]dfdrgt 

Vdjtr`cdb Dcstrgs`stob
Vdjtr`cdb F`mr`bgs`
Vdjtr`cdb Fbuttdr
Vdjtr`cdb [gc`cgrk`

K`glucgj ^dmgeg` ^gbgh ^gtu [uegs Kgbga Adjlgbgj` Cdpgj`tdrggj Cb`j`c ^dj`or pgkg
Mge`gj / ^AF Cgrk`oboe` kgj Cdkoctdrgj Vgscubgr ]^TK\G/FC Gmubygtgag Mgjkg
Gndh

Obdh<
Dbbg ^gv`rg 7675;77>
Nh`jtyg Hgrk`gjty 7675;7>5

Ydam`am`je
kr. Jov`tg ^p. LY

MGE@GJ/^AF CG]K@OBOE@ KGJ CDKOC[D]GJ VG^CTBG] 

FGCTB[G^ CDKOC[D]GJ GMTBPG[GAG
MBTK ]^TK kr. \G@JODB GM@K@J
MGJKG GNDH
=978
 

CG[G
CG[G YDJE
YDJEGJ[G] 
GJ[G] 

Yul` kgj syucur pdjub`s pgjlgtcgj cdhgk`rgt

cdhg k`rgt Gbbgh ^.U.[. ygje tdbgh
adjn`ptgcgj agjus`g kdjegj gcgb kgj muk`, cdh`kupgj ygje pgtut pdjub`s
syucur`, cdbugreg ygje adjn`jtg` kgj tdagj-tdagj ygje pdjuh sdagjegt, cgrdjg
 mdrcgt rghagt kgj h`kgygh-Jyg pdjub`s kgpgt adjydbdsg`cgj tuegs prdsdjtgs`
cgsus `j`. ^hgbgwgt mdr`r`je sgbga pdjub`s sgapg`cgj cdpgkg jgm` mdsgr 
Auhgaagk ^GU, gtgs sdagjegt pdrlugjegj kgj pgjutgj mge` uaagtjyg.
Gkgp
Gkgpuj
uj Yr
Yrdsd
dsdjt
jtgs`
gs` Cgsu
Cgsuss yg
ygje
je md
mdrl
rluk
ukub
ub ‒Vdjtr`cdb
djtr`cdb Dcstrgs`
Dcstrgs`stob,
stob,
Vdjtr`cdb
djtr`cdb F`mr`bgs`
F`mr`bgs`,, Vdjtr`cdb
djtr`cdb F`mr`bgs`
F`mr`bgs`,, Vdjtr`cdb gc`cgrk`‑ `j`
djtr`cdb [gc`cgrk` `j` k`gluc
k`glucgj
gj
^dmgeg` ^gbgh ^gtu [uegs Kgbga Adjlgbgj` Cdpgj`tdrggj
Cdpgj`tdr ggj Cb`j`c ^dj`or pgkg

Mge`gj / ^AF Cgrk`oboe`

Cgrk`oboe` kgj Cdkoctdrgj
Cdkoctdrgj Vgscubgr Fgcubtgs Cdkoctdrgj
Cdkoctdrgj
Gmubygtgag MBTK ]^TK kr. \g`jodb Gm`k`j „ Mgjkg Gndh. Ydjub`s
adjeungpcgj tdr`agcgs`h kgj pdjehgreggj ygje sdt`jee` t`jee`jyg cdpgkg kr.
 Jov`tg, ^p. LY ygje tdbgh adbugjecgj wgctujyg ujtuc adamdr` grghgj kgj
 m`am`jegj kgbga adjydbdsg`cgj tuegs `j`.
Kdjegj cdrdjkghgj hgt`, pdjub`s adjygkgr` mghwg tuegs `j` ags`h lguh
kgr` cdsdapurjggj. ^grgj kgj cr`t`c kgr` kosdj pdam`am`je kgj tdagj-tdagj
gcgj pdjub`s tdr`ag kdjegj tgjegj tdrmucg, sdaoeg kgpgt adjlgk` mghgj

 pdamdbglgrgj kgj mdcgb k` agsg adjkgtgje.

Mgjkg Gndh, 8 ^dptdamdr =978

Ydjub`s
 ``

KGF[G] @^@

Hgbgagj

CG[
CG[G YDJEGJ[
YDJEGJ[G] G] ....................................................................................
............................................... ..................................... ``
KGF[G] @^@..................................................................................
KGF[G] @^@........................... ........................................................................
................. ```
MGM @ YDJKGHTBTGJ
YDJKGHTBTGJ ........................................................
..........................................................................
.................. 7
MGM @@ [@JLGTGJ
[@JLGTGJ YT^[GCG
YT^[GCG ................................................................
................................................. ............... >
MGM @@@ CD^@AYTBGJ
CD^@AYTBGJ ..............................................................................
.................................................. ............................ 7;
KGF[G]
KGF[G] YT^[GCG
YT^[GCG .......................................................
....................................................................................
............................. 74
 ```

MGM @
YDJKGHTBTGJ

Egjeeugj `rgag lgjtuje gkgbgh cdbg`jgj dbdctrof`s`oboe` lgjtuje ygje kgpgt

k`sdmgmcgj obdh egjeeugj s`stda cojkucs` lgjtuje sdrtg egjeeugj pdamdjtucgj
7
kgj/gtgu pdjehgjtgrgj `apubs.
Ydjygc`t cgrk`ovgscubgr gkgbgh pdjydmgm tdrmdsgr cdagt`gj, tdrh`tuje sdc`tgr 
7
>9% kgr` sdburuh cdagt`gj k` sdburuh kuj`g. Edlgb
Edlgbgg gmjoragb`tgs
gmjoragb`tgs pgkg lgjtuje
lgjtuje
sdr`jecgb` kgtgje sdngrg t`mg-t`mg. Tjtuc `tu, pdjedjgbgj sdngrg k`j` tdrhgkgp
 pdjygc`t lgjtuje kdjegj prosdkur kgj pdjgjegjgj bgjlutgj kgpgt adjndegh
 pdj`jecgtgj rds`co fgtgb kgr` sdrgjegj lgjtuje. @jforags` sdputgr cdrlg lgjtuje kgpgt

k`pdrobdh adbgbu` pr`js`p cdb`str`cgj pgkg lgjtuje adjeeujgcgj sdmugh `jstruadj

=
adk`s ygje k`sdmut Dbdntrocgrk`oergf (DCE). Gr`ta`g adrupgcgj egjeeugj `rgag
 pgkg lgjtuje ygje mdrbgjesuje ndpgt, bgamgt kgj `rdeubdr. Gjecg cdlgk`gj gr`ta`g
ygje kgpgt adjegc`mgtcgj cdagt`gj tdrngtgt sdmgjygc 49%. Gr`ta`g kgpgt k`mge`
adjurut kdjyut lgjtuje yg`tu mrgk`cgrk`g gtgupuj tgc`cgrk`g, kdjegj
kdjeg j j`bg` joragb
 mdrc`sgr gjtgrg 69- 799/adj`t.
799/adj `t.
Vdj
djtr
tr`c
`cub
ubgr
gr dc
dcst
strg
rgs`
s`st
stob
ob (VD^)
(VD^) gt
gtgu
gu cojtr
cojtrgcs
gcs`` vdjtr
vdjtr`c
`cdb
db pr
prda
dagt
gtur 
ur 
( prdagturd vdjtr`nubgr
vdjtr`nu bgr nojtrgnt`oj/Y
nojtrg nt`oj/YVN 
VN ) gkgbgh
gkgbgh sugtu
sugtu cdgkggj
cdgkggj `j`
`j` aujnub
aujnub kgr`
kgr`
sugtu
sugtu bocgs`
bocgs` k`vdjt
k`vdjtr`c
r`cdb
db ygje
ygje tdr`r`
tdr`r`tgs
tgs`.
`. Adcgj`
Adcgj`sad
sad kgsgr
kgsgr mdrupg
mdrupg pdj`jecg
pdj`jecgtgj
tgj
gutoagt`n`
gutoagt`n`ty
ty gt
gtgu
gu rd-djtry
rd-djtry   k` vdjtr`cdb. Ydrkdf`j`s`, Vdjtr`cubgr
djtr`cubgr Dcstrgs`st
Dcstrgs`stob
ob gkgbgh
kdjyutgj
kdjyutgj prdagtur
prdagtur ygje aujnub bdm`h k`j` kgr` kdjyutgj ygje k`hgrgpcgj.
k`hgrgpcgj. M`gsgjyg
edboam
edboamgje
gje [ adjujl
adjujluccg
uccgj
j grgh
grgh ygje
ygje mdrbgw
mdrbgwgjg
gjgj
j kdjegj
kdjegj grgh
grgh coapbd
coapbdcs
cs W]^.
W]^.
Yrdagt
Yrdagtur
ur vdjtr`c
vdjtr`cubg
ubgrr adrupg
adrupgcgj
cgj sugtu
sugtu mdgt prdagt
prdagtur
ur ygje focusj
focusjyg
yg mdrgsg
mdrgsgbb kgr`
kgr`
 lgr`jegj vdjtr`cdb.
Cojtrgcs` vdjtr`cubgr dcstrgs`stob kgpgt adjedjg` pgs`dj kdjegj gtgu tgjpg
cdbg`jgj
cdbg`jgj lgjtuje
lgjtuje oregj`c.
oregj`c. Vdjtr`
Vdjtr`cubgr
cubgr dcstrgs`st
dcstrgs`stob
ob aujnub kdjegj frdcudjs`
frdcudjs` ygje
adj`jecgt tdrutgag pgkg pgs`dj kdjegj cdbg`jgj lgjtuje oregj`s sdpdrt` `scda`c,
 pdjygc`t cgtup lgjtuje kgj lueg `k`opgt`c cgrk`oa`opgt`. Cojtrgcs` vdjtr`cubgr 
dcstrgs`s
dcstrgs`stob
tob kgpgt lueg aunub pgkg `jtocs`cgs
`jtocs`cgs`` omgt a`sgbjyg `jtocs`cgs
`jtocs`cgs`` k`e`tgb`s
k`e`tgb`s,,
 gtgupuj egjeeugj dbdctrob`t sdpdrt` h`pocgbda`g.
7

Egamgrgj DCE vdjtr`cubgr dcstrgs`stob kgpgt k`tdaucgj pgkg orgje joragb.

[drkgpgt 7 „ ; % orgje ygje sdhgt kgpgt ada`b`c` egamgrgj vdjtr`cubgr dcstrgs`stob.
Hgb `j` adrupgcgj sugtu hgb ygje t`kgc adamghgygcgj l`cg k`tdaucgj egamgrgj dce
vdjtr`
vdjtr`cub
cubgr
gr dcstr
dcstrgs`
gs`sto
stobb pgkg orgje
orgje ygje
ygje t`
t`kgc
kgc ada`b`
ada`b`c`
c` egjeeugj
egjeeugj or
oregj
egj`c
`c pgkg
pgkg
 lgjtuje. Cdlgk`gj vdjtr`cubgr dcstrgs`stob adj`jecgt pgkg cgsus - cgsus pdjygc`t
 lgjtuje kgj hgap`r 09% m`gsgjyg tdrcg`t pgkg cgsus grtdr` corojdr kgj cgrk`oa`opgt`.
L`cg egamgrgj DCE dcstrgs`stob sdr`je aujnub pgkg cgsus-cgsus pdjygc`t lgjtuje hgb
`j` lueg kgpgt adj`jecgtcgj r`s`co cdagt`gj.
 =

MGM @@
[@JLGTGJ YT^[GCG

=.7 Dbdctrof`s`oboe` kgsgr

Lgjtuje adrupgcgj s`stda dbdctroadcgj`cgb k`agjg s`ejgb ujtuc cojtrgcs`

otot lgjtuje t`amub gc`mgt pdjydmgrgj grus b`str`c k`sdpgjlgje otot lgjtuje.
Coapojdj s`stda cojkucs`

7. Jokus ^`jogtr`gb (^G)

Adrupgcgj sdcuapubgj sdb ygje tdrbdtgc k`mge`gj sukut cgjgj gtgs gtr`ua cgjgj
kdjegj ucurgj pgjlgje 79-=9 aa kgj bdmgr =-> aa sdrtg adrupgcgj pgndagcdr 
 lgjtuje. Jokgb ^G adjegtur r`tad lgjtuje (69-799x/adj`t) kdjegj
adapdrtghgjcgj cdndpgtgj kdpobgr`sgs` sdrtg adjegwgb` s`cbus lgjtuje ygje
k`tgjkg` kdjegj s`stob gtr`ua. @apubs kgr` jokgb ^G adjydmgr pdrtgag sdcgb` cd
gtr`ua cgjgj bgbu cd gtr`ua c`r` (adbgbu` mdrcgs Mgnhagj) sdbgjlutjyg
k`tdruscgj cd jokgb gtr`ovdjtr`cubgr (GV) adbgbu` trgctus `jtdraokgb.
=. Jokgb Gtr`ovdjtr`cubgr (GV)
 Jokgb GV
GV tdrbdtgc kdcgt
kdc gt sdptua `jtdrgtr`gb mge`gj mgwgh, k`gtgs s`jus corojgr`us
kgj k`mdbgcgje cgtup tr`cusp`k ygje mdrfujes` adapdrbgamgt cdndpgtgj
cojkucs` sdh`jeeg adamdr` cdsdapgtgj gtr`ua adje`s` vdjtr`cdb sdmdbua s`stob

vdjtr`cdb sdrtg adb`jkuje` vdjtr`cdb kgr` st`aubgs` mdrbdm`hgj gtr`ua sdpdrt` pgkg
gtr`gb f`mr`bgs`. Jokgb GV adjehgs`bcgj `apubs ;9-69x/adj`t kgj cdndpgtgj
cojkucs` 9,94 adtdr/kdt`c. @apubs kgr` jokgb GV
GV gcgj k`tdruscgj cd
c d mdrcgs h`s.
>. ^`stda H`s „ Yurc`jld
Mdrcgs h`s tdrmge` gtgs mdrcgs cgjgj kgj c`r`. Mdrcgs h`s c`r` tdrmge` adjlgk`
 mdrcgs gjtdr`or c`r`, postdr`or kgj sdptgb. Mdrcgs cgjgj adjydmgrcgj `apubs
b`str`c cd vdjtr`cdb cgjgj, sdkgjecgj mdrcgs c`r` adjydmgrcgj `apubs cd sdptua
`jtdrvdjtr`
`jtdrvdjtr`cdb
cdb kgj vdjtr`cdb
vdjtr`cdb c`r` kdjegj cdndpgtgj cojkucs` = adtdr/kdt`c.
adtdr/kdt`c.
Mdrcgs- mdrcgs tdrsdmut mdrngmgje adjlgk` ngmgje-ngmgje cdn`b gtgu sdrgmut
 >

 purc`jld ygje tdrsdmgr aubg` kgr` sdptua `jtdrvdjtr`cdb sgapg` cd auscubus

 pgp`bgr`s kgj adjehgs`bcgj `apubs =9-;9x/adj`t kdjegj cdndpgtgj cojkucs` ;

adtdr/kdt`c. @apubs b`str`c adjydmgr aubg` kgr` djkongrk`ua cd a`ocgrk`ua kgj

tdrgch`r
tdrgch`r adjngpg` dp`cgrk`ua,
dp`cgrk`ua, ygje sdbgjlutjyg
sdbgjlutjyg otot lgjtuje gcgj mdredrgc 
mdredrgc 
(tw`st`je ) kgj adaoapg kgrgh cdbugr kgr` rugjje vdjtr`cdb cd pdamubuh kgrgh
;
grtdr`.

=.=. Vdjtr`cubgr Dcstrgs`stob

=.=.7 Kdf`j`s`
Vdjtr`cubgr Dcstrgs`stob gkgbgh sugtu cdgkggj ygje aujnub kgr` sugtu bocgs`
k` vdjtr`cdb ygje tdr`r`tgs`. Adcgj`sad kgsgr mdrupg pdj`jecgtgj gutoagt`n`ty gtgu rd-
djtry k`
djtry k` vdjtr`cdb. Vdjtr`cdb dcstrgs`stob gkgbgh kdjyutgj prdagtur ygje aujnub bdm`h
k`r` kgr` kdjyutgj ygje k`hgrgpcgj.

=.=.= Cbgs`f`cgs`
[drkgpgt mdmdrgpg cbgs`f`cgs` kgr` vdjtr`cubgr dcstrgs`stob ygcj`
g. Mdrkgsgrcgj mdjtuc
 VD^ Tj`focgb < hgjyg 7 aorfoboe` VD^

 VD^ Aubt`focgb < kgr` gtgu sgag kdjegj = aorfoboe` VD^

 ;

 m. Mdrkgsgrcgj pobg

  VD^ M`eda`j` < [`gp mdgt mdr`cutjyg adrupgcgj YVN
  VD^ [r`eda`j` < [`gp
[`gp = mdgt mdr`cutjyg adrupgcgj YVN

  Wugkr`eda`j` < [`gp > mdgt mdr`cutjyg adrupgcgj pVN

  Noupbdt < = YVN ygje
y gje tdrlgk` mdrturut-turut sdngrg cojsdcut`f 

  YVN / VD^ [r`pbdt < > YGN ygje tdrlgk` mdrturut-turut sdngrg cojsdcut`f (bdm`h
kgr` t`eg cgb` mdrturut-turut
m drturut-turut Vdjtr`cubgr
Vdjtr`cubgr [gc`cgrk`)

n. Mdrkgsgrcgj frdcudjs`
 Frdqudjt YVN 1 YVN ygje tdrlgk` : 4 cgb` kgbga sdadj`t
 @jfrdqudjt YVN 1 YVN ygje tdrlgk` 2 4 cgb` kgbga sdadj`t

 @jtdrpbgtdk YVN / VD^

k. Bowj‐s lueg adamge` YVN kgbga mdmdrgpg kdrglgt gjtgrg bg`j <
 Kdrglgt 9 < t`kgc tdrkgpgt YVN

 Kdrglgt @ < uj`focgb kgj `jfrdqudjt YVN, YVN 2 >9x/lga

 Kdrglgt @@ < uj`focgb kgj `jfrdqudjt YVN, YVN ≤ >9x / lga

 Kdrglgt @@@ < Aubt`focgb YVN

 Kdrglgt @VG
@VG < = YVN mdrturut-turut
mdrturu t-turut (noupbdt)
(noupbd t)

 Kdrglgt @VM < > gtgu bdm`h YVN mdrturut-turut

 Kdrglgt V < ]-[ Yhdjoadjoj

 4

Egamgr =.7 Vdjtr`cubgr

Vdjtr`cubgr Dcstrgs`stob

=.=.> Dt`oboe`
Dt`oboe` Vdjtr`cubgr
Vdjtr`cubgr Dcstrgs`stob tdrk`r` kgr` ngrk`gn
ngrk`gn kgj
 kgj joj-ngrk`gn
joj-ngrk`gn<<
7. Ydjydmg
Ydjydmgm
m ngrk`gn
ngrk`gn kgr`
kgr` VD^
VD^ gkgbgh
gkgbgh sdmge
sdmgeg`
g` mdr`cu
mdr`cutt <
g. @jfgrc
@jfgrc a`ocgr
a`ocgrk
k gcut
gcut gtgu
gtgu `scda
`scda`c 
`c 

 m. Ydjygc`t cgtup lgjtuje, tdrutgag probgps cgtup a`trgb

n. Ngrk`oayopgt
Ngrk`oayopgthy
hy (a`sgbjyg
(a`sgbjyg `scda`c,
`scda`c, k`bgtgs
k`bgtgs`,
`, h`pdrtr
h`pdrtrf`)
f`)
k. Cojt
Cojtus
us`o
`o lgj
lgjtu
tuje
je
d. Mr
Mrgk
gk``cgr
cgrk`g
k`g
f. [gc`cg
cgrrk`g
=. Ydjydmgm
Ydjydmgm jojngrk`g
jojngrk`gnn kgr`
kgr` VD^ gkgbgh sdmgeg`
sdmgeg` mdr`cut
mdr`cut <
g. Egjeeugj dbdctr
dbdctrob`t
ob`t (h`pocgbd
(h`pocgbda`g,
a`g, h`poagejd
h`poagejdsda`g
sda`g,, gtgu h`pdrcgbsda
h`pdrcgbsda`g)
`g)
 m. Omgt-omgtgj (a`sgbjyg k`eocs`j, gjt`kdprdsgj tr`s`cb`c, ga`jof`b`j,
ga`tr`ptyb`jd, psdukodphdkr`jd, fbuoxdt`jd)
n. Omgt bg`j
bg`j (a`sgb
(a`sgbjyg,
jyg, cocg`j,
cocg`j, gafdtga`
gafdtga`j,
j, cgfd`j,
cgfd`j, gbcohob)
gbcohob)
 6

k. Gjd
Gjdstds`
d. Opdrgs`
f. @jfdcs`

=.=.; Ygtoedjds`s
Vdjtr`bugr
djtr`bugr Dcstrgs`st
Dcstrgs`stob
ob adjndra`jcgj
adjndra`jcgj gct`vgs` vdjtr`cdb
vdjtr`cdb ygje mdrgsgb
mdrgsgb kgr` `apubs
`apubs k`
 mgwgh jokus gtr`ovdjtr`cubgr (GV
(GV Jokd). ^dngrg uaua tdrkgpgt t`eg adcgj`sad
adcgj `sad tdrlgk`jyg
Vds, yg`tu k`gjtgrgjyg `gbgh <
g.  Gutoagt`n`ty
 Gutoagt`n`ty   tdrlgk
tdrlgk`` cgrdjg
cgrdjg gkgjyg
gkgjyg pdrndpg
pdrndpgtgj
tgj gct`v`
gct`v`tgs
tgs fgsd
fgsd ; kgr`
kgr` potdjs
potdjs`gb
`gb gcs`
 lgjtuje. Gr`ta`g vdjtr`cdb cgrdjg egjeeugj
egj eeugj gutoagt`n`ty
gutoagt`n`ty m`gsgjyg
 m`gsgjyg tdrndtus pgkg cdgkggj
gcut kgj cr`t`s sdpdrt` `jfgrc a`ocgrk gcut, egjeeugj dbdctrob`t, egjeeugj cdsd`amgjegj
gsga mgsg kgj tojus gkrdjdre`c ygje t`jee`. Obdh cgrdjg `tu, m`bg mdrhgkgpgj kdjegj

 pgs`dj gr`ta`g vdjtr`cdb cgrdjg egjeeugj gutoagt`n`ty

gutoagt`n`ty,, pdrbu k`bgcucgj cordcs` ujtuc 
adjedtghu`
adjedt ghu` pdjydmgm
pdjydmgm ygje adjkgsgr`jyg
adjkgsgr`jyg.. Gr`ta`g
Gr`ta`g vdjtr`cdb
vdjtr`cdb ygje tdrlgk`
tdrlgk` pgkg cdgkggj
gcut t`kgcbgh ada`b`c` gspdc proejost`c lgjecg pgjlgje ygje pdjt`je.
 Gutoagt`n`ty adjujluccgj
 Gutoagt`n`ty adjujluccgj sdmugh focus dctop`c kgr` sdb pgndagcdr k` vdjtr`cdb ygje
ada`b`c` potdjs` ujtuc adj`amubcgj `apubs. @rgag kgsgr lgjtuje adjydmgmcgj sdb-sdb
`j` adjngpg` gamgje ygje adj`amubcgj
adj`amubcgj kdjyut dctop`c. Yrosds `j` gkgbgh adcgj`sad
adcgj`sad
ygje adjkgsgr` gr`ta`g ygje k`sdmgmcgj cgrdjg cdbdm`hgj cgtdcobga`j gtgu cdgkggj
cdcurgjegj dbdctrob`t, chususjyg h`pdrcgbda`g.
Dctop` vdjtr`cdb tdrcg`t kdjegj stuctur lgjtuje ygje joragb pgb`je sdr`je tdrlgk` kgr`
outfbow trgnt  vdjtr`cdb
  vdjtr`cdb cgjgj tdpgt k` mgwgh cgtup pubaojgb. Yobg cgrgctdr`st`c DCE
utuc gr`ta`g `j` gkgbgh mdsgr, edboamgje ] t`jee` k` bdgk `jfdr`or kdjegj pobg BMMM k`
V7. L`cg suamdr gkgbgh outfbow trgnt vdjtr`cdb c`r` adjujluccgj gkgjyg ]MMM tdpgt k`
V7. [drgp`
[drgp` mdtg-mboncdr gkgbgh tdrgp` b`j` pdrtgag l`cg gkgjyg edlgbg.
 m.  ]ddjtry
 ]ddjtry ygje
 ygje adrupgcgj adcgj`sad tdrsdr`je tdrlgk`jyg VD^ kgj m`gsgjyg k`sdmgmcgj
obdh cdbg`jgj croj`s sdpdrt` `jfgrc a`ocgrk bgag gtgu k`bgtdk ngrk`oa`opgthy.
ngrk`oa`opgthy. Lgr`jegj
 pgrut ygje tdrmdjtuc gc`mgt `jfgrc a`ocgrk ygje mdrmgtgs kdjegj lgr`jegj sdhgt adjlgk`
cdgkggj
cdgkggj ygje `kdgb ujtuc tdrmdjtujy
tdrmdjtujygg s`rcu`t rddjtry
rddjtry.. M`bg s`rcu`t `j` tdbgh tdrmdjtuc,

agcgg gr`ta`
agc gr`ta`gg vdjtr`
vdjtr`cdb
cdb rddjtry
rddjtry   kgpgt t`amub sdt`gp sggt kgj adjydmgmcgj cdagt`gj
 5

adjkgkgc. ]ddjtry
adjkgkgc.  ]ddjtry tdrl
tdrlgk`
gk` cdt`cg
cdt`cg gkgjyg sdmugh grdg kgr` lgbur
lgbur ygje tdrmboc
tdrmboc k` sdrgt
 purc`jld kgj grdg cdkug kgr` cojkucs` bgamgt. Cojk`s` `j` sdr`je tdrb`hgt pgkg pgs`dj
kdjegj pdjygc`t lgjtuje ygje adjkgsgr`jyg ygje adjn`ptgcgj kgdrgh cojkucs` ygje
 mdrmdkg kgj pdaub`hgj gc`mgt lgr`jegj pgrut a`ocgrk gtgu `scda`g. ^dbgag gct`vgs`
vdjtr`cdb,
vdjtr`cdb, kgdrgh cojkucs`
cojkucs` bgamgt
bgamgt adjegct`fcg
adjegct`fcgj
j mge`gj k`mboc`r kgr` s`stda
s`stda sdtdbgh
sdtdbgh
vdjtr`cdb
vdjtr`cdb pub`h, sdh`jeeg
sdh`jeeg adjehgs`bcg
adjehgs`bcgj
j mdgt dcstrg. ]ddjtry
dcstrg.  ]ddjtry kgpgt adjehgs`bcgj kdjyut
dctop`c tujeegb, gtgu kgpgt ada`nu tgc`cgrk`g pgrocs`sagb.

=.=.4 Egamgrgj Cb`j`s

Ygkg uauajyg VD^ aujnub gs`aptoagt`c, jgaua pgkg mdmdrgpg orgje kgpgt aujnub
edlgbg mdrupg pgbp`tgs`, pus`je kgj bdags. VD^ lgrgje adj`amubcgj egjeeugj hdaok`jga`c 
cdnugb` pgkg orgje-orgje ygje adjegbga` egjeeugj fujes` vdjtr`cdb c`r` gtgu pgkg adrdcg

ygje k`sdrtg` kdjegj mrgk`cgrk`. Edlgbg ygje pgb`je sdr`je gkgbgh pgbp`tgs` m`sg k`sdrtg`
kdjegj rgsg mdrkdjyut k` bdhdr, jydr` gt`p`cgb kgj s`jcop.
Ydadr`
Ydadr`csg
csggj
gj f`s`c
f`s`c mdrtul
mdrtulugj
ugj ujtuc
ujtuc adjdau
adjdaucgj
cgj hgb-hgb
hgb-hgb ygje adamdr
adamdr`cg
`cgj
j pdtujl
pdtujluc 
uc 
 pdjydmgm ygje adjkgsgr` dctop` vdjtr`cdb, tdragsuc ygje mdr`cut <
 [dcgjgj kgrgh < VD^ t`pd frdqudjt kgpgt adjegc`mgtcgj cojk`s` hdaok`jga`c ygje
t`kgc stgm`b.
 Yubsgs
Yubsgs`<
`< focus
focus dctop`
dctop`c
c ygje
ygje adjydm
adjydmgmcg
gmcgj
j mdrcur
mdrcurgjej
gjejyg
yg pubsgs
pubsgs`` tdr
tdregjt
egjtuje
uje pgkg
pgkg
cdcugt
cdcugtgj
gj cojtrg
cojtrgcs`
cs` vdjtr`
vdjtr`cdb
cdb.. ^dbg`j
^dbg`j `tu
`tu lueg
lueg kgpgt
kgpgt k`t
k`tdau
daucgj
cgj gkgjyg
gkgjyg pubsgs
pubsgs`` ygje
ygje
`rdeubdr pgkg sggt aujnubjyg VD^.
 Yubsd ocs`adtr`< H`pocs`g kgpgt ada`nu VD^.

 [daugj ngrk`opubaojgry
ngrk`opubaojgry<< [daugj
daugj kgbga
kgbga hu
humuj
mujeg
egjjy
jjygg kdjeg
kdjegj
j h`
h`pd
pdrt
rtdj
djs`
s` bg
bgag
ag
(adj`j
(adj`jecgt
ecgtjyg
jyg tdcgjg
tdcgjgj
j kgrgh)
kgrgh) gtgu
gtgu NHF (^>)
(^>) adrupg
adrupgcgj
cgj pdtujl
pdtujluc
uc pdjt`j
pdjt`je
e ujtuc 
ujtuc 
 pdjydmgm kgj s`ej`f`cgs` cb`j`s VD^.
 [daugj jduroboe`s Ge`tgs` kgj tdaugj gct`vgs` s`apgt`s (a`sgbjyg, k`bgtgs` pup`b, cub`t
hgjegt
hgjegt kgj cdr`je
cdr`je,, trdao
trdaorr, tgc`cg
tgc`cgrk`
rk`g,
g, h`pdrt
h`pdrtdjs
djs`` adjujl
adjujlucc
uccgj
gj mghwg
mghwg cgtdco
cgtdcobga
bga`j
`j
aujec`j adjlgk` pdjydmgm dctop` tdrsdmut).
 8

=.=.6 Ydadr`csggj Ydjujlgje

Eobk stgjkgr pdadr`csggj
pdadr`csggj ujtuc adjdegccgj k`gejos`s VD^ gkgbgh
gkgbgh kdjegj adjeeujgcgj
adjeeujgcgj
dbdctrocgrk`oergf` (DCE). Cgrgctdr`st`c egamgrgj VD^ pgkg DCE gjtgrg bg`j <
 Kurgs` coapbdcs W]^ bdmgr 

 Aorfoboe` coapbdcs W]^ ygje gjdh kgj t`kgc k`kghubu` obdh edboamgje Y

 Edboamgje [ m`gsgjyg mdrbgwgjgj grgh kdjegj vdctor W]^

 Tauajyg sdtdbgh tdrlgk` VD^, gcgj tgapgc Fubb Noapdjsgtory Ygusd (Ygusd sdtdbgh
VD^ sgag kdjegj =x `jtdrvgb ]-] sdmdbuajyg)
 L`cg VD^ mdrgsgb kgr` vdjtr`cdb c`r` m`gsgjyg adjehgs`bcgj pobg ]`eht mujkbd-mrgjnh
Mbonc (]MMM) pgkg W]^. VD^ mdrgsgb kgr` vdjtr`cdb cgjgj m`gsgjyg adjehgs`bcgj pobg
sdpdrt` BMMM k` W]^.
 VD^
VD^ `k`o
`k`opg
pgt`
t`c
c sd
sdr`
r`je
je mg
mgdr
drgs
gsgb
gb kg
kgr`
r` out
outfbo
fbow
w trgnt 
trgnt   vdj
vdjtr`
tr`cdb
cdb cgjgj
cgjgj ygje ada`b
ada`b`c`
`c`

aorfoboe` bdft mujkbd `jfdr`or gx`s

 Aujnub psdukojoragb edboamgje [ pgkg orgje kdjegj
kdj egj r`wgygt `jfgrc a`ocgrk.

=.=
.=.5
.5 Ydjgt
gtg
gbgc
bgcsgg
sggj
Ydjkdcg
Ydjkdcgtgj
tgj tgtgbg
tgtgbgcsg
csgjg
jg ujtuc
ujtuc VD^ tdregjt
tdregjtuje
uje pgkg frdcud
frdcudjs`
js` VD^,
VD^, edlgbg
edlgbg ygje
ygje
t`amub, gkg gtgu t`kgc gkgjyg pdjygc`t lgjtuje structurgb ygje adjkgsgr`, kgj pdrc`rggj
r`s`co cdagt`gj lgjtuje adjkgkgc. [`kgc gkgjyg pdjygc`t lgjtuje structur ygje s`ej`f`cgj
(a`sgbjyg, fujes` vdjtr`cdb joragb, t`kgc gkg pdjygc`t lgjtuje corojdr gtgu cgtup) kgj

gs`aptoag`c VD^ t`kgc adadrbucgj tdrgp`.

VD^
VD^ md
mdj`
j`ej
ejgg yg
ygje
je t`am
t`amub
ub sd
sdsd
sdcg
cgb`b` kg
kgj
j t`
t`kg
kgc
c adj`
adj`am
amub
ubcgj
cgj ed
edlg
lgbg
bg t`
t`kgc
kgc pdrbu
pdrbu
k`mdr`
k`mdr`cgj
cgj omgt
omgt gjt`gr
gjt`gr`ta
`ta`g,
`g, nucup
nucup adjeh`
adjeh`jkgr
jkgr`` fgctor
fgctor prds`p
prds`p`tg
`tgs`
s` (st
(strds
rds prokuc
prokuc ygje
ygje
adjegjkuje
adjegjkuje cgfd`j,
cgfd`j, adrococ,
adrococ, gbcohob,
gbcohob, omgt s`apgtoa`adt`c
s`apgtoa`adt`c,, omgt gsag kgj bg`j-bg`j)
bg`j-bg`j)..
Gpgm`bg pgs`dj ada`b`c` pdjygc`t pdjydrtg sdpdrt` h`pdrtdjs`, ^CG, gtgu egegb lgjtuje,
agcgg omgt`
agc omgt` pdjygc`
pdjygc`tt tdrsdm
tdrsdmut.
ut. VD^ ygje t`amub
t`amub tdr
tdrbgb
bgbu
u sdr`je
sdr`je (79->9
(79->9 cgb`/
cgb`/adj`
adj`t)
t) kgj
aubt`fora, ada`b`c` ]-[ phdjoadjoj k`sdrtg` edlgbg, pdjeomgtgj m`gsgjyg k`aubg` kdjegj
 pdamdr`gj mdtg-mbocdr. Gpgm`bg t`kgc mdrhgs`b mgrubgh k`mdr`cgj omgt gjt`gr`ta`g. Gjt`gr`ta`g
eobojegj @ k`bgporcgj nucup dfdct`f cdnugb` pgkg pgs`dj ^CG. Ydamdr`gj ga`okgrojd hgjyg
k`bgcucgj pgkg VD^ agb`ejg kgj kdjegj k`sdrtg` vdjtr`cubgr tgc`cgrk` k`cgrdjgcgj dfdc 
 0

sgap`jejyg ygje mgjygc.

=.=.8 Yroejos`s
Ygkg pgs`dj tgjpg edlgbg tgjpg adjkgsgr` pdjygc`t lgjtuje, proejos`s lgjecg pgjlgje
gkgbgh sdrupg kdjegj popubgs` uaua. Ygs`dj tgjpg edlgbg kdjegj frgcs` dldcs` bdm`h kgr`
;9% ada`b`c` `js`kdj >,4% kgr` tgc`cgrk`g vdjtr`cdb mdrcdbgjlutgj gtgu sdrgjegj lgjtuje.
Obdh
Obdh cgrdjg
cgrdjg `tu,
`tu, pgkg pgs`dj
pgs`dj kdjegj
kdjegj t`kgc
t`kgc gkgjyg
gkgjyg pdjygc`
pdjygc`tt lgjtuj
lgjtuje
e pgkg
pgkg pdadr`
pdadr`csg
csggj
gj
joj`jvgs`f, proejos`s bdm`h mg`c. ^gtu pdr`jegtgj ujtuc `j` gkgbgh mghwg kgtg ygje aujnub
adjujluccgj mghwg dctop` vdjtr`cdb sgjegt sdr`je (:;999 / =; lga) aujec`j mdrhumujegj
kdjegj pdrcdamgjegj cgrk`oa`opgt` tdrcg`t kdjegj gct`vgs` b`str`c gmjoragb kgr` lgjtuje.
Kgbga cdgkggj `scda`g/ `jfgrc corojdr gcut, pgs`dj kdjegj VD^ sdkdrhgjg lgrgje ygje
 mdrcdamgje adjlgk` agb`ejg. Jgauj, dctop` coapbdcs pdrs`stdj sdtdbgh A@ k`cg`tcgj
kdjegj pdj`jecgtgj r`s`co cdagt`gj adjkgkgc kgj aujec`j adrupgcgj `jk`cgs` ujtuc stuk`

dbdctrof`s`oboe` (DY^). Ygkg pgs`dj ygje adjkdr`tg `jfgrc a`ocgrk, cdhgk`rgj VD^ tdbgh
k`cgt`cgj kdjegj pdj`jecgtgj h`jeeg > cgb` r`s`co cdagt`gj adjkgkgc.
Yroejos
Yroejos`s
`s tdregjt
tdregjtuje
uje pgkg
pgkg frdcud
frdcudjs`
js` kgj cgrgct
cgrgctdr`
dr`st`
st`c
c YVN kgj pgkg ldj`s
ldj`s kgj
t`jecgt cdpgrghgj pdjygc`t lgjtuje structurgb tdrcg`t. ^dngrg cdsdburuhgj, YVN mdrhumujegj
kdjegj pdj`jecgtgj r`s`co cdagt`gj, tdrutgag cdt`cg k`k`gejos`s NGK.

=.> Vdjtr`cubgr
Vdjtr`cubgr F`mr`bgs`
F`mr` bgs`

Egamgr =.= Vdjtr`cubgr F`mr`bgs`

 79

Gkgbgh
Gkgbgh egamgr
egamgrgj
gj mdredt
mdredtgrj
grjyg
yg vdjtr`
vdjtr`cdb
cdb,, ygje k`sdmg
k`sdmgmcgj
mcgj cgrdjg
cgrdjg mde`tu
mde`tu mgjygc 
mgjygc 
tdapgt ygje adaujnubcgj `apbus, sdh`jeeg sdb lgjtuje t`kgc sdapgt mdrkdpobgr`sgs` kgj
rdpobgr`sgs` sdapurjg. K`s`j` sukgh t`kgc tdrb`hgt edboamgje Y, W]^ kgj [. hgb `j` m`gsg
tdrlgk` pgkg `scda`ggcut gtgu `jfrgc a`ocgrk.
F`mr`bgs` vdjtr`cdb adrupgcgj cdgkggj tdra`jgb kgr` gr`ta`g vdjtr`cdb ygje k`tgjkg`
obdh coapbdcs W]^, edboamgje Y, kgj sdeadj ^[ ygje t`kgc mdrgturgj kgj sub`t k`cdjgb`
(k`soregj`zd
k`soregj`zd)) ygje adrupgcgj pdjydmgm utgag cdagt`gj adjkgkgc. F`mr`bgs` vdjtr`cdb gcgj
adjydmgmcgj t`kgc gkgjyg nurgh lgtuje sdh`jeeg pgs`dj kgpgt p`jesgj kgj adjegbga` hdjt`
jgpgs kgbga h`tujegj kdt`c. F`mr`bgs` vdjtr`cdb k`tgjkg` kdjegj edboamgje f`mr`bgs` ygje
sgjegt ndpgt kgj cgngu kgj tgjpg coapbdcs W]^, kdjegj cgrgctdr`st`c k`gejost`c <
 Cdndpgtgj < >99 „ 499 cgb`/adj`t

 Cdtdrgturgj < `rdeubdr totgb


Edboamgje Y < t`kgc gkg
 @jtdrvgb Y] < t`kgc gkg

 @jtdrvgb Y-Y, ]-] < t`kgc gkg

 ]gs`o cojkucs` < t`kgc gkg

 Coapbdcs W]^ < cgngu, t`kgc tdroegj`s`r  

 ^uamdr bocgs` < k` bugr kgr` `apubs sdrgmut Yurc`jld kgj otot vdjtr`cdb

=.; Vdjtr`cdb Fbuttdr

Egamgr =.> Vdjtr`cdb Fbuttdr

Vdjtr`cdb Fbutdr gkgbgh egamgrgj edtgrgj vdjtr`cdb ygje k`sdmgmcgj obdh prokucs`
sdmugh pgndagcdr k` vdjtr`cdb kdjegj frdcudjs` =49 „ >49 cgb` pdradj`t. Egamgrgj ygje
aujnub gkgbgh edboamgje mdrbdcuc kgj rgpgt.
Vdjtr`cdb fbuttdr k`sdmut lueg cdpgc vdjtr`cdb. ^dbgag prosds cdpgc vdjtr`cdb, otot

vdjtr`cdb
vdjtr`cdb mdrkdpobgr`sgs`
mdrkdpobgr`sgs` kgbga pobg s`rcubgr.
s`rcubgr. Ydjydmgm
Ydjydmgm utgag gkgbgh adcgj`sad
adcgj`sad rd-djtry
 77

kdjegj frdcudjs` >99 cgb` pdr adj`t. ^dr`jejyg cdpgc vdjtr`cdb ndpgt mdrumgh adjlgk`
tgc`cgrk`g vdjtr`cubdr gtgu f`mr`bgs` vdjtr`cubdr.
vdjtr`cubdr.

=.4 Vdjtr`cdb
djtr` cdb [gc`cgrk`
gc`cg rk`

Egamgr =.;
=. ; Vdjtr`cdb [gc`cgrk`
[gc`cgrk`
Ydbdpg
Ydbdpgsgj
sgj `apubs
`apubs ye ndpgt
ndpgt obdh
obdh focus
focus dctop`
dctop`c
c k` Vdjtr`c
djtr`cdb,
db, ygje k`t
k`tgjkg
gjkg`` obdh
obdh
sdkdrdtgj kdjyut Vdjtr`cdb. [drkgpgt > gtgu bdm`h coapbdc ygje mdrgsgb kgr` vdjtr`cdb sdngrg
 mdrurutgj kdjegj bglu bdm`h kgr` 799x/ adj`t. Ydjegruhjyg tdrhgkgp lgjtuje gkgbgh v
vdjtr`cdb
djtr`cdb
yg
ygje
je md
mdrk
rkdj
djyu
yutt sg
sgjeg
jegtt nd
ndpgt
pgt tg
tgjpg
jpg sd
sdap
apgt
gt adje
adjeos
osoje
ojecg
cgj
j kgj adje
adje`s
`s`` kg
kgrg
rgh
h sd
sdng
ngrg
rg
sdapurjg, gc`mgtjyg s`rcubgs` kgrgh adjlgk` t`kgc nucup.
K`
K`ge
gejo
jos`
s`ss vd
vdjt
jtr`
r`cu
cubg
bgrr tg
tgc`
c`cgr
cgrk`
k` k`bg
k`bgcu
cucg
cgj
j kdjeg
kdjegj
j pdadr
pdadr`c
`csg
sggj
gj DCE
DCE kd
kdjeg
jegj
j
egamgrgj sdmgeg` mdr`cut <
7. Kurgs`
Kurgs` kgj aorfob
aorfoboe`
oe` coapbd
coapbdcs
cs W]^
W]^
Ygkgg V[ urutgj
Ygk urutgj gct`vg
gct`vgs`
s` t`kgc
t`kgc adje`c
adje`cut`
ut` grgh
grgh cojkucs
cojkucs`` joragb
joragb sdh`je
sdh`jeeg
eg mdjtuc 
mdjtuc 
coapbdcs
coapbdcs W]^ adjlgk`
adjlgk` pgjlgje (m`gsgjyg
(m`gsgjyg bdm`h kgr` 9,7= kdt`c). Ydkoagj uaua ygje
 mdrbgcu gkgbgh sdagc`j bdmgr coapbdcs W]^ sdagc`j mdsgr cdaujec`jgjjyg sugtu, V[,

chususjyg m`bg bdm`h kgr` 9,76 kdt`c. Ydjednugb`gj gkgbgh V[ ygje mdrgsgb kgr` fgs`cdb
 7=

 postdr`or mdrcgs ngmgje c`r` (`k`opg

`k`opgth`n
th`n bdft vdjtr`nubgr
vdjtr`nubgr tgnhyngr
tgnhyngrk`g
k`g)) ygje ada`b`c`
coapbdcs W]^ 29,7= kdt`c cgrdjg pgkg V[ ldj`s `j` bocgs` rddjtry  kdcgt kdjegj sdptua
rddjtry kdcgt
`jtdrvdjtr`cdb sdpdrt` cojkucs` joragb.
Aorfoboe` coapbdcs W]^ mdregjtuje pgkg gsgb focus V[. M`bg mdrgsgb kgr` vdjtr`cdb
cgjgj gcgj adamdr`cgj egamgrgj aorfoboe` mboc mdrcgs ngmgje c`r` ( bdft mujkbd mbonc 
aorphoboey)) kgj l`cg
aorphoboey l`cg mdrgsg
mdrgsgbb kgr`
kgr` vdjtr`c
vdjtr`cdb
db c`r`
c`r` gcgj
gcgj adjujl
adjujluccg
uccgj
j egamgr
egamgrgj
gj mboc 
mboc 
 mdrcgs ngmgje cgjgj (r`eht mujkbd mrgjnh mbonc aorphoboey).
aorphoboey). Cgbgu aorfoboe` W]^
gk
gkgb
gbgh
gh ]MMM
]MMM agcg
agcg tg
tgc`
c`cg
cgrk
rk`` gk
gkgb
gbgh
gh V[ l`
l`cg
cg aorf
aorfob
oboe
oe`` co
coap
apbd
bdcs
cs W]^
W]^ gk
gkgb
gbgh
gh
aojoaorf`c gtgu m`fgs`c. L`cg aorfoboe` W]^ gkgbgh BMMM agcg gcgj adjeugtcgj
k`gejos`s V[ l`cg gkgjyg tgc`c edboamgje ^ gtgu jgk`r ^ bgamgt : 59 a`b`kdt`c.
=. Bglu
glu kgj
kgj @rga
@rgagg
Bglu V[ mdrc`sgr gjtgrg 7=9->99 cgb` pdr adj`t kdjegj `rgag ygje tdrgtur gtgu hgap`r 

tdrgtur (vgr`gs` gjtgr kdjyut gkgbgh 29,9; kdt`c). L`cg tgc`cgrk`g k`sdrtg` `rgag ygje t`kgc 
tdrgtur agcg hgrus k`p`c`rcgj gkgjyg GF kdjegj cojkucs` gmdrgj gtgu prddcs`tgs`.
>. Gcs`
Gcs`ss coa
coapb
pbdc
dcss W]^
W]^
Gcs`s coapbdcs W]^ t`kgc hgjyg pdjt`je ujtuc k`gejos`s tgp` lueg ujtuc adjdjtucgj
gsgb focus. Gkgjyg pdrumghgj gcs`s bdm`h kgr` ;9 krglgt mg`c cd c`r` agupuj cd cgjgj
uauajyg gkgbgh V[. Coapbdcs W]^ pgkg kgsgpgj gV] mdrgkg pgkg pos`s` -=79 krglgt
kdjegj
kdjegj coapbd
coapbdcs
cs W]^ jdegt`
jdegt`f.
f. M`bg
M`bg coapbd
coapbdcs
cs W]^ adjlgk
adjlgk`` pos`t`
pos`t`ff sggt
sggt tgc`cg
tgc`cgrk`
rk`gg
sgjegt
sgjegt adjyocoje
adjyocoje gkgjyg
gkgjyg V[ ygje
ygje mdrgsg
mdrgsgbb kgr`
kgr` gpdcs
gpdcs adjegr
adjegrgh
gh cd mge`gj
mge`gj mgsgb
mgsgb
vdjtr`cdb. Gcs`s cd supdr`or pgkg tgc`cgrk`g W]^ bdmgr kdjegj aorfoboe` ]MMM sgjegt
adjyoco
adjyocoje
je cd grgh
grgh V[.
V[. Gkgjyg
Gkgjyg tgc`cg
tgc`cgrk`
rk`gg W]^ bdmgr
bdmgr kdjegj
kdjegj gcs`s
gcs`s `jfdr`
`jfdr`or
or kgj
aorfob
aorfoboe`
oe` BMMM
BMMM adjkucu
adjkucuje
je gkgjyg
gkgjyg V[ ygje mdrgsgb
mdrgsgb kgr`
kgr` r`eht vdjtr`nubgr outfbow
trgnc .
;. K`sos`
K`sos`gs`
gs` gjtg
gjtgrg
rg gtr`u
gtr`ua
a kgj vd
vdjtr
jtr`cd
`cdbb
Ygkg V[ jokus s`jus tdrus adamdr`cgj `apubs sdngrg mdmgs tgjpg gkg humujegj kdjegj
gct`v`tgs vdjtr`cdb sdh`jeeg edboamgje Y ygje aujnub t`kgc mdrcg`tgj kdjegj coapbdcs
W]^. Gkgjyg k`sos`gs` GV sgjegt chgs ujtuc V[ wgbgupuj gkgjyg sos`gs` GV mdbua
kgpgt adjy`jec`rcgj V[. ^dngrg cb`js` k`sos`gs` GV
GV kgpgt k`cdjgb kdjegj gkgjyg vgr`gs`

 mujy` lgjtuje sgtu kgj vgr`gs` tdcgjgj kgrgh s`stob`c.

 7>

4. Ngpt
Ngptur
urdd mdgt
mdgt kgj
kgj fus
fus`o
`oj
j mdgt
mdgt
Cgkgje-cgkgje sggt mdrbgjesuje V[,
V[, `apubs kgr` gtr`ua kgpgt
kg pgt adjkdpobgr`sgs` vdjtr`cdb
adbgbu s`stda cojkucs` joragb sdh`jeeg adaujnubcgj coapbdcs W]^ ygje bdm`h gwgb
kdjegj ucurgj joragb (sdap`t). Cdgkggj `j` k`sdmut ngpturd mdgt .  Fus`oj mdgt tdrlgk`
 m`bg `apubs kgr` jokus s`jus k`hgjtgrcgj cd vdjtr`cdb adbgbu` jokus gtr`ovdjtr`cubgr kgj
 mdregmuje kdjegj `apubs kgr` vdjtr`cdb. Ngpturd mdgt  kgj fus`oj
 kgj  fus`oj mdgt  lgrgje
  lgrgje k`tdaucgj
kgj sgjegt chgs ujtuc V[.
V[.
6. Cojf
Cojf`e
`eur
urgs
gs`` coap
coapbd
bdcs
cs W]^
W]^
Gkgjyg cdsdsug`gj kgr` coapbdcs W]^ pgkg sgkgpgj kgkg sgjegt adjyocoje k`gejos`s
V[. Cdsdsug`gj pos`t`f coapbdcs W]^ pgkg sgkgpgj kgkg koa`jgj pos`t`f adjujluccgj
gsgb focus tgc`cgrk` kgr` k`jk`je postdr`or vdjtr`cdb. Cdsdsug`gj jdegt`f coapbdcs W]^
 pgkg sgkgpgj kgkg jdegt`f adjujluccgj gsgb focus kgr` k`jk`je gjtdr`or vdjtr`cdb.

MGM @@@
CD^@AYTBGJ

Vdjtr`cubgr Dcstrgs`stob gkgbgh kdjyutgj prdagtur ygje aujnub bdm`h k`j` kgr`
kdjyutgj ygje k`hgrgpcgj. M`gsgjyg edboamgje [ adjujluccgj grgh ygje mdrgbgwjgj
kdjegj grgh coapbdcs W]^.
Egamgr
Egamgrgj
gj DCE vdjtr`c
vdjtr`cubg
ubgrr dcstrg
dcstrgs`s
s`stob
tob kgpgt
kgpgt k`tdau
k`tdaucgj
cgj pgkg orgje
orgje joragb
joragb..
[drkgpgt 7 „ ; % orgje ygje sdhgt kgpgt ada`b`c` egamgrgj vdjtr`cubgr dcstrgs`stob.
Hgb `j` adrupgcgj sugtu hgb ygje t`kgc adamghgygcgj l`cg k`tdaucgj egamgrgj dce
vdjtr`c
vdjtr`cubg
ubgrr dcstrg
dcstrgs`s
s`stob
tob pgkg orgje
orgje ygje
ygje t`kgc
t`kgc ada`b
ada`b`c`
`c` egjeeug
egjeeugj
j or
oregj`
egj`c
c pgkg
pgkg
 lgjtuje.
 7;

KGF[G] YT^[GCG

7. Kukkbd
Kukkbdsto
stojd,
jd, KJ. Frdqudjt
Frdqudjt Yrdagt
Yrdagturd
urd Vdjt
Vdjtr`n
r`nubg
ubgrr Nojtrg
Nojtrgnt`
nt`oj
oj < Lourjg
Lourjgbb of @jsurg
@jsurgjnd
jnd
Adk`n`jd. =977. >=< =6=-=68
=. ^oboaoj,
^oboaoj, AK kgj Frodb`nhdr
Frodb`nhdr, V.
V. [hd Yrdvgbdj
Yrdvgbdjnd
nd gjk Yroejost`n
Yroejost`n Vgbud
Vgbud of ]dst Yrdagturd
Yrdagturd
Vdjt
djtr`nub
`nubgr
gr Nojt
Nojtrrgnt`
gnt`oj
oj.. Gnnd
Gnndss
ssdk
dk 78 ^dpt
^dptda
damd
mdrr =976
=976.. Gvg`
vg`bgm
gmbd
bd fro
roa
a <
http<//www.`jtdnhopdj.noa 
http<//www.`jtdnhopdj.noa 
>. Cgjwgr
Cgjwgr,, E. kcc. G ]dv`dw
]dv`dw < Kdtdnt
Kdtdnt`oj
`oj of Yrdagt
Yrdagturd
urd Vdjt
Vdjtr`
r`nubg
nubgrr Nojtrgn
Nojtrgnt`
t`oj
oj Mdgt
Mdgt of 
DNE. @jtdrjgt`ojgb of Gkvgjnd ]dsdgrnh `j Dbdntr`ngb, Dbdntroj`ns gjk @jstruadjtgt`oj
Dje`jddr`je. =974.
;. ]`bgjtojo,
]`bgjtojo, B`by
B`by @. =97=.
=97=. Ydjygc`t
Ydjygc`t Cgrk`ovg
Cgrk`ovgscubg
scubgrr. Lgcgrtg
Lgcgrtg < FC T@
4. Gust`j
Gust`j Hdgrt.
Hdgrt. =99=. Yrdagtu
Yrdagturd
rd Vdjtr`
Vdjtr`nubgr
nubgr Nojtrgn
Nojtrgnt`oj.
t`oj.

6. Hgrus,
Hgrus, ^ kgj Pga`j,
Pga`j, A. =990. Gr`ta`g
Gr`ta`g Vdjtr`
Vdjtr`cdb.
cdb. =999. Mucu Glgr @bau
@bau Ydjygc`t Kgbga
Kgbga
L`k`b @@@. Lgcgrtg < @jtdrjg Yumsb`sh`je.
Yu msb`sh`je.
5. Cgmo, Ydtdr
Ydtdr.. =979. Mgeg`agjg
Mgeg`agjg adjeeujgcgj
adjeeujgcgj omgt-omgt
omgt-omgt cgrk`ovgscub
cgrk`ovgscubgr
gr sdngrg rgs`ojg
rgs`ojgb.
b.
Lgcgrtg < Mgbg` Ydjdrm`t FC T@
8. Ydrdz ^. Lo
Losd BA.
BA.  Frdqudjt Vdjtr`nubgr Dxtrgsystobds< ^`ej`f`ngjnd, Yroejos`s, gjk 
[rdgtadjt. D-Loujgb of thd D^N Nojn`b for Ngrk`oboey Yrgnt`nd. =97730
0. B`by
`by. B^.
B^. =97
=977.
7. Ygthophys`oboey
 Ygthophys`oboey of Hdgrt K`sdgsd. Yh`bgkdbph`g<
K`sdgsd. Yh`bgkdbph`g< B`pp`jnott U`bbg`as &
U`bc`js.
79. Agjob`s, Gjtoj`s ^.  Yrdagturdd
 Yrdagtur Vdjtr`nubgr Mdgts. Sojb`
Sojb`jd<
jd< http</
http<//ww
/www
w.
rdsdgrnhegtd.jdt/pumb`ngt`oj/=6;575668Q
77. Kdbgnrdtgz, D. =996. Vdjtr`nubgr
Vdjtr`nubgr Dcstrgs`stob.
Dcstrgs`stob. [hd Jdw Djebgjk Lourjgb of Adk`n`jd.
7=. Bujkqv`st-M
Bujkqv`st-Mboas
boastroa
troa N. dt. Gb. =998. GNN/GHG/D^N
GNN/GHG/D^N eu`kdb`j
eu`kdb`jds
ds for agjgedadjt of 
 pgt`djts w`th Vdjtr`nubgr
Vdjtr`nubgr Dxtrgs`stobd dxdnut`vd suaagry
suaagry..  Duropdgj Hdgrt Lourjgb.
7>. [orp, N., Dhrg, Y.,
Y., Cgy, E.J., Nhg`rpdrsoj, H.].^., Cgbag, L., Nhg`rpdrsoj, G.,]oss,
G.,]oss, K.
(=97;). DH]G/H]^?GYH]^ Dxpdrt Nojsdsu oj Vdjtr`nubgr Grrhytha`gs. Hdgrt
Grrhytha`gs.  Hdgrt [hyta,
77(79), d766-d706. http<//ko`.ore/79.7976/l.hrtha.=97;.95.9=;
7;. Yr`nd,
Yr`nd, U`bsoj.
`bsoj. Ygthop
Ygthophys
hys`ob
`oboey<
oey< Nb`j`n
Nb`j`ngb
gb Nojndpt
Nojndptss of K`sdgs
K`sdgsdd Yronds
Yrondssds
sds.. Dk`s`
Dk`s` 6.

Dbsdv`dr ^n`djnd. =99=