Example 3: For the piping system shown below, determine the flow distribution

and piezometric heads at the junction J using the Hardy Cross method of solution
Solution
There are one junction (J = 1), three pipes (P = 3),
and three fixed-grade nodes (F= 3). Hence the
number of closed loops is : L = P - J - F + 1 [1]
L = 3 - 1 - 3 + 1 = 0 . There are two pseudo loop [2]
(F-1) only. The two pseudo loop and assumed
flow directions are as shown. Equation 6 is
applied to each loop as follows:
± 𝒌𝒊 𝑸𝒊 𝑸𝒊 −𝑯𝒑𝒊 +∆𝑯
∆𝑸𝒌 = − 𝒅𝑯𝒑
𝟐𝒌𝒊 𝑸𝒊 − 𝒅𝑸 𝒊
𝒌 𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝟐 +𝒌𝟏 𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟏 +𝟒𝟎
∆𝑸𝟏 = − 𝟐 𝟐𝒌 Pipe L (m) D (m) f 𝑲𝒇
𝟐 𝑸𝟐 +𝟐𝒌𝟏 𝑸𝟏

𝒌𝟑 𝑸𝟑 𝑸𝟑 +𝒌𝟐 𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝟐 +𝟏𝟓
∆𝑸𝟐 = − 1 1500 0.3 0.01 0
𝟐𝒌𝟐 𝑸𝟐 +𝟐𝒌𝟑 𝑸𝟑
2 1500 0.3 0.01 0
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝟐 3 1500 0.3 0.01 0
𝑸𝟐 𝒏𝒆𝒘 = 𝑸𝟐 𝒐𝒍𝒅 ± ∆𝑸𝟏 ∓ ∆𝑸𝟐
From Res. A to Junction j
→ 𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝑲𝟏 𝑸𝟏𝟐 → 𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝑸𝟏𝟐 = 70 – hj
→ 𝒉𝒋 = 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝑸𝟏𝟐 = 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟕 𝟐
17
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒎
 Type Curve =1 Curve = 2
1 a0 250 Power . Kw 20.000
a1 -0.4 Gama 9.800
Example 3
a2 -0.1

Iteration 1
Gi =2K
Pump Common Wi = K Q
Pipoe no. L f D Ri Ki Qo Hp │Q│-
Position Pipe │Q │+ Hp
dHp/dQ

Loop I Delta H 40
Pipe 2 2 1500 0.01 0.3 0 510.04233 0.1 0.00 5.1004 102.4285
Pipe1 1500 0.01 0.3 0 510.04233 -0.3 0.00 -45.9038 306.0254

ΔQ1 ΔQ2 Sum -0.8034 408.45386

0.001967 0.14059 ΔQ1 0.00197

Gi =2K
Pump Common Wi = K Q
Pipoe no. L f D Ri Ki Qo Hp │Q│-
Position Pipe │Q │+ Hp
dHp/dQ

Loop II Delta H 15
Pipe 3 1500 0.01 0.3 0 510.04233 -0.4 0.00 -81.6068 408.0339
Pipe 2 1 1500 0.01 0.3 0 510.04233 -0.1 0.00 -5.1004 102.0085

ΔQ1 ΔQ2 Sum -71.7072 510.04233

0.00197 0.14059 ΔQ2 0.14059

18
 Example 3

Iteration 2 Iteration 3
Gi =2K Gi =2K
Wi = K Q Qi = Wi = K Q Qi =
Qo Hp │Q│- Qo Hp │Q│-
│Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi │Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi
dHp/dQ dHp/dQ

Loop I 40 Loop I 40
Pipe 2 -0.0386 0.00 -0.7609 39.8073 -0.0820 Pipe 2 -0.0820 0.00 -3.4328 84.1027 -0.0782
Pipe1 -0.2980 0.00 -45.3039 304.0190 -0.2804 Pipe1 -0.2804 0.00 -40.1000 286.0258 -0.2708

Sum -6.0647 343.82625 Sum -3.5327 370.12843

ΔQ1 0.01764 ΔQ1 0.009545
ΔQ1 ΔQ2 ΔQ1 ΔQ2
0.017639 0.061054 0.009545 0.005716

Gi =2K Gi =2K
Wi = K Q Qi = Wi = K Q Qi =
Qo Hp │Q│- Qo Hp │Q│-
│Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi │Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi
dHp/dQ dHp/dQ

Loop II 15 Loop II 15

Pipe 3 -0.2594 0.00 -34.3224 264.6195 -0.1984 Pipe 3 -0.1984 0.00 -20.0676 202.3395 -0.1926
Pipe 2 0.0386 0.00 0.7609 39.3995 0.0820 Pipe 2 0.0820 0.00 3.4328 83.6863 0.0782

Sum -18.5615 304.019 Sum -1.6348 286.02575

ΔQ2 0.06105 ΔQ2 0.005716

19
 Example 3

Iteration 4 Iteration 5
Gi =2K Gi =2K
Wi = K Q Qi = Wi = K Q Qi =
Qo Hp │Q│- Qo Hp │Q│-
│Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi │Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi
dHp/dQ dHp/dQ

Loop I 40 Loop I 40
Pipe 2 -0.0782 0.00 -3.1198 80.1961 -0.0796 Pipe 2 -0.0796 0.00 -3.2341 81.6449 -0.0794
Pipe1 -0.2708 0.00 -37.4164 276.2895 -0.2693 Pipe1 -0.2693 0.00 -37.0020 274.7550 -0.2687

Sum -0.5362 356.48558 Sum -0.2361 356.39992

ΔQ1 0.0015042 ΔQ1 0.0006625
ΔQ1 ΔQ2 ΔQ1 ΔQ2
0.001504 0.0029242 0.000662 0.0004489

Gi =2K Gi =2K
Wi = K Q Qi = Wi = K Q Qi =
Qo Hp │Q│- Qo Hp │Q│-
│Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi │Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi
dHp/dQ dHp/dQ

Loop II 15 Loop II 15

Pipe 3 -0.1926 0.00 -18.9277 196.5090 -0.1897 Pipe 3 -0.1897 0.00 -18.3575 193.5260 -0.1893
Pipe 2 0.0782 0.00 3.1198 79.7805 0.0796 Pipe 2 0.0796 0.00 3.2341 81.2290 0.0794

Sum -0.8079 276.28947 Sum -0.1233 274.75502

ΔQ2 0.0029242 ΔQ2 0.0004489

20
Example 4: For the piping system shown below, determine the flow distribution
and piezometric heads at the junction J using the Hardy Cross method of
solution, power=20 Kw
Solution
There are one junction (J = 1), three pipes (P = 3),
and three fixed-grade nodes (F= 3). Hence the [1]
number of closed loops is : L = P - J - F + 1 [2]
L = 3 - 1 - 3 + 1 = 0 . There are two pseudo loop
(F-1) only. The two pseudo loop and assumed
flow directions are as shown. Equation 6 is
applied to each loop as follows:
± 𝒌𝒊 𝑸𝒊 𝑸𝒊 −𝑯𝒑𝒊 +∆𝑯
∆𝑸𝒌 = − 𝒅𝑯𝒑
𝟐 𝒌𝒊 𝑸𝒊 − 𝒅𝑸 𝒊
Pipe L (m) D (m) f 𝑲𝒇
𝟐𝟎
𝒌𝟐 𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝟐 +𝒌𝟏 𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟏 +𝟗.𝟖 𝒙 𝑸 −𝟐𝟎
∆𝑸𝟏 = − 𝟐𝟎
𝟏
𝟐𝒌𝟐 𝑸𝟐 +𝟐𝒌𝟏 𝑸𝟏 +
𝟗.𝟖 𝒙 𝑸𝟏𝟐
𝒌 𝑸𝟑 𝑸𝟑 +𝒌𝟐 𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝟐 +𝟏𝟓 1 50 0.15 0.02 2
∆𝑸𝟐 = − 𝟑 𝟐𝒌
𝟐 𝑸𝟐 +𝟐𝒌𝟑 𝑸𝟑 2 100 0.10 0.015 1
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒑𝒆 𝟐 3 300 0.10 0.025 1
𝑸𝟐 𝒏𝒆𝒘 = 𝑸𝟐 𝒐𝒍𝒅 ± ∆𝑸𝟏 ∓ ∆𝑸𝟐
For pipe 1 𝒁𝟏+ 𝑯𝒑 = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝑯𝒋
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟎 + 𝟗.𝟖 𝑸𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝑸𝟏𝟐 + 𝑯𝒋 → 𝑯𝒋 = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟗.𝟖 𝑸𝟏 − 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝑸𝟏𝟐
𝟐𝟎
21 =𝟏𝟎 + 𝟗.𝟖 𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟔 − 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟔)𝟐 = 43.995 m
 Type Curve =1 Curve = 2
2 a0 250 Power . Kw 20.000
Example 4
a1 -0.4 Gama 9.800
a2 -0.1

Iteration 1

Gi =2K
Pump Common Wi = K Q
Pipoe no. L f D Ri Ki Qo Hp │Q│-
Position Pipe │Q │+ Hp
dHp/dQ

Loop I Delta H -20

Pipe 2 2 106.7 0.015 0.1 0 13224.429 -0.01 0.00 -1.3224 264.4886
Pipe1 1 65 0.02 0.15 0 1414.5174 -0.02 102.04 101.4750 5158.6215

ΔQ1 ΔQ2 Sum 80.1526 5423.1101

-0.014780 -0.00661 ΔQ1 -0.01478

Gi =2K
Pump Common Wi = K Q
Pipoe no. L f D Ri Ki Qo Hp │Q│-
Position Pipe │Q │+ Hp
dHp/dQ

Loop II Delta H 15
Pipe 3 304 0.025 0.1 0 62796.412 -0.01 0.00 -6.2796 1255.9282
Pipe 2 1 106.7 0.015 0.1 0 13224.429 0.01 0.00 1.3224 264.4886

ΔQ1 ΔQ2 Sum 10.0428 1520.4168

-0.01478 -0.00661 ΔQ2 -0.00661

22
 Example 4

Iteration 2 Iteration 3

Gi =2K Gi =2K
Wi = K Q Qi = Wi = K Q Qi =
Qo Hp │Q│- Qo Hp │Q│-
│Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi │Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi
dHp/dQ dHp/dQ

Loop I -20 Loop I -20

Pipe 2 -0.0182 0.00 -4.3682 480.6953 -0.0318 Pipe 2 -0.0318 0.00 -13.3388 839.9949 -0.0313
Pipe1 -0.0348 58.68 56.9671 1785.5265 -0.0492 Pipe1 -0.0492 41.51 38.0908 983.3950 -0.0518

Sum 32.5989 2266.2218 Sum 4.7521 1823.39

ΔQ1 -0.01438 ΔQ1 -0.002606
ΔQ1 ΔQ2 ΔQ1 ΔQ2
-0.014385 -0.000800 -0.002606 -0.003078

Gi =2K Gi =2K
Wi = K Q Qi = Wi = K Q Qi =
Qo Hp │Q│- Qo Hp │Q│-
│Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi │Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi
dHp/dQ dHp/dQ

Loop II 15 Loop II 15
Pipe 3 -0.0166 0.00 -17.3152 2085.5059 -0.0174 Pipe 3 -0.0174 0.00 -19.0238 2185.9812 -0.0205
Pipe 2 0.0182 0.00 4.3682 480.6953 0.0318 Pipe 2 0.0318 0.00 13.3388 839.9949 0.0313

Sum 2.0530 2566.2012 Sum 9.3150 3025.9762

ΔQ2 -0.00080 ΔQ2 -0.003078

23
 Example 4

Iteration 4 Iteration 5

Gi =2K Gi =2K
Wi = K Q Qi = Wi = K Q
Qo Hp │Q│- Qo Hp │Q│-
│Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi │Q │+ Hp
dHp/dQ dHp/dQ

Loop I -20 Loop I -20

Pipe 2 -0.0313 0.00 -12.9451 827.5066 -0.0324 Pipe 2 -0.0324 0.00 -13.8516 855.9895
Pipe1 -0.0518 39.42 35.6291 907.9019 -0.0533 Pipe1 -0.0533 38.28 34.2557 868.7428

Sum 2.6840 1735.4085 Sum 0.4041 1724.7323

ΔQ1 -0.0015466 ΔQ1 -0.0002343
ΔQ1 ΔQ2 ΔQ1 ΔQ2
-0.001547 -0.0004697 -0.000234 -0.0003674

Gi =2K Gi =2K
Wi = K Q Qi = Wi = K Q
Qo Hp │Q│- Qo Hp │Q│-
│Q │+ Hp Qo+ΔQi │Q │+ Hp
dHp/dQ dHp/dQ

Loop II 15 Loop II 15
Pipe 3 -0.0205 0.00 -26.3481 2572.5975 -0.0210 Pipe 3 -0.0210 0.00 -27.5703 2631.5891
Pipe 2 0.0313 0.00 12.9451 827.5066 0.0324 Pipe 2 0.0324 0.00 13.8516 855.9895

Sum 1.5970 3400.1041 Sum 1.2813 3487.5786

ΔQ2 -0.0004697 ΔQ2 -0.0003674

For pipe 1 𝒁𝟏+ 𝑯𝒑 = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝑯𝒋

𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟎 + = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝑸𝟏𝟐 + 𝑯𝒋 → 𝑯𝒋 = 𝟏𝟎 + − 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝑸𝟏𝟐
𝟗.𝟖 𝑸𝟏 𝟗.𝟖 𝑸𝟏
𝟐𝟎
=𝟏𝟎 + − 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟔)𝟐 = 43.995 m
24 𝟗.𝟖 𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟔