AL-

AMEENCOLLEGEOFLAW
VISemest
er3YearLL.
B/XSemest
er5y
earB.
A.LL.
B
ENVIRONMENTALLAW

Q.
NO.1.DEFI
NE“ENVI
RONMENT’ANDEXPLAI
N THEVARI
OUSCAUSES
OFENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTI
ON.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON.

Broadlyspeakingenvi
ronmentmeansandi
ncl
udest
heent
ir
esur
roundi
ngs
theland,waterandtheair
.

Envi
ronmentref
erst
othesum t
otalofcondi
ti
onswhi
chsur
roundmanata
gi
venpointi
nspaceandti
me.

Envi
ronmentisbothphysi
calandbi
ologi
calconcept
,itencompassesbot
h
thecomponentsofthepl
anetear
th.

1.Abi
oti
c(non-
li
vi
ng)

2.Bi
oti
c(l
i
ving)

Agai
nAbi
oti
cissub-
div
idedi
nto

a.Sol
i
d

b.Li
qui
dand

c.Gas

Thebi
oti
ccomponentoftheenvi
ronmentconsi
stsofpl
ant
sandani
mal
s
i
ncl
udi
ngmanasani mpor
tantf
act
or.

“Env
ironmentalPoll
uti
on”meanst
hepr
esencei
ntheenv
ironmentofany
envi
ronmentalpol
luti
on’
.

Envir
onmentalpoll
utantmeansanysol i
d,l
iqui
d orgaseoussubstance
presenti
n such concent
rat
ion as maybe,ortend t
o be,inj
uri
ous to
envir
onment
.

Ki
ndsofEnv
ironment
alPol
lut
ion:
-
1
I
ti s unf
avorabl
e alt
erat
ion ofoursurr
oundi
ngs whi
ch occur
s mai
nly
becauseoftheacti
vi
ti
esofhumanbeing.

1.AI
RPOLLUTI
ON:
-

Airpoll
uti
onisgener
all
yaccompli
shedthroughai
rpoll
utant
s.Thedefi
nit
ion
ofairpoll
utant
sisgi
venundersec2(9)oftheAi
rPoll
uti
onAct,1981.

Secti
on2(a):
-Airpollut
antmeansanysoli
d,l
iqui
dorgaseoussubstance
i
ncludi
ngnoisepresentintheat
mospherei
nsuchconcentr
ati
onasmaybe
ortendtobei njur
ioust ohumanbeingsorl
ivi
ngcreatur
esorplant
sor
proper
tyorenvi
ronment.

Sect
ion2(b):
-Ai
rPol
l
uti
onmeanst
hepr
esencei
ntheat
mospher
eofany
ai
rpoll
utant
.

Ai
rpoll
utantsmaybegaseousorpart
icul
atepol
l
utant
s.Wit
htheprogr
ess
ofthesocietyalargeamountofgaseouswasterandfi
nepart
icl
esare
emit
tedi
ntot heat
mospher
e.

Thenaturalai
rhasgotit
sairpur
if
icat
ionprocessandthr
oughthi
spr
ocess
i
tcouldbeabl etober emovethediffer
enttypesofpol
lut
ant
swhichare
cont
inuouslyi
ntr
oducedint
otheatmosphere.

Whentherat
eofpoll
utionishighorthesel
fpuri
fyi
ngcapaci
tyoft
heair
comesdown,accumulationofpoll
utant
stakesplaceposi
ngaser i
ous
thr
eatt
othehumanhealth.

2.WATERPOLLUTI
ON:
-

Waterisasi gnif
icantelementint
hebiospherebecauseononehandi tis
vi
talfort
hesur vi
v alofal
lfor
msoflif
eandont heotherhandithel
psi
nt he
mov ement,
circulati
onandcy cl
i
ngofnutr
ient
sinthebiospher
e.

I
tsupport
sli
fe-
syst
em and i
tsshor
tage hasbeen ser
iousconcer
n of
humanbei
ng’
s.

Sect
ion2( 6)ofWat er( pr
eventi
onandcontrolofpol l
uti
on)Act1974:
-
meanssuchcont ami nati
onofwat erorsuchalterat
ionofthephysi
cal
,
chemicalorbi
ologicalpropert
iesofwat
erorsuchdischar
geofanysewage

2
ortr
adeeffl
uentoranyot herli
qui
d,gaseousorsoli
dsubstanceint
owat er
(whet
herdirect
lyorindir
ectly
)asmay ,orisli
kelyorcreat
eanui sance,
domesti
c,commer ci
al,
industr
ial
,agr
icul
tur
alorotherl
egit
imateuses,
ort o
thel
if
eandhealthofanimalsorplant
sorofaquaticorgani
sms.

3.LANDPOLLUTI
ON:
-

Landisinfactthever
yheartofli
felayer
(bi
ospher
e)becauseitrepr
esent
sa
zonewher ei
npl antnut
ri
entspr oduced,hel
d,maintai
nedandar emade
avai
labl
etopl ant
s.I
tisi
mpor t
antforhumansocietybecauseitist
hebasic
medium forfoodandvar
iousneedsofmanandot herl
ivi
ngcreatur
es.

Landandsoi lpoll
uti
ont akesplacemai nl
yduet othedi sposalofsoli
dand
semi-soli
dwastef r
om agr i
cult
uralpracti
cesandf r
om poorsani tati
on,soi
l
erosi
on,consequentuponl andusechanges,def or
estat i
on,excessi
veuse
ofchemi calfer
ti
li
zers,pestici
des,insect
ici
des,herbi
cides,poll
utedwast e
waterfrom i
ndustri
alandur banareas.

Urbani
zati
oncoupl
edwit
hthedesi
reofment
oli
vecomf
ort
abl
yhasf
urt
her
aggrav
atedthepr
oblem.

4.FOODPOLLUTI
ON:
-

Foodisoneoft hemostessent
ialr
esourcesofhumansurvi
val
.Pol
luti
onof
foodbeginswhentheseedsneedt obepr ot
ect
edfr
om useofchemical
s.
Again chemical
sare used t
o protectplantgrowt
h,f
lowers,f
ruit
sand
veget
ables.

5.RADI
O-ACTI
VEPOLLUTI
ON.

Theadv entofnucl
earweaponsandal sotohavemoreandmor esuch
dest
ructi
veweaponshasledt heexposur
elevelt
oradi
ati
onscausedby
suchtestsi
ncr
ease.

Radio-
acti
vepollut
ionimmediatel
yaff
ectsthemanandi tishisheal
th
whichisatstake.Ther
eiseverypossi
bil
i
tythatwat
ersourcespar
ti
cul
arl
y
theri
versandsewersarel
ikel
ytobeaff
ectedbysuchradi
ati
on.

Manmaybeexposedt osuchcont aminati

ondir
ect
lybytheradioact
ive
par
ti
cles i
n ai
r,r
adi
oact
ive gases and absor
pti
on ofcont
aminants by
3
r
espi
rat
oryt
ractandi
ndi
rect
lybyconsumi
ngf
oodchai
ns.

6.NOI
SEPOLLUTI
ON;
-

Thewordnoi
sesi
mplyconnot
esunwant edsoundorordinar
il
ybynoi
sewe
canmeanasoundwhi
chisunpleasantt
hatexer
tsapressureonourmi
nd.

Thesour
cesofnoi
sepol
l
uti
onar
enumer
ous,butbr
oadl
yitcanbedi
vi
ded
i
nto2.

1.I
ndust
ri
aland

2.Non-i
ndust
ri
al.

a.Tr
anspor
tat
ion,

b.Useofl
oudspeaker
s

c.St
reetnoi
se

d.Const
ruct
ionwor
k

e.Ai
rcr
aft

f
.Rai
l
way
s

g.Aut
omobi
l
eset
c.

The eff
ectsofnoi se i
sbecomi ng deadl i
erdayt o day.Iti
mpairsour
sensi
bil
it
y,physiologi
cal,psychol
ogical;itmayl ead tolossofhearing,
speechinter
fer
ence,lossofef fi
ciency,vari
ousdiseases,andi
nter
fer
ence
wit
hsleepingbesidescertai
nothermi scel
laneouseff
ects.

FACTORSRESONSI
PLEFORCAUSI
NGENVI
RONMENTALPOLLUTI
ON.

1.Gr
owi
ngpopul
ati
on

2.I
ndust
ri
ali
zat
ion

3.Def
orest
ati
on

4.Ur
bani
zat
ion.

5.Ov
eruseofsci
enceandt
echnol
ogy
.
4
 6.Moder
nagr
icul
tur
e

7.Pov
ert
y.

CONCLUSI
ON

Thethreatofthepoll
uti
onismult
idi
mensional
.Thedrast
icalt
erati
onsof
thenat
uralenv
ironmenthav
eaff
ectedanddist
urbedt
henatur
albalance.

Theent
ir
emankindhast
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyandi
tist
hei
rconcer
ntodeal
wit
h
thi
sgl
obalpr
obl
em.

Q.
NO.
2.WHATI
SECOSYSTEM?WHATAREECOSYSTEM SERVI
CES?

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-

Ecosyst
em i s a compl
ex ecol
ogicalcommuni
ty which means a
compl
exofplant,ani
malandmi cr
o-or
ganismscommunit
iesandthei
rnon-
l
ivi
ngenvi
ronmentinter
acti
ngasafuncti
onaluni
t.

Ecosyst
em maybedef i
nedasaf undamentalfuncti
onalunitoccupy i
ng
spati
aldi
mensi
onofeart
hspaceshi
pcharact
eri
zedbyt otalassemblageof
bi
oticcommunityandabiot
iccomponent
sandt hei
rmut ualint
eracti
ons
wit
hinagivent
imeuni
t.

Ecosy
stem consi
sts of bot
h l
i
ving/
biot
ic and non-
li
vi
ng/
abi
oti
c
component
s.

The non-li
ving component s of the ecosyst
em consi st of chemi cal
substancefoundi nthesoi
l,waterandatmosphere.Thesechemi cal
smay
beinorgani
csubst ancesli
kewat er
,oxygen,carbon-
di-
oxideandmi neral
s
l
ikephosphat e,ni
tr
atesetcororganicmateri
alsli
kecarbonhy dr
ates,fats,
prot
einsandv i
tamins.

Otherabi
oti
celementsoft
hecli
matearet
emperat
ure,r
ainf
all
,dur
ati
onof
sunlight
,winds,nat
ureofsoi
l
,slopeofthel
and,compositi
onofwater
5
bodi
eset
c.

Thebasi
cpr
oper
ti
esofanecosy
stem ar
easf
oll
ows,

1.Ecosy
stem ofanygi
venspaceti
me-uni
trepr
esent
sthesum ofal
l
l
ivi
ngorgani
smsandphy
sical
env
ironment
.

2.Iti
scomposedof3basi
ccomponent
sener
gy,bi
oti
c,andabi
oti
c
component
s.

3.Therearecompl exsetsofinter
act
ionbet
weenbiot
icandabi
oti
c
componentsont heonehandandbet
weenandamongtheor
gani
sms
ontheotherhand.

4.I
tisanopensystem whi
chi
sknownbycont
inuousi
nputandout
put
ofmat
terandenergy
.

5.I
tt ends to be i
nrel
ati
vel
y st
able equi
l
ibr
ium unl
ess t
her
eis
di
sturbancei
noneormor
econtr
oll
i
ngfactor
s.

6.Itispower
edbyener
gyofv
ari
oussor
tsbutt
hesol
arener
gyi
smost
signi
fi
cant
.

7.Ecosy
stemsar
enat
ural
resour
cesy
stems.

8.I
tisst
ruct
uredandwel
lor
gani
zedsy
stem.

Ther
earetwomaj ortypesofecosy
stems.Theyar
eAquat
icecosy
stems
andTer
rest
ri
alecosy
stem.

Q.
NO.3.
WHAT I S GREEN HOUSE EFFECTS? DI
SCUSS THE
CONSEQUENCES.

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-

Greenhouseeffectrefer
stothegradualwar
mingoftheeart
h’satmosphere
duet othepr esenceoft hegreenhousegases,suchascar bon-
di-
oxi
de,
methane,nit
rousoxi deandchlorofl
uor
ocar
bons(CFC’s)al
lofwhichhav e
warmingeffectont heworl
dcli
mat e.

Humanbeingisthemainreasonf
orincr
easi
ngglobalconcentr
ati
onof
gr
eenhousegasesbycar
ryi
ngonvari
ousacti
vi
ti
essuchasbur ni
ngcoal
,
6
oi
l
,nat
ural
gaset
c.

Ingener
alitmaybest atedthatagreenhouseisthebodywhichal
l
owsthe
shortwaveincomingsolarradi
ati
ontocomei nbutdoesnotall
owthel
ong
waveoutgoingter
rest
riali
nfrar
edradi
ati
ontoescape.

Carbondi-
oxi
deandvapouractasagreenhouseint
hattheseall
owv isi
ble
l
ightofthesuntoreachthesurf
aceoftheearthbutabsorbsandr efl
ect
backthelongwaveoutgoi
ngterr
est
ri
alradi
ati
onmainlyinf
rar
edr ay
sand
thesehel
pinkeepi
ngtheear
th’
swarmer.

Theinter
-GovernmentalPanelonCl
imat
eChange(IPCC)hasest
imated
theef
fectofgreenhousegasesoncl
imat
echangei
nthefol
lowi
ngwords.

1.Concent
rat
ionofgreenhousegasescoul
dexceed700ppm by2100.
Theproj
ectedtemperatur
eincr
easeof1t o3.6degr
eescenti
grade
overt
henext100years.

2.Increasedt emperatureisacceptedtospeedupt hegl obalwater

cycle.Fasterevaporat
ionwillleadtoadr y
ingofsoi lsandi nsome
areasincreaseddr oughtoverall
,however
,duet ot hef astergl
obal
cycli
ngofwat er
, t
herewil
lbeani ncr
easeinpreci
pit
ation.

3.Sealevelsareexceptedtori
sebet ween15to94cent i
metersovert
he
nextcent ur
y.A50cent i
metersealevelri
secoulddoubletheglobal
populati
onatr iskf
rom stor
m causesf r
om roughly45mil
li
ontoov er
90mi ll
i
on,ev encoastalpopulat
ionsdonoti ncr
ease.Low l
yi
ngarea
arepar t
icul
arlyvul
nerabl
e.

4.Human healt
hi slikel
yto beaffected.War
mertemper
atur
eswil
l
i
ncreasethechancesofheatwav esandexacer
bat
eairqual
it
yand
canleadt
oani ncr
easeall
ergi
c,di
sorders.

Diseasethatthri
vewarmercli
matessuchasdenguef ev
er,malar
ia,
yell
owf ev
er,encephal
it
isandchol
eraarel
ikel
ytospr
eadduet othe
expansi
onoft herangeofdi
seasecar
ryi
ngorgani
sms.

KYOTOPROTOCOL

I
nKy
otoci
tyi
nJapanonDec1t
o10,1997asummi
ttor
educegl
obal
7
warmi
ngonaccountofgreenhousegaseswashel
dandanagr
eementt
o
t
hisef
fectwasal
sosi
gned.

Thissummitwasatt
endedby149count
ri
es.Thi
sispopul
arl
yknownas
KyotoPr
otocol
orKy
otoTher
malTr
eaty
.

Q.NO.4.NARRATE THE HI
STORY OF ENVI
RONMENTAL PROTECTI
ON
LEGISLATI
ONININDIA.

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-

Thehist
oryofenv
ironment
alpr
otect
ioni
nIndi
acanbest
udi
edunder4
per
iods.

1.I
nAnci
entPer
iod

2.I
nMedi
eval
Per
iod

3.Dur
ingt
heBr
it
ishPer
iodand

4.ThePost
-I
ndependenceper
iod

1.Envi
ronment
alPr
otect
ioni
nAnci
entPer
iod:
-
Forests,Wil
dli
feandmorepar t
icularl
ytreeswer ehel
di nhi
ghesteem and
hel
dapl aceofspecialr
ever
encei nHindut heol
ogy.Thevedas,Puranas,
Upanishadsand otherscri
pturesoft heHi ndureli
giongaveadet ail
ed
descri
ptionoftr
ees,pl
ant
sandwi ldli
feandt hei
rimport
ancetothepeople.

TheRigVedahi ghli
ghtedthepot
enti
ali
ti
esofnatur
ei ncont
rol
l
ingthe
cl
imat
e,i
ncreasi
ngferti
l
ityandi
mpr
ovementofhumanlif
eemphasi
zingf
or
i
nti
mateki
nshipwithnature.

Duri
ng t
he Vedic peri
od,cutt
ing of l
i
vet
rees was pr
ohi
bit
ed and
puni
shmentwasprescr
ibedf
orsuchact
s.

InSr
imadBhagavat
am,i
thasbeenri
ght
lypoi
ntedoutthatamanwhowit
h
excl
usi
vedevoti
onoff
ersrespectt
osky,water,ear
th,heav
enl
ybodi
es,

8
l
ivingbei
ngs,trees,ri
ver
sandseasandallcreat
edbeingsandconsi
der
s
them asapartoft hebodyoft
heLor
datt
aintsthest
ateofsupr
emepeace
andGod’sgrace.

Yaj
naval
kya smr i
tihas decl
ared cut
ti
ng of t
rees and f
orest
s as a
puni
shabl
eoffence.

Itappearsthatthecivi
li
zati
onofMohenj odar
o,HarappaandDr avi
dian
civ
il
izat
ion l
iv
ed in consonance wit
hi t
s ecosyst
em and theirsmall
populat
ionandthei
rneedsmaintai
nedtheharmonywit
htheenv
ironment.

TheMaur yanperi
odwasper hapsthemostgloriouschapt
erofthe
I
ndia.I twasi nthi
sper i
od thatwef i
nd det
ail
ed and per
cept
ivelegal
provi
sionsfoundinkaut
alaya’
sArthashastr
awrit
tenbetween321B.C.and
300B.C.

Lawconcer
ningt
ofor
esti
nAr
thashast
ra.

St
atet
omai
ntai
nfor
est
s:-

1.Therul
ershal
lpr
otectpr
oduce-
for
est
,el
ephantf
orest
sandshal
lal
so
setupnewones.

2.Fineswerelevi
edforcutt
ingt
hetenderspr
outsoftr
eesincitypar
ks
thatbearf
lowersonfrui
tsory
iel
dshadethefi
neshallbe6panas,f
or
cutti
ngsmal lbr
anches12panas;f orcutti
ngstout branches24
panas.

3.Thesuper
int
endentshal
lfi
xadequat
efi
nesandcompensationtobe
l
evi
edonthosewhocauseanydamagetoanyproduct
ivef
orests.

4.Withr
egardtopr
otect
ionofwi
l
dli
fe,t
her
ewer
epr
ohi
bit
iononki
l
li
ng
ofani
malsandbi
rds.

5.Theof f
icerinchar
gewasauthorizedtoi mposeaf i
neupt o1000
panasont hosewhowerefoundgui l
tyofkil
l
ingdeer
s,bi
rds,andfi
sh
decl
aredtobeunderst
ateprotect
ion.

6.Wildli
fei
nsanct
uari
esenj
oyedcompl
etepr
otect
ionf
rom bei
ngki
l
led
exceptwhent
heytur
nedharmful
.

9
Art
hashast
raal
sopr
escr
ibedpuni
shmentf
orcausi
ngpol
l
uti
onandunci
vi
c
sani
tat
ion.

Those who threw wast

e on t
he r
oads wer
ef i
ned 1/
8 pana,f
or
causi
ngmuddywat erthef
inewas¼panaandifper
sonthr
owedanywaste
onneart
emple,pondorwellwerel
evi
edfi
nesofonepana.

TheKingAshokainhispil
l
aredicthasexpr
essedhi
svi
ewpoi
ntabout
t
hewel
far
eofcreat
uresinhisst
ate.

Total
lyitcanbestat
edt hatpr
otect
ionofenvir
onmentwasgi
ven
mustconcer
nandmostimport
ance inanci
entper
iod.

HI
NDUMYTHOLOGY ONENVI
RONMENTPROTECTI
ON.

Hindur eli
gionisoneoftheoldestrel
igionoftheworld.EversinceVedi
c
ti
mes, themai nmott
oofsociall
if
ewast ohavei nhar
monywi ththenatur
e.
Sages,sai ntsandthegreatphil
osophersofIndiali
vedinf orestandon
mount ains wheretheymedi t
ate and expr
essed i
nt of orm,ofVedas,
UpanishadsandSmr it
i.

Accordi
nglyfel
li
ng oftrees,pol
l
uti
ng air,wat
erand deser
tland was
regar
dedassi nastheseweretober espect
edandr
egardedasGodand
Goddesses.

Someoft
het
reesassoci
atedwi
tht
heGodsandGoddesses.

Lot
us Laxmi
(
goddessofweal
th)

Bany
an Brahma (
creat
or of
Univer
se)

Ashoka Buddha

Kadamb Kr
ishna

Pal
asa Br
ahma

Neem Si
tal
a

Mango Laxmi
10
Pi
pal Vi
shnu.

Pl
anti
ngoftreeswasalsotr
eatedassacredrel
i
giousdut
yandwor
kof
gr
eatvi
rt
ueandregar
dedonetr
eetoequal
tensons.

Onewhopl
antonepipal
,oneneem,oneber
,tenf
loweri
ngplantscr
eeper
s,
t
wopomegranat
es,
twoorgangesandfi
vemangotreeswil
lnotgotohel
l.

Simil
arl
y,sever
alHi
nduGodsandGoddesseshav
eani
mal
sandbi
rdsas
thei
rassoci
ates.

Dur
ga Li
on

Br
ahma Wi
l
dgoose

I
ndr
a El
ephant

Ganesh El
ephant
,rat

Shi
va Bul
l
,ser
pent
,snake

Sar
aswat
i Swan,
peacock

Vi
shnu Eagl
e

Kama Fi
sh

Rama,
Hanuman Monkey

Kar
ti
key
an Peacock

Laxmi Owl

Ganga Cr
ocodi
l
e

Si
tl
a Ass

Bhar
ir
ava Dog

Vay
u Deer

11
 2.ENVI
RONMENTALPROTECTI
ONI
NMEDI
EVALI
NDI
A
From t he pointof v i
ew of env i
ronment conser vati
on,a si gni
fi
cant
contr
ibuti
on of Moghul emper ors has been t he est abli
shment of
magnifi
centgar dens,fr
uitorchardsand gr een park,r ound aboutt hei
r
pl
aces,centralandprovinci
alheadquarter
s,publ
icpl aces,ont hebanksof
ri
ver
sandi nthev all
eyanddal eswhi chtheyusedashol idayresort
sor
pl
acesort emporaryheadquart
ersduringthesummerseason.

Amongt heoff
icial
sempower edf
oradmini
str
ati
onofjust
icebythesul
tans
and the emperors ofIndi
a,Muhtasi
bs’werev est
ed withthe dut
yof
prev
enti
onofpol l
uti
on.

Hismai
ndutyamongotherswastoremoveobstr
ucti
onsfr
om t
hest
reet
s
andt
ostopt
hecommissionofnui
sancei
npubli
cplaces.

Theinst
ruct
ionswer
egivent
oanewl yappoint
edmuhtasibbytheemper
or
Aur
angazedt hr
owsafl
oodofli
ghtonthefunct
ionsoft
hisoff
icer
.

Inthebazaar
sandl anesobser
veifanyone,contr
arytotheregulat
ionsand
customshasscreenedoffapartofthestreet
,orclosedthepathorthrown
dir
tandsweepingsont hetr
aff
icandopenedhi sshops,ther
eyoushouldin
suchcasesurgethem toremovethevi
olat
ionofregulat
ions.

3.ENVI
RONMENTAL PROTECTI
ON DURI
NG THE BRI
TISH RULE I
N
I
NDIA.
Theear lydaysofBr
it
ishr
uleinI
ndi
awer edaysofplunderofnat
ural
resour
ces.There was a t
otali
ndi
ff
erence t
othe needs of f
orest
conservancy
.

Theycaused a‘ fi
erceonslaught’on Indi
a’sforest
smai nlyduetothe
i
ncreasi
ng demands f ormi li
tar
y purposes,forBriti
sh navy
,forlocal
constr
uct
ion,supplyofteakandsandalwoodforexporttr
adeandext
ensi
on
ofagri
cul
tureinordertoaugmentrevenue.

TheBr i
ti
shGovernmentstart
edexer
cisi
ngcont
roloverfor
est
sinthey ear
1806whent hecommissi
onwasappointedt
oenquireint
otheavai
l
abil
it
yof
teakinMalabarandTravancorebywayofappoi
ntmentofConservat
orof
Forest
s.
12
TheSecondhal he19thCent
foft urymarkedthebegi
nni
ngofanorgani
zed
for
estmanagementinI
ndia wit
h some admini
str
ati
ve st
eps t
aken t
o
conser
vefor
est
.

Theformulati
onoff orestpol
icyandthelegi
slat
iontoimplementt
hepol
i
cy
deci
sions.Thesystemat i
cmanagementoff orestresour
cesbeganwi
tht
he
appoi
ntmentoffi
r stInspect
orGeneralofFor
estin1864.

I
n1865t
heFor
estActwasenact
ed.

In1935t heBrit
ishParliamentthroughtheGover
nmentofIndi
aAct1935
creat
edpr ovi
nci
allegi
slaturesandthesubj
ectoft
hefor
estwasincl
udedi
n
theprov
inciall
egisl
ati
vel i
st.

Apartfrom t
hemanagementoff or
estresourcestheBrit
ishGover
nment
al
soconcentrat
iononcer
tai
notherareasl
ikewat erpol
l
uti
on,ai
rpoll
uti
on,
wil
dlif
eandlandusebyenact
ingnumerouslegisl
ati
ons.

4.ENVI
RONMENTAL PROTECTI
ON DURI
NG THE POST
I
NDEPENDENCEERA.
Thepost-
independenceer
awitnessedalotofchangesi
nthepoli
ciesand
at
ti
tudesoftheGov er
nmentswit
hrespectt
oenvir
onment
alpr
otect
ion.

Undertheconst
it
uti
onv ar
iouspr
ovi
sionsdi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
lydeal
swi
th
envi
ronment
alpr
otect
ion.

 Ar
ti
cle39(
b),
47,
48,
49,

I
n1952t
hecount
ryadopt
edt
heNat
ional
For
estPol
i
cy.

I
n1972t
hewi
l
dli
fePr
otect
ionActwasenact
ed

I
n1973t
hePr
ojectTi
ger

I
n1974t
hewat
er(
Prev
ent
ionandcont
rol
ofpol
l
uti
on)
Rul
es

 Under42nd Amendmentoft
heconst
it
uti
oni
n1976Ar
t48-
A and
51(
A)(g)wasinser
ted

 For
estconser
vat
ionActi
n1980.

13
 I
n1981Ai
r(Pr
event
ionandcont
rol
ofpol
l
uti
on)Act

I
n1983t
hewi
l
dli
fe(
prot
ect
ion)

I
n1986t
heEnv
ironment(
prot
ect
ion)Act

Andmanyrul
esandregul
ati
onforthecont r
ol,
preventi
onandabat
ementof
thepol
l
uti
onwasfor
mulatedinpost-
independenceera.

Q.NO.5.
WHATI SSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT?EXPLAI
NTHESALI
ENT
PRINCIPLESOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Intheworldofenvi
ronmenttwocontradi
ctor
ydemandsemerged.Onei s
theprot
ecti
onandpreserv
ati
onoftheenvir
onmentf
orthepresentaswell
ast hef
uturegener
ati
onandt heotheroneisthecont
inui
ngpr ocessof
economicdevel
opment.

The2demandsareinter
wovenandwiththecomplexpr
oblem ofbal
anci
ng
the2concept
sbecausebot
harenecessaryf
orthesoci
ety
.

Wecannotgof
ort
heoneatt
hecostoft
heot
her
.

From the v
ery beginni
ng the cont
rover
sy between envi
ronmentand
devel
opmentwas t here so i
n ordert o sy
nthesi
ze the contr
over
sial
i
mperativ
esthateffecttheeconomyt heterm sustai
nabl
edev el
opment
emerged.

Whichli
ter
almeansthepr
ocessorthewayinwhichtheeconomi
cpl
anni
ng
shoul
dbegi v
enshapesoasnottodist
urbt
heecology.

I
tisapr
ocessthroughwhi
chdev
elopmentact
ivi
ti
escanbesust
ainedf
or
t
hecomi
nggenerati
on.

I
thas4obj
ect
ives
1. I tref
erst o a commit
mentto preser
venat
uralr
esour
cesf
ort
he
benef
itt
hepresentandfut
uregener
ati
on.

2. Sust ai
nabl
e development
sr ef
ert
o appr
opr
iat
e st
andar
ds f
ort
he
expl
oit
ati
onofnatur
alresour
ces.
14
3. Equi
tabl
euseofNat
ural
resour
ces.

4. Env ir
onment alconsi
derat
ionsbei
ntegr
atedint
oeconomicandot her
devel
opmentpl ans and devel
opmentneedsar etaken i
nto accountin
apply
ingenvi
ronmentalobject
ives.

Theworldcommissi
ononEnv i
ronment andDev el
opmentpopul
arl
yknown
asBrutl
andReportdef
inedtheconcept“Sustainabl
eDevel
opment”means
devel
opmentthatmeetstheneedsoft hepr esentwit
houtcomprisi
nghe
abi
li
tyofthef
utur
egenerat
ionstomeettheirownneeds.”

Someoft
hesal
ientpr
inci
plesofsust
ainabl
edevel
opment
.
1.I
ntergener
ati
onequi
ty

2.Useandconser
vat
ionofnat
ural
resour
ces.

3.Env
ironment
alpr
otect
ion

4.Pr
ecaut
ionar
ypr
inci
ple

5.Pol
l
uterpaypr
inci
ple

6.Obl
i
gat
iont
oassi
standco-
oper
ate

7.Er
adi
cat
ionofpov
ert
y

8.Fi
nanci
alassi
stancet
othedev
elopi
ngcount
ri
es.

Accor
dingtoHer manDalyaneconomistoftheworl
dbanksuggest
ed3
rul
esforsust
ainabl
edev
elopmenthasbeeni
mplement
ed.

1.Har
vestrenewalr
esour
ces onl
y att
hatspeed atwhi
ch t
hey
r
egener
ate.

2.Limitwastetot
heassimil
ati
vecapaci
tyoft
hel
ocalecosy
stem or
rel
easethosewast
eelsewheret
heycanbeassi
mil
atedand

3.I
fyouusenon-r
enewabl
eresour
cesrequir
ethatpartofthepr
ofi
t
beputasi
def
orinv
estmenti
narenewablesubst
it
uteresour
ce.

15
I
NTERNATI
ONAL DOCUMENTS WHERE SUSTAI
NABLE DEVELOPMENT
HASBEENI
MPLEMENTED.

1.STOCKHOLM DECLARATI
ON1972:
-

Thi
s decl
arat
ion has enumer
ated cer
tai
n pr
inci
ples aboutsust
ainabl
e
dev
elopment.

Princi
ple3:-st
atesthatt
heEar
th’
scapacit
ytopr oducev
italr
enewabl
e
resourcesbepr
eserv
edandwher
everpr
act
ical
,rest
ored.

Pr
inci
ple5:
-stat
esthatNon-
renewabler
esourcesmustbeusedi nsucha
waythatt
heyarepr
otect
edagainstt
hedangerofthei
rfut
ureexhaust
ion.

Pri
nci
ple11:-itdemandt hattheenvi
ronmentalpr
otect
ionpol
i
ciesofall
count
riesshouldsuppor
tandnottohav edetr
iment
aleff
ectont
hepresent
orfut
uredevelopmentpotent
ial
ofdev
elopingcount
ri
es.

1.BRUNDTLANDCOMMI
SSI
ON1987;

Thet
erm“ sust
ainabledevel
opment
”wasbroughti
ntocommonusebyt
he
commissi
oninitsreport“
ourcommonfut
ure”
.

Accor
dingt
ot hi
scommi ssi
ontheconcept ofSust
ainabl
edev
elopment
cont
ainswi
thi
nit2keyconcept
s.

a.Theconcept
sofneedsinpar
ti
cul
art
heessenti
alneedsoft
he
worl
d’spoor
,towhi
chov
err
idi
ngpr
ior
it
yshoul
dbeand

b.Theideaoflimit
ati
oni
mposedbythestat
eoftechnol
ogyand
soci
alorgani
zat
ionont
heenvi
ronmentabi
li
tyt
omeetpr esent
andfut
ureneeds.

1.EARTHSUMMI
T:-

Thi
sconfer
encefor
cedthepeopl
ewor l
dwidet
ore-
thi
nkhowt
hei
rli
ves
aff
ectnat ur
alenvi
ronmentandresourcesandtoconfr
ontanew what
determinest
hesurr
oundingsi
nwhichtheyl
ive.
16
I
twast helar
gestU.N.Conf
erenceeverhel
dandi tputt
heworldonapat h
ofsust
ainabl
edevel
opmentwhi chaim atmeeti
ngtheneedsofthepr
esent
wit
houtcompr omi
singtheabili
tyoffut
uregenerat
iont
omeet sthei
rown
needs.

Someofthemaj orachiev
ementsofEart
h Summi
tli
eint
hef
orm of
fol
l
owi
ngdocumentswhichitpr
oduced.

a.Ri
o-decl
arat
iononenv
ironmentanddev
elopment

b.Agenda21

c.For
estpr
inci
ples

d.Twol
egal
l
ybi
ndi
ngconv
ent
ions

i
. Conv
ent
iononcl
i
mat
echange

i
i
. Conv
ent
iononbi
odi
ver
sit
y

RI
O-DECLARATI
ON:
-

I
tconsi
stsof27pri
nci
pleswhichgui
dethebehavi
orofnat
ionst
owar
ds
mor
eenvir
onment
all
ysustai
nabl
epat
ter
nsofdevel
opment
.

Pri
nci
ple1:-humanbeingsareatt
hecenterofconcer
nforsust
ainabl
e
devel
opment.Theyar
eenti
tl
edtoaheal
thyandpr
oducti
vel
i
feinharmony
wit
hnatur
e.

Princi
ple2:-itputsthedut yont hest at
esthatwhil
eexploi
ti
ngtheirown
resourcespursuanttotheirownenv ir
onmentalanddevel
opmentalpol
ici
es,
i
tist hei
rresponsibi
l
itytoensuret hatthei
ract
ivi
ti
esdonotcausedamage
totheenv i
ronmentofot herst
ates.

Pri
nci
ple3:-t
heri
ghtt
odev el
opmentmustbeful
fil
l
edsoastoequit
abl
y
meetdev el
opment
aland envi
ronment
alneeds ofpr
esentand f
utur
e
gener
ati
on.

Pr
inci
ple8:
-inordertoachi
evesust
ainabl
edevel
opmentandhi
gherquali
ty
ofli
feforallpeople,stat
esshoul
dr educeandeli
minat
eunsustai
nable
17
pat
ter
nsofpr
oduct
ionandconsumpt
ion.

Pri
nci
ple9:
-itrecogni
zesthef actt hatenvi
ronmentali
ssuesar ebest
handl
edwit
hthepart
ici
pat
ionofallconcernedci
ti
zen,
attherel
evantl
evel
.

Pri
ncipl
e27: -stat
esandpeopl eshal
lco-
oper
atei ngoodf ai
thandi
nspiri
t
of partnershipint he f
ulfi
l
lmentof the princi
ples embodied i
nthe
decl
arationandi nthefur
therdevel
opmentofinternat
ionall
awinthefi
eld
ofsustainabledevel
opment.

AGENDA21:
-

I
tisv ol
unt
arydynamicprogr
amme.I tisacomprehensi
vebluepri
ntfor
l
ocal,nati
onal
,regionaland gl
obalacti
ons t
o af
fectthe t
ransi
ti
on to
sust
ainabl
edevel
opmentinthe21thcent
ury.

Itl
aysemphasi
sont heI
nter
nat
ionalco-
oper
ati
onf
orachi
evi
ngt
hegoalof
sustai
nabl
edev
elopment
.

U.
NCOMMI
SSI
ONONSUSTAI
NABLEDEVELOPMENT1993

Themai nt askoft hecommi ssi

ontoensuretheef f
ecti
vefoll
owupoft he
Rio-conference,as wel las to enhance i
nter
nationalco-operat
ion and
rationali
ze t he inter-
governmentaldecisi
on maki ng capacit
yf or t
he
i
ntegr ati
onofenv i
ronmentanddev el
opmentissuesandt oexami nethe
progr essoft heimpl ementati
onofAgenda21att henati
onalregionaland
I
nt ernati
onal lev
el.

InIndiathecourtsrequi
ret
ost r
ikeabalancebetweendev el
opmentand
envir
onment.Thecour tswhil
ehandli
ng issuesrelati
ng t
o env
ironment
degradat
iontheygeneral
l
yappl
yt hepr
inci
plesofsustai
nabl
edevelopment
andadminist
erjusti
ce.

Casel
aws

RURALLI
TIGATI
ONANDENTI
TLEMENTKENDRAV/
SSTATEOFU.
P.[
AIR
1985SC652]
.

Thi
swast heI
stcasei
nIndi
ainv
olv
ingi
ssuesr
elat
ing t
oenv
ironmentand
dev
elopment.

18
The case i
srel
ati
ng t
o mi
ning act
ivi
ti
es whi
ch cr
eat
ed env
ironment
pol
l
ution

1. Thecour theldthattheminingactivi
tyhastobeper mit
tedtothe
ext
entitisnecessar
yintheeconomi canddefenceint
erestoft
hecount
ry
asalsoforsaf
eguardingofthef
oreignexchangeposi
ti
on.

2. I talsoobser vedt hat“ wear enotobl i

viousoft hefactthatnatural
resourceshav egott obet appedf ortheofthesoci aldevel
opmentbutone
cannotf orgetatthesamet imet hattappingofr esourceshavetobedone
withther equisi
teattenti
onandcar esothatecol ogyandenv i
ronmentmay
nottobedonewi tht herequi si
te at
tent
ionandcar esot hatecol
ogyand
envir
onmentmaynotbeaf fectedinanyser iousway ,t
heremaynotbe
deplet
ionofwat err esources andlongter m planni
ngmustbeunder taken
tokeepupt henationalweal t
h.

I
NDIAN COUNCI
L FOR ENVI
RO-
LEGAL ACTI
ON V/
S UNI
ON OF I
NDI
A
(
1996)5SCC281.

The Supreme Cour

temphasized t
he i
mpor
tance oft
he Doct
ri
ne of
Sust
ainabl
eDevel
opmentasf
oll
ows.

“Whileeconomicdevel
opmentshouldnotbeallowedt otakeplaceat
thecostofecologyorbycausingwidespreadenvironmentaldestr
uct
ion
andv i
olati
on;atthesamet i
me,t henecessi
tytopr eser
veecologyand
envi
ronmentshouldnothampereconomicandotherdev el
opment s.

Bothdevelopmentandenv i
ronmentmustgohandi nhand,i
nother
words,thereshouldnotbedevelopedatthecostofenvi
ronmentandvi
ce-
ver
sa, butt
hereshouldbedevelopmentwhilet
akingduecareandensur
ing
t
hepr otect
ionofenvir
onment.

M.C.
MEHTAV.SUNIONOFI
NDI
A(2002)4SCC356.(
DELHIVEHI
CULLAR
POLLUTI
ONCASE)

The Supreme courtemphasized the signi

fi
cance ofthe pr
inci
ple of
sust
ainabl
edevelopmentandheldthatsustai
nabl
edev el
opmentisoneof
theprinci
plesunder
lyi
ng env
ironment
allaw and thattheprecaut
ionary
19
pri
ncipl
eandthepoll
uterpay
spr
inci
pleast
het
woessent
ialf
eat
uresof
sustai
nabl
edevel
opment.

Q.NO.6.EXPLAI
N THE ROLE OF PUBLI
CINTEREST LI
TIGATI
ON I
N
ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTI
ON.

I
n early1980’
st he r
ole ofhigherjudi
ciar
yinIndi
a under
wenta hot
t
ransf
ormati
on.A new andr adical
l
ydiff
erentki
ndofcasesalt
eredthe
l
i
tigat
ionl
andscape.

TheSupr emecour tandHighCour tj

udgeswereaskedt odealwit
hpubli
c
gri
evancesov erf
lagranthumanrightvi
olat
ionbystat
eort ovindi
cat
ethe
publi
cpolici
esiscoll
ecti
vel
ycal
led‘PUBLICINTERESTLITIGATI
ON’.

ThePILinI
ndiaini
ti
atedbytheHon’bl
esupremecourtemer gedt
hrough
humanri
ght
sjuri
spr
udenceandenv
ironment
al j
uri
spr
udence.

Muni
cipalcounci
l,
Rat
lam v
/sVar
dhi
chand AI
R1980SC1622

Thefir
stcaseofconsider
ableimportanceinwhicht
hesupremecourt
ofIndi
agav edir
ect
ionsforremovalofopendr ai
nsandprevent
ionof
publi
cexcret
ionbythenearbyslum dwell
ers.

I
nthiscaseJusticeKri
shnaAy er.
,
Jgavesever
aldir
ect
ionst
othe
Rat
lam Muni
cipal
i
tyformai
ntenanceofPubl
i
cHealt
h.

Shr
ir
am GasLeakageCase(
AIR1987SC965)

TheHon’ bl
eSupremeCour tdi
rectedthecompanytotakeallnecessar
y
safet
ymeasuresbefor
est ar
ti
ngt heoper
ati
onasthecompanywasusi ng
hazardousandlet
halchemical
sandgaseswhi chwereposi
ngdangert o
thehealt
handli
feofworkmenandt hepeopl
eli
vi
ngini
tsnei
ghbourhood.

I
nSachi
ndanandPandeyVSt
ateofWestBengal(AI
R1987SC1109)

Thecourthel dthatalthoughinv i
ew oft hi
sAr t
icl
es48-A and51- A(
g)
wheneverapr oblem ofecologyisbroughtbeforethecourtitwouldnot
ref
usetoint
erfereonlyonthegroundthatpr
iori
ti
esarematterofpol
icyand
soiti
samat terforthepoli
cymakingauthor
ity
.
20
I
nSubhashkumarVSt
ateofBi
har(
AIR1991SC420)

Ithasbeenhel
dthatPubli
cInterestLi
ti
gat
ionismaint
ainabl
eforensur
ing
enjoy
mentofpoll
uti
onfreewat erandairwhichi
sincl
udedi ntheri
ghtof
l
ifeunderAr
t21oftheconsti
tuti
on.

B.
L.Wadher
av/
suni
onofI
ndi
a[ai
r1996SC2969.
]

I
nthisthecour
tgav
esever
aldi
rect
iontotheMuni
cipalcor
por
ati
onofOl
d
Del
hiandNewDelhi
forr
emoval
ofgarbage.

RURAL LI
TIGATI
ON AND ENTI
TLEMENT KENDRA,DEHRADUM AND
OTHERSV/SSTATEOFUP[AI
R1985SC652]

Inthi
scaset heHon’ bl
esupr emecour torder
edclosur
eofallli
me-stone
quarr
iesintheDoonVal l
eytakingnot
iceofthefactt
hatl
ime-
stonequarri
es
and excavation i
nt he area had adversel
yaffect
ed wat
ersprings and
envi
ronment alecol
ogy .

TARUNBHARATSANGHV/
SUNI
ONOFI
NDI
A1992(
2)SCC448

Thepetiti
onerthr
oughaPILbroughtt
othenoti
ceoft
hecourtt
hatthestate
government of Rajast
han itsel
f permi
tt
ed the degr
adati
on of t he
envir
onmentbyaut hor
izi
ng mini
ng oper
ati
on i
nthe area decl
ared as
“Reserv
eFor est
”

Thesupremecour
tissueddi
rect
ionsthatnomini
ngoper
ati
onofwhat
ever
nat
ureshall
becar
ri
edonwi t
hinprot
ectedar
ea.

T.N GODAVARMAN THI

RUMULKPADV.UNI
ON OFI
NDI
A (
1997)2Scc
267

TheHon’bleSupremecourtissuedint
erim dir
ecti
onsthatal lt
heon-goi
ng
act
ivi
ti
eswithi
nanyf or
estinanystatethroughoutthecountry,wit
houtt
he
permi
ssionofthecentr
algovernmentmustbest oppedforthwit
h.Runni
ng
ofsawmi l
l
sincludi
ngplywoodmi l
l
swithintheforestwasalsostopped.

M.
C.MEHTAV/KAMALNATH(
1997)1SCC388

I
nthi
scasethest at
egovernmenthadgrant
edri
pari
anf
orestl
andforl
ease
f
orcommercialpurposet
oapr i
vatecompanyhavi
ngahotell
ocat
edatthe
21
bankofr i
verBi
as,whichbl
ockedthenat
uralf
low ofr
iverbybl
ocki
ng
natur
alr
eli
ef/
spi
l
lchannel
oft
heriv
er.

Thecour
thel
dthatt
hest
atehascommi
tt
edbr
eachofpubl
i
ctr
ust
.

TheSupr emeCour ti
ssuedvari
ousdir
ecti
onsincludingt
hecancelat
ionof
thel easei nfav ouroftheHotel
.Itappli
edpollut
erpaypr i
nci
pleandthus
directedt hatt heHot elshal
lpaycompensationbywayofcostf orthe
restitut
ionoft heenv i
ronmentandecol
ogyofthear ea.

Q.NO.
7. EXPLAI
N THE CONSTITUTI
ONAL PROVI
SIONS WHI
CH
PROTECTSENVI
RONMENTWI
THDECIDEDCASES?

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-

TheI ndi
anconsti
tut
ionisamongstt hefew int hewor l
dt hatcontai
ns
speci
ficprov
isi
onsonenv i
ronmentpr ot
ecti
on.Thedi rect
ivepri
nci
plesof
stat
epolicyandthefundament alduti
eschaptersexpli
cit
lyenunci
atethe
nati
onalcommitmenttoprotectandimprov
et heenvi
ronment.

ARTI
CLE47

Iti
mposesadutyuponthest
atet
orai
sethelevelofnut
ri
ti
onandt
he
st
andardofl
i
vingofi
tspeopl
eandimpr
ovepubl
ichealt
h.

MUNI
CIPALCOUNCI
L,RATLAM V/
SVARDHI
CHAND AI
R1980SC1622

Thest atewil
lreal
i
zethatAr
t47makesi
tapar
amountpri
nci
pleof
gov
ernancet hatst
epsaretakenf
ort
hei
mprov
ementofpubl
i
chealt
has
amongstit
spr i
maryduti
es.

Ar
ti
cle48

I
tdi
rectst
hestat
etot aketoor
gani
zeagr
icul
tur
eandani
malhusbandr
y
onmodernandsci
enti
fi
cline.

Inpar
ti
cul
aritisdir
ectedt
otakestepsf
orpreser
vingandi
mprovi
ngthe
br
eedsandprohibi
ti
ngt hesl
aught
erofcows,cal
vesandothermi
lch(mil
k
gi
vi
ng)anddraughtcatt
le.

22
The42ndamendmentAct1976

Anewar
ti
clewasaddedt
otheconst
it
uti
on,

Ar
ti
cle48A

Whichdi
rect
st hestat
et oprot
ectandi
mpr
ovet
heenv
ironmentandt
o
saf
eguar
dforestandwil
dli
fe?

Anewar
ti
clewasaddedt
otheconst
it
uti
on

Ar
ti
cle48A

Whichdi
rect
st hestat
et oprot
ectandi
mpr
ovet
heenv
ironmentandt
o
saf
eguar
dforestandwil
dli
fe

TheMadr asHighcourtheldthatt
he‘phr
ase‘pr
otectandimproveimpl
ies
governmentaf
fir
mativegover
nmentalact
iontoimprovethequali
tyofthe
env
ironmentandnotjustt
opreserv
etheenvi
ronmentinit
sdegradedfor
m.

Ar
ti
cle:
-49

Topr otectever
ymonumentorplaceorobjectorar
ti
sticorhist
ori
cinter
est
(decl
aredbyorunderl awmadebypar l
i
ament)tobeofnationali
mportance
from spoli
ati
on,di
sfi
gurement
,dest
ructi
on,
removal
,disposalorexpor
t.

Ar
ti
cle51

Thatthestat
eshoul
dst
ri
vet
ofost
err
espectf
ori
nter
nat
ionall
aw and
tr
eat
yobli
gati
on.

Ar
ti
cle37

I
tisav
eryi
mpor
tantpar
tofconst
it
uti
on.

Whi
chdecl
ares“
fundament
alingovernanceoft
hecount
ryandi
tshal
lbe
t
hedut
yofthest
atetoappl
ythesepr
incipl
esi
nmaki
nglaws.

Ar
ti
cle51A(
g)

Itshal
lbethefundamentaldutyofaciti
zenofIndi
atoprot
ectandimpr
ove
thenatur
alenvi
ronmentincludingf
orest
s,l
akes,ri
ver
s,andwil
dli
fet
ohave
compassionforl
ivi
ngcreatures.
23
Shr
i.Sachi
danandpandeyv
sst
ateofW.
B.AI
R1987SC1109

Thesupr emecourtremarkedthatwheneveraprobl
em ofecol
ogywas
broughtbefor
ethecour
t,t
hecourtwasboundtobeari
nmindArt48Aand
Art.51A(
g).

KI
NKRIDEVIV/
SSTATEOFHI
MACHALPRADESH[
AIR1988HP4]

TheH. P Highcour tl
aiddowntheviewofArt48AandAr t.51A(g)ther
eis
bothaconst it
uti
onalpointertothestateandaconsti
tut
ionaldutytothe
ci
tizensnotonl ytopr ot
ectbutalsot oimpr
ovet heenv
ironmentandt o
preserv
eandsaf eguardtheforest,f
lor
aandf auna,t
her i
ver
,lakes,and
otherwaterresourcesofthecountr
y.

I
ntel
lect
ual
sFor
um,Ti
rupat
hiV/
SSt
ateOfAndr
aPr
adesh(
2006)3SCC
549

Thecaseisr
elat
edtocleanli
nessatTir
upat
hiandtheaut
hor
it
ieshadfai
l
ed
tomaint
aint
herequi
redcleanl
inessi
ntheci
tyofrel
igi
oni
mportance.

Thecourtwasrequi
redtodealwitht
hequest
ionatt
hejuri
sprudenti
allevel
asitrel
atedtotheconfl
i
ctbetweenthecompeti
ngint
erest
sofpr otecti
ng
theenvi
ronmentandsoci
alenvi
ronment
.

Hence,t hecour theldt hat;t

her esponsibil
i
tyoft hestatetoprot
ectt he
env i
ronmentisnowawel l-
accept
ednot i
oni nalldocuments.Thusther
ei s
ar esponsibi
li
tybest owedupont hegov ernmenttopr eser
ve andprotect
thenat ur
alresources,underArti
cle48A.

L.
K.Kool
walv
/sst
ateofRaj
ast
han[
AIR1988Raj2)

Thepet i
ti
onerL.K.
Koolwalmovedawri
tpeti
ti
onunderAr
t226oft he
consti
tut
ionbeforetheRajast
hanHi
ghcour
tt hatt
hemuni
cipal
i
tyhas
fai
ledtodischar
gei
tsduti
es

Ar
ti
cle21

Righttohealt
hyenvir
onment,i
tst
atesthatnoper
sonshallbedepri
vedof
hi
sr i
ghtt olif
e and per
sonall
ibert
y expectaccor
ding t
o procedur
e
establ
ishedbylaw.

24
Righttol
if
ewasnev
err
egar
dedt
oincl
uder
ightt
owhol
esomeorpur
e
envir
onment.

TheIstcaset
oindi
cat
eAr
t21andenv
ironment

RURALLI
TIGATI
ONANDENTITLEMENTKENDRA,
DEHRADUM V/
SSTATE
OFUTTARPRADESH.AI
R1985 S.C652

I
nthiscasei
ll
egalli
mestonemini
nginMussor
ie–Dehr
adum r
egi
onwas
dev
astat
ingt
hefragi
l
eecosyst
em i
nthear
ea.

Thesupremecourti
nanappli
cat
ionunderArt32hasorder
edtheclosur
e
ofsome ofthese quar
ri
es on the gr
ound t
hatthei
roperat
ions wer
e
upset
ti
ngecol
ogical
bal
ance.

AlthoughArt21i snotref
err
edt oi
nthesejudgementsoft
hesupremecour
t,
thosejudgement s canonlybeunder st
oodont hebasi
sthatt
hesupreme
courtentert
ained theseenv i
ronmentalcomplaint
sunderArt32 ofthe
constit
uti
onasi nvol
vingofArt21ie“RIGHTTOLI FE”

Subhashkumarv
/sst
ateofBi
har

Inthiscasethecourthel
dt hatther
ighttoli
fe,I
ncl
udesther
ighttoenj
oy
unpollut
edairandwater
,ifanythi
ngendangertoi
mpairt
hequali
tyofl
if
eis
againstlaw.

A cit
izen has r
ightt
o mov
etot
he supr
eme cour
tunderAr
t32 of
const
itut
ion.

VI
ENDARGAURV/
SSTATEOFHARAYAN[
1995(
2)SCC577]

I
nthi
scaset
hecour
thel
dthat
,

Anyacti
vit
ieswhichcauseenv ir
onment alpol
luti
onshouldberegar
dedas
amounti
ngt ovi
olat
ionofArt21t her
eforehygieneenvi
ronmenti
saintegr
al
par
tofrighttohealthyli
feanditwoul dbei mpossibl
etoli
vewithhuman
di
gnit
ywithoutahealthyenv
ironment.

HenceAr
t21guaranteesfundamentalr
ightt
olif
e–al if
eofdigni
tytobe
l
iv
edinaproperenv
ironmentf r
eefr
om dangerofdi
seaseandi
nfect
ion.

25
Iti
sanest abli
shedf
actt
hatt
her
eexi
stsacl
osel
i
nkbet
weenl
i
feand
env
ironment.

Ri
ght
stol
i
fewoul
dbecomemeani
ngl
essi
fther
eisnoheal
thyenv
ironment
.

ARTI
CLE14ANDENVI
RONMENT

Apartfrom art
-21 the r
ightto equal
i
ty guar
anteed i
n Art
-14 oft he
const
it
utionmayalsobei nfr
ingedbygovernment
aldeci
sionthathav
ean
i
mpactont heenvi
ronment.

Ar
t-
14:
-thestateshallnotdenyt
oanypersonri
ghttoequal
it
ybef
oret
he
l
aworequal
pr ot
ecti
onoft hel
awswi
thi
ntheter
ri
tor
yofIndi
a.

Art
icl
e14:
-str
ikesatarbi
tr
ari
nessi
nSt
ateact
ionandensur
esf
air
nessand
equal
it
yoft
reatment.

I
nBangal
oreMedi
calTr
ustVB.
S.Muddappa(
1991)4SCC54.

I
nthiscasetheCi t
yImprov
ementBoar
dofBangal or
ehadpr epar
edt
he
dev
elopmentschemefort
heext
ensi
onoftheci
tyofBangal
ore.

Anar
eawaskeptundert
heschemef
orbei
ngdev
elopedasal
owl
evel
par
k.

Aspert
hedirect
ionsgi
venbyChiefMinist
ertheareawhi
chwaskeptf
or
par
kwassancti
onedtoaconst
ructapr
ivatehospi
tal
.

Thepeopleoftheareachal
lengedtheconst
ruct
ionofapr
ivat
ehospi
tali
n
thatl
ocat
ionwhichwasall
ottedforpubl
i
cpark.

Highlight
ing the impor tance of publ i
c par ks in urban areas and
development ,that protecti
on of t he envi
ronment ,open spaces for
recreati
onandf r
eshair,playgroundsforchi
ldren,andotherconveni
ences
orameni tiesaremattersofgr eatpubli
cconcernandofv itali
nter
estt
obe
takencareofi nadevelopmentscheme.

TheCourtfurt
herhel
dthat“di
scret
ioni
saneffectiv
et oolofadmi ni
strat
ion.
Whenaffecti
ngpubli
cinter
estitshoul
dbeexercisedobj ect
ivel
y,rat
ionall
y,
i
ntel
l
igi
bly,f
air
lyandauthor
it
ycannotactwhi
msi call
yorar bi
tr
ari
ly.

Thecour
thel
dthatt
heact
iont
akenbyt
heChi
efMi
nist
ert
oconv
ertt
he

26
pl
acemeantf orpubli
cparkt oapr i
vat
eper
soni
sar
bit
rar
yandhence
vi
olat
iveofAr
ti
cle14oftheconst
it
uti
on.

FREEDOM OFTRADEANDENVI
RONMENTALPROTECTI
ON

ARTI
CLE19(
1)(
g):
-

Itst
ates“
allci
ti
zenshal
lhav etheri
ghttopr
act
icesanypr
ofessi
onort
o
carr
yonanyoccupat
ion,
tradeorbusi
ness.

Asenvir
onment
alregulat
ionsgrow morest
ri
ngentanditsenfor
cement
becomesmorevi
gorous,i
ndust
ri
alchal
l
engei
sli
kel
ytoincr
ease.

Insuchasi tuat
iont
hecourtwil
lneedtobalanceenvi
ronment
alint
erest
wit
hf undamentalri
ghtto car
ryon anyt
rade,occupati
on orbusi
ness
guarant
eedinArt19(
1)(g)
.

ABHI
LASH TEXTI
LEV/
SRAJKOTMUNI
CIPALCORPORATI
ON (
AIR1988
GUJ57)

Inthi
scaset
hepet
it
ionerwer
edischargi
ng di
rt
ywat erf
rom t
hefact
oryon
publi
croadandinpublicdr
ainagewi t
houtpuri
fyi
ngt hesame,ther
eby
causi
ngdamaget
othepubli
chealth.

Int
hiscasethecour
theldthatonecannotcar
ryont
hebusi
nessi
nthe
mannerbywhichthebusi
nessacti
vi
tybecomesahealt
hhazardt
othe
ent
ir
esoci
ety
.

Concl
usi
on.

Theconsti
tut
ionbei
ngsupremelawoft
hel
andshallbebi
ndi
ngonnotonl
y
teci
ti
zensandnon-ci
ti
zensbutal
soont
hest
atei
tself
.

Q.NO.
8.EXPLAI
N THE COMMON LAW REMEDI
ES AVAI
LABLE FOR
PROTECTI
ONOFENVIRONMENT.

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-

Remedi
esplayaver
yimport
antrol
einthefi
eldofenv
ironment
all
aw.Any
l
awwithoutr
emedi
esiscast
lei
ntheair
.Theremedi
esav ai
l
abl
einI
ndi
afor
27
env
ironmentalpoll
uti
on comprisecommon law remedi
esunderlaw of
Tor
ts,remediesundercr
iminal
law,ci
vi
lremedyandconst
it
uti
onal
remedy.

REMEDYUNDERLAW OFTORTS:
-

Tor
tisaci
vi
lwr
ongot
hert
hanbr
eachofcont
ractort
rust
.

Theli
abil
i
tyoft heenv i
ronmentpol
lut
erunderthelawoft ort
si soneofthe
majorandoldestlegalremediest
oabatethepoll
ution.Major
ityofpol
lut
ion
casesint
ortfal
l underthefol
l
owing5categor
ies.

1.Nui
sance

2.Tr
espass

3.Negl
i
gence

4.St
ri
ctl
i
abi
l
ity

5.Absol
utel
i
abi
l
ity
.

1.Nui
sance:
-

I
tor
dinar
il
ymeansany
thi
ngwhi
channoy
s,hur
tsort
hatwhi
chi
sof
fensi
ve.

The defi
nit
ion ofpollut
ion underthe wat
eract,goes t
o show that
cont
aminati
onofwat ercanbesai dt
obepoll
uti
on,wheni
tmayorisl
ikely
tocr
eateanuisance.

Nui
sancecanbedi
vi
dedi
nto2di
vi
sions.

1.Publ
i
cnui
sance

2.Pr
ivat
enui
sance.

Publi
cNuisancedenot
esani
nter
fer
encewi
tha r
ightofcommont
othe
general
publi
c.

Anegl i
gentactresult
inginani nf
ect
ionthatisdanger
oust oli
fe,andhe
acts ofadult
erati
on off oods,dri
nks and dr
ugs are of
fences i
nvi
ti
ng
punishmentofvaryi
ngnature.
28
Contaminat
ionofwat erofpublicspri
ngorreser
voi
rtomakei tunf
itfor
or
dinaryuseorpoisoningtheatmospheretot
hedetr
imentofper
sonli
vi
ng
i
nneighbourhoodorpassingalongapubli
cwaybothoff
ences.

Publ
icnui
sancedoesnotcreat
eacivilcaseofact
ionforanyperson.An
i
ndiv
idual
may ,
however
,hav
ear i
ghtt
ocl ai
mincaseofpubl
icnui
sanceif
-

a.Hecanshow apart
icul
arinj
ury,t
ohi
msel
fbey
ondt
hatwhi
chi
s
suf
fer
edbyt
her
estofthepubl
ic.

b.I
njur
ywasdi
rectandnotamer
econsequent
ial
inj
ury
.

c.I
njur
ycausedwasofasubst
ant
ial
nat
ure.

Pri
vate Nui sance:
-isint
erferencewi t
htheuseofland.Iti
st heusingor
author
izingtheuseofone’ spr opert
yorofanyt
hingunderone’
scontrolso
ast oinjuri
ouslyaffectanowneroroccupi erofpropertybyphy sical
ly
i
njuri
nghi spropert
yorbyi nterferi
ngmater
ial
l
ywi t
hhishealt
h,comf ortor
convenience.

Casel
aws.

RAM BAJSI
NGHV.BABULAL(
AIR1982ALL285)

Apersonbui l
tabr i
ckgri
ndingmachi
neinfr
ontoftheconsulti
ngchamber
ofamedi calpracti
ti
oner
.Themachinewasgenerati
ngl otdustandnoi
se
whi
chpol l
utedt heatmospher
eandenter
edtheconsulti
ngchamberofthe
medicalpracti
ti
onerandcausedphy si
cali
nconveniencetohim andhis
pat
ients.

TheAll
ahabadHi ghcour
thel
dthatsuchthi
ngamountstopri
vatenuisance
whi
chcanr easonabl
ybesaidtocausei
njur
y,di
scomf
ortorannoyancetoa
per
son.

GOVI
NDSI
NGHV.SHANTISWARUP(AI
R1979SC143)

Thi
s case i
sr elat
ed tothe nui
sance of smoke fr
om a bakery.The
magist
rat
emadeanmadeanor derforthedemol
it
ionoftheovenandthe
chi
mneyandl aterdi
rect
edthebakertowinduphi
sbusinessatt
hesi
te.

MUNI
CIPALCOUNCI
L,RATLAM V.VARDHI
CHAND(
AIR1980SC1622)
29
TheresidentsofRat l
am Municipal
i
tyweresuf f
eringf
rom longtimefrom
pungentsmel lf
rom opendr ai
ns.Publi
cexcreti
oncausedodouri nslums
andli
quidsflowingont heroadsont hest
reetsfrom t
hedisti
ll
eri
esforced
thepeopletogot hecourt
.

Thecour
theldthatt
hestat
utoryagenciesshoul
dnotdenythei
rdut
iesby
urgi
ngasel
fcreat
edbankr
uptcytopervert
edexpendi
tur
ebudget
.

2.TRESPASS:
-

Trespassmeansintent
ionalornegl
igentdi
recti
nter
fer
encewi
thper
sonal
orpropri
etar
yri
ghtwit
houtlawful
excuse.

Ther
ear
e2r
equi
rement
sessent
ial
forconst
it
uti
ngt
respass.

a.There must be i
ntent
ionali
nter
fer
ence wi
th t
he per
sonalor
propr
iet
aryr
ight
s

b.Theint
erf
erencewi
ththeper
sonalorpr
opr
iet
aryr
ightmustbedi
rect
rat
hert
hanconsequent
ial
.

Ex:i
fgarbagei
sthr
owni
ntent
ional
l
yont
headj
acentpr
oper
tyi
tamount
sto
tr
espass.

3.NEGLI
GENCE

I
fther
eisadutyt otakecarebutcareisnottakenandi
tresul
tsinsome
har
mt oanot
herperson,
thenitcanbesai
dthatther
ewasnegli
gence.

NARESHDUTTTYAGIV.STATEOFU.
P

Thechemi calpesti
cideswerest
oredinagodowni ntheresi
denti
alarea.
Fumesemanat i
ngf r
om thepesti
cidesl
eakedtot hecont
iguousproperty
throughventi
l
atorsresul
ti
ngindeathof3chil
dren.Int
hiscaseitwasheld
thatther
ewasnegl i
genceincl
earform.

4.STRI
CTLI
ABI
LITY:
-

Ther
uleofst
ri
ctl
i
abi
l
ityasenunci
atedi
nRy
landsv
.Fl
etcher
.

Thatt
hepersonwhoforhi
sownpurposebri
ngsonhislandandcoll
ect
s
andkeepst
hereany
thi
ngli
kel
ytobeamischi
efifi
tescapesmustkeepit
30
athi
sper
ilandifhefail
stodoisprimafaciel
i
abl
etoal
lthedamagewhi
ch
i
sthenat
uralconsequencesofi
tsescape.

5.ABSOLUTELI
ABI
LITY:
-

Absolutel
iabi
li
tyf
ort heharm causedbyindust
ryengagedinhazar
dous
and inher
entacti
vit
ies i
s a newlyf or
mulat
ed doct
ri
ne fr
ee f
rom the
excepti
ontotheSt
ri
ctLiabi
li
ty.

InSri
ram GasLeakagecaset
hisdoct
ri
newasf
ormul
atedbyt
heHon’
ble
supr
emeofI ndi
a.

Remedi
esundert
hel
awoft
ort
s.

1.Damages : -itref
erto pecuni
arycompensat
ion fortort
ious act
,
substant
ialdamagesarepaidtocompensatefortheinjur
yorl oss
causedduet osometor
ti
ousact.

2. I nj
unct
ion: -itisaj udici
alremedywhi chcanplayimport
antr ol
ein
abati
ngorprev enti
onpol l
ution.Aninj
unctionmaybedefinedasthejudi
cial
process,wherebyaper sonwhohasi nf r
ingedori
saboutt oinfr
ingethe
ri
ghtsofanother,isrest
rainedf r
om pursui
ngsuchacts.

THEI
NDI
ANPENALCODE.

CHAPTER14

Sect
ion268t
o294-
Adeal
swi
tht
heenv
ironmentpr
otect
ion.

Befor
etaki
ngupt hesaidchapt
ersect
ionwi
sei
twoul
dbedesi
rabl
etogi
ve
bri
efdescr
ipt
ionofthi
schapter
.

Theprovi
sionscont
ainedunderchapt
erXIVoftheIndi
anPenalcode
donotexcl
usi
vel
ydeal wi
ththeenvi
ronmentpr
otect
ion.

Themat terl
i
kepubl i
cnuisance,negli
gent
/malignantactl
ikelytospread
i
nfecti
onofdiseasedanger
oust ol
ife,
adult
erat
ionofdrugs/
food,foul
ingof
waterofpubli
cspr i
ngorreservoi
r,makingatmospherenoxioust oheal
th
andpunishmentforpubl
icnui
sanceareembodiedi nthi
schapter.

31
Whati
spubl
icnui
sance:
-

Iti
sanof
fence,
howev
er,
accor
dingt
osect
ion268oft
heI
ndi
anpenal
Code,
1860.

Sect
ion268:
-PUBLI
CNUI
SANCE

Itprovidesthat“aper sonisguil
tyofapublicnuisance,whodoesanyact ,
orisgui lt
yani l
l
egalomi ssi
on,whichcausesanycommoni nj
urydanger
, or
annoy ancet othepubl i
cort othepeopleingeneralwhodwel loroccupy
propertyint hevici
nit
yorwhi chmustnecessari
l
ycausei njur
y,obst
ruct
ion,
dangerorannoy ancet opersonswhomayhav eoccasionst ouseany
publicright.

Thusnui
sancemeansanythi
ngwhi
chcausesi
nconveni
ence,
annoy
anceor
damage.However
,nui
sancemaybepubl
icorpr
ivat
e,i
.e,

a.PUBLI
CNUISANCE:
-iti
sannoy ancewhichaf
fect
sthepubl
i
candi
s
anact
ual
annoy
ancetoal
lthesubject
s.

Anactorani
ll
egalomi
ssi
on.

Thepubl
icnui
sancei
salsocall
edcommonnuisance. I
tisannoyance
whi
chaff
ect
sthepubl
i
candisanact
ual
annoy
ancetoallt
hesubj
ect
s.

To amountapubl
i
cnui
sancet
her
emustbeanactorani
l
legal
omi
ssion.

Iti
snotmandatorythattheactshoul
dbei l
legal
.Butassoonasanact
becomesanuisance,i
tbecomessani ll
egal
,becauseithasani
njur
ious
eff
ectuponandi
snottoler
abl
etothepubl
ic.

a.PRIVATE NUI SANCE:- itis a nui

sance whi
ch causes mater
ial
di
scomf ortandannoyancet
oamani ntheuseforordi
narypur
poses
ofhispersonorpropert
y.

Secti
on 269:
-NEGLI
GENT ACT LI
KELY TO SPREAD I
NFECTI
ON OF
DISEASEDANGEROUSTOLI
FE.

Thissectionpunishesanypersonwhodoesanyactwhi
chi
sli
kel
yto
spr
eadinfect
iousdiseasesinthesoci
ety
.
32
Whoev erunl
awfull
yornegl i
gent
lydoesanyactwhi chi s,andwhi chhe
knowsorhasr easontobelievetobe,l
ikel
ytospr
eadt hei nf
ect
ionofany
diseasedangeroust oli
fe,shal
lbepunishedwit
himpr isonmentofeither
descripti
onforaterm whichmayextendtosixmonths,
orwi t
hfi
ne,orwith
both.

KRI
SHNAPPACASE(
1883)7Mad276

I
nt hi
scaseMr .Kri
shnappawassuf f
eringchol
eraandwasawar eofi t
s
i
nfect
iousnatur
e.Tr
avell
edbywithouti
nf or
mingtherail
wayauthori
ti
esof
hi
scondi t
ion.I
twasheldthathewasr esponsi
bleforspreadi
nginf
ecti
on
ofcholer
a.

Section270:-i
tprovi
dest hatwhoevermalignantl
y(del
iberat
eint
enti
ont o
cause)doesanyactwhi chis,andwhichheknowsorhasr easont
obel i
eve
tobe,likel
ytospreadthei nf
ecti
onofanydi seasedangeroustoli
fe,shal
l
bepuni shedwit
himprisonmentofeitherdescri
pti
onofat er
m whichmay
extendtot woy
earsorwi t
hf i
neorwi
thboth.

Sect
ion272:
-Adul
ter
ati
onoff
oodordr
inki
ntendedf
orsal
e.

Whoev eradult
erat
esanyarti
cleoff oodordr
ink,soastomakesuchar ti
cle
noxiousasf oodordri
nk,intendingtosel
lsucharti
cleasf oodordr i
nkor
knowingittobel i
kel
ythatthesamewi l
lbesoldasfoodordr ink,shal
lbe
punished withimpri
sonmentf ora ter
m of6 mont hs orwi t
hf ine of
thousandrupeesorwithboth.

Sect
ion273:
-sal
eofnoxi
ousf
oodordr
ink.

Whoeversel
l
soroffer
sorexposesf orsal
e,asf oodordri
nk,anyart
icl
e
whi
chhasbeenrenderedorhasbecomenoxi ousshallbepunishedwit
h
i
mpri
sonmentof6mont hsorf
ineof1000/
-orwithboth.

Sect
ion274:
-Adul
ter
ati
onofdr
ugs.

Whoeveradulterat
esanydrugormedici
nalpreparati
oninsuchamanner
astol essen theeffi
cacyorchangetheoper at
ion ofsuch a drug or
medi
cinalpreparat
ionortomakeitnoxi
ous,i
ntendingthati
tshallbesold
orusedf oranymedi calpur
poseshallbeimpr i
sonedf orat erm of6
monthsandwi thfi
neof1000/
-
33
Sect
ion275:
-sal
eofadul
ter
ateddr
ugs.

Whoever,knowi
nganydr ugormedici
nalprepar
ati
ontohavebeen
adul
terat
ed and sel
lssuch drugsshal
lbepunishabl
ef orater
m of6
months,orwit
hf i
neof1000/orboth.

Sect
ion277:
-FOULI
NGOFWATEROFPUBLI
CSPRI
NGORRESERVI
OR.

Ifapersonvol
unt
ari
l
yfoul
sthewat erofanypubli
cspri
ngorreser
voi
r,he
shal
ll
iablet
obepuni
shedundersecti
on277oftheIPC1860.

Puni
shmentof3mont
hsorwi
thf
ineof1000orwi
thbot
h.

Sect
ion278:
-Maki
ngat
mospher
enoxi
oust
oheal
th.

Whoevervol
untari
lyv
iti
ates theatmospher
einanyplacesoast o
makeitnoxi
oustothehealthofthepersonsingener
aldwel
li
ng,shal
lbe
puni
shedwit
hfi
newhi chmayextendto500/-
.

Sect
ion284:
-negl
igentconductwi
thr
espectt
opoi
sonoussubst
ance.

Whoeverdoeswi t
hanypoi sonoussubst ance,anyactinamannersor ash
ornegl
igentastoendangerhumanl if
e,ort obelikel
ytocausehur
torinj
ury
toanyperson,shallbepunishedwithimpr i
sonmentf orater
m whichmay
ext
endt osi
xmont hsorwithfineofRs.1000/-.

Sect
ion289:
-Negl
igenceconductwi
thr
espectt
oani
mal
.

Whoeverknowinglyornegligentl
yomi t
st otakesuch orderwith
animalinhispossessionandhascauseddangert ohumanl i
fe,orany
probabl
edangerorgri
ev oushur
tshallbepuni
shabl
efor6monthsorfineor
1000/-orbot
h.

CODEOFCRI
MINALPROCEDURE1973ANDENVI
RONMENTALLAW

• Sect
ion133t
o143deal
swi
tht
heconcer
ningenv
ironmentpr
otect
ion.

• Sect
ion133:
-

•I
tdeal
swi
thcasesofpubl
i
cnui
sance,wher
eint
heMagi
str
atei
s
34
 empower
edt
opasscondi
ti
onal
orderf
orr
emov
alofpubl
i
cnui
sance,

Sect
ion133:
-condi
ti
onalor
derf
orr
emov
alofnui
sance.

• A dist
ri
ctmagist
rat
eorasub- di
visi
onalmagi
str
ate oranyot
her
execut
ivemagi
str
atespeci
all
yempowered,

• A.thatanyunl
awfulobst
ruct
ionornui
sanceshoul
dberemov
edf
rom
anypubli
cplaceorf r
om anyway ,ri
verorchannelwhichi
sormaybe
l
awful
lyusedbythepubli
c.

• Thattheconductofanyt r
adeoroccupat
ion,orthekeepi
ngany
goodsi
sinj
uri
oustotheheal
thoft
hecommunit
yshouldberemovedof
f.

• Thatany const
ruct
ion ofany bui
l
ding orthe di
sposalofany
subst
ance,
isl
i
kel
ytoexplosi
onshoul
dbeprevent
edorst
opped;

• Thatanytank,wel
lorexcav
ati
onshoul
dbef
encedi
nsuchmannert
o
pr
eventdangerar
isi
ngtothepubl
ic.

• Thatany danger
ous ani
malshoul
d be dest
roy
ed,conf
ined or
ot
her
wisedi
posed.

• Fort
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easonst
hemagi
str
atemaymakeacondi
ti
onal
or
der

• i
.tor
emov
esuchobst
ruct
ionornui
sance;

• i
i.Todesi
stf
rom car
ryi
ngonort
oremov
eorr
egul
atei
nsucht
radeor
occupati
on.

• I
ii
.Topr
eventorst
opt
heconst
ruct
ionofsuchbui
l
ding

• Tof
encesucht
ank,
wel
lorexcav
ati
on.

• Todest
royconf
ineordi
sposeofsuchdanger
ousani
mal
.

Sect
ion137:
-pr
ocedur
ewher
eexi
stenceofpubl
icr
ighti
sdeni
ed.

i
.Whereanor
derismadeundersectionismadeundersecti
on133f ort
he
pur
poseofpr
event
ingobstr
ucti
on,nuisanceordangert
othepubli
ci nt
he
use ofanyway,riv
er,channelorpl ace,t
he magist
rat
e shal
lon the
35
appear ancebefor
ehi m ofthepersonagainstwhom t heorderwasmade,
questionhim ast owhet herhedeniestheexistenceofanypubli
crightin
respectoft heway,ri
ver,
channelorplace,
andi fhedoesso,themagistr
ate
shall
,bef or
eproceedingundersect
ion138shal li
nquir
eint
othematter.

Sect
ion138:
-pr
ocedur
ewher
eheappear
stoshowcause

Ifthepersonagai
nstwhom anorderundersecti
on133ismadeappears
andshowscauseagainsttheor
der,theMagistr
ateshal
ltakeev
idencei
n
thematterasi
nasummonscase.

Sect
ion139:
-locali
nvest
igat
ionandexami
nat
ionofexper
t

• Themagistr
atemayf
ort
hepur
posesofani
nqui
ryundersect
ion137
orsect
ion138.

• A.dir
ectl
ocali
nvest
igat
iont
obemadebysuchper
sonashet
hinks
fi
t,or

• B.summonandexami
neexper
t.

Sect
ion140:
-wr
it
teni
nst
ruct
ions

• Themagi
str
atedi
rect
s alocali
nvest
igat
ionbyper
sonundersect
ion
139t
hemagist
rat
emay :
-

• A.furni
shsuchpersonwi t
hsuchwr
it
teni
nst
ruct
ionsasmyseem
necessar
yforhi
sguidance.

• B.decl
arebywhom thewholeoranypar
toft
henecessar
yexpenses
ofthel
ocali
nvest
igat
ionshal
lbepai
d.

Sect
ion141:-pr
ocedur
eonor
dermadeabsol
uteandconsequencesof
di
sobedi
ence.

• Whenaor deri
smadeabsolut
eundersect
ion136orsect
ion138,the
magi
strat
eshallgi
venot
iceofthesametotheper
sonagainstwhom
t
heorderwasmade,

• Andshal
lfur
therr
equi
rehimtoperfor
mtheactdi
rect
edbytheor
der
wit
hinat
imet obefi
xedinthenot
iceandi
nfor
m himthati
ncaseof

36
 di
sobedi
encehewi
l
lbel
i
abl
etot
hepenal
ty.

Sect
ion142:
-inj
unct
iondur
ingpendencyofi
nqui
ry.

1.ifa magi st
rate making an orderundersect ion 133 considersthat
i
mmedi at
emeasuresshoul dbet akentopr
ev entimminentdangerori njury
ofaser i
ouskindtothepubl i
c,hemayi ssuesuchani njunct
iont ot he
personagainstwhom t heor derwasmade,asi srequir
edt oobviateor
preventsuchdangerori
njurypendingthedeterminati
onoft hemat t
er.

Sect
ion143:
-magi
str
atet
opr
ohi
bitr
epet
it
ionofpubl
icnui
sance

• A distr
ictmagistr
ate orsub-div
isi
onalmagi str
ate orany other
executi
vemagist
rateempoweredbyt hestat
egovernmentmayor der
anypersonnottorepeatorconti
nueapubl i
cnuisance,asdef
inedin
theIndi
anPenalcode,oranyspeci
alorlocal
law.

Q.
NO.9.EXPLAI
N THEDOCTRI
NEOFPUBLI
C TRUST,POLLUTERPAYS
ANDPRECAUTIONARYPRI
NCI
PLESWI
THTHEHELPOFDECI DEDCASES.

CHI
EFJUSTI
CEBHAGWATI
:-

M.
C.METHAV.UNI
ONOFI
NDI
A[AI
R1987SC1086]
,

Declaredt
hatunambi
guoustermst hat“wehav etoev ol
venew pr
inci
ples
andl aydownnew norms,whi chwoul dadequat el
ydealwiththenew
problemswhi
chari
sei
nahighlyindustr
ial
izedeconomy.

Wecannotal
l
owourj udi
cial
thi
nki
ngtobeconstr
ict
edbyrefer
enceto
t
helawasitprev
ail
sinEnglandorfort
hematterofthati
nanyother
f
orei
gncount
ry.

Wenol
ongerneedt
hecr
utchesofaf
orei
gnl
egal
order
.

Thereafter t
he f or
mulat
ion of cer t
ain new pr inci
ples and
pronouncementsofnewdoctr
ines‘
asapar tofl
awofthiscountr
y’f
or
protect
ionofenvi
ronmenti
sar emarkabl
eachievementoftheIndi
an
j
udiciar
y.

37
 Someofthepr
inci
ples anddoct
ri
nespr
opoundedbyt
heI
ndi
an
j
udi
ciar
yar
easf
oll
ows,

Theor
gani
zat
ionofeconomi
ccooper
ati
onanddev
elopment

Fort
hefirstt i
meagr eedtobaset hei
renv i
ronment
alpoli
cieson
“pol
lut
erpays princi
ple”and itwas recommended as an “essent
ial
l
y
economicef
fi
ciencymeasuret oi
nter
nal
i
zeenvironmental
costs.
”

PPP:
-POLLUTERPAYPRI
NCI
PLE

Meansthatthepollut
ershoul
dbeart
heexpensesofcar
ryi
ngoutt
he
measur
eswhichresul
tedint
hedamage.

Thehar m causedtotheenvi
ronmentnotonl
yextendstocompensate
the vi
cti
ms ofpol lut
ion butal
so the costt
or estor
et he damaged
envi
ronment.

Iti
nvol
ves2aspects,oneisthatt
hecostt
ocompensat
ethevi
cti
msof
pol
lut
ionandtheotheronei sthatt
hecostofr
est
ori
ngtheenv
ironment
damagedtoit
sprev
iousstate.

Poll
uterpay
spri
ncipl
emeanst hatabsolut
eforharmtotheenvi
ronment
ext
endsnotonlytocompensatethev i
cti
msofpol l
uti
on,butal
sothecost
ofr
estori
ngtheenvi
ronment
aldegradati
on.

Hencethepoll
uteri
sliabl
enotonlytopayt hecostt
ot hei
ndi
vi
dual
user
sbutalsot
othecostofrever
singt
hedamagedecol
ogy.

RI
O-DECLARATI
ON

PRI
NCI
PLE16:
-

Proclai
ms t hatnat i
onalauthorit
ies should endeavorto promotet he
i
nternal
izat
ion of env i
ronmental costs and t he use of economi c
i
nstrumentst akingint
oaccountt heappr oachthatthepoll
utershouldin
pri
ncipl
e,beart hecostofpol l
uti
onwi thduer egardtothepubli
cinter
est
andwi t
houtdistort
ingint
ernat
ionaltr
adeandenv ir
onment.

PPP:-whi
chwasori
ginal
l
yconsi
deredasaneconomicandadmini
str
ati
ve
measur
etorest
rai
nandcontrolt
hepoll
uti
onprobl
em hasrecent
lybeen
38
recognisedasapower
full
egalt
oolt
ocombatenv
ironment
alpol
l
uti
onand
associatedpr
obl
ems.

TheIndiancourt
sal
soappli
edthepoll
uterpay
spri
nci
plef
orcompensati
ng
and repair
ing t
he damage caused by t
he omi
ssi
on ofthe poll
uti
ng
i
ndustri
es.

I
NDIANCOUNCI
LFORENVI
ROLEGALACTI
ONV.UNI
ONOFI
NDI
A[1996]
3SCC212.

TheHon’bl
eSupremecour
tfort
heI
stt
imeappl
i
edt
hepol
l
uterpay
s
pr
inci
plei
nthi
scase.

Thecour theldt hatthepol l

uti
ng indust
riesare absol
utelyliableto
compensat efort heharm causedbyt hem tot hev
il
lagersintheaf fect
ed
areastothesoi landtotheunder -
groundwat erandhencet heyarebound
totakeallnecessarymeasur estoremov esl
udgeandot herpoll
utantslyi
ng
i
nt heaff
ectedar eas.

VELLORECI
TIZENSWELFAREFORUM V/
SUNI
ON OFI
NDI
A[1996]5
SCC647TO658

Inthiscasethesupremecourthasdecl ar
edthatthepol
l
uterpay
s
pr
inci
plei
sanessent
ial
featur
eofsust
ainabl
edevel
opment.

Thecour tdecl
aredthatthispri
nciplehasbeenacceptedaspar
tofthe
l
awoft helandandalsocust omaryinternat
ionall
awandhencei
tbecomes
apartofthelawofthiscountry.

Thecour
tdir
ectedthecent
ralgover
nmenttoconst
itut
eanaut hor
it
yto
assesst
hedamagescausedtotheenvi
ronmentbyt
hetanner
ies.

Inaccordancet
othi
sdi
rect
ion,t
he“
lossofecol
ogyaut
hor
it
y”was
const
it
uted.

Theaut
hori
tywasal
sodir
ectedt
odeter
minethecompensat
iont
obe
recover
ed fr
om the pol
l
uter
s as cost of r
ever
sing t
he damaged
envir
onment.

Theaut
hor
it
yshal
lcomput
ethecompensat
ionunder2headsnamel
y,

39
f
orr
ever
singt
heecol
ogyandf
orpay
mentt
oindi
vi
dual
s.

S.
JAGANATHV.UNI
ONONI
NDI
A[AI
R1997SC811]

I
nthi
scase,i
twasf oundthatt
heshr
impcult
ureindust
ryi
nandaround
chil
kaandpuli
katl
akes,adj
acenttot
heEastcoastwascausi
ngsal
ini
tyof
thesoi
landthedri
nki
ngwat er
.

Thi
sindust
ryal
socausedef
fect
sont
hel
ocal
flor
aandf
auna.

Hencet
hesupr
emecour
tor
der
edf
ort
hecl
osur
eoft
heshr
impcul
tur
e
i
ndust
ri
es.

I
talsodi
rect
edthei
ndust
ri
estocompensat
ethei
ndi
vi
dual
forr
ever
singt
he
damagecausedtot
heecology
.

M.
C.MEHTAV/
SKAMALNATH(
1997)1SCC388.

Inthiscasethesupremecourthel
dthatt
heSpanHot
eli
nter
fered,int
o
thenaturalfl
ow oftheri
verBeasbytry
ingt
oblockt
henat
uralreli
ef/
spi
ll
channeloftheri
ver.

Hence,thehotelwasdirect
edtopaycompensat
ionbywayofcostfort
he
rest
it
utionoftheenv i
ronmentandecologyoftheareabyapplyi
ngthe
poll
uterpaypr
inci
ple.

PRECAUTI
ONARYPRI
NCI
PLE

Before1972attheinter
nati
onallev
el,i
twast
heconceptofassi
mil
ati
ve
capaci
tywhichwasthereinoperat
ion.

Thet
heor
yofassi
mil
ati
vecapaci
ty.

Accordi
ngtothistheor
ytheenvi
ronmenthav i
ngassimi
lat
ivepr
ocess,
theenvi
ronmentabsorbsi
tsel
ftheshockofpol
lut
ion,butbeyondcer
tai
n
l
imitthepoll
uti
onmaycausedamaget otheenvir
onmentrequi
ri
ngthe
eff
ort
storepai
rit
.

Thusaccordingtoassi
mil
ati
vet
heor
y,t
her
oleoft
hel
awwi
l
lbegi
nonl
y
whenthel
imitiscrossed.
40
 Butpol
luti
oncannotwaitf
oracti
ontobepost
ponedf
ori
nvest
igat
ionof
i
tsqual
it
y,concent
rat
ionandboundari
es.

So,therewas ashif
tfr
om t
hepr
inci
pleof‘
assi
mil
ati
vecapaci
ty’t
othe
‘
precaut
ionar
ypri
nci
ple’
.

RI
O-DECLARTI
ON

Itprocl
aimsthat“i
nor dert
oprotectt
heenvi
ronmenttheprecauti
onar
y
approachshal
lbewidelyappli
edbystat
esaccor
dingt
otheircapabi
li
ti
es.

Wherether
ei sthr
eatsofser
iousorirr
eversi
ble damage,lackofful
l
sci
ent
ifi
ccert
aint
yshallnot beusedasar easonf orpost
poningcost
eff
ect
ivemeasurestopr
eventenvi
ronmental
degradati
on.

VELLORECI
TIZENSWELFAREFORUM V.UNI
ONOFI
NDI
A

The supreme cour

tdeclared t
hatt he pr
ecaut
ionar
ypr
inci
plei
s an
essent
ial
featur
eofsustai
nabl
edevelopment.

Thesupremecourthasalsosuppli
edmeani
ngt
othepr
ecaut
ionar
y
pr
inci
plei
nthecont
extoft
heMuni
cipal
law.

Accor
dingt
owhi
chi
tmeans,

i
)Env i
ronmentalmeasures:
-byt hest
ategover
nmentandthestatut
ory
aut
horit
ies – must ant i
cipat
e,prev
ent and at
tack t
he causes of
env
ironmental
degradat
ion.

(i
i)Wher etherearet hreatsofseri
ousandi r
rev
ersi
bledamage,l
ackof
scient
if
ic cert
ainty should notbe used as a reason f
orpost
poni
ng
measur est
opr eventenvironment
aldegr
adat
ion.

The‘onusofproof
’inontheactorort
hedev
eloper
/i
ndust
ral
i
stt
o
showthathi
sact
ioni
senvir
onment
all
ybeni
gn.

Thesupr emecourtstatedthat“ t
heprecautionarypr
inci
plesuggest
thatwher etherei
sani denti
f i
abl
er iskofseriousandi rr
ever
sibl
ehar m,
i
ncluding,forexampleexti
nct i
onofspecies,wi despreadtoxi
cpoll
uti
on,
maj orthr
eat
st oessenti
alecologi
calprocesses,itmaybeappr opri
atet o
placetheburdenofproofontheper sonorentit
ypr oposi
ngtheacti
vi
tythat
41
i
spot
ent
ial
l
yhar
mful
tot
heenv
ironment
.

M.C.
METHA V.UNI
ON OFI
NDI
A(AI
R 1996SC 2715)OR TAJMAHAL
CASE

I
nthiscaset hesupremecour tforprotect
ingt
heTajMahalf
rom ai
r
pol
l
uti
on,di
rect
lyappl
iedprecaut
ionarypr
incipl
e.

In1984,M.C.
Met ha,aconscenti
ousadv
ocate,placeacasebef
orethe
courtt
hemat eri
alhehadgat her
ed andwarned ofdamaget otheTaj
Mahalfrom ai
rpoll
utants.

Accordi
ng t
o t
he peti
ti
oner
,t he f
oundri
es, chemical
/hazar
dous
i
ndustr
iesandt
her
efi
ner
y atMathuraweret
hemajorsour
cesofdamage
t
otheTaj .

Thesulphurdi
oxideemi tt
edbytheMathur
aRefi
neryandthei
ndustr
ies
when combined wit
hoxy gen-wi
ththeai
dofmoistur
e-i
ntheatmosphere
f
ormssulphuricacidcall
ed“ ACI
DRAIN’
,whichhasacorrodi
ngeff
ecton
t
hegleamingwhi t
emar bl
e.

I
ndustr
ial /r
efi
nery emissi
ons,bri
cks ki
l
ns,v ehi
cular t
raf
fi
c and
generat
or-set
s are pri
mari
l
yr esponsi
blef
orpoll
uting t
he ambientai
r
aroundTaj Tr
apezi
um Zone(TTZ).

Thepet
it
ionst
atest
hatt
hewhi
temar
blehasy
ell
owedandbl
ackenedi
n
pl
aces.

I
tis insi detheTajt hatthedecayi smoreappar ent.Yell
ow pall
or
pervadestheent i
remonument .Thecourtst
atedthatthe‘Taj,apar
tf r
om
beingacul turalher
it
age,isani ndust
rybyit
self
. Mor ethant womi l
l
ion
touri
stsvi
sittheTajever
yy ear
.Itisasour
ceofrevenueforthecountr
y.

Thiscourthasmonit
oredthispeti
ti
onf orov ert
hreey ears.Exper
ts
studiespr
ov edt
hatemi
ssionsfr
om coke/coalbasedindust
riesintheTaj
tr
apezium zonehaddamagingef
fectontheTajMahal.

Thecourtobservedthat“
theatmospher
icpol
l
uti
on inTTZhast obe
el
imi
nated atanycost
.Noteven1%chancecanbetakenwhen-
humanli
ve
apar
t-
thepreser
vat
ionofaprest
igi
ousmonumentli
ketheTaji
sinv
olv
ed.
42
 Thecour thel
dt hatt hei ndustr
ies,i dent
if
iedbythepoll
uti
oncontr
ol
boardaspot ent
ialpolluters,hadt o changeov ert
onatur
algasasan
i
ndustri
alfueland t hose who wer e noti n a posi
ti
on t
o obtai
n gas
connect
ionshoul
dst opf unctioni
nginTTZ.

PUBLI
CTRUSTDOCTRI
NE

M.
C.METHAV/
SKAMALNATH(
1997)1SCC388

Fact
soft
hecase.

Anewsi t
em appearedinI ndianExpressstati
ngthatapri
vatecompany
SpanMot el
sPvtlt
dinwhi cht hefamil
yofKamalNat h(t
heformerMini
ster
ofenv ir
onmentandf orest)hadbui l
dacl ubatthebankofRiverBeasby
encroaching l
and including substanti
alforest l
and whi
ch was later
regulari
sedandl easedoutt ot hecompanywhenkamalNat hwast he
minister.

Itwasstat
edt
hatt heMotelusedear
thmov
ersandbul
l
dozer
stot
urnt
he
courseoft
her
iverBeas.

Theeff
orton the partoft
hemot
elwast
ocr
eat
eanew channelby
di
ver
ti
ngther
iverf
low.

Themainnewswasthatt
hedi
ver
sionoft
her
iverf
low t
osav
etheMot
el
fr
om f
utur
efl
oods.

I
nthi
scaset
heDoct
ri
neofPubl
i
ctr
ustwasappl
i
edby
,thecour
t.

Justi
ce.Kul
dipSi
ngh:-tr
aci
ngtheori
ginofthi
sDoctr
inest
atedt
hat“the
RomanEmpi redevel
opedalegalt
heoryknownastheDoctri
neofPubli
c
Trust
”.

I
twasfoundedontheideasthatcer
tai
ncommonpr oper
tiessuchas
ri
vers,seashores,f
orest
s,and the airwere hel
d by gov ernmentin
Trusteeshi
pforthef
reeandunimpededuseofthegener
alpubl
i
c.

Thesupremecourtst
atedthat“
Thestateist
hetrust
eeofal
lnatur
al
r
esour
ces,whichar
ebynatur
emeantforpubl
i
cuseandandenj
oyment
.

Publ
i
catl
argei
sthebenef
ici
aryoft
heseashor
e,r
unni
ngwat
ers,ai
rs,
43
for
estandecol
ogical
l
yfragil
elands.Thest
ateasat
rust
eei
sunderal
egal
dutyt
oprot
ectthenatur
alresources.

Theser esour
cesmeantf orpubli
cusecannotbeconv ertedint
opr i
vate
ownership.This doct
ri
ne pr i
maril
yr ests on t
he princi
plethatcer tain
resources like ai
rsea,wat er
s and t he for
ests have such a gr eat
i
mpor tancetothepeople.Thesaidresourcesbeingthegiftofnature,they
shouldbemadef reel
yav ai
labl
etoeveryoneirr
espect
iveofthestatusofl i
fe.

Sosuchpr
oper
ti
esshal
lnotbeper
mit
tedf
orcommer
cial
owner
shi
p.

Thr
eet
ypesofr
est
ri
cti
onsongov
ernment
alaut
hor
it
y.

1.Sucht
ypeofpr
oper
tyshal
lbeusedf
orapubl
i
cpur
pose.

2.Thepr
oper
tyshal
lnotbesol
dev
enf
oraf
aircashequi
val
ent
.

3.Thepr
oper
tyshal
lbeusedf
orpar
ti
cul
art
ypesonl
y.

BANGALOREMEDI
CALTRUSTV/
SB.
SMUDAPPA[
AIR1991SC1902]

I
nthi
scase,t
heBangal
oredevel
opmentauthor
it
y,hadal
lot
tedapi
eceof
l
andint
hebluepri
nti
naupcominglay
outforapubli
cpark.

Butl
ateront
hesamepi
eceofl
and,wasgi
venf
orapr
ivat
ehospi
tal
.

Aconsci
ousci
ti
zenfi
ledacaseagainstt
hehospit
alandaut
hor
it
iest
hat
al
l
ott
ingt
hepubl
icpl
aceforapr
ivat
ehospi
tal
isi
ll
egal.

A hospi
talmayservethesoci
ety
,butapr
ivat
ehospi
talessent
ialhas
commercial
busi
ness.

Thei
mportanceofpubl
icpar
ksandi
tsi
mpactoft
heheal
thoft
hepeopl
e
wasst
atedinthi
scase.

Andt
hel
andwasusedf
orpubl
i
cpar
k.

Her
eal
sot
hepubl
i
ctr
ustdoct
ri
newasexpl
ainedandi
mpl
ement
ed.

Q.
NO.10.EXPLAI
NTHEPROVI
SIONSOFTHEWATER(
PREVENTI
ONAND
CONTROLOFPOLLUTI
ON)ACT,1974

I
ntr
oduct
ion
44
THEWATER(
PREVENTI
ONANDCONTROLOFPOLLUTI
ON)ACT,
1974

OBJECTSOFTHEACT,

1.Topr
ovi
def
ort
hepr
event
ionandcont
rol
ofwat
erpol
l
uti
on;

2.Tomai
ntai
norr
est
orewhol
esomenessofwat
er.

3.Toest
abl
i
shpol
l
uti
oncont
rol
boar
ds;
and

4.Toconferonpol
lut
ioncont
rolboardspower
sandf
unct
ionsr
elat
ingt
o
prev
ent
ionandcont
rolofwat
erpoll
uti
on.

Def
ini
ti
on:
-sect
ion2(
E)

POLLUTI
ONI
SDEFI
NEDAS

 Cont
ami
nat
ionofwat
er;

 Al
ter
ati
onoft
hephy
sical
,chemi
calorbi
ologi
calpr
oper
ti
esofwat
er
or

 Dischar
geofanysewageortr
adeef fl
uentsorofanyot herli
qui
d,
gaseous or sol
i
d subst
ance i nt
o wat er(
whether di
rect
ly or
i
ndirect
ly)
asmay,
ori
sli
kel
ytocreateanuisance;
or

Rendersuchwaterharmfulorinj
uri
oustopubli
chealt
horsaf
etyort
o
domest i
c,commerci
al,i
ndustr
ial
,agr
icul
tur
alorot
herlegi
ti
mat
eusesort
o
theli
feandhealt
hofanimalsorplant
sorofaquati
corgani
sm.

 Const
it
uti
onofcent
ral
pol
lut
ioncont
rolboar
dsect
ion3(
2)

I
tshal
lconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmember
s.

1.af
ull
timechai
rman

2.notmor
ethan5of
fi
cial
sasr
epr
esent
ati
vesofcent
ral
gov
ernment
.

3.notmor ethan5personsf
rom amongt
hemember
softhestat
eboards,
ofwhom notexceeding2shallbefr
om member
srepr
esent
ing t
helocal
author
it
ies.

Notmor
ethan3member
stor
epr
esentt
hei
nter
estofagr
icul
tur
e,f
isher
ies
45
orindust
ryortr
adeoranyotherinter
estwhi
chi
ntheopi
nion oft
he
gov
ernment,
oughtt
ober
epr
esented.

2personst
or epr
esentt
hecompaniesorcor
por
ati
onowned,cont
rol
l
edor
managedbythecentr
algov
ernment
.

Af ul
ltimemembersecr et
arypossessi
ngqual
i
ficat
ions,knowl
edgeand
exper
ienceofsci
ent
if
ic,engi
neer
ingormanagementaspect sofpol
l
uti
on
contr
ol.

Thecent
ral
gov
ernmentnomi
nat
esal
ltheabov
emember
s.

 Const
it
uti
onofst
atepol
lut
ioncont
rolboar
dsect
ion4(
2)

I
tshal
lconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmember
s.

1.af
ull
timechai
rman

2.notmor
ethan5of
fi
cial
sasr
epr
esent
ati
vesofst
ategov
ernment
.

3.notmoret han 5 per

sons f
rom among t
he member
s oft
he l
ocal
aut
hor
it
iesf
uncti
oni
ngi nt
hestat
e.

Notmor ethan3memberstorepr
esentthei
nter
estofagr
icul
ture,fi
sher
ies
orindustr
yort r
adeoranyotherinter
estwhichintheopi nion ofthe
gover
nment ,oughtt
ober
epr
esented.

2personst
or epr
esentt
hecompaniesorcor
por
ati
onowned,cont
rol
l
edor
managedbythestat
egov er
nment
.

Af ul
ltimemembersecr et
arypossessi
ngqual
i
ficat
ions,knowl
edgeand
exper
ienceofsci
ent
if
ic,engi
neer
ingormanagementaspect sofpol
l
uti
on
contr
ol.

Thest
ategov
ernmentnomi
nat
esal
ltheabov
emember
s.

 Joi
ntpol
lut
ionboar
dsect
ion-
13

Joi
nt boar
d can be cr eat
ed by agr
eement bet
ween t
wo or mor
e
gov
ernmentsofcont
iguousstat
e.

Aj
ointboar
dcanbecr
eat
edbet
weencent
ral
andst
atepol
l
uti
onboar
d.
46
Themember
sar
east
hesamement
ioni
ntheabov
epol
l
uti
onboar
d.

FUNCTI
ONSOFTHECENTRALPOLLUTI
ONCONTROLBOARD–SECTI
ON
16

Themai
nfunct
ionoft heCPCBshal
lbetopr
omot
ecl
eanl
i
nessofst
reams
andwel
l
s,i
ndif
ferentareasoft
hest
ates.

Apar
tfr
om t
hiscer
tai
not
herf
unct
ionsar
eal
sot
her
e,

1.advi
sethecent
ralgover
nmentonmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
othepr
event
ionand
contr
olofwat
erpoll
uti
on.

2.Co-ordinat
et he act
ivi
ti
esoft
he st
ate pol
l
uti
on cont
rolboar
dsand
resol
vedisputeamongthem.

3.Provi
det echnicalassi
stanceandguidancet otheSPCBs,car
ryoutand
sponsorinv
est i
gationandresearchrel
ati
ngtopr obl
emsofwaterpoll
uti
on
andprevent
ion,cont r
olorabatementofwaterpoll
uti
on.

4.Planandorgani
sethetr
aini
ngofpersonsengagedi
npr
ogr
amsf
ort
he
prev
enti
on,cont
rol
orabat
ementofwaterpoll
uti
on.

5.Organi
secomprehensi
vepr
ogr
amsregar
dingpr
event
ionandcont
rolof
waterpol
l
uti
onthr
oughmassmedia.

6.col l
ect,compi l
eandpubl i
sht echni
calandst ati
sticaldatarel
ati
ngt o
wat erpolluti
onandmeasur esdevisedforef f
ect
ivepreventi
onandcont r
ol
ofwat erpol l
utionand prepar
eand pr eparemanual s,codesorgui des
relati
ng tot reatmentand disposalofsewageand t r
adeeffl
uentsand
dissemi nateinformat
ionconnectedther
ewi th.

7.Laydown,
modi
fyorannul
thest
andar
dsf
orast
ream orwel
l
.

8.Pl
anandexecuteanat
ionalwi
depr
ogr
am f
orpr
event
ion,cont
roland
abat
ementofwat
erpol
l
uti
on.

9.Establ
i
shorrecogni
zelaborat
oryorl
abor
ator
ies t
oenabl
etheCPCBt
o
perf
ormtheabovefunct
ionsand,

10.Per
for
m suchot
herf
unct
ionsasmaybepr
escr
ibed.

47
FUNCTI
ONSOFTHESTATEPOLLUTI
ONCONTROLBOARD–SECTI
ON17

a.Toplanacompr ehensi
vepr
ogram f
orprev
ent
ion,cont
rolorabat
ement
ofpol
l
utionofst
reamsandwellsi
nthestat
e.

b.t
o advi
sethestat
egover
nmentonmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
othepr
event
ionand
contr
olofwaterpol
l
uti
on.

c.tocol
lectdi
sseminateinf
ormat
ionr
elat
ingt
opr
event
ion,cont
rolor
abat
ementofwaterpol
lut
ion.

d.to encour
age,conductandpar t
ici
pat
eininvest
igati
onandr
esear
ch
rel
ati
ngtoprevent
ion,
cont
rolorabat
ementofwat
erpollut
ion.

e.
tocoll
aborat
ewitht
hecentralboardinorgani
zingthetr
ainingofpersons
engagedortobeengagedinprogrammesr elat
ingtopreventi
on,contr
olor
abatementofwat
erpol
lut
ionandt oorgani
semasseducat ionprogrammes

f.Toi nspectsewageortradeef
fl
uents,worksandplant
sf orthetr
eatment
ofsewageandt radeeffl
uent
sandtor ev
iewplans,speci
ficat
ions,orother
datar elati
ngtoplantssetupforthet r
eatment ofwat er,worksfort he
puri
ficationther
eofandt hesystem ofthedisposalofsewageort r
ade
effl
uent sorinconnect
ionwitht
hegrantofanyconsentasr equir
edbyt his
Act.

G.tol
aydown,
modi
fyorannul
eff
luentst
andar
dsf
ort
hesewageandt
rade
ef
fl
uents.

H.toevolv
eeconomicalandr el
i
abl
emet hodsoftreat
mentofsewageand
t
radeeffl
uents,
havi
ngregardtothepecul
iarcondi
ti
onsofsoi
l,
cli
mateand
waterr
esourcesofdi
ff
erentregi
ons

i
.Tolaydownstandar
dsoftreatmentofsewageandt
radeef
fl
uent
stobe
di
schar
geint
oanypart
icul
arstr
eam.

j
.tomake,
var
y,orr
evokeanyor
der
,

i.fort
heprevent
ion,cont
rolorabat
ementofdi
schar
gesofwast
eint
o
st
reamsorwell
s.

i
i
.Toi
nst
ructanyper
sont
oconst
ructnewsy
stem f
ordi
sposalofsewage
48
andt
radeef
fl
uent
s.

i
i
i.Tol
aydownst
andar
dsf
ort
hesame.

I
v.Toadv
iset
hest
ategov
ernmentt
othel
ocat
ionoft
hei
ndust
ry.

N.Toper
for
m suchot
herf
unct
ionsasmaybepr
escr
ibed.

2.t
orecongi
zeal aborat
oryorlabor
ator
iest
oenabl
etheboar
dtoper
for
m
i
tsf
unct
ionsunderthissect
ion.

POWERTOOBTAI
NINFORMATI
ONSECTI
ON20

Thestateboar
doranyoffi
cermaymakeasur veytakemeasur
ementand
obt
aininfor
mati
onf
orthepurposespeci
fi
edi
nsecti
on20.

Anyperson f
ail
uretothi
sdi
rect
ionsshal
lbepuni
shabl
eaccor
ding t
o
sect
ion41(
1)oftheAct
.

Sec21:-
powertot
akesampl
esofef
fl
uent
sandpr
ocedur
ebef
oll
owedi
n
connect
iont
her
ewi
th.

1.aof
fi
cercant
akesampl
esf
rom anyst
ream,
sewage,
ort
radeef
fl
uent
s.

2.t
hissampl
eshal
lnotbeconsi
der
edasev
idenceunl
essi
tis,

A.Anot
iceshal
lbesentt
otheper
son.

B.sampl
eshallbet
akeninpr
esenceoft
heoccupi
erorhi
sagentanddi
vi
de
thesampl
eint
o2par t
s.

Thesampleshal
lbemar kedseal
edbybothandsendthecont
ainedf
ort
he
l
aborat
oryest
abl
ishedorrecogni
sedbyt
hecentr
alboar
d

Sect
ion22:
-

Repor
toft
her
esul
tofanal
ysi
sonsampl
est
akenundersect
ion21;
-

Therepor
tshal
lbesubmi
tt
edt
otheconcer
ned boar
dandoccupi
erorhi
s
agent

Sect
ion23:
-powerofent
ryandi
nspect
ion

Anyper
sonwhoi
sempower
edbyt
hest
ateboar
dmayent
eranypl
ace-
49
 a.Forthepurposeofper
for
minganyoft
hef
unct
ionsoft
heboar
d
ent
rust
edtohim;

b.Todeterminethefunct
ioni
ngaret obeperf
ormedaccor
dingt
orul
es,
not
ice,or
der,di
rect
ionorauthor
izat
ionser
ved.

Forthepur poseofexamini
nganypl ant
,recor
d,r
egi
ster
,documentorany
othermat er i
alobj
ectorforconduct
ingasearchofanyplaceinwhichhe
hasr easont obeli
evethattherehasbeenori sbei
ngoffencecommitt
ed
andforsei zureofanypl
ant.

Sect
ion24:
-pr
ohi
bit
iononuseofst
ream orwel
lfordi
sposalofpol
lut
ing
matt
eretc.

A.ifanyper sonknowingl
ycauseorper mi
tanypoisonous,noxi
ousor
pol
luti
ngmat t
erdet
erminedinaccordancewi
thsuchstandar
dsasmaybe
l
aiddownbyt hest
ateBoardtoent er(whet
herdi
rect
lyorindi
rect
ly)i
nto
any[st
ream orwel
lorseweroronland];or
.

Sect
ion25:
-rest
ri
cti
onsonnewout
let
sandnewdi
schar
ges.

Nopersonshal
lwi
thoutt
heper
missi
onoft
hepr
evi
ousconsentoft
hest
ate
Boar
d.

A.est abl
ishort akeanyst epst o est
abli
sh anyindust
ry,oper
ation,or
process,oranytreatmentanddisposalsystem whi
chisli
kel
ytodischarge
sewageort radeeffl
uenti
ntoastream orwell.

Br
ingi
ntouseanyneworal
ter
edout
letoft
het
hedi
schar
geofsewage,

2.anappl
i
cat
ionf
orconsentshal
lbemadet
otheboar
d.

3.t
hestat
eboar
daf
terani
nqui
ryaccor
dingt
oit
spr
ocedur
eshal
lgr
antt
he
per
missi
on.

Sect
ion31

Ifanyplacewher eanyindustr
yoperat
ionorprocess,ortreatmentdueto
accidentorot herunforseen actorev entany accidentoccurs such
i
nformationshallbefurnishedbythestateboardandot heragenci
esin
cert
aincases.
50
Sect
ion31A:
-Powert
ogi
vedi
rect
ions.

Thecentralgovernmentmayissueanydir
ect
ionsi
nwrit
ingt
oanyperson,
off
icerorauthori
ty,andsuchper
son,of
fi
ceroraut
hor
it
yshal
lbeboundto
comply

Compl
ywi
thsuchdi
rect
ions.

Thepowert
oissuedi
rect
ionwoul
dincl
udet
hepowert
odi
rect

 Cl
osur
e

 Pr
ohi
bit
ionorr
egul
ati
onofanyi
ndust
ry,

 Oper
ati
onorpr
ocess

 Thestoppageorr
egul
ati
onofsuppl
yofel
ect
ri
cit
y,wat
eroranyot
her
ser
vice.

Sect
ion39:
-

Contr
aventi
onofanyoftheprov
isi
onoftheActoranyorderordirecti
on
i
ssuedthereunderf
orwhichnopenal
tyhasbeenprovi
dedi ntheAct ,is
puni
shable wi
thimpri
sonmentfora t
erm whi
ch mayext end tot hree
monthsorwithfi
newhi
chmayextendt
oRs.10,
000/-
orwit
hbot h.

Conti
nui
ngcontr
avent
ionwouldattr
actanaddi t
ionalf
ineofRs.5000f
or
ever
ydaydur
ingwhichthecont
rav
entioncont
inues.

Sect
ion40:
-Of
fencesbyt
hecompany
.

I
facompanydoesanycommissi
onofanyactorof
fenceagai
nstt
heAct
t
hei
n-char
geper
sonisl
i
ablef
orpuni
shment
.

Sect
ion41:
-of
fencebygov
ernmentdepar
tment
.

Whereanoffencehadbeencommi t
tedbyanydepar
tmentofgov
ernment
,
theheadoft
hedepartmentshal
lbedeemedtobeguil
tyoft
heoff
enceand
shal
lbeli
abl
etobepunishment.

Sect
ion53:
-poweroft
hecent
ralgov
ernmentt
omaker
ules.

51
Thecentr
algover
nmentshallmaker ul
eswit
hconsult
ati
onwi
ththecent
ral
gover
nmentforthefuncti
oningoft heActandf ort
hecont
roloftheair
pol
lut
ionandfort
hevari
ousot herpur
posesr
elat
edtoit.

Sect
ion54:
-poweroft
hest
ategov
ernmentt
omaker
ules.

Fortheabov
ement i
onedprovi
sionsthest
ategovernmentshallhav
ethe
powertomaker
ulesfort
hecontr
ol oft
heai
rpol
lut
ioninthest
ate.

Q.
NO.
11.WHATI
SAIRPOLLUTI
ON?EXPLAI
NTHESALI
ENTFEATURESOF
AI
RPOLLUTI
ONACT?

THEAI
R(PREVENTI
ONANDCONTROLOFPOLLUTI
ON)ACTOF1981.

OBJECTI
VE

1.Topr
ovi
def
ort
hepr
event
ionofai
rpol
l
uti
on

2.Forcont
rol
ofpol
l
uti
on

3.Forabat
ementofai
rpol
l
uti
on’

4.Fort
heest
abl
i
shmentofpol
l
uti
oncont
rol
boar
ds.

5.Toi mplementt hedeci

sionst akenattheStockhol
m declar
ati
on1972
i
n whi ch I ndi
a parti
cipated,t otake appropri
ate st
eps fort he
preser
vationoft henat
ur alresour
cesoftheearthwhich,
amongot her
thi
ngs,includethepreser vati
onofthequal
ityofairandcontr
olofair
poll
uti
on.

Secti
on2( b)
:-
AirPol
l
uti
onas“
thepr
esencei
ntheat
mospher
eofanyai
r
pol
lutant
”

Sect
ion 2(
a)airpoll
utantas any sol
i
dl i
qui
d orgaseous substance
(i
ncl
udi
ngnoise)pr
esentint
heatmospherei
nsuchconcent
rat
ionasmay
beortendt obeinj
uri
oustohumanbei ngsorotherl
i
vingcreat
uresor
pl
antsorpr
opert
yorenvir
onment
.

POWERSANDFUNCTI
ONSOFCENTRALPOLLUTI
ONBOARD

52
POWERANDFUNCTI
ONSOFSTATEPOLLUTI
ONBOARD

[
REFERTHEWATERACTI
TISASSAME]

PREVENTI
ONANDCONTROLOFAI
RPOLLUTI
ON

19:
-POWERTODECLAREAI
RPOLLUTI
ONCONTROLAREAS:
-

Thest ategovernmentmay ,afterconsult

ati
onwi
ththestat
eBoard,by
notif
icat
ionint heoffi
cialgazett
e,decl
areinsuchmannerasmaybe
prescri
bed,anyareaorareaswithi
nthestat
easai
rpol
l
uti
oncontr
olar
eaor
areasforthepurposesofthi
sAct .

2.t
hestat
egov er
nmentmayaft
ertheconsul
tat
ionofthest
ateboardalt
er
anyai
rpol
lut
ioncont
rol
areawhet
herbywayofextensi
onorreduct
ion.

3.
Decl
arenewai
rpol
l
uti
oncont
rol
area.

4.prohi
bitt
heuseofsuchfueli
nsuchar eaorpar
twhi
chi
scausi
ngmor
e
pol
luti
on(ex.aut
ori
chshawsinBangal
ore)

5.pr
ohi
bitt
hebur
ningofanymat
eri
al.

Secti
on 20:-powerto giv
einst
ruct
ions f
orensur
ing st
andar
ds f
or
emissi
onfrom aut
omobi
les.

Thestategov
ernmentshal
lgi
vei
nstr
uct
ionsf
orensuri
ngstandar
dsf
or
emissi
onfr
om automobi
l
eswhi
chi
slai
ddownbythestat
eboard.

Casel
aw

Del
hiv
ehi
cul
arpol
lut
ioncase.1991(
2)SCC137.

I
nt hiscaset hepoll
uti
onisDel hiwashighinri
seduetoheav
yvehi
cles
operati
nginthecitybei
ngt hebuses,t
ruckset
c,andthever
yol
dvehi
cles
wil
ldefini
tel
ycausemor epoll
uti
on.

Henceint
hiscaset
heoper
ati
ngofheav
yvehi
clesi
nsi
det
heci
tywas
cont
rol
l
ed.

Sect
ion21:
-Rest
ri
cti
onsonuseofcer
tai
nindust
ri
alpl
ant
s:-

1.No per
sonshal
lwi
thoutt
hepr
iorper
missi
onoft
hest
ateboar
d,
53
 establ
ishoroper
ateanyi
ndust
ri
alpl
anti
nanai
rpol
l
uti
oncont
rol
area;

2.Ifanyper
soni
soperat
ingi
ndust
ri
alpl
antinairpol
l
uti
oncont
rolar
ea
shall
makeanappl
i
cati
onfort
hepermi
ssion.

3.Thest
ateboar
dmaymakesuchi
nqui
ry.

4.Thest
ateboar
dmaycancel
orgi
veconsentf
ort
heappr
oval
.

5.Ev
eryper
sontowhom theconsenthasbeengr
ant
edshal
lcompl
y
wi
ththef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons.

 Cont
rol
oft
heequi
pment
.

 Theequipmentshal
lbeal
ter
edorr
epl
acedi
naccor
dancewi
th
thedi
rect
ions.

 Theequi
pment
sshal
lbei
nal
lti
mesi
ngoodr
unni
ngcondi
ti
ons.

 Chi
mneyshal
lbeer
ect
edi
nsuchpr
emi
ses.

I
fanyt echnol
ogi
cali
mpr
ovementshal
lbe i
nfor
med t
othe
boar
d.

Secti
on22:
-personscarr
yingonindust
ry,et
c.,nottoal
l
owemi ssi
onofai
r
pol
lut
ant
sinexcessofthestandar
dslai
ddownbyt hest
ateboar
d.

Section22A:
-powerofboar
dtomakeappl
i
cat
iont
ocour
tforr
est
rai
ning
personsfr
om causi
ngai
rpol
l
uti
on.

Secti
on 23:-ifi
n anyarea t
heemissi
on ofanyairpoll
utanti nt
ot he
atmosphereinexcessofstandar
dsduetoaccidentoranyr eason,the
i
nformati
onshallbefur
nishedtothest
ateBoardandotheragenci esin
cert
aincases

Sect
ion24:
-Powerofent
ryandi
nspect
ion

Underthi
ssecti
on,t
hest
ateBoar
disaut
hor
izedt
oempoweranyper
sont
o
ent
erintoanypl
ace,

a.Fort
hepur
poseofper
for
minganyoft
hef
unct
ionsoft
hest
ateboar
d.

54
 b.Todeterminewhetheranyprovi
sionsoftheActorr
ulesofthenoti
ce,
order,
direct
ionorauthor
izat
ionserved,
madegivenorgrantedunder
theActiscompli
edwi t
h.

c.Toexami netest
inganycont
rolequipment,i
ndustr
ialpl
ant
,record,
regi
ster
,documentoranymater
ialobjectorf
orconducti
ngasearch
ofanyplace.

Sect
ion25:
-powert
oobt
aini
nfor
mat
ion.

Theoffi
cerempoweredmaycal ltheoccupi eroranypersonforany
i
nformati
on incl
udi
ng inf
ormation r
egarding the t
ypesofai rpol
lut
ants
emitt
edi nt
ot heatmosphereandt hel eveloftheemi ssi
onofsuchair
pol
lutant
s,fr
om theoccupieroranyotherper soncarr
yingonanyindust
ry
oroperat
inganycontr
olequipmentorindustri
alpl
ant.

Sect
ion26:
-powert
otakesampl
es.

Thestateboard oranyof f
icerempower
ed byittot akeforthe
purposeofanalysi
s,samplesofai
roremissi
onfr
om anychimney,fl
ueor
ductoranyotheroutleti
nsuchamannerasmaybeprescr
ibed.

1.Sampl
eshal
lbet
aken

2.Ser
veont
heoccupi
erorhi
sagent
,anot
ice,

3.Int
hepresenceoft
heoccupi
erorhi
sagentcol
l
ectasampl
eof
emi
ssi
onforanal
ysi
s,

4.Thesampl eshal
lbeplacedinacont ainerorcontai
nerswhi
ch
shallbemarkedandseal
edandshallalsobesignedbyboththe
personst
akingt
hesampleandtheoccupierorhi
sagent.

5.Send,thecontai
nert
othel
aboratoryestabl
ishedorr
ecogni
zedby
thestateboar
dortoanyst
ateAirlabor
atory
.

II
.iftheoccupi
erorhi
sagentwi
l
lful
l
yabsent
shi
msel
f,t
heper
sonshal
l
coll
ectt
hesamples,

I
fher ef
usest
osi
gnt
hecont
ainershal
lbesi
gnedbyt
heper
sonoft
he
boar
d.
55
Sect
ion27:
-repor
tofAnal
ysi
s.

Ther
epor
tshal
lbesubmi
tt
edi
nthepr
escr
ibedf
ormt
othest
ateboar
d.

Sect
ion31A:
-Powert
ogi
vedi
rect
ions.

Thecentralgovernmentmayissueanydir
ect
ionsi
nwrit
ingt
oanyperson,
off
icerorauthori
ty,andsuchper
son,of
fi
ceroraut
hor
it
yshal
lbeboundto
comply

Compl
ywi
thsuchdi
rect
ions.

Thepowert
oissuedi
rect
ionwoul
dincl
udet
hepowert
odi
rect

 Cl
osur
e

 Pr
ohi
bit
ionorr
egul
ati
onofanyi
ndust
ry,

 Oper
ati
onorpr
ocess

 Thest oppageorr
egul
ati
onofsuppl
yofel
ect
ri
cit
y,wat
erorany
otherservi
ce.

Sect
ion39:
-

Contr
aventi
onofanyoftheprov
isi
onoftheActoranyorderordirecti
on
i
ssuedthereunderf
orwhichnopenal
tyhasbeenprovi
dedi ntheAct ,is
puni
shable wi
thimpri
sonmentfora t
erm whi
ch mayext end tot hree
monthsorwithfi
newhi
chmayextendt
oRs.10,
000/-
orwit
hbot h.

Conti
nui
ngcontr
avent
ionwouldattr
actanaddi t
ionalf
ineofRs.5000f
or
ever
ydaydur
ingwhichthecont
rav
entioncont
inues.

Sect
ion40:
-Of
fencesbyt
hecompany
.

I
facompanydoesanycommissi
onofanyactorof
fenceagai
nstt
heAct
t
hei
n-char
geper
sonisl
i
ablef
orpuni
shment
.

Sect
ion41:
-of
fencebygov
ernmentdepar
tment
.

Whereanoffencehadbeencommi t
tedbyanydepar
tmentofgov
ernment
,
theheadoft
hedepartmentshal
lbedeemedtobeguil
tyoft
heoff
enceand
shal
lbeli
abl
etobepunishment.
56
Sect
ion53:
-poweroft
hecent
ralgov
ernmentt
omaker
ules.

Thecentr
algover
nmentshallmaker ul
eswit
hconsult
ati
onwi
ththecent
ral
gover
nmentforthefuncti
oningoft heActandf ort
hecont
roloftheair
pol
lut
ionandfort
hevari
ousot herpur
posesr
elat
edtoit.

Sect
ion54:
-poweroft
hest
ategov
ernmentt
omaker
ules.

Fortheabov
ement i
onedprovi
sionsthest
ategovernmentshallhav
ethe
powertomaker
ulesfort
hecontr
ol oft
heai
rpol
lut
ioninthest
ate.

Q.NO.12. DI
SCUSS THE SI
GNI
FICANCE OF RI
O-SUMMI
T AND I
TS
PRINCIPLES

TheUni
tedNat
ionsConf
erenceonEnv
ironmentandDev
elopment
,

Hav
ingmetatRi
odeJanei
rof
rom 3t
o14June1992,

Reaf
fi
rmingt
heDecl arat
ionoftheUnit
edNat
ionsConfer
enceonthe
HumanEnvir
onment,adoptedatStockhol
m on16June1972,andseeki
ng
t
obuil
duponit,

Wit
hthegoalofest abli
shi
nganewandequit
abl
eglobalpart
nershi
p
thr
ough the creati
on ofnew level
sofcooper
ati
on among Stat
es,key
sector
sofsocietiesandpeopl
e,

Worki
ng t owards int
ernat
ional agr
eement
s whi ch respect the
i
nterestsofallandpr ot
ecttheintegr
it
yoft hegl
obalenvi
ronment aland
development
alsy st
em,

Recogni
zi
ngt
hei
ntegr
alandi
nter
dependentnat
ureoft
heEar
th,our
home,

Pr
ocl
aimst
hat
:

Pr
inci
ple1

Humanbeingsar
eattheCentreofconcer
nsforsust
ainabl
edevel
opment
.
Theyar
eenti
tl
edtoaheal
thyandproduct
ivel
i
feinhar
monywi t
hnatur
e.

Pr
inci
ple2

57
Stateshave,i
naccor dancewiththeChar t
eroft heUnitedNat i
onsandt he
princi
plesofinternati
onallaw,thesov erei
gnr ightto exploitt hei
rown
resourcespur
suantt othei
rownenv ir
onment alanddev el
opment alpolici
es,
andt heresponsibi
li
tytoensuret hatacti
v i
ti
eswi thi
nt heirjur
isdict
ionor
cont r
oldonotcausedamaget ot heenv ir
onmentofot herStatesorof
areasbeyondthel i
mitsofnati
onaljur
isdi
cti
on.

Pr
inci
ple3

The ri
ghtto dev
elopmentmustbe f ul
fi
ll
ed so as t
o equi
tabl
y meet
dev
elopment
alandenvir
onment
alneedsofpresentandf
utur
egener
ati
ons.

Pr
inci
ple4

In orderto achi
eve sustai
nable devel
opment,envi
ronmentalprot
ecti
on
shallconsti
tut
eanintegr
alpartoft hedevel
opmentprocessandcannotbe
consideredini
sol
ati
onf r
om it.

Pr
inci
ple5

AllStat
esandallpeopleshallcooper
ateint
heessenti
alt
askoferadi
cat
ing
povertyasanindispensablerequir
ementforsust
ainabl
edevelopment
,in
ordertodecr
easet hedispar
iti
esinstandar
dsofli
vi
ngandbettermeetthe
needsofthemajorityofthepeopleoftheworl
d.

Pr
inci
ple6

Thespecialsit
uati
onandneedsofdev elopi
ngcount r
ies,part
icular
lythe
l
eastdevelopedandthosemostenvir
onmentall
yvulner
able,shallbegiven
speci
alpriori
ty.I
nter
nati
onalact
ions i
nt he fi
eld ofenv i
ronmentand
devel
opmentshouldalsoaddr
esst
heinter
estsandneedsofal lcountri
es.

Pr
inci
ple7

Statesshal lcooper atei

naspi ri
tofglobalpartner shipt oconser ve,prot
ect
andr estoretheheal t
handi ntegrit
yoftheEar t
h'secosy stem.I nviewoft he
diff
erentcont ributionstogl obalenv ir
onment aldegr adation,Stateshav e
common but di ffer
enti
ated r esponsibi
l
iti
es.The dev eloped count ri
es
acknowl edget her esponsi
bili
tyt hatt
heybeari nt hei nternati
onalpur sui
tto
sustainabledev elopmenti nv iew ofthepressur est heirsoci et
iesplaceon
thegl obalenv ironmentandoft hetechnologiesandf inancialresources
theycommand.
58
Pr
inci
ple8

Toachi evesust
ainabl
edev el
opmentandahi gherqualit
yofl if
eforal l
people,Stat
es shouldreduce and el
i
minat
e unsust
ainable pat
ter
ns of
producti
on and consumption and promot
e appropri
ate demogr aphi
c
poli
cies.

Pr
inci
ple9

Stat
esshoul dcooper at
et ostrengthenendogenouscapaci t
y-bui
l
dingfor
sustainabledev elopmentbyi mprov i
ng scienti
fi
cunder st
anding t
hrough
exchangesofsci entif
icandtechnologicalknowledge,andbyenhancingthe
development ,adapt ati
on,dif
fusi
onandt ransferoftechnol
ogies,i
ncludi
ng
newandi nnovati
v etechnologi
es.

Pr
inci
ple10

Env i
ronment alissuesar ebesthandl edwi t
hpar ti
cipati
onofal lconcer ned
cit
izens, att
her elevantlevel
.Att henational l
evel,
eachi ndi
vi
dual shallhave
appropr i
ateaccesst oinformationconcer ningtheenv ir
onmentt hati sheld
bypubl i
caut horiti
es,includi
ngi nf
ormat i
ononhazar dousmat erialsand
activi
ties int heircommuni ti
es,and t he oppor tuni
tyt o parti
cipatei n
decision-makingpr ocesses.Stat esshallf acil
it
ateandencour agepubl ic
awar eness and par ti
cipati
on by maki ng informat i
on widely av ai
lable.
Effecti
v e access t oj udici
aland admi nistrat
ive proceedings,including
redressandr emedy ,shallbeprov i
ded.

Pr
inci
ple11

States shal lenact ef

fecti
ve env i
ronmentallegi sl
ati
on.Env i
ronmental
standar ds,management obj ecti
ves and pr i
orit
ies shouldr efl
ect t
he
environment alanddevelopmentcont exttowhi cht heyapply.Standar
ds
applied bysome count ries maybe i nappropri
ate and ofunwar r
ant
ed
economi c and soci
alcostt o othercountri
es,in par t
icul
ardev el
opi
ng
count r
ies.

Pr
inci
ple12

St
ates should cooperat
et o promote a supporti
ve and open
i
nter
nationaleconomi
csy stem thatwouldleadtoeconomi cgrowthand
sust
ainabledevel
opmentinallcountr
ies,t
obett
eraddressthepr
oblemsof
envi
ronmentaldegradati
on.Tr ade poli
cy measures forenvi
ronmental
59
pur
poses shoul
d notconsti
tut
e a means ofarbit
rar
y orunj
ust
if
iabl
e
di
scri
minat
ionoradisgui
sedr
estr
ict
iononi
nter
nat
ionalt
rade.

Unil
ateralacti
onstodealwi t
henvi
ronmentalchallengesoutsidethe
j
urisdi
cti
on oft hei mport
ing count
ryshoul
d beav oi
ded.Env i
ronment al
measures addr essi
ng t
ransboundaryorglobalenv ir
onmentalpr obl
ems
should,
asf araspossibl
e,bebasedonani nt
ernat
ionalconsensus.

Pr
inci
ple13

Statesshal ldevelopnationall
aw regardi
ngliabil
it
yandcompensat i
onfor
thev ict
imsofpol luti
onandot herenvi
ronment aldamage.Stat
esshallal
so
cooper atein an expeditiousand mor e determined mannerto devel
op
furtherinternat
ionallaw regar
dingli
abili
tyandcompensat i
onf oradver
se
effects of env ir
onment aldamage caused by act i
vi
ti
es wi t
hintheir
j
urisdicti
onorcont roltoareasbeyondtheirj
urisdi
cti
on.

Pr
inci
ple14

Stat
esshouldeff
ecti
vel
ycooperat
etodi
scourageorpr
eventtherel
ocat
ion
andt r
ansf
ertootherStat
esofanyacti
vit
iesandsubstancesthatcause
severeenvi
ronment
aldegradat
ionorar
ef oundtobehar mfultohuman
healt
h.

Pr
inci
ple15

Inor dert
opr otectt
heenv i
ronment,theprecauti
onaryappr oachshallbe
widelyappli
edbySt atesaccor dingtot hei
rcapabil
it
ies.Wher ether
ear e
threatsofseriousorirr
ev ersi
bledamage,l ackoffullscienti
ficcer
taint
y
shallnotbeusedasar easonf orpostponingcost-
effect
ivemeasurest o
preventenvi
ronmentaldegradati
on.

Pr
inci
ple16

Nati
onalauthorit
iesshouldendeavourtopr omotetheinternal
izati
onof
envi
ronmentalcostsandt heuseofeconomi ci
nstr
ument s,takinginto
accounttheapproachthatthepol
lut
ershould,i
npri
ncipl
e,bearthecostof
poll
uti
on,withduer egardt othepubli
ci nter
estand withoutdistort
ing
i
nternat
ional
tradeandinvestment
.

Pr
inci
ple17

60
Envi
ronmentalimpactassessment ,as a nat
ionalinstrument
,shallbe
undert
akenf orproposed acti
vi
ti
esthatareli
kelyt o haveasi gni
fi
cant
adver
sei mpactont heenv i
ronmentandar esubjecttoadeci sionofa
competentnati
onalauthor
it
y.

Pr
inci
ple18

Statesshallimmedi at
elynotif
yot herStatesofanynaturaldisaster
sor
otheremergenciesthatareli
kelytoproducesuddenhar
mf ulef
fectsont he
environmentofthoseSt at
es.Everyeff
ortshal
lbemadebyt hei
nt er
nati
onal
communi tytohelpStatessoaffli
cted.

Pr
inci
ple19

Statesshallprov
idepriorandtimelynot
if
icat
ionandrel
evantinformati
onto
potenti
all
yaf f
ectedStatesonactivi
ti
esthatmayhav easigni
ficantadver
se
tr
ansboundar yenvir
onment aleff
ectandshallconsul
twit
ht hoseSt at
esat
anear l
ystageandi ngoodf ai
th.

Pr
inci
ple20

Womenhav eav i
talr
olei
nenvir
onment
almanagementanddevelopment.
Theirful
lpart
ici
pati
on i
st her
efor
e essent
ialt
o achi
eve sustai
nabl
e
devel
opment
.

Pr
inci
ple21

Thecr eat
ivi
ty,ideal
sandcour ageoft hey outhoftheworl
dshouldbe
mobil
izedt of orgeaglobalpartnershi
pi nordert
oachiev
esustai
nabl
e
dev
elopmentandensur eabetterfutureforal
l
.

Pr
inci
ple22

I
ndigenouspeopl eandt hei
rcommuni ti
esandot herlocalcommuni t
ies
hav
eav i
talroleinenvi
ronmentalmanagementanddev el
opmentbecause
ofthei
rknowl edgeandt r
adi
ti
onalpractices.Stat
esshoul drecogni
zeand
dul
ysuppor ttheiri
dent
ity
,cul
tureandi nterest
sandenabl etheiref
fect
ive
par
tici
pati
onint heachi
evementofsustainabledevelopment.

Pr
inci
ple23

The env
ironmentand nat
uralr
esour
ces ofpeopl
e underoppr
essi
on,
61
domi
nat
ionandoccupat
ionshal
lbepr
otect
ed.

Pr
inci
ple24

War
fareisinherent
lydest
ruct
iveofsust
ainabl
edev
elopment
.St
atesshal
l
t
her
eforerespect

i
nter
nat
ionallaw pr
ovi
ding pr
otect
ion f
orthe env
ironmentint imes of
ar
medconf l
i
ctandcooperat
einit
sfurt
herdev
elopment,asnecessary
.

Pr
inci
ple25

Peace,devel
opmentandenv
ironment
alpr
otect
ionar
eint
erdependentand
i
ndivi
sibl
e.

Pr
inci
ple26

Stat
esshallr
esol
vealltheirenv
ironment
aldi
sputespeaceful
l
yand by
appropr
iat
emeansi
naccordancewitht
heChar
teroftheUni
tedNati
ons.

Pr
inci
ple27

Stat
es and peopl e shal
lcooper
atein good fait
h and i
n a spir
itof
part
nershipi
nt heful
fil
mentofthepr
incipl
esembodiedint
hisDecl
arati
on
and int he furt
herdev el
opmentofi nter
nat
ionallaw i
nt he f
iel
d of
sust
ainabledevel
opment .

Q.
NO.
12.WRI
TEABRI
EFNOTEONSTOCKHOLM DECLARATI
ON1972.

Or

UNI
TEDNATI
ONCONFERENCEONHUMANENVI
RONMENT1972.

The U.N.
Confer
enceonhumanenv i
ronment16th June 1972,consi
der
ed
theneedf
oracommonout l
ookandforacommonpr i
nci
plesandguidet
he
peopl
esofthepreser
vat
ionandenhancementofthehumanenv i
ronment
.

TheU.
N.Conf
erenceonhumanenv i
ronmentheldatSt
ockhol
m hasl ai
d
down26pri
nci
ples t
obefoll
owedbyt hestat
esfort
hepreser
vat
ionand
i
mprov
ementofthehumanenvi
ronment.

The26pr
inci
plesar
easf
oll
ows,

62
PRI
NCI
PLENO.
1

Man has t he fundamentalrighttof r

eedom,equal ity and adequate
condi
ti
onsoflife,i
nanenv i
ronmentofaqualit
ythatper
mi t
sal if
eofdigni
ty
andwell
being;andhebear sasolemnresponsibi
li
tytoprotectandi
mpr ove
theenvi
ronmentforpresentandfut
uregenerati
ons

Pr
inci
ple-
2:-

Thenaturalr
esources oftheearthincl
udingtheai
r,water
,land,f
lor
aand
fauna mustbe saf eguarded for the benefi
tof presentand f ut
ure
generat
ionst
hroughcarefulpl
anningandmanagement .

Pr
inci
ple-
3

Thecapacit
yoftheearthtoproducev i
talr
enewabl
eresour
cesmustbe
maint
ainedandwher
everpr
act
icable,
rest
oredorimpr
oved.

Pr
inci
ple4:

Manhasaspecialresponsi
bil
it
yto saf
eguar
d and wi
sel
ymanaget
he
her
it
ageofwi
l
dli
feanditshabi
tat
.

Pr
inci
ple5:
-

Thenon-
renewabl
eresour
cesoftheeart
hmustbeempl
oyedi
nawayast
o
guar
dagainstt
hedangeroft
hei
rfutur
eexhaust
ion.

Pr
inci
ple6:
-

Thedischar
geoftoxi
csubstancesorothersubst
ancesandtherel
easeof
heat
,insuchaquanti
tyorconcentr
ati
onast oexceedthecapacit
yofthe
envi
ronmentmustbestopped.

Pr
inci
ple-
7:-

St
ateshal
ltakeal
lpossi
blest
epst
opr
eventpol
l
uti
onoft
heseas.

Pr
inci
ple-
8:-

Economi
candsocialdevel
opmentisessent
ialf
orensur
ing af
avour
abl
e
l
ivi
ngandwor
kingenvi
ronmentforaman.

63
Pr
inci
ple-
9:-

Envir
onment al defi
cienci
es generated by the conditi
ons of under
developmentand nat ur
aldisaster
s mustbe remedied by accel
erat
ed
developmentthrought hetr
ansferofsubst
ant
ialquant
it
iesoffi
nanci
aland
technologi
calassi
stance.

Pr
inci
ple-
10:
-

Forthedev
elopi
ngcountr
iesst
abi
l
ityofpri
cesandadequat
eearningsf
or
pri
marycommodi t
iesandraw mater
ialar
eessenti
alforenv
ironment
al
management.

Pr
inci
ple-
11:
-

Theenvir
onmentalpoli
ciesofal
lst
atesshouldenhanceandnotadversel
y
af
fectt
hepresentorfut
uredevel
opmentpotent
ialofdev
elopi
ngcountr
ies.

Pr
inci
pl 12:
e- -

Resources should be made avai

lableto preser
ve and improv
et he
envir
onment,t aki
ng int
o account the ci
rcumstances and par
ti
cul
ar
requi
rementsofdevelopi
ngcount
ri
es.

Pri
nci
ple-13:
-Stat
eshoul
dadoptani nt
egr
atedandco-or
dinat
edappr oach
tothei
rdev el
opmentplanni
ng so as to ensurethatdevelopmenti n
compati
blewit
htheneedtopr
otectandimprovethehumanenvi
r onment.

Pr
inci
ple14:
-

Rati
onalplanni
ngconst
it
utesanessent
ialt
oolf
orr
econci
li
nganyconf
li
ct
betweentheneedsofdev el
opmentandtheneedt
oprotectandi
mprove
theenvi
ronment.

Pr
inci
ple15:

Planningmustbeappl iedtohumanset tl
ementsandurbanizat
ionwitha
view t o avoi
ding adverse ef
fect
s on the envi
ronmentand obtaini
ng
maximum soci al
,economi cand envi
ronmentalbenef
it
sf orall.I
nt hi
s
respectpr oj
ect
swhi char edesi
gnedforcoloni
ali
standraci
stdominati
on
mustbeabandoned.
64
Pr
inci
ple16:
-

Demogr aphicpoli
cieswhicharewi t
houtprej
udi
cet obasichumanr i
ghts
andwhi char edeemedappr opr
iat
ebyGov ernmentsconcernedshoul
dbe
appl
iedi nthoseregionswheretherateofpopul
ati
ongr owt
horexcessive
populat
ion concentrati
ons areli
kelyto have adver
se ef f
ect
s on the
envi
ronmentoft hehumanenv ir
onmentandimpededev el
opment.

Pr
inci
ple17:
-

Appropri
ate nat
ionalinst
it
uti
ons mustbe entr
ust
ed wit
ht he task of
pl
anning,managingorcontrol
li
ngthe9envi
ronment
alr
esourcesofStat
es
wit
hav iewtoenhancingenvir
onmental
qual
i
ty.

Pr
inci
ple18:
-

Scienceandt echnol
ogy ,aspartofthei
rcontr
ibut
iont oeconomi cand
socialdevelopment,mustbeappl i
edtotheidenti
fi
cation,av
oidanceand
controlofenvironmentalri
sksandthesol
uti
onofenv i
ronmentalprobl
ems
andf orthecommongoodofmanki nd.

Pr
inci
ple19:
-

Educationinenv i
ronmentalmat t
ers,fort heyoungergener ati
onaswel las
adult
s, gi
v i
ngdueconsider ati
ont otheunder pri
vil
eged, isessentiali
norder
tobroadent hebasisforanenl ightenedopi ni
onandr esponsibleconductby
i
ndividuals,enter
pri
sesandcommuni ti
esi nprotect i
ngandi mpr ov
ingthe
envir
onmenti nitsful
lhumandi mensi on.Itisalsoessent i
althatmass
mediaofcommuni cati
onsav oidcont ributi
ngtot hedet eri
orat
ionoft he
envir
onment ,but,on t he cont rary,di sseminates i nformati
on of an
educationalnatureontheneedt oprojectandi mpr ovet heenv i
ronmentin
ordertoenabl emaltodev elopinev eryrespect.

Pr
inci
ple20:
-

Scienti
fi
cr esearch and dev elopmenti nt he contextofenv i
ronmental
problems,bot h nationaland mul t
inati
onal,mustbe pr omot ed i
n all
countri
es,especiall
yt hedevelopingcountries.Inthi
sconnection,thefr
ee
fl
owofup- to-datescientif
ici
nformationandt ransf
erofexperi
encemustbe
supported and assi sted,tof aci
li
tatet he soluti
on of env i
ronmental
problems;env i
ronment altechnologies shoul d be made av ail
abl
et o
developing countri
es on t er
ms whi ch woul d encourage their wi
de
65
di
sseminat
ionwi
thoutconst
it
uti
nganeconomi
cbur
denont
hedev
elopi
ng
count
ri
es.

Pr
inci
ple21:
-

Stateshav e,i
naccordancewi t
ht heChart
eroftheUnitedNat ionsandthe
princi
plesofi nt
ernati
onall aw,t hesoverei
gnrightto exploitthei
rown
resources pursuant to t heir own env ir
onmental polici
es, and the
responsibi
lit
ytoensuret hatact iv
iti
eswit
hinthei
rjuri
sdict
ionorcontroldo
notcausedamaget ot heenv ir
onmentofot herStat
esorofar easbeyond
thelimitsofnati
onalj
urisdiction.

Pr
inci
ple22:
-

Stat
esshallcooper
atetodev elopfurtherthei nt
ernati
onallaw regar
ding
l
iabi
li
ty and compensati
on f or the v i
cti
ms of pol l
uti
on and ot her
envi
ronmental
damagecausedbyact iv
iti
eswi t
hinthejur
isdi
ctionorcontrol
ofsuchStat
estoareasbeyondt hei
rjuri
sdict
ion.

Pr
inci
ple23:
-

Withoutpr ejudice t
o such cr i
teri
a as may be agr eed upon by t he
i
nternat
ionalcommuni t
y,ortost andardswhichwillhavet obedet ermined
nati
onall
y,itwillbeessenti
alinallcasestoconsiderthesy stemsofv alues
prevai
li
ngi neachcount ry
,andt heext entoftheapplicabil
it
yofst andards
which arev alidf orthe mostadv anced countr
ies butwhi ch maybe
i
nappropriateandofunwar rantedsocialcostfort
hedev elopi
ngcount ri
es.

Pr
inci
ple24:
-

Int
ernat
ionalmatt
ersconcerni
ngtheprot
ecti
onandimprovementoft he
envi
ronmentshouldbehandledinacooper
ati
vespi
ri
tbyallcount
ri
es,big
andsmal l
,onanequal
footi
ng.

Cooperati
on through mul t
il
ater
alor bilat
eralarrangements or other
appropr
iat
emeansi sessentialt
oef f
ect
ivel
ycontrol
,prevent
,reduceand
el
iminate adverse env ir
onmental eff
ects result
ing from act i
vi
ties
conductedinallspheres,insuchawayt hatdueaccounti stakenoft he
soverei
gntyandinter
estsofallSt
ates.

Pr
inci
ple25:
-

66
Statesshallensuret
hati
nternat
ionalorgani
zat
ionsplayacoor
dinat
ed,
effi
cientand dynami
crol
ef orthepr ot
ecti
on and i
mprov
ementoft he
environment
.

Pr
inci
ple26:
-

Manandhi senvir
onmentmustbespar edtheef f
ectsofnucl
earweapons
andallothermeansofmassdest ructi
on.Statesmustst r
ivetoreach
promptagreement,i
ntherel
evanti
nternat
ionalorgans,ont
heeli
minat
ion
andcompletedest
ructi
onofsuchweapons.

Q.NO.13.DESCRI
BEBRI
EFLYTHESALIENTFEATURESOFENVIRONMENT
(PROTECTION) ACT 1986. EXPLAI
N THE DIFFERENT DELEGATED
LEGISLATIONUNDERENVIRONMENTALLAW.

Obj
ectoft
heAct

I
twasenact
edbyt
hepar
li
amenti
nthey
ear1986.

1.Toimplementdecisi
ontakenattheStockholm confer
ence1972
2.Tot akeappropr
iatestepsforthepr otect
ionandi mpr ovementof
humanenv i
ronment.
3.Topr ev
enthazar
dt ohumanbeings,otherli
vingcreat
ures,plant
sand
propert
y.

SECTI
ON2DEFI
NITI
ONS

I
nthi
sAct
,unl
esst
hecont
extot
her
wiser
equi
res,
-
-

(a)"Envi
ronment"incl
udeswater
,airandlandandt heint
er-r
elat
ionshi
p
whichexistsamongandbet weenwater,ai
randl and,andhumanbei ngs,
otherl
iv
ingcreat
ures,pl
ant
s,micr
o-or
ganism andpropert
y;

(b)"Env
ironmentalpol
lutant"meansanysol
i
d,l
i
qui
dorgaseoussubstance
presentin such concentrati
on asmaybe,ortend t
o be,i
njur
ioust o
envir
onment;

(
c)"
Env
ironment
alpol
l
uti
on"meanst
hepr
esencei
ntheenv
ironmentofany
67
env
ironment
alpol
l
utant
;

CHAPTERI
I

GENERALPOWERSOFTHECENTRALGOVERNMENT

3.POWER OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO TAKE MEASURES TO

PROTECTANDI
MPROVEENVIRONMENT

TheCentr
alGover
nmentshal
lhav
ethepowert
otakeal
lsuchmeasur
esf
or
prot
ect
ionofenvi
ronment
.

(i
)Co-ordinat
ionofact
ionsbyt
heSt
ateGov
ernment
s,of
fi
cer
sandot
her
author
it
ies--

(ii
)Planni
ngandexecut
ionofanat
ion-wideprogr
ammef
ort
hepr
event
ion,
contr
olandabat
ementofenvir
onmentalpoll
uti
on;

(i
ii
)lay
ingdownst
andar
dsf
ort
hequal
i
tyofenv
ironmenti
nit
svar
ious
aspect
s;

(i
v)layingdownstandardsf oremi
ssi
onordi
schar
geofenv
ironment
al
poll
utantsf
rom v
ari
oussourceswhat
soever
:

(v)r
estri
cti
onofareasinwhi chanyindustr
ies,oper
ati
onsorpr
ocessesor
cl
assofindust
ri
es,operat
ionsorprocessesshallnotbecar
ri
edoutorshal
l
becarr
iedoutsubj
ecttocertainsaf
eguards;

(vi
) Lay i
ng down procedures and saf
eguar
ds fort he pr
eventi
on of
accidents which may cause env ir
onmental pol
lut
ion and r emedi
al
measur esforsuchacci
dents;

(vi
i
)Layi
ngdownpr
ocedur
esandsaf
eguar
dsf
ort
hehandl
i
ngofhazar
dous
subst
ances;

(vi
i
i) Exami
nat
ion of such manufactur
ing processes,mat
eri
als and
subst
ancesasarel
i
kel
yt ocauseenv
ironmentalpol
luti
on;

(i
x)Carr
yingoutandsponsor
inginv
est
igat
ionsandr
esear
chr
elat
ingt
o
probl
emsofenvi
ronment
alpol
l
uti
on;

(
x)i
nspect
ionofanypr
emi
ses,
plant
,equi
pment
,machi
ner
y,manuf
act
uri
ng
68
orotherprocesses,mater
ialsorsubst
ancesandgi vi
ng,byorder,ofsuch
di
recti
ons to such aut
horit
ies,of
fi
cer
sorper sons asitmayconsi der
necessar
yt ot akestepsf ortheprevent
ion,contr
oland abatementof
envi
ronmentalpoll
uti
on;

(
xi) Establ
ishment or recognit
ion of envi
ronmentallaborat
ori
es and
i
nsti
tutes to car
ryoutt he functi
ons entr
usted t
o such envi
ronmental
l
aboratori
esandinst
itut
esundert hi
sAct;

(
xii
)Coll
ect
ionanddissemi
nat
ionofi
nfor
mat
ioni
nrespectofmat
ter
s
r
elat
ingt
oenvi
ronment
alpol
l
uti
on;

(xi
i
i)Prepar
ati
onofmanual s,codesorgui
desrel
ati
ngt
othepr
event
ion,
contr
olandabatementofenvi
ronment
alpol
l
uti
on;

(xi
v)Suchot hermatter
sastheCentralGov
ernmentdeemsnecessar
yor
expedi
entfort hepur
poseofsecur
ingtheeff
ect
ivei
mplement
ati
onoft he
provi
sionsofthisAct
.

Sect
ion4:
-POWERTOAPPOI
NTOFFI
CER

TheCentr
alGover
nmentshal lhav
epowert
oappoi
ntof
fi
cerandent
rust
cer
tai
npowersandfunct
ions.

SECTI
ON5:
-POWERTOODERCLOSURE

TheCent
ral
Gov
ernmentshal
li
ssuedi
rect
ionsf
or:
-

1.Thecl
osur
e,pr
ohi
bit
ionorr
egul
ati
onoft
hei
ndust
ry

2.St
oppageorr
egul
ati
onofsuppl
yofel
ect
ri
cit
yorwat
er.

SECTI
ON6:
-POWERTOMAKERULES

TheCent
ral
Gov
ernmenti
sempower
edt
omaker
ulesr
elat
ingt
o,

1.St
andar
dofqual
i
tyofai
r,wat
erorsoi
l

2.The maximum al l
owabl
e l
i
mit
s of concent
rat
ion of v
ari
ous
env
ironment
alpol
l
utant
s.

3.The procedur
es and saf
eguar
ds f
or handl
i
ng of hazar
dous
subst
ances.
69
 4.Theprohi
bit
ionandrest
ri
cti
onandhandl
i
ngofhazar
doussubst
ances
i
ndif
ferentareas.

5.Thepr
ohi
bit
ionandsaf
eguar
dsont
hel
ocat
ionofi
ndust
ri
es

6.Thepr
ocedur
eandsaf
eguar
dsf
ort
hepr
event
ionofacci
dent
s.

CHAPTERI
II

PREVENTI
ON, CONTROL, AND ABATEMENT OF ENVI
RONMENTAL
POLLUTI
ON

SECTI
ON7:-PERSONSCARRYI
NGONI NDUSTRYOPERATI
ON,ETC.
,NOT
TO ALLOW EMI SSI
ON OR DI SCHARGE OF ENVI RONMENTAL
POLLUTANTSINEXCESSOFTHESTANDARDS

Noper soncar
ryi
ngonanyi ndust
ry,oper
ati
onorprocessshal
ldi
schargeor
emitorpermittobedischargedoremitt
edanyenvir
onmentalpol
lut
antsin
9
excessofsuchstandar
dsasmaybepr escr
ibed.

SECTI
ON 8:- PERSONS HANDLI
NG HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES TO
COMPLYWITHPROCEDURALSAFEGUARDS

Noper sonshal
lhandl
eorcauset obehandl
edanyhazar
doussubst
ance
exceptinaccor
dancewithsuchprocedur
eandaf
tercompl
yi
ngwithsuch
safeguardsasmaybeprescr
ibed.

SECTI
ON 9:-FURNI
SHING OF I
NFORMATI
ON TO AUTHORI
TIES AND
AGENCIESI
NCERTAINCASES

I
tmakesi
sobl
igat
ory
,

Ont heper sonwhoi sresponsi

blefort
hedischargeofanyenv ir
onmental
poll
utant inexcessoft heprescri
bedstandardsorwhoappr ehendsany
suchdi schargeduetoanyaccidentorotherunforeseenacci
dentorev
ent
tointi
mat ethefactofsuchoccur
renceorapprehensiontot
heGov er
nment.

Heshal
lal
sobeboundtor enderal
lassi
stancef
ort
her
emedi
almeasur
es
t
akentopr
eventt
heenv
ironmentalpol
lut
ion.

SECTI
ON10:
-POWERSOFENTRYANDI
NSPECTI
ON

70
Anyper
sonempoweredbytheCent
ral
Gov
ernmenti
nthi
sbehal
fshal
lhav
e
ari
ghtt
oenter
,anypl
ace-
-

(a)forthepurposeofperf
ormi
ng anyoft
hef
unct
ionsoft
heCent
ral
Governmentent
rust
edt
ohim;

(b)f
orthepurposeofdeter
mini
ngwhet heranypr ovi
sionsofthi
sActorthe
rul
esmadet her
eunderoranynot i
ce,or der,dir
ectionorauthor
izat
ion
serv
ed,made,gi ven orgrant
ed undert his Actis being orhas been
compli
edwith;

(c)forthepurposeofexami ni
ngandtest
inganyequipment,i
ndust
ri
alplant
,
record,regi
ster,documentoranyothermateri
alobj
ectorforconduct
inga
searchofanybui ldi
nginwhichhehasr easontobeliev
et hatanoff
ence
underthisAct .

Sear
chorSei
zur
eshal
lbemadeaccor
dingt
othepr
ocedur
epr
escr
ibed.

11.POWERTO TAKESAMPLEAND PROCEDURETO BEFOLLOWED I

N
CONNECTI
ONTHEREWITH
13
(1)TheCent r
alGovernmentoranyoffi
cerempoweredbyitint
hisbehal
f,
shallhav
epowert otake,f
orthepurposeofanal
ysi
s,samplesofai
r,wat
er,
soilorothersubst
ancefrom anyfactor
y,pr
emisesorotherpl
aceinsuch
mannerasmaybepr escr
ibed.

sect
ionpr
escr
ibest
hepr
ocedur
efort
aki
ngsampl
es.

(a)ser
veont
heoccupi
erorhi
sagentorper
soni
nchar
geoft
hepl
ace,a
not
ice.

(
b)inthepresenceoft
heoccupi
erofhi
sagentorper
son,
col
l
ectasampl
e
f
oranaly
sis;

(c)thesampl
emustbeplacedi
nacont
ainerandmar
kedandseal
edand
signedbybot
htheper
son.

(
d)send thecont
ainerorthecont
ainer
stothelaborat
oryest
abl
i
shedor
r
ecogni
sedbytheCentr
alGover
nmentundersect
ion12.

SECTI
ON12:
-ENVI
RONMENTALLABORATORI
ES

71
(
1)TheCent
ral
Gov
ernmentmay
,

(
a)est
abl
i
shoneormor
eenv
ironment
all
abor
ator
ies;

(
b)r
ecogni
zeoneormor
elabor
ator
iest
ocar
ryouti
tsf
unct
ions.

TheCent
ralGover
nmentshallalsomaker
ulesf
ort
hesubmi
ssi
onoft
he
sampl
esofAir
,water
,oranypol
lutant
.

SECTI
ON13:
-GOVERNMENTANALYSTS

TheCent r
alGover
nmentmayappoi ntorrecognisesuchpersonsasit
thi
nks fi
tand havi
ng t
he pr
escr
ibed qual
if
icat
ions t
o be Gover
nment
Analy
sts.

SECTI
ON14:
-REPORTSOFGOVERNMENTANALYSTS

Anydocumentpur
porti
ngtobear
eportsi
gnedbyaGover
nmentanalyst
maybeusedasev idenceoft
hef
actsstat
edther
eini
nanyproceedi
ng
undert
hisAct
.

15.PENALTYFORCONTRAVENTIONOFTHEPROVI
SIONSOFTHEACT
ANDTHERULES,ORDERSANDDIRECTI
ONS

Whoev erf ail

st ocomplywi t
horcont r
avenesanyoft heprovisionsoft his
Act,ort her ulesmadeoror dersordir
ectionsissuedt her
eunder ,shal
l,in
respect of each such f ai
lure or contravent
ion,be puni shabl e with
i
mpr isonmentf oraterm whi chmayext endt ofiv
ey earswithf i
newhi ch
mayext endt oonel akhrupees,orwi thbot h,andi ncaset hef ail
ureor
contraventioncont i
nues,withadditi
onalf inewhi chmayext endt of ive
thousandr upeesforeverydaydur i
ngwhi chsuchf ai
l
ureorcont raventi
on
conti
nues.

I
fanypersoncont
inuesbeyondaperi
odofoney
earaf
tert
heoff
endershal
l
bepunishabl
ewit
hi mpri
sonmentforater
m whichmayext
endtosev en
year
s.

16.OFFENCESBYCOMPANI
ES

Wher eanyof
fenceunderthi
sActhasbeencommit
tedbyacompany,ev
ery
personwho,attheti
met heoff
encewascommitt
ed,wasdir
ect
lyi
ncharge
of,
andwasr esponsi
bleto,t
hecompanyfort
heconductoft
hebusi
nessof
72
thecompany,aswellast
hecompany
,shallbedeemedt obegui
l
tyofthe
off
ence and shal
lbe li
abl
eto be proceeded agai
nstand puni
shed
accor
dingl
y.

17.OFFENCESBYGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTS

(1)Where an offence underthi

s Acthas been committed by any
Depar
tmentofGov ernment,t
heHeadoftheDepar
tmentshallbedeemed
tobeguil
tyoft
heof fenceandshal
lbeli
abl
etobeproceededagainstand
puni
shedaccor
dingly
.

CHAPTERI
V

MI
SCELLANEOUS

18.PROTECTI
ONOFACTI
ONTAKENI
NGOODFAI
TH

No sui t,pr osecut

ion orot herl egalproceedi
ng shallli
e againstt he
Gov ernmentoranyof fi
cerorotherempl oyeeoft heGovernmentorany
author i
ty consti
tuted underthis Actoranymember ,of f
icerorot her
empl oyee ofsuch aut hor
it
yi nr espectofany thi
ng which is done or
i
ntendedt obedonei ngoodf ai
thinpursuanceofthisActortherul
esmade
oror dersordirecti
onsissuedthereunder.

19.COGNI
ZANCEOFOFFENCES

Nocourtshal
ltakecogni
zanceofanyof
fenceundert
hisActexceptona
compl
aintmadeby--

(a)theCentr
alGover
nmentoranyaut
hor
it
yorof
fi
ceraut
hor
izedi
nthi
s
behalfbyt
hatGov
ernment
,or

(b)anyper sonwhohasgi v
ennot i
ceofnotl essthansixt
yday s,inthe
mannerpr escri
bed,oftheall
egedoffenceandofhi si
ntent
iontomakea
complaint,tot
heCentralGovernmentortheauthor
it
yoroffi
cerauthori
zed
asaforesaid.

20.I
NFORMATI
ON,
REPORTSORRETURNS

TheCentralGovernmentmay,i
nrelati
ontoitsf
uncti
onunderthisAct,f
rom
ti
me tot ime,requir
e any per
son,of f
icer
,Stat
e Governmentorot her
author
it
ytof ur
nishtoitoranyprescri
bedauthor
it
yorofficeranyreport
s,
73
retur
ns,st
atist
ics,
accountsandotheri
nformati
onandsuchper
son,
off
icer
,
StateGovernmentorotherauthor
it
yshal
l beboundt
odoso.

21. MEMBERS,OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES OF THE AUTHORI

TY
CONSTITUTEDUNDERSECTI
ON3TOBEPUBLI CSERVANTS

Allt
hemember softheauthor
it
y,const
it
uted,i
fany
,undersect
ion3andal
l
offi
cer
sandotheremployeesofsuchauthori
tyt
her
eundershal
lbedeemed
tobepubl
icservant
s.

22.BAROFJURI
SDI
CTI
ON

Noci vi
lcourtshallhav
ejuri
sdict
iontoenter
tai
nanysuitorproceedi
ngin
respectofany t
hingdone,act
iontakenororderordir
ect
ionissuedbythe
CentralGovernmentoranyot herauthor
it
yoroffi
cerinpursuanceofany
powerconferredbyorinrel
ati
ontoitsorhisf
uncti
onsunderthi
sAct.

23.POWERSTODELEGATE

theCent ralGover
nmentmay ,delegat
e,subjecttosuchcondi t
ionsand
l
imitati
onsasmaybespeci fi
edi nthenoti
ficati
ons,suchofit
spower sand
functi
onsunderthi
sAct[exceptthepowerst oconstit
uteanauthori
tyunder
sub-secti
on(3)ofsect
ion3andt omaker ulesundersecti
on25]asi tmay
deem necessaryorexpedient,toanyof f
icer,StateGovernmentorot her
authori
ty.

24.EFFECTOFOTHERLAWS

(1)therul
esoror der
smadet her
einshal
lhav
eef f
ectnot
wit
hstandi
ng
anyt
hingi
nconsi
stentt
her
ewi
thcontai
nedi
nanyenact
mentot
herthanthi
s
Act.

(2)Whereanyactoromissi
onconsti
tut
esanoff
encepunishabl
eunderthi
s
Actandal sounderanyotherActthentheof
fenderfoundguil
tyofsuch
offenceshal
lbeliabl
etobepunishedundert
heot herActandnotunder
thi
sAct .

25.POWERTOMAKERULES

(1)TheCentr
alGov
ernmentmay
,maker
ulesf
orcar
ryi
ngoutt
hepur
poses
ofthi
sAct.

74
(a)t
hestandar
dsi
nexcessofwhi chenv
ironment
alpol
l
utant
sshal
lnotbe
di
schar
gedoremit
tedundersect
ion7.

(
b)t
hepr
ocedur
ewi
thwhi
chhazar
doussubst
ancesshal
lbehandl
ed.

(c)theauthori
ti
esoragenciestowhichinti
mati
onofthedischargeofany
envi
ronmentalpollut
anti
nex cesstheinformati
onshallbegivenandt o
whom all
assistanceshal
lbeboundtober ender
edundersub-
section(
1)of
sect
ion9.

(
d)t
hemannerinwhichsampl
esofai
r,wat
er,soi
lorot
hersubst
ancef
or
t
hepur
poseofanal
ysi
s.

(e)t
hefor
minwhi
chnot
iceofi
ntent
iont
ohav
easampl
eanal
ysedshal
lbe
serv
ed.

(f)t
hef uncti
onsoftheenvir
onment all
abor
ator
ies,
and t
heprocedur
ef or
thesubmi ssi
ontosuchlabor
atoriesofsampl
esofair,
wat
er,
soilandother
27
substancesforanal
ysi
sortest;

(
g)t
hequal
i
ficat
ionsofGov
ernmentAnal
yst
.

(h)themannerinwhichnot
iceoftheof
fenceandoft
heintent
iontomake
acomplaintt ot
heCentr
alGover
nmentshallbegi
venunderclause(
b)of
29
sect
ion19;

(i
)theauthori
tyofof
fi
cert
owhom anyrepor
ts,r
eturns,
stat
ist
ics,
account
s
andotherinf
ormati
onshal
lbef
urni
shedundersecti
on20;

(
j)anyot
hermat
terwhi
chi
srequi
redt
obe,
ormaybe,
prescr
ibed.

26.RULESMADEUNDERTHI
SACTTOBELAI
DBEFOREPARLI
AMENT

Ev
eryrul
emadeunderthi
sActshal
lbelai
d,assoonasmaybeaf
teri
tis
made,
befor
eeachHoseofPar
li
ament,
whil
eiti
sinsessi
on.

Q.
NO.14.WRITEANOTEONOBJECTANDSALI
ENTFEATURESOFWI
LD
LI
FEACT,1972.

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-

Sect
ion:
-2.Def
ini
ti
ons-I
nthi
sAct
,unl
esst
hecont
extot
her
wiser
equi
res
75
(
1)"ani
mal"i
ncl
udesamphibi
ans,bi
rds,mammals,andrepti
l
es,andt hei
r
y
oung,andal
soi
ncludes,
int
hecasesofbir
dsandrept
il
es,t
heireggs,

(2)"ani
malart
icle"meansanarti
clemadefrom anycapt
iveani
malorwil
d
animal,ot
herthanv er
min,andincludesanar
ti
cleorobjectinwhi
chthe
wholeoranypar tofsuchanimal[hasbeenusedandi v
oryimpor
tedi
nto
I
ndiaandanarticlemadether
efr
om] .

"
hunt
ing"
,wi
thi
ts gr
ammat
icalv
ari
ati
ons and cognat
e expr
essi
ons,
i
ncl
udes,

(a)capt
uri
ng,ki
ll
ing,poi
soni
ng,snar
ing,andt
rappi
ngoranywi
l
dani
mal
andever
yattempttodoso,

(
b)dr
ivi
nganywi
l
dani
mal
foranyofpur
posesspeci
fi
edi
nsubcl
ause

(c)i
njur
ingordestroyi
ngortaki
nganypartofthebodyofanysuchanimal
,
orinthecaseofwi ldbir
dsorrept
il
es,damagi
ngt heeggsofsuchbi
rdsor
rept
il
es,ordi
stur
bingtheeggsornestsofsuchbir
dsorrept
il
es;

CHAPTERI
I

Aut
hor
it
iest
obeappoi
ntedorconst
it
utedundert
hisAct

3.AppointmentofDirect
oranot
heroff
icer
s.�(
1)TheCent
ral
Gov
ernment
may,forthepurposesofthi
sActappoi
nt

(
a)aDi
rect
orofWi
l
dli
fePr
eser
vat
ion;

(
b)Assi
stantDi
rect
orsofWi
l
dli
fePr
eser
vat
ion;
and

(
c)suchot
herof
fi
cer
sandempl
oyeesasmaybenecessar
y.

4.Appoi
ntmentofChi
efWi
ldl
if
eWar
denandot
herof
fi
cer
s

(
a)aChi
efWi
l
dli
feWar
den;

b)Wi
l
dli
feWar
dens;

(
bb)OneHonor
aryWi
l
dli
feWar
dineachdi
str
ict
;and

(
c)suchot
herof
fi
cer
sandempl
oyeesasmaybenecessar
y.

76
5.Powerofdel
egate(1)TheDi r
ect
ormay ,wit
htheprev
iousappr
ovalof
theCent
ralGover
nment,byor derinwr i
ti
ng del
egat
ealloranyofhi s
power
sandduti
estoanyoffi
cersubordi
natetohi
m.

(2)TheChiefWil
dli
feWar
denmay,wit
htheprevi
ousappr
ovaloftheSt
ate
Governmentbyor
derinwr
it
ing,
del
egat
ealloranyofhi
spowersanddut
ies
underthi
sAct,

6.Const
itut
ionoftheWildl
ifeAdvi
sor
yBoard(1)TheSt at
eGovernment
shal
lconsti
tut
e a Wil
dli
fe Advi
sor
yBoard consi
sti
ng ofthe f
oll
owing
member,namely:

(a)t
heMini
steri
nchar
geofFor
esti
ntheSt
ateorUni
onTer
ri
tor
y,whoshal
l
betheChai
rman;

(b)t
womember softheSt
ateLegi
slat
ureor,
inthecaseofaUni
onTerr
it
ory
havi
ngaLegisl
atur
e,twomembersofthelegi
slat
ureoftheUni
onTer
ri
tory
,
asthecasemaybe;

(c)Secretar
ytotheStat
eGover
nment
,ort
heGov
ernmentoft
heUni
on
Ter
ri
tor
y,inchar
gesofFor
est
s;

[
(d)The ForestOf f
icerin char
ge oft he St
ate For
estDepar
tment
,by
4
what
everdesignat
ioncall
ed,ex-
off
ici
o;]

(
e)anof
fi
cert
obenomi
nat
edbyt
heDi
rect
or;

(
f)Chi
efWi
l
dli
feWar
den,
ex-
off
ici
o;

[
(g)Of
fi
cer
soft
heSt
ateFor
estGov
ernmentnotexceedi
ngf
ive5]
;

(
h)suchot
herper
son,
notex
ceedi
ngt
en,

[
(1A)TheSt
ateGov
ernmentmayappoi
ntaVi
ce-
Chai
rmanoft
heBoar
d

(2)TheStateGover
nmentshal
lappoi
nt[
thef
orestOff
iceri
nchar
geofthe
7
ForestDepar
tment]orChi
efWil
dli
feWar
denastheSecret
aryt
otheBoard.

(3)Theterm ofof
fi
ceoft
hemember
soft
heBoar
dshal
lbesuchasmaybe
8
prescr
ibed.

(
4)Themember
sshal
lbeent
it
ledt
orecei
vesuchal
l
owancesi
nrespectof

77
expenses i
ncur
red inthe per
for
mance oft
hei
rdut
ies as t
he St
ate
Governmentmayprescr
ibed.

7.Pr
ocedur
etobef
oll
owedbyt
heBoar
d.

(
1)TheBoar
dshal
lmeetatl
eastt
wiceay
ear
.

(
2)TheBoar
dshal
lregul
atei
tsownpr
ocedur
e.

(
3)Noactorpr oceedingoftheBoar
dshal
lbei
nval
i
dmer
elybyr
easonof
t
heexi
stenceofanyv acancy

8.Dut
iesoft
heWi
ldl
if
eAdv
isor
yBoar
d.

I
tshallbethedut
yoft
heWi
l
dli
feAdv
isor
yBoar
dtoadv
iset
heSt
ate
Gov
ernment
,

(a)I
ntheselecti
onofareast
obedecl ar
edasSanct
uar
ies,Nat
ionalPar
ks,
andClosedAreasandtheadmini
str
ati
onther
eof;

(
b)i
nfor
mul
ati
onoft
hepol
i
cy

c)i
nanymat
terr
elat
ingt
oanyschedul
e;

CHAPTERI
II

Hunt
ingofWi
ldAni
mal
s

(9Pr ohi
bit
ionofHunting.Noper sonshal
lhuntanywil
danimalspeci
fi
ed
i
nSchedul e,I
,II
,II
IandIVexceptasprovi
dedundersect
ion11andsecti
on
1
12.]

11.Hunt
ingofWi
ldani
mal
stobeper
mit
tedi
ncer
tai
ncases

(a)theChiefWildl
i
feWardenmay,i
fhei ssat
isf
iedt
hatanywil
danimal
specif
iedinSch.1hasbecomedangeroust
ohumanlif
eorissodisabl
ed
ordiseasedastobebey
ondrecov
ery.

(b)t he ChiefWil
dli
fe Warden orthe aut hor
ised off
icermay ,ifhe is
sati
sfiedthatanywildanimalspecifi
edi nSch.I ISch,IIIorSch.IVhas
becomedanger oustohumanl i
feort opr opert
y( i
ncl
udingstandingcrops
onanyl and)orissodi sabl
edordi seasedast obebey ondrecovery,by
orderinwrit
ingandstat
ingthereasonstherefor,per
mitanypersont ohunt
78
suchani
mal
orcausesuchani
mal
tobehunt
ed.

(2)Theki
ll
ingorwoundingingoodfait
hofanywi l
dani
mali
ndef
enceof
onesel
forofanyot
herpersonshal
lnotbeanof
fence;

(3)Anywil
danimalki
ll
edorwoundedi
ndef
enceofanyper
sonshal
lbe
Gover
nmentpr
oper
ty.

12.Gr antofpermitforspecialpurposes.-itshal
lbelawfulf
ortheChi ef
Wildli
feWarden,t
ogr antapermit,byanorderinwri
tingst
ati
ngthereasons
theref
or,toanyper son,onpay mentofsuchf eeasmaybepr escribed,
whichshallent
it
letheholderofsuchper mitt
ohunt,

(
a)educat
ion;

(
b)sci
ent
if
icr
esear
ch;

(
bb)sci
ent
if
icmanagement
;

(
c)Col
l
ect
ionofspeci
mens

(
i)f
orr
ecogni
sedzoossubj
ectt
otheper
missi
onundersect
ion38-
1or

(
ii
)formuseumsandsi
mil
ari
nst
it
uti
ons;

(
d) deri
vat
ion, col
l
ect
ion or pr
epar
ati
on of snake-
venom f
or t
he
manuf
actur
eofli
fesavi
ngdr
ugs.
]

Pr
ovi
dedt
hatnosuchper
mitshal
lbegr
ant
ed:

(a)i
nr espectofanywi
ldani
malspeci
fi
edinSch.
Lexceptwi
tht
hepr
evi
ous
permissionoftheCent
ral
Gover
nment,and

(b)i
nrespectofanyot
herwi
l
dani
mal
,exceptwi
tht
hepr
evi
ousper
missi
on
oftheStat
eGov er
nment.
]

(13)"
Suspensionorcancell
ati
onofli
cence.-TheChiefWil
dli
feWardenfor
goodandsuff i
cientr
easons,t
ober ecor
dedinwrit
ing,suspendorcancel
anyli
cencegrantedundert
hisChapt
er.

CHAPTERI
V

Sanct
uar
ies,
Nat
ionalPar
k,andCl
osedAr
eas
79
Sanct
uar
ies

18.Decl ar
ation of Sanct uary.[ (l
) The St ate Gov er
nment may ,by
noti
fi
cation,decl areitsintentiont oconsti
tuteanyar eaotherthanar ea
comprisedwi thanyr eservef orestortheterri
tori
alwatersasasanctuaryif
i
tconsi derst hatsuch ar ea i s ofadequat e ecological
,faunal
,f l
oral
,
geomor phological,natur
al.orzool ogi
calsignifi
cance,forthepurposeof
prot
ecting,propagat i
ngordev el
opingwildl
if
eori tsenvi
ronment.

19.Col
lect
ort
odet
ermi
ner
ight
s.

thecol
lect
orshal
linquir
eint
o,anddeter
minet
heexist
ence,nat
ureand
ext
entoftheri
ght
sofanypersoninorovert
hel
andcomprisedwi
thi
nthe
l
imit
softhesanct
uary.

20.Barofaccr
ualofr
ight
s.

Aft
ertheissueofanot i
fi
cati
onunderSec."
18,nori
ghtshallbeacqui
redin,
oroverthelandcompr i
sedwi t
hintheli
mitsoftheareaspecif
iedinsuch
not
ifi
cat
ion,exceptbysuccessi
on,t
estamentar
yorint
estat
e.

21.Pr
ocl
amat
ionbyCol
lect
or.

t
heCol
lect
orshallpubl
ishi
nt her
egional
languageineveryt
ownandv i
l
lage
i
nori
ntheneighborhoodoftheareacomprisedther
ein,
aprogamat
ion:

(a)Speci
fyi
ng,asnear
lyaspossi
ble,t
hesi
tuat
ionandt
hel
i
mit
soft
he
sanct
uary
;and

(b)requir
inganyperson,cl
aimi
nganyri
ghtment
ionedinSec.19,t
oprefer
beforethecoll
ect
or"withi
ntwomonthsf
rom t
hedateofsuchprocl
amati
on.

22.Inqui
rybyCol
lect
or.TheCollect
orshall
,af
terser
viceoft
hepr
escr
ibed
noti
ceuponthecl
aimant,expedi
ti
ousl
yinqui
reint
o

(
a)t
hecl
aim pr
efer
redbef
orehi
m

(
b)t
heexi
stenceofanyr
ight

23.PowersofColl
ector
.Forthepurposeofsuchi
nqui
ry,
theCol
l
ect
ormay
exer
ciset
hefol
lowingpowers,namely

80
(
a)thepowert
oenteri
noruponanylandandtosurvey
,demar
cat
e,and
makeamapofthesameort
oaut
hori
seanyotherof
fi
cert
odoso;

(
b)t
hesamepower
sasar
evest
edi
naci
vi
lcour
tfort
het
ri
alofsui
ts.

24.Acquisit
ionofr
ight
s.( 1)I
nthecaseofacl
aimtoari
ghtinoroverany
l
andr ef
erredtoinSec.19,theColl
ect
orshal
lpassanorderadmit
tingor
rej
ect
ingthesameinwhol eorinpar
t.

(
2)I
fsuchcl
aimi
sadmi
tt
edi
nwhol
eori
npar
t,t
heCol
l
ect
ormayei
ther

(
a)excl
udesuchl
andf
rom t
hel
i
mit
soft
hepr
oposedsanct
uar
y,or

(b)pr
oceed to acqui
re such l
and orri
ghts,through pay
mentofsuch
compensat
ion,
asi spr
ovidedintheLandAcqui
siti
onAct,1894(
1of1894)

(c)
all
ow,i
nconsult
ati
onwitht
heChi
efWi
l
dli
feWar
den,t
hecont
inuanceof
anyri
ghtofanyper
sonin,

25.Acqui
sit
ionproceedi
ngs.(
1)Fort
hepur
poseofacqui
ri
ngsuchl
and,
or
ri
ghtsi
norov ersuchl
and,

(a)t
heColl
ectorshal
lbedeemedtobeaCol
l
ect
or,pr
oceedi
ngundert
he
LandAcqui
sit
ionAct,
1894(
1to1894)
:

(b)thecl
aimantshal
lbedeemedt obeapersonint
erest
edandappear
ing
beforehi
minpursuanceofanot
icegi
venundersec.
9ofthatAct
.

(c)t
heprov
isi
onsofthesect
ionsprecedi
ngSec.
9oft
hatActshal
lbe
deemedt
ohavebeencompl
i
edwi t
h;

(d)wheretheclai
mantdoesnotacceptt heawardmadei nhi
sfav
ourinthe
matterofcompensation,heshallbedeemed, withinthemeani
ngofSec.18
ofthatAct,t
obeaper sonint
erestedwhohasnotaccept edt
heaward,and
shallbeenti
tledtopr oceedtocl ai
mr eli
ef,againsttheawardunderthe
provi
sionofPartI
IIofthatAct;

(e)theColl
ect
or,wit
ht heconsentofthecl
aimant
,ortheCour
t,wi
ththe
consentofbot
ht heparti
es,mayawardcompensat
ioni
nlandormoneyor
part
lyinl
andandpartl
yinmoney ,
and

(
f)i
nthecaseoft
hest
oppageofapubl
i
cwayoracommonpast
ure,t
he
81
Collectormay,wit
ht heprevi
oussanct
ionoft
heSt
ateGovernmentpr
ovi
de
foran al ter
nat
ive publi
c wayorcommon pasture,as f
aras maybe
practicabl
eorconvenient
.

(2)Theacqui
sit
ionunderthi
sActofanylandori
nter
estt
her
einshal
lbe
deemedtobeacquisi
ti
onforapubl
i
cpurpose.

26.Del
egat
ionofColl
ect
orspower
s.TheStat
eGov
ernmentmay
,del
egat
e
poweroft
hecoll
ect
ortoanyaut
hor
izedof
fi
cer
.

(
26A)Decl
arat
ionofar
eaasSanct
uar
y.(
1)When

(a)theperi
odforpref
err
ingcl
aim haselapsed,andal
lcl
aims,i
fany
,made
i
nr elat
iontoanylandinanareaintendedt obedecl
aredasasanctuar
y,
havebeendisposedofbytheStat
e.

27.Rest
ri
cti
ononent
ryi
nsanct
uar
y.(
1)Noper
sonot
hert
han,

(
a)apubl
i
cser
vantondut
y;

(b)aper sonwhohasbeenpermit
tedbytheChiefWil
dli
feWar
denort
he
author
isedoff
icert
oresi
dewi
thi
ntheli
mit
softhesanct
uary;

(
c)apersonwhohasanyr
ightov
eri
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tywi
thi
nthel
i
mit
sof
t
hesanctuar
y;

(
d)aper
sonpassi
ngt
hrought
hesanct
uar
yal
ongapubl
i
chi
ghway
,and

(
e)t
hedependent
soft
heper
sonr
efer
redt
oinCI
.(a)
,(b)or(
c).

shal
lenterorresi
deinthesanctuar
y,exceptunderandi
naccor
dancewi
th
thecondit
ionsofapermitgr
antedundersecti
on28.

(
2)Ev
eryper
sonshal
l
,sol
ongasher
esi
desi
nthesanct
uar
y,bebound

(a)t
opr
eventt
hecommi
ssi
on,i
nthesanct
uar
y,oranof
fenceagai
nstt
his
Act;

(b)wher
ether
eisreasont
obel
i
evet
hatanysuchof
fenceagai
nstt
hisAct
hasbeencommit
ted

(
c)t
orepor
tthedeat
hofanywil
danimalandtosafeguar
dit
sremai
nsunt
il
t
heChi
efWil
dli
feWardenort
heaut
hori
zedoff
icert
akeschar
gether
eof
;
82
(
d)t
oext
ingui
shanyf
ir
einsuchsanct
uar
y.

(e)toassistanyforestof
fi
cer
,Chi
efWil
dli
feWar
den,Wi
l
dli
feWar
denor
pol
iceoff
icerdemandi nghisai
dforpr
eventi
ngt
hecommissi
onofany
off
enceagainstt
hisAct.

(3)Nopersonshal
l
,wi
thi
ntentt
ocausedamaget
oanyboundar
y-mar
kofa
sanct
uary

(4)Noper
sonshal
lteaseormol
estanywi
l
dani
malorl
i
ttert
hegr
oundsor
sanct
uar
y.

28.Grantofpermit
.( 1)TheChiefWi l
dli
feWardenmay,onappl
icat
ion,
grantt
oanypersonapermittoenterorresi
dei
nasanctuar
yforal
lorany
ofthefol
l
owingpur
poses,namel
y:

(
a)invest
igat
ionorst
udyofwi
l
dli
feandpur
posesanci
l
lar
yori
nci
dent
al
t
her
eto;

(
b)phot
ogr
aphy
;

(
c)sci
ent
if
icr
esear
ch;

(
d)t
our
ism;

(
e)t
ransact
ionofl
awf
ulbusi
nesswi
thanyper
sonr
esi
dingi
nthesanct
uar
y.

(2)Apermi
ttoent
erorr
esidei
nasanct
uar
yshal
lbeissuedsubj
ectt
osuch
condi
ti
onsandonpaymentofsuchf
eeasmaybeprescri
bed.
8
[(29)Dest
ruct
ion,
etc.
,i
nasanct
uar
ypr
ohi
bit
edwi
thoutaper
mit
.

Noper sonshal
ldestr
oy,exploi
torremov eanywildl
if
efrom asanctuar
yor
destr
oyordamaget hehabitatofanywil
danimal ordepr
iveanywildani
mal
orit
shabi t
atwi
thi
nsuchsanct uaryexceptunderandinaccordancewitha
permitgrant
edbytheChiefWi l
dli
feWarden.

30.Causingf i
reprohibit
ed. Noper sonshal
lsetfi
ret
oasanctuar
y,or
kindl
eanyfir
e,orleaveanyf i
rebur
ning,i
nasanctuar
y,i
nsuchmanneras
toendangersuchsanctuary.

31Pr
ohi
bit
ionofent
ryi
ntosanct
uar
ywi
thweapon.Noper
sonshal
lent
er

83
asanct
uarywi
thanyweaponexceptwit
hthepreviousper
missi
oni
nwr
it
ing
oft
heChiefWi
ldl
if
eWardenortheauthor
izedoff
icer.

32.Ban on use ofi nj

uri
ous substances. No per son shal
luse i
na
sanctuar
y,chemi
cals,expl
osiv
esoranyot hersubstanceswhichmaycause
i
njuryto,
orendanger,
anywi l
dli
feinsuchsanctuary
.

33.Cont rolofsanctuar
ies. The ChiefWildli
fe War
den shallbe t
he
authori
tywhoshallcontr
ol,manageandmai ntai
nallsanct
uari
esandf or
thatpurpose,
wit
hint
helimitsofanysanct
uar
y,

33A.Immunisat
ionofli
vestock.(
41)TheChi
efWil
dlif
eWardenshallt
ake
suchmeasuresinsuchmannerasmaybepr escr
ibed,f
orimmunisati
on
agai
nstcommunicablediseasesoftheli
vest
ockkeptinorwi thi
nf i
ve
ki
lomet
resofasanctuar
y.

34.Regi
str
ati
onofcer
tai
nper
sonsi
npossessi
onofar
ms.

Withi
nthr eemont hsf r
om thedecl arati
onofanyar eaasasanctuary,ever
y
personr esidinginorwi thi
nt enki lometresofanysuchsanct uaryand
hol
dingal icencegr ant
edundert heAr msAct ,1959( 54of1959),forthe
possessionofar msorexempt edf rom thepr ovi
sionsofthatActand
possessingar ms,shallapplyinsuchf orm,onpay mentofsuchf ee,and
wit
hinsucht imeasmaybepr escr i
bed,tot heChiefWildl
i
feWardenort he
author
isedof f
icer
,fortheregi
strationofhisname.

Nat
ionalPar
ks

35.Decl ar
ationofNat ionalPar ks.( 1)Whenev eritappearst otheState
Governmentt hatanarea, whetherwi t
hinasanct uaryornot ,i
s,byreasonof
i
tsecol ogi
cal,faunal
,fl
oral,geomor phological
,orzoologicalassociat
ionor
i
mpor tance,neededtobeconst it
utedasaNat i
onalPar kforthepurposeof
prot
ecting&pr opagati
ngordev elopi
ngwi ldli
fetherei
nori tsenvi
ronment,i
t
may,bynot ifi
cati
on,declarei t
si ntenti
ont oconst i
tutesuchar eaasa
Nati
onal Park.

(1)t
hepr ov
isi
onsofSec.26Ashal
l
,asfarasmaybe,appl
yinrel
ationtothe
decl
arati
onofaNationalParkast
heyapplyi
nrel
ati
ontothedeclarat
ionof
asanctuary
.]

(
2)Thenot
if
icat
ionshal
ldef
inet
hel
i
mit
soft
hear
ea.

84
(3)theprovi
sionsofSec.[19to26-A(bot
hi ncl
usi
veexceptcl
ause(
c)of
sub-
secti
on (2)ofsection 24)shal
l,as faras maybe,appl ytothe
i
nvesti
gati
onanddeterminati
onofcl
aims.

(
4)Whent
hef
oll
owi
ngev
ent
shav
eoccur
red,
namel
y

(a)theperi
odforpref
err
ingcl
aimshasel apsed,
andal lcl
aims,
ifany,
made
i
nr elat
iont
oanylandinanareaintendedtobedeclaredasaNat i
onalPar
k,
havebeendisposedofbytheStateGov er
nment,and

(b)al
lri
ght
sinrespectofl
andsproposedtobeincl
udedi
ntheNat
ional
Parkhav
ebecomev est
edi
ntheSt
ateGov er
nment

(
5)Noal
ter
ati
onoft
heboundar
iesofaNat
ional
Par
kshal
lbemade.

(6)Nopersonshal
l,dest
roy
,exploi
t,orremoveanywil
dli
fef
rom aNati
onal
Parkordestr
oyordamaget hehabitatoranywildani
malordepri
veany
wil
danimalorit
shabit
atwit
hinsuchNat i
onalPar
k.

(
7)Nogr
azi
ngofany[
li
v ock13]shal
est lbeper
mit
tedi
naNat
ional
Par
k.

(8)Thepr ovi
sionsofsecs.27and28,secs. 30to32(bothincl
usi
ve),and
14
CIS,(a),(
b)and( c)of[
Sec.33,33A ]andsec. 34shal
l,asfarasmaybe,
applyinreal
ti
ontoaNationalParkast heyappl
yinr
elat
iontoasanct
uary.
15
36.[ Omi
tt
ed1991]

Cl
osedAr
ea

37.Decl
arat
ionofcl
osedar
ea.

(1)TheStat
eGover
nmentmay,bynoti
fi
cat
ion,decl
areanyareacl
osedt
o
hunt
ingf
orsuchper
iodasmaybespeci
fi
edinthenoti
fi
cati
on.

Sanct
uar
iesorNat
ionalPar
kdecl
aredbyCent
ralGov
t.

38.PowerofCent
ralGov
ernmentt
o decl
arear
easasSanct
uar
iesor
Nati
onalPar
k,

TheCentr
alGovernmentmay,ifi
tissat
isfiedthatthecondi
ti
onsspecif
ied
i
nsec.35aref
ulfi
l
ledinrel
ati
ontoanyar ear efer
redtoinsub-sect
ion(1)
,
whet
herornotsuchar eahasbeendecl ared,tobeasanct uarybyt he

85
Centr
alGov ernment,orthe Stat
e Government,declar
e such area,by
noti
fi
cati
on,tobeaNat i
onalParkandtheprovi
sionsofsecs.
35.54and55
shal
lapplyt
osuchNat i
onal Par
kastheyapplyi
nr el
ati
ontoaNationalPar
k
decl
aredbytheStateGovernment.

(3)I nr el
ati
ont oasanct uaryorNat i
onalPar kdecl aredbyt heCent ral
Gov ernment ,thepower sanddut i
esoft heChiefWi l
dlifeWardenundert he
section referred toin sub-section (1)and ( 2).shallbe exer ci
sed and
dischargedbyt heDirectororbysuchot herof
ficerasmaybeaut hor
isedby
theDi rect
ori nt hi
sbehal fandr efer
encesi nthesect i
onsaf or
esai dtothe
State Gov er nment,shal lbe const r
ued as r ef
erence tot he Central
Gov ernmentandr eferencet her
eintot heLegislati
onoft heStateshallbe
const r
uedasar ef
erencetoPar l
iament .
1
[CHAPTER-
IVA]

CENTRALZOOAUTHORI
TYANDRECOGNI
TIONOFZOOS
2
38A.Const
it
uti
onofCent
ralAut
horit
y. -(
1)TheCentr
alGover
nmentshal
l
const
it
uteabodyt
obeknownast heCentr
alZooAut
hori
ty(

(
2)TheAut
hor
it
yshal
lconsi
stof

(
a)Chai
rper
son;

(
b)suchnumberofmember
snotexceedi
ngt
en;
and

(
c)Member-Secr
etar
y;t
obeappoi
ntedbyt
heCent
ral
Gov
ernment
.

38B.Term ofof
fi
ce and condi
ti
ons ofser
vice ofchai
rper
son and
memberset
c.�

38C.Functions ofthe Aut

hor
it
y.� The Aut
hor
it
y shal
lper
for
m t
he
fol
l
owi
ngf uncti
ons,namel
y:

(a)speci
fyt
heminimum st
andar
dsf
orhousi
ng,
unkeepandv
eter
inar
ycar
e
oftheanimal
skepti
nazoo;

(b)ev al
uate and assess t
he f
unct
ioni
ng ofzoos wi
thr
espectt
othe
standardsorthenormsasmaybepr escr
ibed;

(
c)r
ecogni
seorder
econgni
zezoos;
86
(d)ident
if
yendangeredspeciesofwil
danimalsforpur
posesofcapt
ive
breedi
ngandassi
gningresponsi
bil
i
tyi
nthi
sregar
dtoazoo;

(e)co-or
dinat
et he acqui
sit
ion,exchange and l
oani
ng ofani
mal
sfor
breedi
ngpurposes;

(f
)ensure mai
ntenance ofst
ud-
books ofendanger
ed speci
es ofwi
l
d
ani
malsbredi
ncaptivi
ty;

(
g)i
dent
if
ypr
ior
it
iesandt
hemeswi
thr
egar
dtodi
spl
ayofcapt
iveani
mal
s
i
nazoo;

(
h)co-
ordi
nat
etr
aini
ngofzooper
sonnel
inI
ndi
aandout
sideI
ndi
a;

(
i)co-
ordi
nat
eresearchi
ncapt
ivebr
eedi
ngandeducat
ionalpr
ogr
ammes
f
orthepur
posesofzoos;

(
j)provi
de techni
caland ot
herassist
ance to zoos f
ort
hei
rpr
oper
managementanddevel
opmentonsci
enti
fi
cli
nes;

(k)perfor
m suchotherfunct
ionsasmaybenecessar
ytocar
ryoutt
he
purposesoft
hisActwit
hregardtozoos.

38D.Procedur
etoberegul
atedbytheAuthor
it
y.(1)TheAut
hori
tyshal
l
meetasandwhennecessar
yandshal
lmeetatsuchti
meandplaceasthe
chai
rper
sonmaythi
nkfi
t.

(
2)TheAut
hor
it
yshal
lregul
atei
tsownpr
ocedur
e.

(
3)Al
lordersanddecisi
onsoftheAuthor
it
yshal
lbeaut
hent
icatedbythe
Member
-Secret
aryoranyotherof
fi
ceroftheAut
hor
it
ydulyauthori
sedby
t
heMember -
Secret
aryi
nthi
sbehal
f.

38E.Gr
ant
sandl
oanst
oAut
hor
it
yandconst
it
uti
onoff
ound.

38F.Annualr
epor
t.–

38G.Annualr
epor
tandaudi
trepor
ttobel
aidbef
orePar
li
ament
.-

38H.Recognit
ionofZoos. (
1)Nozooshal
lbeoper
atedwi
thoutbei
ng
recogni
sedbytheAut
hor
it
y.

Ev
eryappl
i
cat
ionf
orr
ecogni
ti
onofazooshal
lbemadet
otheAut
hor
it
yin
87
suchf
orm andonpay
mentofsuchf
eeasmaybepr
escr
ibed.

Ever
yr ecogni
ti
onshallspeci
fyt
hecondi
ti
ons,i
fany
,subj
ectt
owhi
cht
he
appl
icantshal
loper
atethezoo.

Nor ecognit
iontoazooshallbegrant
edunlesstheAut hori
ty,havingdue
regardt
ot heint
erest
sofprot
ect
ionandconserv
ationofwi l
dlife,andsuch
standar
ds,normsandothermatt
ersasmaybepr escri
bed.

TheAut
hor
it
ymay ,f
orreasontoberecor
dedbyi
t,suspendorcancelany
r
ecogni
ti
ongrant
edundersub-
sect
ion

38I
.Acquisi
ti
onofanimalsbyazoo.Subj
ecttotheotherpr ov
isionsofthi
s
Act,
nozooshallacqui
reortr
ansf
eranywil
dani malspecif
iedinScheduleI
andSchedul
e11exceptwitht
heprevi
ouspermissi
onoft heAut hori
ty.

38J.Prohi
biti
onofteasi
ng&et c.
,inazoo.Nopersonshal
ltease,mol
est
,
i
njureorfeedanyanimalorcausedist
urbancet
otheanimalsbynoiseor
other
wise,orl
it
tert
hegroundsi
nazoo.

CHAPTERV

Tr
adeorCommer
cei
nWi
ldAni
mal
s,

Ani
malAr
ti
clesandTr
ophi
es

39.Wi
ldAni
mal
,et
c.t
obeGov
ernmentpr
oper
ty.-(
1)Ev
ery

(a)wil
danimal,ot
hert
hanv er
min,whi
chishuntedunderSec.11orsec.29
1
orsub-sect
ion(6)ofsec35orkeptor[ br
edi ncaptiv
ityorhunt
ed]i n
contr
aventi
onofanypr ovi
sionsofthisActoranyr ul
eoror dermade
ther
eunder,orf
ounddead,
orkill
edby[
***]mi
stake;

(b)ani
malar ti
cle,t
rophyoruncuredtrophyormeatderiv
edfrom anywild
animalrefer
redt oi
nCl.(
a)inrespectofwhichanyof
fenceagainstt
hisAct
oranyruleorordermadet her
eunderhasbeencommi t
ted;
2
[(c)iv
oryimpor t
ed i
ntoIndiaandanar t
icl
emadefrom suchivor
yin
r
espectofwhi chanyoffenceagai
nstt
hisActoranyr
uleorordermade
t
hereunderhasbeencommi tt
ed.

(
d)v
ehi
cle,v
essel
,weapon,t
raport
oolt
hathasbeenusedf
orcommi
tt
ing
88
anof
fenceandhasbeensei
zedundert
hepr
ovi
sionoft
hisAct
.]

shal
lbet
hepr
oper
tyoft
heSt
ateGov
ernment

(2)Anyper sonwhoobt ains,byanymeans,t hepossessi

onofGov er
nment
propert
y,shall
,wit
hinfort
y -
eighthoursofobt
ainingsuchpossessi
on,r
epor
t
i
ttot henearestpol
icestati
onoraut hor
isedoff
icer

(
3)Nopersonshal
l
,withoutt
hepr ev
iousper
missi
oni
nwr
it
ingoft
heChi
ef
Wil
dli
feWar
denortheauthor
isedoff
icer
.

(
a)acqui
reorkeepi
nhi
spossessi
on,
cust
ody
,orcont
rol
,or

(
b)t
ransf
ert
oanyper
son,
whet
herbywayofgi
ft
,sal
eorot
her
wise,
or

(
c)dest
royordamagesuchGov
ernmentpr
oper
ty.

40.Decl arat
ion.(1)Ever
ypersonhav ingatt hecommencementoft hi
sAct
thecontr ol
,cust
ody,orpossessi
onofanycapt iv
eanimalspeci
fi
edinSch.I
orPar t11ofSch.11,oranyuncur edt r
ophyderiv
edfrom suchanimalor
salt
edordr i
edskinofsuchanimalort hemuskofamuskdeerort hehorn
ofar hinoceros,shal
l,wi
thinthi
rt
yday sf r
om thecommencementoft hi
s
Act,declaretotheChiefWil
dli
fe-
War den.

(2)Noper sonshal l
,aft
erthecommencementoft hisAct,acqui
re,receive,
keepinhiscontrol,cust
odyorpossession,sel
l
,offerf
orsale,orotherwise
tr
ansferortransportanyanimalspecif
iedinSch.1orPar t11ofSch.11,
exceptwiththeprev i
ouspermissi
oninwriti
ngoftheChiefWildl
if
eWar den
ortheauthori
sedof fi
cer
.
4
[(3)Nothi
ng i
n sub-
sect
ion (
1)orsub-sect
ion (
2)shal
lappl
ytoa
r
ecogni
sedzoosubjecttotheprov
isi
onsofsecti
on381ortoapubl
i
c
museum.]

(4)The St at e Gover
nmentmay ,bynot if
icat
ion,requi
re anyperson to
declaret otheChi efWildl
i
feWar denort heauthori
sedoffi
ceranyanimal,
art
icle ortr ophy( ot
hert han t
he musk ofmusk deerort he horn of
rhi
nocer os)
, orsalt
edordr i
edskinderi
vedfrom ananimalspecif
iedinSch.
IorPar t11ofSch.Hi nhiscontrol
,custodyorpossessioninsuchform,in
suchmanner ,andwi t
hinsuchti
measmaybepr escr
ibed.

41.I
nqui
ryandpr
epar
ati
onofi
nvent
ori
es.
89
42.Cer tif
icateofowner shi
p.-TheChi efWi ldli
feWar denmay ,f orthe
purposesofSec.40,i ssueacer tif
icat
eofowner shipi
nsuchf orm,asmay
bepr escri
bed,toanyper sonwho,i nhisopi nion,isinlawfulpossessionof
anywi ldanimaloranyani malarti
cle,trophy,oruncur edtrophy,andmay ,
wherepossi ble,mark,
int heprescri
bedmanner , suchanimalarti
cle,tr
ophy
oruncur edtrophyfort
hepur posesofI denti
ficati
on.

43.Regulati
onoftransf
erofanimalet
c.-(1)Subj
ectt
otheprov
isi
onsof
sub-sect
ion(2)
,(3)and(4),aperson(ot
herthanadeal
er)whodoesnot
possessacerti
fi
cateofownershi
pshal
lnot

(a)sell
orofferforsaleortr
ansf
erwhetherbywayofsale,gi
ftorother
wise,
anywi l
danimalspecifiedi
nSch.IorPartI
IofSch.11oranycaptiv
eanimal
belongi
ngt othatcategoryoranyanimalart
icl
e,tr
ophy,uncur
edt r
ophyor
meatder i
vedtherefr
om;

(
b)makeani
mal
art
icl
escont
aini
ngpar
torwhol
eofsuchani
mal
;

(
c)putunderapr
ocessoft
axi
der
myanuncur
edt
rophyofsuchani
mal
;

exceptwi
tht
heprevi
ousper
missi
oni
nwr
it
ingoft
heChi
efWi
l
dli
feWar
den
ortheaut
hor
isedof
fi
cer
.

44.Deali
ngsintrophyandanimalart
icleswi
thoutli
cencepr
ohibi
ted.� (1)
7
[Subjecttotheprovisi
onsofChapterVA,noper sonshall
,exceptunder,
andinaccordancewith,al
i
cencegrantedundersub-
secti
on(4)
,�]

(
a)commenceorcar
ryont
hebusi
nessas

(
i)amanuf
act
urerof
,ordeal
eri
n,anyani
mal
art
icl
e,or
8
(
ia)[Omi
tt
ed]

(
ii
)at
axi
der
mist
;or

(
ii
i)adeal
eri
ntr
ophyoruncur
edt
rophy
;or

(
iv)adeal
eri
ncapt
iveani
mal
;or

(
v)adeal
eranmeat
;or

(
b)cookorser
vemeati
nanyeat
ing-
house
90
9
[(c)der
ive,
col
l
ectorpr
epar
e,ordeal
in,
snakev
enom,
]
:

45.Suspensionorcalculati
onofli
cence.-Subj
ectt
oanygeneralorspecial
orderoft heStat
eGov ernmenttheChiefWil
dli
feWardenortheauthor
ised
offi
cermay ,forr
easont oberecordedbyhiminwri
ting,
suspendorcancel
anylicencegrant
edorr enewedundersec.
44:

Providedthatnosuchsuspensi
onorcancell
ati
onshal
lbemadeexcept
aft
ergi v
ingthehol
derofthel i
cenceareasonabl
eoppor
tuni
tyofbei
ng
heard.

46.Appeal.(1)Anappealf
rom anor derref
usi
ngt ograntorr enew a
l
icenceundersec.
44ofanordersuspendi
ngorcancel
ingalicenceunder
sec.45shal
lli
e

(
a)ift
heor deri
smadebyt
heaur
hor
isedof
fi
cer
,tot
heChi
efWi
l
dli
fe
War
den,or

(b)ifthe or
deri
s made by t
he Chi
efWi
l
dli
fe War
den t
othe St
ate
Gover
nment.

(2)I
nt hecaseofanorderpassedinappealbyt
heChi
efWil
dli
feWarden�
underC1.( a)ofsub-
secti
on( 1)
,asecondappealshal
lli
et otheState
Government.

(3)Subj
ectasaaf
oresai
d,ev
eryor
derpassedi
nappealundert
hissect
ion
shal
lbefinal
.

(4)Anappealundert
hissecti
onshal
lbepref
erredwi
thi
n30day sf
rom t
he
dateoft
hecommuni cat
ion,t
obeappli
cant
,ortheor
derappeal
edagai
nst
.

47.Mai
ntenanceofr
ecor
ds.-Al
i
censeeundert
hisChapt
ershal
l
-

(a)keepr ecor
ds,andsubmi
tsuchr
etur
nsofhi
sdeal
i
ngs,asmaybe
prescr
ibed.

(
i)t
otheDi
rect
ororanyot
herof
fi
ceraut
hor
isedbyhi
mint
hisbehal
f,and

(
ii
)tot
heChi
efWi
l
dli
feWar
denort
heaut
hor
isedof
fi
cer
,and

(
b)makesuchr
ecor
dsav
ail
abl
eondemandf
ori
nspect
ionbysuchof
fi
cer
s.

91
48.Pur
chaseofani
mal
,et
c.,byl
icensee.-Nol
i
censeeundert
hisChapt
er
shal
l

(
a)keepi
nhi
scont
rol
,cust
ody
,orpossessi
on

(i
)anyanimal
,ani
malart
icl
e,tr
ophyoruncuredtr
ophyinr
espectofwhi
cha
decl
arat
ionundertheprovi
si
onsofsub- sect
ion(2)ofsec.
44hast obe
madebuthasnotbeenmade;

48ARestr i
cti
onoft r
ansportati
onofwi ldl
if
e.-Nopersonshallacceptany
wildani
mal( otherthanvermi n)oranyanimalart
icl
e,oranyspecifi
edpl
ant
orpartorder i
v at
ivether
eof,fortransport
ati
onexceptaft
erexerci
singdue
caretoascer tainthatpermissionf r
om theChiefWildl
if
eWar denorany
otherof
ficeraut hori
sedbyt heSt ateGovernmentinthi
sbehalfhasbeen
obtai
nedf orsucht r
ansport
ation.]

49.Pur chaseofcapt i
veani mal,et
c.per sonotherthanal i
censee.-No
personshal lpurchase,receiv
eoracqui reanycaptiv
eani mal,wil
danimal
otherthanv er
min,oranyani malarti
cle,tr
ophy
,uncur edtr
ophy ,ormeat
deri
ved t heref
rom ot herwise than fr
om a deal erorf r
om a per son
author
isedt osellorotherwisetr
ansferthesameundert hi
sAct .

Provi
dedthatnot
hingi
sthi
ssect
ionshal
lappl
ytoar
ecogni
sedzoosubj
ect
tothepr
ovisi
onofsect
ion38-
1ortoapubli
cmuseum.]

[
CHAPTERVA]

Pr
ohi
bit
ionofTr
adeorCommer
cei
nTr
ophi
es,

Ani
malAr
ti
cles,
etc.der
ivedf
rom Cer
tai
nAni
mal
s.

49.Prohibit
ionofdealingint r
ophies,ani
malart
iclesetc.der
ivedfr
om
Scheduledanimals.
-(1)Subjecttotheotherpr
ovi
sionsofthi
ssecti
on,on
andafterthespeci
fi
eddate,nopersonshall

(
a)commenceorcar
ryont
hebusi
nessas

(
i)amanuf
act
urerof
,ordeal
er,
inschedul
edani
mal
art
icl
es;
or

[
(i
a)adealerinivor
yimport
edi nt
oIndi
aorar
ti
clemadet
her
efr
om ora
4
manuf
act
urerofsuchar
ti
cle;
or]

92
(i
i)ataxi
der
mistwi
thr
espectt
oanyschedul
eani
mal
soranypar
tsofsuch
animals;
or

(i
i
i)adeal
eri
ntr
ophyorunucr
edt
rophyder
ivedf
rom anyschedul
edani
mal
;
or

(
iv)adeal
eri
nanycapt
iveani
mal
bei
ngschedul
edani
mal
;or
5
(
v)adeal
eri
nmeatder
ivedf
rom anyschedul
edani
mal;or

(b)cookorser
vemeatder
ivedf
rom anyschedul
edani
mali
nanyeat
ing-
house.

Except witht
hepr evi
ousaut
hori
sat
ioninwr i
ti
ngoftheChiefWildl
i
fe
War den,f
orand on behal
fofanyperson f
oreducat
ionalorsci
enti
fi
c
purposes.

49C.Declarati
onbydeal er
.-(1)Ever
yper soncar
ryi
ngonthebusi
nessor
occupati
onreferr
edtoinsub-sect
ion(1)ofSec.
49Bshall
,wi
thi
nthi
rt
ydays
fr
om t he speci
fi
ed date,declar
et ot he Chi
efWildl
i
fe War
den orthe
author
isedoffi
cer,

CHAPTERVI

Pr
event
ionandDet
ect
ionofOf
fences

50.Powerofent
ry,
sear
ch,
arr
estanddet
ent
ion.–

theDi r
ectororanyotherauthor
isedbyhimi nthisbehalfortheChi ef
Wildl
if
eWar denortheaut
hori
sedoffi
ceroranyfor
estoff
iceroranypolice
offi
cernotbelow t
herankofasub- i
nspectormay,ifhehasr easonable
groundsforbeli
evi
ngthatanypersonhascommi tt
edanof fenceagainst
thi
sAct,

(a)requir
eanysuchper sont oproducef ori
nspectionanycaptiveani
mal,
wildanimal,animalarti
cle,meat,trophy,uncuredtrophy,oranyspecif
ied
plantorpartorder i
vati
vethereof
]inhi scontr
ol,custodyorpossessi
on,or
anylicence,permitoranyotherdocumentgr antedtohi m orr
equir
edtobe
keptbyhi m undertheprovi
sionsofthisAct;

51.Penal
ti
es.–

93
(1)Anyper sonwho9[ contr
avenesanyprovisi
onsofthiswhocommi t
sa
breachofanyoft heconditi
onsofanyli
cenceorper mi
tgrantedunderthis
Act,shallbegui
l
tyofanof f
enceagai
nstthisAct,andshall
,onconv i
cti
on,
bepuni shabl
ewithimpr i
sonmentforaterm whi chmayext endto[ t
hree
years]orwi t
hfi
newhi chmayext endto[twentyf i
vet
housandr upees]or
withboth.

wheret heof f
encecommi t
tedisinr el
ati
onto anyanimalspecif
iedin
ScheduledIorPart11suchoff
enceshallbepuni
shablewi
thimpri
sonment
forater m whichshal
lnotbelessthan[oneyear]butmayextendtosix
yearsand also withfi
ne whi
ch shallnotbe lessthan [
fi
vethousand
11
rupees ].

[Pr
ovidedf
urtherthatinthecaseofasecondorsubsequentoff
enceofthe
natur
ementionedi nthissub-
secti
on,theter
m ori
mpri
sonmentmayextend
tosixyear
s andshal lnotbelessthantwoy ear
sandtheamountoff i
ne
shall
notbelessthant enthousandrupees.]

(1A)Anyper sonwhocont ravenesanyprovisionsofChapterVA,shal

lbe
punishablewithimpr
isonmentf ora7term whichshallnotbelesst
henone
yearbutwhi chmayext endt osev enyear
sandal sowithfi
newhichshal
l
notbel esst
hanf i
vethousandr upees.

(1B)Anyper sonwhocontrav
enestheprovi
sionsofSection38J]shal
lbe
punishablewit
himpri
sonmentforater
m whichmayext endtosixmonths
orwithfinewhichmayext
endtotwothousandrupees,
orwi t
hboth.

Provided t
hatin case ofsecond orsubsequentof
fence t
he t
erm of
i
mpr isonmentmayext end t
o oney earorthefinemayextend t
ofive
thousandrupees.
]

52.Attempt sandabet ment

.-Whoeveratt
emptstocontr
avene,orabets
thecontr
av enti
onof,anyoft
heprov
isi
onsofthi
sActorofanyrul
eoforder
madet hereundershallbedeemedtohavecontrav
enedthatprovi
sionor
rul
eororder ,asthecasemaybe.

53.Punishmentf orwrongf ulseizure.-Ifanyper son,exerci

singpowers
underthi
sAct ,v exat
iouslyandunnecessar i
l
ysei zest hepropertyofany
otherper
sonont hepretenceofsei zi
ngitforthereasonsment i
onedinsec.
50,heshal l
,onconv i
ction,bepuni shabl
ewi t
himpr isonmentf orater
m
whichmayext endt osixmont hs,orwi t
hf i
newhi chmayext endt ofi
ve
hundredrupees,orwithbot h.
94
 16
54.Powert ocompoundof fences.-(1)[ TheCentr
alGovernmentmay,by
noti
fi
cationempowert heDirectorofWi ldli
fePreser
vati
onoranyot her
off
icerandt heStateGover
nment ]
,may,bynot i
fi
cati
on,empowertheC-1-
defWildli
feWar denoranyofficeroraranknotinferi
ortothatofaDeputy
ConservatorofForest
s,

(a)toaccept,
from anyper
sonagainstwhom areasonabl
esuspicionexist
s
thathehascommi tt
edanof f
enceagainstt
hisAct,paymentofasum of
moneybywayofcomposi t
ion ofthe of
fence which such person i
s
suspectedtohavecommi t
ted;and.

55 Cognizanceofof fences.-No courtshalltakecognizanceofany

of
fenceagainstt
hisActont hecompl
aintofanypersonot
herthan

(
a)theDirect
orofWil
dli
fePreser
vati
onoranyot
herof
fi
ceraut
hor
isedi
n
t
hisbehal
fbytheSt
ateGover
nment ;
or

(b)theChi
efWi
ldl
i
feWarden,oranyot
herof
fi
ceraut
hor
isedi
nthi
sbehal
f
bytheStat
eGov
ernment
;or

56.Oper at
ionofot herlawsnotbar r
ed.-Not hingint hi
sActshal lbe
deemedt opr ev
entanypersonf r
om beingprosecutedunderanyotherlaw
forthetimebei nginfor
ce,foranyactoromi ssi
onwhi chconsti
tut
esan
offenceagainstthi
sActorf r
om beingl i
abl
eundersuchot herlaw t
oany
higherpuni
shmentorpenaltythanthatprovi
dedbyt hi
sAct.

Pr
ovi
dedt
hatnoper
sonshal
lbepuni
shedt
wicef
ort
hesameof
fence.

57.Pr esumpt iont obemadei ncer t

aincases.-Wher e,inanyprosecution
foroneof f
enceagai nstt hisAct ,itisest abl
ished thataper soni si n
possession,cust odyorcont rolofanycaptiveani mal,animalar
ticl
e,[meat,
19
trophy,uncur ed,t r
ophy ,specif
iedplant,orpar torder i
vativ
ethereof, ]it
shallbepr esumedunt ilthecont r
aryisproved, t
hebur denofprov i
ngwhi ch
shalllie on t he accused,t hatsuch per son isi n unlawfulpossession,
custodyorcont rolofsuchcapt i
veanimal ,animalar ti
cle,meat,[t
rophy,
uncuredt r
ophy ]speci
fiedplant,orpartorderivati
vethereof.

58.Offensesbycompani es.-(1)Whereanof fenceagai nstthisActhas

beencommi ttedbyacompany ,everyper
sonwho,att hetimet heoffence
wascommi t
ted,wasi
nchar geof,
andwasr esponsibleto,thecompanyf or
theconductofthebusinessofthecompanyaswel last hecompany ,shal
l
bedeemedt obeguil
tyoftheoffenceandshallbel i
ablet obepr oceeded
95
agai
nst

CHAPTERVI
I

Mi
scel
laneous

62.Decl ar
ati
on ofcertai
n wi l
d animalto be vermin.-The Cent ral
Gov ernment]maybynotifi
cat
ion,decl
areanywildani
malothert
hant hose
specifiedinSch.Iandpart11ofSchHt obev ermi
nforanyareaandf or
suchper iodasmaybespeci f
iedther
einandsolongassuchnotif
icat
ionis
i
nf orce,suchwil
danimalshallbedeemedtohavebeenincl
udedinSch.V.
9
63.PowerofCent ralGovernmentto make r
ules.-[ (1)The Cent
ral
Governmentmay,bynot
if
icat
ion,maker
ulesf
oralloranyofthefol
lowi
ng
matters,
namel
y:

(
a)condi
ti
onsandot
hermat
ter
ssubj
ectt
owhi
chal
i
censee.

(b)thesalar
iesandall
owancesandothercondi
ti
onsofappoi
ntmentof
chai
rper
son,membersandmembers-
secret
ary

(c)thet
ermsandcondi
ti
onsofser
viceoft
heof
fi
cerandot
herempl
oyees
oftheCent
ral
ZooAuthor
it
y

(d)thefor
minwhi
cht
heannualst
atementofaccount
sofCent
ralZoo
Author
it
y

(e)t
hefor
mi nwhi
chandtheti
meatwhi
cht
heannualr
epor
tofCent
ral
ZooAut
hor
it
yshal
lbepr
epar
ed.

(
f)theforminwhichandt hefeerequi
redtobepaidwithappl
i
cat
ionf
or
r
ecogni
tionofazooundersub-
sect
ion(2)ofsect
ion38H;

(
g)thestandar
ds,nor
msandot hermat
terstobeconsi
der
edf
orgr
ant
ing
r
ecogni
ti
onundersub-
sect
ion(
4)ofsect
ion38H;

(h)t
heforminwhi
chdecl
arat
ionshal
lbemadeundersub-
sect
ion(
2)of
sect
ion44;

(i
)themat
ter
stobepr
escr
ibedundercl
ause(
b)sub-
sect
ion(
4)ofsect
ion
44;

96
(j
)thet
ermsandcondit
ionswhi
chshal
lgov
ernt
ransact
ionr
efer
redt
oin
cl
ause(
b)ofsect
ion48;

(k)t
hemanneri
nwhi
chnot
icemaybegi
venbyaper
sonundercl
ause(
c)of
sect
ion55;

(
1)thematter
sspecif
iedi
nsub-secti
on(2)ofsecti
on64insofarasthey
r
elat
et o sanct
uar
ies and NationalParks decl
ared by t
he Centr
al
Gover
nment]

64.PowerofSt
ateGov
ernmentt
omaker
ules.

(1)TheStateGover
nmentmay,bynoti
fi
cat
ion,
maker
ulesf
orcarr
yingout
theprov
isi
onsofthi
sActinr
espectofmatt
erswhi
chdonotfal
lwit
hinthe
purv
iewofSec.63

(
a)t
het
erm ofof
fi
ceoft
hemember
soft
heBoar
d

(
b)al
l
owancesr
efer
redt
oinsub-
sect
ion(
4)ofSec.
6;

(c)thefor
mstobeusedf oranyappli
cat
ion,cer
ti
fi
cate,cl
aim,decl
arati
on,
l
icence,per
mit
,regist
rat
ion,ret
urn,orot
herdocument ,made,granted,or
submitt
edundertheprovi
sionsofthi
sActandthefees,i
f,anyt
herefor;

(d)thecondi
ti
onssubj
ectt
owhi
chanyl
i
cenceorper
mitmaybegr
ant
ed
underthi
sAct;

(e)thepart
icul
arsoft
herecor
dofwil
dani
mal(
capt
uredorki
l
led)t
obe
keptandsubmitt
edbythel
i
censee;

(
ee)themanneri
nwhi
chmeasur
esf
ori
mmuni
zat
ionofl
i
ve-
stockshal
lbe
t
aken;]

(
f)regulat
ionofthepossession,t
ransf
er,andthesal
eofcapt
iveani
mal
s,
meat,animalar
ti
cles,
trophi
es,anduncuredtr
ophi
es;

(
g)r
egul
ati
onoft
axi
der
my;

(
h)anyot
hermat
terwhi
chhast
obe,
ormaybe,
prescr
ibedundert
hisAct
.

65.Ri
ghtsofScheduledTri
bestobeprot
ected.-Nothi
nginthi
sActshal
l
aff
ectt
hehunti
ngrightsconf
err
edontheScheduledTri
besoftheNi
cobar

97
I
slands int he Union Terr
it
ory ofAndaman and Ni cobarIsl
ands by
noti
fi
cationoft heAndamanandNi cobarAdmini
strat
ion,NO.40/ 97/1'
.
No.G-635.Vol.III
,dat
edt he28thApril
,1967publi
shedatpagesIt o5
Extr
aordinar
yissueoftheAndamanandNi cobarGazett
e,dated28thApr i
l
,
1967.

SHORTNOTES.
1.COASTALREGULATI
ONZONENOTI
FICATI
ON,
1991.

THECOASTALREGULATI
ONZONENOTI
FICATI
ON-
1991

Thecent ralgover
nmenther ebydeclar
est hecoast
alst
ret
chesofseas,
bays,estuari
es,creeks,ri
versandback- water
s,whi
chareinfl
uencedby
ti
dalacti
on( onthelandwar dside)upto500met r
esfr
om t
hehighti
deline
andthelandbet weent helowt i
delineandtheHTLhascoastalr
egulat
ion
zone.

PROHI
BITEDACTI
VITI
ES

The f
oll
owing act
ivi
ti
es ar
e decl
ared as pr
ohi
bit
ed wi
thi
nthe coast
al
r
egul
ati
onzone,namely,

1.Sett
ingupofnew i ndust
ri
esandexpansi
onofexist
ingindustr
ies
exceptthose dir
ectl
yrel
ated t
o wat
erfrontordir
ectl
y needing
for
eshor
ef aci
l
iti
es.

2.Manufact
uri
ng orhandl
i
ng orst
orage ordi
sposalofhazar
dous
subst
ances.

3.Set
ting up and expansi
on of f
ish pr
ocessi
ng uni
tsi
ncl
udi
ng
warehousi
ng.

4.Set
ti
ngupandexpansi
onofuni
ts/
mechani
smsf
ort
hedi
sposalof
98
 wast
eandeffl
uent
s,exceptfaci
l
iti
esr
equi
redf
ordi
schar
gingt
reat
ed
ef
fl
uent
sint
othewatercour
se.

5.Dischar
geofuntr
eatedwast
esandeffl
uent
sfr
om i
ndust
ri
es,
cit
iesor
townsandotherhumansett
lement
s.

6.Dumpi
ngofci
tyort
ownwast
efort
hepur
posesofl
andf
il
li
ngor
ot
her
wise,

7.Dumpi
ngofashoranywast
efr
om t
her
mal
powerst
ati
ons.

8.Di
stur
bingt
henat
ural
cour
seofseawat
er.

9.Mini
ngofsand,r
ockandot
hersubst
rat
amat
eri
alsexceptt
hoseof
r
areminer
als.

10. Const
ruct
ionact
ivi
ti
esi
necol
ogi
cal
l
ysensi
ti
vear
eas.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofcoast
alr
egul
ati
onzone.

CRZ-
I:-

1.
Ar east hatareecological
lysensiti
veandi mportant
,suchasnat i
onal
parks/mar i
ne parks,sanctuaries,reser
vef orest
s,wi ldl i
fe habi
tats,
mangr oves,coral
s/coralreefs,areas cl
ose to br
eeding and spawning
grounds off i
sh and othermar i
ne l
if
e,hist
ori
calheritage,ri
ch geneti
c
di
v ersi
ty.

2.ar
eabet
weent
hel
owt
idel
i
neandt
heHi
ght
idel
i
ne.

CRZ-
II
:-

Thear
east
hathav
eal
readybeendev
elopedupt
oorcl
oset
otheshor
eli
ne.

CRZ-
II
I:
-

Ar
east hatar
er el
ati
vel
yundi
stur
bedandt
hosewhi
chdonotbel
ongt
o
ei
therCRZIorII
.

Thi
swi
l
lincl
udecoast
alzonei
nther
ural
areas.

99
CRZ-
IV

Coastalstret
chesintheAndamanandNicobar
,Lakshadweepandsmal
l
i
slands,exceptt
hosedesi
gnat
edasCRZ-
I,
II,
andII
I.

I
nthi
sar
east
heconst
ruct
ionanddev
elopmentact
ivi
ti
esar
epr
ohi
bit
ed.

2.BI
ODI
VERSI
TYACT

THEBI
OLOGI
CALDI
VERSI
TYACT,2002.

OBJECTI
VE:
-

1.Toprovi
deforconservat
ionofbi ol
ogicaldiv
ersit
y.
2.Toprovi
deforsustai
nableuseofi t
scomponent sand
3.Toprovi
deforfai
randequi tabl
eshar i
ngoft hebenefit
sar
isi
ngoutof
theuseofbi
ologi
calresources,knowledgeand
4.Formatt
ersconnectedtherewit
hori ncident
altheret
o.

Def
ini
ti
ons:
-

1.Biologi
caldi versi
ty:
-meanst hev ari
abil
ityamongl i
vingor ganisms
fr
om al lsour cesandt heecologicalcompl exesofwhi cht heyare
part,andi ncludesdiversi
tywit
hinspeci esorbet weenspeci esand
ofeco-syst em.
2.Biologi
calr esources:
-meanspl ants,animalsandmi cro-organisms
orpar t
st hereof,thei
rgeneticmat er
ialandby -products( excludi
ng
valueaddedpr oducts)withactualorpot entialuseorv al
ue,but
doesnoti ncludehumangenet i
cmat er
ial.

REGUALTI
ON OFACCESSTOBI
OLOGI
CALDI
VERSI
TY.

SECTI ON 3:- OftheBi ologi

caldiver
sityAct,pr ovi
desthatthef ol
lowing
personsshal lbe required to obt
aint he approvalofthe Nationalbio-
diver
sityAuthori
tyforobtaini
nganybiologicalr
esourceoccurr
inginIndiaor
Knowl edgeassociatedtheretoforr
esear chorforcommer ci
aluti
l
izationor
forbio-sur
veyandbi o-
uti
lizat
ion.

100
 a.Apersonwhoi snotaci t
izenofIndia.
b.Aciti
zenofIndia,whoi sanon- residentasdef i
nedi
ncl
ause(
30)of
sect
ion2oftheI ncomeTaxAct ,1961.
c.Abodycorporate,associ
ationoror ganizat
ion.

i
. Notincorporatedorregist
eredi
nIndi
a;or
i
i
. Incor
poratedorr egist
eredinIndi
aunderanyl
aw forthet
ime
beinginf orcewhi chhasanynon- Indi
anpar
ti
cipat
ioninit
s
sharecapitalormanagement .

SECTI
ON4:
-TRANSFER OFRESEARCH-
PROHI
BITI
ON

Ther esult
sofanyr esearchper tai
ningtoanybi o-
logicalresourcestaking
pl
acei norsecuredfr
om I ndiaforcommer cialpur
poseorot herwisecannot
betransferr
edtoanyper sonwhoi snotor di
nari
l
yr esidentofI ndi
aora
bodycorporateorassociati
onwhoi snotincorpor
atedorr egist
eredinIndia
orwhichhasanyNRIpar ticipat
ioninitsmanagementorshar ecapit
al.

Sect
ion6:-i
ntel
l
ectualpr
opert
yri
ght
s-pr
iorappr
ovaloft
heNat
ionalBi
o-
di
versi
tyAut
hori
tyi
snecessar
y.

 Bef
oremaki
nganyappl
i
cat
ionf
orI
ntel
l
ect
ual
proper
tyRi
ght
,

 Pr
iorappr
oval
from t
heNat
ional
bio-
div
ersi
tyAut
hor
it
yismandat
ory
.

 Theaut
hor
it
yshal
ldi
sposet
heappl
i
cat
ionwi
thi
n90day
s.

 TheNati
onalauthorit
ymayi
mposecondi
ti
onsf
ort
hepur
poseof
shar
ingf
inanci
albenefi
t.

Sect
ion8:
-Est
abl
ishmentofBi
o-Di
ver
sit
yAut
hor
it
y.

TheCentr
algov
ernmenthaspowert
oconst
it
utet
heNat
ionalBi
o-di
ver
sit
y
Aut
hori
ty.

I
tshal
lbecomposedoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmember
s,

1.Achai
rper
son.

2.3ex-
off
ici
omember
stobeappoi
ntedbyt
hecent
ral
gov
ernment
.

Oner
epr
esent
ingt
heMi
nist
ryofTr
ibal
aff
air
s;
101
 Twor
epr
esent
ingt
hemi
nist
ryofenv
ironmentandf
orest
s,

3.7ex-
offi
ciomemberstobeappoint
edbyt hecent
ralgover
nment
r
epr
esenti
ngt
heconcer
nedmi
nist
ri
es/depar
tment
sasunder
-

i
. Agr
icul
tur
alResear
chandEducat
ion.

i
i
. Bi
o-t
echnol
ogy
.

i
i
i. Oceandev
elopment

i
v. Ar
gicul
tur
eandcooper
ati
on

v
. I
ndi
ansy
stemsofMedi
cineandhomoeopat
hy;

v
i. Sci
enceandt
echnol
ogy
.

v
ii
. Sci
ent
if
icandi
ndust
ri
alr
esear
ch.

4.Fi
venon-of
fi
cial
smember stobeappoint
edfr
om amongstspeci
ali
sts
andsci
enti
stshavi
ngspecial
knowledgei
nthefi
eldofbi
o-di
ver
sit
y.

Sect
ion18:
-funct
ionsoft
heNat
ionalBi
o-di
ver
sit
yAut
hor
it
y.

a.Renderi
ng advi
se tothe Centralgov ernmenton the matter
s
pert
aini
ngtotheconser
vat
ionofBi o-div
ersi
tyandsust
ainabl
euse
ofit
scomponentsandequitablesharingofbenefi
tsar
isi
ngoutof
theuti
li
zat
ionofbi
o-l
ogi
calresources;

b.Advi
sethest
ategov
ernment
sint
hesel
ect
ionofar
eaofbi
o-
di
ver
sit
y.

c.1Any other f
unct
ions f
or the pur
pose of i
mpl
ement
ing t
he
prov
isi
onsoftheBi
o-di
versi
tyAct
,2002.

Secti
on19:
-approv
albyNat
ionalBi
o-di
ver
sit
yaut
hor
it
yforunder
taki
ng
cer
tai
nact
ivi
ti
es.

Forobtaini
ng anybi ol
ogicalresourceoccur
ri
ng i
nIndia orKnowledge
associ
atedtheret
of orresearchorf orcommerci
aluti
l
izat
ionorforbio-
l
ogical
resourcesoccurr
inginorobt ai
nedfr
om I
ndi
a,anappl
icat
ioni
stobe
102
madeinthepr
escr
ibedf
orm wi
tht
hepr
escr
ibef
eet
otheNat
ionalBi
o-
di
ver
sit
yaut
hor
it
y.

SECTI
ON22:
-STATEBI
O-DI
VERSI
TYBOARD.

Thest
ateGov
ernmentmayest
abl
i
shaBoar
dfort
hest
ate.

Sect
ion22(
4):
-composi
ti
onoft
hest
ateBoar
d.

a.Achairper son-whoshallbeaneminentpersonhav
ingadequate
knowledgeandexper iencei
ntheconservati
onandsustai
nable
useofbi o- di
versi
tyandinmatter
srelati
ngtoequi
tabl
esharing
ofbenefi
t s, t
obeappoi nt
edbytheStategover
nment.

b.Fi
v e ex-
off
ici
o memberst o be appoi
nted by t
he st
ate
governmenttorepr
esentt
heconcerneddepart
mentsofthe
stat
egovernment
s.

c.Five member sto be appointed by the st

ate government s
amongst expertsi n mat t
ersr el
ati
ng to conservati
on of
biol
ogicaldi
ver
sit
y,sust
ainableuseofbi ol
ogi
calresourcesand
equit
ableshari
ngofbenefit
sar i
singoutoftheuseofbi ologi
cal
resour
ces.

Sect
ion23:Funct
ionsoft
hest
atebi
o-di
ver
sit
yBoar
d.

a.Advise t
he stat
e gov er
nment ,subj ectto any gui deli
nes
i
ssuedbyt hecentr
al government ,onmat t
ersrelat
ingt othe
conserv
ati
on of bi o-di
v ersi
ty, sustai
nable use of i ts
componentsandequitableshar i
ngoft hebenef
itsarisingout
oftheuti
li
zat
ionofbio-l
ogicalresources;

b.Regul
atebygr anti
ngofapproval
sorotherwiserequest
sfor
commer ci
alut
ili
zati
onorbi
o-surv
eyandbio-uti
l
izat
ionofany
bi
o-l
ogicalr
esources.

c.Perf
orm suchot herf
unct
ionsasmaybenecessar
ytocar
ry-
outtheprovi
sionsoftheAct.

103
Sect
ion41(
1):
-Bi
o-di
ver
sit
yManagementcommi
tt
ees.

Const
it
uti
onofcommi
tt
ees.

Everyl ocalbody i sr equir

ed to const i
tute a Bi -di
ver
sitymanagement
commi t
teewi thi
ni tsar eafort hepur poseofpr omoting,conser vati
on,
sustainable use and document ation ofbi o-l
ogicaldiversi
tyi ncludi
ng
preservationofhabi tats,conservationofl and r aces,folkvarieti
esand
cult
ivators,domest icated stocks and br eeds ofani mal s and mi cro-
organismsandchr onicl
ingofknowl edgetobi ologicaldi
versi
ty.

Theboar dsshal
lconsultt
hecommi t
tee,whil
et aki
nganddecisi
onrel
ati
ng
tot heuseofbiologi
calresourcesandknowl edgeassoci
atedwithsuch
resourcesoccur
ringwithi
nt het er
ri
tori
aljur
isdict
ionoftheBio-di
ver
sit
y
Managementcommi t
tee.

Sect
ion55:
-penal
ti
es

Whoevercontr
avenesoratt
emptstocont
rav
eneorabetsvi
olati
onofthe
prov
isi
onsoftheAct,i
spuni
shabl
ewit
himpri
sonmentupt
o5y earsorwi
th
fi
neupto10lakhs.

Viol
ati
onofprovisi
onscont ai
nedi nsect
ion7oranyor
dermadeunder
secti
on24(2)ispunishabl
ewi thimpri
sonmentupt
o3year
sorwit
hfine
upto5lakhsr
upees,orwithboth.

3.ENVI
RONMENTI
MPACTASSESSMENT

Pr
event
iver
athert
hancur
ati
vemeasur
e.

I
tisnecessar
ythatconsequencesofproj
ect
s,pl
ansorpol
i
ciesatdi
ff
erent
l
evel
sbeassessedbeforetheyareexecut
ed.

EIAseekstoexaminesuchconsequenceandpredict
sfutur
echangesin
theenvi
ronment
.Itlay
sdownguideli
nesforadmi
nistr
ati
vechangesi
nthe
envi
ronment.

Itl
aysdownguidel
i
nesf oradmi
nist
rati
veagenci
esi
nbal
anci
ngconf
li
cti
ng
soci
alval
uesandenvi
ronmental
qualit
y.
104
Themi nist
ryofenv i
ronmentandf orestthr
oughanot i
fi
cat
i ed29th
ondat
January1992haspr ovidedforenvi
ronmentalI
mpactassessmentofeach
proj
ect and t he necessary envi
ronment management plan f
or the
prevent
ion,eli
minat
ionormi ti
gati
onoft heimpactl
ikel
ytobecausedby
cert
aindevelopmentalproj
ect
s.

Schedul
e Ioft he noti
fi
cat
ion has a l
istofproj
ect
s which requi
res
envi
ronment
alcl
earancefr
om theCent
ralGover
nment
.Theproject
sare;

1.Nucl
earpowerand r
elat
ed proj
ect
s such a heav
ywat
erpl
ant
s;
nucl
earf
uel
scompl
ex;r
areear
ths.

2.Riv
erv
all
eypr
oject
sincl
udinghy
delpower
,maj
ori
rr
igat
ionandt
hei
r
combi
nat
ioni
ncl
udingfl
oodcont
rol
.

3.Por
ts,
har
bour
s,ai
rpor
ts.

4.Pet
rol
eum r
efi
ner
iesi
ncl
udi
ngcr
udeandpr
oductpi
pel
i
nes

5.Chemi
cal
fer
ti
li
zer
s

6.Pest
ici
des.

7.Pet
rochemi
cal
compl
exes.

8.Bul
kdr
ugsandphar
maceut
ical
s;

9.Expl
orat
ionof oi
landgasandt
hei
rpr
oduct
ion,t
ranspor
tat
ionand
stor
age.

10. Sy
nthet
icr
ubber
.

Ther
ear
etot
all
y29pr
oject
s.

Thenot if
icat
ionpr ov
idethat“anypersonwhoder i
sestoundertakeany
projectinanypar tofIndi
aort heexpansionormodernizati
onofany
existi
ngindustryorproj
ectli
stedabov
eshal lsubmi
tanappli
cati
ontothe
secretar
y,Ministr
yofEnv i
ronmentandforest.

Thi
sappl
i
cationshal
lbeaccompani
edbyadet
ail
edpr
ojectr
epor
tincl
udi
ng
andEI
A report
.

105
Itshal
lbeeval
uatedandassessedbytheImpactAssessmentAgencyat
t
hecentral
Gover
nmentinconsul
tat
ionwit
hthecommitteeofExper
ts.

IMPACTASSESSMENTAGENCY:-meansmi
nist
ryof Env
ironment and
For
est.

Thecommi t
teeof Exper tsconsistsofexper t
sindisci
plineslikeEco-
syst
em management , Air/
wat er poll
uti
on cont r
ol, wat er resour
ce
management ,Flor
a/Fauna conser vat
ion and Management ,Land use
pl
anning, soci
al sciences/Rehabi
li
tati
on, Pr oj
ect Apprai
sal, Ecology,
Envi
ronmentalHealt
handsubj ectareaspeciali
stsandrepresentati
vesof
NGO’s/per
sonsconcernedwi thenvi
ronmentalissues.

Theassessmentshallbecompl
etedwi
thi
naper i
odof90daysf r
om t
he
recei
ptoft
herequi
sit
edocument
sandcomplet
ionofpubl
i
chear
ing.

Thei mpactassessmentAgencyshal lprepar

easetofr ecommendation
basedont echnicalassessmentofdocument sanddataf urni
shed byt he
proj
ectaut hor
it
iessuppl emented bydat acollect
ordur i
ng thev i
sit
sor
fact
ories and interact
ion wi
th affected populat
ion and envir
onment al
groups,i
fnecessar y
.

Pr
ocedur
eforPubl
ichear
ing

Whoev
erappli
esforenvi
ronment
alcl
ear
anceofpr
oject
s,shal
lsubmi
tto
t
heconcer
nedstat
epoll
uti
oncont
rol
boar
d.

1.Anexecut
ivesummar
ycont
aini
ngthesali
entf
eat
ureoft
hepr
oject
bot
hinEngli
shaswel
lasi
nlocall
anguage.

2.Form 13 prescr
ibed underthe Wat
erActwher e di
scharge of
sewage,
tradeeffl
uenttreat
mentofwateri
nanyf
orm, i
srequir
ed.

3.For
m 1 prescri
bed underAirAct1983 where di
schar
ge of
emissi
oni
sinvol
vedi
nanyprocess,
oper
ati
onori
ndust
ry.

4.Anyotherinf
ormati
onordocumentwhichi
snecessar
yint
he
opi
nionoft
hestat
epoll
uti
oncont
rol
boar
d.

106
 Thepubl
i
chear
ingconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ng

1.Repr
esent
ati
veofst
atepol
l
uti
oncont
rol
boar
d.

2.Di
str
ictcol
l
ect
ororhi
snomi
nee.

3.Repr
esent
ati
veof st
ategov
ernmentdeal
i
ng wi
tht
hesubj
ectof
power.

4.Representat
iveoftheDepar
tmentoft
hest
ategov
ernmentdeal
i
ng
wit
henv ir
onment.

5.Notmor et han 3 r
epr
esentat
ivesof t
he l
ocalbodi
essuch as
Muni
cipal
it
iesorpanchayat
s;

6.Notmorethan3seni
orci
ti
zensoft
hear
eanomi
nat
edbyt
hedi
str
ict
col
l
ect
or.

Theconcer
nedpersonsshallbepr
ovi
dedaccesst
otheExecut
ive
summaryofthepr
ojectatt
hefol
l
owi
ngplaces:

1.Di
str
ictcol
l
ect
orof
fi
ce;

2.Di
str
icti
ndust
ri
escent
re;

3.Off
ice of t
he chief execut
ive of
ficer of zil
la par
ishad or
commissi
oneroft
heMuni ci
palcor
poration/
localbodyasthecase
maybe;

4.Headoffi
ceoftheconcer
nedst
atepol
l
uti
oncont
rolboar
dandi
ts
concer
nedregi
onal
offi
ce.

5.Concer
neddepar t
mentoft
hest
ategov
ernmentdeal
i
ngwi
tht
he
subj
ectofenv
ironment
.

Casel
aw

Cent
ref
orsoci
alj
ust
icev
.Uni
onofI
ndi
a

Thecour
thasmadef
oll
owi
ngobser
vat
ion,

107
Venueoft
hepubl
ichear
ing:
-

Thedistr
ictcol
lect
oristheconv
enerofthecommit
tee,andast
hematter
ofpracti
ce,thecoll
ect
orsareholdi
ngsuchpubl
i
chearingsatt
hedi
str
ict
headquart
ers.

2.Publ
icat
ionandi
nti
mat
ion:
-

Publi
cat
ion has t
o be made i
n atl
eastt
wo newspaper
s hav
ing wi
de
ci
rcul
ati
oninthearea.

Thepurposeofpubl
i
cati
onisobv i
oust
hatthepeopl
eli
kel
ytobeaff
ected
mustbei nf
ormedaboutthepubli
cheari
ngatwhichtheycanr
aisethei
r
obj
ect
ionormakethei
rsuggest
ions.

3.Accesst
odocument
s.

Therelev
antdocumentsmustbemadeav ai
labl
etot hepersonwhoask
f
orsuchsummar yforwhichtheremaybeanomi nalcharge,i
fatall
r
equi
redsoast oenabl
ethelocalresi
dentsandtheassociat
ionexi
sti
ngi
n
t
hefi
eldofenvi
ronmenttopar
ti
cipateatthepubli
cheari
ngs.

4.Quor
um att
hepubl
ichear
ing.

Theof
fi
cerf
rom C.
P.C.
B,

Theof
fi
cerf
ormt
hedepar
tmentofenv
ironmentandf
orest

Aseni
orci
ti
zennomi
nat
edbyt
hecol
l
ect
or

5.Mi
nut
esoft
hepubl
ichear
ing:
-

Theminutesoft
hepubl
i
chear
ingshal
lbepr
epar
edbyt
heconcer
n
aut
hor
ity
.

6.Env
ironment
alcl
ear
ancecer
ti
fi
cat
e:-

Af
tertheabovesai
d pr
ocedur
ear ecompl
etedt heenvi
ronmental
cl
ear
ancecer
ti
fi
cat
eisgivenofnotgi
venaccor
dingtothedecisi
on
108
 gi
venbyt
heaut
hor
it
y.

4.PREVENTI
ONOFCRUELTYAGAI
NSTANI
MALS

Toprev
entcr
uelt
ytoAnimal
sandtopreventt
hei
nfl
ict
ionofunnecessar
y
pai
norsuf
fer
ingonani
mals,
thePar
li
amentofI
ndi
aenacted,

ThePr
event
ionofcr
uel
tyt
oAni
mal
sActi
nthey
ear1960.

Sect
ion2(
a)Ani
malmeansanyl
iv
ingcr
eat
ureot
hert
hanaHumanBei
ng.

Thi
sactal
sodef
inesCapt
iveAni
mal
,Domest
icAni
mal
,Phooka

Sect
ion3:
-St
atest
hedut
ytoensur
ethewel
lbei
ngofAni
mal
.

Itconf
ersastat
utor
yobligat
iononper
sonhav
ingthecar
eorchargeofany
animaltotakeallreasonabl
emeasurestoensurethewel
lbei
ngoft he
Animal.

Sect
ion11:
-Cr
uel
tyt
oani
mal
s.

Thi
ssect
ionst
ateswhi
chamountt
otr
eat
ingofani
mal
scr
uel
l
y,

a.Beat
s,kicks,ov
err
ides,ov
erdr
ives,ov
erl
oads,t
ort
ures or any
suf
fer
ing.

b.Empl
oysi
nanywor
korl
abourwhi
chi
sunf
itt
obesoempl
oyed.

c.Wi
l
lful
l
yandunr
easonabl
yadmi
nist
ersanyi
njur
iousdr
ug.

d.Conv
eysunnecessar
ypai
ns.

e.Keepsorconf
inesanyani
mal
inanycagewhi
chi
snotsuf
fi
cientt
oit
s
si
ze.

f
.Keepsf
oranunr
easonabl
eti
mechai
ned.

g.Ownerhabi
tual
l
ychai
ns.

h.Fai
l
stopr
ovi
desuf
fi
cientf
ood.

i
.Wi
l
lful
l
yper
mit
sanyani
mal
togeti
nfect
iousdi
sease.
109
 j
. Of
fer
sforsal
ewi
thoutr
easonabl
ecause.

k.Ki
l
lsanyani
mal

l
.Inci
tesanyani
mal
fight
.

m.
Promot
esshoot
ingmat
chorcompet
it
ion

Ifany person does any cr

uel
ty shal
lbe punishabl
e wit
h 3 mont
hs
i
mprisonment ,of10Rsf i
ne,orextendtoRs.50/-orextendto100.If
cont
inuesoffence.

Sect
ion12:
-Pr
ohibi
tsthepracti
cingofPhookaandal
sopuni
shmentf
ori
t
i
s2y ear
simpr
isonment,or1000/-fi
ne.

Phookameansi ncl
udesanyprocessofint
roducingai
roranysubstance
i
ntothefemaleofami l
chanimalwitht
heobj ectofdr
awi
ngofffrom the
ani
malanysecreti
onofmil
k.

ANI
MALWELFAREBOARDOFI
NDI
A.

For2mai
npur
pose,

1.Fort
hepr
omot
ionofani
mal
wel
far
egener
all
yand

2.Forpr
otect
ingani
mal
sfr
om bei
ngsubj
ect
edt
ounnecessar
ypai
nor
suf
fer
ing.

Apartf
rom t
hist
hef
unct
ionsoft
hewel
far
eBoar
disal
soment
ionedi
n
thi
ssecti
on.

Sect
ion14:
-Exper
iment
ati
ononAni
mal
s.

Experi
mentati
ononAnimal
spermissi
oni
sgi
venwhi
chshal
lbeusef
ul
forani
mals,humanbei
ngsorpl
ant
s.

Sect
ion 22 :
-Rest
ri
cti
on on Exhi
bit
ion and t
rai
ning ofper
-for
ming
ani
mals.

Sect
ion 35:
-Dut
y ofthe Stat
e gov
ernmentt
o pr
ovi
de cent
erf
or
tr
eat
mentandcar
eofanimals.

Sect
ion38:
-theCent
ralgov
ernmenti
sempower
edt
omaker
ulesf
oral
l
110
 oranyoft
hepr
ovi
sionoft
hisactt
opr
otectt
hewel
far
eoft
heani
mal
s.

5.BI
O-MEDI
CALWASTE

BI
O-MEDI
CALWASTE(
MANAGEMENTANDHANDLI
NG)
RULES1998.

SECTION3(5):-Bi o-
medicalwastemeans anywast ewhi chisgener at
ed
duri
ng the di
agnosi s,t
reatment,ori mmunizati
on ofhuman bei ng or
animalsori
nr esearchactiv
iti
espert
ainingther
etoorintheproductionor
test
ingofbi
ologicalandi
ncludingcat
egor i
esmenti
onedinschedul
e-1.

Sect
ion4:
-dut
yoft
heoccupi
er

I
tshal lbethedut yofev eryoccupi
erofani nsti
tuti
ongener ati
ngbio-
medicalwastewhichincl
udesahospi tal
,nursi
nghome,cl ini
c,di
spensar
y,
vet
erinar
yinst
it
uti
on,animalhouse,pathol
ogicallaboratory,bl
oodbankby
whatevernamecal l
ed tot akeallstepst o ensuret hatsuch wastei s
handledwit
houtanyadverseeff
ecttohumanheal t
handt heenvi
ronment.

Sect
ion5:
-tr
eat
mentanddi
sposal
.

Bio-
medicalwast
eshal
lbet r
eatedanddisposedofinaccordancewit
h
schedul
e-1andi
ncompl
iancewit
hthest
andardsprescr
ibedi
nschedul
eV

Sect
ion6:
-segr
egat
ion,
packagi
ng,
transpor
tat
ionandst
orage-

1.
Bio-
medi
cal
wast
eshal
lnotbemi
xedwi
thot
herwast
es.

2.itshallbesegregatedi
ntocontai
ner/bagsatthepointofgenerat
ionin
accordancewithscheduleIIpri
ortoit
sst or
age,tr
ansport
ati
on,t
reatment
anddisposal.I
tshall
belabeled.

3.i
fthecont
aineri
str
ansport
edfrom t
hepr
emi
sest
oout
sidei
tshal
lcar
ry
i
nfor
mationpr
escri
bedinSchedul
eIV.

Sect
ion8:
-aut
hor
izat
ion

111
Ev
eryoccupi
erofaninst
it
uti
onshallmakeanappl
i
cat
ioni
nFor
m 1t
othe
pr
escr
ibeaut
hori
tyf
orgrantofaut
hori
zat
ion.

Sect
ion10:
-annualr
epor
t.

Ever
yoccupiershallsubmi
tanannualreportofquanti
ti
esofbi
o-medi
cal
wastehandl
edduringthepr
ecedi
ngyear
,totheprescr
ibeaut
hor
it
y.

Sect
ion11:
-mai
ntenanceofr
ecor
ds

Ever
yoccupiershal
lmai
ntai
nther
ecor
dsoft
hequant
it
yofbi
o-medi
cal
wastegener
ated.

Sect
ion12:
-acci
dentr
epor
ti
ng.

Whenanyaccidentoccur
satanyinst
it
uti
onorfaci
li
tyoranyothersit
e
wherebi
o-medi
calwastei
shandl
ed,i
tshal
lberepor
tedtotheconcer
ned
aut
hori
ty.

6.NOI
SEPOLLUTI
ON

TheNoi
sePol
lut
ion(
Regul
ati
onandCont
rol
)Rul
es,
2000

1Shor
t-
ti
tl
eandcommencement
.

(1)Theser
ulesmaybecal
l
edt
he-
Noi
sePol
l
uti
on(
Regul
ati
onandCont
rol
)
Rules,
2000.

(2)Theyshal
lcomei
ntof
orceont
hedat
eoft
hei
rpubl
i
cat
ioni
ntheOf
fi
cial
Gazett
e.

2.Ambientai
rQual
it
yst
andar
dsi
nrespectofnoi
sef
ordi
ff
erent
ar
eas/
zones.

(1)Theambientai
rqual
it
yst
andardsinr
espectofnoi
sefordi
ff
erent
areas/
zonesshall
besuchasspecif
iedi
ntheSchedul
eannexedtothese
rul
es.

(2)TheSt
ateGover
nmentmaycategor
izethear
easint
oindust
ri
al,
commerci
al,r
esi
denti
alorsi
l
encear
eas/zonesf
orthepur
poseof

112
i
mpl
ement
ati
onofnoi
sest
andar
dsf
ordi
ff
erentar
eas.

(3)TheStateGov er
nmentshall
takemeasur
esforabatementofnoise
i
ncl udi
ngnoiseemanati
ngfrom vehi
cul
armovementsandensurethatthe
existi
ngnoi
sel ev
elsdonotexceedtheambi
entai
rqualit
ystandar
ds
specifi
edundertheser
ules.

(4)Alldevel
opmentaut hori
ti
es,localbodiesandot herconcerned
authori
tieswhil
eplanningdevelopment alacti
vi
tyorcar r
yingoutfuncti
ons
rel
atingtotownandcount ryplanningshalltakeint
oconsi der
ationall
aspectsofnoisepol l
uti
onasapar ameterofqualit
yofl i
fetoavoidnoise
menaceandt oachievetheobjecti
v eofmai nt
aini
ngt heambientairquali
ty
standardsinrespectofnoise.

(5)Anareacompri
singnotlesst
han100metr
esaroundhospit
als,
educati
onali
nst
it
uti
onsandcourtsmaybedecl
aredassi
lencearea/zone
forthepur
poseoftheserul
es.

4.Responsi
bil
it
yast
oenf
orcementofnoi
sepol
lut
ioncont
rolmeasur
es.

(1)Thenoisel
evel
sinanyarea/zoneshal
lnotexceedtheambientai
r
quali
tyst
andar
dsinrespectofnoiseasspeci
fi
edintheSchedule.

(2)Theauthor
ityshal
lberesponsi
blef
ortheenf
orcementofnoise
poll
uti
oncontr
ol measuresandtheduecompli
anceoftheambientai
r
quali
tyst
andardsinrespectofnoi
se.

5.Rest
ri
cti
onsont
heuseofl
oudspeaker
s/publ
icaddr
esss1st
em.

(1)Al oudspeakerorapubli
caddr
esssystem shal
lnotbeusedexcept
afterobtai
ningwrit
tenper
missi
onfrom t
heauthori
ty.

(2)Aloudspeakerorapublicaddresssy stem shall

notbeusedatni
ght
(bet
ween10. 00p.
m.t o6.
00a.m. )exceptincl osedpremi
sesfor
communi cat
ionwit
hin,e.
g.audit
oria,conferencerooms,communit
yhal
ls
andbanquethall
s.

6.Consequencesofanyv
iol
ati
oni
nsi
lencezone/
area.

(
i)whoev
er,
play
sanymusi
corusesanysoundampl
i
fier
s,

(
ii
)whoev
er,
beat
sadr
um ort
om-
tom orbl
owsahor
nei
thermusi
cal
or
113
pr
essur
e,ort
rumpetorbeat
sorsoundsanyi
nst
rument
,or

(i
ii
)whoever
,exhi
bit
sanymi
met
ic,
musi
cal
orot
herper
for
mancesofa
natur
eto44raqcr
owds.

7.Compl
aint
stobemadet
otheaut
hor
it
y.

(1)Apersonmay,
ifthenoi
selev
el exceedstheambientnoi
sestandar
dsby
10dB(A)ormoregiv
eninthecorrespondingcolumnsagai
nstany
area/
zone,makeacomplai
nttotheaut hori
ty.

(
2)Theauthor
it
yshallactonthecomplai
ntandt akeacti
onagai
nstt
he
v
iol
atori
naccordancewitht
heprovi
sionsoftheserulesandanyot
herl
aw
i
nforce.

8.Powert
oPr
ohi
bitet
c.cont
inuanceofmusi
csoundornoi
se.

(1)Ift
heaut hori
tyissat i
sfi
edfrom ther eportofanof f
icerinchargeofa
poli
cest at
ionorot herinf or
mationrecei vedbyhi mthatitisnecessaryto
dosoi nordertopr ev entannoyance, disturbance, di
scomf ortori
njur
yor
ri
skofannoy ance, disturbance,di
scomf ortorinjurytothepubl i
cortoany
personwhodwel loroccupypr oper
tyont hev i
cini
ty,hemay ,byawr i
tten
orderissuesuchdi rectionsashemayconsi dernecessar ytoanypersonf or
preventi
ng,prohi
biting, contr
oll
ingorr egulating:

(
a)t
hei
nci
denceorcont
inuancei
noruponanypr
emi
sesof-

(
i)anyv
ocal
ori
nst
rument
almusi
c,

(i
i)soundscausedbypl ay
ing,beat
ing,
clashing,blowingoruseinany
mannerwhat soeverofanyinstr
umentincludingloudspeaker
s,publ
ic
addresssyst
ems, appli
anceorapparatusorcont ri
vancewhichiscapabl
e
ofproduci
ngorr e-pr
oduci
ngsound, or

(b)t
hecarryi
ngoni norupon,anypr
emisesofanyt
rade,av
ocat
ionor
operat
ionorprocessresul
ti
nginoratt
endedwit
hnoise.

(2)Theauthori
tyempoweredundersub-r
ule(
1)may ,ei
theronitsown
motion,orontheappli
cat
ionofanypersonaggri
evedbyanor dermade
undersub-r
ule(1)
,ei
therr
escind,
modifyoral
teranysuchor der
:

Pr
ovi
dedt
hatbef
oreanysuchappl
i
cat
ioni
sdi
sposedof
,thesai
daut
hor
it
y
114
shallaf
for
dt otheappl
icantanopportuni
tyofappeari
ngbef
orei
tei
therin
personorbyaper sonrepresenti
nghi
m andshowingcauseagai
nstthe
orderandshall
,ifi
trej
ectsanysuchappli
cati
oneitherwhol
l
yori
npar t
,
recordi
tsreasonsforsuchr ej
ecti
on.

SCHEDULE
(
seerul
e3(l
)and4(
l)

Ambi
entAi
rQual
i
tySt
andar
dsi
nrespectofNoi
se

Area Categor
yof Li
mit
sindB(
A)Leq*
Code Area/Zone
DayTi
me Ni
ghtTi
me
(
A) I
ndust r
ialarea 75 70
(
B) Commer cialarea 65 55
(
C) Residentialarea 55 45
(
D) Si
lenceZone 50 40

7.RE-
CYCLEDPLASTI
CMANUFACTUREANDUSAGERULESOF1999.

The Mi
nist
ryofEnv
ironmentand For
est
s not
if
ied t
hese r
ules on 2nd
Sept
ember1999.

Theser
ulesar
e-

 Pr
ohi
bittheusageofcarrybagsorcont ai
nersmadeofr ecycl
ed
pl
ast
icsf
orst
ori
ng,car
ryi
ng,
dispensi
ngorpackagi
ngoff
oodstuf
fs.

 Pr
escri
besthatt
hemini
mum thi
cknessofcarr
ybagsmadeofvi
rgi
n
pl
ast
icsorr
ecycl
edpl
ast
icsshal
lnotbel
essthan20mi
crons.

 Dir
ectsthemanufact
urer
sofcarr
ybagst
hatcarrybagsshal
lbein
natur
alshapeorwhit
eandprescr
ibet
obelabel
l
edunderBureauof
I
ndianStandar
ds.

 Sti
pul
atethatr
ecycli
ngofplast
icsshal
lbeunder
takenst
ri
ctl
yin
accor
danceswi
thstandar
dspr
escri
bedbyI
SI.

 Pl
ast
ic I
ndust
ri
es Associ
ati
on shal
l under
take sel
f-
regul
ator
y

115
 measur
es.

New r
est
ri
cti
onshav ebeen i
ntroduced byt
heamended r
ules on t
he
manuf
act
urer,sal
eanddi
str
ibut
ion.

1.No per
sonshallmanuf
actur
e,stock,dist
ribut
eorsellcarr
ybags
whi
chislesst
han8X12i
nchesinsizeandalsother
equi
redthi
ckness.

2.Novendorshal
lusecar
rybagsmadeofr
ecy
cledpl
ast
icsf
orst
ori
ng
f
oodstuf
fs.

3.Novendorshal
lusecont
rai
ner
smadeofr
ecy
cledpl
ast
icsf
orst
ori
ng
f
oodstuf
fs.

8.I
NTERGENERATI
ONALEQUI
TY

River
s,forest
s,mineral
sandsuchot herresour
cesconst i
tuteanat i
on’
s
natur
alweal th.These resources are notto be fri
ttered away and
exhausted byone gener ati
on.Everygener at
ion owes a dut yto al
l
succeedinggener
ationtodev el
opandconser vethenaturalresour
cesof
thenati
oni nt
hebestpossi bl
eway .

I
tisi
nthei
nter
estoft
hemanki
nd.

STATEOFTAMI
LNADUV.HI
NDSTONE(
AIR1981SC711)

TheHon’bl
eSupr emeCour thel
dt hatthisDoct
ri
neisthat‘
everygener
ati
on
shoul
dleavewat er,airandsoi
lresour cesaspureandunpol l
utedasand
whenitcamet oear th.Eachgenerati
onshouldleaveundi
mi ni
shedallt
he
speci
esofmineralsitfoundexi
sti
ngonear t
h.

St
ockhol
m Decl
arat
ion

Pri
ncipl
e1:-t
hispri
ncipl
estatesthatmanhasf undamentalr
ightt
oenj
oy
envi
ronmentandalsosol emnr esponsi
bil
i
tytoprotectandimprovet
he
envi
ronmentf
orpresentandfuturegener
ati
on.

Pr
inci
ple2:
-nat
uralr
esour
cesshal
lbepr
otect
edf
ort
hepr
esentandf
utur
e
116
gener
ati
on.

Johannesbur
g decl
arat
ion on sust
ainabl
edev
elopment(
2002)decl
ares
that

1.Weassembl
yforsust
ainabl
edev
elopment

2.Wecommi
tour
sel
vest
obui
l
dacar
inggl
obal
soci
etyf
oral
l
.

3.The chi
l
dren spoke i
nthe begi
nning oft
his summi
tt hatf
utur
e
bel
ongstothem,soweshouldprotectt
heenvi
ronmentofthef
utur
e
chi
l
dren.

4.Col
l
ect
iver
esponsi
bil
i
tyofal
lofust
opr
otectenv
ironment
.

I
NCONSUMEREDUCATI
ONANDRESEARCHSOCI
ETYV.UNI
ONOFI
NDI
A
(2002)2SC599

&

K.
M.CHI
NNAPPAV.UNI
ONOFI
NDI
A

TheHon’bl
eSupremeCourthadlai
ddownt heprinci
plesofSust
ainabl
e
dev
elopmentandal
sot
oprotectt
heneedsoff
utur
egener at
ion.

9.ECOMARKSCHEME

ECO-
LABELI
NGNOTI
FICATI
ONS:
-

Themi ni
str
yofEnv i
ronmentandfor
estthr
oughit
snoti
fi
cat
iondated20th
Feb1991haddecl aredit
sdecisi
ontoinst
it
uteaschemeonl abel
ing of
envi
ronmentfr
iendl
yproduct
s.

Thel
abel
shal
lbeknownast
he‘
ECOMARK’

Anypr oductwhi
chismade,usedordi sposedofi
nawayt hatsi
gnif
icant
ly
reducest heharm itwouldot her
wisecauset heenv
ironment,couldbe
consideredasenvi
ronmentfr
iendlyproduct.

Obj
ect
ives,

117
 1.Toprovi
deani ncent
iveformanufact
uresandi
mpor
ter
stor
educe
adv
erseenv
ironmentimpactofpr
oducts.

2.To rewar
d genui
ne i
nit
iati
ves by compani
es t
oreduce adv
erse
env
ironment
ali
mpactofthei
rproducts;

3.Toassistconsumerst obecomeenv i
ronmental
lyresponsi
blei
ntheir
dail
yli
vesbypr ov
idinginf
ormationt
ot akeaccountofenvi
ronmental
fact
orsinthei
rpurchasedecisi
on.

4.Toencouragecit
izenst
opur
chasepr
oduct
s,whi
chhav
elesshar
mful
env
ironmental
impacts.

5.Ult
imatelyt
oimpr
ovethequali
tyofenvir
onment
alandt
oencour
age
thesustai
nabl
emanagementofresour
ces.

Est
abl
ishmentofcommi
tt
ees.

1.Steer
ing commi
tt
ees:
-to det
ermi
ne t
he pr
oductcat
egor
ies f
or
cover
ageundert
hescheme.

2.Technicalcommit
tees:-i
twi l
lidenti
fythespecifi
cpr oductto be
sel
ectedandt hei
ndiv
idualcr
it
eri
at obeadoptedincludi
ngwherever
possi
ble,int
er-
sepri
ori
tybetweent hecr
iter
iai
ftherebemor ethan
one.

3.ThebureauofIndi
astandardswi
llassessandcer
tif
ytheproduct
s
anddraw upacontr
actwiththemanufact
urer
sall
owingtheuseof
thel
abelonpay
mentofafee.

Thelabelshal
lbeawar
dedf
orami
nimum per
iodofoney
earandshal
lrol
l
for
wardannuall
y.

TheBI
Shast
hepowert
owi
thdr
awt
hel
i
cence.

Theminist
ryofenv
ironmentandforesthassof
arnot
if
iedt
hef
oll
owi
ng
pr
oduct
sasenvir
onmentalf
ri
endl
yproducts.

1.Laundr
ysoaps.

2.Aer
osol
spr
ays.

118
 3.Edi
bleoi
l
s.

4.Teaandcof
fee

5.Lubr
icat
ingoi
l
s.

6.Packaging mat
eri
als;(
paperand paperboar
ds and pl
ast
ics
excl
udinglami
nat
es.

7.Packagi
ngmat
eri
als(
lami
nat
esandpr
oduct
sther
eof
;

8.Ar
chi
tect
ural
pai
ntsandpowdercoat
ing;

9.Food it
ems (bever
ages,i
nfant f
ood,pr
ocessed f
rui
ts and
veget
abl
epr
oducts)

10. Leadaci
dbat
ter
ies

10. CLI
MATECHANGE

Theear t
h’scapacit
yt osustai
nandnourishli
fedependsupont hequalit
y
and composi ti
onoft heatmosphere.Humanact i
vi
ti
eshav ereached a
stagewheret hedel
icatebal
ancingmechanism oft
heatmosphereisbeing
affect
ed.Climatechangeisoneoft hesomeoft hecrit
icalandcomplex
atmosphericprobl
emsf aci
ngthecommuni t
y

Cli
matechangemeansachangeofcli
mat
ewhichisatt
ri
buteddi
rect
lyor
i
ndir
ect
lyto human act
ivi
tyt
hatal
ter
sthe composi
ti
on ofthe gl
obal
at
mosphere.

TheFr
amewor
kconv
ent
iononCl
imat
eChange:
-

I
twasopenedf orsi
gnat
ureatt
heRi
oEar
thSummi
tonEnv
ironmentand
Dev
elopmenti
nJune1992.

Thi
sconventi
onacknowl
edgest
hatchangei
nt heear
th’
scl
i
mat
eandi
ts
adv
erseef
fectsar
ecommonconcer
nofmankind.

Gr
een house eff
ect r
eferst othe gradualwarming of t
he eart
h’s
at
mospher
eowi ngthepresenceofgr
eenhousegasesascarbon-
di-
oxi
de,

119
methane,ni
tr
ousoxi
deandchl
orf
luor
ocar
bonsal
lofwhi
chhav
ewar
ming
i
nfl
uenceontheworl
dcl
imat
e.

Gr
een housegasesfor
m a coverovertheeart
h.Theytrap heatt
hat
ot
her
wisewoul
descapefrom t
heear
th’
ssurf
acei
ntoout
erspace.

Ifgreenhousegasesarenotcontr
oll
editwouldresul
tinhottersummer
andcolderwint
er,ri
seinmonsoonpat t
erns,r
isei
nseal ev
els,drought
s,
exti
ncti
onofani
mal l
if
eanddevast
ati
ngfloods.

Theul
ti
mat
eobj
ect
iveoft
heconv
ent
ion.

Itisto achi
evestabi
li
zat
ion ofgr
een housegasconcentrati
on inthe
atmosphere ata lev
elthatwould preventdanger
ous anthropogeni
c
i
nterf
erencewit
hthecl
imat
esy st
em.

Thisconvent
ionalsor
equi
rest
hest
atepar
ti
est
oreducet
heemi
ssi
onof
greenhousegases.

AGENGDA21ONCLI
MATECHANGE.

Agenda21pr oject
stheneedtodevel
opmet hodstobet
terassessand
monitort
heextentandef
fect
sofgl
obal
atmospheri
cpol
l
uti
on.

I
tenvi
sagessomepr
ogrammesandact
ivi
ti
eswhi
ch st
atepar
ti
esshoul
d
pr
act
icei
nordert
oov
ercomecl
i
matechangepr
obl
em.

11. OZONEDEPLETI
ON:
-

Ozonelayer
:-i
tmeanst
hel
ayerofat
mospher
icozoneabov
ethepl
anat
ory
boundaryl
ayer
.

Ozonel
ayermeansal ay
eroftheupperatmospherebetween15to30km
abovet
heeart
h’ssur
facewher
eozonei sformedwhichfi
lt
ershar
mf ulul
tr
a
-v
iol
etr
adi
ati
onfrom t
hesunandpreventsitf
rom r
eachi
ngtheeart
h.

Ozone Deplet
ion:
-meansbreakdown ofozone shi
eldthatcan absor
b
damaging ult
ra-
viol
etr
adi
ati
on and hav
e majorimpli
cat
ions f
orglobal
weather
.

120
Thepr
obl
em ofozonedepl
eti
onposesabi
gchal
l
enget
ohumani
ty.

Ther esul
toft hi
sozonedepletionist
hatincr
easedamountsofultr
a-v
iol
et
radiat
ion arer eachi
ng the eart
h surf
ace.The incr
ease in ul
tr
a-v
iol
et
radiat
ion adversel
yaf f
ects human healt
h by causi
ng cancerand eye
diseases.

I
n1985t
hepr
obl
em ofozonedepl
eti
onwasr
ecogni
zed.

 Vi
ennaConv
ent
ionf
ort
hePr
otect
ionofOzonel
ayer
.

 Mont
real
Prot
ocol
onsubst
ancest
hatdepl
etet
heozonel
ayer
.

I
ndi
anozonepr
otect
ionpol
icy
:-

I
ndiahaspreparedaRs.6,
000cr
orespr
ogr
ammet
ophaseoutt
heozone
depl
eti
ngsubstances.

I
ndi
abecameapar
tyt
otheMont
real
Prot
ocal
.

I
ndi
aquali
fi
esforfinancesandtechni
calassi
stanceincl
udi
ngtr
ansf
erof
t
echnol
ogi
es,t
hroughtheFinanci
alMechani
sm oftheprot
ocol
.

At askf or
ce was const
it
uted whi
ch draf
ted t
he Nat
ionalSt
rat
egyf
or
phasingoutofOzonedepl
eti
ngsubstances.

Var
iouswor
kshopsandnat
ional
widepr
ogr
ammeswascompi
l
edi
n1993.

Pr
epar
edby

MRS.JAYALAKSHMI
.V

ASST.PROF,
AL-
AMEENCOLLEGEOFLAW

121