Save The Children Module 1

MODULE 1
THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT, THE IMPORTANCE OF

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) AND
ADAPTING TO RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE
COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY-BASED
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING
OBJECTIVES
At the end of module 1, the participants must be able to:
1 Identify the hazards/disasters in their locality and relate

these to the overall disaster situation in the Philippines;
2 Define the key concepts needed to understand and analyze

the local and national disaster situation;
The Philippine context, the importance of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and adapting to rapid Climate Change
OBJECTIVES
3
Discuss the importance of the Comprehensive Community-
Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
(CBDRRM)/Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) as an
approach to prepare for and respond to the local and
national disaster situation; and
4 Explain the legal bases (RA 10121 and RA 9729) upon

which CBDRRM/CCA are anchored.
TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
LOCAL AND NATIONAL DISASTER SITUATION
BASIC CONCEPTS ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

& MANAGEMENT(DRRM) AND CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION(CCA)
COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK

REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT(CBDRRM) AS AN
APPROACH TO DRRM AND CCA
THE LEGAL BASES FOR COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER

RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT(CBDRRM)
LOCAL DISASTER SITUATION
SESSION 1-1

ADAPTATION(CCA)


GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR Exercise 1-1:
A Timeline of Local Hazards/Disaster Situation
• When did the disaster occur?
• What was it called (especially if typhoon or typhoon-induced)?
• What sectors were affected (e.g. health, education, environment,

infrastructure, agriculture and other livelihoods, services, etc.)?
GUIDE QUESTIONS FOR Exercise 1-1:
A Timeline of Local Hazards/Disaster Situation
• What groups were affected? (children, women, elderly, PWDs,

CWDs, etc.)
• What was the extent of damage/effects?
• What did the (a) community/barangay LGU, (b) Government,

(Local Government Unit/s and National Government Agencies)
and (c) Others (NGOs/POs) did to respond to those affected and
address the damages?
Exercise 1-1: A Timeline of Local Hazards/Disaster Situation
Template 1-1. Hazards/Disaster Timeline

Hazard/Disaster: ____
Template 1-1: Hazards/Disaster Timeline
Hazard/Disaster: ___________________
YEAR NAME/ EFFECTS RESPONSE

DISASTER
SECTOR VULNERABLE EXTENT OF COMMUNITY/ GOVERNMENT OTHERS
GROUP DAMAGE/ BARANGAY
EFFECT LGU

Hazard/Disaster: TYPHOON
YEAR DISASTER EFFECTS RESPONSE
SECTOR SPECIALLY EXTENT OF COMMUNITY GOVERNMENT OTHERS
VULNERABLE DAMAGE/ /BARANGAY
GROUPS EFFECT LGU
2006 Typhoon Agriculture 10 Has. Of Clean the Provision of Medical
Reming Riceland surroundings relief goods Assistance
Shelter 500 houses Relocation of Shelter
totally 200 families box
damaged
Infrastructure Schooling of 20 ES Brigada Provision
children was classrooms Eskwela of TLS
interrupted Bayanihan

Hazard/Disaster: TYPHOON
YEAR DISASTER EFFECTS RESPONSE
SECTOR SPECIALLY EXTENT OF COMMUNITY/ GOVERNMENT OTHERS
VULNERABLE DAMAGE/ BARANGAY
GROUPS EFFECT LGU
2004 Typhoon Agriculture Diseases 200 coconut Provision of Medical
Yoyong affected trees relief goods Assistance
PWDs and uprooted
elderly
HAZARDS
• A hazard is “a potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon,

or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property
damage, social and economic disruption or environmental
degradation.”
• Various types of hazards and disasters that can occur: natural and
human-induced
HAZARDS
• Natural hazards are naturally-occurring events or phenomena

originating from the following:
• Geological processes
• Earthquake
• Volcanic eruption
http://www.v-e-i.de/vhdl/grafic/mayon0902b.jpg
HAZARDS
• Hydro-meteorological factors
• Typhoon
• Thunderstorms
• Tornadoes
• Storm Surge
• Hailstorm
• La Niña
• El Niño
http://s1.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/styles/v2_article_large/public/20
13/11/10/typhoon-1.jpg?itok=fJZQqqHg
HAZARDS
• Biological phenomena
• Bird Flu
• Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS)
• Ebola Pandemic
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03006/ebola_sierra_leone_3
006951b.jpg
HAZARDS
Human-induced hazards may be

categorized into:
• Technological hazards
• Oil spills
• Nuclear meltdowns
• Train accidents
• Fire resulting from an
explosion http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/files/2013/12/estancia-oil-spill1.jpg
HAZARDS
• Armed conflict
• Terrorist activities
https://fbexternal-
a.akamaihd.net/safe_image.php?d=AQBNrMQwbXYoQn4t&w=470&h=246&u
• Rebel secession rl=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.rappler.com%2F45D0B3A3F6AF48D79432CD33BB
885488%2Fimg%2F37F4B55B70E9410889E21849FA0E6226%2Fmamasapano-
maguindanao-saf-20150126-
009.jpg&cfs=1&upscale=1&sx=0&sy=11&sw=640&sh=335
• Mass killings, forcing many people to flee to safe places
PRESENTATION OF PROVINCE/CITY RISK PROFILE
VIDEO ON DISASTER DATA IN THE PHILIPPINES
DISASTER RISK PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINES
WORLD RISK INDEX
RANK COUNTRY RISK (%)
1 Vanuatu 32.00
2 Tonga 29.08
3 Philippines 24.32
4 Solomon Islands 23.51
5 Guatemala 20.88
6 Bangladesh 17.45
7 Timor-Leste 17.45
8 Costa Rica 16.75
9 Cambodia 16.58
10 El Salvador 16.49
DISASTER SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
• The Philippines ranked third, out of 173 countries in the world,

in terms of exposure to hazards (In 2012)
• Ranked 2nd second in terms of typhoons and earthquake, 5th

in terms of tsunami, and 8th
• In terms of flooding; 24th in terms of exposure to landslide and

33rd to drought
• Storm Surge
Photo by gmanews.tv
• Liquefaction
Photo by wikimedia.org
• The Philippines lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire and world’s
busiest typhoon belt.
• 1,200-km-long Philippine fault zone (PFZ)
• The number of active faults and trenches (deep ditches) in the

country makes us susceptible to major earthquakes.
• 23 out of 300 active volcanoes in the country
What are the human-induced

disasters that our country
has experienced?
http://media.philstar.com/images/the-philippine-
star/microsites/campus/20140304/zamboanga-siege.jpg
• Armed Conflict
• Fire
http://imagizer.imageshack.us/a/img268/9862/met1new.jpg
• ‘Silent disasters’
• The small-scale floods
on a daily basis which
are usually caused by
continuous rain or
tidal fluctuation, or
not-so-strong
typhoons. http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01967/typhoon-
philippine_1967007i.jpg
• Experienced by schools in Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas,

Valenzuela (these four cities form the CAMANAVA area),
Manila and Parañaque more often because they are situated
in the coastline and low lying areas of Metro Manila.
• Also experienced in coastal and low-lying areas of Bulacan
KEY POINTS
• We see that in our own communities, we have experienced

different kinds of hazards/disasters such as floods, typhoon,
earthquake, and storm surge. Some were bad, some worse
and some worst or very bad. We can say that their severity
is gauged by the effects they had on our families, community
and society.
KEY POINTS
• These hazards and disasters are also experienced in other

parts of our country. We see that the Philippines is prone to
hazards because of its location and geological features such
as the presence of the fault zone and active volcanoes.
KEY POINTS
• Many places in our country are prone to not just one but
multiple hazards. It is important to be prepared for each
one.
• Hazards may be natural or human-induced or a

combination of both. While hazards do not automatically
lead to loss of life or economic disruption, steps must be
taken to reduce the vulnerabilities of the threatened
communities and minimize the damage to them.
SESSION 1-2

ADAPTATION(CCA)


EXERCISE 1-2: Case Studies on DRRM Concepts
WHAT IS A HAZARD?
• “A potentially damaging
physical event,
phenomenon, or human
activity that may cause the
loss of life or injury,
property damage, social
and economic disruption,
or environmental
degradation” http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/files/2013/08/monsoon-rain.jpg
WHAT IS A DISASTER?
• “A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society causing widespread human, material, economic, or
environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources” (UNISDR)
https://ipdgcblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/144428-131115-tacloban.jpg?w=540
HAZARD VS DISASTER
• Not all hazards can become disasters. A hazard may only

become a disaster when it causes serious disruption and
damage, and the ability of the community to cope is not in
place.
WHAT IS VULNERABILTY?
• The inability of a community to cope when a hazard occurs
• Refers to the “characteristics and circumstances of a

community, system, or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard” (RA 10121, 2010, section no.3).
EXAMPLES OF VULNERABILITY
• Unsafe design and construction of houses and buildings
• Lack of safe planning for settlements/housing
• Conflict in the community
• Lack of knowledge and skills on preparedness and protective

measures
EXAMPLES OF VULNERABILITY
·
• Attitude of helplessness, dependence and indifference
• Social inequity
• Poverty
• Low level of literacy

http://www.interaksyon.com/assets/images/articles/interphot
o_1317696851.jpg
• Lack of knowledge on risks and unsafe practices
WHAT IS CAPACITY?
• The capability and coping ability of a community to manage
when disaster hits
• The ability of the households and communities to cope when

hazards occur
• “combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources

available within a community, society or organization that can
be used to achieve agreed goals” (RA 10121, 2010, section no.
3)
EXAMPLES OF CAPACITY
• Permanent Housing
• Ownership of land
• Adequate food and income source
• Family capacity
• Family and community support in times of crises
EXAMPLES OF CAPACITY
• Local knowledge and skills
• Responsive local government

(strong BLGU)
• Strong community organizations (POs, CSOs)
• Strong participation of commonly vulnerable groups

such as children, women, PWDs
CAPACITY
• The more vulnerable a community is, the more likely it will

experience disasters.
• On the other hand, the more capacitated a community is, the

less vulnerable it would be from the impact of disasters.
Case Study 2: Exposure
WHAT IS EXPOSURE?
• “the degree to which a

community is likely to
experience hazard events of
different magnitudes.”
• It refers to the physical

location and characteristics
of a community that
“exposes” it to hazards http://travel-philippines.com/locations/palawan/puerto-princesa-
images/fishermens-village-on-stilts-front-of-mannys.jpg
WHAT IS DISASTER RISK?
• It is dependent on the strength of hazard; and extent of

exposure, vulnerability, and capacity of a community to
withstand the onslaught of the hazard.
WHAT IS DISASTER RISK?
Disaster Risk (DR) = Hazard x Vulnerability

Capacity
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT(DRRM)
• The aims are:

- To save lives;
- To reduce human misery;
- To minimize damage to property and economic loss; and
- To facilitate recovery and rehabilitation toward
development.
DRRM FOUR MAJOR PHASES
• Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
• Disaster Preparedness
• Disaster Response
• Rehabilitation and Recovery
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Policies, ordinances, laws Contingency Planning

Risk assessment EWS, evacuation plan
Pre-disaster
DRRM planning Trainings, drills, simulation
Dredging, cleanup Inventory, stockpiling
Prevention and Preparedness
Infrastructure Public Awareness
Mitigation
Recovery and Response

Rehabilitation
Medical services
Relocation Psychological support
Structural retrofitting During / Post-disaster Alternative livelihood
Sustainable livelihood Temporary shelter
Infrastructure rehabilitation Relief Delivery Operations
MECHANISMS TO REDUCE DISASTER RISKS:
PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
• Prevention and mitigation measures can lessen the threat of

hazards through long-term solutions intended to lower the
vulnerability of a community.
• May be structural or non-structural
Construction of Dikes
www.wvi.org
Declogging of Waterways
www.wvi.org
Planting Trees
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
• “the knowledge and capacities developed by governments,

professional response and recovery organizations,
communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond
to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent, or current
hazard events or conditions” (UNISDR, no date)
Public Awareness
and Early Warning
www.wvi.org
Community Vulnerability, Capacity

and Adaptation Assessment
Contingency Plan(per hazard),

Training and education, and drills
www.wvi.org
Logistics support and stockpile

Strengthening organization and

inter-agency arrangements
Photo courtesy of iloilocdrrmo.blogspot.com
DISASTER RESPONSE
• “The provision of emergency services and public assistance

during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives,
reduce health impacts, ensure public safety, and meet the basic
subsistence needs of people affected” (RA 10121, section no.
3).
DISASTER RESPONSE
Damage Needs Capacity

Assessment (DANA)
DISASTER RESPONSE
Search and Rescue
DISASTER RESPONSE
Psycho-social Counseling
(comforting, critical stress
debriefing, prayers
Photo courtesy of owwa.gov.ph
Setting up of Emergency
Operations Center (for
major disasters)
Photo courtesy of teamasia.com
REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY
• Refers to measures taken after a disaster to “restore or

improve the pre-disaster living conditions of a stricken
community, while encouraging and facilitating necessary
adjustments to reduce disaster risk” (UNISDR, no date).
REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY
Actions under this phase include:

• Resumption of the provision of basic services
• Repair of physical damage and community facilities
• Revival of economic activities and development/improvement

of DRRM mechanisms
VIDEO ON CLIMATE CHANGE
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?
• “the deviation from the normal trend of climate variables

(such as temperature, humidity) which is attributed directly or
indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the
global atmosphere and which is in addition to the natural
climate variability over comparable periods of time” (United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)
WHAT CAUSES RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE?
• Greenhouse effect which results in rapid rise in global

temperature
• Presence of excessive
greenhouse gasses ---
carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, etc. in the
earth’s atmosphere which
traps the sun’s heat
WHAT CAUSES RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE?
Greenhouse gases absorb energy from the sun by trapping

it in the atmosphere, to warm the earth: this is the Greenhouse Effect
CHILD-CENTERED
The COMMUNITY-BASED
Philippine context, the importance DISASTER
of DisasterRISK
RiskREDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Reduction (DRR) and adapting toTRAINING
rapid Climate Change
WHAT ARE THE HUMAN ACTVITIES THAT RESULT
IN INCREASED RISK OF CLIMATE CHANGE?
• Burning of fuels such as coal, oil,

and gas
• Industrial processes which

generate human-made gas
• Raising farm animals and use of

pesticides and chemical
http://www.commercialpressuresonland.org/sites/default/files/ima
fertilizers ges/palm-oil-deforestation.jpg
• Deforestation
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS AND IMPACT
OF RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE?
• Ice melts in the arctic making sea

level rise
• Sea water warms and evaporates

more rapidly, which leads to the
increase in number and intensity of
typhoons, hurricanes, and all tropical
http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article8070074.ece/ storms
alternates/w620/pg-6-arctic-ice-pa.jpg
• Extreme weather patterns
Rising seas and extreme weather conditions affect our:
• Agriculture and food security

(decrease in or destruction of crop
yields and livestock, higher demand
for irrigation)
• Health (weather-related deaths,

infectious diseases, mosquito-bite or
parasite-related ailments, air quality-
respiratory illnesses) https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7063/6907
093395_8916ba254c_o.jpg
• Coastal Areas (erosion of beaches, inundated coastal lands,

cost to defend coastal communities)
• Forest (change in forest composition and coverage)
• Species and natural areas

(loss of habitat and species,
shift on ecological zones)
• Water Resource (change in

water supply and quality,
increased competition for
water), (Climate Change
http://imagizer.imageshack.us/a/img33/7906/goodef.jpg
Commission, no date)
WHAT ARE THE MEASURES TO ADDRESS THE
EFFECTS AND IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE?
Phases of
Phases of
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION CLIMATE CHANGE
AND MANAGEMENT ADAPTATION
Prevention and Mitigation ADAPTATION

Process of (human) adjustment to
actual or expected climate and its
effects in order to moderate harm of
Preparedness exploit beneficial opportunities
MITIGATION
Response Technological change and changes in
activities that reduce resource inputs and
emissions per unit of output, AND,
implementing policies to reduce
Recovery and Rehabilitation greenhouse gas emissions and enhance
(carbon) sinks
WHAT CCA MEASURES CAN WE DO AS
ORDINARY PEOPLE OR AS A COMMUNITY?
• Change your incandescent

light bulbs with compact
fluorescent lights (CFLs)
• Turn off lights when not in use
• Have your cars regularly

checked for efficient engine http://greateasternappliances.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/09/12432607_xxl.jpg
performance
WHAT CCA/M MEASURES CAN WE DO AS
• Walk or use a bicycle when

traveling short distances. Take the
public transport when going to
some distant place.
• Clean your refrigerator regularly.

Do not set the thermostat higher
than necessary.
http://gulfnews.com/polopoly_fs/1.1067531!/image/98521909
• Minimize or avoid the use of home 2.jpg_gen/derivatives/box_475/985219092.jpg
appliances that eat up too much

energy.
• Use solar panels installed in your home. Use electricity coming

from renewable energy sources if available in your area.
• Buy recycled products and actively create a market for them.

Before buying an item, check if the product or its packaging is
recyclable.
• Buy less, use less and reuse as much as

possible.
DRRM and CCA/M endeavors should come from us,

from ordinary community members, LGU officials,
along with the most vulnerable sectors of our
community.
WHAT CAN CHILDREN DO TO HELP
REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE?
Children can:
• Conserve water
• Conserve electricity
• Recycle (recycling projects)
• Help in waste segregation at home and in school
• Inform peers and their family regarding climate
change and how to mitigate its effects
SESSION 1-3

ADAPTATION(CCA)


VIDEOS ON THE IMPACT OF ONDOY & YOLANDA
WHO ARE THE FIRST RESPONDERS
WHEN DISASTERS OCCUR?
• Family members
• Neighbors
• Barangay
Officials
http://gallery.sunstar.com.ph/Other/August-2013/i-
SrZHTSM/0/L/Sawang%20Calero%20fire-L.jpg
WHAT IS COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER
RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT?
• Defined as “activities, measures, projects and programs that

aim to reduce disaster risks and are primarily designed by
people living in high-risk communities, and are based
on their urgent needs and capacities” (UNDP, 2006, p.92).
WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN IMPLEMENTING CBDRRM?
1. Formation or activation of the Barangay Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC)
2. Participatory Community Risk Assessment
3. Participatory CBDRRM Planning
4. Community-Managed Implementation
WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN IMPLEMENTING CBDRRM?
5. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
6. Continuous strengthening of the BDRMMC and barangay

support groups/organizations
7. Progressing towards safety, resilience and community

development
VIDEO ON THE BANABA EXPERIENCE
SESSION 1.4

ADAPTATION(CCA)


LEGAL BASES FOR CBDRRM
© http://pleonline.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/slider3.jpg
PARADIGM SHIFT
PD1566 RA 10121
Top-down and centralized Bottom-up and participatory

disaster management disaster risk reduction
Disasters as merely a Disasters mainly a reflection

function of physical hazards of people’s vulnerability
Integrated approach to
Focus on disaster response genuine social and human
and anticipation development to reduce
disaster risk
KEY PLAYERS UNDER RA 10121
National Local
Government Government
Civil
Community
Society
KEY PLAYERS UNDER RA 10121
Overseeing Implementing
National
National OCD
OCD National
DCC
DCC (Secretariat)
(Secretariat) OCD
DRRMC
Regional DCC Regional Regional

DCC OCD
Provincial DCC Provincial Provincial

DRRMC DRRMO
City/Municipal City/Municipal City/Municipal

DCC DRRMC DRRMO
Barangay
Barangay
Barangay DCC Devt. Council
DRRM
Committee
NDDRM FRAMEWORK
Preparedness Response
Prevention & Rehabilitation &

Mitigation Recovery
GOVERNANCE
Governor/Mayor
Chair
DRRM Engineering Health

Officer Officer Officer
Liga ng mga
Barangay PNRC PNP AFP
Gender & Planning & Bureau of

Superintend
Dev’t Dev’t Fire
ent of DepEd
Officer Officer Protection
Social
Agriculture Veterinary Budget
Welfare &
Officer Officer Officer
Dev’t Officer
CSO CSO CSO CSO Private Sector
GOVERNANCE
DRRM Officer
Administrative & Training Research & Planning Operations & Warning
GOVERNANCE
Barangay Chairperson
PDRRMC MDRRMC
Enrico Caparas
Cecil Magdasoc
(Kagawad DRR Focal Person)
Disaster Operations Center
Ramiro Lapuz Isabelita Abulencia Jay-ar Angeles

(Deputy) (Kagawad) (Kagawad)
Jomar De Jesus
Ledinia Consatantino Dionisio Capule
(Brgy. Driver)
Edwardo Gasgonia (Kagawad) (Kagawad)
(Chief) Alfonso Ramos Ruel Magtalas
Transportation
(Kagawad) (Brgy. Secretary)
Security Supply Communication
Ledinia
Ledinia Constantino Cecil Magdasoc
Jay-ar Angeles Jay-ar Angeles Ruby Cabral (Kagawad)
(kagawad) Abulencia (Kagawad)
(Kagawad) (LLN) Isabelita
(Kagawad) Jose Al Estrella Joseal Estrella
Abulencia (Kagawad)
Dionisio Capule (Kagawad)
Jose Al Estrella Corazon (kagawad)
(kagawad) Ruby Cabral Dionisio Capule
(Kagawad) Magtalas Ruby Cabral
(ML) (Kagawad)
Search and (BHW) (LLN)
Ramiro Lapuz
Early Rescue Fire Corazon
(Chief Tanod)
Evacuation Magtalas Damage
Warning First Aid Management
(BHW) Control
Relief
RA 9729
• Climate Change Act of 2009

• This law creates the Climate Change Commission, the body
responsible for developing and mainstreaming climate change
policies
• The national framework strategy on climate change or NFSCC
which forms the basis of the national climate change action
plan (NCCAP)
RA 9729
• The NCCAP requires LGUs to ensure that they have climate

change adaptation and mitigation measures through the local
climate change action plan (LCCAP), DRRM plan, land use plan
and other relevant plans.
EXERCISE 1-3: DRRM Related Laws
How the law relates to

Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RELATED LAWS
• RA 7160 Local Government Code of 1991
• RA 9275 Clean Water Act of 2004
• RA 8749 Clean Air Act
• RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
• RA 8550 Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
RELATED LAWS
• RA 6969 Toxic and Hazardous Waste Act
• RA 8371 Indigenous Rights Act of 1997
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 7160 Local • Provides the LGUs with the • Mandates local chief executives
Government responsibility to deliver basic (LCEs) to carry out emergency
Code of 1991 services including health, measures as may be necessary
agriculture, social welfare, and during, and in the aftermath of
aspects of environment and man-made and natural disasters
natural resources.
• Calls for active and direct

participation of non-
governmental organizations and
people’s organizations in local
governance through
representation in local
development councils
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 7160 Local • Gives LGUs regulatory and • Enjoins the local development
Government licensing functions to reclassify councils to adopt measures to
Code of 1991 agricultural lands, enforce protect the inhabitants of the
environmental laws, and enforce the locality from the harmful
national building code. effects of disasters and to
provide relief services and
• Mandates local chief executives assistance for victims during
(LCEs) to carry out emergency and in the aftermath of said
measures as may be necessary disasters and their return to
during, and in the aftermath of man- productive livelihood
made and natural disasters following said events
• Mandates the formulation of local

development councils
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 7160 Local • Empowers ordinary citizens to
Government remove elected officials (recall) and
Code of 1991 pass legislation through people’s
initiative
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 9275 • Localized water quality • Local government units have
Clean Water management with governing boards the responsibility for water
Act of 2004 to manage water quality issues quality monitoring, emergency
within their jurisdiction response, compliance with the
Framework of the Water
• Requires LGUs to construct and Quality Management Action
maintain sewage and/or septage Plan, active participation in all
treatment facilities efforts to ensure water quality
protection and rehabilitation.
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 8749 • Provides measures to reduce air • Mandates the responsibility of
Clean Air Act pollution and incorporate government (national and
environmental protection into the local) in complying with
government’s development plans. international agreements
pertaining to Clean Air and
• Sets emission standards for all climate change framework
motor vehicles and issues
registration only upon
demonstration of compliance
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 8749 • Bans incineration and smoking in
Clean Air Act public places.
• Mandates the formulation of a

national and sub-national plan
consistent with the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change and other international
instruments for the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions
• Allow LGUs to set emission quotas

by pollution source
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 9003 • Gives power to LGUs to manage • Authorizes the LGUs to plan
Ecological Solid their respective solid wastes for and implement mitigation
Waste measures such as waste
Management • Requires waste segregation at segregation, proper solid
Act source waste management,
promotion of recycling
• Calls for the composting of
biodegradable waste to be used as • Enforcement of the law such
organic fertilizer as recycling and reuse results
to the reduction of
greenhouse gases
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 9003 • Provides for the establishment of
Ecological Solid Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
Waste at the barangay level
Management
Act • Requires municipal/city
governments to construct sanitary
landfill at the city/municipality level
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 8550 • Promotes and protects the rights of • Enforcement of the law
Philippine municipal fishers, especially in the contributes to mitigation of
Fisheries Code preferential use of municipal waters risks and increases capacity
of 1998 through food security
• Provides that at least 15% of the
total coastal areas in each
municipality be designated as
fishery refuge and sanctuaries
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 8550 • Promotes the participation of
Philippine fishers in the management of
Fisheries Code fisheries through the Fisheries and
of 1998 Aquatic Resources Management
Councils (FARMCs)
• Promotes the safeguarding of

marine environment to ensure
adequate food supply
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 6969 Toxic • Mandates the regulation, restriction • Enforcement of the law
and Hazardous or prohibition of the importation, mitigates potential risks
Waste Act manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of
chemical substances and mixtures
that present unreasonable risk
and/or injury to health or the
environment
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 8371 • Indigenous people’s (IP)ownership • Ensures protection of IPs’
Indigenous and management of their ancestral rights before, during and after
Rights Act of domain (lands, waters, mineral and a disaster
1997 other natural resources)
• Compliance to the law by the
• Upholds the rights of IPs in case of IPs contributes to increased
displacement as a result of capacity
disasters, which include
resettlement in suitable areas
(whether temporary or permanent
depending on the situation), and
provision of basic services and
livelihood
RELATED LAWS
Law Provision
DRR/CCA
RA 8371 • Stipulates the responsibilities of IPs
Indigenous for maintaining ecological balance,
Rights Act of restoration of denuded areas and
1997 compliance with relevant laws
SUMMARY
• Describe the hazards and disasters experienced in our

respective locality; we also related these to the overall
disaster situation of the Philippines
SUMMARY
• Explain how the Philippines is prone to various types of

hazards because of our geographical location and
topographical features – being situated in the Pacific Ring of
Fire and in the busy typhoon belt
• Define key concepts such as HAZARDS, DISASTERS,

EXPOSURE,VULNERABILITY, CAPACITY, and DISASTER
RISK
SUMMARY
• Understand how not all hazards are disasters and

that they only become such when the damage is
extensive and the community has no or little
capacity to cope
SUMMARY
• Explain how disaster risk is measured by the level of exposure

to hazards, the vulnerability and capacity of the
population/community; how disaster risk is great when the
vulnerability is greater than the capacity, and how it is less
when capacity is greater than vulnerability
Disaster Risk (DR) = Hazard x Vulnerability

Capacity
SUMMARY
• Discuss climate change: definition, cause, what we can do
• Discuss the importance of comprehensive CBDRRM/CCA as

an approach to prepare for and respond to the local and
national disaster situation
• Explain the legal bases (RA 10121 and RA 9729) upon which
CBDRRM/CCA are anchored, and the other related laws

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MODULE 1

THE PHILIPPINE CONTEXT, THE IMPORTANCE OF

1 Identify the hazards/disasters in their locality and relate

2 Define the key concepts needed to understand and analyze

4 Explain the legal bases (RA 10121 and RA 9729) upon

LOCAL AND NATIONAL DISASTER SITUATION

BASIC CONCEPTS ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK

THE LEGAL BASES FOR COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER

LOCAL AND NATIONAL DISASTER SITUATION

BASIC CONCEPTS ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK

THE LEGAL BASES FOR COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER

• When did the disaster occur?

• What was it called (especially if typhoon or typhoon-induced)?

• What sectors were affected (e.g. health, education, environment,

• What groups were affected? (children, women, elderly, PWDs,

• What was the extent of damage/effects?

• What did the (a) community/barangay LGU, (b) Government,

Template 1-1. Hazards/Disaster Timeline

YEAR NAME/ EFFECTS RESPONSE

Template 1-1. Hazards/Disaster Timeline

Template 1-1. Hazards/Disaster Timeline

• A hazard is “a potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon,

• Natural hazards are naturally-occurring events or phenomena

Human-induced hazards may be

• Mass killings, forcing many people to flee to safe places

RANK COUNTRY RISK (%)

4 Solomon Islands 23.51

8 Costa Rica 16.75

• The Philippines ranked third, out of 173 countries in the world,

• Ranked 2nd second in terms of typhoons and earthquake, 5th

• In terms of flooding; 24th in terms of exposure to landslide and

• 1,200-km-long Philippine fault zone (PFZ)

• The number of active faults and trenches (deep ditches) in the

• 23 out of 300 active volcanoes in the country

What are the human-induced

• Experienced by schools in Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas,

• Also experienced in coastal and low-lying areas of Bulacan

• We see that in our own communities, we have experienced

• These hazards and disasters are also experienced in other

• Hazards may be natural or human-induced or a

LOCAL AND NATIONAL DISASTER SITUATION

BASIC CONCEPTS ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK

THE LEGAL BASES FOR COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER

• Not all hazards can become disasters. A hazard may only

• The inability of a community to cope when a hazard occurs

• Refers to the “characteristics and circumstances of a

• Unsafe design and construction of houses and buildings

• Lack of safe planning for settlements/housing

• Conflict in the community

• Lack of knowledge and skills on preparedness and protective

• Attitude of helplessness, dependence and indifference

• Low level of literacy

• Lack of knowledge on risks and unsafe practices

• The ability of the households and communities to cope when

• “combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources

• Adequate food and income source

• Family and community support in times of crises

• Local knowledge and skills

• Responsive local government

• Strong community organizations (POs, CSOs)