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FUNDAMENTALS

OF SURVEYING
CE010

E.G. Escondo
COURSE TOPICS (PRELIM)
I. Introduction to the Course
II. Types of Surveying
III. Measurement of Distance, Errors in measurement
IV. Pacing
V. Measurement of Directions and Angles
VI. Bearing and Azimuth
VII.Magnetic Declination
Image Sources: https://www.geotrek.com.ph/
DEFINITION OF SURVEYING

“Surveying is the art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth’s surface by
means of measurements in the three elements of space; namely, distance, direction, and
elevation.” – Rayne and Schmidt

“Surveying is the branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of determining the
area of any portion of the earth’s surface, the length and directions of the boundary lines,
the contour of the surface, and of accurately delineating the whole on the paper.” – Webster.
WHAT IS SURVEYING
Planning and design are based on the results of surveys, and construction is controlled by surveying.

Surveys cover a wide range in scope and complexity, from the staking out of simple structures or
the surveying of small parcels of land to the extensive and difficult surveys required in the construction
of subdivisions, bridges, highways, canals, dams, railroads, wharves, missile and rocket launching sites,
drainage and irrigation system.

Professionals in the different fields of engineering as well as geologists, architects, foresters, 
agriculturists, and geographers are concerned with surveying as a means of planning and executing 
their respective projects.
PLANE AND GEODETIC
SURVEYING
1. Plane Surveying – is a specific type of surveying where the surface 
of the earth is considered as plane and the curvature of the earth is 
not taken into account.

2. Geodetic Surveying – is the type of surveying in which the curvature 


of the earth is taken into account and a very high standard of accuracy 
is maintained.
DIFFERENCES OF PLANE AND
GEODETIC SURVEYING
PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING
• Curvature of earth is not taken into  • Curvature of earth is taken into account.
account.

• The line joining any two points is  • The line joining any two points is treated 
treated as a straight line. as the arc of the circle.

• Length up to 12KM is treated as plane  • Length more than 12KM is treated as 
surveying. geodetic surveying.
DIFFERENCES OF PLANE AND
GEODETIC SURVEYING
PLANE SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING
• Knowledge of plane trigonometry is  • Knowledge of spherical trigonometry is 
required. required.

• Less accurate. • More accurate.

• Used in general civil engineering  • Used for the precise location of a widely 
survey project work distant area.
TYPES OF SURVEYING
CADASTRAL
SURVEYS
Cadastral surveying is the sub-field 
of cadastre and surveying that specialises in the 
establishment and re-establishment of real 
property boundaries. 

Image Source: https://jocepsurvey.com/land-survey/
CITY SURVEYS
City Surveys are surveys of the areas in and near a 
city for the purpose of planning expansions or 
improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference 
monuments, determining the physical features and 
configuration of the land and preparing maps.

Image Source: DPWH
CONSTRUCTION
SURVEYS

Construction surveys are surveys which are 


undertaken at a construction site to provide 
data regarding grades, reference lines, 
dimensions, ground configuration, and location 
and elevation of structures which are of 
concern to engineers, architects, and builders.

Image Source: https://designworkssurveys.com/services/construction-
surveys/
FORESTRY
SURVEYS
Forestry Surveys a type of survey executed in 
connection with forest management and mensuration, 
and the production and conservation of lands.

Image Source: http://www.timmons.com/what/land-
surveying/
HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEYS
Hydrographic Surveys refers to 
surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, 
harbors, oceans, and other bodies of 
water. These surveys are made to map 
shore lines, chart the shape of areas 
underlying water surfaces, and measure 
the flow of streams.

.
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrographic_survey
INDUSTRIAL
SURVEYS
Industrial Surveys refer to the use  of surveying 
techniques in ship building, construction and assembly 
of aircraft, lay-out and installation of heavy and 
complex machinery, and in other industries where very 
accurate dimensional layouts are required.

Image Source: http://www.survalign.com.au/industrial-
alignment
MINE SURVEYS
Mine Surveys are surveys which are 
performed to determine the position of all 
underground excavations and surface 
mine structures, to fix surface boundaries 
of mining claims, determine geological 
formations, to calculate excavated 
volumes, and establish lines and grades 
for other related mining work.

Image Source: http://prashantedla.blogspot.com/2018/03/mine-
surveying-2.html
.
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
SURVEYS
Photogrammetric Surveys  is the branch 
of surveying in which maps are prepared from 
photographs taken from ground or air stations.

Image Source: https://www.gisresources.com/basic-of-
photogrammetry_2/
ROUTE SURVEYS
Route surveys supplies the data 
necessary to determine alignment, 
grading, and earthwork quantities for the 
design and construction of various 
engineering projects such as roads, 
railroads, pipelines, and utilities. When 
accuracy matters, your choice of 
land surveying companies matters

Image Source: https://jocepsurvey.com/construction-survey/

.
TOPOGRAPHIC
SURVEYS
Topographic surveys shows the height, depth, size and 
location of any manmade or natural features on a given 
parcel of land, as well as the changes or contours in 
elevation throughout the parcel. While 
boundary surveys focus on horizontal 
measurements, topographic surveys are about elevation.

Image Source: 
https://theconstructor.org/surveying/topographic-surveying
-and-mapping/5435/
FOR THIS
COURSE, WE
WILL ONLY
FOCUS ON THE
BASICS OF
SURVEYING.

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