hesiode 55

hesiode
(Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.)

antikurobis erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli epikosi, hesiode, pirveli berZeni

mweralia, romelic Tavisi cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis, Tavisi epoqis Sesaxeb Ta-
vadve gvawvdis cnobebs. misi saxeliT ori poema – `Teogonia~ da `samuSaoni da
dReni~ – srulad SemogvrCa, xolo erTi, `qalTa katalogi~ – fragmentulad. masve
miawerdnen Cvenamde aseve srulad moRweul `herakles farsac~. rogorc antikuri
wyaroebi gadmogvcemen, hesiodes `melampodia~, `didi ehoiebi~, sxvadasxva geogra-
fiuli da astronomiuli nawarmoebebic unda Seeqmna, magram mxolod zogierTi
maTganidan Tu SemogvrCa umniSvnelo, arafris mTqmeli fragmentebi.
hesiodes ojaxi warmoSobiT mcire aziis eoliidan, kerZod, kimedan yofila.
mamamiss, diemoss vaWrobaSi xeli moscarvia, kontinentur saberZneTSi, beotiis
Tespiis maxloblad, askraSi dasaxlebula da vaJiSvilic iqve wamouzrdia. am-
gvari biografiis gamo, misTvis `metyveli saxeli~ daurqmeviaT: hesiode, anu `is,
visac gza (mogzauroba) siamovnebs~.
sanam weras Seudgeboda, hesiode glexis mZime Sromas ziarebia da cxvaric um-
wyemsia, magram, rogorc Tavad gviambobs, erT mSvenier dRes, helikonis mTaze
muzebi swvevian da misTvis simReris unari uboZebiaT: `muzebma erTxel lamazi
simRera aswavles hesiodes~ (`samuSaoni da dReni~, 22). Semdeg ki ise gawafula,
rom, antikuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, homeross Serkinebia kidec, xolo berZnebs
erT-erT moZRvradac uqceviaT.
hesiode poemaSi `samuSaoni da dReni~ axsenebs qalkisSi gamarTul, mamaci am-
fidamasis xsovnisadmi miZRvnil Sejibrebas, romelzec mis himns gaumarjvia da
jildod samfexic miuRia. antikuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, qalkiseli amfidamasi e.
w. lelantinur omSi daiRupa, ara uadres Zv. w. 700 wlisa. aqedan gamomdinare, he-
siodes mier moxseniebuli Sejibreba Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneTa mijnaze, an VII saukunis
dasawyisSi gamarTula da misi moRvaweobac swored am periods unda davukavSi-
roT. hesiodes gardacvalebis Sesaxeb utyuari cnobebi ar mogvepoveba, magram
simarTles unda Seeferebodes gadmocema, rom igi orqomenosSi dausaflavebiaT.
hesiode gardamaval periodSi, geometriul da arqaul epoqaTa mijnaze moR-
vaweobda da am periodis sazogadoebriv-politikuri, socialuri da kultu-
ruli tendenciebi mis poemebSic iCens Tavs. Tundac is faqti, rom hesiode saku-
Tar Tavs ase aqtiurad rTavs Tavis eposSi, swored arqaikis gamoZaxilia. es aris
periodi, rodesac Zlierdeba pirovnebis, ase vTqvaT, analitikuroba, misi indi-
vidualizmi da adamianis pirovnuli `me~ sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebas cdilobs.
es aris lirikuli poeziis aRmocenebis xana, rasac win uZRvis eposSi lirikuli
tendenciebis SeWra.
56 hesiode

`Teogonia~ anu `RmerTTa warmoSoba~ berZnul literaturaSi safuZvels uy-

ris e. w. genealogiur da kosmogoniur eposs. poema 1022 striqonisgan Sedgeba. igi
iwyeba SesavliT, e. w. prooimioniT, romelSic poeti muzebs aRuvlens xotbas da
maT SesTxovs, rom sanatreli simRera uboZon. amis Semdeg iwyeba Txroba.
hesiodes mixedviT, pirvelad iyo qaosi, Semdeg dedamiwa – gaia / gea, miwisqve-
SeTi – tartarosi da erosi. qaosma dasabami misca wyvdiadsa da Rames, xolo tar-
tarosma – tifoni tifoevsi da misi STamomavalni Sva. erosi RmerTTa SeerTebis
mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad iqca. geam sxvaTagan damoukideblad warmoSva zeca –
uranosi, mTebi da zRva – pontosi, xolo geasa da uranosis SeuRlebiT iSva eqvsi
vaJi: okeanosi, koiosi, kriosi, hiperioni, iapetosi, kronosi da eqvsi qali: Teia,
rea, Temisi, mnemosine, foibe, teTisi. maT titanebi da titanidebi uwodes.
mTeli Zalaufleba uranosma igdo xelT da mis SesanarCuneblad Tavisi
Svilebi, titanebi da titanidebi Tavidan moiSora: isini geas wiaRSi danTqa.
gulSeZrulma dedam Svilebi mamis winaaRmdeg aamxedra. kronosma namgliT
uranosi daasaWurisa da xelisuflebis saTaveSi moeqca. dasaWurisebuli krono-
sis sisxlisgan sxvadasxva RvTaebrivi Zalebi iSvnen, xolo misma falosma zRvis
qafidan afrodite moavlina.
kronossa da reas eqvsi Svili gauCndaT: hestia, demetre, hera, hadesi, posei-
doni da zevsi. STamomavlobis winaSe SiSis gamo kronosic mamis kvals daadga da
Svilebi gzidan CamoiSora: isini Tavad gadaylapa. mamis xeliT daRupvas mxolod
zevsi gadaurCa. ream kronoss ZonZebSi gaxveuli qva gadaaylapa, xolo vaJiSvili
kretaze gadamala. davaJkacebulma zevsma kronoss qvaca da Tavisi da-Zmebic ukan
amoiRebina, ris Semdegac masTan da sxva titanebTan brZolaSi Caeba. sami asxela
urCxulis daxmarebiT, romlebic adre geam uranoss uSva, zevsma kronosi da misi
Taobis sxva RmerTebi, titanebi daamarcxa da maT miwisqveSeTSi, tartarosSi
miuCina adgili. amis Semdeg zevsma geasa da tartarosis STamomavals, uZlevel
asTava urCxuls, tifoevss sZlia da isic tartarosSi CauSva, misgan ki dedamiwaze
ubedurebis momtani qarebi darCnen.
zevsi uzenaesi mbrZanebeli xdeba da Tavis ZmebTan erTad sam sknels inawilebs.
poseidoni zRvasa da mdinareebs ganagebs, hadesi – miwisqveSeTsa da saiqios, Tavad
zevsi ki – zecasa da mTel samyaros. misi kanonieri meuRle heraa, Tumca sxvadasxva
Taobis qalRmerTTgan da mokvdavTagan mas mravali Svili uCndeba. zevsis ukvdavi
STamomavalni TandaTanobiT wina Taobis RmerTebs enacvlebian, maTi nawili ki
zevsis da-ZmebTan erTad olimpiel RmerTTa dass qmnis. xatovnad isic ki aris
naTqvami, rom `Teogonia~ daiwera imitom, rom xotba Seesxa zevsis `gamefebisaT-
vis~.
`TeogoniaSi~ ori mimarTuleba SeiZleba gamoiyos. pirveli, genealogiuri
xazi RmerTTa Taobebis cvlilebisa da RvTaebriv ZalTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb
gviambobs, xolo meore am ZiriTadi xazidan erTgvari gadaxvevaa da mas miTebiTa
da sxvadasxva ambebiT avsebs. swored am mxatvruli xerxisa da hesiodes mwerluri
ostatobis wyalobiT, `Teogonia~, Tavisi specifikis miuxedavad, RmerTebis
mSrali, mosawyeni da erTferovani CamonaTvali ki ar aris, aramed mravalfero-
vani, laRad da ostaturad dawerili saxaliso da SemecnebiTi poemaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom `Teogonia~ informaciulad didad datvirTulia da
masSi moTxrobili ambebic xSirad arc Tu ise organulad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs,
poema kompoziciurad sakmaod gamarTulia. rogorc kvlevam cxadyo, masSi
SeiZleba moviZioT kompoziciuri organizaciis homerosiseuli principebi,
Tumca, bunebrivia, sakmaod modificirebuli saxiT. arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom
`Teogonia~ wriuli kompoziciis safuZvelzea agebuli (gamonakliss warmoadgens
Sesavali, romelic, erTi SexedviT, gancalkevebuli himnia, magram azrobrivad da
hesiode 57

struqturulad mTel poemas ukavSirdeba). `TeogoniaSi~ mcire Tematuri stru-

qturebis ganlageba amgvaria:
A 116-158: RmerTTa uZvelesi Taoba (uranosi, gea, a. S.).
B 159-210: kronosi, geas vaJi, amarcxebs uranoss.
C 211-264: Rame, zRva da STamomavloba.
D 265-410: titanTa qorwinebani.
E 411-452: hekates epizodi.
F 453-506: zevsi amarcxebs kronoss.
E´ 507-616: promeTes epizodi.
D´ 617-735: titanTa brZola.
C´ 736-819: miwisqveSeTi.
B´ 820-880: zevsi amarcxebs tifoevss, geas vaJs.
A´ 881-964: RmerTTa axali Taoba (zevsis Svilebi).
rogorc warmodgenili sqema cxadyofs, `Teogoniis~ kompoziciaSi struqtu-
ruli erTeulebis gamoyofisas amosavali xdeba ara poemaSi moqmedebis ganviTa-
reba, aramed calkeuli siuJeturi detalebis, cnebebisa da movlenebis msgavseba-
dapirispireba (mag.: RmerTTa uZvelesi – axali Taoba, titanTa qorwineba – brZo-
la da sxv.). garda amisa, mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT, hesiode gansakuTrebul yura-
dRebas uTmobda mcire struqturul erTeulTa urTierTmimarTebas striqonTa
raodenobis TvalsazrisiT.
`TeogoniaSi~ aRwerili RmerTTa Taobebi da maTi monacvleoba did msgavsebas
gviCvenebs ZvelaRmosavlur miTologiur warmodgenebTan da, kerZod, Teogoniis
Sumerul-aqadur versiasTan. savaraudod, hesiode ara ZvelaRmosavlur origi-
nals, aramed sxva saSualedo winaberZnul wyaros icnobda, rasac isic adas-
turebs, rom berZen RmerTTa saxelebi semantikurad aRmosavlur tradiciasTan
gviCvenebs mimarTebas, Tumca etimologiurad misgan gansxvavebulia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aRmosavluri warmodgenebisgan gansxvavebiT, berZen epikos-
Tan TandaTanobiT izrdeba moralur-zneobrivi, eTikuri faqtoris mniSvneloba
da xdeba RvTaebrivi samyaros eTikuri gaazreba: bunebis ZalTa batonobas Tanda-
TanobiT uzenaesi samarTlianoba da kanoniereba enacvleba. RmerTebi TandaTano-
biT zneobrivi normebis mfarvelebad warmogvidgebian. Tavdapirvelad samyaros
ganageben uranosi da gea, anu bunebis Zalebi: zeca da miwa. maT mmarTvelobas kro-
nosi da rea daasruleben, rac axali etapis dawyebas, adamianis gaCenas moaswavebs.
zevsi ki, samarTlianobis RmerTi, ukve eTikuri kanonebiT moqmedi adamianebisa da
samyaros gamgeblad gvevlineba.
`Teogoniis~ dasawyisSi warmogvidgeba qaosi – SesaZlebloba qmnadobis pro-
cesis dawyebisa da aqve vxdebiT mowmeni miTologiis wiaRSi filosofiur cne-
baTa aRmocenebisa: qaosis, geasa da erosis miTologiuri saxeebi dasabams udebs
sivrcis, materiisa da moZraobis filosofiur kategoriebs.
hesiode `TeogoniaSi~ Tavs uyris sxvadasxva tradiciasTan dakavSirebul
RmerTebs, RvTaebriv Zalebs da warmogvidgens Teogoniis, RmerTTa ierarqiisa da
klasifikaciis STambeWdav suraTs, riTic axdens misi droisaTvis arsebuli sak-
maod qaoturi winaberZnuli da berZnuli miTologiuri informaciis sistemati-
zacias da homerosTan erTad safuZvels uyris olimpiel RmerTTa panTeonsa da
olimpiur religias.
`Teogonia~ RvTaebrivi samyaros vnebaTaRelvas gvaziarebs, `samuSaoni da
dReni~ ki – Cvens yoveldRiurobas, `patara kacis~ yofiT da zneobriv safiqralsa
Tu satkivars. poemis Seqmnis sababica da saxelwodebac didad `prozaulia~. mamis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, hesiodes Zmas, persess, cru mowmeTa saSualebiT hesiodes
kuTvnili qonebac dausakuTrebia, magram misTvis veRar mouvlia, sul erTianad
58 hesiode

gauflangavs da SewevnisTvis kvlav Zmas misdgomia. misgan ki materialuri dax-

marebis nacvlad, sulieri sazrdo – brZnuli rCeva-darigebebiT aRsavse da Wkuis
saswavli poema, `samuSaoni da dReni~ miuRia. es ambavi hesiodes fantaziis nayofi,
poeturi pirobiTobac SeiZleba iyos, Tumca amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba arca aqvs.
faqtia, rom misi saSualebiT hesiode SesaniSnavad axorcielebs Tavis mxatvrul
Canafiqrs da ostaturad amTlianebs erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul ambebs,
azrebs, rCeva-darigebebs da amgvarad antikur literaturaSi safuZvels uyris
kidev erT mimarTulebas – didaqtikur eposs. poemis saxelwodebac mis Sinaarssa
da SemecnebiT xasiaTs ukavSirdeba: `samuSaoni da dReni~ miwaTmoqmedebs sTa-
vazobs rCevebs, Tu romeli samuSao romel dRes unda Sesruldes.
`samuSaoni da dReni~ 828 heqsametruli striqonisgan Sedgeba da, epikuri
tradiciis kvalobaze, muzebisa da zevsisadmi aRvlenili sagalobliT iwyeba,
romelSic olimpieli RvTaeba mokvdavTa da ukvdavTa uzenaes mbrZaneblad, wes-
rigis Semqmnelad da damcvelad, zecis umaRles darbazebSi mkvidr yovlisSemZle
meufed gvevlineba. hesiode, erTi mxriv, zrdis manZils RmerTsa da kacs Soris da
amiT, garkveulwilad, homerosis tradicias emijneba, xolo, meore mxriv,
aZlierebs jer kidev homerosTan Canasaxis saxiT arsebul monoTeistur tenden-
ciebs. amgvarad, hesiode, `Teogoniis~ darad, am poemaSic filosofiuri azrovne-
bis winamorbedad gvevlineba.
hesiode msjelobs orgvari `erisis~, anu Suris, SuRlis, qiSpobis Sesaxeb.
pirveli maTgani adamians Sejibrisken, meti garjisa da srulyofisaken ubiZgebs.
amdenad, sasikeTo da misasalmebelia. meores ki dapirispireba, mtroba da omi
moaqvs, ris gamoc mas yvelanairad unda veridoT.
hesiode promeTesa da zevss, anu adamianebsa da RmerTebs Soris arsebuli kon-
fliqtis Tavisebur versias gvTavazobs. promeTem jer kidev axalgazrda RmerTi
`gaacura~: xorcis ori ulufa SesTavaza, romelTagan erTi madis aRmZvrelad ga-
moiyureboda, Tumca SigniT Zvlebi da uvargisi naWrebi hqonda moqceuli, xolo
meore – garegnulad ar migizidavda, magram mWle naWrebiT iyo savse. zevsi gareg-
nulma mxarem moxibla da pirveli ulufa airCia, magram roca Seityo, rom mwared
motyuvda, saSinlad ganrisxda da kacTa modgmas cecxli waarTva. promeTem
cecxli moitaca, lerwmis ReroSi gadamala da adamianebs uboZa, zevsma ki isini
kvlavac dasaja. promeTes Zmas, epimeTevss colad mihgvara RvTaebaTa mier Tval-
warmtaci garegnobiTa da cbieri bunebiT Semkuli qali, pandora, romelic yvela
RmerTma uxvad daasaCuqra, xolo TiToeulma saCuqarma kacTa modgmas didi
ubedureba moutana. pandoram RmerTTagan miRebul qoTans xufi axada da
qveynierebas RvTaebaTa saboZvari: kacTa mtanjveli ubedurebani mouvlina. zevsis
nebiT, mxolod imedi darCa WurWelSi gamoketili. mas Semdeg aTasgvari siave,
boroteba da sneuleba mTel samyaroSi daexeteba da kacTaTavis tanjvis meti
araferi moaqvs. aseTi qalTmoZule SexedulebebiT hesiode berZnul literatu-
raSi misoginur tradicias daudebs saTaves, rac Semdgom, gansakuTrebiT sati-
rul nawarmoebebSi mravalgzis iCens Tavs.
hesiode kacobriobis ganviTarebas xuT etapad, xuT saukuned hyofs. hesiodes
Tanaxmad, yvelaferi kronosis mmarTvelobis xaniT daiwyo. maSin adamianebi bed-
nierad da udardelad cxovrobdnen. hqondaT yvelaferi, rac WirdebodaT, xolo
gardacvalebis Semdeg, ukve zevsis nebiT, miwier demonebad iqceodnen.
vercxlis saukuneSi cxovreba gauaresda. usamarTlobam, qedmaRlobam da sxva
codvebma iCina Tavi. adamianebi metxans andomebdnen gonebrivad ganviTarebas,
xolo davaJkacebis Semdeg didxans veRar cxovrobdnen. spilenZis saukune
Zaladobis epoqad iqca da adamianebi sakuTar Zalmomreobas emsxverplnen.
naxevarRmerTebisa da gmirebis modgma winamorbedTan SedarebiT ukeTesi, ufro
hesiode 59

samarTliani aRmoCnda, Tebesa da troaSi gamoiCina Tavi, xolo gardacvalebis

Semdeg netarTa kunZulze daido bina.
rkinis saukune yvelaze sastiki da daundobelia. hesiode swored am epoqaSi
cxovrobs, rasac didad nanobs kidec: `netav, ar vyofiliyav kaci mexuTe modgmis~
(174). adamianebs mtanjveli SromiT Tu gaaqvT Tavi. mamaSviloba, daZmoba da stu-
marmaspinZloba aRaravis axsovs. sikeTis, patiosnebisa da samarTlianobis,
RvTismosaobis nacvlad lanZRva-gineba da Zarcva-gleja, boroteba, Zaladoba,
ciliswameba, Suri da mtroba gabatonebula.
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis esoden daundobeli kritikiT, Tavisi aqtiuri mo-
qalaqeobrivi poziciiT hesiode Tavisi epoqis socialur-politikur tenden-
ciebs asaxavs. Seqmnili situaciidan gamosavals poeti samarTlianobisa da ka-
nonierebis damkvidrebaSi xedavs da amgvarad kvlav arqaikis – berZnul polisTa
da berZen kanonmdebelTa epoqis – suliskveTebas exmianeba.
hesiode kaciobriobis ganviTarebis, ufro sworad, misi zneobrivi dacema-
daqveiTebis Semzarav suraTs gvixatavs da am regresis axsnas Taviseburad
cdilobs. epikosi adamianTa Tavs damtydar ubedurebaTa, cxovrebis gauaresebis
mizezad promeTes saxavs: mis mier kacTaTvis boZebulma cecxlma sikeTis nacvlad
ubedureba moitana. promeTes esoden negatiuri SefasebiT hesiode berZnul tra-
dicias emijneba da am sayovelTaod aRiarebuli kulturuli gmiris originalur
interpretacias gvTavazobs.
adamiani RmerTs aumxedrda, risTvisac daisaja kidec. cecxli simbolurad
gaiazreba rogorc materialur-teqnikuri progresi, civilizaciis ganviTareba,
rasac uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyveba maSin, rodesac xdeba zneobriv faseulobaTa
devalvacia da sazogadoebis eTikuri dacema.
hesiodesTvis sikeTe da boroteba adamianTa cxovrebis Tanamdevi da ganmsaz-
Rvreli, erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli antinomiuri wyvilia, rac aseve poetis
filosofiur xedvaze migvaniSnebs, radgan keTilisa da borotis amgvari gaaz-
reba ufro srulyofilad mogvianebiT, swored filosofiuri azrovnebis
wiaRSi moxda.
`samuSaoni da dReni~ imiTac aris mniSvnelovani, rom masSi pirvelad vxvdebiT
igavs, romelic Semdgom, rogorc Janri mTel evropul literaturaSi farTod
gavrcelda. hesiode gviambobs araks miminosa da mgalobel bulbulze, romelic
mbrZaneblebs miemarTebaT da gvaxsenebs, rom Cvenze ZlierTan verafers gavawyobT.
hesiodes am poemis erT-erTi wamyvani motivi samarTlianobaa. yovelmxriv
cdilobs epikosi, rom misi mniSvneloba gvagrZnobinos, im zeciuri sasjeliT
dagvaSinos, rac usamarTlobisaTvis gvelodeba da Segvaxsenos, rom adamians
cxovelisagan swored samarTlianoba, kanoniereba da rwmena ganasxvavebs.
imavdroulad hesiode Sromasa da RvTismosaobas gviqadagebs, xolo tyuilsa da
Zmis sareclis Sebilwvas gvikrZalavs.
hesiode uamrav sasargeblo rCevasa da yuradsaReb darigebas gvaZlevs, Tanac
gvafrTxilebs, rom is, visac arc sakuTari goneba uWris da arc sxvis keTil
rCevas usmens, ugunuri da gasakicxia. ras aRar gvirCevs da gvaswavlis berZeni
epikosi: stumris daxvedra rogor gvmarTebs da mezoblis pativiscema, Zunws rom
araferi unda mivceT, xelgaSlils ki uxvad unda SevewioT. hesiode iRblian da
uiRblo dReebzec gvesaubreba da adamianur urTierTobaTa detalebzec.
iTvleba, rom hesiodes darigebaTa nawili, misi rCevebi Tu akrZalvebi xalxur
cru-rwmenebsa da ritualur magias ukavSirdeba.
rogorc WeSmarit glexs, hesiodes arc xvna-TesvasTan da mamulis movla-
patronobasTan dakavSirebuli praqtikuli rCevebi aviwydeba, mogzaurebsac sa-
Tanado miTiTebebs aZlevs da daqorwinebis msurvelTac. qalis da qurdis ndoba
60 hesiode

erTiao, – mamakacebs afrTxilebs qalTmoZule poeti, Tumca imasac ambobs, rom

karg colze ukeTess kaci verafers moixveWs.
Tumca didaqtikuri Janri aRmosavlur, kerZod, Sumerul-aqadur, babilonur-
mesopotamiur da egviptur-indur literaturaSi hesiodemdec arsebobda da ber-
Zeni epikosis bevr rCeva-darigebas aRmosavluri paralelebic moepoveba,
`samuSaoni da dReni~ mainc sruliad originaluri nawarmoebia. igi emyareba
upirveles yovlisa berZnul tradiciasa da nawilobriv – aRmosavlur wyaroebs,
iTvaliswinebs saberZneTis geografiul-klimatur pirobebs da, rac mTavaria,
mTel poemas hesiodes poeturi `me~, misi cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba da pirov-
nuli kredo asazrdoebs.
hesiodes poemaTa `aRmosavlurobas~ zogierTi mkvlevari uZveles folklo-
rul tradicias, xmelTaSuaRzRvispira-egeosur substrats ukavSirebs, romelic,
erTi mxriv, egviptur-iudeur-babilonur, xolo, meore mxriv, ZvelberZnul are-
alSi Camoyalibda. sxvaTa azriT, hesiodes eposis aRmosavluri paralelebi ti-
pologiuri msgavsebiT unda aixsnas, rac sxvadasxva xalxTa sazogadoebrivi da
inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis garkveul etaps ukavSirdeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom hesiode homerosis umcrosi Tanamedrovea, beotieli
epikosi misi didi sulieri winapris CrdilSi rodi eqceva da, Tavisi TviTmyo-
fadobis wyalobiT, sakuTar, STambeWdav kvals tovebs. igi safuZvels uyris axal
mimarTulebas berZnuli da, zogadad, evropuli literaturis istoriaSi. siu-
Jeturi, sagmiro poemebidan mas katalogisebur-didaqtikuri eposis samyaroSi
SevyevarT; igi mcire poemis formas amkvidrebs da genealogiur-kosmogoniur,
religiur, socialur-eTikur safiqrals aRgviZravs. Tavad hesiodes Tu dave-
sesxebiT, igi Tavis winamorbedTagan gansxvavebiT, `simarTlis msgavsi sicruis~
nacvlad `WeSmarit simarTles~ gvTavazobs, misi STagonebis wyaro ara gamogo-
nili ambebi, aramed misi Tanamedrove berZeni kacis yoveldRiuri cxovrebaa.
`samuSaoni da dReni~ da `Teogonia~ homerosis kvalobaze, epikur dialeqtze,
daqtiluri heqsametriT aris Seqmnili da xSirad homerosiseuli mxatvruli
saxeebiTac sazrdoobs, magram, amis paralelurad, hesiode enobriv inovaciebsac
gvTavazobs. Cvenamde moRweul poemebsa da fragmentebSi hesiode 427 iseT leqsi-
kur formativs iyenebs, romelic homerosTan ar gvxvdeba. hesiodesTan metia ab-
strahirebuli cnebebic da saerTod abstrahirebis tendencia masTan Zalumad
iCens Tavs. adamianuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli esa Tu is movlena he-
siodesTan personificirdeba da RvTaebriv ZalTa rangSi gvevlineba, rac aseve
ucxoa homerosis mxatvruli samyarosaTvis. hesiode calkeul saxelTa etimolo-
giebiTac interesdeba da misi pirvelyofili, miamiti, magram originaluri gaaz-
rebani safuZvels uyris etiologiur da etimologiur Ziebebs. anu, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, hesiodesTan mecnieruli azrovnebis Canasaxebic gvxvdeba.
hesiodes saxeliT cnobili poema `herakles fari~ Zv. w. VI saukunemde Seqmnili
ar unda iyos da misi skolis romelime warmomadgenels unda ekuTvnodes, xolo
`qalTa katalogis~, anu e. w. `ehoieebis~ garkveuli nawili, savaraudod, hesiodes
unda daewera. saTaurad gamoyenebuli `ehoie~, erTgvari formula iyo (`e hoie~ –
an rogorc), romliTac poeti yoveli axali personaJis Sesaxeb Txrobas iwyebda.
`ehoieebi~ katalogiseburi eposis nimuSi iyo da cnobil gmirTa dedebze
sxvadasxva ambebsa da miTebs gadmogvcemda.
hesiodem sakmaod didi gavlena moaxdina rogorc sazogadoebis, ise poeziis
ganviTarebaze. mis poemebs skolaSi aswavlidnen da mwerlebi imowmebdnen,
ubralo adamianebi ki cdilobdnen, rom mis mier naqadagebi zneobrivi normebiT
ecxovraT. stesiqorosi, elinisturi xanis poetebi da TviT vergiliusic ki beo-
tieli epikosis mxatvruli samyaroTi sazrdoobdnen. gansakuTrebiT cxovel-
myofeli aRmoCnda poetisa da poeziis daniSnulebis hesiodeseuli xedva: poetad
hesiode 61

qceva xdeba RvTaebis nebiTa da muzebis ZalisxmeviT aRsrulebuli religiuri

ritualis saSualebiT. amdenad, poetis daniSnulebaca da funqciac yvelasagan
gamorCeuli da RvTaebrivia. igi ara mxolod gvatkbobs, aramed gvaswavlis, er-
TaderT WeSmarit codnas gvaziarebs. da am misiis aRsrulebas hesiode sakmaod
didi warmatebiT dRemde axerxebs.

poemebi: `Teogonia~, `samuSaoni da dReni~.

62 arqiloqosi

arqiloqosi
(Zv.w. VII s-is Sua wlebi)

berZnuli lirikis umniSvnelovanes Janrad iamburi poezia iTvleba. igi Tavisi

arsiT deklamaciuri iyo da Tavdapirvelad leqsad Tqmul dacinvas, an saerTod
kafias ewodeboda. Zvel saberZneTSi is didi popularobiT sargeblobda.
erT-erTi pirveli iambografosi, romlis Semoqmedebis fragmentebmac Cvenamde
moaRwies, aris arqiloqosi. xSirad mas miaweren iamburi sazomis gamogonebas. Cve-
namde moRweuli misi fragmentebi gamarTulia deklamaciuri lirikisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli yvela sazomiT (iambebiT, troqeebiT, elegiuri distiqiT), aseve sa-
simRero lirikisaTvis niSandoblivi epodebiT.
arqiloqosi pirveli elini poetia, romlis moRvaweobis xanis zusti daTari-
Reba xerxdeba, radganac igi Tavis erT-erT leqsSi moixseniebs mzis dabnelebas:
`gvmarTebs yovlis molodini, gvmarTebs yovlis brma rwmena,
aw arafers gaviocebT, radgan RmerTTa meufem
SuadRisiT movlenili Rameuli ukuniT
mzis naTeli daubnela SiSiT SeZrul miwierT.
im wamidan moulodnels vaRiarebT mowevnad,
saocari ar iqneba, Tuki ise moxdeba,
zRvebi mTebSi gaucvalon delfinebma mTis cxovelT,
sanukvari gaxdes maTTvis borobani tyeebi,
mxecTaTvis ki _ mRelvare zRvis zvirTTa aboboqreba~.1
(122)
astronomTa azriT, am fragmentSi poeturad asaxuli mzis dabneleba Zv.w. 648
wlis 6 aprils unda momxdariyo. zogi mkvlevari saeWvod Tvlis am daTariRebas,
samagierod sakmaod sandod miiCnevs im faqts, rom arqiloqosis mamas, telesik-
less Zv.w. 675 wels parosuli kolonia dauarsebia kunZul Tasosze. unda aRiniS-
nos, rom arqiloqosis poezia biografiuli xasiaTisaa da misi gaTvalsiwinebiT
poetis portretis mravali detali xdeba cnobili. kerZod: arqiloqosis mama
warCinebuli ojaxiSvili yofila, deda ki _ mona qali, enipo. varaudoben, rom
warmomavlobis am laqam (berZenTa TvalSi) Taviseburad gansazRvra kidec poetis
bedi: rogorc ukanonod Sobils, mas ar hqonda ufleba mieRo mamiseuli memkvid-
reoba. amitom iZulebuli iyo Tavad moexveWa qoneba Soreul kunZul Tasosze,
romlis kolonizaciaSic misi winaprebi monawileobdnen. aq, mezobel Trakiul
tomebTan brZolebSi gaiara arqiloqosis cxovrebis mniSvnelovanma xanam. man, vi-
Tarca daqiravebulma mebrZolma, imogzaura kunZul evboaze, kontinentur saber-

1
Targmanebs warmovadgenT wignidan: helikoni. fragmentTa numeracias vuTiTebT m.l. vestis
gamocemis mixedviT.