‫ﻳﻮﻫﺎن ﺟﻮرج ﻫﺎﻣﺎن‬

‫ﻳﻮﻫﺎن ﺟﻮرج ﻫﺎﻣﺎن )ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪27) (Johann Georg Hamann :‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﻫﺎن ﺟﻮرج ﻫﺎﻣﺎن‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪(Johann Georg Hamann :‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫‪[7][6][5][4][3][2][1]1730‬‬ ‫‪ 27‬أﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻧﻴﻐﺴﺒﺮغ]‪[8‬‬
‫‪ 21‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ 57) 1788‬ﺳﻨﺔ(‬
‫]‪[9][7][5][4][3][2][1‬‬
‫أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ 21-1730‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ (1788‬ﻛﺎن ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻓًﺎ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴًﺎ ﻟﻮﺛﺮﻳًﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻧﻴﻐﺴﺒﺮغ ﻋُﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ »ﺳﺎﺣﺮ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل«‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن أﺣﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺎرزة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻧﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬه‬
‫ﻳﻮﻫﺎن ﺟﻮﺗﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﻫﺮدر أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻛﻤﺼﺪر ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫َ‬
‫رﺑﻂ ﻣﺆرخ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر أﺷﻌﻴﺎ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ اﺳﻢ ﻫﺎﻣﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻔﺔ واﻻﻧﺪﻓﺎع‪.‬‬
‫]‪[13‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ وﺻﻔﺖ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‪.‬‬
‫رادﻳﻜﺎﻟﻲ" ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫"ﺗﻨﻮﻳﺮي‬
‫ّ‬ ‫أﺑﺤﺎث ﺑﺎﺣﺚ اﻟﻼﻫﻮت أوﺳﻮوﻟﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺎرض ﺑﺸﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺪوﻏﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻣﻮر اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬
‫واﻹﻳﻤﺎن‪ [14].‬ﻳﻌﺪّه ﺑﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﻜﺮا ً أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻴﻼﻧﺎ ً إﻟﻰ ﺗﻴﺎر ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺤﺪاﺛﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺪاﺛﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ أي ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺒﻌﺎ ً ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺣﺎول ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬه ﻫﺮدر ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺮى ﺑﺎﻳﺮ أن ﻫﺎﻣﺎن ﻋﻤِ َ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﻫﻮت اﻟﻠﻮﺛﺮي ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﺒﺌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺰدﻫﺮة وﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ردة ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﺣﻪ‬
‫]‪[15‬‬
‫اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺒﺎرز ﻏﻮﺗﻪ واﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮف‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ه ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷدﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺪ ُ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺪﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲ اﻟﻮﺟﻮدي ﻛﻴﺮﻛﻐﻮر أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣُﻔﻜّﺮ ﻓﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻪ‪ [16].‬ﻗﺪّم‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺎن ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﻐﺴﺒﺮغ أﻳﻀًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﻮم ‪-‬ﻹﻳﻘﺎﻇﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪي‪ -‬وروﺳﻮ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﻫﺎﻣﺎن ﺑﻬﻴﻮم‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم آراءه‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎرﺿﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻓﺎع ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﻼد‬ ‫]‪[17‬‬
‫اﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﻫﺎﻣﺎن أﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬ ‫رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻐﻞ وﻳﺎﻛﻮﺑﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎف‬
‫اﻟﻮﻓﺎة‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﻮي‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻧﺴﺘﺮ]‪[11][10‬‬

‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻃﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻔﺔ واﻻﻧﺪﻓﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة ﻣﺒﻜﺮة‬
‫اﻷدﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮف‪ ،‬وﻛﺎﺗﺐ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎزف آﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ‬
‫اﻹرث‬
‫وﺗﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻘﻴﺪة‬
‫اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ]‪[12‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬ ‫رواﺑﻂ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻔﺔ واﻻﻧﺪﻓﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬

‫ﺑﻮاﺑﺔ اﻷدب‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﺼﺪري )‪https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎة ﻣﺒﻜﺮة‬

‫‪=%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D‬‬
‫‪8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%A‬‬ ‫ُوﻟﺪ ﻫﺎﻣﺎن ﻓﻲ ‪ 27‬أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ 1730‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﻐﺴﺒﺮغ )ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻨﻴﻨﻐﺮاد‪،‬‬
‫‪- (7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86&action=edit&section=0‬‬
‫روﺳﻴﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻴًﺎ(‪ .‬درس اﻟﻼﻫﻮت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﻐﺴﺒﺮغ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ )‪https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%8‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻨﻪ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻮﻇﻔًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺗﺠﺎري‪ ،‬وﺷﻐﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫‪A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D‬‬
‫‪9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺻﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‪ ،‬وﻛﺮس وﻗﺖ ﻓﺮاﻏﻪ ﻟﻘﺮاءة‬
‫]‪[18‬‬
‫‪(5%D8%A7%D9%86&veaction=edit‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﺸﻮراﺗﻪ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[19‬‬
‫واﻧﺪرﺟﺖ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﻮل ﻧﺰاع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻞ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺗﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﻠﻤﻲ »ﺳﺎﺣﺮ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل«‪ .‬آﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﻣﺎن ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺧﻮﺿﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ روﺣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻨﺪن ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪.1758‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﺪﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﻮم إﻟﻰ اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺮأﻫﺎ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻫﺎﻣﺎن‪ ،‬إﻳﻤﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻧﻴﻐﺴﺒﻴﺮغ أﻳﻀًﺎ‪ ،‬وأﺷﺎر إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪر إﻟﻬﺎم ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻴﻘﺎظ ﻣﻦ »اﻟﺴﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪي«‪ .‬اﺟﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﻣﺎن‬
‫وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘﺮام ﻣﺘﺒﺎدل‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ رﻓﺾ ﻫﺎﻣﺎن ذات ﻣﺮة ﻟﺪﻋﻮة ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ روﺳﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎب ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎل‪ .‬ﻗﺪم ﻫﺎﻣﺎن أﻳ ً‬

‫ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‬

‫ﻛﺎن ﻫﺎﻣﺎن ﻋﺎزف ﻟﻴﻮت ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﺰف ﻟﺪى ﺗﻴﻤﻮﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮادﺳﻜﻲ )ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺳﻴﻠﻔﻴﻮس ﻟﻴﻮﺑﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﺎﻳﺲ(‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻓﻨﺎن‬
‫أوﻛﺮاﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﻫﻮب ﻋﺎش ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﻐﺴﺒﺮغ‪.‬‬

‫اﻹرث‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﺮﺷﺪًا ﻟﻬﻴﺮدر وﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻮﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻫﺎﻣﺎن أﺣﺪ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎرﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻀﺎد‪ .‬وﻛﺎن أﻳ ً‬
‫وﻳﺎﻛﻮﺑﻲ وﻫﻴﻐﻞ وﻛﻴﺮﻛﻐﻮر وﻟﻴﺴﻴﻨﻎ وﻣﻨﺪﻟﺴﻮن‪ .‬ﺧﺼﺺ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻼﻫﻮت اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻫﺎﻧﺲ أورس ﻓﻮن‬
‫ﻓﺼﻼ ﻟﻬﺎﻣﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺪه » دراﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺄﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻼﻫﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪ :‬أﻧﻤﺎط ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ« )اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎزار‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﺔ اﻹﻟﻪ(‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ آﺧﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻟﻬﺎﻣﺎن ﻓﻲ أﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫وأﺧﻴﺮا ﻓﻲ‬
‫ً‬ ‫اﻟﻼﻫﻮﺗﻴﻴﻦ أوزواﻟﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺮ )اﻟﻠﻮﺛﺮي(‪ ،‬وﺟﻮن ﻣﻴﻠﺒﺎﻧﻚ )اﻷﻧﺠﻠﻴﻜﻲ(‪ ،‬ودﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻨﺘﻠﻲ ﻫﺎرت )اﻷرﺛﻮذﻛﺴﻲ(‪،‬‬
‫]‪[20‬‬
‫أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻮر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ » ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‪ :‬اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺪرات اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ« )ﺗﻴﻠﻮر‪.(2016 ،‬‬
‫ﻳُﻤﻨﺢ ﻫﺎﻣﺎن اﻟﻔﻀﻞ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻴﻠﻬﻴﻠﻢ ﻓﻮن ﻫﻤﺒﻮﻟﺖ وﻫﻴﺮدر‪ ،‬ﻹﻟﻬﺎم ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺗﻴﻠﻮر »ﻫﺎﻣﺎن‪-‬ﻫﺮدر‪-‬ﻫﻤﺒﻮﻟﺖ« ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻹﺑﺪاﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎرض اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺆرخ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر‬
‫أﺷﻌﻴﺎ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﺗﺼﻒ ﻫﺎﻣﺎن ﺑﺄﻧﻪ »ﺗﻨﻮﻳﺮي ﻣﺘﻌﺼﺐ« ﻳﻌﺎرض اﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺎﺋﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﺮا ﺑﻔﺘﺮﺗﻲ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ً‬ ‫وﻣﻔﻜﺮا أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﺮا ﺑﺎﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﺴﻴﺔ اﻷم ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﺮدر‪،‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫واﻹﻳﻤﺎن‪ [14].‬ﻳﺮى ﺑﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ أﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺤﺪاﺛﺔ وﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺪاﺛﺔ ﺟﻠﺐ ﻋﻮاﻗﺐ اﻟﻼﻫﻮت اﻟﻠﻮﺛﺮي ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺰدﻫﺮ ورد ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﻂ‬
‫]‪[15‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص‪.‬‬

‫رواﺑﻂ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻫﺎن ﺟﻮرج ﻫﺎﻣﺎن )‪ (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Georg-Hamann‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫‪) Encyclopædia Britannica Online‬اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ(‬
 NNDB people ‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬/https://www.nndb.com/people/251/000093969) ‫ﻳﻮﻫﺎن ﺟﻮرج ﻫﺎﻣﺎن‬
(‫)اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
(‫( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ )اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬https://openlibrary.org/works/OL251074A) ‫ﻳﻮﻫﺎن ﺟﻮرج ﻫﺎﻣﺎن‬

‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬
CC0 :‫ — اﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬2014 ‫ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬9 :‫ — ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻃﻼع‬https://d-nb.info/gnd/11854523X : ‫ وﺻﻠﺔ‬.1
‫ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬:‫ — اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ‬2015 ‫ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬10 :‫ — ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻃﻼع‬http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12359677d .2
‫ رﺧﺼﺔ ﺣﺮة‬:‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ — اﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬
https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00083087 :‫ ﻣﻌﺮف ﻗﺎﻣﻮس ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺰﻳﺖ ﻟﻠﻔﻨﺎﻧﻴﻦ‬.3
ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7 — 2017 ‫ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬9 :‫ — ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻃﻼع‬Johann Georg Hamann :‫— ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
— https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d526n1 :‫ ﻣﻌﺮف اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎق اﻷرﺷﻴﻒ‬.4
2017 ‫ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬9 :‫ — ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻃﻼع‬Johann Georg Hamann :‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/hamann-johann-ge :‫ ﻣﻌﺮف ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺮوﻛﻬﻮس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬.5
2017 ‫ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬9 :‫ — ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻃﻼع‬Johann Georg Hamann :‫ — ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬org
Johann Georg Hamann — Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon ID: https://www.heiligenlexik :‫ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬.6
Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon : ‫ — اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬on.de/BiographienJ/Johann_Georg_Hamann.html
Johann Georg Hamann — Grove Art Online ID: https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446 :‫ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬.7
‫ دار ﻧﺸﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬:‫ — اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬Grove Art Online : ‫ — اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬Jane Turner :‫ — اﻟﻤﺤﺮر‬054.article.T036349
‫أﻛﺴﻔﻮرد‬
CC0 :‫ — اﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬2014 ‫ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬10 :‫ — ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻃﻼع‬https://d-nb.info/gnd/11854523X : ‫ وﺻﻠﺔ‬.8
https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0032061.xml :‫ ﻣﻌﺮف ﻏﺮان ﻣﻨﺸﻮرات اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬.9
Grup :‫ — اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana : ‫ — اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬Johann Georg Hamann :‫— ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
Enciclopèdia Catalana
CC0 :‫ — اﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬2014 ‫ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬30 :‫ — ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻃﻼع‬https://d-nb.info/gnd/11854523X : ‫ وﺻﻠﺔ‬.10
‫ أﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪر‬:‫ — اﻟﻤﺤﺮر‬2015 ‫ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ‬28 :‫ — ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻃﻼع‬https://d-nb.info/gnd/11854523X : ‫ وﺻﻠﺔ‬.11
Гаман :‫ — اﻻﺻﺪار اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ — اﻟﺒﺎب‬Большая советская энциклопедия : ‫ﺑﺮوﺧﺮوف — اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬
‫ ﺟﺴﻚ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺮوﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬:‫ — اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬Иоганн Георг
‫ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬:‫ — اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ‬2015 ‫ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬10 :‫ — ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻃﻼع‬http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12359677d .12
‫ رﺧﺼﺔ ﺣﺮة‬:‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ — اﻟﺮﺧﺼﺔ‬
Berlin, Isaiah (1993). The Magus of the North: J. G. Hamann and the Origins of .13
.0-374-19657-5 Modern Irrationalism. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN
.2019 ‫ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬15 ‫ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺄﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
Betz, John (2012). After Enlightenment: The Post-Secular Vision of J. G. Hamann. .14
.978-0-470-67492-5 ISBN .2 ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬.Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell
Bayer, Oswald. A Contemporary in Dissent: Johann Georg Hamann as a Radical .15
.Enlightener. Roy A. Harrisville & Mark C. Mattes, trans. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010
Betz, John (January 2009). "Reading "Sibylline Leaves": J. G. Hamann in the .16
.JSTOR ‫ – ﻋﺒﺮ‬History of Ideas". Journal of the History of Ideas. 70: 94–95
‫ )ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬Johann Georg Hamann | German philosopher". Encyclopedia Britannica" .17
.2020 ‫ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬22 ‫ اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬.2018 ‫ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ‬17 ‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺄﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ‬.(‫اﻟﺈﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
W. M. Alexander, Johann Georg Hamann Philosophy and Faith, Springer, 2012 : .18
"."Hamann left the University in 1751 or as late as 1752 without taking a degree
Christoph Meineke: „Die Vortheile unserer Vereinigung“: Hamanns Dangeuil-Beylage im .19
Lichte der Debatte um den handeltreibenden Adel. [In German] In: Beetz, Manfred / Rudolph,
Andre (Ed.). Johann Georg Hamann: Religion und Gesellschaft (2012) (https://www.degruyter.co
https://web.archive.org/web/2018) ‫ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬.m/view/title/124547?tab_body=toc), pp. 46–64
1017123542/https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110290721/9783110290721.46/97831
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‬2018 ‫ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬10290721.46.xml) 17
Taylor, Charles (2016) The Language Animal: The Full Shape of the Human Linguistic .20
.Capacity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press

"https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=‫&ﻳﻮﻫﺎن_ﺟﻮرج_ﻫﺎﻣﺎن‬oldid=51567622" ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

.14:09 ‫ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬،2020 ‫ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‬22 ‫آﺧﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻮم‬

.‫ ﻃﺎﻟﻊ ﺷﺮوط اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص ﻣﻨﺸﻮرة ﺑﺮﺧﺼﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎع اﻹﺑﺪاﻋﻲ‬