTis ganumeorebeli
gamocdilebaa; es ar aris romelime rigiTi meTodi, romelic SeiZleba “vcadoT,
rogor gamogviva” — es aris saqme, romelsac mkvlevari uZRvnis cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan periods. amitomaa, rom bernardi Tvlis, rom garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, “mkvlevari arasodes tovebs saits” — sulierad is iq rCeba. rac ar
unda ecados is, SeuZlebelia informatebis mimarT gulgrili damokidebulebis
SenarCuneba da bevri informanti saboloo jamSi mkvlevris namdvili megobari
xdeba.
59
H. Russell Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.
Third Edition. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Pp. 356-362.
55
mizanmimarTulad akvirdeba movlenaTa ganviTarebas, xalxs, maT saqmianobas.
amasTan, mas akisria garkveuli movaleobebi: daakvirdes, Tu rogor viTardeba
movlenebi, CainiSnos da/an daixsomos yvelaferi, rac xdeba, raTa SemdgomSi Tavis
CanawerebSi aRweros movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi.
2. Cveulebrivi adamianisgan gansxvavebiT, damkvirvebelma gaaskecebuli
yuradReba unda gamoiCinos mis garSemo mimdinare movlenebisadmi, raTa SeniSnos
da daixsomos iseTi detalebic ki, romlebsac Cveulebriv pirobebSi yuradRebas
ar vaqcevT. es garkveul momzadebas moiTxovs. CarTuli dakvirvebisas Cveni miza-
ni unda iyos, SeZlebisdagvarad araferi dagvrCes yuradRebis gareSe (ra Tqma
unda, yvelafris SeniSvna SeuZlebelia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Cveni mizani unda
iyos, maqsimalurad gavzardoT dakvirvebuli elementebis raodenoba).
3. cxovrebaSi yvelas gviwevs garkveuli dakvirvebebis Catareba; aseTi
cxovrebiseuli dakvirvebebisagan gansxvavebiT, CarTuli damkvirveblis mizani
unda iyos, movlenaTa rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri moaqcios Tavisi dakvirvebis
sferoSi; es miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevris mizania,
Seiswavlos socialuri jgufis kulturuli normebi, romlebic araa gamotanili
saaSkaraoze.
4. kidev erTi, SesaZloa, umniSvnelovanesi gansxvaveba movlenebis rigiT
monawilesa da damkvirvebels Soris isaa, rom damkvirvebeli, imasTan erTad, rom
aris movlenebis monawile, uyurebs am movlenebs gareSe mowmis — “ucxos” —
TvaliT, anu erTsa da imave dros is aris am socialuri situaciis monawilec da
Semswavlelic, romelic ganixilavs situacias, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts. ese
igi, erTsa da imave dros profesiuli damkvirveblebi arian situaciis
monawileebic da gareSe pirebic, romlebic am situacias akvirdebian. mkvlevari
aTviTcnobierebs, rom is ormag rols TamaSobs, da mkafiod ganasxvavebs Tavisi
moqmedebebis “monawileobiT” da “SemecnebiT” mxareebs.
5. CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mkvlevari Tavad aris Tavisi kvlevis
instrumenti — mas ar “exmareba” arc kiTxvari, arc sadiskusio gegma an raime sxva
instrumenti. yovel saRamos, savele muSaobis Semdeg, iwyeba kvlevis meore, ara
nakleb mniSvnelovani etapi, rodesac man unda gaaanalizos mis mier Segrovebuli
informacia, nanaxi da gagonili, maT Soris — Tavisi sakuTari moqmedebebi, grZno-
bebi, reaqciebi, da azrebi. aseT introspeqcias yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs da is
didad amdidrebs CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi mopovebul faqtologiur
masalas. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebrivi adamiani ar eweva Tavisi moqmedebebis da
grZnobebis aseT sistematur da Rrma analizs.
6. da bolos, damkvirvebeli awarmoebs Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegebis dawvri-
lebiT Caweras — esaa iseTi ram, rasac socialuri situaciis nebismieri sxva,
rigiTi monawile arasdros ar akeTebs — Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT im adamianebs,
vinc regularulad awarmoebs pirad dRiurs. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
wesi, aseTi dRiurebi mimarTulia individis piradi grZnobebis da gamocdile-
bebis aRsawerad da amiT gansxvavdeba savele Canawerebisgan. dakvirvebis Sede-
gebis Cawerasac saTanado codna da gamocdileba sWirdeba, da Cven ganvixilavT
moTxovnebs maTi warmarTvisadmi.
CarTuli dakvirvebis umTavresi upiratesoba ubralo dakvirvebasTan
SedarebiT isaa, rom aqtorebTan xangrZlivi da mWirdo urTierTobis Sedegad
mkvlevari Zalze mdidar informacias iRebs maTi cxovrebis Sesaxeb; metic, is
Tavad iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze. rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, dakvirvebis meTodiT Catarebuli gamokvleva, rogorc wesi,
didxans grZeldeba, da am drois manZilze mkvlevari da aqtorebi Zalauneburad
sakmaod axlos icnoben erTmaneTs. warmatebuli dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebelia, Tu mkvlevarma ar moipova aqtorebis ndoba, ndobis mopoveba ki
garkveuli pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyarebas gulisxmobs. rigiT inter-
viuers, romelic maTTvis sruliad ucxo adamiania, respondentebi gacilebiT
naklebi gulaxdilobiT esaubrebian, vidre damkvirvebels, romelic Tveebis, ar
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi iziarebs maTi cxovrebis wess; es exeba ara marto
saerTo informacias, aramed, agreTve informacias aqtorebisTvis mgZnobiare
Temebze.
54
es Canaweri gakeTda espaurenovani rok-musikis erT-erT klubSi. Cven vigebT,
rom jorji magidasTan zis, rom Tavidan is inglisurad saubrobda da raRac
momentSi gadavida espanurze. jorjma ar gaacno mkvlevari aravis, vinc
magidasTan ijda. magidasTan saerTo saubari mimdinareobs, romlis drosac
viRacam ikiTxa, romeli jgufi ukravs am dros scenaze; erT-erTi damswreTagani —
ara mkvlevari — akeTebs komentars imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor ukravs es
jgufi — “isini ar arian Zalian magrebi”, da mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom es SeniSvna
garkveulwilad bodiSis moxdas niSnavs, imis gamo, rom is iseT klubSi moiyvanes,
sadac jgufi ver ukravs saTanado doneze.
mkvlevari unda ecados, rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT gadmosces Tavis Cana-
werebSi is garemo da dialogebi, romelTa momswrec xdeba. es SeiZleba iyos
pirdapiri naTqvami, perefrazireba an iribi naTqvami. savele CanawerebSi
informantis zusti naTqvami brWyalebSi unda movaTavsoT, perefrazirebuli
sityvebi ki brWyalebis gareSe davweroT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
2004 wlis ... ivnisi. niu-iorki.
Sexvedraze — metros gaCereba braiton biCi, me-10 aRmosavleTis quCa — Tamazi
zustad wuTi-wuTze movida (saRamos 5 saaTze). Tamazi maRali, daaxlovebiT 1.80
sm. da 32-34 wlisaa. ecva TeTri perangi da lurji jinsebi, tyavis fexsacmeli.
perangis jibeSi uCanda Camel-is kolofi da sanTebela. im drois manZilze, rac
saxlamde mivdiodiT, Cven mivesalmeT da movikiTxeT erTmaneTi da is gamiZRva
Tavisi sacxovrebeli binisken, ufro swored ki im binisken, sadac is sawol-
adgils qiraobda. gzad SevekiTxe, ramdeni welia, rac niu-iorkSi cxovrobda da
aRmoCnda, rom ukve meeqvse weli iyo. “sul aq cxovrobdiT Tu sxva binac gqondaT
naqiravebi?” — “sul aq, rac Camovedi, pirveli dRidan, aqa var”. rogorc aRmoCnda,
masTan erT oTaxSi kidev 3 adamiani cxovrobs, zogi dRisiT muSaobs da zogi
RamiT. “iseTi daRlili movdivar xandaxan samsaxuridan rom Zilis garda arafris
Tavi ara maqvs xolme. ai, movediT kidec”. Cven gaviareT 3 kvartali aRmosaleTiT
da aRmovCndiT TeTrad SeRebili orsarTuliani binis win, romelsac ori
Sesasvleli qonda, win patara kibeebiT. Cven marcxena SesasvlelSi SevediT — “ar
SegeSindeT, cota dasalagebelia aqauroba, mainc, kacebi vcxovrobT yvelani”,
gamotyda Tamazi da kari SeaRo.63
am magaliTSi gamoyenebulia rogorc pirdapiri, aseve iribi naTqvami,
perefrazi, mocemulia garemos da Tavad informantis aRwera.
mniSvnelovania, rom savele CanawerebSi daTariRebuli iyos yoveli Canaweri.
sasurvelia aseve, miTiTebuli iyos zusti saaTi, rodesac esa Tu is dakvirveba
ganxorcielda, adgili, monawileTa raodenoba, maTi daxasiaTeba — rogorc
eTnografebi amboben, rac meti detalia, miT ukeTesi. aseTi Canawerebi
informaciis mdidari wyaroa, kvlevis savele etapis damTavrebis Semdeg is
exmareba mkvlevars aRadginos grZnobebi da ganwyobebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa,
gavlena iqonies miRebul Sedegebze.
savele Canawerebi sakmaod fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs, radgan isini
calkeuli dakvirvebebis aRweras warmoadgens. magram maTi analizisa da
gadamuSavebis Sedegad iqmneba saboloo naSromi, romelic gamarTulia rogorc
Sinaarsobrivad, aseve stilisturad.
ramdenadac savele Canawerebi mxolod mkvlevrisTvisaa gankuTvnili, maTSi
SeiZleba aqtorebis da informantebis namdvili saxelebis xmareba, magram ro-
desac kvlevis angariSs vamzadebT, yvela saxeli unda Seicvalos ise, rom
SeuZlebeli gaxdes aqtoris identifikacia. zog SemTxvevaSi, aqtorebis
konfidencialobis dacvis mizniT, aucilebelia, agreTve SevcvaloT an saerTod
ar davasaxeloT dasaxlebuli punqti, sadac kvleva Catarda, an organizacia,
sadac vawarmoebdiT dakvirvebas.
63
Tamar zurabiSvilis mier Catarebuli kvlevis savele Canawerebidan.
59
monacemTa analizi
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis damuSaveba eyrdnoba savele Canawerebs da
kvlevis procesSi Catarebuli interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebul informacias.
vinaidan CarTuli dakvirvebis manZilze Catarebuli yvela intervius
audioCawera ar xerxdeba, zog SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari eydnoba intervius Sedegad
xeliT gakeTebul Canawerebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — transkriptebs.
analizis procesSi mkvlevarma Zalian vrceli masala unda Seiswavlos — am
masalis umravlesoba mis mieraa Segrovebuli xangrZlivi savele muSaobis
procesSi; sakuTari savele Canawerebis Seswavlis dros mkvlevari gamoyofs im
detalebs, SemTxvevebs, faqtebs da citatebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania Sesaswavl
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da cdilobs, gaakeTos daskvnebi Seswavlili socialuri
urTierTobebis specifikisa da aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebis Sesaxeb.
monacemTa analizis saboloo mizani unda iyos kvleviT kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacema, magram ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi kiTxvebis saboloo
dazusteba savele muSaobis Catarebis procesSi xdeba, bunebrivia, rom adreuli
Canawerebi am miznisTvis SedarebiT naklebad gamosadegi iqneba. magram es
Canawerebi SeiZleba gamodges imis asaRwerad, Tu rogor moxda kvlevis fokusis
gamoyofa, Tu isini Seicaven informacias im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelmac ubiZga
mkvlevars, garkveuli mimarTulebiT waremarTa kvleva.
rogorc analitikuri strategiis magaliTi, sainteresoa uiliam f. uaiTis
mier gakeTebuli analizi imisa, Tu rogoria erT-erTi amerikuli qalaqis
italiur ubanSi arsebuli dajgufebis Sida struqtura, ra aris am jgufis
lideris avtoritetis safuZvels.64
CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegebis Sejameba, maTi analizis saboloo Sedegi,
rogorc wesi, aris monografia, sadac ganxilulia kvlevis savele etapi da
moyvanilia miRebuli daskvnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamarTulad weris unari
saWiro da aucilebelia ara mxolod savele muSaobis yvela etapze, aramed,
agreTve miRebuli Sedegebis analizis dros, Sualeduri Tu daskvniTi
angariSis/monografiis daweris mizniT.
davaleba:
wadiT sajaro biblioTekaSi, SeukveTeT wignebi da daakvirdiT iq
myof/misul adamianebs da situaciebs 3 saaTis manZilze. dakvirvebis
dasrulebisTanave gaakeTeT detaluri Canawerebi.
rekomendebuli literatura:
o H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant Observation”).
o Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I.Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
o David M.Fetterman. 1989. Ethnography: Step by Step. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications.
o Roger Sanjek, ed. 1990. Fieldnotes. The Making of Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.
o James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
o John Van Maanen. 1988. Tales of the Field. On Writing Ethnography. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press.
o William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth
edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Forth edition.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60
gegmis) mixedviT. rogorc wesi, CarTuli dakvirvebis procesSi saWiroa erTi
Temisadmi miZRvnili mTeli rigi formaluri interviuebis Catareba.
interviuebis gamoyenebasTan erTad, CarTuli dakvirvebis erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli niSania mkvlevrebis mWidro TanamSromloba infor-
mantebTan.
informanti, anu Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgeneli, exmareba mkvlevars ama
Tu im jgufis warmomadgenlebis cxovrebis wesis SeswavlaSi da jgufSi arsebuli
wesebisa da normebis gagebaSi; swored is uadvilebs mkvlevars jgufSi SeRwevas,
acnobs xalxs. informantebis gareSe Cven gagviWirdeba SeviswavloT movlenebi,
romelTa mowmeebic vxdebiT. informantis roli gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani
xdeba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari misTvis ucxo kulturaSi muSaobs, romlis
warmomadgenelTa enac man ar icis. am SemTxvevaSi informanti, rogorc wesi,
Tarjimnis funqciebsac kisrulobs xolme, da misi gavlena miRebul Sedegebze
erTiorad izrdeba.
informantebis SerCeva ioli ar aris, vinaidan kargi informanti mTel rig
moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. pirvel rigSi, is unda iyos Sesaswavli kul-
turis warmomadgeneli, romelic kargad icnobs sakuTar kulturas. sasurvelia,
es iyos komunikabeluri pirovneba, vinc dainteresdeba gamokvleviT da mTeli
gulisyuriT CaerTveba masSi; rac mTavaria, mas unda hqondes survili, rom
daexmaros mkvlevars. garda amisa, mas dadebiTad unda uyurebdnen Sesaswavl
jgufSi, ukeTesia, Tu is garkveuli avtoritetiTac sargeblobs. bevri mkvlevari
Tvlis, rom karg informants Seswevs Zala, Cveni “maswavlebeli” gaxdes CvenTvis
ucxo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, informanti ar
unda gaxdes erTaderTi pirovneba, vis azrsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda
mivaniWoT — Tu es moxdeba, maSin kvlevas seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba. xolo
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informanti Tarjimnis rolsac TamaSobs, ufro izrdeba imis
saSiSroeba, rom is “gafiltravs” aqtorebis naTqvams da mxolod im informacias
gadaTargmnis, romelic mas miaCnia mniSvnelovnad, amitom, sasurvelia, rom
mkvlevarma rac SeiZleba male moaxerxos im enis Seswavla, romelzec mas uwevs
kvlevis Catareba.
magram informanti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos socialur mecni-
erebaTa specialisti, adamiani, vinc Seecdeba mecnieruli terminebiT agvixsnas
mimdinare movlenebi — Cven gvWirdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani, Sesaswavli jgufis
rigiTi wevri, SesaZloa, sxvebze ufro xalisiani da gonebagaxsnili, magram
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara mecnieri; Cven gvesaWiroeba misi daxmareba, magram man
Tavisive eniT unda agvixsnas yvelaferi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eniT, da ara
samecniero kategoriebis gamoyenebiT.
rac unda kargi iyos informanti, misi brmad ndoba ar SeiZleba — rogorc am
kulturis warmomadgenels, mas SeiZleba gauCndes survili, met-naklebed
Sealamazos faqtebi, an ar gamoitanos saaSkaraoze cxovrebis is elementebi,
romlebic miaCnia samarcxvinod, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi arasatrabaxod.
rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis mkvlevars ramdenime infor-
manti sWirdeba xolme, romelTa Sorisac arian ZiriTadi, mTavari (key informant) da
“damatebiTi” informantebi. informantebis SerCeva, ra Tqma unda, ver iqneba da
arc unda iyos reprezentatuli.
Tumca garegnulad mkvlevari, romelic CarTul dakvirvebas awarmoebs,
xSirad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba sxva aqtorebisgan, sinamdvileSi mas sruliad
gansxvavebeli roli aqvs da, garkveulwilad, ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs — erTi
mxriv, is Cveulebriv monawileobs aqtorebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, magram
amave dros is regularulad awarmoebs Canawerebs am cxovrebis Sesaxeb, raTa
Seiswavlos misi wesebi; is cxovrobs, raTa Seiswavlos. amitom mniSvnelovania
ganvasxvavoT ama Tu im socialuri situaciis Cveulebrivi monawilis da CarTuli
damkvirveblis rolebi. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT 6 ZiriTadi gansxvaveba58:
1. damkvirvebels ormagi mizani aqvs: Cveulebrivi monawilisagan gansxva-
vebiT, is ara marto monawileobs socialur situaciaSi, aramed Segnebulad da
58
es klasifikacia moyvanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: James P. Spradley. 1980. Op. cit. Pp.
53-58.
53
 warmatebuli fokusirebuli dakvirveba moiTxovs gasaubrebas Sesaswavli
kulturis warmomadgenlebTan, raTa SevZloT ama Tu im movlenebis axsna TviT am
kulturis warmomadgenelTa TvaliT. aseTi interviuebis Sedegad miRebuli
komentarebis gareSe zogi moqmedeba SeiZleba Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCes, an
uazro da SemTxveviTi gveCvenos, maSin rodesac am kulturis wamomadgenlebis
TvalSi mas garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom Tumca
damkvirvebelma SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom adamianebi racionalurad moqmedeben, es
yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.
SerCeviTi dakvirveba (selective observation) dakvirvebis bolo etapia da moiTxovs
damkvirveblis yuradRebis sferos kidev ufro dazustebas da SezRudvas,
fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze gamoyofili Seswavlis erTeulebis ama Tu im
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis Seswavlas. magaliTad, Tu restoranSi oficiantebis
saqcielis Seswavla aRweriTi dakvirvebis sagania, maT mier klientebisagan dama-
tebiTi gasamrjelos miRebis xerxebi (magidis SerCeva klientisaTvis; daxmareba
menius SerCevaSi, da sxv.) SeiZleba gaxdes fokusirebuli dakvirvebis sagani,
xolo am xerxebis SedarebiTi efeqturobis dadgena — SerCveviTi dakvirvebis
sagani. anu mklevaris interesi garkveulwilad viwrovdeba, sanam is aRweriTi dak-
virvebidan SerCeviTamde miva. SerCeviTi dakvirveba aucileblad moiTxovs
interviuebis Catarebas Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan maTi Sexe-
dulebebis da komentarebis miRebis mizniT, raTa daskvnebis gamotanisas ar iqnes
ugulebelyofili mniSvnelovani niuansebi, romlebis gagebac mxolod am xer-
xiTaa SesaZlebeli.
dakvirvebis samive etapi, rogorc wesi, erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ganxor-
cielebuli Tanamimdevruli etapebia, Tumca SesaZloa, rom kvleva mxolod
aRweriTi dakvirvebiT Semoifarglos. yvelaze xSirad es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu
sakiTxis sawyis SeswavlasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac mkvlevari jer ar aris
darwmunebuli, Tu ra iqneba misi kvlevis sagani da problema, an Tu dakvirveba
gamoiyeneba rogorc damxmare meTodi kompleqsuri kvlevis farglebSi.
Tu aRweriTi dakvirvebis etapze mkvlevari SeiZleba sakuTari miznebis
gamJRavnebis gareSe muSaobdes, fokusirebuli dakvirvebis etapze is Zalaunebu-
rad amJRavnebs Tavs rogorc mkvlevari; xolo SerCeviTi dakvirvebis etapze is
ukve am situaciis monawile xdeba. dakvirvebis SerCeviTi etapis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan damaxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba mkvlevris mier kontrastruli
Sedarebebis da kontrastuli SekiTxvebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan am etapze misi
mizania kulturul situaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamomJRavneba.
nebismieri Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebisas, gansakuTrebiT ki dakvirvebis
SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu muSaobis procesSi gamoCndeba axali
Temebi, romlebic SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyos Cveni gamokvlevisTvis, da
mzad unda viyoT, CavrToT es Temebi Cveni muSaobis procesSi, zog SemTxvevaSi —
SevcvaloT kvlevis fokusi.
CarTuli dakvirveba warmoudgenelia mkvlevaris mier damatebiTi kvleviTi
teqnikebis, kerZod, intervius sxvadasxva saxeobis gamoynebis gareSe. CarTuli
dakvirvebis procesSi SeiZleba gamovyoT intervius ori ZiriTadi saxeoba:
formalizebuli da araformalizebuli.
araformalizebulia yvela is interviu, romelic tardeba moumzadeblad,
CarTuli dakvirvebis dros aqtorebTan urTierTobis damyarebis an ganmtkicebis
procesSi, an aqtorebisagan damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis mizniT, rodesac
damkvirvebeli grZnobs, rom misTvis araa srulad gasagebi im movlenebis
mniSvneloba, romlebsac is akvirdeba. aseTi interviuebi araa struqturirebuli
da, rogorc wesi, araa winaswar SeTanxmebuli da dagegmili — isini Cveulebriv
gasaubrebas ufro hgavs da maTi Cawera diqtofonze yovelTvis ar xdeba, Tumca
mis msvlelobaSi damkvirvebelma SesaZloa (da sasurvelicaa) gaakeTos
Canawerebi. magram, miuxedavad maTi “moumzadeblobisa”, araformalizebuli
interviuebi informaciis Zalze mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
formalizebuli interviu mkvlevarsa da aqtors Soris winaswari molapa-
rakebis da SeTanxmebis Sedegia; aseTi interviuebi tardeba winaswar daTqmul
drosa da adgilas da xdeba maTi Cawera audiokasetaze. es interviu Zalze waagavs
siRrmiseul intervius da tardeba winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis (sadiskusio
52
Tema 5.
monografiuli gamokvleva
iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis umaravlesoba, monografiuli gamokvle-
vac Tavdapirvelad antropologebis mier iqna SemuSavebuli da maTi gamoc-
dilebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad damkvidrda socialur mecnierebebSi. erT-
erTi pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac es meTodi gamoiyena, iyo cnobili britaneli
antropologi bronoslav malinovski (1884-1942 ww.). Tumca, garkveulwilad
SeiZleba monografiul gamokvlevad miviCnioT agreTve 1890-iani wlebis bolos
londonSi Carlz butis mier Catarebuli siRaribis cnobili gamokvleva,
romelic erT-erT pirvel socialur gamokvlevad iTvleba msoflioSi da ara aqvs
kavSiri antropologiasTan.
monografiuli gamokvleva sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo frangul mecniereba-
Sic, sadac is klod levi-strosis da frederik le pleis saxels ukavSirdeba.
miiCnevda ra, rom sazogadoebis Seswavlis mizniT saWiroa misi sakvanZo elementis
SerCeva, sadac yvelaze aSkarad gamoikveTeba am sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi, le pleim sazogadoebebis Seswavla muSaTa ojaxebis Seswavlis
meSveobiT gadawyvita. le pleis da mis mimdevarTa naSromebSi yvelaze xSirad
gamoiyeneboda informaciis Segrovebis iseTi meTodebi, rogorebicaa dakvirveba,
interviu da samTavrobo organoebis mier Segrovebul monacemTa Seswavla.
monografiuli gamokvlevis ganviTarebaSi didi roli iTamaSes Cikagos so-
ciologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebma. sociologiaSi swored maT daamkvidres
mkvlevris xangrZlivi droiT dasaxlebis tradicia aqtorebis gverdiT, da
maTTvis saintereso fenomenis mravalmxrivi siRrmiseuli Seswavla.
meTodis aRwera
monografiuli gamokvleva65 calkeuli SemTxevis, Temis an socialuri jgufis
siRrmiseuli da yovelmxrivi Seswavlaa mkvlevarTa xelT arsebuli yvela
saSualebis meSveobiT, romelTa Soris umniSnvelovanesia CarTuli dakvirveba.
saerTod, CarTul dakvirvebasa da monografiul gamokvlevas Soris imdeni
saerTo elementia, rom zogjer isini gaigivebulicaa erTmaneTTan; miuxedavad
amisa, monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi mkvlevaris xelT kvlevis Catarebis
ufro mdidari da mravalferovani saSualebebia, vidre CarTuli dakvirvebis
Catarebis dros, Tumca es ukanasknelic kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi elementia.
monografiuli gamokvlevis mTavar upiratesobad iTvleba mis mier
problemis siRrmisulad da mravalmxriv Seswavlis unari. am meTods, iseve
rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv meTodebs, safuZvlad udevs maqs veberis saxelTan
dakavSirebuli “interpretaciuli sociologiis” principebi, romelic miznad
isaxavs socialuri agentebis moqmedebaTa sazrisSi Cawvdomas. monografiuli
gamokvlevis Sesaxeb tradiciuli warmodgenis Tanaxmad, mkvlevari Seiswavlis ama
Tu im socialur erTobas masSi “CaZirvis” meSveobiT. am “CaZirvis” Sedegad
mkvlevari ukeT ecnoba Sesaswavli jgufis cxovrebas, iziarebs misi wevrebis
yofas da saSualeba eZleva, maTi TvaliT Sexedos samyaros.
mkvlevris muSaoba iwyeba misi “saitSi” CasvliT da pirveli kontaqtebis
damyarebiT Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan. aseT gamokvlevebSi, ra Tqma
unda, Zalian mniSvnelovania CarTuli dakvirvebis roli; muSaobis warmateba
didad aris damokidebuli kargi informantebis povnaze.
savele muSaobis dros aucilebeli moTxovnaa, mkvlevari imyofebodes
“saitze” sakmoad xangrZlivi drois manZilze, respondentebTan erTad icxovros
da gaiziaros maTi yofis yvela elementi. es saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ara
marto uSualo urTierToba daamyaros aqtorebTan da ufro Rrmad Seiswavlos
maTi cxovreba, aramed, agreTve moipovos maTi ndoba.
65
qarTul enaze jer ar aris damkvidrebuli inglisuri “case-study”-s Sesabamisi termini.
mis qarTul Sesatyvisad Cven vxmarobT termins “monografiuli gamokvleva”, Tumca
misi zusti Targmani “SemTxvevis Seswavla” iqneba.
61
 xangrZlivi savele muSaoba Sedgeba, erTi mxriv, pirveli SexedviT Cveu-
lebrivi yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan, romelsac mkvlevari aqtorebTan erTad
iziarebs, eswreba maT Sexverdebs, muSaobs maT gverdiT, saubrobs maTTan,
isvenebs maTTan erTad da a.S., xolo meore mxriv — yoveldRiuri angariSebis
Sedgenisgan, sadac rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiTaa gadmocemuli yovelive is, rasac
mkvlevari akvirdeboda da rac man Seityo dRis manZilze. yovelive es Zalian
mkacr TviTdisciplinas, sakuTari Tavis moqmedebebis kontrols da drois
optimalurad ganawilebis unars moiTxvos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
mkvlevari marto muSaobs.
monografiuli gamokvleva SeiZleba Caataros rogorc erTma mkvlevarma,
aseve mkvlevarTa jgufma. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa gamokvlevis Zalian
maRal doneze organizeba, raTa kvleviTi jgufis wevrebi marTlac erTsa da imave
sakiTxze muSaobdnen, da miRebuli iqnes Sedegebi, romelTa Sedarebac SemdgomSi
SesaZlebeli iqneba. Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevebi individualur
kvleviT proeqtebs warmoadgenda, da dRemde SeimCneva tendencia, es kvleviTi
midgoma erTi mkvlevris mier iqnes gamoyenebuli.
monografiuli gamokvlevis Catarebis procesSi mkvlevari arasodes
yabuldeba informaciis Segrovebis mxolod erT meTods, aramed ramdenime
urTierTSemavsebel meTodikas gamoiyenebs, romlebic Sesaswavli problemis
gansxvavebul mxareebs gamoavlenen. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, dakvirveba da
sxvadasxva saxis interviu, dokumentebis analizi, fokus-jgufi; es SeiZleba iyos,
agreTve saarqivo sabuTebis Seswavla, piradi werilebi da/an dRiurebi, aseve —
fotosuraTebi da sxv. sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs gamokvlevis
Sedegebis sandoobis gazrdas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania Tvisebrivi meTodebiT
Catarebuli yvela gamokvlevisaTvis. arcTu iSviaTad, Sesaswavli Temis Sesaxeb
sruli informaciis miRebis mizniT mkvlevrebi mimarTaven mosaxleobis aRweras
an gamokiTxvas ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi mravalmeToduri midgoma
axasiTebda jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria iahodas,
pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebul gamokvlevas, romlis Temac
umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.66 es gamokvleva Catarda
sofelSi, romlis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba struqturuli cvlilebebis
Sedegad umuSevari darCa. mkvlevarTa mizani mosaxleobaze umuSevrobis gavlenis
Seswavla iyo, rac maT iseTi gansxvavebuli midgomebis gamoyenebiT ganaxor-
cieles, rogorebicaa raodenobrivi monacemebis Segroveba da situaciaSi
“CarTva”. am gamokvlevis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli angariSis dasawyisSive
mkvlevrebs moyavT Tavisi infomaciis wyaroebis sruli sia:
“saojaxo dosie: marientalSi mcxovrebi 478-ve ojaxis yvela wevris Sesaxeb
Segrovebuli iqna detaluri da vrceli informacia: maTi piradi monacemebi, umuSevrobis
Semweobis saxeoba, da sxva. dosie Seicavda agreTve srul informacias sacxovrebeli
pirobebis, ojaxuri cxovrebis, ojaxSi Sromis ganawilebis Sesaxeb da a.S. damatebiT,
yvela ojaxSi Cveni TxovniT avsebdnen saojaxo dRiurs.
cxovrebis istoriebi: Cven CaviwereT 32 mamakacis da 30 qalis detaluri cxovrebis
istoria. am istoriebis mniSvneloba pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom isini
adamianis mTel cxovrebas asaxaven. rodesac am adamianebma umuSevrobis Sesaxeb daiwyes
laparaki, maTi Txroba ukve mimdinareobda. maTTvis ufro ioli iyo umuSevrobis
gamocdilebis aRwera, vinaidan am droisaTvis maT ukve moyolili hqondaT Tavisi
cxovrebis wina periodis Sesaxeb, romelic maTTvis Sedarebebis safuZvels warmoadgenda.
Cven rom pirdapir maTi axlandeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb dagvesva kiTxvebi, Sedegad
SeiZleba moridebuli siCume an arafrismTqmeli saerTo frazebi migveRo.
drois grafikebi: 80 adamianma Seavso kiTxvari, romelSic aRweres, Tu rogor
gaatares Tavisi cxovrebis erTi dRe.
angariSebi da Civilebi: Cven SeviswavleT ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze venis
noiStatis olqis samrewvelo komisiaSi wardgenili angariSebi da Civilebi (marientali am
olqSi Sedis).
66
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed
Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.
62
rodesac mkvlevari Tavidanve acnobs aqtorebs Tavis vinaobas da miznebs, da
gaumJRavnebeli (ingl. covert), romlis drosac aqtorebisTvis ucnobia, rom saqme
aqvT mkvlevarTan — isini mas aRiqvamen, rogorc socialuri situaciis rigiT
monawiles. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaumJRavnebeli dakvrivebis warmoebas Tavisi
upiratesobebi aqvs (upirveles yovlisa, aRar gvaqvs saqme reaqtiulobis
problemasTan), is Zalze seriozul eTikur problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli,
vinaidan misi warmoebis dros Segnebulad xdeba aqtorebis SecdomaSi Seyvana.
amasTan, mkvlevari mudam “gamomJRavnebis” saSiSroebis winaSea — yovelTvis aris
imis SesaZlebloba, rom romelime aqtori Seityobs mis namdvil vinaobas, an vinmes
xelSi Cauvardeba mis mier kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli Canawerebi.
gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac SeuZle-
belia ama Tu im jgufis Seswavla sxvagvarad, rodesac kvlevis erTaderT
saSualebas gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens; arcTu iSviaTad,
mkvlevari ase Seiswavlis daxurul jgufebs, maT Soris — kriminalur
dajgufebebs. magram Tu mkvlevari kriminaluri dajgufebis wevri xdeba kvlevis
Catarebis mizniT da ar miaCnia mizanSewonilad Tavisi namdvili vinaobis gam-
JRavneba, maSin is iZulebulia, monawileoba miiRos am jgufis kanonsawinaaRmdego
qmedebebSi; garda amisa, mas eqneba informacia dagegmili qurdobis/Zarcvis/yaCa-
Robis Sesaxeb. rogor unda moiqces is aseT SemTxvevebSi? am sakiTxis gadawyveta
Zalian rTulia, imitom rom Tu is Seatyobinebs policias aseT informacias, maSin
iZulebuli gaxdeba Sewyvitos kvleva, xolo Tu Tavs Seikavebs am informaciis
gamxelisagan, maSin damnaSaveTa Tanamonawile xdeba.
CarTuli dakvirvebis sami etapi gamoiyofa — aRweriTi, fokusirebuli da
SerCeviTi dakvirveba.56
mkvlevari axorcielebs aRweriT dakvirvebas (descriptive observation) kvlevis
sawyis etapze, rodesac mas jer ara aqvs gadawyvetili, socialuri realobis
konkretulad romel aspeqtebze gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas. amitom am etapze is
“yvelafers akvirdeba”, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvelafris dakvirveba sinamdvileSi
SeuZlebelia. aRweriTi dakvirveba dakvirvebis pirveli, sacdeli etapia, romlis
msvlelobaSic mkvlevari cdilobs, gaerkves arsebul socialur situaciaSi da
Seiqmnas saerTo warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu “ra xdeba aq”. aRweriTi dakvirvebis
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia pasuxi gavceT mkvlevaris winaSe mdgar aRweriT
kiTxvebze57, romlebic saerTo xasiaTis informaciis miRebas isaxavs miznad.
warmovidginoT, rom es esaa daviwyeT dakvirvebis Catareba sasamarTloSi da
gvsurs SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba garkveuli tipis saqmeebis warmoeba.
dakvirvebis aRweriT etapze Cven SevZlebT mxolod Zalian saerTo doneze
aRvweroT, Tu rogor iqceva sasamrTlo darbazSi xalxi; ra Temebs exeboda Cvens
mier mosmenili saubrebi, ra tipis saqmeebis ganxilva mimdinareobs, romeli
saqmeebi iwvevs yvelaze did interess da a.S.
aRweriT dakvirvebas ar SeuZlia met-naklebad mniSvnelovani Sedegebi
mogvces — misi erTaderTi mizania, dagvexmaros dakvirvebis fokusis dadgenaSi —
xSirad es xdeba eqspertebTan da/an Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgenlebTan
konsultaciebis meSveobiT, romlebic eyrdnoba aRweriTi dakvirvebis dros
Segrovil masalas.
dakvirvebis fokusis SerCeva da misi Semdgomi dazusteba, anu saboloo jamSi
im situaciis SerCeva, romelic Cveni Seswavlis “fokusSi” moeqceva, yovelTvis
konkretuli gamokvlevis miznebidan da amocanebidan gamomdinareobs. fokusis
SerCevaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos socialuri situaciis
monawileebTan gasaubrebis Sedegad miRebulma informaciam, maTma komentarebma.
fokusirebuli dakvirveba (focused observation) dakvirvebis meore etapia,
rodesac mkvlevars ukve gamokveTili aqvs Seswavlis konkretuli erTeulebi.
dakvirvebis fokusireba Zalauneburad iwvevs socialuri situaciis im
elementebis ignorirebas, romlebic ar warmoadgens Seswavlis uSualo interess.
56
James P. Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 33-34.
57
jeims spradlis mohyavs aRweriTi kiTxvebis yvela SesaZlo tipis cxrili (ix. James
Spradley. Op. cit. Pp. 82-83).
51
 “ubralo” dakvirveba Seesabameba situacias, rodesac mkvlevari saerTod ar
iRebs monawileobas socialur situaciaSi — magaliTad, is zis kafeSi da mxolod
akvirdeba im movlenebs, romlebic iq viTardeba.
amis sapirispirod, socialur situaciaSi sruli CarTva Seesabameba CarTul
dakvirvebas (participant observation), romlis drosac mkvlevari ar rCeba gare
damkvirveblad, aramed srul monawileobas iRebs im socialur situaciebSi,
romlebsac Seiswavlis. es monawileoba gamoixateba aqtorebTan erTad maT
yoveldRiur saqmianobasa Tu zeimebSi monawileobis miRebaSi; damatebiT,
mkvlevari awarmoebs araformalur gasaubrebebs aqtorebTan an srulfasovan
interviuebs atarebs maTTan.
CarTuli dakvirvebaa is meTodi, romelic xSirad gaigivebulia Tavad Tviseb-
riv meTodebTan da/an eTnografiasTan; xSirad literaturaSi terminebi
“eTnografia”, “eTnografiuli kvleva” da “CarTuli dakvirveba” ixmareba rogorc
sinonimebi.53
CarTuli dakvirvebis meTodisadmi miZRvnil klasikur saxelmZRvanelod
iTvleba jeims spradlis “CarTuli dakvirveba”.54 spradlis Tanaxmad, ucnob
socialur situaciaSi moxvedrili nebismieri adamiani CarTuli damkvirvebeli
xdeba, vinaidan misTvis ucxoa am situaciaSi moqmedi wesebi da normebi, da is
iZulebuli xdeba, gamoikvlios da Seiswavlos isini xalxTan urTierTobis meS-
veobiT.
socialuri mecnierebebis farglebSi CarTuli dakvirveba warmoadgens
mcdelobas gavigoT, Tu ra mniSvnelobebs aniWeben sxvadasxva socialuri Tu
kulturuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi TavianT cxovrebas, rogor aRiqvamen
sxvadasxva movlenebs da ra mniSvnelobas aniWeben maT. amis Seswavlas sakmaod
bevri dro sWirdeba. CarTuli dakvirvebis minimalur xangrZlivobad ramdenime
Tve iTvleba; srulfasovani gamokvleva ki sul cota erTi wlis manZilze
grZeldeba, vinaidan erTi SexedviT martiv socialur situaciebSic ki xSirad
Rrma da rTuli kulturuli azria Caqsovili. imisaTvis, rom kargad SeviswavloT
ucxo kulturis warmomadgenlebi, maTi kulturuli normebi da/an simboloebi,
didi droa saWiro. maSinac ki, Tu gamokvlevis savele periods ramdenime
weliwads davuTmobT, iZulebulebi viqnebiT, SevarCioT cxovrebis konkretuli
aspeqtebi, romlebic dakvirvebis ZiriTad fokuss warmoadgenen da romlebsac
dawvrilebiT SeviswavliT, danarCenebs ki mxolod zedapiruli yuradReba
davuTmoT.
ar arsebobs CarTuli dakvirvebis warmoebis sayovelTao wesebi, iseve ro-
gorc ar arsebobs dakvirvebis saitis SerCevasTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaci-
ebi. am gadawyvetilebebis miReba yovelTvis konkretuli situaciidan gamomdi-
nare xdeba. xSirad mkvlevari iwyebs muSaobas garemoSi, sadac aravis ar icnobs; is
ubralod midis kafeebSi, biblioTekebSi, eswreba ama Tu im Temis mier
organizebul RonisZiebebs, dadis SerCeuli “saitis” quCebSi, da TandaTan icnobs
xalxs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi misi informaciis wyaroebi gaxdebian.
miuxedavad am meTodikis simartivisa, “quCaSi dgomis” strategia Zalian efeq-
turia. magram informantebis gacnobis Semdeg Tveebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom
mkvlevarma daimkvidros adgili Sesaswavl jgufSi da moipovos xalxis ndoba.
h.r.bernardi Tvlis, rom am meTodis Seswavlis saukeTeso xerxi misi praq-
tikuli gamoyenebaa. amasTan, misi azriT, SeuZlebelia am meTodis warmatebiT
gamoyeneba, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba SecdomaSi Seiyvanos is xalxi, visTanac is
muSaobs, anu aqtorebi. “sakuTari Tavis wardgenis wesebi Zalze martivia, — ambobs
bernardi. — ilaparakeT simarTle, iyaviT Tanamimdevruli da nu ilaparakebT
zedmets. CarTul dakvirvebaSi, Tu mkvlevari Seecdeba warmoadginos Tavi sxva
adamianad, vidre is sinamdvileSia, is ver miaRwevs warmatebas”55.
CarTuli dakvirvebis ori tipi arsebobs — gamJRavnebuli, (ingl. overt),
53
qarTulad CarTuli dakvirveba zog SemTxvevaSi moixsenieba rogorc “monawile
dakvirveba” rac Sesabamisi inglisuri terminis ufro zusti Targmania.
54
James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
55
H. Russel Bernard. 1994. Research Methods in Anthropology. 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers.
P. 144.
50
saskolo eseebi: skolis damwyebi da saSualo klasebis ramdenime moswavlem dawera
naSromebi Semdeg Temebze: “ra minda yvelaze metad”, “vin minda viyo” da “ra saCuqari minda
saSobaod”.
eseebis konkursi, romlis gamarjvebulisTvisac dawesebuli iyo jildo: ramdenime
mozardma dawera naSromi Temaze: “rogor mesaxeba Cemi momavali”.
kvebis angariSebi: erTi kviris manZilze 40 ojaxi iwerda, Tu ras Wamdnen, agreTve, ra
sagzals atandnen skolaSi bavSvebs Semweobis miRebis wina dRes da Semweobis miRebis
Semdgom dRes.
sxvadasxva saxis informacia: Cven SevagroveT informacia 80 patara bavSvis mier
miRebuli saSobao saCuqrebis Sesaxeb; barebSi saubris Temebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb; im
sirTuleebis Taobaze, romlebsac mSoblebi Svilebis aRzrdisas awydebian (im Canawerebis
safuZvelze, romlebic eqimis sakonsultacio kabinetSi moviZieT); samedicino analizebi;
maswavleblebisgan miRebuli informacia maTi moswavleebis warmatebebis Sesaxeb;
saxelmwifo organoebis, qarxnis, eklesiis da sxvaTa mier warmoebuli saqvelmoqmedo
saqmianobis Sesaxeb; duqanSi, dalaqTan, yasabTan, fexacmlis SemkeTebelTan, mkeravTan,
konditerTan daxarjuli Tanxebis Sesaxeb; agreTve, sxvadasxva politikuri klubis Tu
sxva organizaciebis mier mowodebuli informacia.
statistikuri monacemebi: am tipis monacemebs warmoadgenda kooperatiuli maRaziis
saangariSo wignebi; sajaro biblioTekidan gatanili wignebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli
Canawerebi; informacia gazeTebis gamoweris Sesaxeb; klubebis wevrebis raodenoba;
arCevnebis Sedegebi; asakobrivi ganawilebis, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, qorwinebebis da
migraciis maCveneblebi.
saojaxo statistika: marientalSi Camovida savaWro palatis oficialuri
warmomadgeneli specialuri mizniT: raTa Seegrovebina saojaxo statistika, magram
teqnikuri sirTuleebis gamo man mxolod ramdenime ojaxis monacemebis Segroveba
moaxerxa.”67
garda amisa, kvlevis manZize sofelSi ganxorcielebuli iqna ramdenime
socialuri progarma (e.w. tansacmlis proeqti; samedicino momsaxurebis pro-
eqti; Wra-kervis kursebi; konsultaciebi mSoblebisaTvis da sxv.); am programebis
msvlelobaSi, agreTve Segrovebuli iqna damatebiTi informacia. informaciis
wyaroebis aseTi mdidari sia Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevebisTvisac
STambeWdavad gamoiyureba.
Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebic intensiurad iyenebdnen e.w. “mravalmeTo-
dur midgomas” (multimethod approach) monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi; isini
Tvlidnen, rom amis meSveobiT informaciis maqsimalurad farTo speqtris
Segroveba iyo SesaZlebeli. oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi, romlebsac isini iyenebdnen,
iyo: (1) Sesaswavli dasaxlebuli punqtis socialuri istoria; (2) ama Tu im
maCveneblebis gavrcelebis amsaxveli grafikuli masalebi; (3) sxvadasxva
kulturuli jgufis an urTierTobis modelebis aRwera, da (4) iseTi
raodenobrivi monacemebis statistikuri analizi, rogorebicaa Semosavlebi da
xarjebi, mosaxleobis mobiloba, miwis zoma, da sxv.
Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris gansakuTrebuli popularobiT
sargeblobda aseTi gamokvlevebSi piradi xasiaTis dokumentebis (werilebis,
dRiurebis) gamoyeneba, iseve rogorc gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis daTmoba
respondentebis cxovrebis istoriebisadmi; rig SemTxvevebSi, gamokvlevis
saboloo angariSic ise iyo moyolili, rogorc mTavar aqtorTa cxovrebis
istoria68. am angariSebSic Tavis asaxvas poulobs kvlevis dros ramdenime me-
Todis gamoyeneba, ramdenadac aq moyvanilia rogorc dakvirvebis Sedegebi, aseve
Catarebuli interviuebis fragmentebi, eqspertebis Sefasebebi, romlebic arc
Tu iSviaTad ilustrirebulia rukebiT, sqemebiT an fotosuraTebiT.
monografiuli gamokvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebuli meTodebis mravalfe-
rovneba aqtualurs xdis SekiTxvas, romelsac rigi mkvlevari svams: kerZod,
ufro gamarTlebuli xom ar iqneboda, monografiul gamokvlevas ewodos
67
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Op. cit. Pp. 4-5.
68
mag.: Clifford R. Shaw. 1966. The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy’s Own Story. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
63
kvleviTi midgoma (romelic meTodebis vrcel arsenals aerTianebs), da ara
romelime erTi calkeuli meTodi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvas dadebiTad unda
vupasuxoT.
ra Tqma unda, mravali meTodis gamoyenebisas moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo
gansxvavebuli, zogjer — sawinaaRmdego Sedegebis miReba. Tumca, “raodenobrivi”
mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi amas ar aRiqvamen
rogorc saSiSroebas, aramed rogorc kidev erT SesaZleblobas, miRebul
Sedegebs gansxvavebuli TvaliT SevxedoT, rac, saboloo jamSi, sruli da
yovelmxrivi suraTis daxatvaSi unda dagvexmaros. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos
isic, rom monografiul gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebuli meTodebi savsebiT ar
Semoifargleboda mxolod Tvisebrivi meTodebiT — piriqiT, isini xSirad
mdidrdeboda statistikuri da raodenobrivi monacemebiT. Cikagos skolis erT-
erTi lideris, ernest berjesis TqmiT, “ori midgomis Tanamoqmedeba ueWvelad
yvelaze nayofieri iqneba”69.
rogorc am meTodis Teoretikosebi miiCneven, kvleviTi amocanebis dasaxva
monografiuli gamokvlevis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
mkvlevarma daiwyo savele samuSaoebi, amitom TviTon gamokvleva iwyeba, rogorc
wesi, gamokvlevis saerTo Temis gansazRvriT, da ara konkretuli hipoTezebis
SemuSavebiT. amis Sedegad monografiuli gamokvleva gansakuTrebuli moqnilo-
biT gamoirCeva. Tumca, rogorc robert iini aRniSnavs, “paradoqsaluria, magram
rac ufro “rbilia” kvleviTi strategia, miT ufro rTuli gansaxorcielebelia
is praqtikulad”70.
monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebaSi Zalian didia mkvlevris roli da
Zalian bevria damokidebuli am ukanasknelis profesiulobaze. monografiuli
gamokvlevis Catarebis dros mkvlevari ar aris daculi emociuri stresisagan,
romelic yovelTvis Tan axlavs CarTul dakvirvebas. amitom kvlevis dawyebamde
mis mier kargad unda iyos gaTviTcnobierebuli mis winaSe mdgari sirTuleebi.
ZiriTadad mkvlevarzea damokidebuli, Tu rogor gansazRvravs is
gamokvlvevis xangrZlivobas — is SeiZleba gagrZeldes rogorc ramdenime Tve,
aseve ramdenime weli. Znelia imis dadgena, Tu rodis unda damTavrdes savele
samuSaoebi. metic, rogorc u.f.uaiTi aRiarebs, “romelime Temis an organizaciis
Seswavlas ar SeiZleba, raime logikuri dasasruli hqondes. rac ufro mets
igebT, miT ukeT gesmiT, Tu ra dagrCaT kidev Sesaswavli”71.
iTvleba, rom monografiuli gamokvleva yvelaze efeqturia rogorc
romelime socialuri problemis winaswar Seswavlis, misi pirveladi aRweris
saSualeba, amitom praqtikaSi es meTodi yvelaze xSirad aRweriT fuqncias
asrulebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve xedavda am meTodis rols Cikagos skolis
warmomadgeneli vivien palmeri, am meTodisadmi miZRvnili pirveli saxel-
mZRvanelos72 avtori (es saxelmRvanelo 1928 wels gamovida). Tumca Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom am meTods savsebiT Seswevs
Zala, ara marto aRweros, aramed, agreTve axsnas esa Tu is socialuri situacia;
kerZod, robert iini gamoyofs monografiuli gamokvlevebis or gansxvavebul
saxeobas — romlebic aRweren socialur sinamdviles da romlebic xsnian mas.73
monografiuli gamokvlevis Sedegebi vrceli angariSis, xSirad ki — wignis
saxiT xdeba xolme cnobili, sadac avtori cdilobs, SesTavazos mkiTxvels
Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebis Rirebulebebis da normebis Taviseburi inter-
69
citirebulia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Martin Bulmer. 1984. The Chicago School of Sociology.
Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research. Chicago and London: The University
of Chicago Press. P. 162.
70
Robert K Yin. 1994. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2nd Ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
P. 16.
71
William F. Whyte. 1993. Street Corner Society. The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Fourth Edition.
Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. P. 324-325.
72
Viven M. Palmer. 1928. Field Studies in Sociology: A Student’s Manual. Chicago, Ill.: The University of
Chicago Press.
73
Robert K. Yin. Op. cit.
64
qceva, da sxva. mklevris uSualo interesi SeiZleba iyos xalxis Cacmuloba ama Tu
im situaciaSi; an mosaxleobis quCaSi moZraobis siCqare, nacnobebTan
gamosaubrebis mizniT SeCerebis sixSire da am SeCerebebis xangrZlivoba.
iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda51, kvlevis procesSi damkvirvebeli Zalauneburad
axdens gavlenas moqmed pirebze da socialur situaciebze, romelSic isini arian
CarTulni. es gavlena cnobilia rogorc reaqtiuloba — ician ra, rom maT
moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu
rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da
saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara,
isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram
dakvirvebis warmoebisas Zalze seriozul problemas warmoadgens, vinaidan
amaxinjebs Sedegebs. misi srulad gadalaxva faqtiurad SeuZlebelia, Tumca
arsebobs misi Semcirebis SesaZleblobebi, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubrebT.
meTodis daxasiaTeba
iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva tipis gamokvleva, dakvirveba Sesaswavli
erTeulis gamoyofiT iwyeba. es SeiZleba iyos:
o adgili, sadac xdeba moqmedeba. specialur literaturaSi es adgili
moxsenieba rogorc “saiti” (ingl. site);
o adamianebi, romlebic CarTulni arian CvenTvis saintereso saqmianobaSi da
vis moqmedebebsac vakvirdebiT, anu “aqtorebi” (ingl. actor);
o TviTon moqmedeba an saqmianoba (scenebi), situaciebi, movlenebi, romlebsac
uSualod vakvirdebiT; da
o nivTebi, romlebis irgvliv an romelTa gamoyenebiTac xdeba moqmedeba.
socialur gamokvlevebSi dakvirvebis meTodi iSviaTad gvxvdeba rogorc
kvlevis erTaderTi meTodi. es imiT aixsneba, rom, rogorc vTqviT, dakvirveba
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebis cxov-
rebis wesis Seswavlis mizniT, aseTi Seswavla ki SeuZlebelia mxolod dakvirvebis
meSveobiT — is aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sxva meTodebis gamoyenebasac, upirve-
les yovlisa — gasaubrebas Sesaswavli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan da eqsperteb-
Tan, romlebic dagvexmarebian sworad avxsnaT is, rac davafiqsireT dakvirvebis
dros. gasaubreba ki, ra Tqma unda, intervius erT-erTi saxeobaa. amitom “sufTa”,
an “ubralo” dakvirveba, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari ar amyarebs urTi-
erTobas aqtorebTan, romlebsac is Seiswavlis, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. rogorc
wesi, dakvirvebis meTodi ixmareba kompleqsurad sxva meTodebTan — upirveles
yovlisa, interviusTan erTad, da am meTodiT muSaobisas mkvlevari Zalaune-
burad erTveba socialur situaciaSi, romelSic aqtorebi monawileoben.
mkvlevris monawileoba socialur situaciaSi, misi CarTva im procesebSi,
romlebsac is Seiswavlis, SeiZleba sxvadasxva intnsiurobiT moxdes. am intensi-
urobidan gamomdinare, gamoiyofa CarTvis Semdegi tipebi:52
CarTvis intensiuroba CarTvis tipi
maRali sruli (“CarTuli dakvirveba”)
aqtiuri
saSualo
mokrZalebuli
dabali pasiuri
mkvlevari ar iRebs monawileobas ar aris “CarTva”
socialur situaciaSi
(“ubralo dakvirveba”)
51
aseT SemTxvevad SeiZleba CavTvaloT situacia, rodesac Sesaswavli obieqti ver
igrZnobs damkvirveblis arsebobas — erT-erTi aseTi magaliTia dakvirveba xalxmraval
adgilebSi.
52
ix. James P. Spradley. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. gv. 58.
49
 Tema 4.
dakvirveba
intervius nebismier saxeobas (maT Soris siRrmiseul intervius da fokus-
jgufs) informaciis Segrovebis verbaluri saSualebebi udevs safuZvlad. magram
adamianTa cxovrebaSi ara naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs moqmedebebs, qcevebs,
urTierTobas, da am moqmedebebs Soris aris iseTebi, romelTa sityvierad aRwera
da gadmocema respondents SeiZleba gauWirdes; damaxinjebulad gadmogvces
isini; an ubralod ar CaTvalos laparakis Rirsad. arada, es SeiZleba iyos
moqmedebebi, romelTa mniSvnelobac socialuri cxovrebis analizisaTvis Zalze
didia. zog SemTxvevaSi respondentebi ar aqceven yuradRebas sakuTari qcevis
garkveul detalebs, amitom intervius dros ver ixseneben maT; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki
isini arasworad ixsomeben imas, Tu rogor ganviTarda movlenebi. socialuri
mecnierebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom adamianebi ar arian sakuTari qcevis
kargi aRmwerebi, da ver gvawvdian sando informacias mis Sesaxeb.50
situaciebSi, rodesac intervius verc erT saxeobas ver gamoviyenebT,
CvenTvis saWiro informaciis mopovebaSi dakvirveba dagvexmareba.
dakvirvebis meTodi Zalze farTod gamoiyeneba socialur mecnierebebSi.
yvelaze xSirad am meTods antropologebi da eTnografebi mimarTaven
gansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenelebis cxovrebis Seswavlis mizniT, da aq
sityva “kultura” Zalze farTo gagebiT ixmareba. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc sxva,
SedarebiT mcirericxovani da naklebad cnobili socialuri jgufis kultura
(magaliTad, rok-musikosebis; damnaSaveebis; mecxvareebis) da maTi cxovrebis
Sinagani wesebis dadgena, aseve antropologiuri gamokvlevebi — naklebad
cnobili tomis an eris cxovreba an am cxovrebis romelime aspeqti, iqneba es maTi
religiuri wes-Cveulebebi; Taobebs Soris urTierToba; Sromis ganawileba, Tu
sxva. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi kvleva Soreul qveynebSi xorcieldeba, SedarebiT
naklebad Seswavlil kunZulebze, magram Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi
savsebiT miRebulia, mivmarToT dakvirvebas Cvensave qalaqebSi mcxovrebi xalxis
subkulturis Seswavlis mizniT.
dakvirvebis meTodis Teoretikosebi, kerZod, h.r.bernardi, xazs usvamen im
garemoebas, rom damkvirveblis amocana gacilebiT iolia misTvis ucxo
kulturaSi muSaobis dros; es amocana mniSvnelovnad rTuldeba, rodesac mas
mSobliur kulturaSi uwevs dakvirvebis ganxorcieleba. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom
mSobliur kulturaSi Cven “bunebrivad” aRviqvamT da Cveulebrivad gveCveneba
moqmedebebisa da reaqciebis umravlesoba, romlebic mraval kiTxvas warmoSoben,
Tu maT miukerZoebeli TvaliT SevxedavT; zogierTi mniSvnelovani elementi ki
SeiZleba saerTod yuradRebis gareSe dagvrCes, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom
isini Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia da miCveulebi varT maT.
dakvirveba erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tvisebriv meTods warmoadgens, romlis
umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom is bunebriv garemoSi xorcieldeba, iq, sadac rea-
lurad mimdinareobs cxovreba, da ara “laboratoriul” pirobebSi, rogoricaa
mkvlevris ofisi. swored es garemoeba ganapirobebs am meTodis specifikas da
masTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs. Tumca Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom
Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoirCeva Tavisi araformaluri xasiaTiT, es gansakuTrebiT
sworia dakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeuZlebelia imis winaswarmetyveleba,
Tu vin Sexvdeba mkvlevars quCaSi an kafeSi; rodis, ra pirobebSi da ra Temaze
mouwevs intervius Catareba; ra movlenebis momswre gaxdeba dRis manZilze.
iTvleba, rom dakvirvebis warmoebis yvelaze mizanSewonili obieqtia yovel-
dRiuri saqmianoba, romelic mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe meordeba dRidan
dRemde. es SeiZleba iyos urTierToba TanamSromlebs Soris samuSao saaTebSi;
Tavisufali drois organizacia ojaxSi an megobarTa wreSi; saswavlo procesi
(skolSi, umaRles saswavlebelSi); bazris cxovreba an maRaziaSi myidvelebis
50
Robert S. Weiss. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New York:
Free Press. P. 236.
48
pretacia. amitom mkvlevars naratiuli niWi unda hqondes. am mxriv sainteresoa,
rom am meTodis Camoyalibebis periodSi, rodesac jer ar arsebobda Teoriuli
literatura mis Sesaxeb, Cikagos universitetis studentebs urCevdnen, ekiTxaT
romanebi da avtobiografiuli Txzulebebi, romlebic Tanamimdevrulad asaxaven
adamianis an jgufis cxovrebas da amdenad garkveulwilad avsebdnen arsebul
sicarieles.
Tavdapirvelad monografiuli gamokvlevis CatarebisTvis yvelaze
mizanSewonil “saitebad” iTvleboda did qalaqebs da sxva dasaxlebebs
mowyvetili patara soflebi da mcire izolirebuli tomebi, vinaidan, erTi mxriv,
maTi mosaxleobis kulturuli da eTnikuri erTianoba SesaZlebels xdida, aseTi
dasaxlebebi ganxiluli yofiliyo rogorc kulturuli erToba, xolo meore
mxriv, maTi mcire zoma da mosaxleobis mcire raodenoba aseT Seswavlas
SesaZlebels xdida erTi adamianis ZalebiTac ki.
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi monografiuli gamokvlevis meSveobiT Seiswavlian
iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa saskolo ganaTlebis xarisxi,
socialuri daxmarebis programebis efeqturoba, Tanamedrove samrewvelo
organizaciebis struqtura, eTnikuri da rasobrivi problemebi da sxv. Tumca,
iseve rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisSi, monografiuli gamokvlevebi SedarebiT
mcire Temebis an organizaciebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, raTa SesaZlebeli
iyos mkvlevris uSualo kontaqti Sesaswavli jgufis wevrebTan.
saboloo jamSi, monografiuli gamokvlevis mizania aRweros Sesaswavli
jgufis cxovreba da gaaanalizos am cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi,
SeZlebisdagvarad — gaakeTos mecnieruli daskvnebi jgufSi arsebuli ierarqiis,
urTierTobaTa specifikis da a.S. Sesaxeb.
“SIDEWALK”: monografiuli gamokvlevis erTi magaliTi
Tanamedrove monografiuli gamokvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso
magaliTia mitCel dunieris wigni “Sidewalk” (“trotuari”)74. es wigni am meTodis
gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSad iTvleba, romelmac ramdenime premiac ki
miiRo75. garda imisa, rom es saintereso da SemecnebiTi kvlevaa, is amave dros
inovaciurisaa rogorc savele samuSaoebis Catarebis, aseve Sedegebis
warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT — is uxvadaa ilustrirebuli fotosuraTebiT,
romlebic “Cikago tribiun”-is fotokorespondentma ovi karterma gadauRo
dunieris TxovniT aqtorebs da im garemos, sadac maT uwevdaT cxovreba da
muSaoba (da, ra Tqma unda, suraTebi aqtorebis nebarTviT iqna gadaRebuli).
Sesabamisad, mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva sakuTari TvaliT naxos is adamianebi,
romlebic wignis mTavari gmirebi arian, dainaxos is garemo, sadac isini
cxovroben da muSaoben. garda amisa, dunieris kvleva erT-erTi im kvlevaTagania,
romlis procesSic ganviTarda gansakuTrebiT mWidro urTierToba da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, inteleqtualuri TanamSromloba mkvlevarsa da informantebis Soris;
dunierma saSualeba misca informantebs, gacnobodnen wignis xelnawers da
TavianTi SeniSvnebi gamoeTqvaT. dunieris kvleva imiTac gamoirCeva, rom man
gamomcemlobasTan gaaforma kontraqti, romlis mixedviTac mis informantebs
wignis gayidvidan Semosuli mogebis garkveuli procenti unda mieRoT. ufro
metic, dunierma miiwvia Tavisi ZiriTadi informanti, hakim hasani Tavis
universitetSi da masTan erTad uZRveboda seminars bakalavrebisaTvis “Savi
amerikis quCis cxovreba da gonebrivi cxovreba” (“The Life of the Street and the Life of
Mind in Black America”); dunierma, agreTve SesTavaza hakim hasans, misi wignis
blosityvaobis avtori yofiliyo, razec hasans uari ar uTqvams.
dunieris kvleva, iseve rogorc bevri sxva monografiuli gamokvleva,
sruliad SemTxveviT daiwyo. niu-iorkSi myofi dunieris yuradReba miipyro
wignebis erT-erTma quCis movaWrem — hakim hasanma, romlis magidazec man Tavisi
wigni dainaxa.
74
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
75
Los Angeles Time Book Prize da The C.Wright Mills Award.
65
 “— saidan gaqvT es wigni? — vkiTxe mas, Tan gamefiqra, moparuli xom ar aris- respondnetebi acnobiereben im garemoebas, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg
meTqi. brZola ioli ar aris:
me Cemi arxebi aqvs, — mipasuxa hakimma. — gainteresebT es wigni?
“xan aris, rom isea gamartivebuli qrTamis aRebis procedura, rom Zalian
es wigni me davwere, — vupasuxe.
Znelia vinme konkretulze xelis dadeba” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
marTla? aq axlomaxlo cxovrobT?
diax, quCis kuTxeSi, merseris quCaze. SesaZloa, yvelaze ufro konstruqciulia pozicia, romlis Tanaxmadac
xom ar momcemdiT Tqvens misamarTs da telefonis nomers, Cems rolodeqsSi brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg unda xdebodes erToblivad, rogorc
rom Sevitano?”76 saxelmwifos, aseve calkeuli moqalaqeebis Zalebis gaerTianebis Sedegad:
swored hakimis am bolo frazam gamoiwvia dunieris daintereseba: quCis gam-
“moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda iyvnen, saxelmwifom ki socialuri pirobebi
yidvlebis umravlesoba iqve quCaSi cxovrobda da is faqti, rom hakims hqonda ro- unda mouwesrigos Tavis moqalaqeebs” (policielebi, quTaisi)
lodeqsi — misamarTebis da telefonebis Casaweri specialuri mowyobiloba, ro-
melsac, rogorc wesi, saqmiani adamianebi xmaroben, — marTlac rom gasakviri iyo. “sazogadoeba kanonmorCili unda gaxdes, saxelmwifom socialuri
mitCels daebada idea, dakvirveba daewyo wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis problemebi unda moagvaros” (policielebi, quTaisi)
movaWreebis saqmianobaze da Seeswavla, Tu ra rols TamaSoben es adamianebi —
romelTa didi nawilic usaxlkaroa, zogi narkomani, zogic cixidan axali
gamosuli — qalaqis am ubnis cxovrebaSi. mitCeli Seecada daaxloveboda da oqtomberi, 2004 w.
damegobreboda hasans, da es erT-erTi Tavisi yofili kurselis meSveobiT
moaxerxa, romelic hasanis wignebis xSiri myidveli aRmoCnda.
rogorc dunieri aRniSnavs, Tavidan hasani Zalian skeptikurad Sexvda mis
ideas — pirvel rigSi imitom, rom dunieris gegma iTvaliswinebda Savakniani quCis
movaWreebis gverdiT muSaobas, maSin rodesac quCaSi muSaoba TavisTavad ar iyo
usafrTxo saqmianoba, miT umetes ki dunierisTvis — ebrauli warmoSobis
TeTrkaniani profesorisTvis, romlis garegnobac da aqcentiT maSinve
gamoyofda mas quCis movaWreebs Soris, romelTa umravlesobasac afro-
amerikeli mamakacebi Seadgendnen.
miuxedavad amisa, dunieri TandaTan Caeba dakvirvebaSi, romelic saerTo
jamSi TiTqmis 7 wels gagrZelda — radgan is sxva qalaqSi aswavlida universi-
tetSi, dunieri mxolod ardadegebis periodSi axerxebda dakvirvebis ganxor-
cielebas, ise rom, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, misi kvleva sezonur xasiaTs atarebda.
dunierma hakimi 1992 wels gaicno da nel-nela dauaxlovda mas. hakimma is sxva
quCis movaWreebs gaacno da dunierma daiwyo muSaoba maT damxmared — is Tvals
adevnebda movaWreebis magidebs, rodesac isini sxvagan midiodnen; mohqonda yava;
yidulobda da yidda saqonels. 1996 wlis zafxulSi, Semdgom ki 1997 wlis
zafxulSi da Semodgomaze man Jurnalebis gamyidvlad imuSava; 1998 wlis
zafxulSi regularulad midioda xolme “saitze” dReSi ramdneime saaTiT, xolo
1999 wlis martSi, rodesac misi kvleva TiTqmis ukve dasrulebuli iyo, kidev 2
kviris manZilze imuSava sruli datvirTviT rogorc quCis movaWrem77.
Tavad dakvirvebis adgili (Greenwhich Village) niu-iorkis erT-erT yvelaze
Tavisufal, garkveulwilad bohemur raionad iTvleba, sadac uamravi mxatvari,
mwerali, sqesobrivi umciresobebis warmoamdgeneli cxovrobs. aqvea ramdenime
umaRlesi saswavlebeli — niu-iorkis universiteti (NYU), New School University, ise
rom am ubanSi bevri studenti da profesori cxovrobs. es xels aZlevs quCis
gamyidvlebs — am ubnis mosaxleoba maT Zveli wignebiT da JurnalebiT amaragebs;
amasTan, gamyidvlebi Tavad eZeben gadasayrelad gamzadebul nivTebSi wignebs da
Jurnalebs.
Tavdapirvelad dunieri mxolod hasans da mis saqmianobas akvirdeboda; wignis
pirveli variantic mxolod hasans exeboda — mas “hasanis magida” erqva (“Hassan’s
Table”; es saTauri garkveulwilad dunieris pirveli wignis saTauris — “Slim’s
Table” — gamoZaxili iyo). dunierma es varianti hasans waakiTxa, da swored am
ukanasknelma CaTvala, rom kvleva usamarTlod iyo fokusirebuli mxolod masze;
man urCia duniers, Tavis kvlevaSi Jurnalebis gamyidvlebic CaerTo.
kvlevis Catarebis procesSi dunieris ZiriTad “iaraRs” warmoadgnenda
magnitofoni, romelic faqtiurad mTeli dRis manZilze CarTuli iyo. dunieri
cdilobda, yvelaferi Caewera —gamyidvlebis saubrebi erTmaneTs Soris, maTi

76
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 21.
77
Ibid. P. 11.
66 47
 “imaze, razec vCumdebodi me yovelTvis, me gulaxdilad vityvi, razec vCum-
debodi, raRac situaciebze, yovelTvis, me ar gavCumdi erTi Tvis win, Zalian
delikaturad, <...> magram me ukve ratom ar gavCumdi, iciT? me ukve vicodi, rom
zurgi ukve cota magari meqneboda, rom Tu me xmas amoviRebdi da Tu amas vityodi,
ukve vicodi, rom im Cems zurgs ukan ukve SeiZleba damdgariyo adamiani, romelic
mxars momcemda” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
SedarebiT iSviaTad saubroben respodnentebi Tavad moqalaqeTa rolis
Sesaxeb korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:
“aq aris mTavari sakuTari uflebebis da movaleobebis gacnobiereba, da
rogorc Tanamdebobis pirma unda gaiTvaliswinos sakuTari movaleoba, aseve
saxelmwifom nebismieri moqalaqisadmi unda gaacnobieros [Tavisi] ufleba-
movaleoba. ase unda iyos gacnobierebuli kanonis uzenaesoba” (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“sazogadoebam is unda gaakeTos pirvel rigSi, rom unda SeveCvioT SeniSvnis
micemas. ai, magaliTad: quCaSi mimavalma axlagazrdam daagdo Zirs nayinis
qaRaldi, Cven mas SeniSvnas ar mivcemT, rom Caagdos qaRaldi urnaSi” (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)
aqac, sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT studentebi yvelaze xSirad gamoTqvemen
konstruqciul mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori SeiZleba iyos
rigiTi moqalaqeebis roli korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi:
“Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs”
(studentebi, Telavi)
“kanoni unda vicodeT” (studentebi, axalcixe)
“is, rac Sen ici da [sxva adamianma] ar icis — Tundac uflebebi, Tundac Sen
ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is — Sen [unda] daexmaro im adamians im resursiT, rac
Sen gaqvs” (studentebi, Telavi)
“Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba” (studentebi,
Telavi)
“saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi
akisria saxelmwifos winaSe da, rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom
rom misi uflebebi, rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi”
(studentebi, Telavi)
“sabani sadamdec gagwvdeba, ise unda daifaro” (studentebi, axalcixe)
“axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas [korufcias] efeqturad xels, imitom
rom ukve ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis gareSe, da ukve
rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris” (studentebi, Telavi)
mainc, ZiriTadi agenti, romelsac, respondentTa azriT, Seswevs Zala
SeebrZolos korufcias, aris saxelmwifo. mas es SeuZlia gaakeTos Semdegi
RonisZiebebis gatarebis meSveobiT: xelfasebis gazrda da kanonierebis
kulturis damkvidreba, Sesabamisad, dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvra. es
ukanaskneli SeiZleba, kerZod, gakeTdes mosaxleobis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis
meSveobiT:
“saxelmwifom unda izrunos sakuTari moqalaqeebis samarTlebrivi
ganaTlebisaTvis. moqalaqeebi ufro aqtiuri unda gaxdnen, aRar unda ifiqron, es
Cemi saqme ar ariso. unda gaacnobieron, rom saxelmwifos mSenebloba TiToeul
maTganzea damokidebuli. mentalitetis Secvlas albaT dro dasWirdeba”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
“saxelmwifom unda akontrolos xalxi, rogor asrulebs kanons; Tu [kanoni]
ar Sesruldeba, unda agebinon pasuxi” (studentebi, axalcixe)
“saxelmwifom unda daanaxos xalxs, rom kanons Tu ar Seasruleb, daisjebi.
viRaca rom dainaxavs, daisaja, sxvac aRar gaakeTebs” (studentebi, axalcixe)
46
saubrebi myidvelebTan. amasTan, dunieri maqsimalurad cdilobda gaekeTebina im
dialogebis mokle Canawerebi (jotted notes), romlebis momswrec is xdeboda. rogorc
Tavad dunieri aRniSnavs, es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT viTarebaSi,
rodesac erTi kulturis an rasis warmomadgneli ikvlevs sxva kulturis da rasis
warmoadgenlebs. “kulturis mniSvneloba garkveulwilad enaSia Caqsovili, da
SeuZlebelia kulturis gageba sxva kulturis warmomadgenlis mier imis gareSe,
rom yuradReba daeTmos sityvebisa da winadadebebis, maTi Tanamimdevrobis
SerCevas”78. amasTan, dunieri aRniSnavs, rom magnitofons SesaZloa garkveuli
zegavlena moexdina informantebze — rodesac ici, rom Seni saTiTao sityva
fiqsirdeba, Sen Zalauneburad cdilob, akontrolo sakuTari saubari, Tavi
aarido zogierT Temas da ar iyo zedmetad gulaxdili. magram, dunieris TqmiT,
magnitofonma SeZlo is, rac yvelaze mTavari iyo — trotuarze mimdinare
cxovrebis dafiqsireba. Cawerili dialogebis Seswavlis mizniT dunierma saubris
specialur analizs mimarTa (conversational analysis), raTa gamoekveTa urTierTobis
garkveuli strategiebi.
imisaTvis, rom rac SeiZleba sruli informacia Seekriba, dunierma Caatara
interviuebi ZiriTad informantebTan, gaesaubra wignebisa da Jurnalebis
myidvelebs, moinaxula da interviuebi Caatara niu-iorkis im organizaciebis
xelmZRvanelebTan, romlebic qalaqis raionebis keTilmowyobisaTvis ibrZvian da
zRudaven usaxlkaroebs (da usaxlkaro quCis movaWreebs) TaviaanTi raionebis
teritoriebze; gaicno da interviu CamoarTva im adamians, vinc dawera kanoni
quCaSi beWvdiTi produqciiT vaWrobis Sesaxeb. dunierma aseve Caatara inter-
viuebi axlomdebare kafeebisa da maRaziebis mepatroneebTan, raTa daedgina, Tu
ra azris arian quCis movaWreebis Sesaxeb maT maxloblad momuSave adamianebi.
imis saCveneblad, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos damokidebuleba
quCaSi momuSave adamianebis mimarT maTi socialuri, ekonomikuri da rasobrivi
maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, dunierma, agreTve Caatara Taviseburi sakon-
trolo dakvirveba iqve maxloblad, ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT momuSave
naZvis xeebiT movaWreTa TeTrkanian ojaxze.
es naZvis xeebi yovel zamTars Camoaqvs niu-iorkSi erT ojaxs vermontis
Statidan; isini TeTrkanianebi arian; isini noembris bolos Camodian niu-iorkSi
da Sobamde rCebian. mTeli am periodis manZilze maT manqanis misabmelSi uwevT
cxovreba, sadac arc abazanaa da arc tualeti. magram maT moaxerxes
daemyarebinaT imdenad kargi urTierToba ubanSi mcxovreb xalxTan, rom isini maT
uflebas aZleven, maTi abazanebiT isargeblon, xolo rodesac qalaqgareT midian,
binis gasaRebsac ki utoveben naZvis xeebiT movaWreebs. aseTi keTilmosurne
damokidebuleba radikalurad gansxvavdeba im damokidebulebisgan, rasac
mosaxleoba iCens wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebis mimarT; Zala-
uneburad ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom xdeba ase. dunieris azriT, amas SeiZleba
ramdenime axsna hqondes — is, rom naZvis xeebiT movaWreebi TeTrkanianebi da
saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi arian; is, rom isini bavSvebTan erTad arian
Camosulebi, bavSvebi ki yovelTvis met TanagrZnobas iwveven; sxva mizezebi
SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes im garemoebas, rom bevri quCis movaWre an nasa-
marTlevia, an narkomani/yofili narkomani, rac afrTxobs mosaxleobas; yovelive
amasTan erTad, zog maTgans sakmaod gamomwvevad uWiravs Tavi, rac, ra Tqma unda,
ar iwvevs mosaxleobis simpaTiebs.
dunieri Tvlis, rom jeims vilsonis da jorj kelingis Teoria, romelic
cnobilia rogorc “Camtvreuli fanjrebis Teoria”, quCaSi momuSave wignebisa da
Jurnalebis gamyidvlebTan dakavSirebiT ar marTldeba. es Teoria amtkicebs, rom
Tu romelime ubnis binebSi Camtvreulia fanjrebi da quCebSi matulobs nagavi,
mosaxleobas eqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aravis ar adardebs da aravis ar
ainteresebs, Tu ra xdeba am ubanSi; Sesabamisad, am ubanSi matulobs danaSauli,
mosaxleoba cdilobs sxva ubnebSi gadavides sacxovreblad; saboloo jamSi es
yvelaferi iwvevs kriminogenuli mdgomareobis gauaresebas da ubanSi cxovrebis
donis dacemas.
78
Ibid. P. 339.
67
 am Teoriis gavlenis Sedegad aSS-s policiam gaamkacra damokidebuleba
naklebad seriozuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis danaSaulebebisadmi — maTxov-
rebisadmi, mTvralebisadmi, xulignebisadmi da a.S. aseTi midgomis farglebSi
policia quCis movaWreebic wesrigis damrRvevebad aRiqvams da yvelanairad
cdilobs maTi saqmianobis SezRudvas.
dunieri ki cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis gamyidvlebis magaliTma bevr
cixidan gamosuls uCvena, rom SeiZleboda fulis patiosnad Sovna — anu, quCaSi
muSaoba socialuri reabilitaciis funqcias asrulebs.
rogorc dunierma kvlevis Sedegad daadgina, erTi SexedviT erTmaneTis
msgavs quCis gamyidvlebs Soris sakmaod mkacri ierarqia arsebobs; maT Soris
ganawilebulia rolebi da funqciebi. aq arian “adgilis damkaveblebi”, anu
adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze adre modian da ikaveben savaWro adgils, Semdeg ki
“yidian” mas 20-50 dolarad; aq arian “momtanebi” — adamianebi, romlebsac moaqvT
Senaxuli saqoneli sawyobebidan da amisaTvis garkveul gasamrjelos iReben;
“magidaze Tvalis damWerebs”, romlebic xSirad iqve axlos mdgomi maTxovrebi an
sxva gamyidvlebi arian, Tvali uWiravT ama Tu im saqmeze wasuli gamyidvlis
magidaze, raTa policiam misi konfiskacia ar moaxdinos79, da a.S.
dunieri cdilobs daamtkicos, rom quCis movaWreebi “sajaro figurebi” (public
character) arian, romlebic awesrigeben cxovrebas da sazogadoebrivi kontrolis
funqciasac asruleben.
“sazogadiebrivi figurebis” koncefcia cnobil socialur mecniers, jein
jeikobss (Jane Jacobs) ekuTvnis, romelmac jer kidev 1961 wels gamosca wigni “didi
amerikuli qalaqebis sikvdili da sicocxle” (“Death and Life of Great American Cities”),
sadac is grinviC vilijis ubanSi ganxorcielebuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze
saubrobs Tanamedrove qalquri cxovrebis Sesaxeb:
“trotuaris socialuri cxovreba bevrad aris damokidebuli maTze, visac
SeiZleba TviTdaniSnuli sajaro figurebi vuwodoT. sajaro figura aris nebis-
mieri adamiani, visac xSiri kontaqti aqvs mraval adamianTan da vinc sakmarisad
aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom sakuTari Tavi sajaro figurad warmoaCinos. sa-
jaro figuras ar unda hqondes raime gansakuTrebuli niWi an sibrZne, raTa Tavisi
funqciebi Seasrulos — Tumca mas xSirad aqvs es Tvisebebi. <...> misi mTavari
kvalifikacia isaa, rom is aris sajaro, rom is esaubreba bevr sxvadasxvanair
adamians. amgvarad xdeba axali ambebis gavrceleba, rac trotuaris mizania”80.
jein jeikobsi sajaro figurebad miiCnevs maRaziis gamyidvlebs, mcire
biznesis mepatroneebs, romlebsac “Tvali uWiravT quCaze”. dunieris azriT,
swored aseT funqcias asruleben wignebiT da JurnalebiT quCis movaWreebi — maT
utoveben sagazeTo jixurSi motanil gazeTebs, isini yuradRebas aqceven maT
maxloblad gaCerebul manqanebs, isini esaubrebian ubnis macxovreblebs, da a.S.
Tavis kvlevis meTods mitCel dunieri “diagnostikur eTnografias” uwodebs.
“rodesac me davbrundi me-6 avenueze, raTa memuSava rogorc Jurnalebis
gamyidvels, me jer kidev ar mqonda Camoyalibebuli zusti kvleviTi SekiTxva”81, —
ambobs dunieri. miT umetes, kvlevis sawyis etapze mas ar hqonia Teoria, romlis
Semowmebasac apirebda. amitom is cdilobda yuradReba gaemaxvilebina quCaSi
mimdinare koleqtiur saqmianobaze; rogor xdeboda saqonlis moZieba, rogori
urTierToba iyo gamyidvlebsa da myidvelebs, gamyidvlebsa da policielebs
Soris, da a.S. “is, rom me ar mqonda gakrveuli kvleviTi SekiTxva Cemi kvlevis
dawyebisas, SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes imas, rac sociologiaSia miRebuli.
miuxedavad amisa, me sxvanairi Sexeduleba maqvs. xSirad socialur mecnierebebSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki Tvisebrivi kvlevis dros, rodesac monacemTa didi raodenoba
moipoveba, kvlevis dizaini monacemebis Segrovebis Semdeg gamoikveTeba xolme.
79
kanonis Tanaxmad, policies ufleba aqvs im magidis konfiskacia moaxdinos, romelic
upatronod dgas trotuarze.
80
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 6.
81
Ibid. P. 340-341.
68
qrTams iRebs] es aris uzneoba” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams iRebs, Sen
codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. me maqvs micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems
Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved, vidre imas, vinc aiRo es”
(studentebi, Telavi)
miuxedavad imisa, rom fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi mTavrobis mimarT
zogadad uaRresad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba dafiqsirda, axal mTavrobas
mainc aqvs garkveuli ndobis krediti.
respondentTa umravlesoba imediT uyurebs mTavrobis Secvlas da axali
saxeebis gamoCenas, Tumca jerjerobiT es imedi araviTar realur cvlilebebze
ar aris damyarebuli, aramed mxolod dapirebebsa da imedebze, amitom Znelia imis
Tqma, Tu ramden xans gastans es ndobis krediti. situaciis gamosworebis imeds
badebs, agreTve is garemoeba, rom, respondentebis SefasebiT, TandaTan
mkvidrdeba SiSis faqtori, romelic, SesaZloa, xels Seuwyobs dausjelobis
sindromis aRmofxvras.
3.2. “qarTveloba”, rogorc korufciis kulturuli gamarTleba
“qarTveloba”, “qarTuli mentaliteti”, agreTve xSirad ganixileba rogorc
korufciis Taviseburi gamarTleba. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, qarTvelebs
sCveviaT, “pativi scen” sxvebs, gamoxaton Tavisi madliereba saCuqrebis meSve-
obiT. amas respondentebi miiCneven misaReb movlenad da ar Tvlian, rom amis
winaaRmdeg saWiroa brZola.
“iciT ra aris — qarTvel kacs mentalitetSi aqvs raRacis Cuqeba, TiTqos
mgonia, niSnisTvis ki ar miaqvT es...” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“rogorc wesi, saqarTveloSi qrTamSi igulisxmeba rogorc saCuqari, raime
momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians
raRacas. moqalaqe, romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs [Tanamdebobis pirs],
cdilobs rame gadauxados, rom is daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad
moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamomdinareobs” (studentebi, Telavi)
“yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvelaferi iyos kanonierad;
magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad TviTon mis garda,
xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiqrobs, rom ki, ra Tqma
unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos, magram...” (studentebi,
Telavi)
4. korufciis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli agentebi
respondnetebi yvelaze ufro xSirad miiCneven, rom korufciis winaaRmdeg
brZola calkeuli pirovnebebis doneze SeuZlebelia:
“pirovneba ver aRudgeba korufcias, sanam qveyanaSi socialuri mdgomareoba
ar amaRldeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“korufciasTan brZolaSi moqalaqe uZluria, brZola mTavrobidan unda
daiwyos” (policielebi, quTaisi)
Tavad respondentebi, rogorc wesi, ar SebrZolebian korufciul faqtebs,
romlebTanac hqoniaT Sexeba, vinaidan arCies, moridebodnen dapirispirebas,
romelsac aseTi brZola gamoiwvevda.
amasTan, respondentebma rig SemTxvevaSi daafiqsires is cvlilebebi, rome-
lic moxda maT damokidebulebaSi bolo Tveebis manZilze:
“axla me ukve SemiZlia [xmis amaRleba]. me Tu guSin cota mSiSara viyavi, dRes
cota Tamami var” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
45
daawveba mosaxleobas. amasTan, sazogadoebaSi Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli rwmena, rom
maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeleebi yvelaze ufro korumpirebulTa Soris
arian saqarTveloSi, rac spobs mosaxleobaSi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas am
saxelmwifo moxeleebis, an sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.
“vfiqrob, saxelmwifom unda ifiqros imaze, rom xelfasebi gaizardos, rom
saxlSi mSieri bavSvi ar melodebodes da am saxlSi misvla ar meSinodes”
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“mSier adamians ver mosTxov kanonis dacvas” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,
axalcixe)
“saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos materialuri keTildReoba da iseTi garemo,
sadac adamians kanondarRvevis SemTxvevaSi SeeSindeba dasjis” (policielebi,
quTaisi)
“kacs rom 30 lars aZlev da imas mere cixeSi Casvam — imis moraluri ufleba
ara gaqvs!” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“Cveni [universitetis] Semosavali rom aris, fasianebidan — 60% mihqonda
saxelmwifos aramwarmoebeli sferodan, amitom ara gvaqvs xelfasi. sad aris, ra
kanonzea laparaki? es aris saxelmwifosgan dadgenili oficialuri yaCaRoba. ...
es aris naZirlebis dawerili kanoni” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“sagadasaxado kanoni, magaliTad, unda iyos iseTi loialuri, rom adamiani
gaiqces gadasaxadis gadasaxdelad” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“Sroma moenatra yvelas! aucilebelia imuSaon, sawarmoebi amuSavdes, pirvel
rigSi” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
saxelmwifo ar uqmnis Tavis moxeleebs normalurad muSaobisaTvis saWiro
elementarul pirobebs, rac kidev ufro amcirebs saxelmwifos am xalxis TvalSi.
“qurdobaze [Tu] daiWire vinme, saqme Ziebamde rom miiyvano, daaxloebiT 50-
dan 100 laramde gWirdeba. furceli ginda, eqsperti, qseroqsi, benzini — am
yvelafers aravin afinansebs, policieli cdilobs, yvelafer amisTvis Tanxa
moipovos” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“Tavidan muSaobas rom iwyeb, forma gWirdeba, aravin ar gaZlevs mas, sakuTari
saxsrebiT unda iyido an Seikero. “pagonebi” 10 lari Rirs, formis perangi 18
lari, 50 lari — Sarvali, forma 100 laramde gijdeba. tyviebi Sen unda iyido,
sawvavi Sen unda Caasxa. aseT pirobebSi korufciisagan Tavs ver daizRvev”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
vinaidan saxelmwifo ar arsrulebs Tavis funqciebs, xdeba korufciaze
pasuxismgeblobis srulad “gadatana” saxelmwifoze an Tundac mis calkeul
maRalCinosnebze, rac mosaxleobas sakuTari udanaSaulobis grZnobas umtkicebs
da Sesabamisad, amcirebs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. respondentebi
iSviaTad afiqsireben SemTxvevebs, rodesac Tavad xalxi ase Tu ise xels uwyobs
korufcias daufiqreblobis, gulgrilobis an sxva raime mizezis Sedegad:
“yvelafers mTavrobas ver davabraleb, adamianebis mentaliteti unda
Seicvalos. 100-dan 70-s hgonia, rom qrTami aris saukeTeso gamosavali. xom
SeiZleba moqalaqem pasporti moiTxovos erTi TviT adre da ara bolo wuTSi?
moqalaqe, romelic erT kviraSi iTxovs pasportis damzadebas, korufcias uwyobs
xels” (policielebi, quTaisi)
fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gaiJRera mosazrebam, rom
korufciaSi met-naklebad Tanabrad ageben pasuxs rogorc qrTamis amRebi, aseve
qrTamis mimcemi — rogorc wesi, SeiniSneba tendencia, mTeli pasuxismgebloba
korufciuli garigebis mxolod erT mxares daekisros, kerZod — qrTamis amRebs,
romelic, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze ufro xSirad saxelmwifo moxelea.
“vinc aZlevs, igivea. es ianusia, orsaxovani, arafriT masze ukeTesi ar aris,
amRebic da mimcemic orive erTia. amitomac, TiTis miSvera mxolod imisken [vinc
44
<...> Cemi ideebi Camoyalibda imis safuZvelze, Tu ras vxedavdi da ra mesmoda
quCaSi”82.
rogorc CarTul damkvirvebels, duniers unda SeemCnia da yuradReba
gaemaxvilebina iseT movlenebze, romlebic sxvebs umniSvnelod eCveneboda. metic
— imis wyalobiT, rom mas TiTqmis mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hqonda
magnitofoni, kasetebis mosmenisas is afiqsirebda iseT momentebs, romlebic
gamorCa anda ar CaTvala mniSvnelovnad uSualod dakvirvebis dros. “CarTuli
dakvirvebis dros kvleviTi SekiTxvebi savele samuSaoebis Catarebisas ibadeba.
magaliTad, me ar SemeZlo meTqva marvinisTvis da ronisTvis83, rom mainteresebda
imis Seswavla, Tu rogor esaubreba ramodenime mamakaci (romelic quCaSi vaWrobs
— T.z.) Camvlel qalebs, imitom rom me ar vicodi, rom es sakiTxi wamoiWreboda.
aseve, me srulebiT ar vicodi, Tu damainteresebda dRevandeli trotuaris
cxovrebis Sedareba im periodTan, rodesac jein jeikobsi werda Tavis wigns. me
viyavi iq, raTa ubralod mewarmoebina dakvirveba da gamekeTebina Canawerebi, da me
vTxovdi im adamianebs, romlebic quCaSi muSaobdnen, rom CemTvis amis neba
daerToT”84.
dunierma es nebarTva miiRo, Tumca is bolomde ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom
quCis movaWreebi endobodnen da “Tavisianad” miiCnevdnen mas. is aRiarebs, rom
quCis movaWreebs sxvadasxva motivi amoZravebdaT, rodesac maT masTan
TanamSromlobaze Tanxmoba ganacxades: “zogierT gamyidvels ... ubralod
undoda, rom iq vyofiliyavi rogorc cotaodeni xurdis da sesxebis wyaro, ...
kidev ramodenimem ki CemTan saqmis daWera imitom gadawyvita, rom daweriliyo
wigni am ubnis da maT Sesaxeb. magram Cemi mxridan gulubryvilo iqneboda mefiqra,
rom me vicodi, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini, rom isini mendobodnen, an “Tavisianad”
mTvlidnen, rasac ar unda niSnavdes es”85.
adamianebi ficis qveSac ityuebian, miT umetes mkvlevars ara aqvs aranairi
garantia, rom informanti mas srul WeSmaritebas etyvis. amitomaa, rom dunieris
kvlevisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mokvleuli masalis gadamowmebis mcdeloba —
yovelTvis, rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, dunierma gadaamowma misi
informantebis biografiis faqtebi (marTla hqonda Tu ara hasans damTavrebuli
rutgersis universiteti? marTla miatova Tu ara ronma Tavisi sacxovrebeli
bina, rodesac umuSevari darCa? marTla zrunavda Tu ara merdiki Tavis
SviliSvilze da a.S.); Seiswavla quCaSi beWvdviTi produqciiT vaWrobis kanonis
evolucia; rodesac es SesaZlebeli iyo, iyenebda mraval mowmes, da a.S.
kvlevis warmoebis procesSi dunieri im daskvnamde mivida, rom imisaTvis,
raTa mkvlevarma warmatebuli kvleva Caataros, ar aris aucilebeli, rom
aqtorebma is “Tavisianad” miiCnion — sakmarisia, rom mkvlevars hqondes
dakvirvebis saSualeba; rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is unda akvirdebodes iseT
socialur struqturas, sadac meordeba garkveuli moqmedebebi da situaciebi.
magaliTad, Tu ojaxSi damokidebuleba meuRleebs Soris arc Tu idealuria,
droTa ganmavlobaSi Cven aucileblad gavxdebiT Cxubis an usiamovnebis mowmeni —
ra Tqma unda, es konkretuli Cxubi SeiZleba sul sxva ramis gamo iyos gamowveuli
da sul sxva formebi miiRos, vidre maT Soris Cxubis wina SemTxvevam, magram TviT
aseTi faqtis sixSiremac SeiZleba miuTiTos imaze, Tu ramdenadaa gamwvavebuli
urTierTobebi; anda, Tu romelime dawesebulebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli
korufcia, didia imis albaToba, rom Cven aucileblad SeveswrebiT aseT faqts.
miuxedavad amisa, CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas mainc sasurvelia, rom
mkvlevari maqsimalurad iyos “saitze”, radgan arsebobs unikaluri SemTxvevebic,
romlebic aRar meordeba da romlebsac SeiZleba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqondes kvlevis warmatebisTvis. magaliTad, masala, romelic dunieris kvlevis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Tavs daedo safuZvlad (“Soba me-6 avenueze”), sruliad
SemTxveviT iqna Segrovebuli. Soba dRes, rodesac dunieri ar apirebda kvlevis
Catarebas, man gauara hakims, raTa kinoSi wasuliyvnen. aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT
82
Ibid. P. 341.
83
dunieris informantebi.
84
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Op. cit. P. 335.
85
Ibid. P. 338-339.
69
quCaSi policiam ubrZana movaWres, aelagebina Tavisi saqoneli, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi mas konfiskaciiT daemuqrnen. dunierma gadawyvita Seemowmebina,
policia mis mimarTac iseTive zomebs mimarTavda Tu ara. man gaSala magida imave
adgilas da daeloda policiis gamoCenas — sabednierod, mas Tan hqonda Tavisi
magnitofoni da SeZlo Caewera policiasTan saubari, Semdeg ki gaaanalia, Tu ra
gavlenas axdens rasa da socialuri mgomareoba imaze, Tu rogor eqceva policia
adamianebs.
swored dunieris dakvirvebis arasistematurobam ganapiroba is, rom aseTi
xangrZlivi savele muSaobis miuxedavad, kritikosebi dunieris kvlevis erT-erT
mTavar naklad miiCnevdnen imas, rom mas ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, 24 saaTis
manZilze dakvirveboda Tavisi informantebis cxovrebas da saqmianobas. rogorc
wesi, is maT weliwadSi ramdenime Tvis manZilze xedavda; xvdeboda diliT da
Sordeboda saRamoTi, Tumca maTTan erTad wignebiT da JurnalebiT vaWrobasTan
dakavSirebul sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi monawileobda — magaliTad, mouwia
saqmeebis garkveva policiasTan, rodesac policielebma magidebis aReba
moiTxoves; gahyva Tavis informantebs gadasayrelad gamzadebuli nivTebidan
gasayidad gamosadegi wignebis da Jurnalebis amosarCevad, da a.S.
mainc, dunieris kvleva warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos; es warmateba, hasanis
azriT, iman ganapiroba, rom mitCels mosmenis unari hqonda — is ar axvevda Tavis
azrs Tanamosaubreebs, aramed cdilobda gaerkvia, Tu ratom iqceoda esa Tu is
adamiani ise, rogorc is iqceoda, amasTan, mas Tavad am adamianis axsna
ainteresebda. “quCa mainc quCaa, — ambobs hakim hasani. — es ar unda dagaviwydeT.
mitCi amas maSinve mixvda. mas ar ucdia moeCvenebina Tavi sxva adamianad, vidre is
sinamdvileSi iyo: adamiani da sociologi, romelic cdilobda Caswvdomoda Cveni
cxovrebis azrs”86.
metic, hasani ambobs, rom dunieris midgoma kvlevisadmi ar gamomdinareobda
paradigmidan “mecnierma yvelaze ukveT icis”, aramed mas axasiaTebda socialuri
mecnieris mondomeba, moesmina sxvebisTvis87.
rekomendebuli literatura:
1. Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.
2. Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an
Unemployed Community. Chicago: Aldine - Atherton.
3. Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage Publications.
86
Ibid. P. 325
87
Ibid. P. 327. ukve ramdenime welia, rac hakim hasani quCaSi aRar vaWrobs — is niu iorkis
erT-erT saxelmwifo universitetSi muSaobs (Director of the Metropolitan Institute at MCNY,
Metropolitan College of New York).
70
“arian iseTi [studentebi], rom marTla modian, udevT raRac CaTvlis wignakSi;
[me isini] gavabrune — ase iyo me-6 semestrSi, ase iyo me-7 semestrSi, ase iyo me-8
semestrSi, da saxelmwifo gamocdaze wamomisves win. axla: ara sjobda, me TviTon
gamomerTva?” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
garda amisa, korufciis mizezebad dasaxelda kanonebis ucodinroba,
gaunaTlebloba, da arasrulyofili sakanonmdeblo baza:
“rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis
iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs [korufciuli] procesi. anu es
procesi rom SeCerdes, es [sakanonmdeblo] vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad”
(studentebi, Telavi)
3. ra uwyobs xels korufcias
miuxedavad yovelive zemoT Tqmulisa, korufcia respondentebSi garkveul
gagebas iwvevs imdenad, ramdenadac is xSir SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc Tavis
gadarCenis erT-erTi xelmisawvdomi strategia im pirobebSi, rodesac adamians
sxva araferi gamosvali aRar darCenia, rodesac is ganwirulia saxelmwifos mier.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dabali xelfasebi ganixileba rogorc korufciis
ZiriTadi mizezi saqarTveloSi, Sesabamisad, respondentebi miiCneven usaxsrobas
korufciis erT-erT umTavres gamarTlebad:
“16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara
aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos fuli viRac debilisgan, visac
aqvs fuli da sTavazobs” (studentebi, Telavi)
amas garda, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa korufciis
kidev ori SesaZlo gamarTleba qarTveli respondentebis mxridan: “susti
saxelmwifo”, romelic ver asrulebs Tavis funqciebs, da “qarTveloba/qarTuli
mentaliteti”.
3.1. “susti saxelmwifo”, rogorc korufciis
institucionaluri gamarTleba
repondentTa umravlesoba “patara kacis” poziciidan uyurebs korufciis
problemas qveyanaSi da miiCnevs, rom pasuxismgebloba korufciis gavrcelebaze
srulad ekisreba saxelmwifos da mis “pirvel moxeleebs”. am poziciisgan
gansxvavdeba studentebis Sefasebebi, romlebic SedarebiT ufro
TviTkritikulebi arian da xedaven rigiTi moqalaqeebis pasuxismgeblobas
korufciis gavrcelebas dakavSirebiT.
“yvelaferi mainc saxelmwifos meTauridan da mTavrobidan iwyeba da
mTavrdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“rodesac saxelmwifo winaswar uSvebs korufcias, imitom rom xelfass aZlevs
amdagvars, is ukve geubneba — midi da iSoveo” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“korufciis Tavi da Tavi mainc, me mgoni, zemodan modis” (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“saxelmwifos midgomaa aseTi, rom imas awyobs, rom ase iyos. korufcia iyos”
(profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“ase Tu ise, korufcia yvela sferoSia, saboloo jamSi yvela sferodan Tanxa
erT xelSi iyris Tavs — kancelariasa da parlamentSi. korufciis saerTod moSla
gamoricxulia, magram Tu zemoT ar moiTxoven fuls, korufciis masStabebi
Semcirdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
saxelmwifosadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi pretenziebi aseTia: is ar zrunavs
moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze; ar uzrunvelyobs “kanonierebis kulturis”
damkvidrebas, rac warmoSobs dausjelobis sindroms; da ar zrunavs iseTi
kanonebis miRebaze, romlebic ukeT imuSavebs Cvens qveyanaSi da mZime tvirTad ar
43
rom korufcia aRar iqneba, vinaidan mas sxva mizezebic aqvs: (a) sixarbe da (b)
tradiciuli kulturuli normebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi xels uwyobs
korufciis gavrcelebas, anu, rogorc respondentebi moixsenieben, e.w. “qarTuli
mentaliteti”.
“adamians rac ufro meti aqvs, miT ufro meti unda” (studentebi, axalcixe)
“marto gadarCenisTvis xom ar aris es korufcia? mTlad ise, vTqvaT —
adamiani iRebs qrTams, rom gadarCes — esec ar mimaCnia sworad, imitom rom Zalian
bevri adamiani vici me, romelic ar aris korumpirebuli, da Zalian bevri vici,
rom ukve ‘gadarCenilia’, magram korufciis gzas agrZelebs” (profesor-
maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“zogierT maswavlebels rom misce 1000 lari, is mainc aiRebs qrTams”
(maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
bevri respondentis azriT, korufcia yvelaze seriozul formebs
xelisuflebis yvelaze maRal safexurebze iRebs, kerZod, xSirad saxeldeba
parlamenti. es kidev erTxel adasturebs azrs, rom TavisTavad xelfasebis
gazrda ar gadawyvets korufciis problemas saqarTveloSi, ramdenadac
korufciis gavrcelebaSi dabal xelfasebTan erTad sxva faqtorebic TamaSoben
mniSvnelovan rols; Tumca, ra Tqma unda, xelfasebis gazrda sajaro samsaxurebis
moxeleebisTvis (gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es dakavSirebuli iqneba
pasuxismgelobis amaRlebasTan da dausjelobis sindromis aRmofxvrasTan),
saerTo rwmeniT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels korufciis masStabebis
Semcirebas.
dausjelobis sindromi korufciis gavrcelebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
mizezia, da respondentebis mier xSirad iqna gamoTqmuli eWvi axlandeli
xelisuflebis moqmedebebis marTebulebaSi, rodesac xdeba arakanonieri gzebiT
mopovebuli qonebis patronebis gaTavisufleba winaswari patimrobidan
mniSvnelovani jarimis gadaxdis Semdeg. maTi azriT, es xalxi seriozulad unda
daisajos.
korufciis gavrceleba garkveuli Sidasauwyebo zewolis Sedegadac SeiZleba
moxdes, ris Sesaxebac, kerZod, saxelmwifo moxeleebi saubrobdnen:
“SeiZleba ar gindodes, magram Seqmnilia rgoli da gaiZulebs, rom gaakeTo
[qrTami aiRo], rom samsaxuri ar dakargo. gaiZulebs TviTon situacia”
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
Tumca, amave fokus-jgufis erT-erTi respondenti imasac aRniSnavs, rom
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg xelisuflebis Secvlis Sedegad es situacia
Seicvala:
“adre iyo is, rom ver imuSavebdi, Tu qrTams ar gadauxdidi, radgan fuli unda
gekeTebina da yofiliyavi korumpirebuli. dRes me vityvi xmamaRla Cemi saxeliT
da Cemi TanamSromlebis saxeliT, rom Cven vzivarT moWril konkretul xelfasze,
ar davasaxeleb Tanxas, romelic ar gvyofnis elementarul, magaliTad,
sigaretze” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
respondentebi im garemoebas usvamen xazs, rom korufcia xSirad sakuTari
Tavis kvlavwarmoebas uwyobs xels:
“ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars
arTmev da maswavleblad iReb [skolaSi], rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere
isev aq [universitetSi] fuliT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase
gagrZeldes mudmivad?” (studentebi, Telavi)
garda amisa, korufciis gavrcelebas garkveulwilad xels uwyobs Tavad is
garemoeba, rom dRevandel saqarTveloSi korufcia Zalze farTodaa
gavrcelebuli, rac respondentTa aseT mosazrebebs iwvevs:
“me Tu ar aviRe, sxva mainc aiRebs, aseTi fiqric xdeba” (policielebi, quTaisi)
42
Tema 6.
socialuri kvlevis eTika
socialuri kvleva yovelTvis respondentebis, anu Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis
monawileobiT tardeba, misi Sedegebi ki arcTu iSviaTad mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdens sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. amitom socialuri mecnierebis yvela dargis
warmomadgeneli profesiuli organizaciebis erT-erTi umTavresi moTxovnaa
gamokvlevebis warmarTvisas mTeli rigi eTikuri principebis dacva, romlebic
respondentTa da farTo sazogadoebis uflebebsa da interesebs icavs da
romlebic profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebSia gaerTianebuli.
eTikis kodeqsi profesiuli saqmianobis principebis krebulia, romelic ama
Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs. rogorc wesi, is asaxavs
idealur warmodgenebs ama Tu im profesiis Sesaxeb. saerTo azris Tanaxmad,
profesiuli moralis normebis SemuSaveba ama Tu im profesiuli jgufis war-
momadgenlebis mier maTi sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gacnobierebisa da
aRiarebis Sedegia. mniSvnelovania, rom profesiuli eTikis normebis aRiareba am
profesiis warmomadgenlebis mier xdeba nebayoflobiT, vinaidan isini afaseben am
profesiul gaerTianebaSi wevrobas; profesiuli eTikis moTxovnebi maT
internalizebuli aqvT profesiuli momzadebis Sedegad.
eTikis kodeqsebi xSirad ganixileba rogorc qveyanaSi arsebuli samarTleb-
rivi normebis gavrcoba ama Tu im profesiuli saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tum-
ca Tavad eTikis kodeqsebi samarTlebriv dokumentebs ar warmoadgenen — isini
ufro farTo xasiaTisa da Sinaarsisaa, vidre iuridiuli dokumentebi. amasTan,
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes, rom vercerTi profesiuli kodeqsi ver SeZlebs,
SesaZlo situaciebis sruli speqtri moicvas.
aSkaraa, rom nebismieri socialuri kvlevis warmateba damokidebulia
sazogadoebis keTilganwyobaze mkvlevrebis mimarT, respondentebis ndobaze
interviuerebisa da gamokvlevis organizatorebisadmi, maT rwmenaze, rom kvleva
tardeba keTilsindisierad, obieqturad, sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacviT da
rom daculi iqneba respondentTa konfidencialoba. eTikis kodeqsis mizania,
aamaRlos socialuri kvlevebis sazogadoebrivi prestiJi, gaaZlieros ndoba am
tipis saqmianobis mimarT da misi warmarTvisaTvis maqsimalurad xelsayreli
pirobebi Seqmnas.
socialur mecnierebebSi eTikuri standartebis sistematuri SemuSaveba XX
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi daiwyes sxvadasxva qveynis profesiulma gaerTianebebma.
dRes es gaerTianebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi transnacionalur xasiaTs atarebs da
sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenel mkvlevrebs aerTianeben.
eTikuri normebis SemuSaveba da maTi SeZlebisdagvarad farTod danergva
socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli gaerTianebebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
misiaa. yvela aseT asociaciaSi gaerTianebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens
kandidatis mier asociaciis eTikuri kodeqsis normebis aRiareba da miReba.
socialuri mecnierebis profesiuli kodeqsis normebis Seswavlis mizniT Cven
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT or aseT dokuments — saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis
(ICC) da sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro kvlevis evropuli kavSiris (ESOMAR)
sabazro da socialuri kvlevis praqtikis erTobliv kodeqss88 da amerikis
sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) eTikis kodeqss89.
dRes ukve danamdvilebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom socialuri kvlevis eTikuri
standartebi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa dacvasac
yvela mkvlevari Tavis movaleobad miiCnevs. yvela profesiuli kodeqsi Seicavs
e.w. saerTo principebs, rogorebicaa: profesiuli kompetenturoba, patiosneba,
88
ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice. ICC/ESOMAR, 1995.
kodeqsis naxva SeiZleba agreTve ESOMAR-is veb-gverdze: www.esomar.nl.
89
Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American
Sociological Association, 1999. kodeqsi SegiZliaT ixiloT agreTve amerikis sociologiuri
asociaciis veb-gverdze: www.asanet.org.
71
respondentebis uflebebisa da Rirsebis pativiscema; pasuxismgebloba sazoga-
doebis winaSe, da sxv.
profesiuli normebis dayofa mizanSewonilia ramdenime jgufad, gamomdinare
iqidan, Tu romeli socialuri jgufis interesebis dacvis mizniTaa SemuSavebuli
eTikuri moTxovnebis esa Tu is jgufi. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoiyofa eTikuri nor-
mebi, romlebic icavs (a) respondentebis, (b) damkveTebis da (g) farTo sazo-
gadoebis interesebs. profesiuli kodeqsebis erT-erTi mTavari daniSnulebaa,
gansazRvros mkvlevarTa pasuxismgebloba am sami jgufis mimarT.
a. respondentTa uflebebi
eTikis kodeqsebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben respondentTa
uflebebis dacvas. es gasagebicaa — respondentebi kvlevis umTavres obieqts
warmoadgenen. maTi monawileoba kvlevaSi damokidebulia maT keTil nebaze, da
Cveni upirvelesi valdebuleba unda iyos uzrunvelvyoT, rom isini ar
dazaraldnen kvlevaSi monawileobis miRebis Sedegad.
eTikis kodeqsebis moTxovnebis Tanaxmad, respondentebis monawileoba
gamokvlevaSi nebayoflobiTi unda iyos, mkvlevarma SeZlebisdagvarad unda
miawodos mas sruli informacia gamokvlevis miznebisa da amocanebis Sesaxeb.
respondentTa uflebebis dacvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi valdebuleba,
romelsac mkvlevrebi kisruloben, maTi konfidencialobis dacvaa. xSirad
respondentebi mxolod im pirobiT iZlevian Tanxmobas CvenTan saubarze, Tu maTi
vinaoba ar iqneba gamJRavnebuli, magram, zog SemTxvevaSi, Zalze rTulia maTi
darwmuneba, rom Cven maT konfidencialobas davicavT, vinaidan mkvlevrebisTvis,
rogorc wesi, cnobilia respondentis vinaoba, masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas
ki interviuerebis muSaobis kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad yovelTvis xdeba
TiToeuli respondentis saxelisa da misamarTis Cawera. mniSvnelovania,
davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom es mxolod gamokvlevis saTanado xarisxiT
Catarebis uzrunvelsayofad xdeba da rom Sedegebis damuSavebis Semdeg maTi
pasuxebi mxolod anonimurad iqneba gamoyenebuli, masobrivi gamokiTxvis
SemTxvevaSi — statistikuri damuSavebis Semdeg.
socialuri gamokvlevis zogierTi saxeoba moiTxovs interviuebis Caweras
audio- an videofirze. amisaTvis aseve calke nebarTva gvWirdeba
respondentebisgan, da aqac, iseve rogorc yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Cven unda
davarwmunoT respondentebi, rom Camweri mowyobilobebis gamoyenebis
miuxedavad maTi konfidencialoba daculi iqneba.
gansakuTrebiT rTulia respondentTa uflebebis dacva maSin, rodesac
xorcieldeba gaumJRavnebeli dakvirveba; magaliTad, Tu dakvirvebas xalxmraval
adgilas vatarebT, sadac Cveulebriv mravali adamiani iyris Tavs, Cven, ra Tqma
unda, ver gavafrTxilebT yvela adamians, rom isini kvlevis obieqtebi arian.
amitom CarTuli dakvirvebis Catarebisas, eTikis normebi garkveulwilad
specifikur xasiaTs iZens, da sakmaod relativisturi xasiaTisaa; erTaderTi
stabiluri mosazreba, romliTac mkvlevari unda xelmZRvanelobdes, isaa, rom
miRebuli unda iqnes yvela zoma, raTa kvlevam respondentebs raime vneba ar
miayenos. kvlevis angariSidan amoRebuli iyos ara mxolod respondentTa
saxelebi da gvarebi, aramed, agreTve yvela is informacia, romlis mixedviTac
SesaZlebeli iqneba adamianis identificireba.
b. damkveTebis uflebebi
empiriuli gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani nawili komerciuli xasiaTisaa da
sabazro, politikuri Tu sxva SekveTebis Sesasruleblad tardeba. mkvlevarebs
ara naklebi pasuxismgebloba akisriaT damkveTebTan urTierTobisas, da maTi
movaleobaa, uzrunvelyon, rom TiToeuli gamokvleva damkveTis mier dasmuli
problemebis gadaWris gzebis povnas isaxavdes miznad da yvelaze ufro
optimalur gzebs sTavazobdes damkveTs gamokvlevis gansaxorcieleblad.
mkvlevarisa da damkveTis urTierTobebi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTisaa imdenad,
ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsis garda maTi regulireba xdeba agreTve
or mxares Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. magram rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, eTikis moTxovnebi ufro farTo xasiaTisaa, vidre administraciuli
72
miviCnev, roca eqims sakuTari surviliT pacienti rames aCuqebs. ar aris qrTami,
radgan sakuTari surviliT Cuqnis” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“[Tu] me miCndeba survili, rom im adamians pativi vce, me amas qrTams ar veZaxi.
es SeiZleba iyos sunamo, “banbanerka” an sulac erTi fila Sokoladi. es, Cemi
azriT, namdvilad ar unda aRiqmebodes qrTamad da korufciad” (maswavleblebi
da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
“me, magaliTad, Zalian mewyineba, Tu isic korufciad CaTvales, rodesac me
viRacis pativiscema minda da SemeSindes, rom is ar daiWiron an me ar damiWiron,
rom imas pativi vce. pativiscema sxva aris, magram TviTon ar unda moiTxovon”
(maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
2. korufciis mizezebi saqarTveloSi
korufciis ZiriTad mizezad respondentebi TiTqmis erTxmad asaxeleben
dabal xelfasebs sajaro samsaxuris yvela sferoSi; yvela profesiuli jgufi,
gasagebi mizezebis gamo, gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebs Tavisi profesiuli
sferos did mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, da mizanSewonilad
miiCnevs, rig SemTxvevaSi ki moiTxovs, am sferoSi xelfasebis mniSvnelovan
gazrdas; sainteresoa, rom TiTqmis yvela sferos warmomadgenlebi, mamakacebi
iseve rogorc qalebi, aucilebel saarsebo minimumad TveSi daaxloebiT 500 lars
asaxeleben.
“xelfasi minimumze minimumia” (policielebi, quTaisi)
“roca Tanamdebobis piri xar, Zalian Znelia, cduneba Zalian didia”
(saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“maswavlebels imdeni xelfasi unda hqondes, rom aRar izrunos SeTavsebaze,
rom sxvaganac aiRos saaTebi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
“maswavlebels ar unda ecvas moswavleze cudad, ufro lamazad unda hqondes
Tma davarcxnili” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
“Tu xelfasebi ar gaizrdeba, araferic ar Seicvleba” (maswavleblebi da
mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
bevri respondentis azriT, korumpirebuli pirebis nawili iZulebiT iRebs
qrTams, vinaidan isini sxva gamosavals ver xedaven, es maTTvis Tavis an ojaxebis
rCenis erTaderTi realuri gzaa; Zlieria rwmena, rom es xalxi Zalze ganicdis
aseT mdgomareobas:
“ekonomikuri mdgomareoba unda Seiqmnas imisTana, rom ar gaxde [korum-
pirebuli] — magram miuxedavad amisa, is korumpirebulebi, vinc arian — isini
iReben kidec [qrTams] da ekonomiuri mdgomareobac Zlieri aqvT. magram visac
araviTari saSualeba ara aqvs — iman rom patara raRaca gaakeTos, me mgoni,
korumpirebuli ar unda dauZaxon” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“me rodesac maqvs kargi xelfasi, var Cemi saqmis profesionali da, ase vTqvaT,
patrioti, me namdvilad ar davimcireb Tavs da ara mgonia, arc erTma
maswavlebelma daimciros Tavi da gamarTos mSobelTan raRac uxerxuli saubari,
raRac zewola moaxdinos masze, rom mere iman “pativi sces” — isevdaisev, Tu iqneba
normaluri xelfasebi. imitom, rom pirovneba, vinc aseT saubars warmarTavs,
TviTonac Zalian Seuracxyofilia, da roca mas kargi xelfasi eqneba, merwmuneT,
igi ar Caigdebs Tavs aseT saCoTiro situaciaSi” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi,
Tbilisi)
rodesac aseT iZulebiT SemTxvevebTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin, saerTo azris
Tanaxmad, xelfasebis gazrda gadaWris korufciis problemas.
amasTan, fokus-jgufebis msvlelobis procesSi gamoikveTa azri, rom maRali
xelfasi TavisTavad yovelTvis ar iqneba aucilebeli da sakmarisi garantia imisa,
41
 “movaleobas pasuxismgeblobiT rom ar Seasruleb, isic korufciaa”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
SedarebiT iSviaTad gvaqvs saqme korufciis ganmartebasTan moralur WrilSi:
“korufcia aris fulis, sindisis da kanonis ukmarisoba” (saxelmwifo
moxeleebi, axalcixe)
xSir SemTxvevaSi, respondentebi aigiveben korufcias da meqrTameobas, Tumca
zogjer isini aRniSnaven, rom korufcia meqrTameobasTan SedarebiT ufro farTo
cnebaa, vinaidan is moicavs, agreTve arafuladi saxis garigebebs. SedarebiT
iSviaTad iqna gaigivebuli korufciasTan nepotizmi:
“naTesauri kavSirebi, megobroba, nacnoboba korufciaa, Tanamdebobaze iseTi
adamianebi SeiZleba dainiSnon, romlebic saerTod Sesaferisi ar arian im
Tanamdebobis” (policielebi, quTaisi)
yvela jgufSi respondentebi eTanxmebian azrs, rom korufcia saqarTveloSi
farTodaa gavrcelebuli da aRniSnaven, rom is gamoxatavs rogorc qrTamis
amRebis, aseve qrTamis mimcemis interesebs:
“vinc aZlevs [qrTams], isic kmayofilia da vinc iRebs, isic” (policielebi,
quTaisi)
“meqrTameoba universitetSi pirvel rigSi xels aZlevs students”
(studentebi, Telavi)
respondentebi yvelaze ufro xSirad Tvlian, rom korufcia erTnairad
gasakicxia imis miuxedavad, Tu ra TanxiT gamoixateba aRebuli an micemuli
qrTami; Tumca es pozicia erTsulovani ar iyo:
“nemsis qurdi da aqlemis qurdi erTiao” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“is, vinc 5 maneTs aiRebs, imas Tu saSualeba miecema, milionsac Tavisuflad
aiRebs” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
“- rogorc ar arsebobs nawilobrivi orsuloba, ise ar arsebobs nawilobrivi
[korumpirebuloba]. an aris, an ar aris.
- ara! zogi, magaliTad, davuSvaT, im wamlisTvis, im gaWirvebisTvis [iRebs
qrTams] da zogi — fufunebisTvis, sasaxleebisTvis, mersedesebisTvis, “be-em-ve”-
ebisTvis. aq gansxvaveba unda iyos, Cemi azriT” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
respondentebi ganixilaven korufcias, rogorc erTmniSvnelovnad uaryofiT
movlenas, romelsac ar SeuZlia, raime dadebiTi Sedegi mohyves da raime
gamarTleba hqondes:
“korufciiT ara mgonia, qveyanam miiRos rame kargi, korufcia sikeTes
moutans konkretul pirovnebas da mis ojaxs” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi, axalcixe)
“korufcia TavisTavad ar SeiZleba iyos kargi, SeiZleba korufcias raRac
dadebiTi Sedegebi gaaCndes, magram misi zneobrivi mxare sul gadawonis im
dadebiTs. amitom korufcia ar SeiZleba iyos kargi” (saxelmwifo moxeleebi,
axalcixe)
amasTan, qarTvel respondentebs uWirT erTmaneTisagan gamijnon korufcia
da e.w. “pativiscema”, gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom saqarTveloSi
tradiciulad pativs scemen sxva adamianebs, iqneba es saCuqris Tu, ubralod,
madlobis Tqmis meSveobiT. maTi azriT, ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSani
korufciasa da pativiscemas Soris is aris, rom pirveli gamoZalvasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, xolo meore — nebayoflobiTia.
“qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa, qrTami sxvaa”
(studentebi, Telavi)
“yvelafers korufcias ver davarqmev. magaliTad, bavSvi yvavils rom miutans
maswavlebels skolaSi, es ar aris korufcia, es pativiscemaa. korufciad ar
40
da samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, amdenad eTikis kodeqsebi aregulirebs
mkvlevrisa da damkveTis urTierTobebis im sferoebs, romlebic xelSekru-
lebebis miRma rCeba da urTierTpatiosnebisa da urTierTgagebisken, maRali
profesiuli standartebis dacvisaken mouwodebs orive mxares.
g. farTo sazogadoebriobis interesebis dacva
ramdenadac socialuri mecnierebis pasuxismgebloba farTo sazogadoebis
winaSe iuridiuli regulirebis obieqts ar warmoadgens, is mTlianad eqceva pro-
fesiuli eTikis farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTva-
liswineba sociologebis moRvaweobis Zalze mniSvnelovan sferos warmoadgens.
rogorc amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis eTikis kodeqsSia xazgasmuli,
sociologebi acnobiereben maT profesiul da mecnierul pasuxismgeblobas im
sazogadoebis winaSe, sadac isini cxovroben da muSaoben; isini iyeneben Tavis
codnas, raTa xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebriv keTildReobas. gamokvlevis Cata-
rebisas isini miznad isaxaven rogorc sociologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas,
aseve sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis xelSewyobas.90
sanqciebi
ramdenadac profesiuli eTikis kodeqsebi iuridiuli dokumentebi ar aris,
maTi normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg ver iqneba gamoyenebuli samarTlebrivi
sanqciebi. arada, eTikis kodeqsis normebis damyareba mxolod mkvlevarTa
keTilganwyobaze da maT mier am normebis didi mniSvnelobis gacnobierebaze
yovelTvis sakmarisi ar aris. amitom, profesiuli sazogadoebebi zrunaven imaze,
rom profesiuli eTikis darRvevis SemTxvevebma SeumCnevlad ar Caiaros da
SeZlebisdagvarad Zvirad daujdes am normebis damrRvevs, vinaidan yoveli aseTi
darRvevis SemTxvevaSi laqa ecxoba yvela mkvlevars, socialuri mecnierebis
sazogadoebriv reputacias.
eTikuri kodeqsebis specifikuri bunebidan gamomdinare, maT mier
gaTvaliswinebuli sanqciebic Taviseburi xasiaTisaa. isini did yuradRebas
aqcevs eTikuri normebis darRvevis SemTxvevebis gaxmaurebas profesiul wreSi
da aseTi faqtebis dagmobas kolegebis mier. amasTan, mniSvnelovania imis
aRniSvna, rom nebismieri faqti mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixileba rogorc
profesiuli eTikis normebis darRveva, Tu es damtkicebuli iqna, iqamde ki
yvelas mimarT Taviseburi “udanaSaulobis prezumfcia” moqmedebs.
profesiuli eTikis normebis damrRvevTa winaaRmdeg Zalze seriozuli
sanqciebi iqna SemuSavebuli amerikis sociologiuri asociaciis (ASA) mier. am
organizaciis farglebSi muSaobs profesiuli eTikis komiteti, romelic eTikis
normebis darRvevis faqtebs ganixilavs. es komiteti uflebamosilia ASA-s
wevrebis mier, Semdegi saxis sanqciebi gamoiyenos damnaSaveTa mimarT:
a) piradi gafrTxileba. es SedarebiT rbili sanqcia gamoiyeneba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu darRveva SedarebiT msubuqi iyo da ar gamouwvevia seriozuli
piradi an profesiuli ziani. piradi gafrTxileba, rogorc wesi, werilis saxiT
egzavneba eTikis normebis damrRvevs.
b) sajaro gafrTxilebas im SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven, Tu darRveva seriozul
xasiaTs atarebda. isic SeiZleba werilis saxiT iyos, magram es werili qveyndeba
Sesabamis sainformacio saSualebebSi.
g) privilegiebis CamorTmeva. nebismieri sociologiuri asociaciis (maT
Soris ASA-s) wevroba ara mxolod sakmaod maRali statusis niSania, aramed
wevrebisaTvis garkveul profesiul da materialur privilegiebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. amitom am privilegiebis CamorTmeva sakmaod seriozul sasjels
warmoadgens. kerZod, eTikis normebis damrRvevi SeiZleba ar iqnes daSvebuli am
asociaciis mier mowyobil RonisZiebebze; ar iqnes Seyvanili saredaqcio
kolegiebSi; aekrZalos monawileobis miReba asociaciis sxvadasxva komitetebSi
90
Code of Ethics and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics. American
Sociological Association, 1999. P. 4-5.
73
arCevnebSi, ar iqnes ganxiluli misi kandidatura asociaciis wevrebisaTvis magaliTi #3
gankuTvnili kvleviTi stipendiebis ganawilebis procesSi da a.S. im sakiTxs, Tu,
kerZod, romeli privilegiebi CamoerTmeva eTikis normebis damrRvevs, korufcia saqarTveloSi
profesiuli eTikis komiteti yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevidan gamomdinare da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis
gadawyvets. warmomadgenlebis mier
d) asociaciaSi wevrobis Sewyveta ASA-s profesiuli eTikis komitetis
yvelaze seriozuli sanqciaa. aqac, komiteti yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi fokus-jgufebis angariSi
wyvets, Tu ramdeni xniT unda moxdes ama Tu im sociologis wevrobis Sewyveta
ASA-Si da ra pirobiTaa SesaZlebeli am wevrobis ganaxleba momavalSi. sasjelis Tavisuflebis institutis mier 2004 wlis ivnisSi Catarebuli iqna fokus-
yvelaze mZime formaa profesiuli sazogadoebis wevrTa rigebidan garicxva, rac jgufebi saqarTvelos ramdenime qalaqSi (axalcixe, Tbilisi, Telavi, quTaisi).
TavisTavad ara mxolod samarcxvinoa, aramed abrkolebs garicxulis Semdgom jgufebi Catarda sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebTan: profesor-
profesiul saqmianobas, xels uSlis mas mniSvnelovani SekveTebis mozidvaSi. maswavleblebi, studentebi, mZRolebi, policielebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi.
fokus-jgufebis mTavari mizani iyo am profesiuli jgufebis warmomad-
genlebis mier korufciuli qmedebebis Sefaseba da korufciis formebis Seswavla
kvlevis Sedegebis publikacia profesiuli saqmianobis Sesabamis sferoebSi; korufciuli da arakorufciuli
profesiuli normebis specifikuri jgufia moTxovnebi kvlevis Sedegebis qmedebebis gamijvna ama Tu im profesiis warmomadgenlebis TvalSi; agreTve,
gamoqveynebisadmi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi. am moTxovnebis korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla.
SemuSaveba araprofesiuli publikaciebis momravlebis Sedegad gaxda
aucilebeli. mkvlevrebi sul ufro da ufro xSirad rwmundebodnen, rom angariSi eyrdnoba Semdegi fokus-jgufebis masalebs:
Jurnalistebi, romlebsac ara aqvT Sesabamisi codna, xSirad sakmaod uxeS
Secdomebs uSvebdnen masobrivi gamokiTxvebis an sxva tipis kvlevebis Sedegebis
gamoqveynebisas, am Secdomebs ki Semdeg maTi mkiTxvelebi imeorebdnen. arcTu profesiuli jgufi qalaqi Catarebis TariRi
iSviaTad Jurnalistur masalebSi daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo kvlevis Sedegebi saxelmwifo moxeleebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.
Sefasebuli iyo rogorc araswori, es ki arasaxarbielo gavlenas axdenda am
kvlevebis Sefasebaze sazogadoebis mier. studentebi axalcixe ivnisi, 2004 w.
am problemis gadaWris mizniT 1983 wels sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sabazro maswavleblebi da mSoblebi Tbilisi seqtemberi, 2004 w.
kvlevis evropulma kavSirma (ESOMAR) SeimuSava “sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxvebis gzamkvlevi”91, romlis mizansac presaSi socialuri gamokvlevebis profesor-maswavleblebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.
Sedegebis gamoqveynebisas daSvebuli Secdomebis Semcireba iyo. gansakuTrebuli studentebi Telavi ivnisi, 2004 w.
yuradReba am kodeqsSi masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebis publikacias eZRvneba,
romlebic yvelaze ufro xSirad Suqdeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis policielebi quTaisi ivnisi, 2004 w.
mier. garda imisa, rom es kodeqsi ganixilavs gamokiTxvebis Sedegebis
mniSvnelobas demokratiuli sazogadoebebisaTvis da Jurnalistebisa da
socialuri mecnierebebis profesiuli TanamSromlobis Taviseburebebs, aq 1. ra aris korufcia da ra ar aris korufcia
warmodginelia praqtikuli rekomendaciebi kvlevis Sedegebze damyarebuli fokus-jgufebis TiTqmis yvela monawilem daaxloebiT erTnairad ganmarta
publikaciebis momzadebasTan dakavSirebiT. ESOMAR-is rCeviT, yvela korufcia, rogorc:
publikacias, romelic masobrivi gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs iyenebs, aucileblad
unda axldes meToduri informacia Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb, kerZod: “Tanamdebobrivi ufleba-movaleobebis gadameteba angarebis mizniT”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
o romelma kvleviTma organizaciam Caatara gamokiTxva;
“adamiani rom nebismier Tanamdebobaze borotad iyenebs Tavis Tanamdebobas
o gamokiTxvis Catarebis meTodika (piradi, satelefono, safosto Tu sxva); sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare” (profesor-maswavleblebi, Telavi)
o SerCeviTi erTobliobis raodenoba; “korufcia es aris kanons gareT momxdari garigeba” (studentebi, Telavi)
o SerCevis reprezentatuloba; “korufcia aris, rodesac garkveuli Tanamdeboba aqvs pirovnebas da am
o gamokiTxvis Catarebis TariRebi; TanamdebobiT sargeblobs Tavis raRac gadaWarbebuli ambiciebiT da gZalavs
fuls arakanonierad” (maswavleblebi da mSoblebi, Tbilisi)
o dasmuli kiTxvebis tipi (Ria, daxuruli Tu naxevraddaxuruli) da maTi
zusti formulireba. “adamianTa mier saxelmwifo qonebis xelyofa” (profesor-maswavleblebi,
Telavi)
socialuri kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli informaciis gamoqveynebisas “[korufcia] qrTamis garda sxva saxiTac arsebobs: gadasaxadebis damalva,
aucilebelia mkafiod gaimijnos miRebuli Sedegebi da am Sedegebis safuZvelze sagzao policiis TanamSromeli rom mZRols fuls arTmevs, esec korufciaa”
Jurnalistebis mier gakeTebuli komentari. (policielebi, quTaisi)
garda amisa, ESOMAR-i urCevs kvleviT organizacias da masobrivi
informaciis organos, dadon xelSekruleba, romelSic ganxiluli iqneba maT sxva respondentebisagan gansxvavebiT, policiis TanamSromlebi ufro
Soris TanamSromlobis pirobebi. farTod ganmartaven korufcias:
“korufcia pirvel rigSi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulia, kanonis darRvevaa”
(policielebi, quTaisi)
91
Guide to Opinion Polls. E.S.O.M.A.R., 1993.
74 39
 vin aniWebs upiratesobas qarxnul Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi) ratom irCeven
isini aseT Rvinos? davalebebi:

rogor fiqrobT, dalevs Tu ara glexi qarxnul Rvinos? 1. ipoveT internetSi socialuri kvlevis eTikis ramdenime kodeqsi (garda
(Tu ara — ratom?) im kodeqsebisa, romlebic am masalaSia miTiTebuli) da SeadareT isini
ra SemTxvevaSi dalevs? erTmaneTs maTi detalurobis TvalsazrisiT.

Tqveni azriT, dRes saqarTveloSi yvelaze did mowonebas romeli tipis Rvino 2. gaecaniT publikacias “gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis
imsaxurebs? ratom? mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili” (magaliTi #4). rogor
SeafasebdiT kvlevis Sedegebis gaSuqebis xarisxs?
daasruleT fraza: “is, vinc svams mxolod boTlSi Camosxmul Rvinos, aris . . .”

ra Tvisebebi aqvs xarisxian Rvinos? (naturaluri Rvino?)

Tu SegiZliaT dagvisaxeloT romelime xarisxiani Rvino?
rekomendebuli literatura:
fasi
sad yidulobT xomle Rvinos yvelaze xSirad? 1. Bruce L. Berg. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Fifth edition. Boston:
saSualod ra fasSi yidulobT xomle Rvinos? Pearson. Pp. 43-73 (“Ethical Issues”).
ra gavlenas axdens Tqvens arCevanze Rvinis fasi? Rvinis xarisxi?
Tqveni arCevani Rvinis xarisxze ufroa damokidebuli Tu mis fasze? 2. Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in Advances
ra unda Rirdes Rvino? in Consumer Research 25: 72-74.
unda gansxvavdebodes Tu ara Rvinis fasi misi saxeobis mixedviT (wiTeli da
TeTri, glexuri da qarxnis) 3. ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice.
http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961
Rvinis smis kultura
rogor gesmiT fraza: “Rvinis smis kultura”? 4. American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics. http://www.asanet.org/members/
ra iciT Rvinis smis kulturis Sesaxeb sazRvargareT? ecoderev.html
aris Tu ara raime gansakuTrebuli im wesebSi da tradiciebSi, romlebic
axasiaTebs Rvinis smis wesebs da masTan dakavSirebul tradiciebs saqarTveloSi? 5. American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies and
kaxeTSi? Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html
rogori iyo Rvinis smis kultura saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 100 wlis win?
Seicvala Tu ara bolo 10-15 wlis manZilze Rvinis smis kultura saqarTve-
loSi / TelavSi / TbilisSi? rogoria Rvinis smis kultura axla? ra mogwonT amaSi
da ra — ara?

38 75
 magaliTi #4. magaliTi #2

gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis mosaxleobaSi
izrdeba emigraciis survili
CNN Italia, 26 agvisto, 2002 w.
londoni (CNN) — isini veRar itanen amindis kaprizebs da cxovrebis siZvires,
zogi — samzareulosac ki. swored esaa ZiriTadi mizezebi, romelTa gamoc
britaneTis moqalaqeebis umravlesobas surs sazRvargareT gamgzavreba — iq,
sadac ufro rbili hava, dabali fasebi da gemrieli samzareuloa.
amaze mowmobs gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelic gazeT «deili telegrafis»
SekveTiT Caatara demoskopiurma sazogadoebam YouGov. rogorc gamokiTxulTa 54
procentma ganacxada, SesaZlebloba rom hqondeT isini siamovnebiT
gaemgzavrebodnen sazRvargareT sacxovreblad.
maTTvis yvelze sasurveli qveynebia SeerTebuli Statebi da avstralia,
sadac maT ar dasWirdebaT enobrivi barieris gadalaxva. (evrogaerTianebaSi
britanelebi yvelaze naklebad floben ucxo enebs). rom ara es barieri, maSin
espaneTs da safrangeTs arCevdnen.
ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze britaneTis mosaxleobaSi gaizarda qveynidan
gamgzavrebis survili. msgavsi gamokiTxvis Sedegad, romelic uSualod meore
msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg Catarda, gairkva, rom aseTi survili
mosaxleobis 42 procents hqonda. 1975 wels ki es raodenoba 40 procentamde
Semcirda.
umTavresi motivi, ris gamoc mosaxleobas didi britaneTidan gamgzavreba
surs, aris cxovrebis siZvire da SesaZleblobebis nakleboba. havis cvalebadoba
kidev erTi mizezia, romelsac gamokiTxulebi xSirad asaxelebdnen.
ingliselebis mxolod 25 procentma ganacxada, rom axali sacxovrebeli
adgilebis Zebnis mTavari mizezia maTi ukmayofileba erovnuli samzareuloTi.
sxva mxriv, umTavresi, rac maT Sin darCnis survils uZlierebs, ojaxi,
megobrebi, da erovnuli istoriiT gamowveuli siamayis grZnobaa.
Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi
sadiskusio gegma49
SeniSvna:
rogorc fokus-jgufis es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebi SeiZleba
dajgufebuli iyos Tematurad, da ganlagebuli iyos ise, rom moderators
gauadvildes muSaoba. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes
ramdenime kiTxvas erTsa da imave Temaze, dazustebebs, romelTa mizania
respondentebis daxmareba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT gauWirdebaT kiTxvaze
pasuxis gacema. Tu moderatori amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos
sadiskusio gegmaSi pasuxebis mosalodneli variantebi da moniSnos, Tu
rogor gaagrZelos diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sadiskusio gegma xSirad individualuri dokumentia
da moderatoris gamocdilebasa da mis profesiul midgomas asaxavs.
saerTo SekiTxvebi:
ra SemTxvevebSi svamT Rvinos?
- yoveldRiurad
- dResaswaulebze (dabadebis dRe, axali weli da a.S.)
- qorwili, qelexi
- sxva ?
daaxloebiT ramden litr Rvinos moixmarT weliwadSi? (kerZod, ramdeni
litri Rvino moixmareT Tqven/Tqvenma ojaxma SarSan?)
arCevani
piradad Tqven, rogor Rvinos aniWebT upiratesobas?
- TeTrs Tu wiTels?
- glexurs Tu qarxnuls?
ratom?
Tqveni nacnobebis umravlesoba rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas?
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas axalgazrdebis
umravlesoba saqarTveloSi? ratom?
rogor Rvinos aniWebs upiratesobas asakovani xalxi? ratom?

rogor fiqrobT, rogor Rvinoze ufro didi moTxovna arsebobs dRes

saqarTveloSi?
- TeTrs Tu wiTels?
- glexurs Tu qarxnuls?
ratom?

Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa am tipebis Rvinoebs Soris:

- glexuri;
- qarxnuli Camosasxmeli;
- qarxnuli boTlis.

vin aniWebs upiratesobas glexur Rvinos? (aRwereT es xalxi.) ratom irCeven

isini aseT Rvinos?

49
es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis II kursis
studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna 2 saswavlo fokus-jgufis
Catarebisas.
76 37
 rekomendebuli literatura: danarTi #1

1. maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba

axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba
korufcia saqarTveloSi92
da perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”. fokus-jgufis transkripti

2. С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М. fokus-jgufis Catrebis TariRi: 29 ivnisi, 2004 w.
fokus-jgufis Catrebis adgili: q. Telavi.
3. Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third edition.
fokus-jgufis respondentebis kategoria: studentebi.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
4. David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks,
SeniSvna:
Calif.: Sage Publications.
transkripti fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli diskusiis dros Cawerili
audio- an videokasetis detaluri gaSifvris Sedegia; masSi unda aisaxos
fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamoTqmuli yvela azri, romlebic SeZlebis-
dagvarad sityvasityviT unda iyos gadatanili qaRaldze. aris SemTxvevebi,
rodesac respondenti Cumad laparakobs da misi sityvebis garCeva ver
xerxdeba — maSin transkriptSi Sesabamisi miniSneba unda iyos gakeTebuli. am
magaliTSi, aseT SemTxvevebSi gamoyenebuli kvadratuli frCxilebi.
fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi gamarTuli diskusiis gaSifvris Sedegad
srulad xdeba respondentTa stilis dacva; dauSvebelia saubris
stilisturi redaqtireba.
zogjer transkripSi miTiTebulia, Tu romel respondents ekuTvnis
yoveli gamoTqmuli azri; vinaidan fokus-jgufis respondentebis vinaobis
gamJRavneba arasodes ar xdeba, respondentebs pirobiTi saxelebiT moixse-
nieben xolme. aq moyvanil magaliTSi moyvanilia mxolod jgufis msvlelobaSi
gamoTqmuli azrebi, avtoris miTiTebis gareSe. gamoyofilia mxolod mode-
ratoris sityvebi.

Cveni saubris Temaa korufcia. saubris procesSi kidev davakonkretebT im

sakiTxebs, romlebsac dRes ganvixilavT; magram Tavdapirvelad gTxovT
yvelam warvadginoT Tavi.
- ...,93 studenti.
- ..., agraruli universiteti.
- ..., ucxo enebi94.
- ....
- ..., biosamedicino.
- ..., ucxo enebi.
- ..., iuridiuli.
- ..., studenti.

sanam konkretul magaliTebze da konkretul SemTxvevebze gadavalT, jer

SevecadoT cota akademiurad mivudgeT am sakiTxs — Tqveni azriT, rogor
SeiZleba ganvmartoT, ra aris korufcia? am cnebis Teoriuli ganmarteba Tu
gaqvT vinmes?
- gaaCnia, iseT SenobaSi vimyofebiT, rom akademiurad midgoma, albaT, ufro
saWiro iqneba,95 samecniero doneze. gasarkvevia, korufciaSi ras vgulisxmobT —
es aris marto fulis micema, Tu saCuqaric igulisxmeba, namcxvari... Cemi azriT,
orive igulisxmeba.
- igulisxmeba.

92
fokus-jgufi Catarda Tavisuflebis institutis proeqtis farglebSi “korufcia
saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis warmomadgenlebis
mier”.
93
respondentTa saxelebi gamotovebulia maTi anonimurobis dacvis mizniT.
94
Tumca es ar iyo moderatoris moTxovna, ramdenime respondentma miuTiTa fakulteti,
sadac swavlobdnen.
95
fokus-jgufi Catarda Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis SenobaSi.
36 77
 - korufcia aris, rodesac romelime adgilze mosaxvedrad Tu raRac,
gWirdeba gasamrjelo, rom miitano, da ara is, rac sinamdvileSi saWiroa, codna an
raRac; sinamdvileSi rac ar gaqvs, im kriteriumebs Sen ver akmayofileb da amis
safasurad Sen unda gadaixado raRac...
- Seavso...
- korufcia es aris kanonis gareT momxdari garigeba, rodesac orive mxare
raRac valdebulebas kisrulobs, vTqvaT, erTi mxare kisrulobs raime Tanxis
gaRebas, xolo meore, da ZiriTadad saxelmwifo moxeleze unda gvqondes aq
saubari, kisrulobs raime ukanono qmedebis Sesrulebas am piris sasargeblod.
- mec, albaT, daaxloebiT ase vfiqrob.
korufcia da meqrTameoba erTi da igivea Tu ara?
- ki.
- Cemi azriT, ki.
- ki.
- erTia.
- Cemi azriT, ara, imitom rom meqrTameoba SeiZleba gamoixatos nebismier
pirTan mimarTebaSi, anu es SeiZleba ar iyos saxelmwifo moxele, vTqvaT, da
qrTami miutano kerZo pirs, romelmac ginda rom samsaxurSi migiRos. korufciaze
rodesac vsaubrobT, es aris uSualod saxelmwifo samsaxurSi momxdari movlena,
xolo qrTami SeiZleba gamoixatos kerZo seqtorSic, arasamTavrobo organi-
zaciaSic.
- mainc korufciasTan aris gadajaWvuli.
- magram amas ar SeiZleba davarqvaT, Cemi azriT, korufcia.
- qrTami pirdapir kavSirSia, Cemi azriT, korufciasTan, imitom rom qrTams
iReb, ese igi... Sen xdebi korumpirebuli.
- raRacas ukanonod akeTeb am SemTxvevaSi.
- Tu am gansazRvrebas gamoviyenebT, am SemTxvevaSi ver mivalT korufciamde,
imitom rom, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba saqarTveloSi qrTami rogorc saCuqari,
anu raime valdebulebis Sesruleba, raime momsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
adamiani madlierebis niSnad uxdida adamians raRacas. gansakuTrebiT, vTqvaT,
notariusebTan mimarTebaSi, vTqvaT, raRac moqmedebas asruleben, xom? moqalaqe,
romelic raime TxovniT mimarTavs, cdilobs rom rame gadauxados, rom is
daayenos pirvel rigSi, an ufro ukeTesad moemsaxuros. es mentalobidanac gamom-
dinareobs.
- da ar aris, Seni azriT, es korufcia?
- ara, korufcia aris, korufciis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia, magram
mTlianobaSi identuri cnebebi ar aris.
- ara, identuri ar aris, ra Tqma unda.
...-m rom moiyvana magaliTi — rodesac samsaxurSi iReben ara codnis
safuZvelze, aramed imis safuZvelze, Tu vis ras miscem — im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
viRaca gaiZulebs raRaca misce samsaxurSi miRebisaTvis, magram amave dros
ase Tu ise akmayofilebs, Tundac formalurad, codnis mxriv arsebul
moTxovnebs — am SemTxvevaSi rasTan gvaqvs saqme?
- esec korufciaa, me Tu mkiTxavT, TviTon im moxelis mimarT, vinc iRebs
fuls, imitom rom is mainc akeTebs amas da arasamarTlebrivad xdeba im mxriv, rom
SeiZleba ufro kargi kriteriumebis, ufro kargi Sefasebis mqone adamiani darCes
gareT.
- cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi TviTon im adamianis uflebac irRveva, visac Txoven
[fuls], magram korufciis yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli niSani swored is aris, rom
saxelmwifo moxele TviTon iTxovs “aucilebel” gadasaxads, xolo qrTamis
SemTxvevaSi meqrTame TviTon aris SemTavazebeli.
- dRes-dReobiT, mgoni, qrTamic igivenairad xdeba — eg SeiZleba adre iyo mase,
magram dRes qrTamis micemisas igive movaleobas asrulebs is, rom Sen gTxoven im
qrTams, rom miitano. adre SeiZleba nebayoflobiTi iyo, magram dRes-dReobiT
aRar aris, me mgoni, nebayoflobiTi.
- Tu nebayoflobiTia, maSin es ukve saCuqaria, vTqvaT, madlierebis niSnad.
78
ramdenadac fokus-jgufi axlosaa siRrmiseul interviusTan, am ori meTodis
gamoyenebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebis analogiuri SesaZleb-
lobebi arsebobs. analizis pirvel etapze xdeba informaciis kodireba, Semdeg ki
— Sedegebis interpretacia; analizis saboloo safexurze mkvlevari akeTebs das-
kvnebs, romlebic warmoadgens pasuxs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.
siRrmiseuli interviuebis Sedegad mopovebuli informaciis damuSavebisagan
gansxvavebiT, fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSaveba damatebiT moiTxovs
gadawyvetilebis miRebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra doneze unda ganxorciel-
des analizi. siRrmiseuli intervius SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi TavisTavad
cxadia — aq analizis done SeiZleba mxolod respondenti iyos. magram fokus-
jgufebis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos rogorc respondenti, aseve jgufi
(rogorc erTeuli), miT umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kvlevis far-
glebSi ramdenime fokus-jgufi tardeba. gadawyvetilebis miReba analizis donis
Taobaze Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tumca, erTi mxriv, yvela jgufi responden-
tebisgan Sedgeba da swored individualuri respondentebi ayalibeben jgufis
msvlelobaSi gamoTqmul azrebs, udavoa, rom jgufis dinamika gavlenas axdens
calkeul respondentebze, anu arsebobs agreTve analizis meore SesaZlo done,
jgufuri. amitom, d.morganis azriT, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis analizi aucileb-
lad unda iTvaliswinebdes am or dones Soris arsebul urTierTobebebs.48
ramdenadac fokus-jgufebi xSirad gamoiyeneba raime problemis winaswari
Seswavlis mizniT, maTi Sedegebis analizi xSirad aRweriTi xasiaTisaa. am leqciis
bolos moyvanilia fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis swored aRweriTi analizis
magaliTi (ix. magaliTi #3). is eyrdnoba kvlevas, romelic Catarda Tavisuflebis
institutis mier saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi 2004 wlis zafxulSi. kvleva
mieZRvna sxvadasxva profesiul jgufSi korufciis gavrcelebis Sefasebas,
korufciis gamomwvevi mizezebis ganxilvas da korufciis daZlevis SesaZlo
gzebis dasaxvas. TiToeul jgufSi monawileobas iRebda respondentTa jgufi,
romelic homogenuri iyo profesiuli statusis mixedviT (mag., profesor-
maswavleblebi; policielebi; saxelmwifo moxeleebi; studentebi), magram ara
sqesisa da asakis mixedviT (Tumca, ra Tqma unda, studentTa jgufebi asakis
mixedviTac sakmaod homogenurebi iyo).
fokus-jgufebis Catarebis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebis generalizacia ar
aris gamarTlebuli, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba dasaSvebad CaiTvalos —
Tu Catarebuli iqna sakmaod bevri fokus-jgufi, romlebSic monawileoba miiRes
sxvadasxva socialur-demografiuli jgufis da teritoriuli erTeulis
warmomadgenelma respondentebma.
iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebriv kvlevaSi, fokus-jgufis Sedegebis
analizisas ganuyofelia analizis da angariSis weris etapebi.
davalebebi:
1. gaecaniT fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmas “Rvinis moxmarebis kultura
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi” (magaliTi 2). romeli proeqciuli teqnikebis
gamoyenebaa dagegmili am sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze Catarebul fokus-
jgufSi?
2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa Temaze “korufciis gavrcelebis
mizezebi saqarTvelos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi”; kvleva Catarebuli
unda iyos fokus-jguf(eb)is gamoyenebiT.
3. SeadgineT sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis saintereso Temaze fokus-
jgufis Catarebis mizniT; gamoiyeneT is proeqciuli teqnikebi, romlebic
yvelze mizanSewonilad migaCiaT kvlevis Temidan gamomdinare.
48
David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 60.
35
• maTi gamoyeneba dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebelia CvenTvis
saWiro informaciis miReba sxva gziT (kerZod, pirdapiri kiTxvebis meSveobiT);
• mkvlevarma unda SearCios is meTodika, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba mis
winaSe mdgar amocanebs;
• aucilebelia winaswar ganvsazRvroT, fokus-jgufis Catarebis romel etapze
ufro mizanSewonilia SerCeuli teqnikis gamoyeneba;
• respondentebs gasagebad unda avuxsnaT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan, rogoria “TamaSis
wesebi”;
• aucilebelia Seiqmnas garemo, sadac respondentebi ar igrZnoben Tavs ise,
TiTqos isini raRac gamocdas abareben;
• moderatoris saqcieli maqsimalurad moqnili unda iyos, da Tu meTodika ar
“amuSavda” (rac xdeba xolme), man unda moaxerxos jgufTan muSaobis gagrZeleba
ise, rom aRar gaamaxvilos amaze yuradReba;
• araa mizanSewonili, gadavtvirToT jgufi proeqciuli teqnikebiT — erTi
jgufisTvis savsebiT sakmarisia 1-2 aseTi meTodikis gamoyeneba (erTi meTo-
dikis gamoyeneba saSualod 20 wuTs ikavebs);
• yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani am meTodikebis gamoyenebaSi maTi Sedegebis Sem-
dgomi interpretaciaa. yvelanairad unda vecadoT, pirveladi interpretacia
TviT respondentebma mogvcen.
proeqciuli teqnikebis gverdiT, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba,
agreTve zondirebis saSualebebi, kerZod:
siCume. rogorc ukve viciT, es aris erT-erTi yvelaze ubralo, neitraluri
da amasTan efeqturi meTodi, da amitom is Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba.
Jestebis ena. jgufis msvlelobisas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs
moderatoris araverbalur saqciels, kerZod, misi saxis gamometyvelebas,
mimikas, xmis intonaciebs, Tvalebis moZraobas, Tavis daqnevas, xmis intonacias,
diqcias da sxv. yvela es aris jgufis gaZRolis araverbaluri xerxebi.
mizanSewonilia, moderatori pirdapir uyurebdes Tavis Tanamosaubres, magram
amasTan ar iTvleba sworad, Tu is didi xniT daacqerdeba jgufis romelime
monawiles.
jgufuri urTierTobis marTva SesaZlebelia ramdenime teqnikis meSveobiT,
romelTa Sorisaa: dasmuli kiTxvebis “gadagzavna” jgufis sxva wevrebisTvis;
gamoTqmuli azris gameoreba; monawileTa Segnebuli “dapirispireba”, da sxv.
informaciis arasrulad gageba an respondentTa mier gamoTqmuli azris
Segnebulad damaxinjeba moderatoris mier aiZulebs respondentebs, ukeT
Camoayalibon Tavisi azrebi.
“ratom?”-kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, romlebic SeiZleba davyoT “motivis”
(“ratom?”) da “interesis” (“rogor?/rogori?/rogor moxda?”) kiTxvebad.
“zondirebis”, iseve rogorc proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas
yvelanairad unda vizrunoT imaze, rom ar dairRves respondentebis interesebi
da ar CavayenoT isini uxerxul mdgomareobaSi.
fokus-jgufebis Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi
fokus-jgufis Catarebis Semdeg xdeba mis msvlelobaSi Cawerili saubris
qaRaldze srulad gadatana, ris Sedegadac iqmneba saubris transkripti (fokus-
jgufis transkriptis magaliTi ix. danarTSi #1). am transkriptis safuZvelze
mkvlevari an mkvlevarTa jgufi SemdgomSi amzadebs angariSs, romelic, kvlevis
miznebis Tanaxmad, Seicavs pasuxebs gamokvlevis programaSi dasmul kiTxvebze.
fokus-jgufis angariSi analitikuri dokumentia, romelic Cveulebriv Seicavs
citatebs respondentTa saubridan, iseve rogorc mkvlevris daskvnebs da,
xSirad, praqtikul rekomendaciebs.
34
- qrTamis SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis Seni mxridan, xolo korufciis
SemTxvevaSi iniciativa modis im mxridan.
- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba xmamaRla ar iyos naTqvami, rom ai, Sen raRac momitane,
magram qvecnobierad, farulad miganiSnebs, rom ai, kargi iqneboda, Tu raRacas
momitan.
- ki.
- sityvaze, vTqvaT, romeliRac samsaxurSi gamocxadda raRac konkursi,
SesarCevi, miiRe monawileoba da geubnebian, rom ai, ki, akmayofileb amas, magram
raRac damatebiTi isini unda gaimarTos — Sen atyob, rom giWianureben saqmes, ar
gawyoben — iZulebuli xdebi rom SesTavazo raRac, “pativs gcem, ra”...
- qrTami me mainc sul cudi gagebiT maxsovs, ai “qrTami misca” da...
- ara, kargi gagebiT verc ityvi.
- kargi gagebaa, rodesac pativs gcemen da Sen pativs scem adamians, magas xom
qrTams ver daarqmev?
- qrTami aris korufciis gamomxatveli meTodi.
maSin sxva kiTxva — korufcia SeiZleba aRviqvaT rogorc raRac fuladi
Tanxis an saCuqris miReba, Tu amas sxva formebic aqvs?
- sxva formebic aqvs, ra Tqma unda.
- da bankSi ver Seitan, namdvilad.
- korufcias aqvs yvelanairi forma — swored is aris, rom Sen arasamarTleb-
rivad im adamians, vTqvaT, igive rogorc samsaxurTan dakavSirebiT Camovarda
laparaki, TanamSromlad iyvan da nebismieri — amas SeiZleba, uxeSad geubnebi,
parketis dageba undodes an sul sxva raRacis [SekeTeba]; am SemTxvevaSi Sen
raRacis safasurad ukeTeb amas. imiT ki ara, rom is samarTlebrivad sworia, rom
is daimsaxura an raRaca — sxvas toveb TamaSgareT, imitom rom gawyobs im wuTas
Sen am adamianis SemoTavazebuli winadadeba, da mniSvneloba ara aqvs, es ra iqneba.
- amas kanonic aregulirebs, kanonSi aris, rom sajaro pirebs ar SeuZliaT
miiRon saCuqari, romlis fasic aRemateba [800] lars, Tu sworad maxsovs — aris
konkretuli Tanxa miRebuli, anu saCuqarSi igulisxmeba Tanxac da igulisxmeba
nivTic.
- 1000 lari.
- am SemTxvevaSi maSin is moiTxovs sam 400-larians, da Tavisuflad SeuZlia
rom cal-calke aiRos.
- elementarulad ai, nacnobia, kargi, fuls ar gamovarTmev, magram ukve ici,
rom saCuqari Sen unda “ikisro”.
- madlierebis niSnad.
- eg ukve tradiciuli momentia.
- ara! mainc korufciaa.
- korufcias imas ver davarqmevT, rom eqimTan midixar da “banbanerka” migaqvs.
- ara, ra Tqma unda!
- anda, vTqvaT, pativs scem adamians elementarulad adamianuri motiviT da
ara imitom, rom...
- eg vTqvi weRan, qrTams ver daarqmev-Tqo pativiscemas; pativiscema sxvaa,
qrTami sxvaa.
- eg iyo istoriuli winamZRvari qrTamisa.
aris aq vinme, vinc dRes pirvelad gaigo sityva “korufcia”?
- raRac ar mgonia, saqarTveloSi...
- imdenad xSirad ismis dRes-dReobiT, rom ara mgonia.
aris aq vinme, visac ucxo xalxis TandaswrebiT jer ar ulaparakia imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris korufcia da ar gamouTqvia Tavisi azri?
- Sedegebze gvilaparakia, magram korufcia ar gangvimartavs rogorc aseTi.
romeli qveynebia, Tqveni azriT, sadac korufcia Zalian aris
gavrcelebuli?
- es aris ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi qveynebi, Tumca korufciis xarisxi da
79
korufciis masStabi — aq yvela sferoSi midis korufcia, iq ki, SeiZleba...
- aseve CamorCenili qveynebi.
modiT davasaxeloT qveynebi, nu davajgufebT.
- indoeTi mgonia me.
- ruseTi.
- sasomxeTic aseve.
- sasomxeTi, azerbaijani, ruseTi, ukraina. yofili sabWoTa samyaro.
ratom aris am qveynebSi SedarebiT metad gavrcelebuli?
- kanoni ar kanonobs, albaT.
- ufro metad gavrcelebuli ar aris, me mgoni, sasomxeTSi an ruseTSi, magram
sadac marTlaa gavrcelebuli — indoeTSi, vTqvaT.
- moicavs im qveynebs, rasac hqvia “ganviTarebadi”.
- da xalxis donea ufro SeiZleba dabali.
- ara, TviTon saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebis procesi ar aris iq
dasrulebuli, aqedan gamomdinare, TviTon sazogadoebac da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
saxelmwifo moxeleebic ver acnobiereben, ras niSnavs saxelmwifoSi cxovreba.
meorec, TviTon korufciis sistemazec aris aq saubari, vTqvaT, nebismier
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, rodesac atyoben, rom raRac sfero eqceva maqsimarulad
CrdilSi, da iq xdeba korufciuli garigeba, cdiloben es gadmoitanon sakanon-
mdeblo regulirebis sferoSi, da aq es kultura ar aris xSir SemTxvevaSi.
- imitom, rom, albaT, kanoni ar kanonobs.
- damokidebulia azrisa da sityvis TavisuflebasTan, rac CvenTanac iyo didi
problema.
kargiT. da romelia, Tqveni azriT, qveynebi, sadac korufcia ar aris, an
SedarebiT naklebad aris gavrcelebuli?
- naklebad.
- gacilebiT naklebad.
- evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyana.
- es aris civilizebuli qveynebi.
- amerika.
- me amerikas davasaxelebdi.
- korufcia aris yvela qveyanaSi.
- ara, naklebad.
da ra aris imis mizezi, rom am qveynebSi korufcia naklebadaa
gavrcelebuli?
- ganviTarebulia, kanoni kanonobs.
- iq aris sakanonmdeblo regulireba.
- Zalian did pativs scemen sazRvargareT saerTod, ginda amerikaSi, gind
evropaSi, kanonebs da eSiniaT, imitom rom ician, raRacas rom daaSaveben, ician,
rom marTla daisjebian.
- weRan damaviwyda meTqva, rom kriminogenuli situacia CvenTan da im qveynebSi
[sadac korufcia gavrcelebulia] Zalian dabal donezea, da iq, [sadac korufcia
ar aris gavrcelebuli,] me vfiqrob, ufro maRal donezea. ician, rom Tu es
moxdeba, daisjeba is adamiani, da CvenTan ukve aravis eSinia arafris gakeTebis.
- ho, igive momentia — raRacas Caiden, fuls miitan da morCa.
- eg cxadia, kanonis simkacre imdenad ar gansazRvravs kanonis dacvas,
ramdenadac TviTon sasjelis aucilebloba, anu prevencia am SemTxvevaSi.
- dausjeloba akeTebs amas.
- dausjelobis sindromia saqarTveloSi.
- isic ar dagvaviwydes, rom iseT qveynebSi arsebobs iseTi kanonebi, romlebic
uSualod xels uwyoben korufciis gaRvivebas.
- martiv magaliTs moviyvan — amerikis nebismier universitetSi ratom ar aris
korufciis didi masStabi? elementarulad, yvela gadasaxadi iq aris kanoni-
zirebuli, anu is ukanono imaSi ar eqceva. aq yvelaferi dauregulirebelia,
80
magaliTad, ganasaxieron sxvadasxva firmis mier warmoebuli analogiuri
saqoneli.
es sakmaod rTuli meTodikaa, romlis gamoyenebasac Zalian didi dro
sWirdeba da amasTan, is moiTxovs moderatoris gansakuTrebul ostatobas. is
saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavigoT, Tu ra adgils ikavebs esa Tu is saqoneli
respondentebis yofaSi.
8. naxatebi da “fsiqonaxatebi”
magaliTi: vTxovoT respondentebs, Tavad daxaton naxati raime
situaciasTan dakavSirebiT.
aseTi naxatebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevafasoT respondentebis mier ama Tu im
saqonlis aRqma, amitom isini Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba satelevizio sareklamo
rgolebis efeqturobisadmi miZRvnil fokus-jgufebSi. amasTan, aseTi naxatebis
meSveobiT SesaZlebloba gveZleva SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad daaxsovdaT
respondentebs ama Tu im saqonlis SefuTva, samarko niSani, da sxva.
ra Tqma unda, aseTi meTodikis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia,
ramdenadac bevri respondenti ukan daixevs im mizezis gamo, rom xatva ar icis,
Tumca aq xatvis xarixs ara aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. amitom es meTodika
yvelaze xSirad bavSvebTan muSaobisas gamoiyeneba.
9. kolaJi
magaliTi: Jurnalebidan gamoWrili suraTebis didi raodenobidan
respondentebs sTavazoben SearCion iseTebi, romlebic, maTi azriT, yvelaze
metad Seesabameba romelime saqonlis an adamianis imijs.
es meTodika saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis
damokidebuleba ama Tu im saqonlis mimarT, da mogvcems iseT informacias,
romlis verbalurad gamoxatvac repondentebs gauWirdebaT.
rogorc wesi, kolaJis Sedgena sakmaod Znelia, amitom iTvleba, rom Tu
respondentebma Tavi gaarTves am amocanas, e.i. isini xangrZlivi drois manZilze
Segnebulad moixmaren ama Tu im saqonels, da maT cnobierebaSi ukve
Camoyalibebulia myari warmodgena mis Sesaxeb.
amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom kolaJis teqnika mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs
Seicavs ara marto respondentebisTvis, aramed mkvlevarebisTvisac, romlebsac,
rogorc wesi, uWirT Sedegebis interpretacia. amitom am teqnikis gamoyenebisas
uaRresad mniSvnelovania, mivceT respondentebs saSualeba, Tavad agvixsnan
Tavisi arCevani da agviRweron is, rac “Seqmnes”.
10. kartografireba (Brand mapping)
magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovoT, ramdenime jgufad dayon konkurenti
firmebis mier damzadebuli msgavsi saqoneli.
es meTodika sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba marketinguli xasiaTis fokus-
jgufebSi. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovacocxloT jgufis msvleloba. amasTan,
is gvaZlevs Zalze Rirebul informacias imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor xedavs
bazars TviTon momxmarebeli. am meTodikis daxmarebiT SeiZleba davinaxoT,
ramdenad “savsea” bazari Tu, piriqiT, jer kidev aris axali markis saqonlis
SemoRwevis SesaZlebloba. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, agreTve davinaxoT, icvleba
Tu ara momxmareblis warmodgena arsebuli saqonlebis Sesaxeb reklamis gavlenis
qveS.
am meTodikis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is sakmaod
did dros moiTxovs da misi CatarebisTvis saWiroa damxmare “TvalsaCino
masalis” gamoyeneba.
proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas aucilebelia Semdegi moTxovnebis
dacva:
33
3. SekiTxvebi “mesame pirSi”
magaliTebi: “ratomaa, rom zogi diasaxlisi iSviaTad wmends macivars?”
“rogorc fiqrobT, ratom ar uyvars xalxs zangebi?”
cnobilia, rom rodesac adamiani sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb laparakobs, is
imyofeba sakmaod Zlieri socialuri gavlenis qveS, romelic zRudavs mas Tavisi
azrebisa da Sefasebebis gamoxatvaSi da xels uSlis misi azrebis gulaxdil
gamoxatvas. magram rodesac Cven mas vTxovT sxvebis Sesaxeb (anu “mesame pirSi”)
ilaparakos, is gacilebiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba, da ufro gulwrfelad
gviziarebs Tavis mosazrebebs.
4. “Rrubliani” naxatebi
magaliTi: vuCvenoT respondentebs naxati an fotosuraTi, romelzec
aRbeWdilia raime socialuri situacia da erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi piris
gverdiT daxatulia carieli “Rrubeli”, romelic simbolurad misi azris
Casawer adgils warmoadgens. vTxovoT respondentebs, “RrubelSi” am adamianis
azri Caweron.
es meTodika SedarebiT ufro rTulia. misi meSveobiT Cven vigebT
respondentebis reaqcias suraTze asaxul socialur situaciasTan dakavSirebiT
ise, rom Cven mas ar vubiZgebT, raime tipis daskvna gaakeTos — Cven saerTod ar
aRvwerT arafers, ubralod naxats vuCvenebT. am naxatSi respondenti dainaxavs
mxolod imas, ris dasanaxadac is ukve momzadebulia Tavisi socialuri Tu
kulturuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, xolo respondentis mier “RrubelSi”
Cawerili azri naTlad gviCvenebs mis damokidebulebas im problemisadmi,
romelic gvainteresebs.
am meTodikis gamoyenebisas didi yuradRebiT unda movekidoT Sesabamisi
naxatebis SerCevas, da SeZlebisdagvarad karg mxatvrebs unda SevukveToT isini.
naxati unda iyos sada, naTeli da ubralo.
5. personifikacia
magaliTebi: “warmoidgineT, rom axali markis BMW-s avtomobili adamiania.
rogori adamiania is? SegiZliaT amiRweroT?”
“warmoidgineT, rom es organizacia raime cxovelia. konkretulad romel
cxovels gagonebT is?”
kanons gareSea, vakuumia sakanonmdeblo.
- unda meTqva is, rom axlandeli axalgazrdobac uwyobs amas efeqturad xels,
imitom rom ukve rom ici, rom amis gareSe ar xdeba, fulis gareSe, an qrTamis
gareSe, da ukve rogor aris, iciT? mcdeloba aRar aris. im dRes erTma amerikelma
Tqva, rom qarTvelebis Cvevaao rom dawyebul saqmes bolomde ar amTavrebeno — da
daaxloebiT hgaqvs, rom dabrkolebas gana gadalaxavs, is fiqrobs, rom modi axla
ukve fuls mivcem, axla ukve daviRale...
- marcxena gzas gamonaxaven.
- Cvenc vuwyobT xels raRac momentSi, me vfiqrob.
- ra Tqma unda!
- da sazRvargareT aravin gadaixdis fuls uswavlelobisTvis, rogorc Cven
vakeTebT, mgoni, amas.
- rogorc yovelTvis, ukuRma varT niWierebi — nebismieri sxva SeiZleba
fiqrobdes problemis gadaWraze, qarTvelma SeiZleba oTxjer meti ifiqros
marcxena mxridan mogvarebaze, mainc moZebnis raRacas.
- da sabolood ver xvdebian, rom uswavleloba ufro Zviri ujdebaT da ufro
cudia qveynisTvis ekonomikuradac da saerTodac.
- cudi kidev is aris, rom adamiani, romelic profesias korufciuli xerxebiT
eufleba, anu romelic, vTqvaT, iqidanve ixdis ukanonod, mere, ra Tqma unda, isic
ukanonod gadaaxdevinebs, rodesac Tanamdebobas daikavebs, anu ukan amoiRebs.
- ho, xelisuflebaSi modis da...
- jaWviviT modis.
Cvens qveyanas davubrundeT. saqarTveloSi korufcia ramdenad aris
gavrcelebuli, Tqveni azriT?
- sakmaod.
- Zalian.
- Zalian gavrcelebulia.
sakmaod Tu Zalian?
- Zalian.
- Zalian.
- me vityodi, katastrofuli masStabiT.
- igives vityodi mec.
- faqtiurad sfero ar arsebobs, sadac korufcia ar aris.

xdeba xolme, rom Tavidan respondentebs uWirT am meTodikis gamoyeneba, SegiZliaT daasaxeloT sami sfero, sadac korufcia yvelaze Zalian aris
magram, rogorc wesi, SemdgomSi isini gatacebiT umateben maT mier Seqmnil saxes gavrcelebuli? an Tu TvliT, rom erTia aseTi sfero — ki, batono, erTi
axal-axal detalebs. daasaxeleT.
sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi es meTodika Zalze mdidar informacias - ganaTleba.
mogvcems rogorc raime saqonlis imijis Sesaxeb, aseve misi “tipiuri - saganmanaTleblo.
momxmareblis” warmomadgenlebis Taobaze; masTan dakavSirebul faseulobebze; - ganaTleba, samarTaldamcavi organoebi...
reklamis gavlenaze; da sxva. - saxelisuflo struqturebSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi, da mesame — damexmareT.
- samarTaldamcav organoebSi.
6. stereotipebi - es SeiZleba Sevides saxelmwifo struqturebSi.
magaliTi: respondentebs sTavazoben produqtebis sias, romlebsac - es im doneze, rom yvelas TvalSia.
yoveldRiurad moixmars romelime hipoTeturi ojaxi, da sTxoven, aRweron es
ojaxi. Telavis raionSi igive sami sferoa, Tu aq raime specifikuri situaciaa?
- ara, me mgoni, igive sami gvaqvs.
am meTodikis gamoyeneba sapirispiro formiTac SeiZleba: aRvweroT ojaxis - mgoni, gamonaklisebi iqneba, magram ZiriTadad igive.
tipi da vTxovoT respondentebs, Seadginon im produqtebis sia, romlebsac es - adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis doneze Tu gadmovitanT xelisuflebis
ojaxi yoveldRiurad moixmars. situacias, maSin igive sami sferoa.
es meTodika personifikaciis meTodikis Tavisebur gagrZelebadac SeiZleba - igive.
CaiTvalos. is saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovyoT momxmarebelTa jgufebi, romlebic, - samarTaldamcavebi, saganmanaTleblo da...
respondentTa azriT, tipiuria.
saSualod saqarTvelos dones Tu SevadarebT, TelavSi korufcia metad
7. rolebis gaTamaSeba aris gavrcelebuli, naklebad Tu igivea?
magaliTi: respondentebs vTxovT, rolebSi gaiTamaSon raime situacia, - igivea.

32 81
 - igivea.
- Cemi azriT, igivea.
- aranairad naklebad.
- SedarebiT naklebi SeiZleba iyos.
- iqidan gamomdinare, rom Telavi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT Zalian pataraa...
- ara, me vityodi piriqiT, TbilisSi ufro, Cemi azriT, naklebia, vidre aq —
patara qalaqia, magram Zalian [gavrcelebulia].
- procentulad Tu aiRebT, am SemTxvevaSi ...
- SeiZleba sadRac naklebi Tanxaa gadasaxdeli, magram Semosavalic naklebia.
- eg aris mTavari, Tu korufcia ra donezea? is aris mTavari, ramdens ixdi, Tu
ra donezea? is xom mainc iRebs am SemTxvevaSi? korufcia is aris, rom iman
SeiZleba — uxeSad ar gamigo — lari aiRos, magram iman xom mainc safasurad
gagikeTa! am wuTas korufciazea laparaki, samarTlebrivi is rom irRveva; aqac
sakmaod irRveva.
- ki, hoda Tanabrad aris procentulad Tu aviRebT.
- nu, Tanabrad.
piradad Tqven Tu gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan?
- albaT, yvelas hqonia met-naklebad.
- met-naklebad.
- me SemiZlia vTqva, rom ar mqonia. Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom arasodes ar
mqonia.
- ho, axla mec vfiqrob, ra vici, verafers ver vigoneb.
- qrTami ar mimicia, magram vici, rom...
Tqvens pirad gamocdilebas davubrundebiT, magram manamde — ra aris
korufciis gavrcelebis mizezi saqarTveloSi, ra iwvevs korufcias?
- Cemi azriT, ucodinroba.
- kanonis ucodinroba.
- gaunaTlebloba.
- samarTlebrivi...
- arsebuli mdgomareoba, raSic Cven vcxovrobT, is saSinelebebi, ase vTqvaT,
rac dRes-dReobiT xdeba: ukanonoba...
- es SeiZleba iyos erTi kompleqsi, socialuri foni, zogadi socialuri foni,
rodesac igive dabali xelfasi aqvT saxelmwifo samsaxurSi da bunebrivia,
sajaro moxeles ar SeuZlia 16 larian xelfasze cxovreba. aqedanac gamom-
dinareobs, erTi faqtori SeiZleba es gamovyoT. meore faqtori, TviTon
moqalaqis samarTlebrivi ganaTlebis zedmetad dabali done. mesame faqtoric
SeiZleba arsebobdes am SemTxvevaSi...
- mainc araferi ar Seicvleba.
- mesame faqtoria umTavresi, zogadad saxelmwifoSi ukve sakanonmdeblo
vakuumi, rodesac esa Tu is urTierToba ar regulirdeba kanoniT, aq yovelTvis
iqmneba raRac SezRuduli wre, sadac mimdinareobs es procesi. anu es procesi
rom SeCerdes, es vakuumi unda moispos aucileblad. igive universitetSi,
ganaTlebis sistemaSi, es vakuumebi Zalian bevria.
ganaTlebis sistemaSi konkretulad ra vakuumebia?
- vTqvaT, igive ar aris gansazRvruli studentis da universitetis
valdebulebebi. Cven praqtikulad aranair, rodesac SemovdivarT universitetSi,
formalurad Tu iuridiulad ar xdeba gamijvna, ra valdebulebebi aqvs
universitets Cvens mimarT.
- es valdebulebebi wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli.
- ho, wesdebiT aris gansazRvruli, magram sainteresoa, ramdeni icnobs am
wesdebas, xom?
- erTi procenti.
- erTic ara.
Tu aris es wesdeba da Tqven mas ar icnobT, maSin iqneb sxva problemasTan
82
jgufebis Catareba nakleb dros moiTxovs da damkveTs gacilebiT ufro iafi
ujdeba, vidre sxva tipis kvlevis Catareba.
proeqciuli teqnikebi
Tvisebriv meTodebSi da, kerZod, fokus-jgufebSi farTod gamoiyeneba e.w.
proeqciuli teqnikebi46, romlebic wina leqciaSi ganxiluli zondirebis saSua-
lebebis ganviTarebis Sedegs warmoadgens. proeqciuli teqnikebis mizania adamia-
nis Sinagani samyaros ufro Rrma Seswavla. es meTodikebi mWidro kavSirSia fsi-
qologebis mier SemuSavebul testebTan, da fsiqologiis mraval miRwevas iye-
neben.
proeqciuli teqnikebis aucileblobas aqvs rogorc fsiqologiuri, aseve
lingvisturi gamarTleba. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianis qcevis
motivebi xSirad qvecnobierebaSi arsebuli mizezebiT da motivebiT aixsneba,
amitom zog SemTxvevaSi adamians ar SeuZlia sakuTari saqcielis an poziciis axsna
verbaluri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. amas emateba lingvisturi gamarTleba —
enis, anu Cveni verbaluri komunikaciis saSualebis arasrulyofili xasiaTi.
swored proeqciuli teqnikebi dagvexmareba am ori SezRudvis gadalaxvaSi.
mkvlevrebi gamoiyeneben proeqciuli teqnikebis mraval saxeobas. vidre
mkvlevari gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli teqnika
gamoiyenos ama Tu im gamokvlevis farglebSi, man sam kiTxvas unda gasces pasuxi:
1. romeli teqnika dagvexmareba yvelaze ukeT Cvens winaSe mdgari miznis
misaRwevad?
2. rogor unda gamoviyenoT SerCeuli teqnika?
3. rogor unda davamuSavoT miRebuli Sedegebi?
qvemoT moyvanilia aTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli proeqciuli teqnikis mokle
aRwera.47
1. sityvieri asociaciebi
magaliTi: “ra azri gebadebaT, rodesac gesmiT sityva “. . .”?”
es meTodika Zalze martivia. misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi respondentebs,
rogorc wesi, advilad esmiT, Tu ra gvinda maTgan. amasTan, aseTi “savarjiSo”, Tu
is fokus-jgufis an siRrmiseuli intervius dasawyisSi gamoiyeneba, saSualebas
gvaZlevs, SeviqmnaT warmodgena respondentebis “leqsikonis”, maTi sityvaTa
maragis Sesaxeb da agreTve, gaverkveT ama Tu im produqtis an socialuri
situaciis Sefasebis variaciebSi.
es teqnika SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi saxiT;
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, mas aucileblad anonimuri xasiaTi unda hqondes. magram
mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom nebismieri teqnikis werilobiTi gamoyeneba
dasaSvebia mxolod sakmaod maRali ganaTlebis donis mqone respondentebTan
muSaobisas.
2. winadadebebis damTavreba
magaliTebi: “isini, vinc mxolod xsnad yavas svams, arian . . .”
“idealuri qorwineba — esaa qorwineba, romelic . . .”
es meTodikac Zalze iolia, da amasTan — uaRresad efeqturi. misi gamoyeneba
saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovaaSkaravoT respondentebis faseulobebi, cxovrebi-
seuli orientaciebi da interesebi. is gvexmareba, swrafad da mkafiod Camova-
yalibebinoT repondentebs maTi damokidebuleba CvenTvis mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebisadmi.
46
termini nawarmoebia sityvebisgan ~proeqcia~, ~proecireba~.
47
es proeqciuli teqnikebi gamoyofilia sruliad ruseTis sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis
centris (amJamad — levada-centris) Tvisebrivi kvlevebis ganyofilebis mier 1996-1998
wlebSi.
31
respondentebis moCvenebiTi Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, man mainc unda akontro-
los diskusiis msvleloba da unda miiRos pasuxebi dasmul kvleviT kiTxvebze.
fokus-jgufis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba isaa, rom es meTodi
saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT azrebis Camoyalibebis process, da amasTan,
SevecadoT davadginoT, Tu ratom fiqrobs xalxi ise, rogorc fiqrobs43. es xdeba
jgufis monawileebs Soris azrTa gacvlis dros. ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is,
rom fokus-jgufis Catareba xSirad xels uwyobs ama Tu im sakiTxis axali TvaliT
danaxvas, misi mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gamoyofas, romlebic, SesaZloa, ar
gamoaSkaravebuliyo formalizebuli intervius dros. amitom, rogorc devid
morgani Tvlis, fokus-jgufebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Rirsebas warmoadgens
am meTodis unari, aRmoaCinos axali Temebi da wamoWras axali hipoTezebi44.
amasTan, fokus-jgufi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar isaxavs miznad raime gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebas — misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, yvela respondents Tavisi azris
gamoTqmis saSualeba misces.
magram fokus-jgufis, iseve rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegad
mkvlevari mxolod respondentebis verbalur informaciaze dayrdnobiT akeTebs
daskvnebs, rac, ra Tqma unda, garkveulad amcirebs Sedegebis sandoobas, imitom
rom es informacia yovelTvis ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.45
fokus-jgufis Catareba seriozul momzadebas moiTxovs, rac gulisxmobs
Temis winaswar Seswavlas, gamokvlevis programis da sadiskusio gegmis Semu-
Savebas, agreTve, jgufis Catarebis teqnikuri mxareebis uzrunvelyofas.
Senoba, sadac fokus-jgufi tardeba, specialur moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes.
es unda iyos sada oTaxi, romelic daculia gare xmaurisagan. rogorc wesi,
fokus-jgufebi tardeba mkvlevaris ofisSi, specialur oTaxSi, romlis erTi
kedelzec calmxirivi sarkea, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarTa gunds an
damkveTebs Tvali adevnon diskusias ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon mis msvlelobas.
respondentebma ar ician am sarkis da meore oTaxis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
yovelTvis xdeba fokus-jgufis dros gamarTuli saubris audio- da/an vide-
oCawera, ris Sesaxebac respondentebi winaswar unda iyvnen gafrTxilebulni. ra
Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes maTi konfidencialoba.
fokus-jgufis xangrZlivoba, rogorc wesi, saaTnaxevridan or saaTamdea;
Sesvenebis gakeTeba fokus-jgufis mimdinareobis dros ar aris mizanSewonili.
fokus-jgufis msvlelobisas respondentebs, rogorc wesi, umaspinZldebian
gamargilebeli sasmelebiT.
erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi, rogorc wesi, ramdenime fokus-jgufi
tardeba, romlebic xSirad gansxvavdeba monawileTa maCveneblebis mixedviT
(qalebi; mamakacebi; sxvadasxva asakobrivi an profesiuli jgufi); arc Tu iSviaTia
SemTxvevebi, rodesac jgufebi sxvadasxva qalaqSi, an sulac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
tardeba. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari gacilebiT ufro mdidar informacias
iRebs, da Sedegebis Sedarebis SesaZlebloba eZleva asakobriv, sqesobriv,
teritorialur/regionalur WrilSi.
arcTu iSviaTad fokus-jgufebi gamoiyeneba kvlevis dazverviT etapze,
rogorc naklebad cnobili problemis Seswavlis pirveli nabiji, romelic
gvexmareba saerTo hipoTezebis formulirebaSi. garda amisa, fokus-jgufebis
msvlelobisas miRebuli informacia mdidar da sasargeblo masalas iZleva
masobrivi gamokiTxvis kiTxvaris Sesadgenad, kerZod, kiTxvebis Camoyalibebisa
da maTi “daxurvis” daxvewis mizniT, vinaidan fokus-jgufebis msvlelobaSi
kargad vlindeba respondentebis “leqsikoni”, maTi azrovnebis modelebi.
fokus-jgufebi kargad uTavsdeba kvlevis sxva meTodebs, amitom xSirad
gamoiyeneba farTomasStabian proeqtebSi sxva meTodebTan, maT Soris masobriv
gamokiTxvasTan erTad. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufebis Sedegad miRe-
buli Tvisebrivi informacia, rogorc wesi, amdidrebs raodenobriv Sedegebs.
aRsaniSnavia, agreTve isic, rom masobriv gamokiTxvebTan SedarebiT fokus-
43
Richard A. Kruger. 1994. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Second Edition. Thousand
Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. P. 3.
44
David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 21.
45
David L. Morgan. Op. cit. P. 8.
30
gvaqvs saqme?
- ara, universitetSi rom Semodis studenti, iq unda xdebodes piradi
gasaubreba da uflebebis ganmarteba.
- ki, magram ar xdeba.
- magram me ras viZaxi — TviTon kanoni ukve ar avaldebulebs universitets,
rom [studentis] Semosvlis Tanave, Tavisive iniciativiT...
- anu Tu gainteresebs Seni uflebebi, is getyvis uxeSad: me unda gaswavlo, Sen
unda iswavlo; is arc imas getyvis, rom Tu ar iswavli, fuli gadamixadeo...
- gasagebia, vTqvaT, igive Cvens universitetze rom aviRoT, debulebaSi wlebis
ganmavlobaSi iyo Cadebuli, rom 40% vTqvaT fasiani seqtoridan Semosuli
Tanxebis unda moxmarebodaT studentebs, TviTon universitets, materialur-
teqikuri bazis saxiT, xolo 60% leqtorebs xelfasebis saxiT — ar xmardeboda,
martivad imitom, rom mxolod im adamianebs hqondaT es debuleba wakiTxuli, vinc
es miiRo. da sakmaod rTulad mosapovebeli dokumentia dRemde.
sxva mizezebi, sxva mosazrebebi?
- Cemi azriT, SeiZleba cota xmamaRali naTqvami iyos Cemi mxridan, magram
TelavSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea, me ase mgonia, rom Cveni mTavroba da xalxi
erTmaneTTan kavSirSi saerTod ar aris, anu Cven, adamiani laparakobs sul sxva
enaze, mTavroba laparakobs sul sxva enaze, Cvens problemebze ar laparakoben.
mTavrobas xalxi ar irCevs?
- irCevs, magram raRac momentSi isini ...
- formalurad irCevs.
- adamianebis azrs isini aRar aqceven yuradRebas imis Semdeg, rac isini
amorCeulebi arian.
- dabali politikuri kulturac aris amomrCevlisa, amas aucileblad unda
gavusvaT xazi, ZiriTadad populisti [politikosebi].
- me ise mgonia, rom xalxi arc cdilobs imis gamosworebas, rac xdeba.
- es yvelaferi modis, Cemi azriT, mainc saboloo jamSi imas vfiqrob, im
doneze midis ukve aqcenti, rom mTavroba, mTavroba — me vfiqrob, yvela
CvenTaganis bralic, imitom rom saganmanaTleblo sistema Zalian dabal donezea,
es SeiZleba imis bralic aris, amis bralic, magram Cven kargad viciT, rom Tu
adamians unda swavla da raRacis miRweva, gadalaxavs im raRac problemebs, magram
kidev viZaxi, rogorc weRan vTqvi, Cven vuwyobT amas xels da Cveni isic aris.
- ki.
- sxvaTaSoris, bibliidan moviyvan, rom codvili is ki ar aris, vinc qrTams
iRebs, Sen codvili xar, rodesac qrTams aZlev. da am SemTxvevaSi — me maqvs
micemuli, vTqvaT, qrTami da me Cems Tavs ufro vTvli am SemTxvevaSi damnaSaved,
vidre imas, vinc aiRo es.
- erTi faqti SemiZlia — dResdReobiT imasac davoben, uxeSad rom SevadaroT,
qaTami ufro adre gaCnda Tu kvercxi; igive situaciaa, meqrTameoba ufro adre
gaCnda Tu TviTon meqrTame? imdenad gadajaWvulia es yvelaferi erTmaneTze,
igive Cvens dRevandel mdgomareobaSi, rom...
- eg marTalia; iyo periodi, roca arc codna, araferi marTla ar fasdeboda,
marTla gareT rCebodi, marTla katastrofa iyo.
axla laparakia am Senobaze, am qalaqze, am qveyanaze Tu ...?
- am Senobazec, am qalaqzec da am qveyanazec. elementarulad, ver Sexval,
gindac codna gqondes, ver Sexval, Tu raRac gadasaxadi ar Seitane
universitetSi; misaReb gamocdebze erTxel CaWra, orjer CaWra, samjer CaWra —
es ukve xdeboda raRac katastrofulad.
axla mase aRar aris?
- me vfiqrob, axla SeiZleba ase iyos, magram mcodnes xmis amoRebis unari da
saSualeba eqneba, odnav mainc rom gaitanos Tavisi simarTle.
- meti aqvs.
- ukve raRas sasikeTo Zvrebi iqneba, ukve raRac testireba, romelic unda
83
iyos misaReb gamocdebze... garkveulwilad aferxebs korufcias.
- meore momentic aris, TviTon saxelmwifoebriv doneze Tu vityviT,
saxelmwifoSi moqalaqem ar icis Tavisi valdebulebebi, ra movaleobebi akisria
saxelmwifos winaSe...
- da ra uflebebi aqvs, arc is ar icis.
- ... da rac mTavaria, ar icis, ra uflebebi aqvs, imitom rom misi uflebebi,
rogorc wesi, gamoixateba saxelmwifos valdebulebebSi.
- ki magram, Cemi azriT, mgoni umetesobas arc unda rom icodes...
- masas, zogadad, ver moTxov amas.
- arc aqvT moTxovnileba.
- gind icode, xom weria xolme, vTqvaT, “icode kanoni, iqnebi daculi” — vici
kanoni — rom, vTqvaT, ar unda gamCxrikon orderis gareSe, — vici, rom is ar aris
sabuTi imisa, rom im wuTas me damiWiron, magram dRes-dReobiTac sakmaod
efeqturad mimdinareobs es. kanoni icis im adamianma, magram ver icavs im kanons!
- verc daicavs, martivad vityvi: Sen rogorc ar unda icode kanoni, Sen ise ver
daicav kanons, rogorc iuristi dagicavs — maSin Cveni profesia saerTod ar
gaxdeboda saWiro.
- elementarul imeebze, yvelaferze advokati xom ar geyoleba, ara?
- ara, yvelaferze advokati ara, Tundac igive saproceso moqmedebebze roca
vsaubrobT, da gakaveben, mainc gWirdeba damcveli.
Tqven daiwyeT laparaki, rom xalxs arc undao arafris Secvla...
- ubralod, me ase mgonia, rom arc cdiloben im situaciis Secvlas, rac aris.
Tu ar cdiloben, maSin ise gamodis, rom moswonT is situacia, Tu ra xdeba?
- ar moswonT, me ubralod ise mgonia, rom mieCvivnen.
- rogor aris, iciT? yvela adamians saqarTveloSi rom hkiTxo, unda yvela-
feri iyos kanonierad; magram unda, rom am situaciaSi yvela iqceodes kanonierad
TviTon mis garda, xolo TviTon isev Zveleburad agrZelebdes. anu, yvela fiq-
robs, rom ki, ra Tqma unda, kanoni unda kanonobdes, damnaSave unda daisajos,
magram...
- Tan qarTvelebis fsiqologia ufro sxvanairia.
- ... magram am dros TviTonve fiqrobs, rom kargi iqneboda, rom yvela ase
iqceodes, magram me mainc privilegirebuli unda viyo. es momenti namdvilad aris.
- Cemi azriT kidev, eg ar aris imis dasabuTeba, rom ar unda qarTvel xalxs
raRac Secvalos, imitom rom igive es Cveni ori revolucia imis
damadasturebelia, rom xalxs raRac undoda da Secvales kidec.
- ara, Sen cudad gamige — gana ar unda Secvla, unda rom Secvalos, magram...
- revolucia moxda, magram jer imdeni araferi ar momxdara.
- survili rom ara yofiliyo raRacis Secvlisa da keTildReobisken, arc
moxdeboda revolucia.
- ki.
- me vityvi, rom is elodeba viRacisgan Svelas — ki unda, rom Seicvalos,
magram TviTon mainc ar akeTebs.
- eg marTalia.
- saerTod, qarTveli xalxis Cvevaa, da, mgoni, mTavrobac ukve ise mieCvia
sazRvargareTidan daxmarebas, miliardi, ori miliardi — rogora varT ici,
rogorc patara ToTo bavSvi, rom sul Wamaze da sul TxovniT TvaliT vuyurebT,
ukve gamogvimuSaves aseTi Tviseba.
- nu, axla martivad rom aviRoT: Tu universitetis biblioTekaSi ar aris
wigni, Sen SegiZlia moiTxovo es, anu daayeno aseTi moTxovna, imitom rom gaqvs
amis ufleba, da meore varianti, rasac realurad studentoba mimarTavs: elodeba
axal reqtors, romelic SeiZleba 10 wlis Semdeg movides. “iman gadawyvitos” — es
momenti Zalian aris.
ori ramis Sejereba minda. Tqven yvelam — TiTqmis yvelam — TqviT, rom
gqoniaT Sexeba korufciasTan. amave dros, Tqven axseneT revolucia. Tu
SevadarebT mdgomareobas revoluciamde da revoluciis Semdeg, situacia
84
savsebiT SesaZlebelia fokus-jgufebis warmatebiT Catareba.41
mizanSewonilia, rom jgufis Semadgenloba homogenuri iyos asakobrivi da
sqesobrivi TvalsazrisiT; aseve, fokus-jgufSi erTi da imave socialuri mdgo-
mareobis mqone pirebi unda iRebdnen monawileobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
jgufis warmatebis perspeqtivebi mcirea, vinaidan mis msvlelobaSi Tavs iCens
daZabuloba, mTeli rigi emociuri aspeqtebi, romlebic respondentTa yurad-
Rebis gafantvas iwvevs.
fokus-jgufis warmatebas didwilad gansazRvravs jgufis wamyvanis, anu
moderatoris xelovneba.42 misi mTavari daniSnulebaa, gauZRves diskusias im
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze, romelic sakiTxis winaswari Seswavlis da
gamokvlevis programis safuZvelze iqna SemuSavebuli. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom
siRrmiseuli intervius da fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegmebs Soris raime
principuli gansxvavebebi iyos, Tumca fokus-jgufis sadiskusio gegma, ra Tqma
unda, orientirebulia ramdenime respondentze.
moderatoris ostatoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom man unda gamoiwvios jgufis
monawileebis gulaxdiloba, uzrunvelyos yvela respondentis monawileoba
diskusiaSi, maT Soris maTi, vinc ar aris aqtiuri, an Tavs gaubedavad grZnobs. Tu
jgufis msvlelobaSi raime mizezis gamo viTareba daiZabeba, an respondentebs
Soris raime gaugebroba moxdeba, moderatoris movaleobaa, ganmuxtos situacia.
moderatori kargi msmeneli unda iyos, didi yuradRebiT usminos gamarTul
saubars da rodesac saWirod CaTvlis, gaCumdes, raTa respondentebma Tavad war-
marTon diskusia. fsiqologebisTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom rodesac responden-
tebi xedaven, rom maT yuradRebiT usmenen, rom maTi azri ainteresebT, isini
iolad da siamovnebiT Tanxmdebian TanamSromlobaze. moderatorma unda
gauadvilos respondentebs diskusiaSi monawileoba; mis qcevaSi ar unda iyos
araferi, rac SeboWavs respondentebs. swored moderatorzea damokidebuli
jgufSi megobruli da Ria atmosferos Seqmna, rac ueWvelad Seuwyobs xels
diskusiis warmatebas. idealur SemTxvevaSi, fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi
Seqmnili atmosfero mis monawileebs siamovnebas unda aniWebdes, saintereso
unda iyos maTTvis.
fokus-jgufis Catarebisas aqtualobas kargavs masobrivi gamokiTxvebisTvis
Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad adekvaturad esmiT
respondentebs dasmuli kiTxvebi —moderatoris erT-erT movaloebas swored
imis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, rom respondentebma sworad gaigon dasmuli
kiTxvebi; zogjer moderatoris Careva arc aris xolme aucilebeli, vinaidan
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi jgufis sxva wevrebi Tavad exmarebian im respondents,
romelmac ver gaigo kiTxva, azusteben ra kiTxvis Sinaarss. saerTod, jgufis
msvlelobaSi respondentebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan xSirad saSualebas
aZlevs moderators, CrdilSi darCes, Sesabamisad — naklebad moaxdinos gavlena
respondentebis azrebze Tavisi SekiTxvebiT da komentarebiT, rac, ra Tqma unda,
mniSnvelovnad amcirebs respondentebis pasuxebis reaqtiulobas. es garemoebac
fokus-jgufebis Zalze mniSvnelovan upiratesobad iTvleba. amasTan, es, ra Tqma
unda, ar niSnavs, rom moderatori nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs jgufis msvle-
lobisas gamarTul diskusias — piriqiT, misi CrdilSi gasvla, rodesac es saWiroa
da sasargebloa jgufis msvlelobisaTvis, mis maRal profesiul ostatobaze
mowmobs. rodesac is amis saWiroebas dainaxavs, moderatori kvlav CaerTveba
jgufis wayvanis procesSi, imdenad aqtiurad, ramdenadac es saWiro iqneba.
iseve rogorc Tvisebrivi meTodebis nebismieri saxeoba, fokus-jgufebis
meTodi garkveul Tavisuflebas aniWebs mkvlevars am meTodis gamoyenebis
konkretul formebTan dakavSirebiT. moderatoris mier fokus-jgufis Cata-
rebis stili SeiZleba iyos rogorc mkacri, aseve liberaluri. ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, saqme gvaqvs gamocdil moderatorTan, vinaidan
41
David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications. P. 19.
42
moderatori SeiZleba iyos rogorc kvleviTi gundis warmomadgeneli, romelic
uSualod muSaobs gamokvlevis Catarebaze da monacemTa damuSavebaze, aseve mowveuli
piri, romlis daniSnulebac mxolod fokus-jgufis Catarebaa.
29
kvlevebSi da maT sayovelTao aRiareba poves rogorc marketingSi, aseve
politikuri situaciebis da socialuri problemebis Seswavlisas, Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT jerac ar aris Seswavlili Tu ra tipis gamokvlevebSia es meTodi
yvelaze ufro mizanSewonili. iTvleba, rom fokus-jgufebis gamoyeneba
saukeTeso Sedegebs sabazro situaciis, bazarze axali saqonlisaTvis Sesaferisi
adgilis Seswavlis mizniT Catarebul kvlevebSi iZleva. es meTodi yvelaze ukeT
gvexmareba gavigoT respondentebis azri ama Tu im saqonlis Sesaxeb, davadginoT
am saqonlis moxmarebis formebi da, rac ara nakleb mniSvnelovania, arCevanis
gakeTebis motivebi. es informacia SemdgomSi exmareba mwarmoeblebs, gaaumjo-
beson saqonlis xarisxi, Secvalon sareklamo strategia da sxv. aseve, fokus-
jgufebis gamoyeneba efeqturia momavali reklamis efeqturobis gansazRvis
mizniT. marketingis garda, es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba politikur kvlevebSi,
politikuri partiebis an calkeuli politikosebis imijis da maTi saarCevno San-
sebis Sefasebisa da gaumjobesebis mizniT. fokus-jgufebi socialuri xasiaTis
kvlevebSic gamoiyeneba, xSirad — rogorc problemis winaswari Seswavlis
saSualeba an raime socialuri programis efeqturobis Sefasebis mizniT.
amasTan, aris Temebi, romelTa Seswavlisas mizanSewonili ar iqneba fokus-
jgufebis gamoyeneba. esenia, upirveles yovlisa, intimuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi,
maT Soris — piradi higiena, col-qmruli urTierTobebi, Ralati ojaxSi. fokus-
jgufis meTodi aseve naklebefeqturia respondentebis Semosavlis da saerTod,
maTi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kvlevis Catarebisas.
meTodis daxasiaTeba
rogorc mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, fokus-jgufebi saSualebas gvaZlevs,
ara mxolod Zalian Rrmad SeviswavloT esa Tu is rTuli sakiTxi, aramed
SeviqmnaT naTeli warmodgena am sakiTxis irgvliv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli azrTa
mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb. fokus-jgufis dros warmoqmnili diskusiebis Sede-
gad ukeT vlindeba respondentebis damokidebuleba garkveuli socialuri prob-
lemebisadmi, maTi fsiqologiuri ganwyobebi da emociuri Sefasebebi, romlebic
xSirad arc aris Segnebulad gaTviTcnobierebuli respondentebis mier.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufis monawileTa raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde
meryeobs, Tumca zog SemTxvevaSi respondentTa minimaluri raodenoba SeiZleba
5-6 iyos, xolo maqsimaluri — 12.40 respondentTa raodenobis mkacri SezRudva
imitomaa aucilebeli, rom fokus-jgufis msvlelobaSi mis yvela monawiles unda
mieces Tavisi azris Tavisuflad da srulad gamoTqmis saSualeba. Tu es piroba
ar sruleba, fokus-jgufi ver aRwevs Tavis mizans.
rogorc wesi, fokus-jgufis monawileebs specialuri kriteriumebis safuZ-
velze arCeven, es kriteriumebi ki gamokvlevis amocanebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
upirvelesi moTxovna monawileTa SerCevisadmi isaa, rom isini unda iyvnen gaT-
viTcnobierebulni im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac fokus-jgufi eZRvneba
(marketinguli kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi — unda iyvnen ama Tu im saqonlis momxma-
reblebi, an potenciuri momxmareblebi).
saerTo rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, fokus-jgufis monawileebi ar unda icob-
nden erTmaneTs da jgufis wamyvans. iTvleba, rom ucxo adamianebs Soris jgufis
msvlelobisas SeiZleba e.w. “Tanamgzavris efeqti” gaCndes, da respondentebi met
gulaxdilobas gamoiCenen im adamianebis gverdiT, romlebsac ar icnoben, visac
cxovrebaSi pirvelad da ukanasknelad xedaven. magram rig SemTxvevaSi (maga-
liTad, patara TemebSi muSaobisas) am moTxovnis dakmayofileba Zalze rTulia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom cnobilia SemTxvevebi, rodesac Cata-
rebuli iqna fokus-jgufebis seria, sadac yvela respondenti icnobda erTma-
neTs. am jgufebis araformaluri xasiaTis xazgasmis mizniT isini erT-erTi res-
pondentis binaSi Catarda. rogorc am eqsperimentma daadastura, aseT pirobebSi
40
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac fokus-jgufis wevrebis raodenoba 15-s aRwevs, magram es ar
aris mizanSewonili.
28
Tqvens cxovrebaSi korufciasTan dakavSirebiT Seicvala Tu ar Seicvala?
- Cvens SemTxvevaSi ar Secvlila.
- jerjerobiT...
- araferi ar Secvlila, jerjerobiT mainc.
- magram me vfiqrob, imedi unda iyos, magram jerjerobiT...
niSnavs Tu ara es, rom axla korufcia isevea, rogorc iyo revoluciamde?
- ara, imis laparaki, rom ar Secvlila situacia, cota mgoni ararealuri
meCveneba, imitom rom situacia marTla Seicvala.
- ara, me rasTanac mqonda Sexeba, iq ar Secvlila situacia. igive
universitetis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, leqtorebTan mimarTebaSi.
- SeiZleba ufro gaCumda da ar ismis. ise aRar aris aSkarad.
- gamocdebTan dakavSirebiT.
- axla dameTanxmebiT, sami Tvea Tu oTxi Tvea, rac avirCieT Cveni prezidenti
— sam TveSi da oTx TveSi aseTi didi problemis mogvareba ar SeiZleba. SeiZleba
nela, magram situacia nel-nela win midis — gaumjobesebisaken, korufcias
vgulisxmob.
- imedi geqneba, magram jerjerobiT...
- centridan iwyeba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola da mere regionebSi cota
ufro sustdeba.
- erTi rame minda vTqva, Tu SeiZleba momismineT. Tu xalxs ar endomeba, rom
korufcia moispos, is ar moispoba.
- ki.
- jerjerobiT me amas ver vxedav. universitetSi ixdidnen fuls, imitom rom
eswavlaT. marwyvs yididnen da ixdidnen. mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom ar eswavlaT.
mere imaSi ixdidnen, rom mowyobiliyvnen samsaxurSi da is fuli amoeRoT. axlac
asea. movida axali reqtori — rac Cemi TvaliT maqvs danaxuli, modiT konkretul
faqtebze davideT, mgoni, sjobia. saxelmwifo gamocdaze moikrifa isev fuli,
TiTqmis yvela jgufSi. midis reqtori da eubneba: “es fuli daabruneT ukan, azri
ara aqvs”. an: “mokrefili gaqvT? dekans mieciT?” — “ara, rogor gekadrebaT”,
studenti iZaxis. arada, dekani udga gverdze — konkretuli faqti vici, da “ara,
aravis ar miutanoT”, es dekanic iZaxis; arada, is fuli jibeSi udevs. kargi, im
students awyobs, rom gadaixados, ase vTqvaT, raRacnairad gaZvres.
- ki, veTanxmebi, es meqrTameoba universitetSi, pirvel rigSi, xels aZlevs
students. rom aviRoT, me roca vabarebdi aq universitetSi, da 100 kaci viyaviT
Tu ufro metni, vinc vabarebdiT erTad, iqidan codna hqonda erTi xuT-aT kacs.
gvqonda. danarCeni abarebda fuliT. gamocdebze axlac yvelani aZleven fuls,
imitom rom Cairicxnen fuliT, ar ainteresebT codna, mSoblebs aqvT aseTi is,
rom “Cems Svils aucileblad unda hqondes diplomi” da ar uyureben imas, rom
imaT Svils ar unda swavla.
- diplomiani siZe unda iyos, diplomiani rZali unda iyos...
- da Semdeg gamocdebzec leqtorebs aZleven fuls. leqtori aiRebs fuls,
imitom rom valdebuli ar aris, rom ucodinar bavSvs ise dauweros niSani.
axla, am bolo sesiaze aZleven fuls?
- ki.
- ki, kaco.
- ki, ai axla. ufro Cumad, magram ...
- arian leqtorebi, romlebic nebayoflobiT iZaxian uars, da es Zalian kargia,
SemiZlia davasaxelo kidec es leqtorebi, magram arian leqtorebi, romlebic,
piriqiT, moswrebaze arian, rom vTqvaT momavali wlidan [ar ician, ra moxdeba].
- gavaldebuleben, iseT situacias giqmnian, rom valdebuli xar...
- ki, im dRes erTma Tqva, fuli momikrifeT jgufmao.
- ara, bolos mase aSkarad aRar aris, magram mainc.
- da kidev ra situaciaa — rom CaTvlaSi 7 lari ar kmara da 10 lari unda
moitano da aseTi raRaceebi.
- “seilebi” ar aris.
- ubralo magaliTs moviyvan, rac me gadamxda. xom SeiZleba saxelebis da
85
gvarebis dasaxeleba, ara? ese igi, Cemi meuRle wayvanili myavda TbilisSi
samSobiarod da darCenili hqonda gamocda germanulSi, qalbaton m. g.-sTan.
mivedi am qalTan da veubnebi, rom iqneba an gadavavadoT, an raRaca, imitom rom ar
aris fizikurad da axla mSobiare qali rogor Camogiyvano Casabareblad? 25 lari
momecio, da yvelaferi kargad iqnebao. nu, vici es qali vinc aris, rac aris —
rasac metyoda vicodi. jibeSi midevs Cveulebrivi radio. me vuTxari, nakleb ar
iqneba-meTqi? arao, rogor, Tan xuTianio — mase ara xdebao. me vuTxari, vuxsni,
rom Tan gundSi mReris, aqtiuri studentebi varT, is gvikeTebia, es gvikeTebia da
iqneba gagviwioT angariSi... daicao, kaco, grantebi gikeTebiao da geqnebao fuli.
- da am SemTxvevaSi Sen sTxov gadavadebas, araTu niSnis daweras, ara?
- nu, iqneb ramiT mogvexmaroT, an raRaca — kargi, gadamivade, eg miTxari!
pirdapir 25 lars rom majaxeb, egre xom ara xdeba? kargi-meTqi maSin — amoviRe es
radio, davanaxe. ai-meTqi diqtofoni, hoda unda garbeino-meTqi magrad. es xdeba
reqtoris arCevnebamde. Camovedi, reqtorobis orive kandidats vuTxari me es
yvelaferi, am SemTxvevaSi vicrue, rom viTom diqtofonze mqonda es Cawerili,
rom cota seriozuloba Semateboda am faqts, da orive Cavayene saqmis kursSi.
mere iman etyoba gaikiTxa, gamoikiTxa, rom viRaca igre ar viyavi — Tavidan miTxra,
sadac ginda iq miCivle, rac ginda isa qenio da mere, rom, etyoba, mixvda, iq
viRacasTan mivida da Tqva, uTxres, rom cota saxumaro Tema ar aris egao, mere
daiwyo aqeT-iqiT sirbili, xan vin damireka, kaseta momecio, xan isa qenio, xan isa,
xan esa...
- mere ratom ar uTxari, 25 lari momeci da mogcem-Tqo?
da is 25 lari iqna gadaxdili Tu ara?
- ara. niSani ki Tavisi surviliT dawera, dawera oTxiani.
- iZulebiT.
studentis gamoCenis gareSe?
- ki.
- SantaJireba moaxdine.
- ara, SantaJi ar momixdenia, imitom rom me ara mqonia is kaseta. mere ukve
vTqvi, rom is ar iyo Cawerili. morCa.
- minda vTqva saxelmwifo gamocdebze. vfiqrob, rom is pirovnebebi, vinc
Tavidanve fuliT miiRes, mTeli oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi codna ar miuRiaT, ese
igi aZlevdnen leqtorebs fuls. imaT rom mosTxovo saxelmwifo gamocdebze
codna, cota, Cemi azriT, vfiqrob rom ararealuria, imitom rom axla Tu, vTqvaT,
mesame kursze xar, axla SeiZleba leqtorma, vTqvaT, fuli aRar aiRos da
saxelmwifo gamocdazec fuli aRar gTxovon, magram im moswavles, romelsac
oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi fuls arTmevdnen, axlac, Cemi azriT, isev fuliT unda
isa qnan...
- ki, veTanxmebi.
- imitom rom ...
- magram axla uyure — ver dageTanxmebi, universitets Tu unda ramis
pretenzia hqondes, anu Tu unda winsvlis pretenzia hqondes, man diplomi ar unda
gasces ucodinarze — da es daiwyeba dReidan Tu xvalidan...
- piradad CemTvis es didi xarji iqneba, marTali giTxraT, magram [mase] saqme
ar gakeTdeba.
- is pirovneba, romelic Tavisi swavlis periodSi ixdida da axla aRmoCnda am
situaciaSi, Cemi azriT, Rirsia da ar imsaxurebs...
- ki, ki, ki!
- ki.
- Rirsia ratom, kargi ra! yvelaferi misaRebi gamocdebidan iwyeba.
- maseTi arc unda miiRo.
- qrTams rom aZlev Sen, marto is ar aris, vinc aiRo, korumpirebuli, Senc xar
korumpirebuli.
- gasagebia, magram oTxi wliT ukan dros ver davabrunebT.
- kaco, sami weli rom fuli ixade, ar geyo im fulis gadaxda? dajeqi is erTi
weli, iswavle ra!
86
Tema 3.
fokus-jgufi
fokus-jgufi jgufuri intervius saxeobaa, romlis msvlelobac garkveul
wesebs emorCileba da romelsac specifikuri miznebi axasiaTebs. aseve
gansxvavebulia fokus-jgufis Catarebis procesSi gamoyenebuli meTodikebi,
moTxovnebi respondentTa SerCevisadmi da mkvlevarsa da respondentebs Soris
urTierTobis formebi.
zogierTi mkvlevari fokus-jgufs “jgufur siRrmiseul intervius” uwodebs,
vinaidan, rogorc wina leqciaSi aRvniSneT, fokus-jgufsa da siRrmiseul
intervius saerTo Tvisebebi axasiaTebs. magram am or meTods Soris aris seri-
ozuli gansxvavebebic, romelTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom fokus-
jgufis dros erTdroulad ramdenime respondents vesaubrebiT (yvelze ufro
xSirad maTi raodenoba 8-dan 10-mde meryeobs), da Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT
maT Soris azrTa gacvlas (aqedan gamomdinareobs am meTodis kidev erTi
dasaxeleba — “jgufuri diskusia”).
siRrmiseul interviusTan SedarebiT, fokus-jgufs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom
ramdenime adamianisagan Semdgar jgufSi yovelTvis aRmoCndeba xolme adamiani,
romelic sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro gulaxdilia, da misi gulaxdiloba, rogorc
wesi, jgufis sxva wevrebis gulaxdilobasac iwvevs.
garda amisa, siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis procesSi gansakuTrebiT
TvalSi sacemia interviuersa da respondents Soris arsebuli socialuri
distancia, romelmac, SesaZloa, damTrgunvelad imoqmedos respondentze.
fokus-jgufSi es socialuri distancia ar qreba, magram aq respondenti marto
aRar aris — mis gverdiT sxedan sxva respondentebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, imave
socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi arian da romlebic missave mdgomareobaSi
arian, rac respondentis met siTamames iwvevs da TviTdajerebulobas matebs mas.
empiriul socialur mecnierebebSi fokus-jgufebis Tanamedrove saxe
Camoyalibda jgufebTan eqsperimentaluri muSaobis gamocdilebis safuZvelze,
romelsac Tavidan fsiqologebi mimarTavdnen.
Tumca 1940-ian wlebSi socialuri kvlevebis sivrceSi raodenobirivi meTo-
debi dominirebda, am periodSi amerikul socialur mecnierebs Soris iyvnen
iseTebi, vinc skeptikur damokidebulebas gamoTqvamda struqturirebuli da
mkacrad formalizebuli meTodebis mimarT. am skepticizmis ZiriTadi mizezi is
iyo, rom formalizebuli meTodebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavdnen rogorc
respondentebis, aseve mkvlevrebis Tavisuflebas, mkacr CarCoebSi aqcevdnen
kvlevas, rac, zogis azriT, uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda miRebuli informaciis
sandoobaze. amitom TandaTanobiT sul ufro meti popularobiT sargeblobdnen
naklebad formalizebuli meTodebi, sadac Ria kiTxvebi da araformalizebuli
interviuebi dominirebda.
Tanamedrove fokus-jgufebis uSualo winamorbedad socialur mecniere-
bebSi amerikeli sociologis robert mertonis da misi kolegebis mier meore
msoflio omis dros SemuSavebuli “fokusirebuli intervius” meTodi iTvleba. am
meTodis meSveobiT isini ikvlevdnen faSisturi germaniis samxedro propagandis
gavlenas jariskacebze. magram mertonis fokusirebuli interviu SeiZleba
yofiliyo rogorc jgufuri, aseve individualuri. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1956
wels mertonma Tavis kolegebTan, m. fiskesa da p. kendalTan erTad gamosca am
meTodisadmi miZRvnili wigni “fokusirebuli interviu”,39 maT ar SeumuSavebiaT
am terminis mkacri ganmarteba. omis damTavrebis Semdeg mertonma Sewyvita
muSaoba am mimarTulebiT, da garkveuli drois manZilze es meTodi daviwyebas
mieca, sanam 1970-ian wlebSi mis Sesaxeb ar gaixsenes marketinguli kvlevebis
Catarebis mizniT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad fokus-jgufebi farTod gamoiyeneba empiriul
39
Robert K. Merton, Marjorie Fiske, and Patricia L. Kendall. 1956. The Focused Interview. A Manual of
Problems and Procedures. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
27

eZebT Tu ara samsaxurs amJamad?
[ara:] ratom ara?
[diax:] rogor eZebT? rogor samsaxurs eZebT? [specialobiT Tu nebismiers;
rogori anazRaurebiT]
rogor fiqrobT, ra adgils daikavebs es samsaxuri Tqvens cxovrebaSi?
[Semosavlis wyaro; “saxlidan gasvla”, sayvareli saqmis keTeba da sxv.]
ratom ver moaxerxeT samsaxuris Sovna dRemde? [iyo Tu ara variantebi? iyo
Tu ara iseTi varianti, romelzec TviTon TqviT uari? ra mizeziT? rogori
variantebi iyo es?]
Tqveni azriT, ra pirobebi Seuwyobs xels imas, rom Tqven amJamad samsaxuri
daiwyoT?
romeli specialobaa dRes yvelaze perspeqtiuli?
visTan gaqvT urTierToba yvelaze xSirad? [megobrebi — megobrebis dasaqmeba]
Tqvens megobrebs/axloblebs Soris, vis gaumarTla yvelaze metad samsaxuris
mxriv? [mogviyevs dawvrilebiT — rogori samsaxuri aqvs am adamians; sad; rogor
iSova es samsaxuri; ramdenad kmayofilia, da a.S.]
rogor gesaxebaT Tqveni cxovreba 10 wlis Semdeg? kerZod, dasaqmebis
sferoSi? risken iswrafviT, risi imedi gaqvT?
26
- erT welSi ver iswavlis is.
- ara, me vambob axlandel mdgomareobaze, meoTxe kurselebi, vinc amTavrebs
axla.
- bodiSs vixdi, magram axla saxelmwifo gamocdebze ici ra moxda?
exvewebodnen leqtorebi, sam-sami sakiTxi iswavleTo — aq ar iyo laparaki yvela
sakiTxis momzadebaze.
- sami ki ara, erTi sakiTxi.
- imdenad aqvT tvini gayinuli, rom ver iswavles is sami sakiTxi — ver iswavles
Tu ar iswavles, amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba. mainc iqidan cdiloben gaZvrenas.
- es ukve aris TviTon im pirovnebis brali, rogor, sami furceli ver unda
iswavlo?
- axlobels hqonda erTi gverdi saswavli — leqtorma uTxra, es erTi gverdi
iswavle da dagiwer ra niSans, samians dagiwer da wadi, ra — da es erTi gverdis
swavla ver moaxerxa, gadaixada 15 lari. kinaRam ara vceme, me vuTxari, dajeqi ra,
rom waikiTxo, viRaca rom mogiyves, imas daimaxsovreb amxela kaci!
- ho, magram elementarulad ar atokeben tvins.
- urCeviaT fuli gadaixadon da...
- CvenTan, magaliTad, agrarulSi96 xom vswavlob — aris aseTi pirovneba, g. C.,
romelic aris Tbiliseli profesori, Camodis CvenTan universitetSi, leqcias
atarebs, midis. magram am adamianis sagani xom maqvs me, vswavlob. imis magivrad
atarebs viRac qali — im sagans, leqcias ra. da es kaci Camodis — am semestrSi,
bolo semestrSi iyo erTxel Camosuli — da is leqcia ratomRac gavacdine me, ver
vnaxe, ise rom am semestrSi ar minaxia es pirovneba. Camovida, axla CaTvla-
gamocdebis periodi xom modis — es kaci Camodis erTi dRiT, da im erT dReSi
warmoidgine Sen rom vin Caabarebs, Tan aris saSineli mkacri, rom ra vici. hoda, es
iTxovs — darekavs, Tavis sagans vinc kiTxulobs, etyvis imas, rom amdeni
momikrifos jgufma, rom Camova, dro aRar dakargos, aiRos, Caidos jibeSi da
wavides — xels ki moawers.
- da aseTi kaci aris profesori? profesori aris Zalian bevri, rogorc aris
generali Zalian bevri.
- hoda aris profesori aseTi kaci da is kaci amayobs, rom profesoria da
sazogadoebaSi Cans, rom profesoria. me Tu mkiTxav, aseTi profesorebi ki ar
unda daiWiro, unda raRac...
- unda xarisxi CamoarTva da gauSva...
- aseTi momenti xom ar SeiZleba, ara? Camodis — iZulebuli xar rom misce
fuli, imitom rom...
- ho, aseTi situaciaa, zustad magas vambob, Sen xar imisi studenti,
iZulebuli xar misce, xom? oTxi weli es studenti iZulebulia misces leqtors
fuli, da is leqtoric — “ra kargi bavSvi xar, ai dagiwer Sen xuTians” da mere rom
saxelmwifo gamocdebze sTxov codnas...
- ara, am universitetSi97 xom ar aris aseTi situacia rom erTi profesori
Camodis da magitom, Torem aq xom ar aris ase, rom Tbilisidan...
- profesori ar aris, leqtoria, da leqtori gaiZulebs...
- ara, rogor ar aris, aq ufro metia, magram me minda isev TavSi davbrunde,
erTi wuTi — axla, nu davikavebT iseT pozicias, rom Cven yvelani ise movediT am
universitetSi da ai “sxvebi”, sxvebze fuls iReben da isa.
- ara, magas arc aravin ar ambobs.
- me marTla ar gadamixdia.
- arc me gadamixdia.
- me 15 larad Cavabare.
- me gadavixade.
- arc me gadamixdia, magram viRacam viRacas uTxra da movewye universitetSi.
eg aris Tu ara korufcia?
- ar vici.
96
saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis Telavis filiali.
97
Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi
87
 - ki, ra Tqma unda.
- ra Tqma unda, aris.
- erTi wuTi, davamTavreb Tu SeiZleba. is viRacis Svilia, is viRacis naTesavia,
moewyo. nawili aris fuliT mowyobili, imitom rom imas ara hyavs naTesavi da unda
swavla — iyvnen, Cemi kurselebic iyvnen, brwyinvaled daamTavres, magram fuli
hqondaT gadaxdili. Cemma meuRlem 800 dolari gadaixada inglisurze rom
mowyobiliyo, magram oTxi weliwadi da saxelmwifo gamocdebze ise gavida, rom
arc erT imaSi kapiki ar gadauxdia.
- Zalian kargi!
- iZuleba ara yofila, magram survili radgan hqonda swavlisa, gadaixada,
imitom rom meti gza ara hqonda.
- aravin ar moawyobda.
- ki, ra Tqma unda, sabednierod maseTebic arian jer kidev.
Tu saidumlo ar aris, kidev vin Caabara aq ise, rom fuli ar gadauxdia?
- me.
- me Cavabare.
- mec.
- me — arc fuli, arc...
- me Cavabare, magram axla raSia saqme, viRacam viRacas uTxrao — me ubralod
ar damikarges Cemi codna, imitom rom ver damikargavdnen, amitom ar vTvli me amas
garigebad.
- bevrs daukarges. ai Cems dros bevrs daukarges.
- pirovnulad Cemze ver damikargavdnen, ra, imitom rom…
- bevri vici iseTi, rom hqondaT conda da daarekines ubralod, hyavdaT is
naTesavi an axlobeli, ise rom am bavSvs codna aqvs da ar daukargoT.
rom ar daerekinebinaT ra moxdeboda?
- daukargavdnen!
- ki, ar miiRebdnen!
- dakargavdnen, imitom rom — magaliTs moviyvan, Cemi meuRle rom
mowyobiliyo, erT-erT umaRles pirTan reqtoratSi rom mividnen da gasaubreba
iyo, Tu Tanxaze iyo laparaki, Tu rac iyo, maSin eubnebodnen, rom ai,
momzadebulia da raRaca — maSin uTxres, “Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs”.
- ki, eg...
- “Cven am etapze codna ar gvainteresebs”. ar minda davasaxelo saxeli da
gvari.
- arc gWideba, yvela mixvda!
- gavagrZeleb. inglisuri icio, ekiTxeba — kio, kargad vicio. mere rad
gindao? inglisurze rad ginda rom iswavloo, aq mainc verafers ver iswavlio.
anu prestiJi aris nulze dacemuli. TiTqmis yvela fakultetze, garda
sociologiurisa, ar aris imis prestiJi dacemuli.
- ara, Cvenebi ki fiqrobdnen imas, rom, sityvaze, cudi momentia, rom Svilma
ver Caabaros, da iZulebuli gaxdebi mag SemTxvevaSi, rom gadaixado, xom? rom ar
darCes Svili gareT — magram me vuTxari, rom axla, sityvaze, viRacas daarekinoT
— iqneb vabareb, hoda ratom unda viyo imis madlieri, Tu SevZeli, rom me CemiT
Cavabaro. is fuli gadavixado — ar iyo is fuli gadasaxdeli da xom ar isesxebT-
meTqi? Tu raRaca, RmerTma daifaros, moxda ise, rom ver da raRaca — mere an
vinmes [daurekeT] an raRaca, magram gavedi Cveulebriv, uSpargalkod Sevedi,
Cveulebriv davjeqi, davwere, gamovedi, damiweres 7 qula.
- erTaderTi viyavi, vinc Tavisufali Tema dawera qarTulSi.
- mec Tavisufali Tema davwere.
- meore dRes [maTematikaSi] mqonda testireba, 10-quliani sistemiT iyo da
miviRe 7 damiweres, magram aRar vidave, imitom rom gasuli viyavi.
- magram Cems gverdze ra moxda, vTqvaT — Zalian kargad momzadebuli bavSvi,
romelic ar iyo Telaveli — brwyinvaled abarebda istorias, magram ar uwerdnen
am bavSvs im niSans! sanam aman mere panika ar daiwyo da viRac ar ipova.
- iyo “posleze” mowyoba.
88
magaliTi #1
axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema saqarTveloSi
sadiskusio gegma38
SeniSvnebi:
rogorc es sadiskusio gegma gviCvenebs, kiTxvebis formulireba ar aris
mkacri, aramed SesaZlebelia gvqondes erTi da igive SekiTxvis ramdenime
versia. garda amisa, sadiskusio gegma SeiZleba Seicavdes pasuxis mosalodnel
variantebs — aq yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba variantebi, romlebic mniSvnelovania
kvleviTi amocanebidan gamomdinare.
Tu interviueri amas saWirod miiCnevs, mas SeuZlia Seitanos sadiskusio
gegmaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi, moniSnos, ra kiTxva miaCnia yvelaze
mizanSewonilad ama Tu im informaciis miRebis mizniT, rogor gaagrZelos
diskusia ama Tu im pasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. savsebiT dasaSvebia da
mosalodnelic aris, rom sadiskusio gegmam cvlilebebi ganicados
interviuebis Catarebis Sedegad, imis mixedviT, Tu ra damatebiT codnas
miiRebs interviueri Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
[SesavalSi gaacaniT respondents intervius mizani, amocanebi, daarwmuneT
misi pasuxebis anonimurobaSi.]
vin brZandebiT? gTxovT mokled momiyveT Tqveni Tavis Sesaxeb. [asaki, ojaxi,
pirveladi identifikacia]
ras saqmianobdiT skolis damTavrebis Semdeg? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT;
skolis damTavrebis Semdeg gasuli mTeli drois manZilze]
ra ganaTleba gaqvT miRebuli? sad swavlobdiT? rodis daamTavreT swavla?
[Tu respondenti ar swavlobs da arc uswavlia skolis Semdeg:] ratom ar
swavlobT? [abarebda, magram ver Caabara; arc ucdia; sxva]
ratom airCieT es specialoba? [nanobs?] romelime sxva specialobaze Tu
fiqrobdiT?
dRes rom irCevdeT specialobas, ras airCevdiT? igives Tu sxvas? ratom?
ramdenad kmayofili xarT miRebuli ganaTlebiT? ratom?
rogor swavlobdiT? rogor daamTavreT umaRlesi saswavlebeli?
ras saqmianobT amJamad? [rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT]
ramdenad gadgebaT miRebuli ganaTleba?
visTan erTad cxovrobT amJamad? [ojaxuri mdgomareoba]
vin muSaobs ojaxSi? rogor SeafasebdiT Tqveni ojaxis materialur
mdgomareobas? vin arCens ojaxs ZiriTadad?
38
es sadiskusio gegma Sedgenili iqna Tesau sociologiis specialobis me-2 kursis
studentebis mier 2003 wels da gamoyenebuli iqna saswavlo siRrmiseuli intervius
Catarebisas.
25
 rekomendebuli literatura:
1. С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М.
2. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220 (“Unstructured
Interviewing”) and 449-488 (“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).
3. Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed
identità nelle società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag.
4. James A. Holstein and Jaber F. Gubrium. 1995. The Active Interview. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Publications.
5. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s
Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics of
Reproduction in Everyday Life”).
6. John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative
Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 78-89.
7. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
8. Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview
Studies. New York: Free Press.
24
- ki.
- [anu] moewyobi, da pirvel sesiamde Tu ar dafarav am gadasaxads, gagricxaven.
- me xom ar viyavi fuliT mowyobili da cxonebuli g. a. <...> — me xom ar viyavi
fuliT mowyobili, da es xom icoda iman, iyo proreqtori, da Tu vinme raRacas
akeTebda fuliT, midioda magasTan, da is mere reqtorTan iyofda. me rom ar
viyavi fuliT mowyobili, pirveli kvira araferi da meore kviras biWebma dalies
sasmeli da kursze viyaviT sami kaci fxizlebi, ra — atyda mTeli ambavi,
dagvibares xuTi kaci, ori CemTan erTad sxva, vinc ufulod moewyo da ori kidev
fuliT mowyobilebi, magram imaT Zalian cudi raRaceebi gaakeTes simTvraleSi.
me ise iZulebuli gamxades, rom meRiarebina, rom ar gavegde, rom mec davlie,
gesmis?
- eg ukve dabali donea raRac, sxva sakiTxze gadavdivarT. axla me minda
prestiJs Sevexo — ese igi, nulzea dacemuli universitetis prestiJi, azri ara
aqvs, wiTels aiReb, mwvanes aiReb, cisfers aiReb, mniSvneloba ara aqvs aranairi.
- da me mindoda gamemaxvelebina yuradReba TviTon leqtorebis doneze —
piradad me ucxo enebze vswavlob, magram me Tu ar movemzade da me Tu ar viswavle
kerZo maswavlebelTan...
- eg skolaSia eg problema da magazec vilaparakebT.
- ... kerZo maswavlebeli Tu ar meyoleba, me vinc maswavlis — nu movkvdebi, me
mgoni, namdvilad.
- is ver gaswavlis.
- xandaxan, magaliTad — jek londonis istoria movuyeviT, magram
sinamdvileSi sul sxva rame movuyeviT da ubralod saxelebi SevcvaleT da qali —
cota nela moyeviTo, rom cota SeesworebinasaviT; me ar movyevi, Cemma kurselma
gaakeTa, da Tavisi sakurso miutana TviTon, ese igi gadaaqseroqsa Cumad da
miutana, nu qali ver mixvda.
- anu kvalifikacia aris Zalian dabali.
- ki.
- bodiSi, erTi wami, Tundac CvenTan, iuristebTan rac xdeba — am
universitetSi romc gadawyvitos vinmem, rom iswavlos im programiT, rac aris
dRes — verasodes ver gaxdeba normaluri iuristi, Tu TviTon ar aris aqtiuri
pirovneba.
- eg mindoda [meTqva], TviTon aqtiuroba Zalian [mniSvnelovania].
- ki, jer marto masalebi — ganaTlebis sistemaSi marTla reforma unda
gatardes, imdenad moZvelebul raRaceebs vswavlobT, ubralod...
- SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos, vTqvaT, 60-ian wlebSi gamocemuli wignidan, magram
iuristisTvis es aris dauSvebeli.
- ki, zustad!
- davamateb, ra, Tu SeiZleba — ai is patiosani leqtorebic, romlebic Zalian
cotaa am universitetSi, isinic garkveulwilad xels uwyoben korufcias, da
ratom. magaliTad, sociologiurze mowyoba pirvel weliwads Rirda 400 dolari.
mere, rodesac prestiJi aiwia, ramodenime leqtorma daxvewa jgufi da Zalian
kargad gamoiyvana, igive konferenciebze waiyvana da raRacaSi CarTo — mere
gaZvirda es, faqtia ra, 800 dolaramde iyo SarSan, saSualod.
- ara, meti.
- SeiZleba. anu, ese igi, ginda Tu ar ginda, mainc xels uwyob korufcias, ra!
- korufciul sistemaSi yvelaferi...
- albaT, prestiJis xarjze Rirs raRac, albaT...
axla minda Sevecado Zalian mokled SevajamoT is, rac ukve vTqviT, da mere
gadavideT sxva Temaze. ese igi, Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi yvelas gvxdebaT
raRac korufciuli faqtebi da yvelas erTxel mainc, Soridan mainc
daginaxavT is, rac xdeba arakanonierad. es exeba (a) universitetSi Cabarebas,
(b) sesiebs da (g) saxelmwifo gamocdebs. amis garda, Tu aris kidev rame
korufciuli SemTxvevebi Tqvens studentur cxovrebaSi?
- sxva raRa darCa?
Tu SegiZliaT damisaxeloT korufciis raime faqti, romelsac, Tqveni
89
azriT, aqvs raime gamarTleba?
- araviTari.
- gaaCnia visTvis?
- ara, gamarTleba aqvs. magaliTad, 16 lari rodesac aqvs leqtors xelfasi da
mas Semosavlis sxva wyaro ara aqvs, imas veranairad ver mosTxov, rom ar aiRos
fuli viRac debilisgan, visac aqvs fuli da sTavazobs. codoa.
- magram erTi ramea oRond — is bavSvi ar aris codo, rom niSans ar uwers?
- ar aris codo, is aris debili...
- mcodnesac rom ar ar uwers niSans, mainc awvalebs?
- ara, eg...
- ara, ki, aseTi faqtebi aris, rom gawvaleben.
- Cven erTi rame gamogvrCa. dRes, Cems kursels — dRes moxda es ambavi —
romelic pirvelia Tavis kursze da romelsac hyavs yvelgan “xuTi” — yvelaferi
icoda, mesamed daibara qalma da mainc “oTxi” dauwera, im imediT, rom
“xuTianisTvis” fuls miutanda. es ar aris gawameba?
- ara, me magaze ar viZaxi.
- “oTxi” damiwereo, Tqva am bavSvma, “xuTi” ar mindao. ukve itira kidec.
- ar aris ganaTleba. unda icodes, rom SeuZlia man moiwvios komisia...
- ukve ra aris, ici? is imedi da isa — yvela iseTi xom ver iqneba, ara?
- magas viZaxi — samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar aris kargad Camoyalibebuli,
brZolisunariani.
- me magaze ar viZaxi.
- axla sxva Temaze gadavediT, Cven xom...
- ara, sxva Tema ar aris, am qals uWirs am SemTxvevaSi, ityvi, rom 16 lari aqvs
xelfasi.
- ara, es aris ubralod gamamarTlebeli sabuTi.
- me raze vbrazdebi, iciT — Cemi azriT, dauSvebelia students aqvs stipendia
17 lari da leqtorebs, profesorebs aqvT sadRac 50 laramde, ra, dedaCems aqvs
sadRac 31 Tu raRaca, imdenad sasaciloa es yvelaferi!
- 45 lari dekans aqvs.
- erTi Zalian uxeSi Sedareba unda moviyvano, bodiSs vixdi winaswar. es aris
realoba. aiRebs qrTams, maS ras izavs! axla warmoidgineT: erTi leqciis Catareba
Rirda 15 TeTri. da samoqalaqo tualetSi rom Sexvide, Rirs 20 TeTri. ar aiRebs
qrTams? aiRebs!
- Zalian kargi Sedarebaa, magram...
- roca bavSvi Clungia da ar swavlobs, mag SemTxvevaSi ver gaamtyuneb.
- ukacravad, magram Cemi 3 Tvis disSvils Clungma eqimma dauniSna gentamicini
— sinamdvileSi araferze! axla, dedaCemi ki azrovnebs da ar gaukeTa, magram Sen
rom dauniSnav bavSvs da — imitom aris, dayruvdao da is mouvida da es mouvida —
Sen ase nu uyureb, rom Clungia da morCa, gavida [universitetidan] da arafers ar
gaakeTebs, imaze (vTqvaT, ucxo enebze ara) — aTi da aTasi adamianis sicocxlea
damokidebuli da aTi da aTasi adamianis ganaTlebaa damokidebuli.
- ra Tqma unda!
- cxadia.
axla warmovidginoT Telavis saxelmwifo universiteti korufciis
gareSe.
- sami studentiRa darCeba!
- ver warmomidgenia!
- me ver warmomidgenia.
- Zalian sasiamovno iqneba, magram Zalian mcire raodenobiT darCeba — me
gaviricxebi, magram mirCevia meored Caviricxo, magram axla gaviricxo, me amas
Tamamad vityvi.
- me Zalian gamixardeba!
- me, magaliTad, vityvi — mirCevia, am universitetSi sul 5 kaci dadiodes da
iyos iseTi, rogoric unda iyos wesiT, vidre aq iaros 3 aTasma...
- universiteti ver iarsebebs maSin, Tu xuTi kaci ivlis.
- maSin ar unda arsebobdes, es aris sircxvili amis arseboba!
90
axdens, agreTve interviuebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis specifika. miuxe-
davad amisa, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT ramdenime ZiriTadi midgoma Tvisebrivi
teqsturi informaciis analizisadmi. esenia, magaliTad: naratiuli analizi,
hermenevtikuli analizi, diskursuli analizi, kontent-analizi; interpreta-
ciuli analizi; “dafuZnebuli Teoria” (grounded theory). yvela es analitikuri
strategia kargad aqvs ganxiluli h.r.bernards.36
teqstis Tvisebrivi analizis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba moiTxovs informaciis
kodirebas anu mniSvnelovani Tematuri blokebis an elementebis gamoyofas
respondentis monaTxrobSi. es analizis sawyisi etapia; swored kodirebis dros
xdeba, rogorc wesi, sawyisi Teoriuli konstruqtebis gamoyofa.
Tu adre kodireba “xeliT” xdeboda da mkvlevari yuradRebiT kiTxulobda
yvela intervius transkripts, raTa aRmoeCina mniSvnelovani Temebi, kategoriebi
an kanonzomierebebi, amJamad arsebobs ramdenime kompiuteruli programa,
romelsac SeuZlia intervius transkriptebis kodireba37; miuxedavad amisa, rigi
Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebisa mainc “xeliT” muSaobas amjobinebs, Tumca mkvlevrebis
axali Taoba xSirad kompiuterul programebs aniWebs upiratesobas.
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tvisebrivi monacemebis
analizis saboloo mizania miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze Sesaswavli fenomenis,
an misi romelime aspeqtis tipologizacia, anu socialurad mniSvnelovani
tipebis garkveuli klasifikaciis Seqmna. es xdeba respondentTa naambobze
daydnobiT da, amave dros, mkvlevris analitikuri unaris gamoyenebiT,
ramdenadac gamoyofili tipebi, rogorc wesi, Teoriuli abstraqciis Sedegia.
bunebrivia, siRrmiseuli intervius, iseve rogorc yvela misi nairsaxeobis
gamoyenebiT Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegad Cven ver davTvliT Sedegebs
procentulad. am SemTxvevaSi Sedegebi gamoixateba ara ama Tu im maCveneblis
gavrcelebis an misi gamovlenis sixSiris SefasebaSi, aramed garkveuli
socialuri problemis Sefasebebis, mizezebis, kanonzomierebebis, gadalaxvis
gzebis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebaSi.
siRrmiseuli intervius da misi analogiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT
Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis warmodgena xdeba angariSis saxiT, sadac Zalze
farTod gamoiyeneba citatebi Catarebuli interviuebidan, romlebic
adasturebs mkvlevris mier gakeTebul daskvnebs.
davalebebi:
1. SeadgineT siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegma TqvenTvis
saintereso Temaze.
2. CaatareT 3 siRrmiseuli interviu (SeZlebisdagvarad — sxvadasxva soci-
aluri da demografiuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone respondentebTan) Tqvens mier
Sedgenili sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze. samive interviu CawereT audioka-
setaze. dawereT dawvrilebiTi angariSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor warimarTa es
interviuebi (SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara intervius etapebis gamoyofa; ra
reaqcia hqonda respondents Tqvens SekiTxvebze; ra sirTuleebs grZnobdiT
intervius Catarebis procesSi da rogor gadalaxeT es sirTuleebi).
3. gaSifreT Tqvens mier Catarebuli erT-erTi intervius audioCanaweri,
romelic, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze warmatebulad warimarTa.
36
H. Russel Bernard. Op. cit. Pp. 449-488.
37
aseTi programebia, magaliTad, ATLAS.ti da NUD.IST.
23
luli” detalebis Sesaxeb. amis Sedegad respondents uCndeba grZnoba, rom - ki, marTalia, es aris — maSin ar unda arsebobdes.
yvelaferi isedac cnobilia, am TemasTan dakavSirebiT aRaraferia dasamali, da - CamovTvaloT, ra SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba universitetSi korufcia. Cemi azriT
is ufro gulaxdili xdeba, mosalodnelia gacilebiT meti gviTxras, vidre sxva — SeiZleba srulad ver vTqva, magram SevavsoT. erTi is, rom xelfasi unda
SemTxvevaSi ityoda, vinaidan rac ufro gaTviTcnobierebuli miaCnia mkvlevari moematos profesor-maswavleblebs. meore is, rom skolidanve bavSvi unda
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro uadvildeba laparaki. is gabedulad wamovides codniT. mesame is, rom saerTod es kvalifikacia gadaisinjos
grZnobs Tavs, vinaidan Tvlis, rom araviTari saidumlo ar gaucia — mkvlevarma profesor-maswavleblebis.
isedac icoda yvelaferi. - ki, aucileblad, eg aris pirveli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es meTodika SeiZleba Zalze efeqturi iyos, misi - SemCneulebi vinc arian ise ki ara, rom Tan “ar ginda” da Tan jibes uwevs,
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis unda vifiqroT respondentis interesebze da ar iZulebiT rom arTmevs im fuls, [aramed] Zalian-Zalian rom aqvT am korufciaSi
davarRvioT eTikis elementaruli normebi. rac ufro gulaxdilia respondenti gadgmuli fexebi, eseni unda moSordnen.
CvenTan saubrisas, miT metia Cveni pasuxismgebloba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom - ki.
mogvianebiT man ar inanos, rom dagvTanxmda interviuze. swored Cven varT - da ucodinroba, TviTon leqtorebis done unda iyos normaluri.
pasuxismgeblebi, agreTve, imaze, Tu rogor iqneba gamoyenebuli intervius msvle- - da iseTi leqtorebi, romlebic bavSvebs ukiTxaven — vTqvaT, sagani uweria
lobaSi miRebuli informacia. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ukeTesic aris, SevaCeroT “ekonomiqsi” magram es ver gaurCevia politikuri ekonomikisgan. aseTi
respondenti da ar vaTqmevinoT is, ris Tqmasac is, SesaZloa, ukve apirebda.32 leqtorebic unda gavidnen.
“zondireba” SeiZleba iyos arasruli an sruli. s.belanovskis mohyavs sruli - aris leqcia, rodesac erT-erTma leqtorma — aseTi faqti arsebobs, ra —
zondirebis aseTi magaliTi: datova bavSvebi auditoriaSi da uTxra: Cumad iyaviTo, bazari daiketebao,
interviueri: Tavis tkivilis ra wamlebi iciT? RanZili maqvs sayidelio. taqsiT gaiqca, RanZili iyida, da isev im leqciaSi
respondenti: aspirini, analgini, piramidoni. da citramoni. moaswro, amovida da gauSva is bavSvebi. isini Cumad isxdnen, iman RanZili iyida. an,
interviueri: (siCume.) rZal-dedamTilis urTierTobebze midis saubari.
respondenti: kidev, spazgani, da, Tu ar vcdebi, maqsigani. isini erTmaneTSi - bavSvebsac awyobdaT, xom, ese igi, Cumad jdoma?
meSleba xolme. - rogor ar awyobdaT! mageTi leqtoris Catarebul leqcias naRdad mirCevia,
interviueri: kidev? rom siCumes vusmino!
respondenti: Svils panadols vaZlev xolme, amboben, is usafrTxoao... - eg marTalia.
interviueri: hm. - ise marTali xar.
respondenti: a, gamaxsenda — kidev baralgini.
interviueri: baralgini... skolebSi korufcias aqvs adgili?
respondenti: kidev, reklamaa xolme televiziiT, magram saxeli ar maxsovs, - ki.
raRac wamali, romelsac ormagi moqmedeba aqvs. - ra Tqma unda!
interviueri: kidev? - adre ise ar iyo...
respondenti: sxva araferi maxsendeba. - skolidan modis, me Tu mkiTxavT.
interviueri: aRaraferi?
respondenti: diax, veRarafers vixseneb.33 sad ufro metia — skolaSi Tu universitetSi?
sruli zondireba mTavrdeba maSin, rodesac interviueri darwmundeba, rom - universitetSi.
respondents aRaraferi aqvs saTqmeli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. - universitetSi.
- skolaSi iafi, universitetSi Zviri.
- skolaSi gamoxatvis forma sxva aris.
siRrmiseuli intervius Sedegebis damuSavebis SesaZleblobebi - skolaSi iwyeba korufcia da mere grZeldeba universitetSi.
ar arsebobs unificirebuli midgoma Tvisebrivi Sedegebis damuSavebisadmi. - ara, iq fuli ar aris, skolaSi.
ramdenadac TviTon es meTodebi araa formalizebuli, maTi Sedegebis damu- - rogor ar aris! pirvel skolaSi vici maswavlebeli, rom 60 lars iRebs
Savebis formalizaciac Zalian rTuli, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SeuZlebeli amocanaa. niSanSi!
avtorebis umravlesoba xazs usvams, rom iseve rogorc nebismieri Tvisebrivi - Tavi daanebe pirvel skolas!
monacemebis SemTxvevaSi, siRrmiseuli intervius (da misi nebismieri nairsa- - ginda dagisaxelo?
xeobis) Sedegebis damuSaveba ar aris kvlevis izolirebuli safexuri, aramed - vin aris?
monacemTa analizi savele etapis dros, interviuebis Catarebis paralelurad - n. T.
iwyeba. kerZod, jeims spradlis Tanaxmad, analizi pirveli intervius dasru- - ara.
lebisTanave unda daiwyos, ramdenadac Catarebuli intervius Sedegebis gaana- - studenti modis skolidan, me vfiqrob, skolidan unda daiwyos maswavleb-
lizeba dagvexmareba, ukeT SevarCioT kiTxvebi Semdeg interviuebisaTvis.34 amis lebisa da sistemis gadaxaliseba, rom mere kadri wamovides normaluri.
sapirispirod, robert vaisi miiCnevs, rom naadrevia analizis dawyeba savele - ar aris korufcia, rom Sen bavSvs Zalas atan, rom, ginda Tu ara, SenTan
etapis damTavrebamde.35 moemzados, da Tu SenTan ar moemzadeba, niSans ar dauwer?
ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT, rom Tvisebrivi analizi bevradaa damokidebuli - da emzadebian?
mkvlevris individualur midgomaze; zog SemTxvevaSi, masze garkveul gavlenas - ar aris korufcia, rom am umaRles damTavrebul Clungs Sen 500 dolars
arTmev da maswavleblad iReb, rom is bavSvebi isev daaClungos, mere isev aq fu-
32 liT moawyos, da mere isev gaaubeduros da ase gagrZeldes mudmivad?
damatebiT aseTi meTodikebis Sesaxeb ix. H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in
- Caketili wrea.
Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pp. 210-217.
33 - eg modis skolidan. TavSi rom urtyav, rom eubnebi, rom Seni saqme ar aris,
С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М. С. 26.
34
James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 92. Seni uflebebis dacva araferi ar aris — aq universitetSi rom amodis da is rom
35
Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 151. fuls sZalavs — iman ar icis, rom komisia unda moiwvios da viRacasTan erTad

22 91
Caabaros, daCagrulia.
- ai, universitetSia eg faqtori, rom momzadebaze — skola maxsendeba xolme
magaze, erT leqtorTan vemzadebodi, da Semdeg ukve, rom davanebe am leqtorTan
momzadebas Tavi, imitom rom aranairi Sedegi vera vnaxe — ai veranairi, naxevari
saaTi vsaubrobdiT, meWoraveboda uxeSad rom vTqvaT, da siTamamec ar myofnida,
rom meTqva rom “ara” — Semdeg misi mSoblebis binis pirdapir daviwye momzadeba da
amis gamo ignorirebas mikeTebda kursze, maxsovs, maSin kargi aRmavlobis periodi
mqonda, da, rasac hqvia, Caaqro mTlianad CemSi eg, da axla ver viwyeb isev Tavidan,
imitom rom is Zalian Zlieri survili mqonda. da rom vuyvebodi seminars,
yovelTvis ukmayofilebis SegrZneba hqonda da Suaze mawyvetinebda an roca xels
viwevdi, ignorirebas mikeTebda — es imitom, rom masTan aRar vemzadebodi.
- aseTi faqtebi skolaSi xSiria xolme.
- amaSi geTanxmebi, magram meore momentic aris. rodesac aq adamiani modis, da
elementaruli, minimaluri azrovnebis donec ara aqvs. magaliTad, Cven visxediT
CaTvlaze, Sexvda qristianoba, da naxevari saaTi mekiTxeboda, saidan daviwyo
qristianobao. bolos leqtorma mohkra yuri da eubneba — saidan unda daiwyo
qristianoba, axla ar gamagiJoo!
- mkalaviSvilidan-Tqo.
- miT umetes, rom faqtebi dazepirebuli ki hqonda, magram veRar moaxerxa imis
“gadaxarSva”.
- TviTon skolaSi maswavleblebis done aris Zalian dabali. erTi statia
davwere erTi sami Tvis win — ese igi, 90% maswavleblebisa ori xeliT mwyevlida.
statia exeboda skolis problemebs, arc saxelebi damisaxelebia, arc gvarebi —
modiodnen da, “Sen is ratom dawere?”. iq wamZRvarebuli maqvs ilia WavWavaZis
“kacia-adamianSi” romaa, “vinc luarsabis saxeSi Tavis Tavs icnobs” da a.S.
vekiTxebi: “icani Seni Tavi?” — “ara, kaco!” — “Sen gagikeTebia aseTi rame?” — “ara!”
- “maS ra ginda?” — “ara, es xom skolis prestiJia!” ra skolis prestiJia, es rom
xdeba, ar aris prestiJis dacema?
- ai, goka gabaSvilma rom Tqva, erTi gadacema gavakeTeo da sul nacvalsa-
xelebiT vlaparakobdio — da yvelam damirekao, “ratom Tqvi, goka, Cemze?” yvela
kargad xvdeboda, vin ra gaakeTa.
- yofili ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge mibarebs — axla mibarebs, warmoid-
gine — meo suliT pedagogi varo, da rogor unda makadros adamianmao, rom
skolaSi fuliT awyoben xalxso? saxeli da gvari miTxari, vino? axla, me unda
vuTxra, gaigeT? mere is wavides, ciliswamebaze miCivlos da marbeninos giJiviT.
- axla, skolis wesdebaSi weria, rom is bavSvebi, vinc cxovroben Telavs gareT,
skolas unda hqondes erTi avtobusi, rogorc sazRvargareT aris, da Turme es
bavSvebi — me ar vicodi, axla gavige — skola valdebulia es bavSvebi waiyvanos
saxlSi da Semdeg diliT wamoiyvanos. imis gamo, rom skolas ara aqvs, igive pirvel
skolas, amis saSualeba, hqondes avtobusi, hqondes yoveldRiurad benzini...
- ra sisulelea!
- ... direqtori ar iRebs saerTod soflidan bavSvebs, dameTanxmebiT, albaT,
imitom, rom pirvel skolaSi iSviaTia...
- eg aris diskriminacia sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.
- ... an Tu iRebs, maSin im bavSvs saxlSi manqana unda hyavdes, da im SemTxvevaSi
iRebs.
- an fuli unda hqondes da gadaixados.
- ra Tqma unda, esec korufciaa, xom?
- ara, ara, es ukve diskriminaciaa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.
- ai ra informacias vflob: 2003 welSi skolebSi, Tu ar vcdebi, 355 aTasi lari
iyo gamoyofili xelfasebisa da socanaricxebis garda, rom unda daxarjuliyo.
ese igi, rom gadagvexeda, rogor iyo gamoyofili: yvela skolaSi saxuravi unda
iyos gakeTebuli, fasadi unda iyos gakeTebuli, merxebi unda iyos, skamebi unda
iyos, dafebi, sul yvelaferi unda iyos — ar aris arsad! midixar buRalteriaSi,
xom? am saqmes edga a. g., proeqtis farglebSi. mivida buRalterTan, ekiTxeba: es
fuli Camogividao? — Camomividao. <...> mere mivida sxva skolebSi, wamoiReTo? —
arao. is midis isev buRalterTan, romelic eubneba, waRebuli aqvTo [fuli]. aba
maCveneo qviTrebio, miReba-Cabarebis raRaca — eg kontrolis palatis saqmeao,
92
“cxovrebis istoriis” analogiurad, biografiul-naratiuli interviuc
respondentis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad; esec
arastruqturirebuli interviua, romlis msvlelobaSic interviueri minimalu-
rad ereva saubarSi, vinaidan am tipis intervius erT-erTi mTavari mizani
Txrobis spontanurobis uzrunvelyofaa. am intervius ZiriTadi gansxvaveba
“cxovrebis istoriisagan” imaSi gamoixateba, rom biografiul-naratiul inter-
viuSi ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba Tavad respondentis Sefasebebis Seswavlas
mis cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT, rac, rogorc am meTodis
Teoretikosebi varaudoben, saSualebas gvaZlevs gansakuTrebulad Rrmad
SeviswavloT am procesebis roli adamianis cxovrebaSi.31
respondentTa gulaxdilobis gamomwvevi meTodikebi
siRrmiseuli intervius warmatebis upirveles sawindars warmoadgens
interviuersa da respondents Soris iseTi urTierTobis damyareba, romelic
respondentis gulwrfelobas gamoiwvevs. aseTi urTierTobis winapirobaa
mkvlevris WeSmariti interesi respondentis cxovrebisadmi, araSefasebiTi
damokidebuleba misi gamocdilebis an misi azrebisadmi da misi unari daarwmunos
respondenti, rom intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia mxolod kvleviTi
amocanebisTvis iqneba gamoyenebuli.
amasTan, arsebobs specialuri profesiuli meTodikebi, romlebic gvexmareba,
gamoviwvioT respondentis meti gulwrfeloba da miviRoT misgan meti informacia,
vidre is Tavidan apirebda gaemJRavnebina CvenTvis. es meTodikebi xSirad moixsenieba
rogorc “zondirebis” saSualebebi (“probing”); maTi meSveobiT Cven vubiZgebT respon-
dents, daasrulos azri, romelic bolomde ar ganumartavs, an agvixsnas is, rasac
mxolod gakvriT Seexo. zondireba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac respondentebi aRiqvamen gamokvlevis Temas rogorc Zalze rTuls an
saTuTs, da amis gamo SeiZleba Tavi Seikavon detaluri da gulwrfeli pasuxebisagan.
qvemoT ganvixilavT respondentebis gulaxdilobis gamomwvev ramdenime
meTodikas — “siCumes”, “eqos” da “ganacxads”; mniSvnelovania, rom maTi gamoye-
nebis dros interviueri ar ereva saubarSi, Sesabamisad, ar axdens gavlenas
respondentebis pasuxebze.
1) siCume. imis magivrad, rom saubris dros warmoqmnili pauzis dros
mkvlevarma morigi kiTxva dasvas, is agrZelebs Cumad jdomas. xSirad xdeba, rom
aseT situaciaSi respondenti Tavs uxerxulad grZnobs, amitom gadawyvets, Tavad
Seavsos siCume, agrZelebs saubars, Tan ambobs mets, vidre Tavidan apirebda.
es meTodika Zalian misasalmebelia im TvalsazrisiTac, rom is neitraluria,
mkvlevari arafers ambobs, ar svams damatebiT kiTxvebs, Sesabamisad, gamoricxu-
lia, raime gavlena iqonios respondentis pasuxze.
amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom am meTodikis warmatebiT gamoyeneba Zalze rTulia,
vinaidan aq ar SeiZleba gadaWarbeba — SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom respondenti
aRar apirebs arafris Tqmas; aseT SemTxvevaSi Camovardnili siCume SeiZleba uxe-
rxuli gaxdes. mkvlevars unda Seswevdes unari, droulad auRos alRo situacias
da gadawyvitos, gaagrZelos siCume Tu droulad gadavides morig kiTxvaze.
2) eqo Zalze neitraluri da nakleb sarisko meTodikaa, romelic ar iwvevs
intervius mimarTulebis Secvlas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac respondentma daas-
rula pasuxi raime kiTxvaze, magram mkvlevari ar aris maincdamainc kmayofili
miRebuli pasuxiT, mas SeuZlia ubralod nela gaimeoros respondentis mier
naTqvami bolo sityva an fraza. didia imis albaToba, rom respondenti
daubrundeba Sewyvetil Temas da ufro srul informacias mogvawvdis.
3) ganacxadi. es meTodika gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare, daxurul Temebze
saubrisas gamoiyeneba, rodesac respondentebs euxerxulebaT saubari an ar
undaT, raime jgufuri saidumlo “gascen”. ganacxadis teqnikis gamoyenebisas
mkvlevari iqceva ise, TiTqos man ukve icis yvelaferi, rac am sakiTxTanaa
dakavSirebuli, da Tavisuflad saubrobs respondentTan “daxuruli” an “akrZa-
31
Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle
società multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag.
21
rogorc fokus-jgufi, romlis Sesaxebac Semdeg leqciaze visaubrebT, SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeobebi — Tumca maT sakmaod
specifikuri Tvisebebi gaaCnia, samive es meTodi Tavisi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeble-
biT siRrmiseuli intervius analogiuria.
“cxovrebis istoria” iTvaliswinebs respondentis cxovrebis dawvrilebiT
aRweras. siRrmiseuli interviusagan gansxvavebiT, es aris arastruqturirebuli
interviu, romelic ar moiTxovs sadiskusio gegmis SemuSavebas da romlis
Catarebis procesSic mkvlevris roli xSirad mxolod msmenelis rols utoldeba
— is sTxovs respondents, mouyves mas Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, da misi Semdgomi
Careva Txrobis procesSi Zalian umniSvneloa, rogorc wesi, mxolod Txrobis
fokusirebis an qronologiis dacvis mizniT xdeba.
“cxovrebis istoriis” meSveobiT SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes, magaliTad, mig-
raciis gavlena adamianis cxovrebaze da axal kulturul garemoSi adaptaciis
sirTuleebi. intervius msvlelobaSi miRebuli informaciis gamdidrebis mizniT
mkvlevarma SeiZleba gamoiyenos piradi dokumentebi, rogorebicaa werilebi,
dRiurebi, fotosuraTebi da sxv.
Tumca misi saxeliT Tu vimsjelebT, es meTodi TiTqos respondentis mTeli
cxovrebis momcvelia, es ase ar aris. cxovrebis periodi, romelsac kvlevis
procesSi SeviswavliT, Zalauneburad SerCeviTia; aseT SemTxvevaSic ki interviu
Zalian xangrZlivia da SeiZleba ramenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes (aseT
SemTxvevebSi, ra Tqma unda, saubari mTeli dRe ar mimdinareobs, magram ramdenime
dRis manZilze mkvlevari da interviueri ramdenime saaTs saubroben).
“cxovrebis istoriis” meTodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi upiratesoba
gamoixateba sxvadasxva pirovnebebis istoriebis Sedarebis da garkveuli soci-
aluri kanonzomierebebis Ziebis SesaZleblobaSi. amitom es meTodi farTod
gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, kriminalistikaSi.
socialur mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneba “cxovrebis istoriis” ramdenime saxe-
oba, kerZod, amerikuri kvleviTi tradiciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “cxovrebis is-
toria” da biografiul-naratiuli interviu, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba evro-
peli (upirveles yovlisa, germaneli) mkvlevrebis mier. amerikul sociologiaSi
es meTodi saTaves iRebs Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebis uiliam Tomasis da
florian znaneckis klasikuri gamokvlevidan “poloneli glexi evropasa da ame-
rikaSi” (1918) da kliford r. Sous “jek roleris” cxovrebis aRweraSi (1930). 1930-
iani wlebidan interesi am meTodisadmi Sesustda, magram 1960-anebSi kvlav
gaZlierda.
“cxovrebis istoriis” gamoyenebisadmi ori midgoma gamoirCeva:
tradiciuli, romelic miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis obieqtur
aRweras da gamoirCeva interesiT imisadmi, Tu ra asaxva pova mis cxovrebaSi
farTo socialurma procesebma, ra gavlena iqonies maT Cveulebrivi adamianis
cxovrebaze. aseTi midgoma gvexmareba, SeviswavloT socialuri procesebis
subieqturi Sefasebebi, gavamaxviloT yuradReba socialur procesebsa da
individualur cxovrebas Soris arsebul kavSirze, SevafasoT socialuri
cvlilebebis mniSvneloba, da sxv. am konteqstSi es meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneba
axali socialuri fenomenebis Seswavlis mizniT, raTa Sevsebuli da
gamdidrebuli iqnes mkvlevrebis xelT arsebuli statistikuri masala.
SedarebiT axali midgoma miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebiseuli gzis
interpretacias da/an aseTi interpretaciis SesaZlo gzebis Seswavlas, ris
Sedegadac es midgoma fsiqologias uaxlovdeba.
amerikelma sociologma geil kligmanma (Gail Kligman) “cxovrebis istoriis”
gamoyenebiT Seiswavla rumineli qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTelobis prob-
lemebi CauSeskus reJimis dros, rodesac eris gamavlebis iZulebiTi politika
tardeboda. am politikas tragikuli Sedegebi hqonda qalebis janmrTelobisa da
TviT sicocxlisTvisac ki, vinaidan rTuli ekonomikuri pirobebi qalebs xSirad
ubiZgebda aralegaluri abortebi gaekeTebinaT, romlebic arakvalificiurad
keTdeboda, ris gamoc maT mravali qalis sicocxle Seewira.30
30
ix. Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania.
Berkley: University of California Press.
20
Sen vina gkiTxavs, wadio — ar iZleva! azri ara aqvs, xalxo!
- iq sxva situaciaa.
- magedan modis.
- ra doneze qreboda fuli, kacma ver miagno.
- ara, dawyeba eg aris, skolidan, magram dRes-dReobiT universitetis
korufcia ufro damRupvelia.
- ara, gamomdinarea skolidan.
- me vfiqrob, universitetidan gadaiRo skolis struqturam, imitom rom adre
ar iyo.
- ara, ra aris — erTi rame, ra. studenti rom modis universitetSi, is modis
skolidan da is skolaSi Tu mieCvia meqrTameobas, fulis micemas, raRaceebs, xom —
igives gaagrZelebs aq da aravis ar unda gaukvirdes es.
- amis mizezi ra aris, iciT? weRan rom viZaxdiT, im avtobusebze, im fasadis
SekeTebaze da a.S. — skolas ara aqvs fuli da iZulebuli xdeba, xom?
- ki, iZulebuli xdeba.
- anu saxelmwifom dRes, samwuxarod, qarTulma saxelmwifom yvelanairi mora-
luri ufleba dakarga, vinmes rame mosTxovos; Tundac im adamians, romelsac Sia
da raRacas iparavs, da martivad vityvi, ratomac. saqarTvelos parlamentma
rodesac daadgina, rom saarsebo minimumi unda iyos 115 lari, da igive parlamenti
adgens, rom minimaluri xelfasi qveyanaSi unda iyos 14 lari, xom — amiT igive Seni
xelisufleba geubneba, rom sasikvdilod xar ganwiruli da Seni Tavis gadasar-
Cenad rac ginda is qenio. aqedan gamomdinare, yvelanair moralur valdebulebas
mosamarTle kargavs, rom miusajos...
- ese igi, raRac momentSi saxelmwifo gvibiZgebs korufciisken.
- raRac momentSi ki ara, gibiZgebs Sen!
- eg yvelaferi maRlidan modis, aba...
- isic sakiTxavia, minimumi aris marTla is 115 lari, Tu ufro meti sWirdeba
adamians, magram rodesac Sen amas akeTeb, da plius...
- yvelas ara aqvs imis saSualeba, kerZo biznesi wamoiwyos, yvelas ara aqvs imis
saSualeba, arian adamianebi, mcodneebi...
- ver dadgeba da papiross ver gayidis quCaSi!
- profesoria!
- viRa iyidis, yvelam rom papirosi gayidos?
- rogor ara, gaiyideba! oRond, erTi rame kidev da skolasTan dakavSirebiT
xmas aRar amoviReb. Zalian aris axla yuradReba misaqcevi da dasafiqrebeli —
rogorc viciT, reformiT SeiZleba iseTi rame moxdes, umaRles saswavlebelSi
saerTod gauqmdes gamocdebi da skolaSi miRebuli raRac Sefasebebis mixedviT
ganawildes. es aris absurdi — aq ixsneba korufcia da midis skolaSi, Tu direq-
tori ar Seicvala, Tu sistema ar Seicvala, Tu monitoringi an sazogadoebrivi, an
saxelmwifo, an raRacnairi monitoringi ar ganxorcielda.
- nu, praqtikebze rom viyaviT [skolebSi] — bavSvebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, swavla ar
undaT! es aris kidev yvelaze didi, da maswavlebels rom eubnebian, “ki-Wa!” mere
vubnebi, Sen swavla ar ginda-meTqi? da — “me rad minda swavla, me rad minda!”,
marto rom ipranWebian da bolos veRar Sevikave Tavi, me rom Seni maswavlebeli
viyo, kedelze gartymevinebdi-Tqo Tavs. aris usaSinlesi mdgomareoba. ara, ar
vartymevinebdi, magram im wuTas...
- meoTxe skolaSi maswavlebelma marilze daayena muxlebiT bavSvi.
- eg adre iyo, axla piriqiT xdeba.
- adre ara, erTi wlis winandeli faqti.
- Sevedi skolaSi da guli gamiskda — telefonze TamaSobs naxevari klasi, ra!
meoTxeklaseli lawirakebi!
- Cems periodSic iyo, magram verc erTi maswavlebeli ver bedavda xeli daedo
CemTvis.
- maswavlebeli rom yviris, maswavlebeli rom wivis, wixliT rom Semodis, rom
Semodis da ar icis, rom Sesavali unda gaakeTos, bavSvi unda moamzados, da im
gagiJebul bavSvs rom dadgeba da wivil-kivils dauwyebs: “modi gakveTili
Camabare!”, JurnalSi yofaqcevis magivrad saganSi “erTians” rom dauwers — ar
iswavlis da ver gaamtyuneb. ai eg maswavlebeli unda miartya kedelze!
93

axla skolis Tema davxuroT. erTi Zalian mokle SekiTxva universitetTan
dakavSirebiT — rogor fiqrobT, axali reqtori ras Secvlis? ramdenad
TvliT, rom reqtoris Secvla moitans sasurvel cvlilebebs korufciis
dargSi? sxva dargebs jerjerobiT nu SevexebiT.
- axali reqtori ecdeba, me vfiqrob, rom mcdeloba iqneba, magram ramdenad
ganaxorcielebs, eg ar vici. imitom rom me vici erTi magaliTi, rom moatyues
reqtori. sinamdvileSi fuli iqna aRebuli, erT-erTi bavSvis SeyvaniT, aiRo sxvam
is fuli, 300 dolarzea aq saubari, aiRo sxvam, erT-erTma moxelem es fuli da
Seiyvana reqtorTan rogorc uniWieresi bavSvi, rogorc es-es-es.
- me SemiZlia faqtebiT vilaparako. 12 maisidan aris reqtori, damtkicda 1
ivniss, Tu ar vcdebi. ukve aris raRac sasikeTo Zvrebi, me, magaliTad, Cems Tavze
gamovcade, davinaxe.
- ki.
- axali cocxis faqtori mgonia jerjerobiT.
- ara, me ara mgonia axali cocxis faqtori. axla raSia saqme — saxelmwifo
gamocdebze am kacma Semoiara absoluturad yvela auditoria da uTxra, rom ar
gadaixadoT araferi, ar mokrifoT, dekans ar misceT, aravis ar misceT, vinc
ginda mogTxovoT, imitom rom azri ar eqneba. da marTla CaiWrnen is
fulgadaxdilebi.
- ukan daubrunes fuli?
- ar vici, ra gaakeTes.
- eg dekanebis da studentebis [saqmea].
- mere mirbodnen saCivlelad, ai, maS fuli raRas gamogvarTveso? karg dros
mirbodnen! es erTi. meore, sanam reqtoris arCevnebi iqneboda, studentebis
garkveulma nawilma movagroveT 600 xelmowera [erT-erTi kandidatis] mxardasa-
Werad — magram es ar iyo raRaca Tavis moqonvis principi, Cven mas warvudgineT
Cveni programa, ra unda Seesrulebina mas studnetebisTvis. da amaze dagvTan-
xmda. iq iyo: biujetis gamWvirvaloba, misaRebi gamocdebis gamWvirvaloba, rac
ukve faqtia da me piradad Cemi arasamTavrobo organizaciis saxeliT mivmarTav
da me davakvirdebi misaReb gamocdebs Telavis saxelmwifo universitetSi axla.
da iq iyo sxvadasxva sakiTxebi, romlebzec es kaci dagvTanxmda, romlebzec visa-
ubreT, romlebic gvjera, rom gakeTdeba, da jerjerobiT midis sworad yve-
laferi.
- ho, imedi aris.
- is fuli, mosawyobi fuli, ojaxidan mainc xom gamodioda, ara? da midioda
marcxena jibeSi. axla me vnaxe, rom fasian seqtorze gazrdilia gadasaxadebi.
- ho.
- da es aris marTali. imitom rom mainc gamodis is fuli, da [sjobs] wavides
ise, rom leqtorebs gauzardo xelfasi, vidre is “marcxniv” wavides.
- ar SeiZleba, Seni arasamTavrobo organizacia ara marto misaRebze
daeswroT, aramed, vTqvaT, saxelmwifo gamocdebze da aseve sesiaze?
- ki.
- kargi iqneba!
danarCenebis azri mainteresebs — kidev ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom
universitetSi situacia gamoswordes korufciis TvalsazrisiT?
- Cemi azriT, pirvel rigSi leqtorebs xelfasi unda gaezardoT.
- unda gaezardoT.
- [fasiani seqtoris gadasaxadebis gamoyenebiT ufro kargia maTi xelfasebis
gazrda.]
- ki, Torem saxelmwifo ar gazrdis Tavisi iniciativiT.
- da Semdeg leqtorebis atestacia unda moxdes.
- unda akontrolon misaRebi gamocdebi, TviTon universitetis xelmZRva-
nelobam. anu, me viZaxi, kargi mxriv unda akontrolon.
- a. erT wels iyo mimReb komisiaSi Tavmjdomared. movida viRac qistio, imas,
ra Tqma unda, Tavidanve ise hqonda saqme, rom imas unda Caebarebina. dedaCemma
[Tqva], Tavidanve momceso sia, ai amaT unda Caabarono, da danarCenebma ar unda
94
zedmeti an usargebloa am konkretuli gamokvlevis problemis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT, da iswavlos respondentis Tavazianad gaCumeba da saubris
msvlelobis Secvla saWiro mimarTulebiT.
iTvleba, rom siRrmiseuli intervius meTodiT ganxorcielebuli erTi gamo-
kvlevis farglebSi sakmarisia 20-30-dan 50-60-mde siRrmiseuli intervius
Catareba27, raTa miRebuli iqnes sakmarisi da sando empiriuli monacemebi. saerTo
rCeva interviuebis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT aseTia: interviuebis Catareba
unda Sewydes maSin, rodesac axali interviuebis msvlelobaSi miRebuli
informacia meordeba, axali informacia umniSvnelo da periferiuli xasiaTisaa
da aRar amdidrebs Cvens codnas Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad,
damatebiTi interviuebis Catareba aRar aris gamarTlebuli28. masobrivi gamo-
kiTxvis dros gamokiTxul aTasobiT respondentTan SedarebiT es ricxvi
SeiZleba Zalian mcired mogveCvenos, magram nu daviviwyebT, rom yoveli aseTi
intervius dros Cawerili saubris qaRaldze gadatanas (“gaSifvras”) sul cota 6-
8 saaTi dasWirdeba, ris Sedegadac miviRebT 20-ze meti gverdis moculobis
teqsts (“transkripts”); yvela interviu damuSavebuli da gaanalizebuli unda
iqnes. es Zalze Sromatevadi samuSaoa.
Znelia CamovayaliboT zusti wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac xdeba responden-
tebis SerCeva siRrmiseuli interviusaTvis. iseve rogorc saerTod Tvisebrivi
meTodebiT muSaobisas, aq arasodes ara gvaqvs saqme reprezentatul SerCevasTan.
respondentebis SerCeva xdeba gamokvlevis miznidan gamomdinare, im moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebsac mkvlevars gamokvlevis amocana karnaxobs. Cveu-
lebriv saqme gvaqvs erTi da igive socialuri jgufis warmomadgenlebTan, an
xalxTan, romlebsac miRebuli aqvs garkveuli gamocdileba — magaliTad, Tu
SeviswavliT warmatebul biznes-karieras, unda davukavSirdeT warmatebul
biznesmenebs; Tu gamokvlevis Temaa bavSvebis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli saerTo
problemebi, maSin kvlevaSi monawileoba axalgazrda mSoblebma unda miiRon; Tu
gamokvlevis Temaa migracia, unda CavataroT interviu migrantebTan; Tu gamo-
kvleva umaRlesi saswavleblebis problemebs exeba, unda moviwvioT studentebi
da/an profesor-maswavleblebi, da a.S.29
siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba yovelTvis winaswar SeTanxmebulia respon-
dentTan da tardeba aseve winaswar SeTanxmebul adgilas — es SeiZleba iyos
respondentis saxli, misi samsaxuri an mkvlevris ofisi. aseTi interviu arasodes
ar tardeba quCaSi an sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi, rogorebicaa kafe,
biblioTeka da sxv. siRrmiseuli interviu tardeba pirispir mkvlevarsa da
respondents Soris; sxva pirTa daswreba akrZalulia. vinaidan amis miRweva
sakmaod Znelia respondentis ojaxSi, siRrmiseuli intervius Catareba ufro
mizanSewonilia mkvlevris ofisSi, sadac daculi iqneba simSvide da intervius
CatarebisaTvis xelsayreli sxva pirobebi.
siRrmiseuli intervius diqtofonze Cawera aucilebelia misi Semdgomi ana-
lizis mizniT. es moTxovna damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mkvlevars
rogorc teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT (teqnikuri aRWurvilobis momzadeba, misi
gamarTulad muSaobis uzrunvelyofa), aseve eTikuri TvalsazrisiTac (respon-
dentebis konfidencialobis dacva).
siRrmiseuli intervius specipikuri saxeobebi
siRrmiseuli interviu Tvisebrivi kvlevis Zalze gavrcelebuli meTodia, da
gasakviri ar aris, rom misi gamoyenebis manZilze SemuSavebuli iqna misi ramdenime
nairsaxeoba. biografiul-naratiuli interviu da “cxovrebis istoria”, iseve
27
SesaZloa, yvela am intervius damuSaveba ver moxerxdes, vinaidan respondentebs Soris
SeiZleba Segvxvdes adamianebi, romlebic ver moaxerxeben Tavisi azris sakmaod
vrclad Camoyalibebas. Tumca, siRrmiseuli interviuebis Catarebis dros aseTi ram
SedarebiT iSviaTad xdeba, vinaidan yvela respondenti, rogorc wesi, individualurad
aris xolme SerCeuli, da SerCevis erT-erTi moTxovna swored maTi lingvistikuri
komunikaciis maRali donea.
28
Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. P. 21.
29
ix. Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit.
19
 siRrmiseuli intervius Catarebis mizniT, mkvlevari ar amzadebs struqtu-
rirebul kiTxvars — magram mas yovelTvis aqvs Sedgenili savaraudo kiTxvebis da
maTi sasurveli Tanamimdevrobis werilobiTi monaxazi, romelic emyareba
intervius procesSi gansaxilveli Temebisa da sakiTxebis winaswar Seswavlas. am
monaxazs sadiskusio gegma ewodeba. sadiskusio gegma mkvlevris samuSao instru-
mentia, romelic gvexmareba vakontroloT intervius procesi, ar gamovtovoT
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi da maqsimaluri informacia miviRoT respondentisgan
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.25
sadiskusio gegmis momzadeba aucilebelia, Tu gvinda miviRoT sando
Tvisebrivi monacemebi, rac SemdgomSi saSualebas mogvcems, SevadaroT sxvada-
sxva intervius Sedegad miRebuli informacia. amave mizniT, gansaxilveli Temebis
Tanamimdevroba intervius dros sasurvelia ucvleli iyos, Tumca dasaSvebia
garkveuli variaciebi. mainc, ar aris sasurveli, rom winaswar SemuSavebuli geg-
misagan gadaxveva, kiTxvebis formulirebisa da Tanamimdevrobis Secvla Zalian
xSiri da/an radikaluri iyos.
siRrmiseuli intervius mTavari Rirseba isaa, rom is saSualebas gvaZlevs
rogorc Cven, mkvlevrebs, aseve respondentebs uSualod intervius msvlelo-
bisas wamovwioT an ganvaviTaroT axali Temebi, romlebic aqtualuria gamo-
kvlevisaTvis, magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ar iqna winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli
kvlevis dagegmvis etapze. uSualod intervius procesSi wamoWrili axali
Temebis ganviTareba SesaZlebeli xdeba, ramdenadac sadiskusio gegma ar
moiTxovs, zedmiwevniT zustad davicvaT iq dasmuli kiTxvebis formulireba da
Tanamimdevroba, aramed garkveul Tavisuflebas gvaniWebs. swored es garemoeba
ganapirobebs imas, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, siRrmiseuli interviu
nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba.
siRrmiseuli interviu ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba,
anu iseT kiTxvebze, romlebic ar sTavazoben respondentebs pasuxis SesaZlo
variantebs. aseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas respondentebs sruli Tavisufleba
eniWebaT sakuTari azris gamoxatvisas, mkvlevari aranairad ar “ubiZgebs” maT
garkveuli kategoriis pasuxebisaken, amitom iTvleba, rom aseTi kiTxvebi gansa-
kuTrebiT mizanSewonilia iseTi Temebis Seswavlis mizniT, romlebic SedarebiT
naklebadaa Seswavlili, da am Temebisa da sakiTxebis ufro Rrmad Seswavlis
saSualebas gvaZlevs. “daxuruli” kiTxvebi, romlebic Zalian gavrcelebulia
raodenobriv kvlevebSi, TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba siRrmiseul interviuSi.
sirRmiseuli interviu warmatebulia maSin, rodesac mkvlevarma miiRo
mdidari da detaluri informacia sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi
inforamciis miRebaSi mas xSirad exmareba moTxovna, daakonkretebinos respon-
dents misi pasuxebi. Tu respondenti yveba Tavisi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, magram
Zalian zogadad ganixilavs mas, interviueri aucileblad unda Caeros saubarSi
da sTxovos mas, daakonkretos esa Tu is detali. magaliTad, SeiZleba dausvas
aseTi kiTxva: “rogor ganviTarda bolo aseTi SemTxveva?” an “rodis moxda es
ambavi bolos?”26 rac ufro vrcel informacias viRebT respondentis gamoc-
dilebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro meti masala gveqneba dasamuSaveblad da miT ufro
metia imis albaToba, rom kvleva warmatebuli iqneba.
siRrmiseuli intervius dros mizanSewonilia, interviuerma Zalian cota
ilaparakos; rogorc wesi, rac ufro uwyvetia respondentis Txroba, miT ufro
warmatebulia interviu.
siRrmiseuli intervius xangrZlivoba damokidebulia gamokvlevis tipze
da/an Temaze, magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi is sul cota 1 — 1,5 saaTs grZeldeba da
iSviaTad grZeldeba 3 saaTze mets. ra Tqma unda, intervius mizania respon-
dentisgan informaciis miReba da, Teoriulad, rac met informacias miviRebT
misgan, miT ukeTesi iqneba, magram praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia, saubari usasrulod
gagrZeldes. amitom mkvlevris profesionalizmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
maCvenebelia, droulad “gamoicnos” is pasuxebi da gadaxvevebi, romlebic
25
am leqciis Semdeg (magaliTi #1) moyvanilia siRrmiseuli intervius sadiskusio gegmis
magaliTi.
26
Robert S. Weiss. Op. cit. Pp. 74-76.
18
Caabarono.
- maraa, kaco, me rom gamocdebi mqonda, mubnebodnen, mwvane ginTia, risi
geSiniao.
- movidao viRac qisti, romelmac ar icoda qarTuli. axla me veubnebio, me ar
vici qisturio da rusuli me ki vicio, magram ruseTSi ar varT da ratom unda
gamogcado rusulad? am dros is unda mieRoT.
- Cems win gogo gadioda, istorias rom vabarebdi — ra Tqma unda, ar icoda, da
erT-erTi sakiTxi hqonda [erekle]. [gamomcdeli] eubneba axla, rac ici is moyevio
da — araferi ar vicio. gagiJda, moixsna saTvale — ras hqvia araferi ar vicio,
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi nu magdebo, iq 70 kacze meti zis auditoriaSi, Tan icis,
rom viRaca magis mere unda CaWras — moyevio rame! araferi ar vicio.
sanam movrCebiT universitetis Sesaxeb saubars, vinmes rame xom ar darCa
saTqmeli?
- am yvela problemis mogvarebasTan erTad unda aiwios universitetis pres-
tiJi, anu, raSi gamoixateba: unda daematos iseTi sagnebi, iseTi fakultetebi,
romlebic kaxeTs sWirdeba, ra. amdeni pedagogi weliwadSi kaxeTs ara sWirdeba,
Cemi azriT, da es aucileblad unda gakeTdes da es reqtoris Zalian didi
survilia da, albaT, momavali wlidan gakeTdeba, unda gakeTdes mevenaxeoba-
meRvineobis fakulteti, razec aris moTxovna kaxeTSi, oRond es unda iyos Zalian
prestiJuli fakulteti, Tundac weliwadSi uSvebdes xuTs, magram profesional
kadrs. da imas garantirebuli eqneba samsaxuri. axla Cven rom mivdivarT, ar viciT
sad mivdivarT — diploms ki viRebT, magram sul sxvagan vfiqrob vimuSavo, imitom,
rom maRali xelfasia.
- kidev erTs davamatebdi. me vfiqrob, leqtorebis kadri unda gadaxalisdes,
anu gadamzaddessaviT...
- rame treningebisaviT...
- ... da literaturac unda gaZlierdes, Torem is literatura, romliTac
swavlobdnen 10 wlis win, ukve CvenTvis moZvelebulia.
- anu, Taobebia gaWedili. erTi qalia kaxeTSi, 75 wlis, vinc akeTebs miwis
analizs.
- marto erTi qali?
- is qali rom mokvdes, ver gaigeb, kaxeTSi ra miwaSi ra Cayaro. SeiZleba vazis
miwaSi miwis Txili Cayaro, qvebSi Cayaro RanZili, anu ra unda gaakeTo, ar ici.
- me vfirqob, mTavari problemebi ukve Tqves: is, rom leqtorebma unda
atestacia, Tu rac aris [gaiaron], rom leqtoris done iyos maRali, da rac
mTavaria, da mec amis msxverpli var, rom TviTon ara var mondomebuli, magram
vapireb — Cemi azriT, bavSvebis mondomeba swavlisadmi, es iqneba, me mgoni,
gadamwyveti, imtom rom Tu is bavSvi swavlobs, da Semdeg Tu is Tavis uflebebs
gaecnoba, da Semdeg, Tu is Tavisi uflebebisaTvis daiwyebs brZolas, ukve
daanaxebs Tavis saxes reqtoratsac da leqtorebsac da ukve esec erT-erTi is
iqneba, rom korufcia aRmoifxvras mTlianad. imitom, rom am revoluciazec,
igive, xalxma daanaxa, da ara vinmes yvirilma, ukacravad, xalxma daanaxa, aqvs
xalxs amis saSualeba, energia da CveniT unda gavakeToT es, me mgoni.
- Cemi azriT, sanam saxelmwifoSi ar Seicvleba situacia, universitetSic ar
Seicvleba; roca saxelmwifoSi Seicvleba, me vfiqrob, rom avtomaturad aqac
sxvanairi situacia Seiqmneba.
- araswori midgomaa.
- ho.
- saerTod es aris Zalian daStampuli, yovelTvis ase iyo, zevidan qveviT.
modiT, piriqiT, qvevidan SevcvaloT, da ava is nel-nela zeviT.
- saxlis Senebas iwyeben, me rogorc vici, saZirkvlidan.
- weRanac vTqvi me es azri da axlac gavimeoreb, rom igive saxelmwifo
gamocdebze is, rodesac 4 weli aZlev fuls, axla, saxelmwifo gamocdebze, aRar
unda aiRon fuli da pirdapir gauSvan isini, arc CaWran, araferi — Cemi azriT.
gauSvan is studentebi, da igive samsaxurSi roca miva is, mixvdebian, rom mas ara
aqvs codna, da morCa. is, rom is studentebi CaWran, romlebic 4 wlis
ganmavlobaSi fuls aZlevdnen universitets...
95
 - unda CaWran!
- ar SeiZleba!
- ara, ar unda CaWran!
- unda CaWran! axla ratom —
- Cemi azria! unda gauSvan, wavidnen.
- wavidnen da adamians wamali dauniSnon, romelic mas ar sWirdeba?
- ara, imas ar miiReben samsaxurSi, roca ar eqneba codna.
- e-e, fuls miscems da miiReben.
- Tu maSin, me vlaparakob, roca gamoswordeba situacia.
- jerjerobiT xom... Tu Sen igives gaakeTeb, ar gamowordeba!
- meti raRa pativi unda ecaT [saxelmwifo gamocdebze], ver gavige —
geubnebian, wigni Semoitane, konspeqti Semoitane, mTeli biblioTeka amoitane,
dade da waikiTxe — erT saaTs gaZleven, ori sityva gviTxari! oTxians giwerT, Tu
oTx sityvas gvetyvi, or sityvaze samians giwerT. ver iZaxian! maS ar unda CaWra
egeTebi?
- hoda unda gauSva, isini arc arasdros ar iswavlian, unda gauSva eseTebi,
wavidnen ra!
- unda sacerSi gatardes yvela.
- ver garicxav, imitom rom roca fuliT gyavs miRebuli, imas...
- kargi, is wava da giCivlebs.
- sad giCivlebs?
- getyvis, rom vabarebdi, ras gamomarTvio fuli?
- ras giCivlebs, ras ambob?
- raRaca sistemis cvlas mohyveba xolme viRacis...
- ZiriTadi yvelaferi iTqva, da, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovania, rom
Seicvalos saswavlo programebi, romlebic aris Zalian moZvelebuli, Tundac
Cems fakultetze, ucxo enebze, aranairad ara varT kmayofili im swavliT
meTodebiT, rasac gavdivarT, da me ara var darwmunebuli, rom rodesac
davamTavreb, viqnebi srulyofili da kargi specialisti da isev bavSvi fiqrobs,
rom sxva gzebiT miiRos, Seivsos is codna — roca man es codna unda miiRos
universitetSi, da yvelanairad unda iyos dakmayofilebuli. Cemi azriT, es unda
Seicvalos.
- Cemi azriT, aucileblad unda gadaxalisdes saswavlo programebi, ukve
iTqva da veTanxmebi, absoluturad gawelili, gaberili da xSir SemTxvevaSi,
uazro sagnebis swavleba, anu, rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro, vTqvaT, akademiur
doneze icode saqarTvelos istoria, Cemi azriT.
- Tu ar abareb istoriulze.
- sjobia profesiuls daeTmos meti dro da ara piriqiT, profesiuli sagnebis
xarjze farTovdeba is sagnebi, romlebic... elementarulad, saqarTvelos
istoria igulisxmeba, rom iswavleba skolaSi. igive qarTuli ena. marTalia,
qarTuli ena aucilebelia, imitom rom aCvena gamokiTxvebma, rom TiTqmis aravin
ar icis normalurad aq, magram mainc es ar unda aRematebodes, vTqvaT, erT wels
da ar unda gadadiodes sam welze.
- ubralod normalurad unda iswavlebodes.
- da testi unda iyos. es aucilebelia, Cemi azriT.
- me minda kidev erTi davamato, Cemi azriT, CaTvla-gamocdebis arsebuli
sistema unda Seicvalos testirebiT, imitom rom, Cemi azriT, jer erTi CaTvla-
gamocdebs miaqvs uazrod didi dro, meorec, aseTi erTi erTze Secvla
leqtorTan yovelTvis iwvevs korufciul moments, da sjobia testi, jer erTi, is
dokumentic aris.
- davamateb — testebi iyos ara marto, vTqvaT, pirveli semestris bolos,
meore semestris bolos, aramed, vTqvaT, erTi Tvis Semdeg...
- ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, da gaadvildeba studentis saqme.
- ki, yoveli Tvis bolos, imitom rom ici, rogor aris? rom ar gTxoven,
adamiani xar da gimuSavdeba erTi momenti. yovelTviuri an yovelkvireuli
gamokiTxva rodesac ar aris, Sen ar swavlob, da gamocdebis [win] amxela wignebs
ixli TavSi da ra Zali medga...
- ho, ra!
96
videofirze.
kerZod interviu warmoadgens kiTxva-pasuxis gacvlis process interviuersa
da respondents Soris, romlis msvlelobaSic mkvlevari iRebs misTvis saWiro
informacias. qvemoT detalurad visaubrebT interivus am nawilis Sesaxeb.
da bolos, postinterviu respondentisa da interviueris damSvidobebis
procesia, magram amasTan rig damatebiT funqciasac asrulebs. swored
postintervius dros SeiZleba molaparakebuli iqnes Semdgomi Sexvedris
SesaZlebloba, Tu gamokvlevis programa aseT Sexvedras iTvaliswinebs; gadaeces
respondents saCuqari an fuladi anazRaureba gamokvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis,
Tu es winaswar iyo molaparakebuli, da sxv.
meTodis daxasiaTeba
Tumca, erTi SexedviT, siRrmiseuli interviu waagavs Tavisufal saubars
mkvlevarsa da respondents Soris, es ase ar aris, da warmatebuli intervius
Catarebas mTeli rigi profesiuli unar-Cvevebis daufleba da sakmaod mdidari
praqtikuli gamocdileba ganapirobebs — es aris meTodi, romelSi daxelovnebac
mxolod misi gamoyenebis procesSia SesaZlebeli.
siRrmiseuli intervius mizania, gavigoT respondentebis maqsimalurad deta-
luri mosazrebebi Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; amitom “rogor?” da "ra-
tom?" kiTxvebi yvelaze xSiri da sasargebloa am tipis interviuSi. ara nakleb xSi-
rad aqvs adgili Txovnas respondentisadmi, dawvrilebiT agviRweros esa Tu is
SemTxveva Tavisi cxovrebidan da misi STabeWdilebebi, misi reaqcia am Sem-
TxvevasTan dakavSirebiT; misi damokidebuleba garkveuli xalxis an movlenebi-
sadmi, mis mier CvenTvis saintereso movlenebis Sefaseba.
robert vaisi ganixilavs siRrmiseul intervius rogorc interviuersa da
respondents Soris TanamSromlobis process, romlic drosac orive monawiles
erTi mizani amoZravebs — esaa axali informaciis warmoeba kvlevis TemasTan
dakavSirebiT. metic, misi TqmiT, am TanamSromlobaSi interviueri “is instru-
mentia, romlis saSualebiTac respondenti mogviTxrobs Tavis ambavs”21. amitom
interviueri arasodes ar unda Seecados, srulad akontrolos intervius
msvlelobis procesi — piriqiT, man unda misces respondents saSualeba, rac
SeiZleba meti ilaparakos Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca, ra Tqma unda,
valdebulia uzrunvelyos, rom saubarma ar gadauxvios kvlevis Temas; mxolod
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia interviuers, gamoiyenos Tavisi Zalaufleba da
Seitanos cvlileba intervius msvlelobaSi, Tumca man es rbilad unda gaakeTos.
rogorc h.r.bernardi aRniSnavs, “Tqven agebT pasuxs imaze, rom saubari
fokusirebuli iyos [kvlevis Temaze], magram saSualebas aZlevT respondents,
gansazRvros saubris Sinaarsi. mieciT mas ufleba, mogawodoT informacia,
romelic, misi azriT, mniSvnelovania”22.
mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom siRrmiseul intervius, rogorc wesi, atarebs
ara daqiravebuli interviueri, romelsac ara aqvs miRebuli monawileoba
kvlevis dagegmvis procesSi, aramed Tavad mkvlevari, romelic muSaobda
gamokvlevis programis Sedgenaze, winaswar Seiswavla socialuri problema,
romelsac interviu exeba.23 “iyo kargi interviueri, niSnavs icode, Tu ra saxis
informaciaa saWiro kvlevisaTvis da Segwevdes unari, daexmaro respondents
mogvces es inforamcia”24, — aRniSnavs robert vaisi.
21
Ibid. P. 65.
22
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Reseach Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third
edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. P. 209.
23
es yovelTvis ase ar aris dasavleTis qveynebis Tanamedrove kvleviT praqtikaSi, sadac
miRebulia interviuerebis daqiraveba ara mxolod raodenobrivi, aramed, agreTve
Tvisebrivi interviuebis Catarebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, am saleqcio kursSis far-
glebSi Cven ufro mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom siRrmiseuli interviu Tavad
mkvlevarma Caataros, da am leqciaSi terminebi “mkvlevari” da “interviueri” ixmareba
rogorc sinonimebi.
24
Robert S. Weiss. Op cit. P. 66.
17
 Tema 2.
siRrmiseuli interviu
rogorc cnobilia, interviu informaciis Segrovebis erT-erTi yvelaze
farTod gavrcelebuli saSualebaa, da es mxolod socialur mecnierebebTan
dakavSirebiT rodia swori. Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebas rigi mkvlev-
rebisa “intervius sazogadoebas” uwodebs17 — mosaxleobis interviuirebis sxva-
dasxva forma imdenadaa gavrcelebuli, rom interviu yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
nawilad iqca. arsebobs intervius mravali saxeoba; maT Soris gvxvdeba iseTebi,
romlebic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. sayovelTao aRwerac da
Jurnalisturi preskonferenciac intervius nairsaxeobebia.
interviuersa da respondents Soris urTierTobis formis safuZvelze gamo-
iyofa pirispiri, satelefono da safosto interviu. intervius xangrZlivoba
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogori tipis interviusTan gvaqvs
saqme: satelefono intervius xangrZlivoba SeiZleba 5 wuTs ar aRematebodes,
xolo e.w. “cxovrebis istoria” SeiZleba ramdenime dRes gagrZeldes.
Tavisi struqturisa da kiTxvebis tipidan gamomdinare, interviu SeiZleba
iyos struqturirebuli; nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebu-
li. masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gamoiyeneba struqturirebuli interviu,
romelic kiTxvarze dayrdnobiT warimarTeba da saSualebas gvaZlevs, maqsima-
lurad formalizebulad warvmarToT ramdenime aTasi interviu. eTnografiuli
kvlevis Catarebisas, gansakuTrebiT, kvlevis sawyis etapze, gamoiyeneba ara-
struqturirebuli interviuebi, romlebic exmareba mkvlevars, Seiqmnas saerTo
warmodgena kvlevis obieqtebis Sesaxeb. intervius orive am saxeobasTan Seda-
rebiT, siRrmiseuli interviu, romelic Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi “savizito
baraTia”, Zalze gansxvavebul tips warmoadgens da e.w. nawilobriv struqtu-
rirebuli interviuebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba, anu ikavebs Sualedur pozicias
struqturirebul da arastruqturirebul interviuebs Soris. rogorc am meTo-
dis erT-erTi wamyvani specialisti robert vaisi aRniSnavs, siRrmiseul inter-
vius mravali saxeliT moixsenieben, romelTa Sorisaa: “Tavisufali interviu”,
“naratiuli interviu”, “fokusirebuli interviu”, “biografiuli interviu” da
sxv.18 Tavad vaisi am meTods “Tvisebriv intervius” uwodebs. misi azriT, Tumca
Tvisebrivi interviu sxvaTa azris Seswavlis “bunebrivi saSualebaa, is jer kidev
ar aris saTanadod damkvidrebuli socialuri kvlevebis samyaroSi, rom erTi
saxeliT moixseniebodes”19.
siRrmiseuli interviu da misi nairsaxeobebi gamoiyeneba ara mxolod socia-
lur mecnierebebSi, aramed, agreTve, mraval monaTesave dargSi: JurnalistikaSi,
kriminalistikaSi, boigrafiul mecnierebaSi, marketingSi da sxv. gansxvavebuli
midgomebis miuxedavad, yvela am SemTxvevaSi am meTods aerTianebs is garemoeba,
rom is miznad isaxavs respondentebisagan detaluri, Rrma da Tanamimdevruli
informaciis miRebas maTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, romlis
safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba garkveuli sazogadoebrivi kanonzomierebebis
dadgena, zog SemTxvevaSi ki — saerTo xasiaTis daskvnebis gakeTeba.20
xSirad gamoiyofa siRrmiseuli intervius Semdegi fazebi: preinterviu,
kerZod interviu da postinterviu. yovel maTgans Tavisi funqcia aqvs.
preintervius mTavari mizania kontaqtis damyareba respondentTan. swored
preintervius dros unda avuxsnaT mas gamokvlevis mizani da is, Tu rogor iqna
arCeuli respondentad konkretulad es pirovneba; davarwmunoT igi intervius
anonimurobaSi da aucileblad vTxovoT nebarTva, CaviweroT interviu audio- an
17
ix., magaliTad: Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein. 2002. “From Individual Interview to the
Interview Society,” pp. 3-32 in: Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Ed. by Jaber F.
Gubrium. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
18
zogi qarTveli mkvlevari am meTods “CaRrmavebul intervius” uwodebs.
19
Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative Interview Studies. New
York: Free Press. P. 208.
20
Ibid. P. 210.
16
- movaleobas ixdi, ver gaxsovdeba.
- axla iseTi gadaRlili var gamocdebis mere, ver vazrovneb.
- me Tu mkiTxavT, pirvel rigSi, unda gamoicvalon leqtorebi, arian ukve
Zalian bebrebi bevrni.
- marTalia!
- marTalia!
- sapensio asaki...
- axali kadri unda movides.
- ara, erTi-ori xanSi Sesuli namdvilad kargia oRond, ver ityvi, rom
axalgazrdebi unda Semoiyvano...
- ara, me ar viZaxi, axalgazrdebi unda SemoviyvanoT — unda SemoviyvanoT
iseTebi, vinc ufro...
- Semoyvanaze, umjobesi xom ar iqneba, rom weRan rogorc vTqvi — rom
gadaxalisdes.
- asaksac gaaCnia, mikiTxavda kaci, SeiZleba, Zalian brwyinvaledac icoda,
[magram] misi xmis tembri iyo CurCuli, da auditoriis damorCilebis done — nuli.
- da, sxvaTaSoris, eg iwvevs ukve... xuTianze damTavrebuli studenti, marTla
kargi studenti, Cemi axlobeli movida SarSan, undoda rom leqtorad imuSavos,
magram... am dros me mikiTxavs qali leqcias, romelsac kbilebi daaviwyda saxlSi
da meubneba, “wadi Svilo, kbilebi momitaneo”. amasTan is axalgazrda gogo,
romelmac marTla xuTebze daamTavra — “me xuTosnebi ar mainteresebso”, maSin
reqtoratSi uTxres.
- erTi momentic aris, arian aq moxucebi, xanSi Sesuli kadri, romelsac
SeiZleba sapensio asaki aqvs, magram imas ver Secvli, imitom rom brwinvalea.
- egeTi SemTxvevebi...
- skolaSic da universitetSic asaks ratomRac abaven Rvawlmosilebas — es ase
aRar aris.
- marTalia.
universitetis situacia, mgoni, safuZvlianad ganvixileT. Tqveni azriT,
SeiZleba Tu ara axla vilaparakoT warmatebuli brZolis Sesaxeb korufciis
winaaRmdeg zogadad saqarTveloSi?
- araviTar SemTxvevaSi.
- jer ara.
- jerjerobiT ar SegviZlia.
- Cemi azriT, igive revoluciam erTi Zalian cudi raRac moaxdina — xalxi
adre xom iZaxda, Cven verafers ver SevcliT, unda movides kargi mTavrobao. axla
xalxi uaresad gazarmacda da iZaxis, Cven kargi mTavroba gvyavs da axla isini
gviSvelian. anu, ratom aqvs am xalxs aseTi...
- ar gamigia maseTi naTqvami.
- ra? yvela mase iZaxis!
- marTalia, revoluciam erTi ra SeiZleba cudi moitanos — xalxs amdeni wlis
dagrovili energia im ramdenime kviraSi daaxarjvina da axla aRar ainteresebs im
xalxs jer-jerobiT, ai mere ukve daiwyebs isev, albaT.
- ara, ki ar ainteresebs, ukve imedi aqvT, albaT, rom raRacas gamocvlian.
- ara, imedi SeiZleba gqondes, magram Senc unda iyo aqtiuri.
- es aqsiomaa: Sen xar moqalaqe, Sen gaqvs uflebebi, romlebic pirvel rigSi Sen
unda daicva. xelisuflebas — aravis ar hqondes iluzia, rogorc ginda kargi
xelisufleba iyos, is yovelTvis Tavxeddeba xelisuflebiT, es ase xdeba
gamonaklisebis gareSe.
- Sen xom axla amas iZaxi — Sen rom moxvide xelisuflebaSi, analogiurad
iqneba.
- aucileblad! adamiani var da ase iqneba!
- Tu ar Segawuxe, raRaca Tu ar gaiZule, ar gaakeTeb. keTili nebiT es ar
iqneba.
- aqedan gamomdinare, Sen rogorc ki xuWav Tvalebs...
- iTxove da mogecemao — raRac unda iTxovo da...
97
 maS axla aravin ar unda ifiqros imaze, rom rame seriozuli brZola
daiwyos korufciis winaaRmdeg?
- ara, rogor ara.
- seriozuli brZola da seriozuli cvlilebebi moitana am revoluciam.
- aba ra aris seriozuli cvlileba?
- Zalian bevri!
- me davinaxe cvlileba, dRes-dReobiT myavs axalgazrda axloblebi TbilisSi,
romlebic samsaxurs eZebdnen da sakmaod kargi codna aqvT, erTma gogom sami ena
icis, yvela Tavis profesiaSi, ase vTqvaT, karg donezea. aqamde Zalian wva-
lobdnen, da sxvaTaSoris oTxidan samma ukve samsaxuri naxa. me vfiqrob, ukve
iciT, rogori done Semovida da rogori azrovneba? rom Tu ar geyoleba
samsaxurSi profesionali, ukve rom midixar, TbilisSi elementarulad: “ingli-
suri ici? kompiuteri ici?” atestacias gadixar da giReben samsaxurSi.
- eg kerZo struqturebSi.
- ki, kerZoSia, magram am SemTxvevaSi TviTon Cveni codniT, Cemi azriT, raRac
patara wvlils SevitanT korufciis winaaRmdeg.
- ki!
- imitom, rom sul rom gvqondes magis imedi, weRan rogorc vTqvi, Tu qvevidan
ar wamovida, is zemodan namdvilad ar iqneba.
- Cemi azriT, kidev, unda Seiqmnas (da mgoni ukve Seqmnilic aris) anti-
korufciuli komisiasaviT raRaca, sadac iqnebian arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
wevrebi, ucxoeTidan moyvanili eqspertebi... unda gaakontrolon.
- oRond, es ar unda iyos... [formalurad.]
- da unda Sedges es antikorufciuli sabWo da unda gaakontrolon igive Cveni
universiteti da ase mivaRwevT Sedegs.
kidev ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?
- Zalian kargia, precedentebi iqmneba, rom korumpirebulebs iWeren, vinc
ixlarTeba raRaceebSi, iWeren, magram Cumad mainc xdeba, ra.
- Cumad ki ar xdeba, yvelaze didi Secdoma ra aris — iWeren, magram ar iWeren
Tavisebs. axla saCvenebel daWerebze nu damiwyebT laparaks, ra!
- wavidnen, daiWiron anzor burjanaZe da davijereb rom asea, ra!
vin unda ibrZodes, Tqveni azriT, axla saqarTveloSi korufciis wina-
aRmdeg?
- yvela.
- xalxi.
- yvela absoluturad.
- yvelam, magram mTavrobisgan unda modiodes keTili neba. me rac ginda viy-
viro...
- ra Tqma unda!
ra SemTvevaSi iqneba brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg dRevandel
saqarTveloSi warmatebuli?
- Tu kanoni ikanonebs.
- Tu ara marto sityviT, aramed Cveni saqmiTac... sinamdvileSi ai gamodian
revoluciis dros, da sinamdvileSi saqme saqmeze rom midges, saqmiT verafers ver
gaakeTeben.
- kanoni ikanonebs da xelfasebi gaizrdeba. magram erTi SemTxveva moxda —
sagadasaxados TanamSromlebs hqondaT 400 lari xelfasi. axla daaWres da 30
lari dautoves.
- ara, 40 lari — nuli mouWres.
- ara, vici rom 30 — Zmakacis deda 400 lars iRebda, atestacia gavlilebi,
samjer gamocdebi Caabarebines, axla meoTxed Caabarebines da 30 larze dasves.
adre iRebda 400 lars. axla wadi da nu moaparineb imas!
- jerjerobiT mainc Zalian Znelad moxdeba es, magram imedi ar unda
daikargos.
98
anu generaluri erTobliobis yvela warmomadgenlis Seswavla.
magaliTad, Tu Cveni gamokvlevis generalur erTobliobas kaxeTis glexebi
warmoadgenen, kaxeTSi mcxovreb yvela glexs, anu ramdenime aTeul aTas adamians,
mkvlevarTa jgufi ver gaesaubreba SezRuduli droisa da finansuri resursebis
gamo. es arc aris saWiro. aucilebelia mxolod glexebis nawilis Seswavla, rome-
lic sworad unda iyos SerCeuli. generaluri erTobliobis am nawils SerCeviTi
erToblioba hqvia, da misi amorCeva gansakuTrebul kanonzomierebebs eyrdnoba.
Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobrivi da
Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, raodenobrivi
meTodebiT muSaoba moiTxovs SerCevis reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofas,
maSin rodesac Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas aseTi moTxovna ar arsebobs.
2. informaciis Segrovebis meTodebi aRwerili unda iyos programis daskvniT
nawilSi. aq aRiniSneba, kvlevis romel meTodebs aniWeben upiratesobas
gamokvlevis organizatorebi, da ratom. garda amisa, mizanSewonilia specialur
danarTSi moyvanili iqnes yvela is kvleviTi instrumenti (kiTxvebi,
instruqciebi da sxva), romlebic gamoyenebuli iqneba gamokvlevis Catarebisas.
davalebebi:
1. moifiqreT 5 socialuri problema, romelTa Seswavlac mizanSewonilad
migaCniaT Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT.
2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa TqvenTvis saintereso socialuri
fenomenis empiriulad Seswavlis mizniT; dagegmeT am fenomenis Seswavla
romelime Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT.
rekomendebuli literatura:
1. iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”
// sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba. gv. 22-44.
2. В. Ядов. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы. Изд-во
«Самарский университет», 1995. С. 42-80.
3. Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, CA:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 281-311 (Chapter 10. “Qualitative Filed Research”).
4. Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in: Robert M.
Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Second Edition.
Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
5. Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 1-60.
6. Michael Burawoy. 1991. “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al.
1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley:
University of California Press.
7. W. Lawrence Neuman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-401 (Chapter 13. “Field Research”).
8. Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology.
Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-26.
9. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 3-
16 (Chapter 1. “Ethnography and Culture”).
10. Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research. Techniques and
Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Publications. Pp. 3-14 (Chapter 1. “Introduction”).
15
kveTilia socialuri problemis is aspeqtebi, romelTa uSualo Seswavlacaa
dagegmili. rogorc wesi, socialuri problemebi Zalian rTulia; gamokvlevis
Temis gamoyofa aucilebelia imisTvis, rom kvleva mimarTuli iyos problemis
swored im mxareebze, romelTa Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens. gamokvle-
vis Temis gamoyofa problemis gansazRvris Semdeg xdeba da mis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan maxasiaTeblebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, gvalvis gavlenis Seswavlisas
gamokvlevis uSualo Tema SeiZleba iyos (a) zaralis odenoba, romelic gvalvam
mosaxleobas miayena; (b) resursebi, romelic aqvs mosaxleobas, raTa gaumklavdes
zarals; (g) sxvadasxva saxis saxelmwifo an saerTaSoriso daxmarebis efeqtu-
robis Sefaseba da sxv.
gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvra advilia gamomdinare im Temidan, romlis
Seswavlacaa dagegmili. gamokvlevis obieqti Seswavlis uSualo sagania.
socialur gamokvlevebSi, rogorc wesi, esaa mosaxleoba (an misi romelime nawili)
an sabuTebi. magaliTad, Tu SeviswavliT kaxeTSi gvalvis gamo warmoqmnil
problemebs, ara aqvs azri, gamovkiTxoT Tbilisis mosaxleoba, romelsac
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs soflis meurneobasTan an glexebi, romlebic imereTSi
an aWaraSi cxovroben. gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvris Sedegad Cven vayalibebT
generalur erTobliobas, anu yvela im adamianis erTobliobas, romlebic im
specifikuri socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebis matareblebi arian, romelTa
Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens.
sxva magaliTebi: Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis azris Seswavla
umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT, generalur erToblioba iqneba
saqarTvelos yvela srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis
damokidebulebas ama Tu im problemisadmi, generalur erToblioba
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela qalia; Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis
studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT miznad, generalur erToblioba iqneba am
universitetis yvela studentebi.
3. gamokvlevis miznisa da amocanebis dasaxva. gamokvleva SeiZleba atarebdes
sufTa mecnierul xasiaTs. am SemTxvevaSi mas mxolod SemecnebiTi mizani eqneba —
garkveuli problemis an sazogadoebrivi jgufis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba,
codnis gaRrmaveba an Teoriuli mosazrebebis Semowmeba. arsebobs, agreTve e.w.
gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi, romlebic raime praqtikuli miznis misaRwevad tardeba.
es SeiZleba iyos romelime azris gavrcelebis an sareklamo kampaniis
efeqturobis Sefaseba; xalxis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba; ama Tu im sferoSi
arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis dasaxva da a.S.
Tu gamokvlevis mizani mkvlevris farTo interess gamoxatavs, amocanebi am
miznis dakonkretebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Tu gamokvlevis mizani kaxeTSi gvalvis
Sedegebis Sefasebaa, misi amocanebi SeiZleba iyos gvalvis gamo yvelaze metad
dazaralebuli glexebisaTvis daxmarebis SesaZlo gzebis SemuSaveba.
4. gamokvlevis hipoTezis Camoyalibeba. hipoTeza mecnierulad dasabuTebuli
varaudia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevaris mier dasmul
kiTxvebze, rogor SeiZleba aixsnas Sesaswavli procesebi. nebismieri socialuri
gamokvlevis Catarebas win uswrebs met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra bunebis problemasTan gvaqvs saqme, raa misi warmoSobis mizezebi da
rogori SeiZleba iyos misi gadaWris gzebi. gamokvlevis Catarebis Sedegad
hipoTeza an dadasturdeba, an uaryofili iqneba.
kargi hipoTeza iseT hipoTezas ar niSnavs, romelic aucileblad
dadasturdeba. uaryofili hopiTezac SeiZleba kargi kvleviTi
kiTxvebis dasmaSi dagvexmaros da swori mimarTuleba misces
gamokvlevas.
programis proceduruli nawili
1. Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofa eyrdnoba gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvras,
romlis Sedegadac gamoiyofa im mosaxleobis Tu sabuTebis raodenoba da
konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic uSualod unda iqnes Seswavlili.
socialur gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia Sesaswavli erTeulebis SerCeva, radgan
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gamokvlevis obieqtSi gansazRvruli yvela erTeulis
14
konkretulad ra SeiZleba gavakeToT Cven?
- me, magaliTad, Zalian cud mdgomareobaSi var, imitom rom me bevrad
mirCevia, rom mivce fuli leqtors da raRac CavTvalo, imitom rom namdvilad
problemebiT var savse, magram dRes-dReobiT me amas ar gavakeTeb, miT umetes,
maqvs saSualeba. me sami gamocda gadavitane da vapireb swavlas. me vfiqrob, es iyo
Cemi erT-erTi Setanili wvlili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
- marTali xar.
- albaT marTla, rom aRar gadavixadoT gamocdebSi da CaTvlebSi fuli.
- Cveni cxovreba xom marto gamocdebi da CaTvlebi ar aris?
- ara.
- arc arsad.
- me vfiqrob, zogadad interesi unda gaviRviZoT imisa, rom ar CavdgaT fexi
iq, sadac...
- Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs.
- erTi, pirveli — Seni piradi magaliTiT misce magaliTi sxvas, meores; es aris
erTi momenti, da meore momenti — is, rac Sen ici da iman ar icis (Tundac
uflebebi, Tundac Sen ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is) — Sen daexmaro im adamians im
resursiT, rac Sen gaqvs. bunebrivia, Tu raime organizaciis wevri xar, meti
saSualeba SeiZleba gqondes, TavisTavad, magram Tu xar rigiTi pirovneba, es ar
niSnavs, rom ar SegiZlia — Tundac kerZo saubarSi Sens megobars uTxra,
elementarulad is informacia, romelic SeiZleba ver moipova, SeiZleba ar
undoda, ar gaigo; anda qmediTi daxmareba aRmouCino, gahyve imas, igive
informaciis gamoTxovebis momentSi, yvelam xom ar icis? egec Setanili wvlilia.
bevri rame SeiZleba!
- Tundac, ukanono gadasaxads — magaliTad, pasportis aReba mindoda,
Sevitane gancxadeba. 6 lari Tu 12 lari momTxoves. me vuTxari: “damiwere qviTari
da vixdi”. ar dagiwero. ratom ar damiwer, veubnebi — sxvaTaSoris, maSin vicrue da
Tavisuflebis institutis saxeli gamoviyene...
- ar aris eg korufcia?
- pasporti, Tu piradobis mowmoba?
- pasporti.
- 6 lari Zalian iafia pasportisTvis.
- ara, ubralod gancxadebis Setana.
- veubnebi, damiwere [qviTari] da 24 lari unda mogce. analogiurad, diplomis
fuli minda, rom bankSi Sevitano — ar aris aranairi gza!
- angariSis nomeri ici, rom Seitano?
- Tundac, bavSvi myavs, da ramdenime dRis win aRricxvaze aviyvane bavSvTa
poliklinikaSi. maqvs polisi, dedisac da bavSvisac. TbilisSi samSobiaroSi 100
dolari moaWra polisma. aq mivitane — rveuli xom mivitane, kargi, istoriebi ara
aqvT; 10 lari xom gadavixade, risTvis — eg RmerTma icis. da 5 lari kidev wamlebi
mogvces raRac da imaSi gadagvaxdevines.
- da is sadazRvevo polisi raRa iyo?
- hoda, polisis funqcia ver gavige. Zlivs vikavebdi Tavs, magram aqeT sidedri
medga, iqiT dedaCemi — “kargi, gaCumdi! eqimebia, dagvWirdeba”. gavCumdi. mere
gamovdivar da yvirian, intriganiao. intrigani var?
- eg aris kidev — mSoblebis faqtori Zalian is aris. Cems das Sehqonda
pasportze 10 lari rom mosTxoves, me vuTxari, ar gadavixdiT-meTqi, da
deidaCemma: “sircxvilia, gadavixadoT, ra moxdao”.
- jer skolidanve, Ramis skolaSi vswavlobdi, 9 Tve xom vswavlob, TveSi 10
lari unda gadamexada, ese igi 90 lari, ara? fasianze vswavlobdi. kaco, 120
lariani gadasaxadi momitanes. me vuTxari, damiwereT-meTqi qviTari — damiweres,
Senaxuli maqvs dRemde. rom moviTxove es qviTari — ratom moiTxoveo, direqtori
iZaxis, eg giJiao, rom dadis, TavisTvis laparakobso. anu igive, ra!
didi madloba!
99
 danarTi #2.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
analitikuri gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze rTuli saxeoba,
romelic miznad isaxavs ara marto socialuri problemis aRweras, aramed,
agreTve misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis gamoaSkaravebas. ix. agreTve:
dazverviTi gamokvleva da aRweriTi gamokvleva.
anketireba — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT
warimarTeba. anketirebis dros respondenti TviTon kiTxulobs kiTxvaris
kiTxvebs da Tavadve aRniSnavs pasuxebs, romlebic mis azrs Seesabameba. ix.
agreTve: interviu.
aqtori (Tvisebriv kvlevaSi) — pirovneba, romlis moqmedebac mkvlevris
dakvirvebis da Seswavlis sagania. termini gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad CarTuli
dakvirvebis Sesaxeb saubrisas.
biografiuli interviu — siRmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic
miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis (biografiis) qronologiur rekonstruq-
cias, raTa Seswavlil iqnes ama Tu im socialuri problemis gavlena individis
cxovrebaze, mis mier ama Tu im movlenebis gaazreba da Sefaseba, da sxv.
biografiul interviusa da “cxovrebis istorias” Soris bevria saerTo, Tumca
pirveli gansakuTrebiT farTod gamoiyeneba evropaSi, kerZod — germaniaSi, xolo
meore — aSS-Si. ix. agreTve: cxovrebis istoria.
aRweriTi gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvleva, romelic tardeba ama Tu im
socialuri problemis SeZlebisdagvarad sruli aRweris mizniT, xSirad — raTa
gamovlenili iqnes, arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri am problemis Semadgenel elementebs
Soris. ix. agreTve: dazverviTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.
gamokvlevis programa — sabuTi, romelic aucilebelia empiriuli
socialuri gamokvlevis Casatareblad. gamokvlevis programa kvlevis dawyebamde
unda SemuSavdes. aq Camoyalibebulia gamokvlevis strategia, dasabuTebulia
gamokvlevis problemis mniSvneloba da aqtualuroba da mis Sesaswavlad
SerCeuli gzebis (meTodebis) gamoyenebis marTebuloba. gamokvlevis programis
safuZvliani damuSaveba xels uwyobs xarisxiani gamokvlevis Catarebas da sando
Sedegebis miRebas, Tumca wminda gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis SemTxvevaSi misi
SemuSaveba SeiZleba ar moxdes.
generaluri erToblioba — yvela im adamianTa erToblioba, visac axasiaTebs
is socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebi, romelTa Seswavlac mkvlevris mizans
warmoadgens. gamokvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare, generaluri erToblioba
SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos. magaliTad, Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
azris Seswavla, generalur erTobliobas warmoadgens saqarTvelos yvela
srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis damokidebulebas ama
Tu im problemisadmi, generaluri erTobliobaa saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qalebi;
Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT
miznad, Cveni generaluri erToblioba am universitetis studentebi iqnebian.
generaluri erTobliobis gansazRvra SerCevis Sedgenis safuZvelia.
dazverviTi gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze ubralo tipi,
romlis mizanicaa ama Tu im problemis winaswari Seswavla, misi mdgomareobis
“dazverva”. ix. agreTve: aRweriTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.
dakvirveba — informaciis Segrovebis meTodi (ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba
eTnografiaSi, antropologiaSi da sociologiaSi), romlis drosac mkvlevari
akvirdeba aqtor(eb)is moqmedebas. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben e.w. “ubralo” da
“CarTul” (“monawile”) dakvirvebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevari aranairad ar
ereva im movlenebSi, romlebsac akvirdeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi is xSirad
100
nebismieri kvleva programis SedgeniT iwyeba. Tu am dokumentis Sedgenas
saTanado yuradRebis gareSe movepyrobiT, SeiZleba mTeli gamokvleva CaiSalos.
maSinac ki, rodesac yvelaze martivi, dazverviTi gamokvlevis programis Sesaxeb
vsaubrobT, aucilebelia misi Sedgenis dros maqsimalurad davasabuToT Cveni
miznebi da amocanebi.
gamokvlevis programis mTavari mizania gamokvlevis problemis gansazRvra,
misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba da am problemis SeswavlisaTvis SerCeuli gzebis
marTebulobis damtkiceba. programa unda pasuxobdes kvleviTi kiTxvebis
logikur Tanamimdevrobas:
o ra unda SeviswavloT?
o ra miznebis misaRwevad unda SeviswavloT?
o sad da ra pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT?
o kvlevis ra saSualebebis gamoyenebiT unda SeviswavloT?
am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba gamokvlevis ukeT momzadebasa da
CatarebaSi gvexmareba.
gamokvlevis programa, romelic, agreTve “gamokvlevis koncefciis”
saxeliTaa cnobili, rogorc wesi, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: meTodologiuri da
proceduruli.
programis meTodologiur nawilSi, romelic Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, xdeba (1)
socialuri problemis Camoyalibeba da misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba; (2) gamo-
kvlevis obieqtisa da Temis gansazRvra; (3) dasmuli problemidan gamomdinare,
gamokvlevis miznis (an miznebis) da amocanebis dasaxva da (4) gamokvlevis
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba.
programis procedurul (meTodur) nawilSi saWiroa (1) Sesaswavli erTeulis
(jgufis) gamoyofa da (2) informaciis Segrovebis meTodebis aRwera da daxa-
siaTeba.
ganvixiloT moTxovnebi gamokvlevis programis orive nawilisadmi.16
programis meTodologiuri nawili
1. problemis Camoyalibeba. SeuZlebelia socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba
“saerTod” — mas aucileblad unda hqondes fokusi, unda gamoiyos konkretuli
sakiTxebis jgufi, romelic mkvlevris ZiriTadi interesia. yvela kvleva tardeba
ama Tu im socialuri problemis Seswavlis mizniT. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli so-
cialuri problemebi SeiZleba exebodes cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos, magram isi-
ni yovelTvis xalxis erToblivi cxovrebiT, urTierTqmedebiT da/an maTi socia-
lur institutebTan urTierTobiTaa gamowveuli, asaxaven interesebis sxvada-
sxvaobas da mosaxleobis farTo fenebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. ra Tqma unda,
gamokvleva am problemebs ver gadaWris, magram mas SeuZlia, gaamdidros Cveni
codna maT Sesaxeb da daexmaros sazogadoebas arsebuli problemebis gadaWraSi.
ar aris mizanSewonili erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ramdenime socialuri
problemis Seswavla — aseTi kvlevis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba Zalian Znelia,
xSirad ki SeuZlebelic.
gamokvlevis problemis ukeT Camoyalibebisa da misi aqtualobis dasabuTebis
mizniT aucilebelia Seswavlili iqnes arsebuli literatura am problemasTan
dakavSirebiT. agreTve mniSvnelovania am problemisadmi miZRvnili wina kvlevebis
Sedegebis moZieba. literaturis mimoxilvaSi xdeba moZiebuli literaturis
ganxilva da dagegmili kvlevis adgilis gansazRvra arsebul samecniero wyaroebs
Soris.
gamokvlevis programis es nawili mizanSewonilia davasruloT Cveni uSualo
kvleviTi kiTxvis CamoyalibebiT.
2. gamokvlevis Temisa da obieqtis gansazRvra. gamokvlevis TemaSi gamo-
16
qvemoT moyvanili moTxovnebi ar aris SemuSavebuli specifikurad Tvisebrivi kvlevi-
saTvis. ramdenadac, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamokvlevis programa yvela tipis
gamokvlevisTvis unda iqnes SemuSavebuli, es moTxovnebi SeiZleba wavuyenoT rogorc
Tvisebriv, aseve raodenobriv kvlevas.
13
sapirispirod, laparakoben maT Soris arsebuli “interaqtiuli kontiniumis”
Sesaxeb, romelsac, maTi rwmeniT, ara aqvs gamokveTili sawyisi da bolo wertili —
kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare, mkvlevarma SeiZleba daiwyos muSaoba am
“kontiniumis” nebismier wertilSi, rac kvlevis sworad warmarTvis pirobebSi ar
Seamcirebs am kvlevis xarisxsa da mecnierul faseulobas15.
Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis “kontimuumze” laparaki socialuri
kvlevis mimarT axlebur midgomas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove etapze mkvlevari ar
unda Semoifarglos meTodebis mxolod erTi jgufiT, miT umetes — romelime
erTi meTodiT. piriqiT, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebi unda ganixile-
bodes rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli da urTierTgamamdidrebeli. rac ufro
mravali kuTxidan SevecdebiT Cvens winaSe mdgari amocanis Seswavlas, miT ufro
mniSvnelovan da faseul Sedegebs miviRebT.
gamokvlevis programa
empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba arasodes ar aris TviTmizani — is
miznad isaxavs axali codnis miRebas socialuri sinamdvilis ama Tu im aspeqtis
Sesaxeb, emsaxureba akademiuri samyaros, mTavrobis, kerZo biznesis, Tu farTo
sazogadoebis interesebs. kvlevis daniSnuleba da is interesebi, romlebsac is
emsaxureba, gamoxatulia gamokvlevis programaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva naklebad formalizebulia, misi
Catarebisas, iseve rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi,
aucilebelia, rom Sedgenili iqnes gamokvlevis programa. programis Sedgena
aucilebelia gamokvlevis miznebis, amocanebisa da problemebis Camoyalibebis
mizniT. amasTan, am dokumentSi Camoyalibebuli iqneba SerCeuli meTodis
gamoyenebis marTebuloba.
gamokvlevis programebi gansxvavdeba kvlevis tipidan gamomdinare. socia-
luri gamokvlevis sami ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs: dazverviTi, aRweriTi da
analitikuri. gamokvlevis tipis SerCeva damokidebulia imazec, Tu ramdenad iqna
Seswavlili esa Tu is problema adrindeli gamokvlevebis Sedegad.
dazverviTi gamokvleva kvlevis yvelaze martivi tipia — misi mizania,
Seagrovos pirveladi monacemebi ama Tu im problemis irgvliv, “dazveros” misi
mdgomareoba. aseT gamokvlevas, rogorc wesi, Zalian martiv programaze
dayrdnobiT da mxolod erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT atareben. yvelze xSirad
dazverviTi gamokvleva ama Tu im problemis Seswavlis pirveli etapia.
aRweriTi gamokvleva ufro rTulia, misi mizania garkveuli problemis an
adamianTa jgufis Sesaxeb vrceli informaciis miReba, romelic SemdegSi
saSualebas miscems mkvlvrebs daadginon, arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri am
problemis sxvadasxva elements Soris. aRweriTi gamokvleva sruli kvleviTi
programis SemuSavebas moiTxovs.
analitikuri gamokvleva yvelaze ufro rTulia. socialuri problemis
aRwerasTan erTad is miznad isaxavs misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis
gamoaSkaravebas. sworad Catarebuli analitikuri gamokvleva movlenebis ganvi-
Tarebis prognozirebis saSualebasac iZleva. analitikur gamokvlevaSi, rogorc
wesi, paralelurad gamoiyeneba informaciis Segrovebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli
meTodi.
yvela tipis kvleva ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc wesi,
Tanamimdevrulad xorcieldeba. esenia:
‰ gamokvlevis programis SemuSaveba;
‰ savele etapi, romlis drosac xdeba informaciis Segroveba;
‰ informaciis damuSaveba;
‰ miRebuli Sedegebis analizi;
‰ kvlevis angariSis momzadeba da publikacia.
15
ix. Isadore Newman, and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology.
Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
12
srulad iziarebs dakvirvebis obieqtTa yofas, monawileobas iRebs maT
saqmianobaSi, esaubreba maT, raTa ukeT Seiswavlos maTi cxovreba.
daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi, romlebsac
Tan axlavs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia.
demografia — mosaxleobis struqturis mecnieruli Seswavla, romelic
awarmoebs mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdisa da Semcirebis, Sobadobis, sikvdi-
lianobis, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis, migraciis analizs; agreTve, ganixilavs mis
asakobriv, sqesobriv Tanafardobas da am maCveneblebis cvlilebebs. demogra-
fiuli informaciis Segrovebis umTavresi wyaroa regularuli aRwera, romelic
yvela saxelmwifoSi saSualod 10 weliwadSi erTxel tardeba.
eTnografia — gansxvavebuli kulturis Seswavla da aRwera, romelic
ZiriTadad Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT xdeba. eTnografiis ZiriTadi mi-
zania cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi am kulturis
warmomadgenlebs esmiT.
eTika — profesiuli saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli principebis da normebis
erToblioba, romelic ama Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs.
eTikuri normebi Tavmoyrilia eTikis kodeqsebSi.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi — socialuri kvlevis meTodebis jgufi, romelic
aerTianebs iseT meTodebs, rogorebicaa siRrmiseuli interviu, “cxovrebis is-
toria”, fokus-jgufi, dakvirveba, monografiuli gamokvleva, da sxv. es meTodebi
cnobilia rogorc “moqnili” meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT miznad isaxavs ara Sesaswavli fenomenis raodenobrivi gavrcelebis
suraTis dadgenas, aramed mis siRrmiseul Seswavlas.
interviu — respondentis gamokiTxvis, misgan informaciis miRebis procesi.
interviu verbaluri informaciis miRebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli
saSualebaa socialur kvlevebSi. misi ramdenime ZiriTadi tipi gamoirCeva,
gamomdinare iqidan, ramdenad struqturirebulia interviu: struqturirebuli,
nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli.
interviueri — kvleviTi jgufis wevri, romelic uSualod esaubreba
respondents, mimarTavs mas kiTxvaris kiTxvebiT da iniSnavs miRebul pasuxebs.
interviueri ZiriTadad masobrivi gamokiTxvis procesSi gamoiyeneba.
informanti — CarTuli dakvirvebis dros mkvlevaris informaciis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi wyaro; Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic exmareba
mkvlevars am kulturis SeswavlaSi.
kiTxvari — specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad Sedgenili kiTxvebis erToblioba,
romelTac respondentebi pasuxoben masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros. gamokiTxvis
tipidan gamomdinare, kiTxvari SeiZleba miZRvnili iyos mxolod erTi Temisadmi,
an sxvadasxva Tematuri blokisagan Sedgebodes.
kontent-analizi — sociologiuri kvlevis meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac
Seiswavleba sxvadasxva tipis dokumentebi maTSi ama Tu im maCveneblebis gamov-
lenis sixSiris dafiqsirebis mizniT. termini iTargmneba qarTul enaze rogorc
“Sinaarsis analizi”; is SeiZleba iyos rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisebrivi.
masobrivi gamokiTxva — sociologiuri kvlevis yvelaze farTod gavrce-
lebuli raodenobrivi meTodi, mosaxleobis azris Seswavla ama Tu im prob-
lemasTan dakavSirebiT misi reprezentatuli nawilis (SerCevis) gamokiTxvis
safuZvelze. gamokiTxva xdeba formalizebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze,
specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad SerCeul respondentebTan.
meTodi — ama Tu im saqmianobis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis konkretuli
xerxi. socialur kvlevaSi — pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis saSualeba. ix.
agreTve: Tvisebrivi meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebi.
socialuri kvlevis meTodika — pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis,
101
damuSavebis da gamoyenebis meTodebis erToblioba.
socialuri kvlevis meTodologia — samecniero kvlevis logika, romelic
erTian sistemaSi aerTianebs mis principebs, wesebsa da meTodebs. socialur
kvlevaSi meTodologia ganixileba rogorc kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli,
ukavSirdeba mis problemur monaxazs da Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs
gamokvlevis programaSi.
moderatori — fokus-jgufis wamyvani, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc Tavad
mkvlevari, aseve mowveuli piri.
monografiuli gamokvleva — kvleviTi midgoma socialur mecnierebebSi,
romelic ramdenime meTods aerTianebs; cnobilia, agreTve “SemTxvevis Seswavlis”
saxeliT. es midgoma upirveles yovlisa gamoirCeva imiT, rom mis farglebSi
mravali meTodi gamoiyeneba (upirveles yovlisa — CarTuli dakvirveba), savele
samuSaoebi ki Zalian didi xnis manZilze grZeldeba. Tumca yvelaze xSirad
monografiuli gamokvleva Tvisebriv meTodebTan asocideba, mis farglebSi
raodenobrivi meTodebic gamoiyeneba.
naxevrad daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi,
romlebsac Tan erTvis pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia, magram, agreTve
mocemulia damatebiTi varianti “sxva”, sadac respondentebs saSualeba eZlevaT,
daafiqsiron gansxvavebuli azri, romelic ar iqna (an ver iqna) gaTvaliswinebuli
gamokiTxvis organizatorebis mier.
pirispir interviu — intervius yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba, romlis
drosac interviueri pirispir esaubreba respondents da kiTxvarSi iniSnavs mis
mier gacemul pasuxebs. pirispir interviu, rogorc wesi, respondentis binaze
tardeba; misi xanrgZlivoba SeiZleba meryeobdes 20 wuTidan 60 wuTamde.
intervius sxva saxeobebia satelefono da safosto interviu.
raodenobrivi meTodebi — socialuri kvlevis formalizebuli meTodebi,
romelTa gamoyenebac statistikur kanonzomierebebs emyareba da romlebic miz-
nad isaxavs gamoavlinos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gavrceleba, misi gamov-
lenis sixSire. es iseTi meTodebia, rogorc masobrivi gamokiTxva, kontent-ana-
lizi.
reaqtiuloba — mkvlevris an kvleviTi situaciis gavlena aqtorebis
saqcielsa da naTqvamze, kvlevis obieqtebis reaqcia im garemoebaze, rom
mkvlevari Seiswavlis maT; gansakuTrebiT vlindeba CarTuli dakvirvebis
warmoebis procesSi. ician ra, rom maT moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian
sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi
aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara, isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba
adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram dakvirvebis warmoebisas es Zalze
seriozuli problemaa, vinaidan amaxinjebs miRebul Sedegebs.
reprezentatuloba — mTavari moTxovna respondentTa SerCevisadmi
masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros. reprezentatuloba gulisxmobs, rom
SerCeva proporciulad asaxavs generaluri erTobliobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs,
warmoadgens ra mis “mikromodels”.
respondenti — adamiani, romelic kvlevis Catarebis dros informaciis
uSualo wyaroa, romlisganac mkvlevrebi iReben maTTvis saWiro informacias;
gamokiTxuli.
sadiskusio gegma — kvlevis instrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba siRrmiseuli
intervius da fokus-jgufebis struqturirebis mizniT. esaa intervius sava-
raudo kiTxvebis sia. sadiskusio gegma ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebisgan Sedgeba.
savele samuSaoebi — termini, romliTac moixsenieba kvlevis Catrebisas
pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis procesi.
satelefono gamokiTxva — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic tele-
102
furclebze ver gamoinaxa adgili verc Tvisebrivi meTodebisaTvis da verc
Cikagos sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. magram es gamarjveba ar
iyo xangrZlivi — meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganaxlda da Semdgom TandaTan
gaizarda mkvlevrebis interesi Tvisebrivi meTodebis mimarT, romlebic dRes
sul ufro da ufro myar adgils ikaveben socialur gamokvlevebSi.
“meTodebis konfliqti” dRes
Tumca raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, ar arsebobs erTazrovani pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu romelia am
meTodebidan “ukeTesi” da romeli — “uaresi”, an romels unda mivaniWoT
upiratesoba. yvela meTods aqvs Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi, yvela SeiZleba
kargi da saWiro iyos Tavis adgilas, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ra sakiTxis
Seswavlas vapirebT da ra kvleviT kiTxvebze veZebT pasuxs. kvlevis meTodis
SerCeva konkretuli kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare unda moxdes — aris
amocanebi da kiTxvebi, romelTa gadaWrasac ukeT SeZlebs raodenobrivi
meTodebi, iseve rogorc aris amocanebi, romelTa gadawyvetac Tvisebrivi
meTodebis meSveobiTaa yvelaze mizanSewonili.12 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoiyeneba ama Tu im problemis, socialuri situaciis
siRrmiseulad Seswavlis mizniT. am meTodebis meSveobiT Seswavlili problemebi
moicavs, magaliTad, migracias da emigrantebis cxovrebas axal garemoSi;
damnaSaveTa samyaros Sida struqturas da/an damnaSaveTa pirovnul Tvisebebs;
Zalauflebis ganawilebas mcire socialur jgufebSi; gansxvavebuli yofis mqone
adamianTa (mag., musikosebis, mocekvaveebis) cxovrebis aRweras da sxv. sxva mxriv,
raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu SeviswavliT
sazogadoebaSi arsebul stratifikaciul sistemas; ama Tu im politikuri
partiis mxardaWeris perspeqtivebs; romelime masobrivi informaciis saSualebis
auditoris demografiul Tvisebebs, da sxv.
amasTan, socialuri sinamdvile imdenad rTulia, rom warmoudgenelia misi
Seswavla mxolod erTi meTodis saSualebiT. Cven yovelTvis gvaqvs arCevani
mraval midgomas Soris, xolo saukeTeso Sedegs, rogorc wesi, Tvisebrivi da
raodenobrivi meTodebis gaerTianebisas, maTi paraleluri gamoyenebisas
miviRebT.
sociologiis istoriaSi cnobilia ramdenime kvleva, romlebic am ori jgufis
meTodebis Serwymis TvalsazrisiTaa gansakuTrebiT saintereso. maT Soris erT-
erTi yvelaze adrindelia 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria
iahodas, pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva,
romlis Temac umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.13 ukanasknel
wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia ielis universitetis mier 2000-2001
wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvleva aRmosavleT evropis 7 qveyanaSi, romelic
Seiswavlida e.w. “eTnikuri siRaribis” problemas.14 aseTi kvlevebi adasturebs,
rom “meTodebis konfliqtis” gadaWris yvelaze mizanSewonili gza iqneba
raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis erToblivi gamoyeneba, rac saSualebas
mogvcems, ufro srulad davinaxoT is problema an sakiTxi, romelsac
SeviswavliT.
amerikeli mkvlevrebi isador niumani da kerolain benci, romlebmac Tavisi
wigni Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis Tanaarsebobisa da TanamSromlobis
gzebs miuZRvnes, xazs usvamen am meTodebis dapirispirebis xelovnurobas da, amis
12
raTa miviRoT gadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli meTodis gamoyeneba
mogvcems ukeTes Sedegs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlisas, aucileblad unda
gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, Tu ramdeni dro gvaqvs gamokvlevis Casatareblad da
ramdeni Tanxaa gamoyofili amisaTvis.
13
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed
Community. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
14
am kvlevis Sedegebi jer ar gamoqveynebula. aseTi kompleqsuri gamokvlevebi SedarebiT
iSviaTad tardeba, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom maTi Catareba Zalze rTulia, da
amasTan — Zalian ZviradRirebuli.
11
iqnes is mniSvneloba, romelsac moqmedi pirebi Tavad ukavSireben ama Tu im
moqmedebas, da ara — daadginon ama Tu im azris gavrcelebis sixSire.
istoriuli mimoxilva
Tvisebrivi meTodebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes
evropelma anTropologebma, romlebmac ganaviTares “CarTuli dakvirvebis”
meTodi afrikisa da aziis primitiuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT. Cikagos
sociologiuri skolis pirveli yvelaze cnobili gamokvleva, uiliam Tomasisa da
florian znaneckis “poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi” (1918 w.) srulad
emyareba Tvisebriv meTodebs, kerZod, amerikaSi gadasaxlebuli poloneli
glexebis mier gamogzavnili werilebis, maTi Canawerebis (piradi dRiurebi da
sxv.) da e.w. “cxovrebis istoriebis” Seswavlas. raodenobrivi meTodebi da,
upirveles yovlisa, masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodi mxolod XX saukunis 30-ani
wlebis dasawyisidan damkvidrda aSS-Si adgilobrivi gazeTebisa da politikuri
partiebis iniciativiT da materialuri mxardaWeriT.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-s socialur mecnierebebSi da, kerZod, sociolo-
giaSi ganviTarda “meTodebis konfliqti”, romelic raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi
meTodebis momxre mecnierTa dapirispirebaSi gamoixata. am dapirispirebaSi
sufTa meToduri kamaTis garda igrZnoboda, agreTve im droisaTvis wamyvani
amerikuli universitetebis ori meToduri skolis, kolumbiis da Cikagos
skolebis dapirispireba. Tu Cikagos skolis waromadgenlebi did yuradRebas
uTmobdnen Tvisebriv meTodebs da mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes maT ganviTa-
rebaSi, kolumbiis universitetis mecnierebi raodenobrivi meTodebis momxreni
iyvnen da miiCnevdnen, rom sociologia ar unda acxadebdes Tavs namdvil
mecnierebad, Tu mas ar SeuZlia miRebuli empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis
dasabuTeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis analogiurad. swored sabunebis-
metyvelo mecnierebebi iyo, kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT,
“WeSmariti” mecnierebebi; isini miiCnevdnen, rom sociologiaSi da, zogadad,
socialur mecnierebebSi empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis dasabuTeba mxolod
maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac kvleva raodenobrivi meTodebiT, upirveles
yovlisa — respondentTa reprezentatuli SerCevis safuZvelze tardeba.
Tvisebriv meTodebs kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenlebi aramecnierulad
miiCnevdnen da maTi damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.
amis sapirispirod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi xazs usvamdnen im
garemoebas, rom am meTodebiT SesaZlebelia rTuli da naklebad gavrcelebuli
fenomenebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla, rom es meTodebi dagvexmareba iq, sadac yvela
raodenobrivi meTodi uZluria; Tvisebrivi meTodebi aseve sasargebloa
adamianTa Sinagani samyaros, Sidajgufuri urTierTobebis Seswavlis dros. maTi
meSveobiT, rogorc wesi, xdeba problemuri situaciis sruli da yovelmxrivi
Seswavla, da ara misi calkeuli gamovlinebebis dafiqsireba.
ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli iyo imis uaryofa, rom arc erTi Tvisebrivi meTodi
ar pasuxobda statistikuri reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs, arc Tvisebrivi
kvlevis Sedegebis generalizacia iyo SesaZlebeli. garkveul sirTuleebs war-
moadgenda Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis analizis strategiac, romelic, agreTve
minimalurad iyo formalizebuli da Zalze mwvaved svamda mkvlevaris obieq-
turobis sakiTxs. aRiarebdnen ra am sirTuleebs, Tvisebrivi meTodebis
mxardamWerni xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom aseT kvlevebs ZaluZT mniS-
vnelovnad gaamdidron Cveni codna socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. amisaTvis ki
saWiroa, rom es meTodebi maTTvis Sesaferis adgilas iyos gamoyenebuli da ar
iqnes Sefasebuli raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis “meTodebis konfliqtSi” droebiTi gamar-
jveba moipoves kolumbiis universitetis warmomadgenlebma. 1935 wels maT mier
daarsebuli iqna axali mecnieruli Jurnali American Sociological Review.11 Review-s
fonis meSveobiT tardeba. satelefono interviuebi, rogorc wesi, 10-15 wuTze
met xans ar grZeldeba. satelefono gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gansakuTrebiT
Znelia reprezentatulobis dacva.
siRrmiseuli interviu — intervius saxeoba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba
Tvisebriv meTodebSi. esaa nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviu, romelic
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze warimarTeba da miznad isaxavs, Seityos
respondentis ara mxolod damokidebuleba da pozicia, aramed motivaciebi.
transkripti — intervius an fokus-jgufis audio-Canaweris qaRaldze
gadatanis (“gaSifvris”) Sedegad miRebuli teqsti. Tvisebriv kvlevaSi xSirad
swored transkriptis saxiT viRebT pirvelad (“nedl”) monacemebs, romelTa
damuSavebac xdeba kvlevis Sedegebis analizis mizniT.
fokus-jgufi — Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli meTodi,
romelic aseve cnobilia “jgufuri diskusiis” saxeliT. rogorc wesi, fokus-
jgufSi 6-dan 12-mde respondenti iRebs monawileobas; is warimarTeba
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze specialuri kvalifikaciis mqone wamyvanis,
moderatoris mier.
“Ria” kiTxva — kiTxvis saxeoba, romelic ar sTavazobs respondentebs pasuxis
SesaZlo variantebs. am tipis kiTxvebi Zalian mizanSewonilia imdenad,
ramdenadac isini minimalur gavlenas axdens respondnetTa pasuxebze, magram
maTi statistikuri damuSaveba Zalian Sromatevadia, amitom Ria kiTxvebi ufro
farTodaa gavrcelebuli, da ufro damaxasiaTebelia Tvisebrivi kvlevisTvis.
SerCeva — wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac unda moxdes respondentTa SerCeva
generaluri erTobliobis wevrebisagan. am process gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros, sadac SerCeva reprezentatuli unda
iyos; Tvisebriv kvlevaSi SerCevis SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT naklebi moTxovna
arsebobs.
SerCeviTi erToblioba — respondentTa jgufi, romelsac Cven viRebT
SerCevis Sedegad da romlebsac uSualod gamovkiTxavT. Tu SerCeva sworad
ganxorcielda, SerCeviTi erToblioba generaluri erTobliobis
reprezentatuli iqneba.
“cxovrebis istoria” — siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic miznad
isaxavs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlas respondentis cxovrebaSi am problemis
adgilis, misi gavlenis dadgenis meSveobiT. ix. agreTve: biografiuli interviu.
hipoTeza — mecnierulad dasabuTebuli varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori
pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevris mier dasaxul kvleviT kiTxvebze. hipoTeza
gamokvlevis programis aucilebeli nawilia.

11
manamde, jer kidev 1895 wels, pirveli sociologiuri Jurnali, American Journal of
Sociology, Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetze iqna daarsebuli albion
smolis mier.
10 103
 Tinatin Zurabishvili
QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
Course outline
As stated in the course syllabus, the main objectives of this 8-week course are two-fold:
as a result of attending this course, the students will: (a) get familiar with the theory and
history of qualitative research methods in social sciences; and (b) learn how to conduct
various types of qualitative research which are most frequently used in the contemporary
social research practice.
Main topics covered in the course are outlined below.
Week 1.
Qualitative Methods in Social Research: Introduction and Historical Overview.
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour
The first lecture offers introduction to qualitative research methods in social sciences.
We start with discussion of the nature and distinctive features of qualitative research
methods, which are compared with quantitative methods, such as surveys. We stress that,
unlike quantitative research method results, qualitative data are not representative, which,
however, does not mean that they are less scientific; they provide deeper understanding of
the social world than the quantitative methods do, although they can not be generalized and
claimed that their results are representative for the population under study.
Qualitative research methods offer more flexibility to the researcher while doing field
work. On the other hand, this leads to higher responsibility of the researcher, and poses
specific ethnical issues, which will be covered more in detail later on.
Major issues in the discussion of the nature of qualitative and quantitative research
methods are connected with the idea that qualitative and quantitative methods of social
research are of different, but not of opposite nature; they should be used appropriately in
order to achieve reliable results. The model of “qualitative – quantitative interactive
continuum” developed by Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz (1998) is introduced, which
stresses the idea that the two groups of methods can mutually enrich the research.
First lecture also offers a historical analysis of development of qualitative research
methods, and a discussion of theoretical paradigms that lay behind qualitative and
quantitative research methods
At the end of the lecture, we discuss research design and the ways to develop it.
Detailed analyses of components of research design are presented, in order to make the
students familiar with the ways of thinking about new research projects and getting prepared
to start one.
At the end of the class, we will have discussion and/or Q&A session.
Required readings for this week are:
Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 288-298 (“Some Qualitative Filed Research Paradigms”).
Michael Burawoy. 1991 “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al.
1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of
California Press.
Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research
Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University
Press. Pp. 1-12 (“Qualitative-Quantitative Research: A False Dichotomy”).
104
mkvlevris “informantebis” rols kisruloben da exmarebian mas “SeaRwios”
Sesaswavl jgufSi. Sesabamisad, raodenobriv meTodebTan SedarebiT, Tvisebrivi
meTodebis gamoyenebisas ufro mwvaved dgeba kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli eTikuri
normebis dacvis sakiTxi, kerZod: gvaqvs Tu ra moraluri ufleba, Cveni kvleviTi
miznebis misaRwevad gamoviyenoT adamianis Cvendami ndoba da gulaxdiloba,
saaSkaraoze gamovitanoT misi piradi cxovreba? Tvisebriv mkvlevars gansa-
kuTrebuli eTikuri pasuxismgebloba akisria; mniSvnelovania, rom masa da
kvlevis obieqtebs Soris arsebuli ndoba kvlevis damTavrebis da Sedegebis
gamoqveynebis Semdegac iqnes SenarCunebuli.
rogorc wesi, Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli gamokvlevis savele etapi,
iseve rogorc monacemTa damuSaveba, ufro met dros moiTxovs, vidre
raodenobrivi kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi sruliad
gansxvavebul kvleviT instrumentebze dayrdnobiT muSaoben. Tumca arsebobs
kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic specialurad Tvisebrivi meTodebiT
miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebisTvisaa Seqmnili, Tvisebrivi Sedegebis analizis
sakvanZo etapebi dRemde kompiuteris gareSe xorcieldeba. rogorc wesi,
Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegad yvelaze xSirad viRebT sakvlevi obieqtis Sida
struqturis analizs da/an kvlevis sakiTxis adekvatur tipologias.
Teoriuli winamZRvrebi
Tu raodenobrivi meTodebis ganviTareba socialuri kvlevis praqtikaSi
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs ukavSirdeba, Tvisebrivi meTodebi
humanitarul sferosa da xelovnebasTanaa kavSirSi; maT damkvidrebaSi
garkveuli roli iTamaSa, agreTve samedicino praqtikam, romelic yvela
pacientisadmi individualur midgomas da calkeuli samedicino SemTxvevebis,
daavadebebis Rrma da safuZvlian Seswavlas moiTxovs. Tvisebrivi meTodebi
calkeuli pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa patara jgufis gamocdilebis, grZnobebis,
Sefasebebis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli, amitom am midgomas xSirad “subieqturi
sociologiis”, an mikrosociologiis farglebSi ganixilaven. Tu raodenobrivi
meTodebis farglebSi respondenti ganixileba, rogorc ama Tu im socialuri
jgufis warmomadgeneli, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi yoveli respondenti sainteresoa
rogorc pirovneba. adamianebisadmi gamovlenili Rrma interesis gamo mkvlevrebi
Tvisebrivi meTodebis rolis gazrdas XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sociologiis
da, ufro farTod, socialuri mecnierebebis humanizaciis periods ukavSireben.
Tvisebriv da raodenobriv meTodebs sxvadaxva “filosofia” udevs safuZ-
vlad. Tu raodenobrivi meTodebi pozitivistur ideebs emyareba da gulisxmobs,
rom xalxi srulad acnobierebs Tavis grZnobebs, saqciels da Sexedulebebs,
Tvisebrivi meTodologia simboluri interaqcionizmis principebs iziarebs.
simboluri interaqcionizmis mizania SevecadoT gavigoT adamianis saqcieli ise,
rogorc es Tavad moqmed pirs, anu aqtors esmis. am Teoriis fuZemdeblis,
herbert blumeris Tanaxmad, simboluri interaqcionizmis oTxi ZiriTadi
principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:10
1) adamianebis qceva ganpirobebulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac adamianebi
ukavSireben sagnebs, romelic maTi samyaros nawilia; e.i. adamianebi moqmedeben
ara sagnebis, aramed im mniSvnelobis mimarT, romelsac isini am sagnebSi xedaven;
2) sagnebis mniSvneloba yalibdeba socialuri interaqciis procesSi, Sesa-
bamisad, kultura adamianebs Soris sagnebis damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobebis
urTierTgaziarebaa;
3) rogorc individualuri, aseve koleqtiuri socialuri moqmedeba damoki-
debulia aqtorebis mier socialuri situaciis interpretaciis form(eb)ze;
4) sagnebis mniSvneloba icvleba aqtorebis mier samyaros interpretaciis
procesSi.
es sami principi Tvisebrivi kvlevis principebadac SegviZlia miviCnioT. ro-
gorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis mizania, gamovlenili da aRwerili
10
Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall. P. 50.
9
 mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed ingli-
surenovan qveynebSic, sadac warmoiSva socialuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi,
dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebuli uni-
ficirebuli terminologia. Zalze xSirad terminebs “Tvisebrivi meTodebi”,
“eTnografia”, “CarTuli dakvirveba”, “SemTxvevis Seswavla” xmaroben rogorc
sinonimebs, Tumca zog naSromSi isini ganixileba, rogorc gansxvavebuli me-
Todebi. yvelaze ufro xSirad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi gaigivebulia eTnogra-
fiasTan,6 Tumca, Cveni azriT, eTnografia ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre nebismieri
Tvisebrivi meTodi; rogorc j.spradli aRniSnavs, eTnografia niSnavs
[gansxvavebuli] kulturis aRweras, da misi ZiriTadi mizania cxovrebis gan-
sxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi Tavad am kulturis
warmomadgenlebs esmiT7; amgvari eTnografiuli Seswavla ki SeiZleba ramdenime
Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT moxdes.8
Tvisebrivi meTodebi naklebadaa formalizebuli, amitom maT “rbil”, “moq-
nil” meTodebsac uwodeben. iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebobs konkretuli
instruqciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moiqces mkvlevari ama Tu im
situaciaSi — rogorc wesi, mas uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba Seqmnili viTa-
rebidan gamomdinare, is TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs kvlevis obieqtebis
individualur Tvisebebs. “gadawyvetilebis miRebisas Tqven unda ixel-
mZRvaneloT meTodologiuri da eTikuri mosazrebebiT. vinaidan isini xSirad
upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, gadawyvetilebis miReba Zalze rTuli iqneba”, —
afrTxilebs momaval mkvlevrebs e. babi9.
ramdenadac Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze mcirea im
aucilebel moTxovnaTa sia, romelTac kvleva unda akmayofilebdes, aseTi
kvlevis warmateba didadaa damokidebuli iseT subieqtur faqtorze, rogoricaa
mkvlevris gamocdileba da ostatoba. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba indi-
vidualuria, isini did Tavisuflebas aniWeben mkvlevars, romelic, rogorc wesi,
gamodis ara mxolod gamokvlevis ideis avtoris, misi Teoriuli nawilisa da
problematikis SemmuSaveblis, aramed aseve empiriuli informaciis Semgroveb-
lis, interviueris da/an damkvirveblis rolSic.
is garemoeba, rom Tvisebrivi mkvlevari ar unda emorCilebodes mkacr
instruqciebs, ar niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi kvlevis Catareba iolia — piriqiT, es
Zalian rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmea, romelic araCveulebriv koncentrirebas
da Sromisunarianobas moiTxovs, iseve rogorc mTel rig specialur unar-
Cvevebs, romelTa umravlesobac mxolod kvlevis Catarebis procesSi SeiZleba
iqnes Camoyalibebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tvisebrivi mkvlevris individualuri
pasuxismgebloba kvlevis msvlelobazec da miRebul Sedegebzec ufro didia,
vidre raodenobrivi mkvlevrisa.
Tvisebrivi mkvlevris profesionalizmi unda gamoixatebodes, agreTve im
garemoebis gacnobierebaSi, rom gamokvlevis procesSi mkvlevari Zalauneburad
axdens gavlenas Sesaswavl socialur jgufebze da urTierTobebze; Tumca
garkveulwilad SesaZleblia am gavlenis minimizacia, misi srulad gamoricxva
SeuZlebelia.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis procesSi mkvlevari, rogorc wesi, axlo da xangrZliv
urTierTobebs amyarebs im xalxTan, vis cxovrebasac Seiswavlis, sargeblobs maTi
ndobiT. Tvisebrivi meTodebis umravlesobis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia
respondentebis aqtiuri daxmarebis gareSe, romlebic savele muSaobis dros
6
ix., magaliTad: James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston;
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press; Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in
the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7
Spradley, James P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 3.
8
am saleqcio kursis farglebSi yoveli meTodis ganxilvisas moyvanili iqneba
qarTulenovan literaturaSi gamoyenebuli yvela Sesabamisi termini da moSveliebuli
iqneba misi inglisurenovani Sesatyvis(eb)i.
9
Earl Babbie. Op. cit. P. 285.
8 105
John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative
Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 101-122 (“Thinking Topics”).
iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”
// sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1998. gv. 22-44.
Recommended readings:
Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 282-268 (“Qualitative Filed Research”).
Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in:
Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations.
Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
W. Lawrence Newman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-381 (“Field Research”).
В. Ядов. 1995. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы.
Изд-во «Самарский университет». С. 42-80 («Методология»).
After the first lecture, students are required to prepare two assignments to be submitted
two days prior the next class:
a) Think of and bring a list of 5 issues which are suitable for qualitative research; and
b) Come up with a research design of their own, where both theoretical and practical
aspects of the proposed research will be considered; research proposals submitted by the
students will be discussed during the next seminar.
Week 2.
In-Depth Interview
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours
The first method that is covered in detail in terms of this course is in-depth interview.
While introducing this method, we first distinguish between structured, semi-structured and
non-structured interviews. In-depth interview is an example of semi-structured interviews
which are conducted based on a discussion guide as a major research instrument, which,
however, is not directive, and allows both researcher/interviewer and respondent to develop
new issues not mentioned in the guide, provided that they are of interest to the study.
After Robert S. Weiss, we consider in-depth interviewing as a process of collaboration
between researcher and respondent. Use of open-ended questions stimulates
development of the respondent’s narrative, which can be directed by the questions of the
interviewer. We also discuss several probing techniques (silence, echo, baiting) that can
help us get more information, often – without interviewer’s injection in respondent’s narrative.
We also discuss technical aspects of conducting in-depth interviews, such as selection
and preparation of the setting; recording equipment; selection of respondents.
In addition to general discussion about in-depth interview as qualitative research method
in the social sciences, we consider two variations of in-depth interviewing, namely, life
histories and biographic narrative interviews (Gail Kligman’s and Gabriele Cappai’s works
are used to get better understanding of these types of in-depth interview).
The lection finishes with the discussion of possibilities of analyzing in-depth interviews.
In the end, we offer an example of how a Discussion Guide of an in-depth interview can
look like, with a short review which emphasizes its major features.
Homework assignments for this week are:
1) to prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of in-depth
interviews. An example of a discussion guide is presented in the appendix, which can help
students to work on their own guide;
2) to conduct 3 in-depth interviews based on this guide, and to discuss the process of
conducting these, specifically focusing on the difficulties they encounter;
3) the students are also required to transcribe one of these interviews – the one they
think was the most successful.
The most important and/or typical experiences reported by the students will be
discussed during next meeting.
Required readings for this week are:
Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative
Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 121-150 (“Issues in Interviewing”).
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220
(“Unstructured Interviewing”).
gabriele kapai. 2000. “biografiul-naratiuli interviu: Teoriuli
winamZRvrebi da gamoyenebis xerxebi.” (Targmani wignidan: Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra
realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle società
multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag).
Recommended readings:
Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative
Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 61-120 (“Interviewing”).
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 449-488
(“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).
Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s
Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics
of Reproduction in Everyday Life”).
С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М., 2000.
Week 3.
Focus Groups
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours
We discuss focus group as a “group in-depth interview,” which, however, has several
specific features, which are determined, first of all, by the fact that up to a dozen of
respondents participate in a single focus group discussion. The greatest advantage of focus
groups as a qualitative research method is that it gives the researchers the possibility to
observe the process of forming group judgments and/or decisions.
A short review of the historical development of the focus groups in the social
sciences focuses on Robert K. Merton’s and his colleagues’ work in this field. Major areas of
use of focus groups in contemporary research practice are reviewed, namely, marketing
research, social and political research; these are the areas where focus groups proved to be
most effective, while there are some areas where it is not usually recommended to use focus
groups – e.g., personal relationships; income.
In the section devoted to the main features of this method, we discuss distinctiveness
of focus groups, technical aspects of their preparation, selection of participants, and advises
regarding how to conduct them, specifically focusing on the role and functions of the
106
vafiqsirebT maT mier gamoTqmul azrebs azrebs, aramed, agreTve saSualebas
vaZlevT, axsnan Tavisi pozicia, Tqvan, Tu ratom fiqroben ise, rogorc fiqroben;
ra faqtorebma iqonia gavlena maT cxovrebaze da rogor afaseben yoveli am
faqtoris rols Tavis cxovrebaSi. kvlevis mxolod es meTodebi gvaZlevs
saSualebas, SeviswavloT ama Tu im movlenis mizezebi; vupasuxoT ara kiTxvebs
“ra?”, “ramdeni?” (am or kiTxvas raodenobrivi meTodebis meSveobiT vupasuxebT),
aramed kiTxvebs “ratom?”, “rogor?”
Tvisebrivi meTodebis erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom es meTodebi
saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT da aRvweroT samyaro kvlevis obieqtebis Tva-
liT. vinaidan Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas mkvlevris mizania individua-
luri saqcielis gageba, es meTodebi xSirad “interpretaciuli sociologiis”
farglebSi ganixileba. magram Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebiT erTi serio-
zuli sirTule arsebobs: gamokvlevis Sedegebis damuSavebisas problemuri xdeba
individualuri donidan saerTo kanonzomierebebze gadasvla, ris gamoc
socialur mecnierTa nawils eWvi Seaqvs am meTodebis mecnierulobaSi (am sityvis
pozitivisturi gagebiT) anu imaSi, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia sando
monacemebis miReba socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamo-
yenebisas Cven, rogorc wesi, gagviWirdeba imis mecnierulad damtkiceba, rom
srulad SeviswavleT esa Tu is fenomeni, da rom Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi
obieqturi da sandoa, miT umetes — rom Catarebuli kvleva pasuxobs repre-
zentatulobis moTxovnebs. Tvisebrivi Sedegebi arasodes ar aris reprezen-
tatuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi meTodebiT warmarTuli kvlevis Se-
degebi ar SeiZleba ganvazogadoT da movaxdinoT maTi eqstrapolacia generalur
erTobliobaze. magram mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom es arc aris Tvisebrivi
kvlevis mizani — Tvisebrivi meTodebi Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor xsnis adamiani
socialur samyaros da Tavis adgils masSi.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi intensiurad iyenebs informaciis Segrovebis iseT sa-
Sualebebs, rogorebicaa araformaluri interviu da dakvirveba, amitom pirveli
SexedviT Tvisebrivi mkvlevris muSaoba Zalian hgavs Cveulebrivi adamianis
yoveldRiur saqmianobas. Tumca, am saleqcio kursis farglebSi Cven davrwmun-
debiT, rom es msgavseba zedapiruli da moCvenebiTia.5
Tvisebrivi meTodebi mraval kvleviT teqnikas aerTianebs. esenia, magaliTad:
• siRrmiseuli interviu;
• “cxovrebis istoria”;
• biografiuli interviu;
• zepiri istoria;
• werilebis, piradi dRiurebis da sxva werilobiTi dokumentebis Tviseb-
rivi Seswavla;
• fokus-jgufi da jgufuri interviu;
• dakvirveba;
• monografiuli gamokvleva (“SemTxvevis Seswavla”).
xSirad Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli kvleva moiTxovs erTdroulad
ramdenime kvleviTi teqnikis gamoyenebas, rac mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs,
sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seiswavlos misTvis saintereso fenomeni. Tvisebrivi meTo-
debis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba yvelaze xSirad monografiuli gamokvlevis
(“SemTxvevis Seswavlis”) farglebSi xdeba.
5
Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis, sasurve-
lia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis raode-
nobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar zurabi-
Svili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika. raodenobrivi
meTodebi. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.
7
da miznad isaxavs daadginos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gamovlenis sixSire.
meTodebis es jgufi uaRresad formalizebulia, ris gamoc isini “mkacri”
meTodebis saxeliTaa cnobili.
raodenobrivi meTodebis mecnierulobas da am meTodebis meSveobiT
miRebuli Sedegebis sandoobas statistikuri kanonzomierebebi uzrunvelyofs.
raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis erT-erT umTavres Rirsebas am Sedegebis
reprezentatuloba warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs, rom kvlevis procesSi
gamokiTxuli adamianebi (respondentebi) proporciulad warmoadgenen mTel
mosaxleobas, an mosaxleobis im nawils, romlis Seswavlac dagegmilia kvlevis
procesSi (anu generalur erTobliobas, romelic ganisazRvreba yoveli kon-
kretuli kvlevis amocanebidan gamomdinare). respondentebis reprezentatuli
SerCeva mecnierulad amarTlebs gamokiTxvis Sedegebis gavrcobas generalur
erTobliobaze, ris Sedegadac saSualeba gveZleva, respondentTa mier gamoT-
qmuli azri generaluri erTobliobis warmomadgenlebis azrad CavTvaloT.
raodenobriv meTodebs Soris msoflio praqtikaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia
masobrivi gamokiTxva — xalxis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemasTan
dakavSirebiT. am meTods safuZvlad udevs ori daSveba: (1) rom mosaxleobis mier
socialuri movlenebis Sefasebebis gavrceleba garkveul statistikur kanonebs
emorCileba, da (2) rom msgavsi socialuri mdgomareobis mqone pirovnebebi,
rogorc wesi, analogiurad afaseben movlenebs. masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros
yoveli respondenti ganixileba ara rogorc unikaluri pirovneba mdidari da
ganumeorebeli Sida samyaroTi, aramed rogorc ama Tu im socialuri erTobis
(jgufis) nawili, romelic warmoadgens misi msgavsi pirovnebebis azrs da gvawv-
dis informacias CvenTvis saintereso socialuri fenomenis an misi Sefasebis
Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomidan gamomdinare iTvleba, rom analogiuri socialuri
mdgomareobis mqone individebi kvlevis procesSi “urTierTSemcvlelni” arian. 3
Tumca raodenobrivi meTodebis farglebSi intensiurad Seiswavleba respon-
dentebis mier dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebi da/an Sefasebebi mniSnvelovan socia-
lur problemebTan dakavSirebiT, es meTodebi, rogorc wesi, ver dagvexmareba
respondenTa mier gamoTqmuli azrebis motivaciis SeswavlaSi; respondentebs ar
eZlevaT saSualeba, axsnan, Tu ratom fiqroben ase, da ara sxvagvarad.
socialuri kvlevis meTodebis meore jgufi, Tvisebrivi meTodebi siRr-
miseulad Seiswavlis socialur cxovrebas; xSir SemTxvevaSi es Seswavla xdeba
ara mkvlevris ofisSi an sxva xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi, aramed “bunebriv”
pirobebSi, iq, sadac realurad viTardeba urTierToba adamianebs Soris — iqneba
es saklaso oTaxi, soflis maRazia, gazeTis redaqcia Tu sxva.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi interdisciplinarulia da farTod gamoiyeneba TiTqmis
yvela socialur mecnierebaSi: sociologiaSi, eTnografiaSi, anTropologiaSi,
fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, biografiul mecnierebaSi, istoriaSi, da sxv.
zogadad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc meTodebi,
romelTa meSveobiT mopovebuli monacemebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver
daeqvemdebareba raodenobriv analizs (es mizezebi SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebaTa
mcire ricxvi; iSviaTi an sulac unikaluri movlenebis Seswavla; arafor-
malizebuli midgoma calkeuli SemTxvevebis Seswavlisadmi, da sxva). am meTodebs
aklia maTematikuri sizuste; maTi meSveobiT Cven ver miviRebT informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu procentulad rogoraa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi esa Tu is azri.
samagierod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs eZlevaT
saSualeba, SeniSnon, daafiqsiron da axsnan adamianebis qcevis iseTi niuansebi,
romlebic SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas.4
Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT Cven ufro Rrma codnas viRebT im xalxis
Sesaxeb, vis cxovrebas an vis mosazrebebsac SeviswavliT; Cven ara mxolod
3
Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis,
sasurvelia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis
raodenobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar
zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika.
raodenobrivi meTodebi. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.
4 popular qualitative research methods.
ix. Earl Babbie. 2002. The Basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. P. 281.
6 107
moderator.
Next section is devoted to the 10 most frequently used projective techniques that
facilitate focus group discussions. These techniques are: verbal associations, finishing
sentences, personification, stereotypes, collages, brand mapping, etc.
Last section discusses the possibilities of analysis of the data obtained through focus
group discussions. Analysis of focus group results is quite similar to the analysis of in-depth
interview data, although there are several specific considerations, first of all – the level of
analysis should be determined; although both individual and group level can be justified, our
advise is to base analysis on the interplay of the two levels of analysis (Morgan 1997: 60).
Two examples are offered in the end of this lecture, one of which is a possible
discussion guide, and the other – a descriptive report of a research project based exclusively
on focus groups. In addition, Appendix 1 offers a transcript of a focus group conducted with
students of one of Georgian universities, where the causes of corruption in Georgian higher
education are discussed.
Homework assignments for this week are:
1. To find out which projective techniques are used in the Discussion Guide presented
in the Example 2.
2. To write a Project Proposal on a given topic (“Causes of Corruption in the Georgian
Higher Educational Institutions”); the project should be conducted using focus groups.
3. To prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of focus-
group discussions, where the students are required to use projective techniques they find
suitable for the topic they choose.
Our discussion classes will be based on the analysis of the students’ homework
assignments; besides, we’ll watch a tape of a focus-group discussion and evaluate how it
was conducted. If possible, I’ll try to arrange a visit to a research center where the students
will have an opportunity to see a room designed for focus group discussions, with all
necessary equipment.
Required readings for this week are:
David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 31-65.
Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third
edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 39-68; 97-124.
maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba
axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da
perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.
Recommended readings:
С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М.
Week 4.
Participant Observation
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour
As we move towards non-verbal techniques of data collection, observation is obviously
the first method to be introduced. In contrast with the interview techniques discussed during
the previous weeks, observation takes place in the natural environment, which presents
additional challenges to the researcher. Although a distinction will be made between non-
participant and participant observation, we will focus on the latter, which is one of the most
 Historically, participant observation was first developed by anthropologists and
ethnographers, and was considered as a means to learn about distinctive culture.
Contemporary participant observation as it is practiced by most social sciences, can be
applied in modern as well as in non-modern societies; its major aim as well as its major
advantage is the possibility to study a distinctive (sub)culture and explain its meanings as
they are understood and interpreted by its members. Paradoxically, it is considered that
studying unfamiliar cultures is usually more effective than researchers’ own culture, because
in the latter case the researcher can not approach his/her own culture as a complete
stranger.
Participant observation is always a long-time commitment and usually takes years to
collect the data. It starts with entering the field, establishing contact with the actors, finding
informants. Characteristics of good informants are also discussed during the lecture.
During the fieldwork, the researcher defines the exact focus of observations, starting
with descriptive stage of observation and eventually arriving to selective observation.
Fieldnotes are discussed in detail, as a way to document how the fieldwork proceeds.
As an example of possible analytic strategy used by participant observers, W.F.White’s
classical analysis of group structure in the Street Corner Society will be presented, to be
further discussed during next week’s class.
There is only one homework assignments for this week:
The students are required to go to a public library in pairs, take different seats and
observe what’s going on in the library for 3 hours. They are required to take notes during the
observation, but not to share any observations with each other. Immediately after the
observation, they have to write (again, separately) fieldnotes based on what they’ve
observed, and submit them.
Required readings for this week are:
James P. Spradley. 1997. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and
Winston. Pp. 53-62; 73-84; 100-111; 122-129.
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian
Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 3-51; 94-110; 279-373.
Recommended readings:
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant
Observation”).
Week 5.
Participant Observation (continued)
Lecture, 1 hour; discussion, 3 hours
During our fifth week, we continue to learn participant observation, in particular – how to
write fieldnotes during the fieldwork, and how to transform them into the research report.
Relatively little new material will be delivered during this week; instead, we will focus of
detailed discussion of (a) fieldnotes submitted by the students as a result of observations
they made, and (b) readings from White’s Street Corner Society.
By next week, the students have to make final decisions regarding their course projects,
so these discussions will be particularly helpful at this stage.
108
Tema 1.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi:
Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva
socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mWidro kavSiri Teoriasa da
empiriul kvlevebs Soris. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im aspeqtis
Seswavlis mizniT, mecnierebi regularulad atareben empiriul kvlevebs, raTa
Seamowmon esa Tu is Teoriuli mosazreba; am kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad iwvevs
arsebuli Teoriebis gadasinjvas da daxvewas, zogjer ki — Zveli Teoriis
uaryofas da axali Teoriis warmoSobas. magaliTad, socialuri mkvlevrebi jer
kidev XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Seiswavlidnen siRaribes da mis gamomwvev
mizezebs; am kvlevebis Sedegad Seiqmna siRaribis klasikuri Teoriebi. magram XX
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si siRaribis specifikuri formebis empiriuli
Seswavlis Sedegad moxda am Teoriebis gadasinjva da Seiqmna “qveklasis” Teoria.1
siRaribis es forma klasikuri Teoriebis yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili.
empiriuli socialuri kvlevebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara mxolod
Teoriuli codnis gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed praqtikul donezec,
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis
gaRrmavebasa da saxelmwifo marTvis optimizaciaSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi saubaria
e.w. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi cxov-
rebis iseT aspeqtebs rogorebicaa, magaliTad, araformaluri urTierTobebi
formalur organizaciebSi; korufciis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi faqtorebi;
siRaribis mizezebi; da sxva. gamoyenebiTi socialuri kvlevebis Sedegebi SeiZ-
leba gaxdes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZveli saxelmwifo marTvis an
arasamTavrobo TviTmmarTvelobis doneze.
aranaklebi roli eniWeba empiriul kvlevebs samomxmareblo bazris Seswav-
laSi — e.w. marketinguli (sabazro) kvlevebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs momxmare-
belTa motivaciis, ama Tu im produqtis SeZenis survilis, reklamis efeqturobis
detaluri Seswavla. swored sabazro kvlevebis damsaxurebaa, rom wamyvani kom-
paniebis mier warmoebuli produqcia maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs momxma-
rebelTa moTxovnebs da survilebs, xolo reklama sul ufro efeqturi xdeba.
socialuri sinamdvilis sul ufro da ufro meti mxare Seiswavleba
empiriuli kvlevebis meSveobiT, xolo Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom
es kvlevebi kompetenturad iyos Catarebuli da miRebuli iqnes sando Sedegebi.
socialuri kvlevis meTodika2 Seiswavlis empiriuli socialuri kvlevis
ganxorcielebis konkretul gzebs, ganixilavs informaciis Segrovebis mecni-
eruli saSualebebis, anu meTodebis erTobliobas da im eTikur principebs,
romelTa dacviTac unda Catardes socialuri kvleva. empiriuli socialuri
kvlevis meTodika, rogorc sistematuri codnis dargi, socialur TeoriasTan
SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda da Tumca ufro praqtikul xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad
gamoiyeneba Teoriuli problemebis Semowmebis, hipoTezebis damtkicebis an
uaryofis mizniT.
socialuri kvlevis meTodebi or did jgufad iyofa: raodenobriv da Tvi-
sebriv meTodebad. Tumca am ori jgufis meTodebs Soris aris mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebebi, maT erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba aerTianebs: maTi
mTavari da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi mizania Cveni codnis gamdidreba
socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb.
kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebi (rogorebicaa masobrivi gamokiTxva,
kontent-analizi) iSveliebs raodenobriv maCveneblebs — qulebs, procentebs —
1
ix. Michael B. Katz, ed. 1993. The “Underclass” Debate: Views from History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press; TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2002. “‘qveklasis’ Teoria da misi gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi.” epoqa 2: 76-84.
2
sityvebi “meTodi”, “meTodika” warmoiSva berZnuli sityvisgan methodos, rac SeiZleba
iTargmnos rogorc “Seswavlis gzebi”.
5
 winaTqma
winamdebare saleqcio kursze muSaoba daviwye Telavis saxelmwifo univers-
itetSi. Tavdapirvelad is warmoadgenda saleqcio kursis “sociologiuri
kvlevis meTodebi” erT-erT nawils, romelic Tamar zurabiSvilTan erTad
SevimuSave. socialur mecnierebaTa centris akademiuri stipendiis farglebSi
saSualeba momeca, gamefarTovebina da magistraturis studentebisTvis gada-
memuSavebina am saleqcio kursis is nawili, romelic kerZod Tvisebriv meTodebis
eZRvneba. kursze muSaoba davasrule kaliforniis universitetSi los-
anjelesSi, sadac Ria sazogadoebis institutis FDFP programis farglebSi
vimyofebodi.
samwuxarod, am saleqcio kursSi ver moxerxda socialuri kvlevis yvela
Tvisebrivi meTodis ganxilva, amitom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im meTodebze,
romlebic yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove praqtikaSi da romlebic,
Cemi azriT, yvelaze metad daexmareba studentebs sakuTari kvlevebis Cata-
rebaSi. TiTqmis yvela meTodTan dakavSirebiT saleqcio kursSi moyvanilia
Sesabamisi kvleviTi instrumentebis magaliTebi; garda amisa, yoveli Temis bo-
los moyvanilia Sesabamisi meTodisadmi miZRvnili sakvanZo literaturis sia.
ramdenadac kvlevis meTodebis Seswavla warmoudgenelia mxolod literaturis
Seswavlis meSveobiT, yvela Temis dasasruls moyvanilia praqtikuli davalebebi.
minda didi madloba gadavuxado Cems kolegebs moskovis levada-centridan
da, upirveles yovlisa, aleqsei levinsons; swored am kvleviT centrSi muSaobis
periodSi davinteresdi kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebiT da ramdenime Zalze
saintereso kvlevaSi miviRe monawileoba; aseve didi madloba Ria sazogadoebis
institutis FDFP programas, romlis farglebSic saSualeba momeca davswrebodi
wamyvani Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebis kursebs kaliforniis universitetSi los-anje-
lesSi (UCLA); socialur mecnierebaTa centrs da akademiuri stipendiebis prog-
ramas (AFP), romlis farglebSic vaswavlidi am kurss socialur mecnierebaTa
centrSi; da Cems studentebs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes am
saleqcio kursis SeqmnaSi.
4 109
Week 6.
Case Study
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour
Case study is the final method considered in terms of this course. As in the case of
participant observation, we will discuss this method during two week.
First we will focus on the history of this method, which was introduced in the social
sciences based on the experience of anthropologists. Experience of the Chicago School and
their role in establishing this method are also discussed.
Case studies are a lot in common with participant observation, but we consider the
former as an even broader research approach, rather than a single method of collecting the
data. As a multi-method approach, case studies employ a number of research techniques
that help the researchers to collect the data; what is particularly specific with case studies,
the methods used can be both qualitative and quantitative (e.g., surveys).
As an example of early case study research, we will discuss a study of the 1930s
conducted by Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues in the Austrian village of Marienthal. This
study is very interesting for us mainly from the methodological perspective, use of many
various techniques of data collection which are discussed in detail by the authors.
Since there is no single way to conduct case study research, and there are no clear
guidelines regarding site selection and data analysis, one of the best ways to learn about
this method is to introduce more examples. So, the second study we will discuss in detail in
this class is Mitchel Dunier’s Sidewalk, which is distinctive in a number of ways. We discuss
several aspects of this study: the research question and how it was formulated; its
theoretical context and how Dunier fit his study into the particular one; methodology used by
Dunier and, specifically, his relationships with the informants; use of photography in
presenting the findings.
Required readings for this week are:
Mitchel Dunier. 2001. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. Pp. 17-42, 231-
289.
James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston. Pp. 25-39 (“Informants”).
Recommended readings:
Robert K. Yin. 2002. Applications of Case Study Research. Second edition. Sage
Publications.
James P. Spradley. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston. Pp. 55-68 (“Interviewing an Informant”).
Week 7.
Case Study (continued)
Discussion, 2 hours; students’ presentations, 2 hours
This week is focused on discussions. During the class, we will first discuss readings
from the Sidewalk, focusing on the specific ways of conducting fieldwork and building
relationships with informants.
In the second part of the class, the students will present their research projects focusing
on (a) their research questions; (b) sites; and (c) methodology they use to conduct the
fieldwork. This will be our final discussion of students’ research projects before they finish
and submit them.
Week 8. s a r C e v i
Ethics of Qualitative Research
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours
winaTqma 4
It’s hard to overestimate significance of ethical issues while doing fieldwork. During our
Tema 1. Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi:
last class, we will focus on the responsibility of the researcher while doing fieldwork and the
Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva 5
requirements of professional communities towards their members.
Codes of ethics have been elaborated in a systematic way after the Second World War Tema 2. siRrmiseuli interviu 16
by professional associations of the social scientists in Europe and North America; other magaliTi #1. axalgazrduli umuSevrobis problema
countries joined them later. Nowadays, most of the professional association are saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegma 25
international, which leads to unification of ethical standards of the respective professional
activity over the state boarders. Tema 3. fokus-jgufi 27
Codes of ethics should be distinguished from the legal requirements, and from mutual magaliTi #2. Rvinis moxmarebis kultura Tanamedrove
responsibilities outlined in the contracts signed between the researchers and clients; during saqarTveloSi. sadiskusio gegma 37
the class, we discuss the specific character of ethical norms. magaliTi #3. korufcia saqarTveloSi da misi Sefaseba
Two Codes of Ethics we are focusing on in this class are ICC/ESOMAR International sxvadasxva profesiuli jgufis
Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice (ICC/ESOMAR, 1995) and Code of Ethics warmomadgenlebis mier.
and Policies and Procedures of the ASA Committee on Professional Ethics (American fokus-jgufebis angariSi 39
Sociological Association, 1999). We focus on: (a) Rights of the respondents; (b) Rights of
the clients who commission research; and (c) responsibility towards the society in general. Tema 4. dakvirveba 48
Sanctions against those who violate ethical norms are discussed based on the hierarchy
of sanctions in the ASA Code of Ethics. Tema 5. monografiuli gamokvleva 61
We will also discuss special rules that try to regulate publications of research results in
the media, in order to avoid misinformation and deception of public. Tema 6. socialuri kvlevis eTika 71
Two case studies are presented during the class, to be discussed during the seminar; magaliTi #4. gamokiTxvam uCvena, rom didi britaneTis 76
one is a CNN publication where survey results are presented, and the second is a paper mosaxleobaSi izrdeba emigraciis survili
where an ethnographer (Eric J. Arnould) discusses ethical dilemmas he faced while doing
fieldwork in Chad. danarTi #1. korufcia saqarTveloSi.
fokus-jgufis transkripti 77
Homework assignments for this week are: danarTi #2. Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis
1. the students are required to find on the web codes of ethics of several professional ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 100
organizations whose members are involved in social research, and to compare these Codes;
2. Assess the quality of presentation of the finding in the CNN publication distributed in QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH 104
class.
3. Discuss the case study concerning ethical dilemmas that Eric J. Arnould faced during
his fieldwork and provide their own assessment of the situation and best ways to deal with it.

Required readings for this week are:

W. Lawrence Newman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative

Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 396-398 (“Ethical Dilemmas of Field
Research”).

Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 306-307 (“Research Ethics in Qualitative Field Research”).

Eric J. Arnould. 1998. “Ethical Concerns in Participant Observation/Ethnography,” in

Advances in Consumer Research 25: 72-74.

ICC/ESOMAR International Code of Marketing and Social Research Practice.

http://www.esomar.org/esomar/show/id=65961

American Sociological Association. 1997. Code of Ethics.

http://www.asanet.org/members/ecoderev.html

American Sociological Association Committee on Professional Ethics. 1997. Policies

and Procedures. http://www.asanet.org/members/enforce.html

110 3
socialur mecnierebaTa seria In the Appendix 1, a transcript of a focus group interview is presented.

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

In the Appendix 2, a Short Glossary of the terms used in qualitative research practice is
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava presented. This is a concise reference for the students, where only terms covered in terms of
this particular course are explained. Nevertheless, I hope this will be helpful for the students,
given that some of them may not be familiar with any vocabulary connected with research
practice, and few of the terms used in this course are already established in Georgian (some
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi are not fully established even in English).
Over 40 terms are defined in this glossary, e.g.: actor; respondent; in-depth interview;
biographic interview; life history; research design; observation; close-ended questions; open-
ended questions; ethnography; ethics; qualitative methods; quantitative methods; content
analysis; focus group; moderator; case-study; fieldwork; discussion guide, transcript;
hypothesis, et al. The terms and in (Georgian) alphabetical sequence.
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006 This Glossary, however, is not the only one the students will be using; they will be
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006 encouraged to consult academic social science dictionaries.

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences,
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 871 - 9 - 3

111