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Chapter 3: Anatomy and Physiology of The Reproductive System
Chapter 3: Anatomy and Physiology of The Reproductive System
Reproductive System
Components of the Male and Female Reproductive
System
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Female
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Reproductive cells: eggs or ova
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Organ for development of the fetus: uterus
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Male
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Reproductive cells: sperm
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Organ for deposit of the sperm: penis
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Collectively called the “vulva”
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Protects urethra and vaginal openings
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Highly sensitive to touch to increase
female’s pleasure during sexual arousal
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Components of the vulva
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Mons pubis
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Labia majora and minora
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Clitoris
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Vestibular structures
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Perineum
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Labia majora: contains sweat and sebaceous glands;
protects the vaginal opening
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Labia minora: highly vascular and abundant in nerve
supply; lubricates the vulva and swells with stimulation
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Clitoris: small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and
nerves; function is sexual stimulation
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Prepuce: hood-like covering over the clitoris; also site of
female circumcision practiced in some cultures
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Vestibule: oval area enclosed by the labia minora
laterally located inside the labia minora and outside
the hymen
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Opening into the vestibule: urethra from the urinary
bladder, vagina, and two sets of glands
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Opening into the vagina: introitus
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Fourchette: half-moon area behind the opening
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Glands: Bartholin and Skene glands secrete mucus
to keep the opening moist
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Vagina
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Uterus
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Fallopian tubes
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Ovaries
b. False
The clitoris is an external female reproductive
organ. The internal organs include the vagina,
uterus, fallopian tubes, and the ovaries.
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Endometrium: innermost layer
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Lines the uterine cavity in nonpregnant women
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Myometrium: muscular middle layer
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Makes up the major portion of the uterus
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Composed of smooth muscle linked by connective
tissue
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Perimetrium: outer serosal layer
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Covers the body of the uterus
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Breasts
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Accessory organs—specialized for milk secretion
after pregnancy
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Nipple
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Areola
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Lobes
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Alveolar and lactiferous glands
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Sexual stimulation leading to vasocongestion
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Vaginal expansion and elongation
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Secretion of mucus by vestibular glands
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Estrogen (preservation of vascular function) and
testosterone (hormone of sexual desire in women)
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Orgasm (zenith of stimulation)
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Rapid dissipation of vasocongestion and muscle
contraction
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Ovarian cycle
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Endometrial cycle
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Hormonal regulation
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Cyclical breast changes
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Menstruation (absence of fertilization)
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Expulsion of inner uterine lining occurring monthly
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Marks the beginning and end of each menstrual
cycle
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Menarche: establishment of menstruation in females
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Menopause: naturally occurring cessation of regular
menstrual cycles
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Frequency variable: 21 to 36 days; average 28 days
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Ovarian cycle
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Follicular phase (day 1 through ovulation,
approximately days 10 to 14)
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Ovulation (day 14 of a 28-day cycle)
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Luteal phase (day 15 through day 28 of a 28-day
cycle)
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Proliferative phase
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Secretory phase
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Ischemic phase
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Menstrual phase
b. Day 14
For a 28-day cycle, ovulation occurs usually on day
14. The proliferation phase starts on about day 5 of the
menstrual cycle and lasts until ovulation. Then the
secretory phase begins at ovulation to about 3 days
before the next menstrual period.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Estrogen
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Progesterone
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Prostaglandins
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Penis
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Organ of copulation
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Outlet for urine and sperm
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Scrotum
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Sac surrounding and protecting testes
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Climate-control system for testes
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Testes
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Sperm production
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Testosterone synthesis
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Ductal system
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Vas deferens (sperm transport)
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Spermatic cord
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Urethra
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Accessory glands
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Seminal vesicles
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Prostate gland
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Bulbourethral glands
b. False
The testes need to be slightly cooler than body
temperature to allow normal sperm development.
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Excitement
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Plateau
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Orgasm
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Resolution