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 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
HFX XNIMJBNXU
Jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt `cspmtfos1 EMX vs. Ut.
 Ouan”s Inbmefo
 Inbmefo Enjtnr
 Fot`cuk` f jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt `cspmtfo
crkfjmznb lcr e`frmtfhon purpcsns, ms knjnrfooy
nxnipt lrci mjecin tfx, mt hnecins tfxfhon cj
mjecin bnrmvnb lrci fetmvmtmns ecjbuetnb lcr prclmt.
Unrvmens rnjbnrnb tc pfymjk pftmnjts frn ecjsmbnrnb
fetmvmtmns ecjbuetnb lcr prclmt w`me` frn suhgnet tc
mjecin tfx, rnkfrbonss cl t`n bmspcsmtmcj cl sfmb
mjecin. R`n `cspmtfo ms suhgnet tc mjecin tfx cl
64% cl mts jnt mjecin bnrmvnb lrci t`n pfymjk
pftmnjts ecjsmbnrmjk t`ft t`n mjecin nfrjnb
fppnfrs tc hn bnrmvnb sconoy lrci `cspmtfo-rnoftnb
fetmvmtmns.
Jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt nbueftmcjfo
mjstmtutmcjs7 EMX v. Bn of Ufoon ^jmvnrsmty
 Frtmeon PM\, Unetmcj 2(5) cl t`n 6=0; Ecjstmtutmcj
prcvmbns t`ft t`n fssnts cl f jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt
nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcj s`foo hn nxnipt lrci tfxns
fjb butmns cjoy ml t`n sfin frn usnb fetufooy,
bmrnetoy, fjb nxeousmvnoy lcr nbueftmcjfo purpcsns.
R`n tnst cl nxniptmcj lrci tfxftmcj ms t`n usn cl t`n
prcpnrty lcr purpcsns injtmcjnb mj t`n
Ecjstmtutmcj.
Unetmcj 54 cl t`n JMXE, w`me` prcvmbns t`n
stftutcry nxniptmcj lcr jcj-stcea jcj-prclmt
nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs, prcvmbns t`ft
‟Jctwmt`stfjbmjk
‟Jctwmt`stfjbmjk t`n prcvmsmcjs mj Une. 54, t`n
mjecin cl w`ftnvnr amjb fjb e`frfetnr cl t`n
lcrnkcmjk crkfjmzftmcjs lrci fjy cl t`nmr
prcpnrtmns, rnfo cr pnrscjfo, cr lrci fjy cl t`nmr
fetmvmtmns ecjbuetnb lcr prclmt rnkfrbonss cl t`n
bmspcsmtmcj ifbn cl sue` mjecin s`foo hn suhgnet tc
tfx mipcsnb ujbnr t`n JMXE.’
@cwnvnr, sue` efjjct cvnrecin f ecjstmtutmcjfooy-
krfjtnb nxniptmcj. Feecrbmjkoy, t`n ofst pfrfkrfp`
cl Unetmcj 54 cl t`n Rfx Ecbn ms wmt`cut lcren fjb
nllnet wmt` rnspnet tc jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt
nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs, prcvmbnb, t`ft t`n jcj-
stcea, jcj-prclmt nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs prcvn
t`ft mts fssnts fjb rnvnjuns frn usnb fetufooy,
bmrnetoy fjb nxeousmvnoy lcr nbueftmcjfo purpcsns.
purpcsns.
Icrncvnr, t`n tfx-nxniptmcj ecjstmtutmcjfooy-
krfjtnb tc jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt nbueftmcjfo
mjstmtutmcjs, ms jct suhgnet tc omimtftmcjs mipcsnb
 hy ofw.
Rfx fijnsty fjb tfx nxniptmcj,
bmstmjkums`nb
Rfx fijnsty ms miiujmty lrci foo ermimjfo, emvmo
fjb fbimjmstrftmvn omfhmomtmns frmsmjk lrci
cjoy. Mt ms fj miiujmty cr prmvmonkn, f lrnnbci lrci
f e`frkn cr hurbnj tc w`me` ct`nrs frn suhgnetnb.
( Locrnr v. U`nrmbfj, 65; Mjb. 80, 5< JN 5<> ).). Mt ms
knjnrfooy prcspnetmvn mj fppomeftmcj. (HFX 8446)
Efpmtfo Kfmjs Rfx1  Uuprnin
 Uuprnin Rrfjsomjnr
Rrfjsomjnr vs.
 HTM Lfimoy
Lfimoy Ufvmjks
Ufvmjks
Mj f lcrneocsurn cl rnfo nstftn icrtkfkn, t`n EKR
feeruns cjoy fltnr t`n ofpsn cl t`n rnbniptmcj
r nbniptmcj pnrmcb
 hnefusn mt ms
m s cjoy t`nj t`ft t`nrn nxmsts f trfjslnr cl
prcpnrty.
Uuhstmtutnb Lmomjk1 XX Jc. 5-8448 mj rn7 Une.
>6, RXFMJ
Cjoy fj mjbmvmbufo rnenmvmjk purnoy ecipnjsftmcj
mjecin, rnkfrbonss cl ficujt, lrci cjoy cjn
nipocynr mj t`n T`momppmjns lcr t`n efonjbfr ynfr, t`n
mjecin tfx cl w`me` `fs hnnj wmt``nob ecrrnetoy hy
t`n sfmb nipocynr s`foo qufomly lcr suhstmtutnb lmomjk
cl mjecin tfx rnturj.
Mjecin tfx efrrycvnr7  Fsmfwcrob
 Fsmfwcrob Trcpnrtmns
Trcpnrtmns
 T`momppmjn
 T`momppmjn Ecrpcrftmcj
Ecrpcrftmcj v. EMX
Unetmcj ;< cl t`n JMXE cl 6==; eonfroy stftns7 ‟Cjen
t`n cptmcj tc efrry-cvnr fjb fppoy t`n nxenss
qufrtnroy mjecin tfx fkfmjst mjecin tfx bun lcr t`n
tfxfhon qufrtnrs cl t`n sueennbmjk tfxfhon ynfrs `fs
 hnnj ifbn, sue` cptmcj s`foo hn ecjsmbnrnb
mrrnvcefhon lcr t`ft tfxfhon pnrmcb fjb jc fppomeftmcj
lcr efs` rnlujb cr mssufjen cl f tfx ernbmt enrtmlmeftn
s`foo hn foocwnb t`nrnlcrn’. Unetmcj ;< nxprnssoy
stftns t`ft t`n cptmcj
c ptmcj s`foo hn ecjsmbnrnb mrrnvcefhon
lcr t`ft tfxfhon pnrmcb rnlnrrmjk tc t`n pnrmcb
eciprmsmjk t`n sueennbmjk tfxfhon ynfrs. Mt lurt`nr
stftns t`ft jc fppomeftmcj lcr efs` rnlujb cr mssufjen
cl f tfx ernbmt enrtmlmeftn s`foo hn foocwnb t`nrnlcrn
rnlnrrmjk tc t`ft tfxfhon pnrmcb eciprmsmjk t`n
sueennbmjk tfxfhon ynfrs.
Lfmr Ifrant \foun bntnrimjftmcj lcr rnfo
prcpnrtmns R`n LI\ cl f prcpnrty ms t`n `mk`nr
 hntwnnj t`n LI\ fs bntnrimjnb hy t`n EMX, cr t`n
LI\ fs s`cwj mj t`n se`nbuon cl vfouns lmxnb hy t`n
prcvmjemfo fjb emty fssnsscrs.
Bcjcr”s Rfx1 HMX X uomjk
uomjk BF Jc. 555-4;
R`n knjnrfo rnjujemftmcj cl t`n wmln”s s`frn mj t`n
mj`nrmtfjen burmjk t`n snttoninjt cl t`n nstftn ms jct
f tfxfhon kmlt ecjsmbnrmjk t`ft t`n prcpnrty ms
futciftmefooy trfjslnrrnb tc t`n ct`nr `nmrs hy
cpnrftmcj cl ofw bun tc `nr rnpubmftmcj cl `nr
mj`nrmtfjen. @cwnvnr, t`n rnjujemftmcj cl t`n wmln c l
`nr s`frn mj t`n ecjgukfo prcpnrty ms tfxfhon hnefusn
mt ujbnrtfans f trfjslnr cl prcpnrty wmt`cut fjy
ecjsmbnrftmcj w`me` tfans nllnet burmjk t`n omlntmin
cl t`n trfjslnrcr ― `njen, f tfxfhon kmlt.
Bcjcr”s Rfx, Ecjtrmhutmcjs tc Tcomtmemfjs
R`n ecjtrmhutmcjs tc pcomtmemfjs burmjk t`n efipfmkj
pnrmcb wmoo hn nxnipt lrci bcjcr”s tfx ml t`ny frn
 Rfxftmcj Ofw
fjb bcns jct rnlnr tc pnrmcb wmt`mj w`me` tc nonvftn
t`n eofmi tc t`n ERF.
Uiukkomjk, bnlmjmtmcj
bnlmjmtmcj
Uiukkomjk ms eciimttnb hy fjy pnrscj w`c s`foo
lrfubuonjtoy mipcrt cr hrmjk mjtc t`n T`momppmjns cr
fssmst mj sc bcmjk, fjy frtmeon, ecjtrfry tc ofw, cr
s`foo rnenmvn, ecjenfo, huy, snoo cr mj fjy ifjjnr
lfemomtftn t`n trfjspcrtftmcj, ecjenfoinjt cr sfon cl
sue` frtmeon fltnr mipcrtftmcj, ajcwmjk t`n sfin
tcc `fvn hnnj mipcrtnb ecjtrfry tc ofw.
Ocefo Kcvnrjinjt Ecbn1 Fppnfo tc t`n
Unerntfry cl Gustmen
 Fjy qunstmcj cj t`n onkfomty cl t`n tfx crbmjfjen
efj cjoy hn rfmsnb cj fppnfo wmt` t`n Une. cl Gustmen
fjb t`n fppnfo s`foo jct `fvn t`n nllnet cl
suspnjbmjk t`n nllnetmvmty cl t`n crbmjfjen fjb t`n
feerufo fjb t`n pfyinjt cl t`n tfx onvmnb t`nrnmj.
Rfx Xninbmns1 Une. 880 cl t`n JMXE
 [`nj t`n lmjbmjk cl f bnlmemnjey
bnlmemnjey tfx ms t`n rnsuot cl
ift`niftmefo nrrcr mj t`n eciputftmcj cl t`n tfx
fppnfrmjk cj t`n lfen cl t`n rnturj, f prn-
fssnssinjt jctmen s`foo jct hn rnqumrnb.
Xuon 0, Une. 6 cl t`n Xnvmsnb Xuons cl ERF
Hnlcrn t`n ERF nj hfje ecuob tfan eckjmzfjen cl
t`n pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw ecjenrjmjk f efsn lfoomjk
ujbnr mts nxeousmvn fppnooftn gurmsbmetmcj, t`n
omtmkfjt iust sullmemnjtoy s`cw t`ft mt scuk`t prmcr
rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr icvnb lcr f jnw trmfo wmt` t`n
ecjenrjnb ERF Bmvmsmcj.
Ecipomfjen Xnqumrninjts1 Unetmcj
665(h)(8)(e), JMXE
Ml t`n sfon ms suhgnet tc znrc pnrenjt \FR, t`n tnri
‟znrc- rftnb sfon’ s`foo hn wrmttnj cr prmjtnb
prcimjnjtoy cj t`n mjvcmen cr rnenmpt. Lfmourn tc
ecipoy wmt` t`ms mjvcmemjk rnqumrninjt ms lftfo tc f
eofmi lcr rnlujb cl mjput tfxns fttrmhutfhon tc t`n
znrc-rftnb sfon.
Xnfo Trcpnrty Rfx7 Rfxfhmomty
 Fetufo hnjnlmemfo usn cl t`n ofjb s`foo hn t`n
bntnrimjmjk lfetcr w`nt`nr sue` ofjb ms tfxfhon cl
jct, nvnj t`cuk` mt ms cwjnb hy t`n Iujmempfomty.
Rfx Xninbmns7 684-bfy pnrmcb
 Fs prcvmbnb hy Unetmcj 668(E), 6==; JMXE, fs
finjbnb, cjn cl t`n ecjbmtmcjs lcr f gubmemfo eofmi
cl rnlujb cr ernbmt ujbnr t`n \FR Uystni ms
ecipomfjen wmt` t`n 684+54 bfy ifjbftcry fjb
 gurmsbmetmcjfo pnrmcbs.
pnrmcbs. R`us, strmet ecipomfjen
ecipomfjen wmt`
t`n 684+54 bfy pnrmcbs ms jnenssfry lcr sue` f
eofmi tc prcspnr. R`nj, ml t`n Eciimssmcjnr bcns
jct fet
fet cj t`n tfxpfynr”s eofmi wmt`mj t`n 684-bfy
684 -bfy
pnrmcb, t`n tfxpfynr ify fppnfo tc t`n ERF wmt`mj
54 bfys lrci t`n nxpmrftmcj cl t`n 684-bfy pnrmcb.
 
qufrtnr w`nj t`n znrc-rftnb cr nllnetmvnoy znrc-rftnb
sfons wnrn ifbn.
(8) R`n EMX `fs 684 bfys lrci t`n bftn cl
suhimssmcj cl ecipontn bceuinjts mj suppcrt cl t`n
fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi wmt`mj w`me` tc bnembn w`nt`nr
tc krfjt f rnlujb cr mssun f tfx ernbmt enrtmlmeftn. R`n
684-bfy pnrmcb ify nxtnjb hnycjb t`n twc-ynfr
pnrmcb lrci t`n lmomjk cl t`n fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi ml
t`n eofmi ms lmonb mj t`n oftnr pfrt cl t`n twc-ynfr
pnrmcb. Ml t`n 684-bfy pnrmcb nxpmrns wmt`cut fjy
bnemsmcj lrci t`n EMX, t`nj t`n fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi
ify hn ecjsmbnrnb tc hn bnjmnb hy mjfetmcj.
(5)  F gubmemfo eofmi iust hn lmonb wmt` t`n ERF
 wmt`mj 54 bfys lrci t`n rnenmpt cl t`n
t`n EMX”s
EM X”s bnemsmcj
bnjymjk t`n fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi cr lrci t`n
nxpmrftmcj cl t`n 684- bfy pnrmcb wmt`cut fjy fetmcj
lrci t`n EMX.
(2)  Foo tfxpfynrs, `cwnvnr, efj rnoy cj
c j HMX Xuomjk
Jc. BF- 20=-45 lrci t`n tmin cl mts mssufjen cj 64
Bnenihnr 8445 up tc mts rnvnrsfo hy t`ms Ecurt mj
 Fme`m cj < Cetchnr 8464, fs fj nxenptmcj tc t`n
ifjbftcry fjb gurmsbmetmcjfo 684+54 bfy pnrmcbs.
 [fmvnr cl stftutn cl omimtftmcjs7  T`momppmjn
 T`momppmjn
 Gcurjfomsts
 Gcurjfomsts Mje. v. EMX
Knjnrfooy, f vfomb wfmvnr cl t`n stftutn cl omimtftmcjs
lcr t`n fssnssinjt fjb ecoonetmcj cl tfxns iust hn
nxneutnb hy t`n tfxpfynr fjb feenptnb hy t`n HMX
prmcr tc t`n nxpmrftmcj cl t`n pnrmcb w`me` mt snnas tc
nxtnjb. R`n sfin iust fosc hn nxneutnb hy t`n
tfxpfynr cr `ms buoy fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn, cr mj
t`n efsn cl f ecrpcrftmcj, mt iust hn smkjnb hy fjy cl
mts rnspcjsmhon cllmenrs.
Tnrmcb cl Fssnssinjt fjb Ecoonetmcj
R`n stftutn cl omimtftmcjs cj fssnssinjt fjb
ecoonetmcj cl jftmcjfo mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tfxns wfs
s`crtnjnb tc t`rnn (5) ynfrs. R`us, pntmtmcjnr `fs
t`rnn (5) ynfrs lrci t`n bftn cl fetufo lmomjk cl t`n tfx
rnturj tc fssnss f jftmcjfo mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tfx cr tc
eciinjen ecurt prcennbmjks lcr t`n ecoonetmcj
t`nrncl wmt`cut fj fssnssinjt. @cwnvnr, w`nj mt
 vfomboy mssuns
mssuns fj fssnssinjt wmt`mj t`n
t`n t`rnn (5)-ynfr
pnrmcb, mt `fs fjct`nr t`rnn (5) ynfrs wmt`mj w`me` tc
ecoonet t`n tfx bun hy bmstrfmjt, onvy, cr ecurt
prcennbmjk. R`n fssnssinjt cl t`n tfx ms bnninb
ifbn fjb t`n t`rnn (5)-ynfr pnrmcb lcr ecoonetmcj cl
t`n fssnssnb tfx hnkmjs tc ruj cj t`n bftn t`n
fssnssinjt jctmen `fb hnnj rnonfsnb, ifmonb cr snjt
tc t`n tfxpfynr. (EMX
(EMX vs ^jmtnb Ufovfkn fjb Rcwfkn
(T`mos), KX 6=;>6>, G. Tnrfotf, Guoy 8, 8462)
8462 )
Nxenptmcjs tc R`rnn-]nfr Tnrmcb cl
 Fssnssinjt fjb Ecoonetmcj
R`n 5-ynfr pnrmcb cl omimtftmcj lcr t`n fssnssinjt cl
mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tfx omfhmomtmns rneacjnb lrci t`n ofst
bfy prnsermhnb hy ofw lcr t`n lmomjk cl t`n rnturj s`foo
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=

KX 865=25, G. Efrpmc, Ifre` 88, 846;) V7 [`ft ms t`n BCERXMJN CL [MOOL^O

HOMJBJNUU3

Trnsnrvftmcj cl Hccas cl Feecujts fjb Bcetrmjn cl [mooluo Homjbjnss ms w`nj f pnrscj, kmvnj
Ct`nr Feecujtmjk Hccas (Unetmcj 85>, `ms nxpnrmnjen mj `ms husmjnss cr mjbustry, eciimts
JMXE) fj fet cr cimssmcj
c imssmcj tfjtficujt tc krcss jnkomknjen mj
 Fs f ruon, f tfxpfynr iust hn suhgnet tc fttnjbmjk tc `ms cr `nr tfx chomkftmcjs w`me` ify onfb
nxfimjftmcj fjb mjspnetmcj hy mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tc snrmcus vmcoftmcj cl tfx ofws oman tfx nvfsmcj.
cllmenrs cjoy cjen mj f tfxfhon ynfr. R`ms wmoo jct ( Tncpon v. Amjtfjfr, ERF N.H. Ermi. Jc. 44<,
fppoy ml t`nrn ms lrfub, mrrnkuofrmty cr imstfans fs  Bnenihnr 5, 8464
8464))
bntnrimjnb hy t`n EMX.
Rfx Rfx Rfx Fijnsty
Ecjbcjftmcj Nxniptmcj
TFXR M7 KNJNXFO TXMJEMTONU CL
RFPFRMCJ Rfx Rfx Rfx Fijnsty
Ecjbcjftmcj ms Nxniptmcj ms ms fj fet cl
V7 [`ft ms t`n jfturn
jf turn cl t`n tfxmjk pcwnr cl t`n wfy t`n fj nxmstmjk Ecjkrnss,
Ecjkrnss,
t`n Utftn3 EMX cr t`n stftutcry t`ru erfltmjk
Unerntfry cl krfjt fjb pfssmjk f
 F7 R`n tfxmjk pcwnr cl t`n Utftn ms fj mj`nrnjt Lmjfjen
Lmjfjen ify fppoymjk tc ofw
pcwnr fjb t`n pncpon jnnb jct ecjlnr mt tc t`n nxnremsn, mj mts spnemlme spnemlmefooy
kcvnrjinjt t`rcuk` t`n Ecjstmtutmcj cr ofw lcr mt bmserntmcj, fjb pnrscjs, tc lcrnkc tfx
tc `fvn t`ms pcwnr. ecjsmbnrmjk t`n njtmtmns, cr omfhmomtmns
fttnjbfjt lfets prcpnrtmns fornfby
Mt ms fosc onkmsoftmvn mj e`frfetnr fs t`n Ecjkrnss `fs cl t`n pfrtmeuofr lfoomjk wmt`mj mjeurrnb hy
mjeurrnb hy f
t`n prmifry pcwnr tc onvy tfxns. Hut tfxftmcj ms efsn, tc lcrkmvn t`n bnlmjmtmcj eofss cl
suhgnet tc mts cwj mj`nrnjt omimtftmcjs fjb f tfx bnht cl
bnht cl f cl t`nsn tfxpfynrs.
Ecjstmtutmcjfo omimtftmcjs sc fs tc tnipnr sue` pfrtmeuofr nxniptnb
kcvnrjinjtfo pcwnr. njtmty cr pnrscj lrci tfx, t`us
cr tc ont kc cl mts jc mjeurrnb
R`ms iust fosc hn lcr puhome purpcsn fs t`n tfx omfhmomty. tfx
prcennbs cl tfxftmcj efjjct mjurn tc t`n hnjnlmt cl chomkftmcj tc
prmvftn njtmtmns cr pnrscjs.  hnkmj wmt`
ujoman mj tfx
Mt ms fosc knjnrfooy jcj-bnonkfhon sfvn lcr mjstfjens fijnstmns.
foocwnb hy Ecjstmtutmcj fjb ofw (sue` fs t`n
bnonkftmcj cl pcwnr tc fbgust tfrmll rftns tc t`n V7 Uuprnin Ecrpcrftmcj wfs fhon tc mjmtmfooy
Trnsmbnjt, fjb pcwnr cl OK^s tc knjnrftn sneurn f HMX ruomjk t`ft wcuob nxnipt mts
rnvnjun). mipcrtftmcj cl enrtfmj rfw iftnrmfos.
Uuhsnqunjtoy, t`n HMX mssunb fjct`nr ruomjk
Mt ms fosc tnrrmtcrmfo mj cpnrftmcj, pneujmfry mj suhgnetmjk smimofr prcbuets tc enrtfmj tfx.
jfturn, fjb ms fj njlcrenb e`frkn cr ecjtrmhutmcj. R`nrnfltnr, t`n HMX fssnssnb Uuprnin
Ecrpcrftmcj lcr bnlmemnjey tfxns cj foo cl mts
V7 [`ft ms t`n purpcsn cl Ecjstmtutmcjfo rfw iftnrmfos prnvmcusoy mipcrtnb. Ms t`n
prcvmsmcjs cj tfxftmcj3 fssnssinjt vfomb3

 F7 R`n pcwnr

pcwnr cl tfxftmcjs
tfxftmcjs ms fornfby
fornfby mj`nrnjt
mj`nrnjt mj t`n  
Utftn. R`n nxmstnjen cl Ecjstmtutmcjfo prcvmsmcj
prcvmsmcj cj
tfxftmcj prcvmbns t`n omimtftmcjs cj t`ms
bnstruetmvn pcwnr cl t`n kcvnrjinjt. Rfxftmcj ms
bnstruetmvn mj t`n snjsn t`ft ms tfans fwfy prcpnrty
lrci t`n tfxpfynrs. R`nrnlcrn, t`n Ecjstmtutmcjfo
omimtftmcjs frn mj pofen tc prnvnjt ujgust,
ujrnfscjfhon, fjb frhmtrfry mipcsmtmcj cl tfxns
fkfmjst tfxpfynrs.
F7 R`n fssnssinjt ms jct vfomb hnefusn t`n
t`n HMX ruomjk
cj w`me` t`n fssnssinjt ms hfsnb ms vcmb lcr hnmjk
prngubmemfo tc t`n tfxpfynr. Mt ms prcvmbnb hy t`n Rfx
Ecbn t`ft t`n rnvnrsfo cr icbmlmeftmcj cl ruomjks
efjjct hn foocwnb w`nj mt ms prngubmemfo tc t`n
tfxpfynr. Mj t`n efsn, Uuprnin Ecrpcrftmcj `fs
fornfby hnnj krfjtnb fj nxniptmcj fjb t`n rnwfrb cl
t`n ruomjk, cj w`me` t`n fssnssinjt ms hfsnb, ms
prngubmemfo tc Uuprnin Ecrp.

V7 [`ft frn t`n mj`nrnjt omimtftmcjs cl t`n V7 [`ft frn HMX Xuomjks3
pcwnr cl tfxftmcj3
 F7 HMX Xuomjks frn ruomjks t`ft ecjtfmj t`n cllmemfo
Mt iust hn lcr f puhome purpcsn1 pcsmtmcj cl t`n HMX rnkfrbmjk t`n tfx qunrmns cl f
 Rfxftmcj Ofw
^jmvnrsmty, f lccb ecurt wfs ecjstruetnb ft mts
krcujb loccr w`me` wnrn rnjtnb tc lccb
ecjenssmcjfmrns. Nfe` cl t`nsn
ecjenssmcjfmrns wnrn e`frknb wmt` f rnjtfo
lnn cl 84,444 pnscs pnr icjt`. Lcr ynfr 846>,
t`n ^jmvnrsmty wfs fssnssnb lcr fj foonknb
bnlmemnjey mjecin tfx cl 844,444 pnscs
frmsmjk lrci sfmb rnjtfo mjecin lrci mts lccb
ecjenssmcjfmrns.
Ms t`nrn onkfo hfsms lcr t`n fssnssinjt3 Frn
t`nrn fjy Ecjstmtutmcjfo prcvmsmcjs t`ft
ify rnlutn sue` fssnssinjt3
 ]ns. ^jbnr tc Une. 8; cl t`n JMXE, prcprmntfry
nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs frn mipcsnb f 64% tfx rftn
cj t`nmr mjecin. Utc. Jmjc Eft`come ^jmvnrsmty, fs f
prcprmntfry nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcj, ify hn
mipcsnb f 64% tfx rftn lcr mts mjecin lrci t`n
rnjtfo lnns.
Jnvnrt`nonss, Frt. PM\, Une. 2 cl t`n Ecjstmtutmcj
prcvmbns t`ft t`n fssnts fjb rnvnjuns cl jcj-stcea,
jcj-prclmt nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs t`ft frn usnb
fetufooy, bmrnetoy, fjb nxeousmvnoy lcr nbueftmcjfo
purpcsns frn nxnipt lrci foo tfxns fjb butmns. Lcr
t`ms prcvmsmcj tc fppoy mj t`n efsn, t`n se`cco iust
s`cw t`ft mt ms f jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt nbueftmcjfo
mjstmtutmcj. Mt iust fosc s`cw t`ft t`n mjecin lrci
t`n rnjtfo lnns frn fetufooy, bmrnetoy, fjb nxeousmvnoy
usnb lcr nbueftmcjfo
n bueftmcjfo purpcsns.
V7 Uupnrifj Emkfr fjb Emkfrnttn Ecipfjy
 wfs fssnssnb lcr bnlmemnjey
bnlmemnjey cj mts foonknb
ujpfmb nxemsn tfxns. R`n HMX mssunb f Lmjfo
 Fssnssinjt Jctmen lcr bnlmemnjey
fssnssinjt mj t`n ficujt cl 64 imoomcj
pnscs. Uupnrifj Emkfr qunstmcjnb t`n
mssufjen cl t`n LFJ, foonkmjk t`ft t`ny wnrn
jct kmvnj t`n njcuk` tmin tc rnlutn t`n
fssnssinjt. R`n HMX cj t`n ct`nr `fjb
ecjtnjbs t`ft t`n tfxpfynr wfs kmvnj
njcuk` tmin fjb gust rnlusnb tc `nnb t`nmr
rnqunsts lcr prcbuetmcj cl feecujtmjk
rnecrbs.
 [`ft ms t`n infjmjk cl ‟Hnst Chtfmjfhon
Nvmbnjen’
Nvmbnjen’ fjb w`nj efj t`ms hn
h n usnb f vfomb
 hfsms tc fubmt/fssnssnb
fubmt/fssnssnb f tfxpfynr3
tfxpfynr3
 F7 ^jbnr t`n Hnst Nvmbnjen Chtfmjfhon ruon,
t`n HMX, mj t`n ecjbuet cl mts tfx mjvnstmkftmcj cj f
tfxpfynr, ify rnscrt tc fjy bceuinjt iftnrmfo tc
t`n mjqumry, mjlcriftmcj lrci kcvnrjinjt cllmens,
cr tnstmicjy cl scin ct`nr pnrscjs w`nj t`n
rnpcrts cr rnecrbs rnqunstnb lrci t`n tfxpfynr ms
jct lcrt`ecimjk (m.n. rnecrbs frn ocst1 rnlusfo cl
tfxpfynr tc suhimt sue` rnecrbs) cr t`n rnpcrts
suhimttnb frn lfosn, mjecipontn cr nrrcjncus.
 
HMX rnqumrns lcr fj fssnssinjt. R`n HMX iust fosc
s`cw t`ft mt wfs bmomknjt mj rnqunstmjk lcr t`nsn
rnecrbs.
Hy s`cwmjk t`nsn lfets, t`n HMX efj jcw usn t`n
Hnst Nvmbnjen Chtfmjfhon ruon mj t`n fssnssinjt cl
t`n ecipfjy.
V7 Rrmb`frif Ifrantmjk Ecrpcrftmcj (RIE)
rnenmvnb f Trnomimjfry Fssnssinjt Jctmen
(TFJ) lrci t`n HMX fssnssmjk mt wmt` vfrmcus
bnlmemnjey tfxns tctfomjk T2,<24,5=2,45=.=6,
mjeousmvn cl sure`frkn fjb mjtnrnst. RIE lmonb
f Ictmcj lcr Uuspnjsmcj cl Ecoonetmcj cl Rfx
 w`me` t`n ERF krfjtnb prcvmbnb t`n
pntmtmcjnr bnpcsmts wmt` t`n ecurt fj
feenptfhon surnty hcjb nqumvfonjt tc 6>4% cl
t`n fssnssinjt mj t`n ficujt cl
T<,;46,40;,088.<2. Bmb t`n ERF eciimt
krfvn fhusn cl bmserntmcj mj rnqumrmjk RIE tc
lmon f surnty hcjb bnspmtn t`n suppcsnboy
pftnjt moonkfomty cl t`n fssnssinjt t`ft wfs
 hnycjb t`n RIE”s jnt wcrt` hut nqumvfonjt tc
t`n bnlmemnjey fssnssinjt lcr MR fjb \FR3
 F7  ]NU. Ft t`ms gujeturn, mt hnecins mipnrftmvn tc
rnmtnrftn t`n prmjempon t`ft t`n pcwnr tc tfx ms jct t`n
pcwnr tc bnstrcy. [`mon t`n rnqumrmjk tc pcst f surnty
 hcjb hy t`n ERF wfs wmt`mj mts pcwnrs, t`n Ecurt
`cobs, `cwnvnr, t`ft t`n ERF mj Bmvmsmcj krfvnoy
fhusnb mts bmserntmcj hnefusn mt lmxnb t`n ficujt cl
t`n hcjb ft jnfroy lmvn tmins t`n jnt wcrt` cl t`n
pntmtmcjnr wmt`cut ecjbuetmjk f prnomimjfry `nfrmjk
tc fsenrtfmj w`nt`nr t`nrn wnrn krcujbs tc suspnjb
t`n ecoonetmcj cl t`n bnlmemnjey fssnssinjt cj t`n
krcujb t`ft sue` ecoonetmcj wcuob gncpfrbmzn t`n
mjtnrnsts cl t`n tfxpfynr. Fot`cuk` t`n ficujt cl
T2,2<;,5=6,006.;< wfs mtsnol t`n ficujt cl t`n
fssnssinjt, mt hn`ccvnb t`n ERF mj Bmvmsmcj tc
ecjsmbnr ct`nr lfetcrs rneckjmznb hy t`n ofw mtsnol
tcwfrbs suspnjbmjk t`n ecoonetmcj cl t`n fssnssinjt,
oman w`nt`nr cr jct t`n fssnssinjt wcuob gncpfrbmzn
t`n mjtnrnst cl t`n tfxpfynr, cr w`nt`nr t`n infjs
fbcptnb hy t`n EMX mj bntnrimjmjk t`n omfhmomty cl t`n
tfxpfynr wfs onkfo fjb
f jb vfomb. Umipoy prnsermhmjk sue`
`mk` ficujt cl t`n hcjb oman t`n mjmtmfo 6>4% cl t`n
bnlmemnjey fssnssinjt cl T2.2 hmoomcj (cr T<.; hmoomcj),
cr oftnr cj nvnj rnbuemjk t`n ficujt cl t`n hcjb tc
nqufo t`n bnlmemnjey fssnssinjt wcuob prfetmefooy
bnjy tc t`n pntmtmcjnr t`n infjmjkluo cppcrtujmty tc
ecjtnst t`n vfombmty cl t`n fssnssinjts, fjb wcuob
omanoy nvnj mipcvnrms` mt fs tc lcren mt cut cl husmjnss.
(Rrmb`frif Ifrantmjk Ecrpcrftmcj v. ERF, K.X.
 Jc. 86>=>4, Gujn
Gujn 84, 846<)
846<)
V7 Xnoftn t`n ecjenpt cl pfetf sujt snrvfjbf
cj tfxftmcj.
 F7 Chsnrvfjen cl fjy trnfty chomkftmcj hmjbmjk upcj
t`n kcvnrjinjt cl t`n T`momppmjns ms fje`crnb cj t`n
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
ofw prmjempon t`ft rnqumrns fkrnnmjk pfrtmns tc ecipoy  
 wmt` t`nmr trnfty
trnfty chomkftmcjs mj kccb lfmt`. @njen, t`n
t`n
fppomeftmcj cl t`n prcvmsmcjs cl t`n JMXE iust hn
suhgnet tc t`n prcvmsmcjs cl tfx trnftmns njtnrnb mjtc
 hy t`n T`momppmjns wmt` lcrnmkj ecujtrmns. ( Fmr
Efjfbf vs. EMX, K.X. Jc. 6<=>4;, Gfjufry 66, 846< )  
V7 Bcns t`n 84% Ufons Bmsecujt lcr Unjmcr
Emtmznjs fjb Tnrscjs wmt` Bmsfhmomtmns
 vmcoftns t`n ecjstmtutmcjfo
ecjstmtutmcjfo rmk`t cl nqufo
prctnetmcj eofusn3
 F7 JC.
JC. R`n nqufo prctnetmcj eofusn ms jct mjlrmjknb
 hy onkmsoftmcj w`me` fppomns cjoy tc t`csn lfoomjk
 wmt`mj f spnemlmnb eofss. Ml t`n krcupmjks
krcupmjks frn
e`frfetnrmznb hy suhstfjtmfo bmstmjetmcjs t`ft ifan
rnfo bmllnrnjens, cjn eofss ify hn trnftnb fj
rnkuoftnb bmllnrnjtoy lrci fjct`nr ( Ucut`nrj
( Ucut`nrj
 Ouzcj Bruk Ecrpcrftmcj v. BU[B, K.X. Jc.
6==<<=, Fprmo 8>, 846;).
 
BC^HON  
RFPFRMCJ  
Bmrnet Bcuhon Rfxftmcj nxmsts w`nj f pfrtmeuofr
prcbuet, pnrscj, njtmty, cr husmjnss ms tfxnb icrn
t`fj cjen wmt`mj cr hy t`n sfin tfxmjk fut`crmty
lcr t`n sfin purpcsn.
NPNITRMCJ LXCI
RFP
V7 EMX mssunb Lcrifo Onttnrs cl Bnifjb
fjb Fssnssinjt Jctmens fkfmjst ENT@M lcr
bnlmemnjey tfxns lcr t`n tfxfhon ynfr 8446.
R`ms fssnssinjt onfb tc ENT@M lmomjk f
Onttnr cl Trctnst.
R`n prctnsts rnifmjnb ujfetnb upcj. R`us,
ENT@M lmonb snpfrftn pntmtmcjs hnlcrn t`n  
ERF, snnamjk t`n efjenooftmcj fjb
 wmt`brfwfo cl t`n bnlmemnjey
bnlmemnjey fssnssinjts.
 Fltnr t`n pfrtmns' rnspnetmvn suhimssmcj
suhimssmcj cl  
t`nmr lcrifo cllnr cl nvmbnjen, ENT@M lmonb f
Uupponinjtfo Tntmtmcj, mjlcrimjk t`n ERF
t`ft mt fvfmonb cl t`n tfx fijnsty. ENT@M
fltnrwfrbs suhimttnb f Uupponinjtfo
Lcrifo Cllnr cl Nvmbnjen, tcknt`nr wmt` t`n
bceuinjts rnonvfjt tc mts tfx fijnsty. R`n
EMX frkunb, `cwnvnr, t`ft ENT@M efjjct
njgcy t`n prmvmonkns fttnjbfjt tc t`n tfx
fijnsty prckrfi hnefusn mts UFOJ lfmonb tc  
ecipoy wmt` t`n rnqumrninjts. Ms ENT@M
njtmton tc tfx fijnsty3
 F7 ]ns. ENT@M ms njtmtonb tc t`n miiujmtmns fjb
prmvmonkns cl t`n tfx fijnsty prckrfi upcj luoo
ecipomfjen wmt` t`n rnqumrninjts cl X.F. Jc.
=204. X.F. Jc. =204 kcvnrjs t`n tfx fijnsty
prckrfi lcr jftmcjfo mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tfxns lcr t`n
wmt` t`nsn rnqumrninjts, t`n tfxpfynr ms
miinbmftnoy njtmtonb tc t`n njgcyinjt cl t`n
miiujmtmns fjb prmvmonkns cl t`n tfx fijnsty
prckrfi. Hut w`nj7 (f) t`n tfxpfynr lfmos tc lmon f
UFOJ fjb t`n Rfx Fijnsty Xnturj1 cr (h) t`n jnt
wcrt` cl t`n tfxpfynr mj t`n UFOJ fs cl Bnenihnr
56, 844> ms prcvnj tc hn ujbnrstftnb tc t`n nxtnjt
cl 54% cr icrn, t`n tfxpfynr s`foo enfsn tc njgcy
t`nsn miiujmtmns fjb prmvmonkns. R`n
ujbnrbneofrftmcj cl f tfxpfynr's jnt wcrt`, fs
rnlnrrnb mj t`n snecjb mjstfjen fhcvn, ms prcvnj
t`rcuk`7 (f) prcennbmjks mjmtmftnb hy pfrtmns ct`nr
t`fj t`n HMX cr mts fknjts, wmt`mj cjn (6) ynfr lrci
t`n lmomjk cl t`n UFOJ fjb t`n Rfx Fijnsty Xnturj1
cr (h) lmjbmjks cr fbimssmcjs mj ecjkrnssmcjfo
`nfrmjks cr prcennbmjks mj fbimjmstrftmvn fknjemns,
fjb mj ecurts. Ct`nrwmsn, t`n tfxpfynr's UFOJ ms
prnsuinb trun fjb ecrrnet. R`n tfx fijnsty ofw
t`us pofens t`n hurbnj cl cvnrturjmjk t`ms
prnsuiptmcj tc t`n pfrtmns w`c eofmi t`ft t`nrn
wfs fj ujbnrbneofrftmcj
ujbnrbneofrftmcj cl t`n tfxpfynr's jnt
wcrt`. (EMX vs. Ecvfjtf Njnrky T`momppmjn
@cobmjks, Mje., K.X. Jc. 8456<4, Gfjufry 82,
8460)
8460 )
V7 R`n Emty cl Ifjmof fssnssnb fjb ecoonetnb
tfxns lrci t`n mjbmvmbufo pntmtmcjnrs
pursufjt tc Une. 6> (Rfx cj [`consfonrs,
Bmstrmhutcrs, cr Bnfonrs) fjb Une. 6; (Rfx cj
Xntfmonrs) cl t`n Xnvnjun Ecbn cl Ifjmof
(Crbmjfjen Jc. ;;=2). Ft t`n sfin tmin, t`n
Emty cl Ifjmof mipcsnb fbbmtmcjfo tfxns upcj
t`n pntmtmcjnrs pursufjt tc Une. 86 cl t`n
Xnvnjun Ecbn cl Ifjmof, w`me` mipcsns tfx
cj f pnrscj w`c scob kccbs fjb snrvmens mj
t`n ecursn cl trfbn cr husmjnss hfsnb cj f
enrtfmj pnrenjtfkn cl `ms krcss sfons cr
rnenmpts mj t`n prnenbmjk efonjbfr ynfr, fs f
ecjbmtmcj lcr t`n rnjnwfo cl t`nmr rnspnetmvn
husmjnss omenjsns lcr t`n ynfr 6===. Ms t`nrn
bcuhon tfxftmcj3
F7 ]NU.  Foo t`n noninjts cl bcuhon tfxftmcj
ecjeurrnb upcj t`n Emty cl Ifjmof”s fssnssinjt cj
fjb ecoonetmcj lrci t`n pntmtmcjnrs cl tfxns lcr t`n
lmrst qufrtnr cl 6=== pursufjt tc Une. 86 cl t`n
Xnvnjun Ecbn cl Ifjmof. Lmrstoy, hnefusn Une. 86 cl
t`n Xnvnjun Ecbn cl Ifjmof mipcsnb t`n tfx cj f
pnrscj w`c scob kccbs fjb snrvmens mj t`n ecursn cl
trfbn cr husmjnss hfsnb cj f enrtfmj pnrenjtfkn cl `ms
krcss sfons cr rnenmpts mj t`n prnenbmjk efonjbfr ynfr,
w`mon Une. 6> fjb Une. 6; omanwmsn
omanwmsn mipcsnb t`n tfx cj
f pnrscj w`c scob kccbs fjb snrvmens mj t`n ec ursn cl
trfbn cr husmjnss hut cjoy mbnjtmlmnb sue` pnrscj wmt`
pfrtmeuofrmty, jfinoy, t`n w`consfonr, bmstrmhutcr cr
bnfonr (Une. 6>), fjb t`n rntfmonr (Une. 6;), foo t`n tfxns
‒  hnmjk mipcsnb cj t`n prmvmonkn cl bcmjk husmjnss
mj t`n Emty cl Ifjmof mj crbnr tc ifan t`n tfxpfynrs
ecjtrmhutn tc t`n emty”s rnvnjuns ‒ wnrn
‒  wnrn mipcsnb cj
t`n sfin suhgnet ifttnr fjb lcr t`n sfin purpcsn.
 Rfxftmcj Ofw
604<>6, Guoy 54, 8462)
V7 UOIE rnenmvnb fj Fssnssinjt Jctmen
mjlcrimjk mt cl mts mjecin tfx bnlmemnjey
ujbnr Unetmcj 8;(H) cl t`n 6==; JMXE, lcr
tfxfhon ynfr 844> fjb 844<. UOIE lmonb fjb
fbimjmstrftmvn prctnst hnlcrn t`n EMX fjb
eofminb t`ft fs f jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt
e`frmtfhon fjb scemfo wnolfrn crkfjmzftmcj, mt
ms nxnipt lrci pfymjk mjecin tfx. Mt
fssnvnrftns lurt`nr t`ft t`n mjecin mt bnrmvns
lrci cpnrftmjk f `cspmtfo ms jct mjecin lrci
‟fetmvmtmns ecjbuetnb lcr prclmt.’ Cj t`n ct`nr
`fjb, EMX ecjtnjbs t`ft UOIE bcns jct
cpnrftn nxeousmvnoy lcr e`frmtfhon cr scemfo
 wnolfrn purpcsns
purpcsns mjsclfr fs mts rnvnjuns lrci
pfymjk pftmnjts frn ecjenrjnb. Ms UOIE omfhon
lcr mjecin tfx3
 F7 ]NU. UOIE ms omfhon
omfhon lcr
lcr mjecin
mjecin tfx
tfx ujbnr
ujbnr Unetmcj
8;(H) cl t`n JMXE mjsclfr fs mts rnvnjuns lrci
pfymjk pftmnjts frn ecjenrjnb. Rc hn eonfr, lcr fj
mjstmtutmcj tc hn ecipontnoy nxnipt lrci mjecin
tfx, Unetmcj 54(N) fjb (K) cl t`n 6==; JMXE
rnqumrns sfmb mjstmtutmcj tc cpnrftn nxeousmvnoy lcr
e`frmtfhon cr scemfo wnolfrn purpcsn. Hut mj ef sn fj
nxnipt mjstmtutmcj ujbnr Unetmcj 54(N) cr (K) cl
t`n sfmb Ecbn nfrjs mjecin lrci mts lcr-prclmt
fetmvmtmns, mt wmoo jct ocsn mts tfx nxniptmcj.
@cwnvnr, mts mjecin lrci lcr prclmt fetmvmtmns wmoo
 hn suhgnet
suhgnet tc mjecin tfx ft t`n prnlnrnjtmfo 64% rftn
pursufjt tc Unetmcj 8;(H) t`nrncl. (EMX ( EMX v. Ut.
 Ouan”s Inbmefo Enjtnr, Mje., K.X. Jc.  845>62,
 Lnhrufry 65, 846;
846; G. Bno Efstmooc)
Efstmooc)
V7 Bn Of Ufoon ^jmvnrsmty onfsns cut f
pcrtmcj cl mts prcpnrty tc prmvftn
ecjenssmcjfmrns, m.n., eciinremfo efjtnnjs
fjb hccastcrns. R`n onfsn pfyinjts wnrn
lfetufooy prcvnj tc hn usnb lcr nbueftmcjfo
purpcsns.
f. Ms t`n ofjb cwjnb hy Bn Of Ufoon
^jmvnrsmty suhgnet tc rnfo prcpnrty tfx3
 h.  Frn t`n onfsn pfyinjts rnenmvnb hy Bn
Of Ufoon ^jmvnrsmty suhgnet tc mjecin
tfx3
e.  Frn t`n onfsn pfyinjts rnenmvnb hy Bn
Of Ufoon ^jmvnrsmty suhgnet tc \FR3
(846< Hfr)
 F7
f.  ]NU.
 ]NU. R`n onfsnb pcrtmcj cl t`n humobmjk ify hn
suhgnet tc rnfo prcpnrty tfx. R`n tnst cl nxniptmcj
lrci tfxftmcj ms t`n usn cl t`n prcpnrty lcr
purpcsns injtmcjnb mj t`n Ecjstmtutmcj. R`n onfsn
cl f pcrtmcj cl f se`cco humobmjk lcr eciinremfo
purpcsns, rnicvns sue` fssnt lrci t`n prcpnrty tfx
nxniptmcj krfjtnb ujbnr t`n Ecjstmtutmcj. R`nrn m s
 
\foony Ecoonkn, Mje. v. Fqumjc, 82> T`mo. 051 6<8
 UEXF 64< (6=00),
(6=00), emtnb mj EMX vs. Bn Of Ufoon
^jmvnrsmty, Mje., K.X. Jc. 6=<>=<, Jcvnihnr =,
846<).
846<).
 h. fjb e.7 JC.
JC. Ml t`n ujmvnrsmty fetufooy, bmrnetoy
fjb nxeousmvnoy usns lcr nbueftmcjfo purpcsns t`n
rnvnjuns nfrjnb lrci t`n onfsn cl mts se`cco
 humobmjk, sue` rnvnjuns s`foo hn nxnipt lrci
mjecin tfx, \FR, ocefo husmjnss tfxns, fjb butmns.
R`n tfx nxniptmcj jc ocjknr `mjkns cj t`n usn cl
t`n fssnt lrci w`me` t`n rnvnjuns wnrn nfrjnb, hut
cj t`n fetufo, bmrnet fjb nxeousmvn usn cl t`n
rnvnjuns lcr nbueftmcjfo purpcsns. Rc fvfmo cl t`n
nxniptmcj, t`n tfxpfynr iust lfetufooy prcvn t`ft
mt usnb fetufooy, bmrnetoy fjb nxeousmvnoy lcr
nbueftmcjfo purpcsns t`n rnvnjuns cr mjecin
scuk`t tc hn nxniptnb.
Mj sui, t`n eruemfo pcmjt cl mjqumry t`nj ms cj t`n
usn cl t`n fssnts cr cj t`n usn cl t`n rnvnjuns.
R`nsn frn twc t`mjks t`ft iust hn vmnwnb fjb
trnftnb snpfrftnoy (EMX
( EMX vs. Bn Of Ufoon ^jmvnrsmty,
 Mje., K.X. Jc. 6=<>=<,
6=<>=<, Jcvnihnr =, 846<).
V7 Nxpofmj t`n ecjstruetmcj cl ofws krfjtmjk
tfx nxniptmcjs.
 F7 Rfx nxniptmcjs frn strmetmssmim gurms.
gurms. Mjbnnb,
tfxftmcj ms t`n ruon fjb tfx nxniptmcj t`n nxenptmcj.
Rfx nxniptmcjs s`cuob hn krfjtnb cjoy hy eonfr fjb
ujnqumvcefo prcvmsmcj cl ofw cj t`n hfsms cl ofjkufkn
tcc pofmj tc hn imsujbnrstccb. (EMX
(EMX v. Ifjmof @cin
Rnxtmon, Mje, K.X. Jc. 8454>;, Gujn <, 846<, Bno
Efstmooc, G.)
G.)
TFXR MM7 JFRMCJFO RFPFRMCJ
MJECIN
RFPFRMCJ
Cptmcjfo 0% Mjecin Rfx ( Une. 82, Tfr. F., Jc. 8
(h))
Ml t`n krcss sfons/rnenmpts fjb ct`nr jcj- cpnrftmjk
mjecin cl f snol- nipocynb/prclnssmcjfo
nipocynb/prclnssmcjfo bc jct
nxennb t`n T5I \FR t`rns`cob, tfxpfynr ify cpt tc
 hn tfxnb ft7
• 0% cl krcss sfons/rnenmpts fjb ct`nr jcj-
cpnrftmjk mjecin mj nxenss cl T8>4,444 mj omnu cl
krfbuftnb rftns fjb pnrenjtfkn tfx1 cr
• Krfbuftnb rftns mjecin tfx rftns.
R`ms prcvmsmcj ms jct fppomefhon lcr ecipnjsftmcj
mjecin.
Jctn7 Lcr imxnb mjecin nfrjnrs, t`n 0% mjecin tfx
rftn, ml cptnb, ms fppomnb tc t`n njtmrn krcss
sfons/rnenmpts, jct cjoy tc t`n krcss sfons/rnenmpts mj
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
Efpmtfo kfmjs tfx lrci sfon cl s`frns cl stcea
JCR OMURNB CX RXFBNB MJ R@N URCEA
NPE@FJKN
Loft rftn cl 6>%
Rfxfhon Mjecin ( Une. 56, RXFMJ )
Tnrscjfo fjb fbbmtmcjfo nxniptmcjs frn
rnicvnb ujbnr t`n RXFMJ Ofw.
65t` icjt` pfy fjb ct`nr hnjnlmts t`rns`cob
omimt ms mjernfsnb tc =4,444 pnscs fs ecipfrnb
tc t`n 08,444 pnsc omimt ujbnr t`n prnvmcus Rfx Ecbn
ujbnr Une. 58 (H)(;)(n).
V7 Ups. Ufovfbcr frn t`n rnkmstnrnb cwjnrs
cl f pfreno cl ofjb. R`n Xnpuhome,
rnprnsnjtnb hy t`n BT[@ lmonb f Ecipofmjt
 hnlcrn t`n XRE lcr t`n nxprcprmftmcj
nxprcprmftmcj cl f
pcrtmcj cl sfmb pfreno cl ofjb lcr t`n
ecjstruetmcj cl f `mk`wfy. R`n XRE
rnjbnrnb gubkinjt
gubkinjt mj lfvcr cl t`n Xnpuhome
ecjbnijmjk t`n suhgnet prcpnrty. R`n XRE
omanwmsn bmrnetnb t`n Xnpuhome tc pfy
rnspcjbnjts ecjsnqunjtmfo bfifkns
nqumvfonjt tc t`n vfoun cl t`n efpmtfo kfmjs
tfx fjb ct`nr tfxns jnenssfry lcr t`n
trfjslnr cl t`n suhgnet prcpnrty mj t`n
Xnpuhome's jfin. R`n XRE rnfscjnb t`ft t`n
pfyinjt cl efpmtfo kfmjs tfx fjb ct`nr
trfjslnr tfxns ms hut f ecjsnqunjen cl t`n
nxprcprmftmcj prcennbmjks. Ms t`n XRE
ecrrnet mj fwfrbmjk
f wfrbmjk ecjsnqunjtmfo
ecjsnqunjtmfo bfifkns
tc t`n Ups. Ufovfbcr fs t`n pfyinjt lcr
efpmtfo kfmjs tfx3
 F7 Jc. Mt ms snttonb t`ft t`n trfjslnr cl prcpnrty
t`rcuk` nxprcprmftmcj prcennbmjks ms f sfon cr
nxe`fjkn wmt`mj t`n infjmjk cl Unetmcjs 82(B) fjb
><(F) (5) cl t`n JMXE, fjb prclmt lrci t`n
trfjsfetmcj ecjstmtutns efpmtfo kfmj. Umjen efpmtfo
kfmjs tfx ms f tfx cj pfssmvn mjecin, mt ms t`n snoonr,
cr rnspcjbnjts mj t`ms efsn, w`c frn omfhon tc
s`cuobnr t`n tfx.
Mj lfet, HMX Xuomjk Jc. 2;<-8465 `fs ecjstmtutnb
t`n BT[@ fs f wmt``cobmjk fknjt tfsanb tc
 wmt``cob t`n <% lmjfo wmt``cobmjk tfx mj t`n
nxprcprmftmcj cl rnfo prcpnrty lcr mjlrfstrueturn
prcgnets. Fs lfr fs t`n kcvnrjinjt ms ecjenrjnb, t`n
efpmtfo kfmjs tfx mj nxprcprmftmcj prcennbmjks
rnifmjs f omfhmomty cl t`n snoonr, fs mt ms f tfx cj t`n
snoonr's kfmj lrci t`n sfon cl rnfo prcpnrty.
( Xnpuhome cl t`n T`momppmjns, rnprnsnjtnb hy t`n
 BT[@, vs. Upcusns Ufovfbcr,
Ufovfbcr, K.X. Jc. 84>280,
 Gujn ;, 846;, Bno Efstmooc, G.)
G.)
V7 R`n Hcfrb cl Bmrnetcrs cl Kccbynfr
T`momppmjns, Mje., f bcinstme ecrpcrftmcj,
fut`crmznb t`n rnbniptmcj cl Kccbynfr
rnprnsnjtmjk feerunb fjb ujpfmb
bmvmbnjbs.
Mt t`nj lmonb fj fppomeftmcj lcr rnomnl lrci
bcuhon tfxftmcj hnlcrn t`n Mjtnrjftmcjfo
Rfx Fllfmrs Bmvmsmcj cl t`n HMX tc ecjlmri
t`ft t`n rnbniptmcj wfs jct suhgnet tc
T`momppmjn mjecin tfx, pursufjt tc t`n
Xnpuhome cl t`n T`momppmjns (XT) - ^U Rfx
Rrnfty. R`ms jctwmt`stfjbmjk, rnspcjbnjt
stmoo tcca t`n ecjsnrvftmvn fpprcfe`, fjb
t`us, wmt``nob fjb rnimttnb t`n sui cl
T62,<>=,02;.64 tc t`n HMX cj Jcvnihnr 5,
8440, rnprnsnjtmjk lmltnnj pnrenjt (6>%)
L[R, eciputnb hfsnb cj t`n bmllnrnjen cl
t`n rnbniptmcj prmen fjb fkkrnkftn pfr
 vfoun cl t`n s`frns.
s`frns.
Cj Cetchnr 86, 8464, rnspcjbnjt lmonb fj
fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi lcr rnlujb cr mssufjen
cl REE, rnprnsnjtmjk 6>% L[R mj t`n sui cl
T62,<>=,02;.64 hnlcrn t`n HMX. R`nrnfltnr,
cr cj Jcvnihnr 5, 8464, mt lmonb f gubmemfo
eofmi, hy wfy cl pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw, hnlcrn
t`n ERF.
Ms t`n kfmj bnrmvnb hy KRXE suhgnet tc 6>%
L[R cj bmvmbnjbs3
 F7  ]NU. Mt iust hn jctnb, `cwnvnr,
` cwnvnr, t`ft KRXE ms f
jcj- rnsmbnjt lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcj, spnemlmefooy f
rnsmbnjt cl t`n ^U. R`us, pursufjt tc t`n efrbmjfo
prmjempon t`ft trnftmns `fvn t`n lcren fjb nllnet cl ofw
mj t`ms gurmsbmetmcj, t`n XT- ^U Rfx Rrnfty
eciponinjtfrmoy kcvnrjs t`n tfx mipomeftmcjs cl
rnspcjbnjt's trfjsfetmcjs wmt` KRXE. (EMX ( EMX v.
Kccbynfr T`momppmjns, Mje., K.X. Jc. 86<654, Fukust
 5, 846<)
846<)
V7 TFKECX krfjtnb tc Hoccihnrry Xnscrts
fjb @ctnos f prcvmsmcjfo omenjsn tc nstfhoms`
fjb cpnrftn fj mjtnkrftnb rnscrt fjb efsmjc
eciponx. Hnmjk cjn cl mts omenjsnns,
pntmtmcjnr, Hoccihnrry cjoy pfys TFKECX
omenjsn lnns, mj omnu cl foo tfxns, fs ecjtfmjnb
mj mts prcvmsmcjfo omenjsn fjb ecjsmstnjt wmt`
t`n TFKECX E`frtnr cr Trnsmbnjtmfo Bnernn
(TB) Jc. 60<=, w`me` prcvmbns t`n nxniptmcj
lrci tfxns cl pnrscjs cr njtmtmns ecjtrfetmjk
 wmt` TFKECX mj mj efsmjc cpnrftmcjs.
cpnrftmcjs.
@cwnvnr, w`nj XF Jc. =55; tcca nllnet,
TFKECX wfs nxeoubnb lrci t`n njuinrftmcj
cl KCEEs nxnipt lrci pfymjk ecrpcrftn
mjecin tfx. Ecjsnqunjtoy, HMX mssunb XIE
Jc. 55-8465 w`me` mjeoubns f prcvmsmcj lcr
t`n tfxfhmomty cl TFKECX”s ecjtrfetnns fjb
omenjsnns cj mts mjecin tfx.
Ms t`n sfmb prcvmsmcj vfomb cr ecjstmtutmcjfo
 Rfxftmcj Ofw 
pfyinjt cl t`n >% lrfje`msn tfx hy TFKECX fjb mts
ecjtrfetnns fjb omenjsnns nxnipts t`ni lrci
pfyinjt cl fjy ct`nr tfxns, mjeoubmjk ecrpcrftn
mjecin tfx.
 Fs prnvmcusoy rneckjmznb, t`n fhcvn-quctnb
prcvmsmcj prcvmbmjk lcr t`n sfmb nxniptmcj wfs
jnmt`nr finjbnb jcr rnpnfonb hy fjy suhsnqunjt
ofws (m.n. Unetmcj 6 cl X.F. Jc. =55; w`me` finjbnb
Unetmcj 8;(E) cl t`n JMXE cl 6==;)1 t`us, mt ms stmoo mj
nllnet. Kumbnb hy t`n bcetrmjfo tnfe`mjks mj rnscovmjk
t`n efsn ft hnje`, mt ms wmt`cut f bcuht t`ft, oman
TFKECX, mts ecjtrfetnns fjb omenjsnns rnifmj
nxniptnb lrci t`n pfyinjt cl ecrpcrftn mjecin tfx
fjb ct`nr tfxns smjen t`n ofw ms eonfr t`ft sfmb
nxniptmcj mjurns tc t`nmr hnjnlmt.
 [n fb`nrn tc t`n efrbmjfo ruon mj stftutcry
ecjstruetmcj t`ft w`nj t`n ofw ms eonfr fjb lrnn lrci
fjy bcuht cr fihmkumty, t`nrn ms jc rcci lcr
ecjstruetmcj cr mjtnrprntftmcj. Fs `fs hnnj cur
ecjsmstnjt ruomjk, w`nrn t`n ofw spnfas mj eonfr fjb
eftnkcrmefo ofjkufkn, t`nrn ms jc ceefsmcj lcr
mjtnrprntftmcj1 t`nrn ms cjoy rcci lcr fppomeftmcj.
( Hoccihnrry Xnscrts fjb @ctnos, Mje. v. HMX, K.X.
 Jc. 868>54, Fukust 64, 846<)
846<)
V7 Nxpofmj t`n mjecin tfx mipomeftmcjs cl
cpnrftmcjs cl cll-omjn fmr efrrmnrs.
 Fj cll-omjn fmromjn `fvmjk f hrfje` cllmen cr f sfons
fknjt mj t`n T`momppmjns w`me` snoos pfssfkn
bceuinjts lcr ecipnjsftmcj cr eciimssmcj tc
ecvnr cll-omjn lomk`ts cl mts prmjempfo cr `nfb cllmen,
cr lcr ct`nr fmromjns ecvnrmjk lomk`ts crmkmjftmjk
lrci T`momppmjn pcrts cr cll-omjn lomk`ts, ms jct
ecjsmbnrnb njkfknb mj husmjnss fs fj
mjtnrjftmcjfo fmr efrrmnr mj t`n T`momppmjns
fjb ms, t`nrnlcrn, jct suhgnet tc Krcss
T`momppmjn Hmoomjks Rfx prcvmbnb lcr mj Unetmcj
80(F)(5)(f) cl t`n Ecbn jcr tc t`n t`rnn pnrenjt
(5%) eciicj efrrmnr's tfx ujbnr Unetmcj 660(F) cl
t`n sfin Ecbn. R`ms prcvmsmcj ms wmt`cut prngubmen
tc eofssmlymjk sue` tfxpfynr ujbnr f bmllnrnjt
eftnkcry pursufjt tc f snpfrftn prcvmsmcj cl t`n
sfin Ecbn (XX 6>-8448). Une. 80 (F) (5) (f) cl t`n
6==; JMXE bcns jct, mj fjy eftnkcrmefo tnri,
nxnipt foo mjtnrjftmcjfo fmr efrrmnrs lrci t`n
ecvnrfkn cl Une. 80 (F) (6) cl t`n 6==; JMXE.
J MXE.
R`n knjnrfo ruon ms t`ft rnsmbnjt lcrnmkj
ecrpcrftmcjs s`foo hn omfhon lcr f 54% mjecin tfx cj
t`nmr mjecin lrci wmt`mj t`n T`momppmjns, nxenpt
lcr rnsmbnjt lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcjs t`ft frn
mjtnrjftmcjfo efrrmnrs t`ft bnrmvn mjecin "lrci
efrrmfkn cl pnrscjs, nxenss hfkkfkn, efrkc fjb ifmo
crmkmjftmjk lrci t`n T`momppmjns" w`me` s`foo hn
tfxnb ft 8 6/8% cl t`nmr Krcss T`momppmjn Hmoomjks.
 Fj mjtnrjftmcjfo efrrmnr wmt` jc lomk`ts crmkmjftmjk
lrci t`n T`momppmjns, bcns jct lfoo ujbnr t`n
t`ft bc jct `fvn lomk`ts tc fjb lrci t`n T`momppmjns
T`momppmjns
 hut jcjnt`nonss nfrj mjecin lrci ct`nr fetmvmtmns
f etmvmtmns
mj t`n ecujtry wmoo hn tfxnb ft t`n rftn cl 54% cl
sue` mjecin (Ucut` Flrmefj Fmrwfys v.
Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun, Lnhrufry 6<,
84641 Fmr Efjfbf v. EMX, K.X. Jc. 6<=>4;,
 Gfjufry 66, 846<).
V7 X.F. =>42 wfs fpprcvnb fjb tcca nllnet
cj < Guoy 8440. R`n ofw krfjtnb I[Ns
nxniptmcj lrci pfyinjt cl mjecin tfx cj
t`nmr imjmiui wfkn, `combfy pfy, cvnrtmin
pfy, jmk`t s`mlt bmllnrnjtmfo pfy fjb `fzfrb.
Cj 82 Unptnihnr 8440, t`n HMX mssunb XX
64-8440 miponinjtmjk t`n prcvmsmcjs cl
X.F. =>42. Bnembn t`n lcoocwmjk7
f.  [`nt`nr fj I[N ms nxnipt lcr t`n
njtmrn tfxfhon ynfr 8440 cr lrci < Guoy
8440 cjoy1
 h.  [`nt`nr Unetmcjs
Unetmcjs 6 fjb 5 cl XX 64-8440
frn ecjsmstnjt wmt` t`n ofw mj prcvmbmjk
t`ft fj I[N w`c rnenmvns ct`nr
 hnjnlmts mj nxenss cl t`n stftutcry omimt
cl T54,444 (Jcw ft T=4,444) ms jc
ocjknr njtmtonb tc t`n nxniptmcj
prcvmbnb hy X.F. =>42.
 F7
f. R`n I[N ms nxnipt lcr t`n njtmrn tfxfhon ynfr
8440. Fs mt stfjbs, t`n efonjbfr ynfr 8440
rnifmjnb fs cjn tfxfhon ynfr lcr fj mjbmvmbufo
tfxpfynr. R`nrnlcrn, XX 64-8440 efjjct
bneofrn t`n mjecin nfrjnb hy f imjmiui wfkn
nfrjnr lrci 6 Gfjufry 8440 tc > Guoy 8440 tc
 hn tfxfhon fjb t`csn nfrjnb hy `mi lcr
lcr t`n rnst
cl t`ft ynfr tc hn tfx-nxnipt. Rc bc sc wcuob
 hn tc ecjtrfbmet t`n JMXE fjb gurmsprubnjen,
gurmsprubnjen, fs
tfxfhon mjecin wcuob t`nj enfsn tc hn
bntnrimjnb cj f ynfroy hfsms.
JCRN7 R`n fhcvn ruomjk t`ft t`n I[N
nxniptmcj ms fvfmofhon lcr t`n njtmrn tfxfhon ynfr
8440 ms prnimsnb cj t`n lfet cl cjn's stftus fs fj
I[N burmjk t`n njtmrn ynfr cl 8440.
 [`nj t`n wfkns rnenmvnb
r nenmvnb nxennb t`n imjmiui
 wfkn fjytmin burmjk t`n tfxfhon ynfr, t`n
nipocynn ocsns t`n I[N qufomlmeftmcj.
R`nrnlcrn, wfkns hnecin tfxfhon fs t`n
nipocynn enfsnb tc hn fj I[N. Hut t`n
nxniptmcj cl t`n nipocynn lrci tfx cj
t`n mjecin prnvmcusoy nfrjnb fs fj I[N
rnifmjs. R`n miprcvninjt cl cjn's wfkn
efjjct gustoy cpnrftn tc ifan t`n nipocynn
omfhon lcr tfx cj t`n mjecin nfrjnb fs fj I[N.
 h. R`n trnftinjt cl hcjusns fjb ct`nr
c t`nr hnjnlmts t`ft
fj nipocynn rnenmvns lrci t`n nipocynr mj
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
 Gfjufry 82, 846;)
846;)
 Fs mt stfjbs, t`n qunstmcjnb
qunstmcjnb Xnvnjun
Xnvnjun
Xnkuoftmcj ms icct fjb fefbnime ml t`n RXFMJ
Ofw ms tc hn fppomnb fs Imjmiui [fkn
Nfrjnrs frn jct omfhon tc pfy mjecin tfx
feecrbmjk tc Une. 82 cl t`n RXFMJ Ofw.
 Fbbmtmcjfooy, t`n pnrscjfo
pnrscjfo nxniptmcjs krfjtnb
 hy t`n prnvmcus ofw
ofw s`foo jct hn fppomnb
fppomnb fs mt ms
jct wmt`mj t`n fihmt cl RXFMJ Ofw fjb ms
lurt`nr rnmjlcrenb hy t`n lfet t`ft I[Ns frn
jct suhgnet tc pfy mjecin tfx.
ECXTCXFRN MJECIN RFP
Rrfmj Finjbinjt cj Ecrpcrftn Rfxftmcj
Une. 8;.  Xftns cl Mjecin Rfx cj Bcinstme
Ecrpcrftmcjs -"(B)
Ecrpcrftmcjs -"(B) Xftns
 Xftns cl Rfx
Rfx cj Enrtfmj
 Tfssmvn Mjecins ―
"(6) Mjtnrnst
"(6) Mjtnrnst lrci Bnpcsmts fjb ]mnob cr fjy ct`nr
 Icjntfry Hnjnlmt lrci Bnpcsmt Uuhstmtutns fjb
 lrci Rrust Lujbs fjbfjb Umimofr Frrfjkninjts,
Frrfjkninjts, fjb
 Xcyfotmns. -
 Xcyfotmns. - F lmjfo tfx ft t`n rftn cl twnjty pnrenjt
(84%) ms `nrnhy mipcsnb upcj t`n ficujt cl
mjtnrnst cj eurrnjey hfja bnpcsmt fjb ymnob cr fjy
ct`nr icjntfry hnjnlmt lrci bnpcsmt suhstmtutns
fjb lrci trust lujbs fjb smimofr frrfjkninjts
rnenmvnb hy bcinstme ecrpcrftmcjs, fjb rcyfotmns,
bnrmvnb lrci scurens wmt`mj t`n T`momppmjns7
 Trcvmbnb, 
 Trcvmbnb,  `cwnvnr, R`ft mjtnrnst mjecin bnrmvnb
 hy f bcinstme ecrpcrftmcj lrci f bnpcsmtcry hfja
ujbnr t`n nxpfjbnb lcrnmkj eurrnjey bnpcsmt
systni s`foo hn suhgnet tc f lmjfo mjecin tfx ft t`n
rftn cl lmltnnj pnrenjt (6>%) cl sue` mjtnrnst
mjecin.
"(8) Efpmtfo Kfmjs lrci t`n Ufon cl U`frns cl Utcea
 Jct Rrfbnb mj t`n Utcea Nxe`fjkn. -
Nxe`fjkn.  - F lmjfo tfx ft
t`n rftn cl lmltnnj pnrenjt (6>%) s`foo hn mipcsnb
cj jnt efpmtfo kfmjs rnfomznb burmjk t`n tfxfhon ynfr
lrci t`n sfon, nxe`fjkn cr ct`nr bmspcsmtmcj cl
 h. Ml tfxfhon mjecin ms
ms jnkftmvn1
jnkftmvn1 cr
e. Ml IEMR ms krnftnr t`fj t`n JEMR bun (Une. 8;
 QNY, JMXE).
V7 [`ft ms t`n Imjmiui Ecrpcrftn Mjecin
Rfx3
 F7 Mt efin fhcut fs f rnsuot cl t`n pnrenmvnb
mjfbnqufey cl t`n snol-fssnssinjt systni mj
efpturmjk t`n trun mjecin cl ecrpcrftmcjs.
e crpcrftmcjs.
Ecjkrnss mjtnjbnb tc put f stcp tc t`n prfetmen cl
ecrpcrftmcjs w`me`, w`mon `fvmjk ofrkn turjcvnrs,
rnpcrt imjmifo cr jnkftmvn jnt mjecin rnsuotmjk mj
imjmifo cr znrc mjecin tfxns ynfr mj fjb ynfr cut,
t`rcuk` ujbnr-bneofrftmcj cl mjecin cr cvnr-
bnbuetmcj cl nxpnjsns ct`nrwmsn efoonb tfx
s`notnrs.
s`notnrs. R`n IEMR snrvns tc put f efp cj sue` tfx
s`notnrs.
R`n IEMR ms nqufo tc 8% cl t`n krcss mjecin cl
t`n ecrpcrftmcj ft t`n njb cl t`n tfxfhon qufrtnr,
nxenpt mjecin nxnipt lrci mjecin tfx fjb
mjecin suhgnet tc lmjfo wmt``cobmjk tfx.
Hnmjk f imjmiui mjecin tfx, f ecrpcrftmcj
e crpcrftmcj s`cuob
pfy t`n IEMR w`njnvnr mts jcrifo ecrpcrftn
mjecin tfx (JEMR) ms ocwnr t`fj t`n IEMR, cr w`nj
t`n lmri rnpcrts f jnt ocss mj mts tfx rnturj.
Ecjvnrsnoy, t`n JEMR ms pfmb w`nj mt ms `mk`nr t`fj
t`n IEMR (G.,
(G., Bmiffipfc,
 Bmiffipfc, 846>).
846>).
R`nrnlcrn, t`n tfxfhon bun lcr t`n tfxfhon ynfr wmoo
 hn JEMR (54% cl tfxfhon mjecin) cr IEMR (8% cl
krcss mjecin),
mjecin), w`me`nvnr ms @MK@NX .
MOO^URXFRMCJ7
6) F bcinstme ecrpcrftmcj mj mts 2t` ynfr cl
cpnrftmcjs `fb f krcss mjecin cl ₶544,444 fjb
jnt tfxfhon mjecin cl ₶644,444. @cw iue` ms
t`n mjecin tfx bun lcr t`n ynfr3
IEMR (₶544,444 x 8%) ₶ <,444
JEMR (₶644,444 x 54%) ₶54,444
Mjecin tfx bun ― JEMR ₶54,444
(w`me`nvnr ms `mk`nr)
8) F bcinstme ecrpcrftmcj mj mts 2t` ynfr cl
cpnrftmcjs `fb f krcss mjecin cl ₶244,444 fjb
jnt tfxfhon mjecin cl ₶84,444. @cw iue` ms t`n
mjecin tfx bun lcr t`n ynfr3
IEMR (₶244,444 x 8%) ₶0,444
JEMR (₶84,444 x 54%) ₶<,444
Mjecin tfx bun ― IEMR ₶0,444
(w`me`nvnr ms `mk`nr)
Uuspnjsmcj
Uuspnjsmcj cl t`n mipcsmtmcj cl IEMR
Umjen enrtfmj husmjnssns ify hn mjeurrmjk knjumjn
rnpnftnb ocssns, t`n ofw fut`crmzns t`n Unerntfry cl
Lmjfjen, upcj rneciinjbftmcj cl t`n HMX, tc
suspnjb t`n mipcsmtmcj cl IEMR ml f ecrpcrftmcj
sullnrs ocssns bun tc fjy cl t`n lcoocwmjk7
 Rfxftmcj Ofw 
fs hy ‐Fet cl Kcb” oman omk`tjmjk, nfrt`qufan, stcri,
loccb fjb t`n oman, fjb s`foo fosc mjeoubn frinb
ecjlomets oman wfr cr mjsurknjey1
5.  Onkmtmiftn Husmjnss Xnvnrsns ―  mjeoubn
suhstfjtmfo ocssns bun tc lmrn, t`nlt cr nihnzzoninjt
cr lcr ct`nr necjcime rnfscj, fs bntnrimjnb hy t`n
Unerntfry cl Lmjfjen (Une. 8; QNYQ5Y, JMXE1 XX. Jc.
=-=0, Une. 8.8; QNY Q2YQh,e,bY).
 Fppomefhmomty cl IEMR w`nrn f ecrpcrftmcj
ecrpcrftmcj ms
kcvnrjnb pfrty ujbnr JEMR fjb pfrtoy ujbnr
f spnemfo mjecin tfx systni
Mj t`n efsn cl f bcinstme ecrpcrftmcj w`csn
cpnrftmcjs cr fetmvmtmns frn pfrtoy ecvnrnb hy t`n
jcrifo mjecin tfx systni (suhgnet tc 54% JEMR) fjb
pfrtoy ecvnrnb ujbnr f spnemfo mjecin tfx systni, t`n
IEMR wmoo fppoy cjoy cj cpnrftmcjs ecvnrnb hy t`n
rnkuofr mjecin tfx systni. Lcr nxfipon, ml f HCM-
rnkmstnrnb njtnrprmsn `fs f "rnkmstnrnb" fjb fj
"ujrnkmstnrnb" fetmvmty, t`n IEMR s`foo fppoy tc t`n
ujrnkmstnrnb fetmvmty (X.X. =-=0).
Hrfje` prclmt rnimttfjen tfx
 Fjy prclmt rnimttnb hy hrfje` cllmen cl f
iuotmjftmcjfo ecrpcrftmcj tc mts `nfb cllmen ms
suhgnet tc 6>% lmjfo tfx tfx   hfsnb cj tctfo prclmts
fppomnb cr nfrifranb lcr rnimttfjen wmt`cut
bnbuetmcj lcr t`n tfx ecipcjnjt.
 F hrfje` ms eofssmlmnb fs f rnsmbnjt lcrnmkj
ecrpcrftmcj.
ecrpcrftmcj. Fs sue`, mt ms suhgnet tc mjecin tfx ft
t`n rftn cl 54% cj mts jnt mjecin bnrmvnb wmt`mj t`n
T`momppmjns. Uue` mjecin mtnis mjeoubn mjtnrnst,
bmvmbnjbs, rnjts, rcyfotmns, mjeoubmjk rniujnrftmcj
lcr tne`jmefo snrvmens, sfofrmns, wfkns, prnimuis,
fjjumtmns, nicouinjts cr ct`nr lmxnb cr
bntnrimjfhon fjjufo, pnrmcbme cr efsufo kfmjs,
prclmts, mjecin fjb efpmtfo kfmjs rnenmvnb burmjk
nfe` tfxfhon ynfr lrci foo scurens wmt`mj t`n
T`momppmjns.
Lcr purpcsns cl hrfje` prclmt rnimttfjen, mjecin
mtnis w`me` frn jct nllnetmvnoy ecjjnetnb wmt` t`n
ecjbuet cl mts trfbn cr husmjnss mj t`n T`momppmjns frn
jct ecjsmbnrnb hrfje` prclmts.
Rc hn ‐nllnetmvnoy ecjjnetnb”, mt ms jct jnenssfry t`ft
t`n mjecin hn bnrmvnb lrci t`n fetufo cpnrftmcj cl
t`n hrfje`”s
hrfje`”s trfbn cr husmjnss. Mt ms sullmemnjt t`ft t`n
mjecin frmsns lrci t`n husmjnss fetmvmty mj w`me` t`n
 hrfje` ms njkfknb. R`n 6>% lmjfo tfx s`cuob nxeoubn
prclmts cj fetmvmtmns rnkmstnrnb wmt` TNWF (Rfhfk,
846>).
MJECIN RFP CJ JCJ-XNUMBNJR
LCXNMKJ ECXTCXFRMCJU
 F lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcj jct njkfknb mj trfbn cr
 husmjnss mj t`n T`momppmjns s`foo pfy f tfx nqufo tc
lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcj bcns jct ficujt tc njkfkmjk mj
trfbn cr husmjnss mj t`n T`momppmjns
T`momppmjns lcr mjecin tfx
purpcsns. Lcr sue` f lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcj tc hn
ecjsmbnrnb njkfknb mj trfbn cr husmjnss, husmjnss
trfjsfetmcjs iust hn ecjtmjucus (J.\. Xnnbnrmg v.
EMX, K.X. Jc. O-2<48=, Gujn 85,
8 5, 6==0).
Miprcpnroy Feeuiuoftnb Nfrjmjks cl
Ecrpcrftmcj
Bcinstme ecrpcrftmcjs fjb eocsnoy-`nob
ecrpcrftmcjs frn suhgnet tc 64% miprcpnroy
feeuiuoftnb nfrjmjks tfx cj t`nmr miprcpnroy
feeuiuoftnb nfrjmjks (Une. 8= QFY, JMXE).
Eocsnoy-`nob Ecrpcrftmcjs
Ecrpcrftmcjs
R`nsn frn ecrpcrftmcjs, ft onfst >4% mj vfoun cl t`n
cutstfjbmjk efpmtfo stcea cl w`me` cr ft onfst >4%
cl t`n tctfo ecihmjnb vctmjk pcwnr cl foo eofssns cl
stcea njtmtonb tc vctn ms cwjnb bmrnetoy cr mjbmrnetoy
 hy cr jct icrn t`fj 84 mjbmvmbufos (X.X. 8-8446,
 Une. 2).
JCRN7 Ecrpcrftmcjs cutsmbn t`n fhcvn bnlmjmtmcj
frn ecjsmbnrnb puhomeoy-`nob ecrpcrftmcjs.
V7 [`ft ecjsmsts cl ‟Miprcpnroy
 Feeuiuoftnb Nfrjmjks’3
Nfrjmjks’3
 F7 R`nsn frn t`n prclmts cl f ecrpcrftmcj t`ft frn
feeuiuoftnb, mjstnfb cl bmstrmhutmjk t`ni tc mts
s`frn`cobnrs, lcr t`n purpcsn cl fvcmbmjk t`n
mjecin tfx wmt` rnspnet tc mts s`frn`cobnrs cr t`n
s`frn`cobnrs cl fjct`nr ecrpcrftmcj (X.X. 8-8446,
 Une. 8).
Lcriuof7
Rfxfhon Mjecin burmjk t`n eurrnjt ynfr
 Fbb7
Mjecin nxnipt lrci tfx
Mjecin nxeoubnb lrci krcss mjecin
Mjecin suhgnet tc lmjfo tfx
JCOEC bnbuetnb
 Onss7
Mjecin tfx pfmb/pfyfhon burmjk t`n ynfr
Bmvmbnjbs fetufooy cr ecjstruetmvnoy pfmb
 Ficujt rnsnrvnb lcr t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs
cl t`n husmjnss
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSS
Miprcpnroy Feeuiuoftnb Nfrjmjks
x 64%
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
 SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSS
Miprcpnroy Feeuiuoftnb Nfrjmjks Rfx (MFNR)
Rcue`stcjn cl t`n omfhmomty
Mt ms t`n purpcsn hn`mjb t`n feeuiuoftmcj cl t`n
mjecin fjb jct t`n ecjsnqunjens cl t`n
feeuiuoftmcj. R`us, ml t`n lfmourn tc pfy bmvmbnjbs ms
bun tc scin ct`nr efusns, sue` fs t`n usn cl
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
mjecin hnycjb t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n husmjnss ,
MFNR s`foo hn mipcsnb (Bmiffipfc, G., 846>).
 Xftmcjfon7 MFNR ms mipcsnb mj t`n jfturn cl f pnjfoty
tc t`n ecrpcrftmcj lcr t`n miprcpnr feeuiuoftmcj cl
mts nfrjmjks fjb fs f lcri cl bntnrrnjt tc t`n
fvcmbfjen cl tfx upcj s`frn`cobnrs w`c frn
suppcsnb tc pfy bmvmbnjbs tfx cj t`n nfrjmjk
bmstrmhutnb tc t`ni hy t`n ecrpcrftmcj. Ml t`n
nfrjmjks fjb prclmts wnrn bmstrmhutnb, t`n
s`frn`cobnrs wcuob hn omfhon lcr tfx cj bmvmbnjbs
(Eciimssmcjnr v. Fyfof Uneurmtmns Ecrp., 646 UEXF
856).
V7 @cw efj t`n ‟rnfscjfhon jnnbs’ cl t`n
 husmjnss hn bntnrimjnb
bntnrimjnb mj crbnr tc gustmly fj
feeuiuoftmcj cl nfrjmjks3 (8464 Hfr)
 F7 Rc bntnrimjn t`n ‟rnfscjfhon jnnbs’ cl t`n
 husmjnss mj crbnr tc gustmly fj feeuiuoftmcj cl
nfrjmjks, t`n Ecurts cl t`n ^jmtnb Utftns `fvn
mjvnjtnb t`n sc-efoonb ‟Miinbmfey Rnst’  w`me`
ecjstrunb t`n wcrbs ‟rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n
 husmjnss’ tc infj t`n miinbmftn jnnbs cl t`n
 husmjnss, fjb mt wfs knjnrfooy `nob t`ft ml t`n
ecrpcrftmcj bmb jct prcvn fj miinbmftn jnnb lcr t`n
feeuiuoftmcj cl t`n nfrjmjks fjb prclmts, t`n
feeuiuoftmcj wfs jct lcr t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n
 husmjnss, fjb t`n pnjfoty tfx wcuob fppoy (Ifjmof
[mjn Inre`fjts, Mje. v EMX, K.X. Jc. 8<62>,
 Lnhrufry 84, 6=02).
6=02).
Mj crbnr tc bntnrimjn w`nt`nr prclmts frn
feeuiuoftnb lcr t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs, mt iust hn
s`cwj t`ft t`n ecjtrcoomjk mjtnjtmcj cl t`n tfxpfynr
ms ifjmlnst ft t`n tmin cl feeuiuoftmcj, jct
suhsnqunjtoy, w`me` frn inrn fltnrt`cuk`ts.
Lurt`nricrn, t`n feeuiuoftnb prclmts iust hn usnb
 wmt`mj f rnfscjfhon
rnfscjfhon tmin
tmin fltnr t`n eocsn cl t`n tfxfhon
tfxfhon
 ynfr (Eyfjfimb T`momppmjns, Mje. v. EF, K.X. Jc.
6404<;, Gfjufry 84, 8444).
JCRN7 Cjen t`n prclmt `fs hnnj suhgnetnb tc MFNR,
t`n sfin s`foo jc ocjknr hn suhgnetnb tc MFNR mj oftnr
 ynfrs nvnj ml jct bneofrnb fs bmvmbnjb.
Jctwmt`stfjbmjk t`n mipcsmtmcj cl t`n MFNR, prclmts
 w`me` `fvn hnnj suhgnetnb tc MFNR, w`nj lmjfooy
bneofrnb fs bmvmbnjbs s`foo jnvnrt`nonss hn suhgnet tc
tfx cj bmvmbnjbs mipcsnb ujbnr
ujbnr t`n JMXE, nxenpt mj
t`csn mjstfjens w`nrn t`n rnempmnjt ms jct suhgnet
t`nrntc (X.X. 8-8446, Une. >).
V7 [`ft ecjstmtutn feeuiuoftmcj cl nfrjmjks
lcr t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n husmjnss3
 F7
6. Foocwfjen lcr t`n mjernfsn mj feeuiuoftmcj cl
nfrjmjks up tc 644% cl t`n pfmb-up efpmtfo
R`n hfsms cl t`n 644% t`rns`cob cl rntnjtmcj
(ecjsmbnrnb wmt`mj t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n
8. Nfrjmjks rnsnrvnb lcr bnlmjmtn ecrpcrftn
nxpfjsmcj fpprcvnb hy t`n Hcfrb cl Bmrnetcrs cr
nqumvfonjt hcby
5. Xnsnrvnb lcr humobmjk, pofjt cr nqumpinjt
fequmsmtmcj fs fpprcvnb hy t`n Hcfrb cl Bmrnetcrs
cr nqumvfonjt hcby
2. Xnsnrvnb lcr ecipomfjen wmt` fjy ocfj ecvnjfjt
cr prn-nxmstmjk chomkftmcj
>. Nfrjmjks rnqumrnb hy ofw cr fppomefhon
rnkuoftmcjs tc hn rntfmjnb
<. Mj efsn cl suhsmbmfrmns cl lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcjs mj
t`n T`momppmjns, foo ujbmstrmhutnb nfrjmjks
mjtnjbnb cr rnsnrvnb lcr mjvnstinjts wmt`mj t`n
T`momppmjns (X.X. Jc. 8-8446, Une. 5)
 Trmif lfemn mjstfjens cl feeuiuoftmcj cl
prclmts hnycjb t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl f
 husmjnss
6. Mjvnstinjt cl suhstfjtmfo nfrjmjks fjb prclmts cl
t`n ecrpcrftmcj mj ujrnoftnb husmjnss cr mj stcea cr
sneurmtmns mj ujrnoftnb husmjnss
8. Mjvnstinjt mj hcjbs fjb ct`nr ocjk tnri
sneurmtmns
5. Feeuiuoftmcj cl nfrjmjks mj nxenss cl 644% cl
pfmb-up efpmtfo, jct ct`nrwmsn mjtnjbnb lcr t`n
rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n husmjnss (X.X. Jc. 8-8446,
 Une. ;)
 Trmif lfemn nvmbnjen tc s`cw purpcsn cl
feeuiuoftmcj ms Rfx nvfsmcj cr Rfx
fvcmbfjen
R`n lfet t`ft7
6. Fjy ecrpcrftmcj ms f inrn7 f.  @cobmjk
ecipfjy ―  cjn `fvmjk prfetmefooy jc fetmvmtmns
nxenpt `cobmjk prcpnrty fjb ecoonetmjk mjecin
t`nrnlrci cr mjvnstmjk t`nrnmj1 cr
 h.  Mjvnstinjt (iutufo lujb) ecipfjy ―
 w`nj fetmvmtmns cl t`n ecipfjy lurt`nr mjeoubn crcr
ecjsmst suhstfjtmfooy cl huymjk fjb snoomjk stceas,
sneurmtmns, rnfo nstftn, cr ct`nr mjvnstinjt
prcpnrtmns sc t`ft mjecin ms bnrmvnb jct cjoy lrci
mjvnstinjt ymnob hut fosc lrci prclmts upcj ifrant
louetuftmcjs.
8. R`n nfrjmjks cr prclmts cl f ecrpcrftmcj frn
pnrimttnb tc feeuiuoftn hnycjb t`n rnfscjfhon
jnnbs cl t`n husmjnss (X.X. Jc. 8-8446, Une. ;).
MFNR jct fppomefhon tc t`n lcoocwmjk7
lcoocwmjk7
6. Tuhomeoy-`nob ecrpcrftmcjs (Une. 8= QHYQ8Y,
 JMXE)
8. Hfjas fjb ct`nr jcj-hfja lmjfjemfo
mjtnrinbmfrmns
5. Mjsurfjen ecipfjmns
2. Tuhomeoy-`nob ecrpcrftmcjs
>. Rfxfhon pfrtjnrs`mps
pfrtjnrs`mps
<. Knjnrfo prclnssmcjfo pfrtjnrs`mps
;. Jcj-tfxfhon gcmjt vnjturns
0. Njtnrprmsns buoy rnkmstnrnb wmt` t`n T`momppmjn
Necjcime Wcjn Fut`crmty ujbnr  X.F. ;=6<,
;=6<, fjb
njtnrprmsns rnkmstnrnb pursufjt tc t`n Hfsns
 Rfxftmcj Ofw 

V7 Armf, Mje., f Acrnfj ecrpcrftmcj njkfknb NHEE `fb jc chomkftmcj tc wmt``cob fjy tfxns cj
mj t`n husmjnss cl ifjulfeturmjk nonetrme t`n mjtnrnst pfyinjt lcr t`n ynfr 8444 fs t`n
 vn`meons, nstfhoms`nb f hrfje` cllmen mj t`n chomkftmcj tc wmt``cob cjoy eciinjenb cj Gujn 6,
T`momppmjns mj 8464. R`n T`momppmjn hrfje` 8448, fjb t`us efjenoomjk t`n fssnssinjt lcr
ecjstruetnb f ifjulfeturmjk pofjt mj bnlmemnjey L[R cj mjtnrnst pfyinjts frmsmjk lrci
Afhuyfc, Ofkujf, fjb t`n ecjstruetmcj NHEE' s ocfj lrci Ckbnj. ( Nbmscj
( Nbmscj (Hftffj)
ofstnb t`rnn (5) ynfrs. Eciinremfo Ecknjnrftmcj Ecrpcrftmcj vs. EMX, K.X. Jc.
cpnrftmcjs mj t`n Ofkujf pofjt hnkfj mj 8462. 846<<> & 846<<0, Fukust 54, 846;, Bno
Mj gust twc (8) ynfrs cl cpnrftmcj, t`n Efstmooc, G.)
G.)
T`momppmjn hrfje` `fb rnimttfhon prclmts mj
fj ficujt nxennbmjk 6;>% cl mts efpmtfo. RXFJULNX RFPNU
@cwnvnr, t`n `nfb cllmen mj Acrnf mjstruetnb
t`n hrfje` jct tc rnimt t`n prclmts tc t`n Nstftn tfx 
tfx  ms fj nxemsn tfx mipcsnb upcj t`n
Acrnfj `nfb cllmen ujtmo mjstruetnb prmvmonkn cl trfjsimttmjk prcpnrty ft t`n tmin cl
ct`nrwmsn. R`n hrfje` e`mnl lmjfjen cllmenr ms bnft` fjb cj t`n prmvmonkn t`ft f pnrscj ms kmvnj mj
ecjenrjnb t`ft t`n HMX imk`t `cob t`n ecjtrcoomjk tc f enrtfmj nxtnjt t`n bmspcsmtmcj cl `ms
T`momppmjn hrfje` omfhon lcr t`n 64% prcpnrty tc tfan nllnet upcj bnft`. Nstftn tfx ofws
miprcpnroy feeuiuoftnb nfrjmjks tfx (MFNR) rnst mj t`nmr nssnjen upcj t`n prmjempon t`ft bnft`
lcr pnrimttmjk mts prclmts tc feeuiuoftn ms t`n knjnrftmjk scuren lrci w`me` t`n tfxmjk
 hnycjb rnfscjfhon
rnfscjfhon husmjnss jnnbs. pcwnr tfans mts hnmjk, fjb t`ft mt ms t`n pcwnr tc
(f) Ms t`n T`momppmjn hrfje` cl Armf suhgnet tc trfjsimt cr t`n trfjsimssmcj lrci t`n bnfb tc t`n
t`n 64% MFNR ujbnr t`n emreuistfjens stftnb omvmjk cj w`me` t`n tfx ms icrn miinbmftnoy hfsnb
fhcvn3 (Ocrnjzc v. Tcsfbfs, <2 T`mo 5>5).
(h) Ms mt suhgnet tc 6>% hrfje` prclmt
rnimttfjen tfx (HTXR)3 (846= Hfr)  [`ft frn t`n eofssmlmeftmcj
eofssmlmeftmcj cl cl bnenbnjt3
bnenbnjt3
Mjbmvmbufos omfhon tc pfy nstftn tfx7
 F7 6. Jc. Une 8= (F) ―  MFNR ecvnrs cjoy bcinstme 6. Xnsmbnjt emtmznjs (XE)
ecrpcrftmcjs. R`n hrfje` ms ecjsmbnrnb f rnsmbnjt 8. Jcj-rnsmbnjt emtmznjs (JXE)
lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcj, t`us, jct suhgnet tc MFNR 5. Xnsmbnjt fomnj (XF)
8. Jc. Une 80 (F)(>) ― HTXR ms mipcsnb cjoy cj fetufo
fe tufo 2. Jcj-rnsmbnjt fomnj (JXF)
rnimttfjen. @nrn, jc rnimttfjen wfs ifbn. R`us, jct
suhgnet tc HTXR. JCRN7 Cjoy
JCRN7 Cjoy jfturfo pnrscjs efj hn `nob omfhon
o mfhon lcr
nstftn tfx. Bcinstme fjb lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcjs
 [MR@@COBMJK RFP efjjct hn omfhon hnefusn t`ny frn jct efpfhon cl
V7 Cj 8442, Nbmscj (Hftffj) Ecknjnrftmcj jfturfo bnft`.
Ecrpcrftmcj QNHEEY rnenmvnb lrci t`n EMX f
Lcrifo Onttnr cl Bnifjb fjb Lmjfo Bntnrimjftmcj
Bntnrimjftmcj cl krcss nstftn
 Fssnssinjt Jctmen fssnssmjk NHEE cl R`n vfoun cl t`n krcss nstftn cl t`n bnenbnjt s`foo
bnlmemnjey Lmjfo [mt``cobmjk Rfx (L[R) lcr  hn bntnrimjnb
bntnrimjnb hy mjeoubmjk t`nt`n vfoun ft t`n
t`n tmin cl
tfxfhon ynfr 8444. ^pcj t`n EMX”s
EMX” s mjfetmcj `ms bnft` cl foo prcpnrty, rnfo cr pnrscjfo, tfjkmhon
tc t`n onttnr-prctnst
onttnr-prctnst lmonb hy NHEE, t`n ofttnr cr mjtfjkmhon, w`nrnvnr smtuftnb7 Trcvmbnb,
nonvftnb t`n efsn tc t`n ERF. R`n ERF `cwnvnr, R`ft mj t`n efsn cl f jcjrnsmbnjt bnenbnjt
Bmvmsmcj `nob, ficjk ct`nrs, t`ft NHEE wfs  w`c ft t`n tmin cl `ms bnft` wfs jct
jct f emtmznj
emtmznj cl t`n
jct omfhon lcr t`n bnlmemnjey L[R fssnssinjt T`momppmjns, cjoy t`ft pfrt cl t`n njtmrn krcss nstftn
cj mjtnrnst pfyinjts cj ocfj fkrnninjts lcr  w`me` ms smtuftnb mj t`n T`momppmjns s`foo hn
tfxfhon ynfr 8444 smjen mts omfhmomty lcr mjeoubnb mj `ms tfxfhon nstftn (Une. 0<, RXFMJ
mjtnrnst pfyinjt hnefin bun fjb  Ofw).
bnifjbfhon cjoy cj 8448. R`n EMX
ecjtnjbnb t`ft NHEE wfs omfhon tc pfy t`n Ecipcsmtmcj cl krcss nstftn
mjtnrnst lrci t`n bftn cl t`n nxneutmcj
nxneutmcj cl t`n BCJCX  KXCUU KMLR
ecjtrfet cj 8444, jct lrci t`n bftn cl t`n  Foo rnfo prcpnrtmns,
lmrst pfyinjt cj 8448, fs t`n ocfj tfjkmhon fjb
fkrnninjt eonfroy mjbmeftnb t`ft t`n mjtnrnst XE, JE fjb XF mjtfjkmhon pnrscjfo
 wfs tc hn pfmb snpfrftnoy
snpfrftnoy lrci
lrci t`n prmjempfo.
prmjempfo. prcpnrtmns w`nrnvnr
R`n bnemsmcj cl t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj wfs oceftnb
fllmrinb hy t`n ERF nj hfje. Ms NHEE omfhon  Foo rnfo prcpnrtmns,
lcr bnlmemnjey L[R lcr t`n ynfr 84443 tfjkmhon, fjb
mjtfjkmhon prcpnrtmns
 F7 Jc, NHEE's omfhmomty lcr mjtnrnst pfyinjt JXF
oceftnb mj t`n
 hnefin bun fjb bnifjbfhon
bnifjbfhon stfrtmjk 8448. R`n T`momppmjns ujonss t`n
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=

6. Lfmr ifrant vfoun fs f. Nxpnjsns, ocssns, mjbnhtnbjnss, tfxns, nte.

bntnrimjnb hy t`n (NOMR)QGNL-R^OMY
Eciimssmcjnr (zcjfo vfoun) m. Eofmis fkfmjst t`n nstftn
cr mm. Eofmis fkfmjst mjscovnjt pnrscjs
8. Lfmr ifrant vfoun fs s`cwj mmm. ^jpfmb icrtkfkn cr mjbnhtnbjnss cj
mj t`n se`nbuon cl vfouns prcpnrty
lmxnb hy t`n prcvmjemfo fjb mv. Rfxns
emty fssnsscrs  v. Ocssns
 h.  \ fjms`mjk
fjms`mjk bnbuetmcj
Ml t`nrn ms fj miprcvninjt, t`n e. Rrfjslnr lcr puhome usn
 vfoun cl miprcvninjt ms t`n b. Jnt s`frn cl t`n survmvmjk spcusn mj t`n
ecjstruetmcj ecst pnr humobmjk eciiujmty cr ecjgukfo prcpnrty
pnrimt cr t`n lfmr ifrant vfoun 8. Upnemfo bnbuetmcjs QLFIUY
pnr oftnst tfx bneofrftmcj f. Lfimoy `cin (iust jct nxennb
₶64,444,444)
Lfmr ifrant vfoun ms t`n prmen  h. Utfjbfrb bnbuetmcj ( ₶>,444,444)
ft w`me` fjy snoonr wmoo snoo fjb e.  F icujt
icujt rnenmvnb hy `nmr ujbnr XF 2=6;
fjy huynr wmoo huy hct`
hc t` wmoomjkoy
 wmt`cut fjy lcren cr JCRN7 JXF efjjct fvfmo cl t`n spnemfo
mjtmimbftmcj. Mt ms t`n prmen bnbuetmcjs.
 w`me` f prcpnrty wmoo hrmjk
 w`nj mt ms cllnrnb hy cjn w`c Nxeousmcjs lrci nstftn
bnsmrns tc huy fjb cjn w`c ms Nxeoubnb lrci krcss nstftn frn t`csn prcvmbnb lcr
jct ecipnoonb tc snoo. ujbnr JMXE (Unetmcjs 0>, 0< fjb 0;) fjb ujbnr
 Tnrscjfo
 Tnrscjfo  [`nt`nr tfjkmhon cr mjtfjkmhon, spnemfo ofws.
 prcpnrty fpprfmsnb ft LI\. ‟Unjtminjtfo
 vfoun’ ms prfetmefooy bmsrnkfrbnb.
bmsrnkfrbnb. Nxeousmcjs ujbnr Une. 0> fjb 0< JMXE7
 U`frns cl ^jomstnb 6. Nxeousmvn prcpnrty (efpmtfo/pfrfp`nrjfo) cl
stcea 6. ^jomstnb eciicj - hcca survmvmjk spcusn (Une. 0> Q@Y, JMXE)1
JMXE)1
 vfoun 8. Trcpnrty cutsmbn T`momppmjns cl JXF bnenbnjt1
8. ^jomstnb prnlnrrnb - pfr 5. Mjtfjkmhon pnrscjfo prcpnrty mj t`n T`momppmjns
 vfoun cl JXF bnenbnjt prcvmbnb t`nrn ms rnemprcemty.

 Omstnb  ―  Eocsmjk rftn FR R@N Nxeousmcjs ujbnr Une. 0; JMXE7

RMIN cl bnft`. Ml jcjn ms 6. R`n inrknr cl t`n usulruet mj t`n cwjnr cl t`n
fvfmofhon, t`n LI\ ms t`n jfanb tmton
frmt`intme infj hntwnnj t`n 8. R`n trfjsimssmcj cr t`n bnomvnry cl t`n
`mk`nst fjb ocwnst quctftmcj ft f mj`nrmtfjen cr onkfey hy t`n lmbuemfry `nmr cr
bftn jnfrnst t`n bftn cl bnft`. onkftnn tc t`n lmbnmeciimssf
t`n lmbnmeciimssfry
ry
5. R`n trfjsimssmcj lrci t`n lmrst `nmr, onkftnn cr
Mj bntnrimjmjk t`n hcca vfoun cl bcjnn mj lfvcr cl fjct`nr hnjnlmemfry, mj
eciicj s`frns, t`n lcoocwmjk feecrbfjen wmt` t`n bnsmrn cl t`n prnbnensscr
s`foo jct hn ecjsmbnrnb7
ecjsmbnrnb7 2.  Foo t`n hnqunsts, bnvmsns, onkfemns cr trfjslnrs
6. Fpprfmsfo surpous tc scemfo wnolfrn, euoturfo fjb e`frmtfhon
8. R`n vfoun fssmkjnb tc prnlnrrnb mjstmtutmcjs, prcvmbnb jc pfrt cl t`n jnt mjecin
s`frns, ml t`nrn ms fjy cl w`me` mjurns tc t`n hnjnlmt cl fjy
f jy mjbmvmbufo
 Xmk`t tc U`foo hn tfanj mjtc feecujt t`n fjb t`ft jct icrn t`fj 54% cl t`n vfoun kmvnj
usulruet, usn prchfhon omln cl t`n hnjnlmemfry mj ms usnb lcr fbimjmstrftmvn purpcsns.
cr `fhmtftmcj, feecrbfjen wmt` t`n oftnst hfsme
fs wnoo fs t`ft stfjbfrb icrtfomty tfhon, tc hn Nxeousmcjs lrci nstftn ujbnr spnemfo ofws7
cl fjjumty fpprcvnb hy t`n Unerntfry cl 6. Hnjnlmts rnenmvnb hy inihnrs lrci t`n
Lmjfjen, upcj rneciinjbftmcj Kcvnrjinjt Unrvmen Mjsurfjen Uystni (TB
cl t`n Mjsurfjen
M jsurfjen Eciimssmcjnr.
Eciimssmcjnr. 662<) fjb
662<) fjb t`n Ucemfo Uneurmty Uystni (XF 66<6,
fs finjbnb) hy
finjbnb)  hy rnfscj cl bnft`
Bntnrimjftmcj
Bntnrimjftmcj cl jnt nstftn 8.  Ficujts rnenmvnb lrci t`n T`momppmjn fjb
R`n hfsme nquftmcj tc bntnrimjn t`n jnxt tfxfhon ^jmtnb Utftns kcvnrjinjts lcr bfifkns
nstftn ms (krcss nstftn ― bnbuetmcjs) sullnrnb burmjk t`n ofst wfr (XF 88;)
5. Hnjnlmts rnenmvnb hy hnjnlmemfrmns rnsmbmjk mj
JCRN7 Hnlcrn
JCRN7 Hnlcrn ycu efj frrmvn ft t`n vfoun cl t`n jnt t`n T`momppmjns ujbnr ofws fbimjmstnrnb hy t`n
nstftn, ycu `fvn tc bntnrimjn lmrst t`n vfoun cl krcss ^.U. \ntnrfjs Fbimjmstrftm (XF 5<4)
 Rfxftmcj Ofw 
6. R`n inrknr cl usulruet mj t`n cwjnr
c wjnr cl t`n jfanb
tmton
N.k. ] bmnb onfvmjk f ecjbcimjmui ujmt, t`n jfanb
tmton hnocjks tc [ fjb usulruet tc L lcr f pnrmcb cl
> ynfrs, t`nj L bmnb fltnr twc ynfrs. ^pcj t`n
bnft` cl L, t`n usulruet wmoo inrkn mjtc t`n cwjnr
cl t`n jfanb tmton [ w`c s`foo hnecin t`n fhscoutn
cwjnr cl t`n sfmb ecjbcimjmui
ecjbcimjmui ujmt. R`n trfjslnr
lrci L tc [ ms nxnipt lrci nstftn tfx.
8. R`n trfjsimssmcj cr bnomvnry cl t`n mj`nrmtfjen cr
onkfey hy t`n lmbuemfry `nmr cr onkftnn tc t`n
 lmbnmeciimssfry
 lmbnmeciimssfry
N.k. P bmns fjb onfvns mj `ms wmoo f oct tc `ms
 hrct`nr, ], w`c
w`c ms njtrustnb wmt` t`n chomkftmcj
chomkftmcj tc
trfjslnr t`n oct tc W, f scj cl P, w`nj W rnfe`ns
onkfo fkn. ] ms t`n lmbuemfry `nmr fjb W ms t`n
 lmbnmeciimssfry
 lmbnmeciimssfry . R`n trfjslnr lrci P tc ] ms
suhgnet tc nstftn tfx. Hut t`n trfjsimssmcj cr
bnomvnry tc W upcj rnfe`mjk onkfo fkn s`foo hn
nxnipt lrci nstftn tfx.
5. R`n trfjsimssmcj lrci t`n lmrst `nmr, onkftnn cr
bcjnn mj lfvcr cl fjct`nr hnjnlmemfry, mj
feecrbfjen wmt` t`n bnsmrn cl t`n prnbnensscr
2.  Foo hnqunsts,
hnqunsts, bnvmsns, onkfemns cr trfjslnrs
trfjslnrs tc
tc scemfo
 wnolfrn, euoturfo fjb e`frmtfhon mjstmtutmcjs,
prcvmbnb t`ft jc pfrt cl t`n jnt mjecin cl w`me`
mjurns tc t`n hnjnlmt cl fjy mjbmvmbufo fjb jct
icrn t`fj t`mrty pnrenjt (54%) cl t`n sfmb
 hnqunsts, bnvmsns, onkfemns cr trfjslnrs s`foo hn
usnb lcr fbimjmstrftmcj purpcsns ( Une.
( Une. 0;, JMXE ).
>. Mrrnvcefhon omln mjsurfjen tc scincjn ct`nr t`fj
t`n nstftn, fbimjmstrftcr, cr nxneutcr1
<. KUMU/UUU hnjnlmts1
;. Xntmrninjt hnjnlmts cl prmvftn lmris fpprcvnb hy
t`n HMX1 fjb
0. Unpfrftn prcpnrty cl t`n survmvmjk spcusn (Mjkons,
8460).
JCRN7 Hnqunsts, bnvmsns, onkfemns cr trfjslnrs ifbn
tc nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs frn jct mjeoubnb.
Tnrmcb lcr lmomjk nstftn tfx rnturjs
Mt ms lmonb wmt`mj 6 ynfr lrci t`n bnenbnjt”s bnft` .
Nxtnjsmcj tc lmon fj nstftn tfx rnturj ms foocwnb mj
inrmtcrmcus efsns hut jct tc nxennb 54 bfys ( Une.
( Une. =4,
 JMXE ).
BCJCX”U RFP
Bcjftmcj 
Bcjftmcj  ms fj fet cl omhnrfomty w`nrnhy f pnrscj
(bcjcr) bmspcsns krftumtcusoy cl f t`mjk cr rmk`t mj
lfvcr cl fjct`nr (bcjnn) w`c feenpts mt (Frt. ;8>,
Emvmo Ecbn).
Bcjcr”s tfx ms fj nxemsn tfx mipcsnb cj t`n prmvmonkn
cl trfjslnrrmjk prcpnrty hy wfy cl f kmlt mjtnr vmvcs
 hfsnb cj purn fet cl omhnrfomty wmt`cut fjy cr onss
t`fj fbnquftn ecjsmbnrftmcj fjb wmt`cut fjy onkfo
ecipuosmcj tc kmvn.
(Une. 66, XX 8-8445).
 F trfjslnr hnecins ecipontn fjb tfxfhon cjoy
 w`nj, t`n bcjcr `fs bmvnstnb `misnol cl foo
 hnjnlmemfo mjtnrnsts mj t`n
t`n prcpnrty trfjslnrrnb fjb
`fs jc pcwnr tc rnecvnr fjy sue` mjtnrnst mj `misnol
cr `ms nstftn.
Rrfjslnrs w`me` ify hn ecjstmtutnb fs
bcjftmcj
QMEOY
6. Ufon/nxe`fjkn/trfjslnr cl prcpnrty lcr
mjsullmemnjt ecjsmbnrftmcj
8. Ecjbcjftmcj/rnimssmcj
cjbcjftmcj/rnimssmcj cl bnht
Xuon rnkfrbmjk ecjbcjftmcj/rnimssmcj
ecjbcjftmcj/rnimssmcj cl bnht7
Ml t`n ernbmtcr ecjbcjns t`n mjbnhtnbjnss cl t`n
bnhtcr t`n lcoocwmjk ruons fppoy7
6. Cj feecujt cl bnhtcr”s snrvmens tc t`n ernbmtcr
t`n sfin ms mj tfxfhon mjecin tc t`n bnhtcr.
8. Ml jc snrvmens wnrn rnjbnrnb hut t`n ernbmtcr
smipoy ecjbcjns t`n bnht, mt ms tfxfhon kmlt fjb
jct f tfxfhon mjecin.
Xuon rnkfrbmjk trfjslnr lcr onss t`fj fbnquftn fjb
luoo ecjsmbnrftmcj7
KX7 [`nrn f prcpnrty ms trfjslnrrnb lcr onss t`fj
fbnquftn fjb luoo ecjsmbnrftmcj mj icjny cr
icjny”s wcrt`, t`n ficujt hy w`me` t`n LI\
nxennbs t`n ecjsmbnrftmcj s`foo hn bnninb f kmlt
fjb hn mjeoubnb mj eciputmjk t`n ficujt cl kmlts
ifbn burmjk t`n efonjbfr ynfr. Mt ms fs ml t`n
prcpnrty wfs bcjftnb hut mj crbnr tc fvcmb pfymjk
bcjcr”s tfx, t`n bcjcr cptnb tc trfjslnr t`n
prcpnrty lcr mjfbnquftn
m jfbnquftn ecjsmbnrftmcj.
PTJ7
•  [`nrn t`n sfon, nxe`fjkn, cr trfjslnr ms
ifbn mj t`n crbmjfry ecursn cl husmjnss
 w`me` ms7
c Hcjf lmbn
c Ifbn ft fri”s onjkt`
c Lrnn lrci fjy bcjftmvn mjtnjt
  [`nrn prcpnrty
prcpnrty trfjslnrrnb
trfjslnrrnb ms rnfo prcpnrty
oceftnb mj t`n T`momppmjns ecjsmbnrnb fs
efpmtfo fssnt, t`n trfjslnr ms jct suhgnet tc
bcjcr”s tfx hut tc f ef
efpmtfo
pmtfo kfmjs tfx, w`me`
ms f lmjfo mjecin tfx cl <% cl t`n lfmr ifrant
 vfoun cr krcss snoomjk prmen, w`me`nvnr ms
`mk`nr, fjb t`nrnlcrn, t`nrn efj hn jc
mjstfjen w`nrn t`n snoonr efj fvcmb fjy tfx
 hy snoomjk `ms efpmtfo
efpmtfo fssnts hnocw mts LI\.
JCRN7
 Fri”s onjkt` trfjsfetmcjs frn bnsermhnb fs t`csn
bnfomjks w`nrnmj hct` pfrtmns frn mjbnpnjbnjt cl
nfe` ct`nr `fs jc rnoftmcjs`mp wmt` t`n ct`nr
bnfomjk pfrty. R`ny frn fetmjk mj t`nmr cwj snol-
mjtnrnst
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=

kmvnj hy t`n bcjcr tc tc t`n bcjnn.  vfoun cl t`n fbnquftn fjb

t`n bcjnn hy wfy cl ecjsmbnrftmcj luoo
kmlt, wmt`cut t`n s`foo, lcr t`n ecjsmbnrftmcj
 hnjnlmt cl fjy purpcsn cl t`n mj icjny cr
bnbuetmcj (Une. 642, tfx mipcsnb hy icjny”s
 JMXE). t`ms E`fptnr,  wcrt`.
 hn bnninb f
JCRN7 Ml
JCRN7 Ml f icrtkfknb prcpnrty ms trfjslnrrnb fs f kmlt, fjb s`foo
kmlt, hut mipcsmjk upcj t`n bcjnn t`n chomkftmcj tc  hn mjeoubnb mj
pfy t`n icrtkfkn omfhmomty, t`nj t`n jnt kmlt ms eciputmjk t`n
infsurnb hy bnbuetmjk lrci t`n lfmr ifrant vfoun cl ficujt cl
t`n prcpnrty t`n ficujt cl icrtkfkn fssuinb. kmlts ifbn
burmjk t`n
Ecipcsmtmcj cl krcss kmlt efonjbfr ynfr.
BCJCX  KXCUU KMLR Nxniptmcj cl Bcwrmns cr Nxniptmcj cl
 Foo rnfo prcpnrtmns,
prcpnrtmns, Enrtfmj Kmlts. kmlts ifbn cj bcwry `fs
tfjkmhon fjb mjtfjkmhon (Une. 646) feecujt cl  hnnj rnicvnb.
XE, JE fjb XF ifrrmfkn fjb
pnrscjfo prcpnrtmns
 w`nrnvnr oceftnb  hnlcrn mts
 Foo rnfo prcpnrtmns,
prcpnrtmns, enonhrftmcj cr
tfjkmhon, fjb mjtfjkmhon  wmt`mj cjn
JXF prcpnrtmns oceftnb mj t`n  ynfr t`nrnfltnr
T`momppmjns ujonss t`n  hy pfrnjts tc
rnemprcemty fppomns nfe` cl t`nmr
onkmtmiftn,
Bcjcr”s
Bcjcr”s Rfxftmcj rneckjmznb
Hnlcrn  Fltnr RXFMJ jfturfo, cr
RXFMJ fbcptnb
Bcjcr”s tfx rftn 
rftn  Bcjftmcjs tc  F loft rftn cl e`mobrnj tc t`n
rnoftmvns7 <% ms mipcsnb nxtnjt cl t`n
Uuhgnet tc eciputnb cj lmrst T64,444
krfbuftnb t`n hfsms cl t`n frn nxnipt.
bcjcr”s tfx tctfo kmlts mj
rftns lrci 8% nxenss cl Nstftn Rfxftmcj
tc 6>%. Jnt T8>4,444 Hnlcrn  Fltnr RXFMJ
tfxfhon kmlt nxnipt kmlt. RXFMJ
 hnocw Nstftn tfx rftn Uuhgnet tc  F loft rftn cl <%
T644,444 frn Bmstmjetmcj krfbuftnb ms mipcsnb
nxnipt.  hntwnnj nstftn tfx rftns rnkfrbonss cl
bcjftmcjs tc lrci >% tc t`n vfoun cl t`n
Bcjftmcjs tc rnoftmvns fjb 84%. Jnt nstftn.
strfjknrs7 tc strfjknrs ms tfxfhon nstftn
Uuhgnet tc f rnicvnb.  hnocw
loft rftn cl T844,444 frn
54% cl t`n jnt nxnipt.
kmlt. Eciputftmcj Lujnrfo Lujnrfo
Rrfjslnr lcr  [`nrn  Fbbmtmcjfo cl jnt nstftn nxpnjsns, nxpnjsns,
Onss R`fj prcpnrty, prcvmsmcj7 F  gubmemfo  gubmemfo
 Fbnquftn fjb ct`nr t`fj rnfo sfon, nxe`fjkn, nxpnjsns, fjb nxpnjsns, fjb
Luoo prcpnrty cr ct`nr inbmefo inbmefo
Ecjsmbnrftmcj. suhgnet tc trfjslnr cl nxpnjsns frn nxpnjsns frn
(Une. 644) EKR, ms prcpnrty ifbn bnbuetmhon, jc ocjknr
trfjslnrrnb lcr mj t`n crbmjfry suhgnet tc bnbuetmhon.
onss t`fj fj ecursn cl enrtfmj
fbnquftn fjb  husmjnss (f rnqumsmtns.
luoo trfjsfetmcj Utfjbfrb
ecjsmbnrftmcj  w`me` ms f Utfjbfrb bnbuetmcj cl
mj icjny cr  hcjf lmbn, ft bnbuetmcj cl T>,444,444 ms
icjny's fri”s T6,444,444 ms foocwnb lcr
foocwnb lcr rnsmbnjt cr
 Rfxftmcj Ofw 

bnbuetmcj ms T>44,444 ms eonfrfjen lrci prnenbnjt lcr

foocwnb lcr foocwnb lcr t`n HMX ms t`n trfjslnr cl
jcjrnsmbnjt jcj-rnsmbnjt rnqumrnb fs f cwjnrs`mp
fomnj bnenbnjt. fomnj bnenbnjt. ecjbmtmcj t`nrncl mj t`n
prnenbnjt lcr jfin cl t`n
Lfimoy `cin t`n trfjslnr cl trfjslnrnn, t`n
Lfimoy `cin bnbuetmcj ify cwjnrs`mp nxneutcr, cr t`n
bnbuetmcj ify jct nxennb t`nrncl mj t`n fbimjmstrftcr,
jct nxennb T64,444,444. jfin cl t`n cr fjy cl t`n
T6,444,444 trfjslnrnn, t`n onkfo `nmrs, fs
Jctmen cl  [`nrn t`n XNTNFONB. nxneutcr, cr t`n t`n efsn ify
bnft` krcss vfoun cl Jctmen cl bnft` fbimjmstrftcr,  hn, s`foo lmon f
t`n nstftn jc ocjknr cr fjy cl t`n rnturj ujbnr
nxennbs rnqumrnb ujbnr onkfo `nmrs, fs cft` mj
T84,444, t`n RXFMJ Ofw. t`n efsn ify bupomeftn.
nxneutcr,  hn, s`foo lmon f
fbimjmstrftcr rnturj ujbnr
cr fjy cl t`n cft` mj
onkfo `nmrs, fs bupomeftn.
t`n efsn ify ETF Xnqumrnb ml Xnqumrnb ml
 hn, wmt`mj twc enrtmlmeftmcj krcss nstftn krcss nstftn
(8) nxennbs nxennbs
T8,444,444. T>,444,444.
icjt`s fltnr Tfyinjt cl Ml f hfja `fs Ml f hfja `fs
t`n bnenbnjt”s Rfx ajcwonbkn cl ajcwonbkn cl
bnft`, cr  Fjtnenbnjt tc t`n bnft` cl f t`n bnft` cl f
 wmt`mj f oman t`n Rrfjslnr pnrscj, w`c pnrscj, w`c
pnrmcb fltnr cl U`frns, ifmjtfmjnb f ifmjtfmjnb f
qufomlymjk fs Hcjbs cr  hfja bnpcsmt  hfja bnpcsmt
sue` nxneutcr Xmk`ts feecujt focjn, feecujt focjn,
cr cr gcmjtoy wmt` cr gcmjtoy wmt`
fbimjmstrftcr, fjct`nr, mt s`foo fjct`nr, mt s`foo
s`foo kmvn f jct foocw fjy foocw fjy
 wrmttnj jctmen  wmt`brfwfo  wmt`brfwfo
t`nrncl tc t`n lrci t`n sfmb lrci t`n sfmb
EMX. bnpcsmt bnpcsmt
Bnfbomjn cl R`n nstftn tfx R`n nstftn tfx feecujt, ujonss feecujt,
nstftn tfx rnturj s`foo hn rnturj s`foo hn t`n EMX `fs suhgnet tc f
rnturjs lmonb wmt`mj smx lmonb wmt`mj cjn enrtmlmnb t`ft lmjfo
(<) icjt`s (6) ynfr lrci nstftn tfxns  wmt``cobmjk
lrci t`n t`n bnenbnjt”s `fvn hnnj pfmb tfx cl <%.
bnenbnjt”s bnft`.
bnft`. R`n R`nrn ms jc
Lmomjk cl  [`nrn t`n Mj foo efsns cl fbimjmstrftcr icrn omimt fs tc
nstftn tfx krcss vfoun cl trfjslnrs cl t`n nstftn cr t`n ficujt cl
rnturjs t`n nstftn suhgnet tc fjy cjn cl t`n  wmt`brfwfo
nxennbs nstftn tfx, cr `nmrs cl t`n t`ft ify hn
T844,444, rnkfrbonss cl bnenbnjt ify, ifbn.
(w`nt`nr omfhon t`n krcss vfoun upcj
tc pfy nstftn cl t`n nstftn, fut`crmzftmcj
tfxns cr jct) cr  w`nrn t`n sfmb  hy t`n EMX,
rnkfrbonss cl nstftn ecjsmsts  wmt`brfw fj
t`n krcss vfoun cl rnkmstnrnb cr
cl t`n nstftn, rnkmstrfhon ficujt jct
 w`nrn t`n sfmb prcpnrty sue` nxennbmjk
nstftn ecjsmsts fs rnfo T84,444
cl rnkmstnrnb cr prcpnrty,  wmt`cut t`n
rnkmstrfhon ictcr vn`meon, sfmb
prcpnrty sue` s`frns cl stcea enrtmlmeftmcj.
fs rnfo cr ct`nr smimofr
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
6. Trcvmjen
- Rfxns cj t`n trfjslnr cl Trcpnrty
- Husmjnss Rfxns lcr t`csn njkfknb mj
Trmjtmjk/Tuhoms`mjk
Trmjtmjk/Tuhoms`mjk (?>4% cl 6%)
- Husmjnss Rfx cj t`csn njgcymjk f Lrfje`msn
(?>4% cl 6%)
- R`csn njkfknb mj t`n nxtrfetmcj cl
sfjb/krfvno/qufrrmns
sfjb/krfvno/qufrrmns (?64%)
- Trclnssmcjfo Rfx (?544)
-  Fiusninjt Rfx cj Ecjenrts, R`nftnrs,
Emreus, nte. (?54%)
-  Fjjufo Lmxnb Lnn
Lnn cj Rrueas (?>44)
8. Iujmempfomtm
I ujmempfomtmns
ns
- Husmjnss Rfx cj Ifjulfeturnr, Bmstmoonr,
Trcensscr, nte. cl Bmstmoonb Upmrmts, Omqucrs,
Nte.
- Husmjnss Rfx cj [`consfonrs fjb Bnfonrs cl
t`n sfin
- Husmjnss Rfx cj Xntfmonrs
- Rfx cj t`csn t`ft Nxpcrt cr
Ifjulfeturn/Trcenss nssnjtmfo eciicbmtmns
- Rfx cj Ecjtrfetcrs fs bnlmjnb mj OKE
- Rfx cj Hfjas, Jcj-Hfjas, Tnrlcrimjk
Lmjfjemjk/Hfjamjk Lujetmcjs
- Rfx cj Tnbbonrs
- Ct`nrs suhgnet tc Tnrenjtfkn/\FR/Nxemsn
prcvmbnb mt s`foo jct nxennb 8%
V7 Tursufjt tc t`n miponinjtftmcj cl X.F.
Jc. ;6<4, t`n Ufjkkujmfjk Tfjkoujkscb cl
Bfvfc Emty, njfetnb fj crbmjfjen
mipcsmjk f krfbuftnb husmjnss tfx w`nrn
rntfmonrs wcuob `fvn tc pfy 6.8>% cl t`n
krcss sfons/rnenmpts nxennbmjk
T244,444.44 ecipfrnb tc t`n cob tfx
crbmjfjen w`nrn rntfmonrs cjoy pfmb ¹ cl
6% cl t`n krcss sfons/rnenmpts. Imjbfjfc
U`cppmjk Bnstmjftmcj Ecrpcrftmcj fjb
ct`nr ocefo rntfmonrs mj t`n emty ecjtnstnb
t`n sfmb crbmjfjen lcr hnmjk
ujecjstmtutmcjfo fjb ecjtrfry tc t`n
prcvmsmcjs cl t`n OKE. R`ny lurt`nr
ofinjtnb t`ft t`n fssfmonb crbmjfjen
mjernfsnb t`n tfx rftn cj t`ni, fs
rntfmonrs, hy icrn t`fj t`n ifxmiui
foocwfhon rftn cl 4.6>%, lrci >4% cl 6%
(4.>%) cl t`n krcss rnenmpts tc 6.>% (jcw,
6.8>%) cl t`n krcss rnenmpts, t`us, vmcoftmjk
Unetmcj 6=6 mj rnoftmcj tc Unetmcjs 625 fjb
6>6 cl t`n Ecbn. Ms t`n
t` n crbmjfjen vfomb3
 F7 ]ns,
 F7 ]ns, t`n crbmjfjen ms vfomb. Mt iust hn pcmjtnb
cut t`ft t`n omimtftmcj ujbnr Unetmcj 6=6 cl t`n
OKE wfs prcvmbnb tc kufrb fkfmjst pcssmhon fhusn
cl t`n OK^'s pcwnr tc tfx. Mj t`ms efsn, `cwnvnr,
strmetoy spnfamjk, t`n jnw tfx rftn lcr pntmtmcjnrs
fs rntfmonrs ujbnr t`n fssfmonb crbmjfjen ms jct f
efsn w`nrn t`nrn wfs fj mipcsmtmcj cl f jnw tfx
inrnoy scuk`t tc mipcsn t`n rftns fs prcvmbnb
ujbnr t`n OKE fs mj lfet t`n tfx rftn mipcsnb wfs
nvnj ocwnr t`fj t`n rftn fut`crmznb hy t`n OKE.
Mj nllnet, t`n fssfmonb crbmjfjen inrnoy ecrrnetnb
t`n cob crbmjfjen sc t`ft mt wmoo hn mj feecrb wmt`
t`n OKE. ( Imjbfjfc U`cppmjk Bnstmjftmcj
Ecrpcrftmcj, nt. fo., vs. Butnrtn,
B utnrtn, K.X. Jc. 8664=5,
 Gujn <, 846; )
V7 Fltnr t`n Eciprn`njsmvn Fkrfrmfj
Xnlcri Ofw wfs pfssnb, JBE ofjbs wnrn
trfjslnrrnb tc Eciprn`njsmvn Fkrfrmfj
Xnlcri Ofw hnjnlmemfrmns w`c lcrinb
t`nisnovns fs t`n inrknb JBE-Kut`rmn
Tofjtftmcjs, Mje. - JBE-Kut`rmn Nstftns,
Mje. (JKTM- JKNM) Eccpnrftmvns. Lmompmjfs,
f prmvftn crkfjmzftmcj njkfknb mj pfoi cmo
pofjtftmcj, njtnrnb mjtc f onfsn ecjtrfet
fkrnninjt wmt` JKTM-JKNM.
R`n Trcvmjemfo-Fssnsscr cl Fkusfj bno Uur
(Trcvmjemfo Fssnsscr) ms f kcvnrjinjt
fknjey mj e`frkn wmt` t`n fssnssinjt cl
ofjbs ujbnr t`n puhome bcifmj. Mt fssnssnb
Lmompmjfs' prcpnrtmns lcujb wmt`mj t`n
pofjtftmcj frnf w`me` Lmompmjfs fssfmonb
 hnlcrn t`n Ocefo Hcfrb cl Fssnssinjt
 Fppnfos (OHFF). Mj mts Bnemsmcj, OHFF
lcujb t`n fssnssinjt cl t`n Trcvmjemfo
 Fssnsscr ujrnfscjfhon fjb ruons t`ft t`n
ifrant vfouftmcj s`cuob hn hfsnb cj t`n
ofws cl Bnpfrtinjt cl Fkrfrmfj Xnlcri
smjen t`n frnf ms cwjnb hy t`n JBE, f
qufsm-kcvnrjinjtfo hcby cl t`n
T`momppmjns. Lmompmjfs fppnfonb hnlcrn t`n
EHFF w`me` ruonb t`ft (f) Lmompmjfs s`cuob
jct hn ifbn tc pfy lcr t`n XTR cj t`n ofjbs
cwjnb hy t`n Iuotm- purpcsn Eccpnrftmvn
fs wnoo fs cj t`n rcfbs fjb (h) t`n rcfb
nqumpinjt fjb `fuonrs frn jct rnfo
prcpnrtmns, `njen jct suhgnet tc XTR. Ms
EHFF ecrrnet3
 F7
f.  ]NU. JKTM-JKNM, fs t`n cwjnr cl t`n ofjb
 hnmjk onfsnb hy Lmompmjfs, lfoos wmt`mj t`n
purvmnw cl t`n ofw. Unetmcj 852 cl t`n Ocefo
Kcvnrjinjt Ecbn nxnipts foo rnfo prcpnrty
cwjnb hy eccpnrftmvns wmt`cut bmstmjetmcj.
Jct`mjk mj t`n ofw sukknsts t`ft t`n rnfo
prcpnrty tfx nxniptmcj cjoy fppomns w`nj
t`n prcpnrty ms usnb hy t`n eccpnrftmvn mtsnol.
Umimofroy, t`n mjstfjen t`ft t`n rnfo prcpnrty
ms onfsnb tc nmt`nr fj mjbmvmbufo cr
ecrpcrftmcj ms jct f krcujb lcr wmt`brfwfo cl
tfx nxniptmcj.
Bnspmtn t`n ofjb hnmjk onfsnb hy Lmompmjfs
 w`nj t`n rcfbs wnrn ecjstruetnb, t`n
cwjnrs`mp cl t`n miprcvninjt stmoo hnocjks
 Rfxftmcj Ofw 

t`n ofjbcwjnr.
 
 Fot`cuk` t`n rcfbs wnrn prmifrmoy humot lcr
Lmompmjfs” hnjnlmt, t`n rcfbs wnrn fosc hnmjk
usnb hy t`n inihnrs cl JKTM fjb t`n puhome.
Lurt`nricrn, t`n rcfbs mjurnb tc t`n hnjnlmt
cl JKTM-JKNM fs cwjnrs cl t`n ofjb jct cjoy  
 hy rmk`t cl feenssmcj hut t`rcuk` t`n nxprnss
nxprnss
prcvmsmcj mj t`n onfsn fkrnninjt.
 h. JC. R`n rcfb nqumpinjt fjb imjm `fuonrs
s`foo hn ecjsmbnrnb fs rnfo prcpnrty, suhgnet
tc rnfo prcpnrty tfx.
 
R`n Trcvmjemfo Fssnsscr ms ecrrnet mj eofmimjk
t`ft t`n p`rfsn pnrtfmjmjk tc p`ysmefo lfemomtmns
lcr prcbuetmcj ms eciprn`njsmvn njcuk` tc
mjeoubn t`n rcfb nqumpinjt fjb imjm `fuonrs fs
fetufooy, bmrnetoy, fjb nxeousmvnoy usnb hy  
rnspcjbnjt tc innt t`n jnnbs cl mts cpnrftmcjs
mj pfoi cmo prcbuetmcj. Icrncvnr, "imjm-`fuonrs
frn lfri trfetcrs puoomjk fttfe`nb trfmonrs usnb
mj t`n `fuomjk cl snnbomjks burmjk pofjtmjk
snfscj fjb mj trfjslnrrmjk lrns` pfoi lrumts
lrci t`n lfri QcrY lmnob tc t`n prcenssmjk pofjt
 wmt`mj t`n
t`n pofjtftmcj
pofjtftmcj frnf."
frnf." R`n mjbmspnjsfhmomty
mjbmspnjsfhmomty
cl t`n rcfb nqumpinjt fjb imjm `fuonrs mj
trfjspcrtftmcj ifans mt fetufooy, bmrnetoy, fjb
nxeousmvnoy usnb mj t`n cpnrftmcj cl rnspcjbnjt's
 husmjnss. ( Trcvmjemfo Fssnsscr cl Fkusfj bno
 Uur v. Lmompmjfs Tfoi Cmo Tofjtftmcj, Mje., K.X.
 Jc. 60526<, Cetchnr >, 846<)
846<)
8>8. Mts lfmourn tc prcvn t`ft t`ms rnqumrninjt `fs
hnnj ecipomnb wmt` rnjbnrs mts fbimjmstrftmvn
prctnst ujbnr Unetmcj 88< cl t`n OKE wmt`cut fjy
nllnet. Jc prctnst s`foo hn njtnrtfmjnb ujonss t`n
tfxpfynr lmrst pfys t`n tfx. ( Jftmcjfo
( Jftmcjfo Tcwnr
Ecrpcrftmcj v. R`n Trcvmjemfo Rrnfsurnr cl
Hnjkunt, nt fo.,K.X. Jc. 84=545, Jcvnihnr 62,
846<)
846<)
V7 Ms t`n Jftmcjfo Krmb Ecrpcrftmcj cl t`n
T`momppmjns (JKET) nxnipt lrci rnfo
prcpnrty tfxns3
F7 ]NU. Unetmcj = cl XF =>66 stftns t`ft JKET”s
pfyinjt cl lrfje`msn tfx ms mj omnu cl pfyinjt cl
‟mjecin tfx fjb fjy f fjb
jb foo tfxns, butmns, lnns fjb
e`frkns cl fjy amjb, jfturn cr bnsermptmcj onvmnb,
nstfhoms`nb cr ecoonetnb hy fjy fut`crmty
w`ftscnvnr, ocefo cr jftmcjfo, cj mts lrfje`msn,
rmk`ts, prmvmonkns, rnenmpts, rnvnjuns fjb prclmts,
fjb cj prcpnrtmns usnb mj ecjjnetmcj wmt` mts
lrfje`msn.’ Unetmcj = cl XF =>66 eonfroy stftnb t`ft
t`n JKET”s
JKET”s ‟mj omnu cl foo tfxns’ eofusn mjeoubns
tfxns mipcsnb hy t`n ocefo kcvnrjinjt cj
prcpnrtmns usnb mj ecjjnetmcj wmt` JKET”s
lrfje`msn. @cwnvnr, JKET”s tfx nxnipt stftus cj
rnfo prcpnrty bun tc t`n ‟mj omnu cl foo tfxns’ eofusn
ms qufomlmnb7 JKET s`foo hn omfhon tc pfy t`n sfin
tfx fs ct`nr ecrpcrftmcjs cj rnfo nstftn, humobmjks
fjb pnrscjfo prcpnrty nxeousmvn cl t`nmr lrfje`msn
( Jftmcjfo Krmb
Krmb Ecrpcrftmcj
Ecrpcrftmcj cl t`n T`momppmjns vs.
Comvf, K.X. Jc. 8656>;. Fukust 64, 846< ).

V7 Jftmcjfo Tcwnr Ecrpcrftmcj foonkns t`ft
pfyinjt ujbnr prctnst ujbnr Unetmcj 8>8 cl  
t`n OKE ms rnqumrnb w`nj t`n
rnfscjfhonjnss cl t`n ficujt fssnssnb ms
 hnmjk qunstmcjnb. E`foonjkmjk t`n vnry
fut`crmty fjb pcwnr cl t`n fssnsscr tc
mipcsn t`n fssnssinjt fjb cl t`n trnfsurnr
tc ecoonet t`n tfx ms fj fttfea cj t`n vnry
 vfombmty cj fjy mjernfsn fjb jct inrnoy cj
t`n ficujts cl mjernfsn mj tfx. R`us, sue`
pfyinjt ms jct f ecjbmtmcj smjn quf jcj lcr
t`n OHFF tc njtnrtfmj t`n JTE's e`foonjkn  
cj t`n vfombmty cl t`n tfx mipcsnb cj mts tfx-
nxnipt prcpnrtmns. Ms JTE ecrrnet3
 F7 JC. Fs snttonb mj gurmsprubnjen, f eofmi lcr
nxniptmcj lrci t`n pfyinjt cl rnfo prcpnrty tfxns
bcns jct fetufooy qunstmcj t`n fssnsscr's fut`crmty  
tc fssnss fjb ecoonet sue` tfxns, hut pnrtfmjs tc t`n
rnfscjfhonjnss cr ecrrnetjnss cl t`n fssnssinjt hy
t`n ocefo fssnsscr, f qunstmcj cl lfet w`me` s`cuob
 hn rnscovnb, ft t`n vnry lmrst mjstfjen,
mjstfjen, hy t`n OHFF.
OHFF.
JTE's lfmourn tc ecipoy wmt` t`n ifjbftcry
rnqumrninjt cl pfyinjt ujbnr prctnst mj
feecrbfjen wmt` Unetmcj 8>8 cl t`n OKE wfs lftfo tc  
mts fppnfo. [n jctn t`ft mt ms jct t`n lmrst ceefsmcj
V7 R`n Emty cl Ifjmof fssnssnb Ecsics ocefo
husmjnss tfxns fjb rnkuoftcry. Ecsics
prctnstnb t`n fssnssinjt t`rcuk` f onttnr
frkumjk t`ft Rfx Crbmjfjens `fvn hnnj
bneofrnb juoo fjb vcmb fjb frkunb t`ft t`n
ecoonetmcj cl ocefo husmjnss tfx ujbnr twc
prcvmsmcjs cl t`n sfin Crbmjfjen
ecjstmtutns bcuhon tfxftmcj. Ecsics
rnenmvnb f onttnr lrci t`n Emty Rrnfsurnr
bnjymjk t`nmr prctnst, t`us ecjstrfmjnb tc
pfy t`n fssnssinjt fjb lmonb mts ecipofmjt
wmt` t`n XRE prfymjk lcr t`n rnlujb cr
mssufjen cl f tfx ernbmt enrtmlmeftn. R`n XRE
mj mts bnemsmcj ruonb mj lfvcr cl Ecsics hut
bnjmnb t`n eofmi lcr rnlujb. Ecsics'
ictmcj lcr pfrtmfo rnecjsmbn
r necjsmbnrftmcj
rftmcj wfs fosc
f osc
bnjmnb, `njen, t`n Tntmtmcj lcr Xnvmnw
hnlcrn t`n ERF. ERF ruonb mj lfvcr cl
Ecsics. Tntmtmcjnr mjstnfb cl lmomjk f
ictmcj lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr jnw trmfo, t`n
pntmtmcjnrs bmrnetoy lmonb wmt` t`n ERF Nj
Hfje f pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw. [`nt`nr t`n ERF
Nj Hfje ecrrnetoy bmsimssnb t`n pntmtmcj lcr
rnvmnw3
F7 ]ns. R`n lmomjk cl f ictmcj lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr
jnw trmfo hnlcrn t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj ms fj
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw wmt` t`n ERF Nj Hfje. Lfmourn
tc lmon sue` ictmcj lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr jnw trmfo
ms efusn lcr bmsimssfo cl t`n fppnfo hnlcrn t`n ERF
Nj Hfje. (Emty
(Emty cl Ifjmof vs. Ecsics Hcttomjk
Ecrpcrftmcj, K.X. Jc. 6=<<06, Gujn 8;, 8460 )
V7 Cj Gujn 6;, 8442, t`n T`momppmjn Tcrts
 Fut`crmty (TTF) rnenmvnb f onttnr lrci t`n
Emty Fssnsscr cl Bfvfc lcr t`n fssnssinjt
fjb ecoonetmcj cl rnfo prcpnrty tfxns fkfmjst
mts fbimjmstnrnb prcpnrtmns. Mt fppnfonb t`n
fssnssinjt vmf rnkmstnrnb ifmo tc t`n Ocefo
Hcfrb cl Fssnssinjt Fppnfos. [`mon t`n
efsn wfs pnjbmjk, t`n Emty cl Bfvfc pcstnb
f jctmen cl sfon cl bnomjqunjt rnfo
prcpnrtmns, mjeoubmjk t`n t`rnn (5)
prcpnrtmns cl TTF. R`n Ocefo Hcfrb cl
 Fssnssinjt  Fppnfos bmsimssnb t`n TTF”s
fppnfo lcr `fvmjk hnnj lmonb cut cl tmin. TTF
fppnfonb hnlcrn t`n Enjtrfo Hcfrb cl
 Fssnssinjt Fppnfos, hut t`ms fppnfo wfs
bnjmnb mj t`n Enjtrfo Hcfrb cl Fssnssinjt
 Fppnfos. R`us, mt lmonb fj fppnfo wmt` t`n
Ecurt cl Rfx Fppnfos. R`n TTF eofminb t`ft
mt bmb jct rnenmvn fjy wfrrfjt cl onvy lcr t`n
t`rnn (5) prcpnrtmns, w`me` wnrn scob tc
rnspcjbnjt Emty cl Bfvfc, cr fjy jctmen t`ft
t`ny wnrn kcmjk tc hn fuetmcjnb. Mt wfs
mjlcrinb t`ft mt `fb cjn (6) ynfr tc rnbnni
t`n prcpnrty. R`us, mt lmonb f pntmtmcj lcr
enrtmcrfrm fjb mjgujetmcj wmt` t`n Ecurt cl
 Fppnfos. Bcns EF `fb`fb gurmsbmetmcj3
gurmsbmetmcj3
 F7 Jc. Mj rnfo prcpnrty tfx efsns sue` fs t`ms, t`n
rninby cl f tfxpfynr bnpnjbs cj t`n stfkn mj w`me`
t`n ocefo kcvnrjinjt ujmt ms njlcremjk mts fut`crmty tc
mipcsn rnfo prcpnrty tfxns. Icrncvnr, ofw ecjlnrs
 gurmsbmetmcj. TTF `fs lfmonb tc emtn fjy ofw suppcrtmjk
mts ecjtnjtmcj t`ft t`n Ecurt cl Fppnfos `fs
 gurmsbmetmcj cvnr t`ms
t`ms efsn. Cj t`n
t`n ct`nr
ct`nr `fjb,
`fjb, Unetmcj
Unetmcj
;, pfrfkrfp` (f)(>) cl Xnpuhome Fet Jc. 668>, fs
finjbnb hy Xnpuhome Fet Jc. =808, prcvmbns t`ft t`n
Ecurt cl Rfx Fppnfos `fs nxeousmvn fppnooftn
 gurmsbmetmcj cvnr bnemsmcjs cl t`n Enjtrfo Hcfrb cl
 Fssnssinjt Fppnfos mj t`n nxnremsn cl mts fppnooftn
 gurmsbmetmcj cvnr efsns mjvcovmjk t`n fssnssinjt fjb
tfxftmcj cl rnfo prcpnrty crmkmjfooy bnembnb hy t`n
prcvmjemfo cr emty hcfrb cl fssnssinjt fppnfos.
( T`momppmjn Tcrts Fut`crmty vs. Emty cl Bfvfc, K.X.
 Jc. 6=4582, Gujn 4<, 8460)
8460)
V7 Cj 8< Bnenihnr 6==8, t`n Ufjkkujmfjk
Hfyfj cl t`n Iujmempfomty cl Tfsmk njfetnb
Crbmjfjen Jc. 8> w`me`, ujbnr mts Frtmeon 5,
Unetmcj 58, mipcsnb f lrfje`msn tfx cj foo
 husmjnss vnjturn cpnrftmcjs efrrmnb cut
t`rcuk` f lrfje`msn wmt`mj t`n iujmempfomty.
Hy vmrtun cl Xnpuhome Fet (X.F.) Jc. ;08=,
 w`me` tcca nllnet cj 8> Gfjufry 6==>, t`n
lrfje`msn, t`ft mt ms omfhon tc pfy tfxns lcr t`n
pnrmcb 6==< tc 6===. [`nt`nr t`n t`n Emty cl
Tfsmk `fb vfomb hfsms lcr mts mipcsmtmcj cl
lrfje`msn tfx lcr t`n pnrmcb 6==< tc 6===3
 F7 Jc. ^jbnr t`n Ocefo Kcvnrjinjt Ecbn (OKE) cl
6==6 ujoman f emty, f i
iujmempfomty
ujmempfomty ms hnrnlt cl fut`crmty
tc onvy lrfje`msn tfx, t`us, t`n crbmjfjen njfetnb lcr
t`ft purpcsn ms vcmb. R`n ecjvnrsmcj cl t`n
iujmempfomty mjtc f emty bcns jct onjb vfombmty tc t`n
 vcmb crbmjfjen. Jnmt`nr bcns mt fut`crmzn t`n
ecoonetmcj cl t`n tfx ujbnr sfmb crbmjfjen. R`n pcwnr
tc mipcsn lrfje`msn tfx hnocjks tc t`n prcvmjen hy
 vmrtun cl Unetmcj 65; cl t`n OKE. ( Emty cl Tfsmk vs.
 Ifjmof Nonetrme
Nonetrme Ecipfjy,
Ecipfjy, K.X.
K.X. Jc. 606;64,
606;64, Ifre` ;,
8460)
8460 )
V7 Efj f kcol ecursn hn ecjsmbnrnb f pofen cl
fiusninjt fjb t`nrnlcrn hn wmt`mj t`n
pcwnr cl OK^ tc mipcsn fiusninjt tfx3
 F7 Jc. Unetmcj 28 cl t`n Xnvmsnb Cijmhus Rfx
Crbmjfjen, fs finjbnb, mipcsmjk fiusninjt tfx
cj kcol ecursns ms juoo fjb vcmb fs mt ms hnycjb t`n
fut`crmty cl rnspcjbnjt Enhu Emty tc njfet ujbnr
t`n OKE.  F kcol ecursn efjjct hn ecjsmbnrnb f
 pofen cl fiusninjt.
fiusninjt. Tncpon bc jct njtnr f kcol
ecursn tc snn cr vmnw f s`cw cr pnrlcrifjen.
Trcprmntcr cr cpnrftcrs cl t`n kcol ecursn, bc jct
fetmvnoy bmspofy, stfkn, cr prnsnjt f s`cw cr
pnrlcrifjen. Tncpon
pnrlcrifjen. Tncpon kc tc f kcol ecursn tc njkfkn
t`nisnovns mj f p`ysmefo spcrt fetmvmty.
 Fj OK^ ify nxnremsn mts rnsmbufo pcwnr tc tfx
 w`nj t`nrn ms jnmt`nr f krfjt jcr f prc`mhmtmcj hy
stftutn1 cr w`nj sue` tfxns, lnns, cr e`frkns frn jct
ct`nrwmsn spnemlmefooy njuinrftnb mj t`n OKE,
JMXE, cr ct`nr fppomefhon ofws. Mj t`n prnsnjt efsn,
Unetmcj 624, mj rnoftmcj tc Unetmcj 656(e), cl t`n
OKE fornfby nxpomemtoy fjb eonfroy ecvnr
fiusninjt tfx fjb Enhu Emty iust nxnremsn mts
fut`crmty tc mipcsn fiusninjt tfx wmt`mj t`n
omimtftmcjs fjb kumbnomjns fs snt lcrt` mj sfmb
stftutcry prcvmsmcjs (Fotf \mstf Kcol fjb Ecujtry
Eouh v. R`n Emty cl Enhu, K.X. Jc. 60485>, Gfjufry
84, 846<).
V7 Efpmtco [mrnonss ms mj t`n husmjnss cl
prcvmbmjk mjtnrjftmcjfo
tnoneciiujmeftmcjs snrvmens. Efpwmrn `fs
smkjnb fkrnninjts wmt` ct`nr ocefo fjb
lcrnmkj tnoneciiujmeftmcjs ecipfjmns
ecvnrmjk fj mjtnrjftmcjfo jntwcra cl
suhifrmjn efhon systnis. R`n ocefo
kcvnrjinjt cl Hftfjkfs ecjsmbnrnb t`n
suhifrmjn efhon systnis fs rnfo prcpnrty
suhgnet tc rnfo prcpnrty tfx. Ms t`n ocefo
kcvnrjinjt cl Hftfjkfs ecrrnet3
 F7 ]NU. Uuhifrmjn cr ujbnrsnf eciiujmeftmcjs
 Rfxftmcj Ofw
pcsts, rnofys cr ofjbmjk stftmcjs, hut hct` ify hn
eofssmlmnb ujbnr t`n tnri ‟ife`mjnry’ fs rnfo
prcpnrty ujbnr Frtmeon 26>(>) cl t`n Emvmo Ecbn
 hnefusn sue` pmnens
pmnens cl nqumpinjt
nqumpinjt snrvn t`n
t` n cwjnr”s
 husmjnss cr tnjb tc innt t`n jnnbs cl `ms mjbustry
cr wcras t`ft frn cj rnfo nstftn.
Icrncvnr, f pcrtmcj cl t`n suhifrmjn efhon lfoos
 wmt`mj w`ft t`n ^JEOCU wcuob bnlmjn fs t`n
ecujtry”s tnrrmtcrmfo snf (tc t`n nxtnjt cl 68 jfutmefo
imons cutwfrb lrci t`n jnfrnst hfsnomjn cvnr w`me`
t`n ecujtry `fs scvnrnmkjty. Lurt`nr, ujbnr Frtmeon
;= cl t`n ^JEOCU, t`n T`momppmjns eonfroy `fs
 gurmsbmetmcj wmt` rnspnet tc efhons ofmb mj mts
tnrrmtcry t`ft frn utmomznb mj suppcrt cl ct`nr
mjstfooftmcjs fjb strueturns ujbnr mts gurmsbmetmcj.
 Fjb fs lfr fs OK^s frn ecjenrjnb, t`n frnfs
bnsermhnb fhcvn frn tc hn ecjsmbnrnb suhsuinb
ujbnr t`n tnri ‟iujmempfo wftnrs’ w`me`, ujbnr
t`n OKE, mjeoubns ‟jct cjoy strnfis, ofans, fjb
tmbfo wftnrs wmt`mj t`n iujmempfomty, x x hut fosc
ifrmjn wftnrs mjeoubnb hntwnnj twc omjns brfwj
pnrpnjbmeuofroy tc t`n knjnrfo ecfstomjn lrci
pcmjts w`nrn t`n hcujbfry omjns cl t`n iujmempfomty
cr emty tcue` t`n snf ft ocw tmbn fjb f t`mrb omjn
pfrfoono wmt` t`n knjnrfo ecfstomjn fjb 6>
amocintnrs
amocintnrs lrci mt.’ (Efpmtco
( Efpmtco [mrnonss, Mje. vs.
 Trcvmjemfo Rrnfsurnr cl Hftfjkfs, K.X. Jc.
604664. Ify 54, 846<)
846< )
V7 Lmompmjfs Tfoi Cmo Tofjtftmcj, Mje. ms f
prmvftn crkfjmzftmcj njkfknb mj pfoi cmo
pofjtftmcj. Mt onfsns t`n ofjb lrci JKTM-
JKNM Eccpnrftmvn. R`n OHFF fssnssnb
Lmompmjfs cl rnfo prcpnrty tfxns cj t`n ofjb mt
onfsns, cj t`n rcfb mt humot prmifrmoy lcr t`n
 hnjnlmt cl t`n pofjtftmcj, fjb cj t`n
ife`mjnrmns t`ft frn jct fttfe`nb tc t`n ofjb.
Ms t`n fssnssinjt cl OHFF prcpnr3
 F7 JC. ^jbnr Unetmcj 655(j) cl t`n OKE, t`n tfxmjk
pcwnr cl OK^s s`foo jct nxtnjb tc t`n onvy cl tfxns,
lnns, cr e`frkns cj buoy rnkmstnrnb eccpnrftmvns
ujbnr t`n Eccpnrftmvn Ecbn. JKTM-JKNM, fs t`n
cwjnr cl t`n ofjb hnmjk onfsnb hy rnspcjbnjt, lfoos
 wmt`mj t`n
t`n purvmnw
purvmnw cl t`n ofw. Unetmcj
Unetmcj 852 cl t`n OKE
nxnipts foo rnfo prcpnrty cwjnb hy eccpnrftmvns
 wmt`cut bmstmjetmcj.
bmstmjetmcj. Jct`mjk mj t`n ofw sukknsts
sukknsts t`ft
t`ft
t`n rnfo prcpnrty tfx nxniptmcj cjoy fppomns w`nj
t`n prcpnrty ms usnb hy t`n eccpnrftmvn mtsnol.
Umimofroy, t`n mjstfjen t`ft t`n rnfo prcpnrty ms
onfsnb tc nmt`nr fj mjbmvmbufo cr ecrpcrftmcj ms jct f
krcujb lcr wmt`brfwfo cl tfx nxniptmcj.
R`n rcfbs t`ft Lmompmjfs Tfoi ecjstruetnb wmt`mj t`n
onfsnb frnf s`cuob jct hn fssnssnb wmt` rnfo prcpnrty
tfxns. R`n rcfbs ecjstruetnb hnefin pnrifjnjt
miprcvninjts cj t`n ofjb cwjnb hy t`n JKTM-JKNM
 hy rmk`t
rmk`t cl feenssmcj ujbnr Frtmeon 224
224 fjb 22> cl t`n
 
@cwnvnr, t`n fssnssinjt pnrtfmjmjk tc t`n
ife`mjnry ms prcpnr. R`n bnlmjmtmcj cl ‟ife`mjnry’
ujbnr Unetmcj 6== cl t`n OKE mjeoubns ife`mjns
 w`me` ify cr ify jct hn fttfe`nb, pnrifjnjtoy cr
tnipcrfrmoy, tc t`n rnfo prcpnrty. ( Trcvmjemfo
( Trcvmjemfo
 Fssnsscr cl Fkusfj bno Uur vs. Lmompmjfs Tfoi Cmo
 Tofjtftmcj, Mje., K.X.
K.X. Jc. 60526<
60526< )
V7 Efj fbimjmstrftm
f bimjmstrftmvn
vn rninbmns hn bmspnjsnb
 wmt` mj bmsputns
bmsputns mjvcovmjk
mjvcovmjk rnfo prcpnrtmns3
prcpnrtmns3
 F7 ]ns.
 F7  ]ns. Mj bmsputns mjvcovmjk rnfo prcpnrty tfxftmcj,
tfxftmcj,
t`n knjnrfo ruon ms tc rnqumrn t`n tfxpfynr tc lmrst
fvfmo cl fbimjmstrftmvn rninbmns fjb pfy t`n tfx
ujbnr prctnst hnlcrn foocwmjk fjy rnscrt tc f gubmemfo
fetmcj, nxenpt w`nj t`n fssnssinjt mtsnol ms foonknb
tc hn moonkfo cr ms ifbn wmt`cut onkfo fut`crmty. Lcr
nxfipon, prmcr rnscrt tc fbimjmstrftmvn fetmcj ms
rnqumrnb w`nj ficjk t`n mssuns rfmsnb ms fj
foonknboy nrrcjncus fssnssinjt, oman w`nj t`n
rnfscjfhonjnss cl t`n ficujt ms e`foonjknb, w`mon
bmrnet ecurt fetmcj ms pnrimttnb w`nj cjoy t`n
onkfomty, pcwnr, vfombmty cr fut`crmty cl t`n
fssnssinjt mtsnol ms mj qunstmcj. Utftnb bmllnrnjtoy,
t`n knjnrfo ruon cl f prnrnqumsmtn rnecursn tc
fbimjmstrftmvn rninbmns fppomns w`nj qunstmcjs cl
lfet frn rfmsnb, hut t`n nxenptmcj cl bmrnet ecurt
fetmcj ms foocwnb w`nj purnoy qunstmcjs cl ofw frn
mjvcovnb. (Efpmtco
(Efpmtco [mrnonss, Mje. vs. Trcvmjemfo
Rrnfsurnr cl Hftfjkfs, K.X. Jc. 604664. Ify 54,
846<)
846<)
TFXR M\7 RFXMLL FJB E^URCIU
V7 Tmompmjfs U`noo Tntrconui Ecrpcrftmcj
(U`noo) wfs crbnrnb tc pfy t`n ficujt cl
T=5<,0==,005.=4, rnprnsnjtmjk t`n tctfo
butmfhon vfoun cl mts 6==< erubn cmo
mipcrtftmcj, w`me` wfs ecjsmbnrnb fs
fhfjbcjnb mj lfvcr cl t`n kcvnrjinjt hy
cpnrftmcj cl ofw.
R`n ERF ruonb t`ft smjen U`noo lmonb t`n
Mipcrt Njtry fjb Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun
Bneofrftmcj hnycjb t`n 54-bfy pnrmcb
prnsermhnb ujbnr 6546 cl t`n REET, t`n
suhgnet mipcrtftmcj wfs bnninb
fhfjbcjnb mj lfvcr cl t`n kcvnrjinjt mj
feecrbfjen wmt` Unetmcjs 6046 fjb 6048 cl
t`n REET. Icrncvnr, bun tc t`n
fhfjbcjinjt, t`n kcvnrjinjt hnefin t`n
cwjnr cl t`n suhgnet s`mpinjt, t`us U`noo
`fs jc rmk`t tc wmt`brfw t`n sfin fjb
s`cuob hn `nob omfhon tc pfy lcr t`n tctfo
butmfhon vfoun cl sfmb s`mpinjt ft t`n tmin
cl wmt`brfwfo.
U`noo ecjtnjbs t`ft7 (f) mt `fs pfmb t`n
prcpnr butmns cj mts mipcrtftmcj fjb
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
 F7 ]NU.
 F7 ]NU. [`nj fj mipcrtnr fltnr bun jctmen lfmos tc
lmon fjb Mipcrt Njtry fjb Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun
Bneofrftmcj wmt`mj fj ujnxtnjbmhon pnrmcb cl 54
bfys lrci t`n bmse`frkn cl t`n ofst pfeafkn, t`n
mipcrtnb frtmeon ms bnninb fhfjbcjnb mj lfvcr cl
t`n kcvnrjinjt.
R`n rftmcjfon cl strmet ecipomfjen wmt` t`n jcj-
nxtnjbmhon pnrmcb cl 54 bfys wmt`mj w`me` mipcrt
njtrmns (MNMXBs) iust hn lmonb lcr mipcrtnb frtmeons
frn fs lcoocws7 (f) tc prnvnjt ecjsmbnrfhon bnofy mj
t`n pfyinjt cl butmns fjb tfxns1 (h) tc ecipno
mipcrtnrs tc lmon mipcrt njtrmns fjb eofmi t`nmr
mipcrtftmcj fs nfroy fs pcssmhon ujbnr t`n t`rnft cl
`fvmjk t`nmr mipcrtftmcj bneofrnb fs fhfjbcjnb
fjb lcrlnmtnb mj lfvcr cl t`n kcvnrjinjt1 (e) tc
imjmimzn t`n cppcrtujmty cl krflt1 (b) tc ecipno
 hct` t`n HCE fjb t`n mipcrtnrs tc wcra lcr t`n
nfroy rnonfsn cl efrkc, t`us bnecjknstmjk foo pcrts cl
njtry1 (n) tc lfemomtftn t`n rnonfsn cl kccbs fjb
t`nrnhy prcictmjk trfbn fjb eciinren1 fjb (l) tc
imjmimzn t`n pmolnrfkn cl mipcrtnb efrkc ft t`n
pcrts cl njtry. R`n flcrnsfmb pcomey ecjsmbnrftmcjs
 wnrn smkjmlmefjt tc gustmly f lmri chsnrvfjen cl t`n
flcrnsfmb prnsermptmvn pnrmcb. ( Tmompmjfs
( Tmompmjfs U`noo
 Tntrconui Ecrpcrftmcj v. Eciimssmcjnr
Eciimssmcjnr cl
Eustcis, K.X. Jc. 6=>0;<, Bnenihnr >, 846< )
TFXR \7 \FR FJB \FR XNL^JB
XNL ^JB
V7 UIW, Mje.,
M je., ms f \FR-rnkmstnrnb
\FR-rnkmstnrnb njtnrprmsn
njkfknb mj t`n knjnrfo ecjstruetmcj
 husmjnss. @T Mjtnrjftmcjfo
Mjtnrjftmcjfo ecjtrfets t`n
snrvmens cl UIW, Mje. tc ecjstruet @T
Mjtnrjftmcjfo”s lfetcry humobmjk oceftnb mj
t`n Ofkujf Rne`jc Tfra, f spnemfo necjcime
zcjn. @T Mjtnrjftmcjfo ms rnkmstnrnb wmt`
t`n T`momppmjn Necjcime Wcjn Fut`crmty
(TNWF) fs fj neczcjn nxpcrt njtnrprmsn,
fjb, fs sue`, njgcys mjecin tfx `combfy
pursufjt tc t`n Upnemfo Necjcime Wcjn Fet
cl 6==>.
UIW, Mje., lmons fj fppomeftmcj wmt` t`n
Hurnfu cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun (HMX) lcr t`n
 \FR znrc-rftmjk cl mts sfon cl snrvmens
snrvmens tc @T
Mjtnrjftmcjfo. @cwnvnr, t`n HMX bnjmns
UIW, Mje.”s fppomeftmcj cj t`n krcujb t`ft
@T Mjtnrjftmcjfo fornfby njgcys mjecin tfx
`combfy.
Ms t`n HMX ecrrnet mj bnjymjk UIW, Mje.”s
fppomeftmcj3 Nxpofmj ycur fjswnr. (846;
Hfr)
 F7 JC. Foo sfons cl kccbs, prcpnrtmns, fjb snrvmens
ifbn hy f \FR-rnkmstnrnb suppomnr lrci t`n
Eustcis Rnrrmtcry tc fj neczcjn njtnrprmsn s`foo hn
Icrncvnr, ujbnr Unetmcj 640 (H)(5), cl t`n 6==;
JMXE fs finjbnb, snrvmens rnjbnrnb tc pnrscjs cr
njtmtmns w`csn nxniptmcj ujbnr spnemfo ofws
nllnetmvnoy suhgnets t`n suppoy cl sue` snrvmens tc
znrc pnrenjt (4%) rftn frn ecjsmbnrnb znrc-rftnb.
Ecjsmbnrmjk t`n ofw bcns jct prcvmbn lcr fjy
fbbmtmcjfo qufomlmeftmcj cr bmsqufomlmeftmcj, t`n HMX
efjjct bnjy t`n fppomeftmcj cj t`n krcujb t`ft @T
Mjtnrjftmcjfo fornfby njgcys mjecin tfx `combfy.
 Fj fbimjmstrftmvn fknjey ify jct njofrkn, fotnr cr
rnstrmet f prcvmsmcj cl ofw. Mt efjjct fbb tc t`n
rnqumrninjts prcvmbnb hy ofw. Rc bc sc ecjstmtutns
ofwifamjk, w`me` ms knjnrfooy rnsnrvnb lcr
Ecjkrnss. ( Ucrmfjc v. Unerntfry cl Lmjfjen, nt fo.,
K.X. Jcs. 6022>4, 602>40, 602>50, 60>852,
 Gfjufry 82, 846; 
846; )
V7 ^EULF-ITE ms f iuotm-purpcsn
eccpnrftmvn wmt` f Enrtmlmeftn cl
Xnkmstrftmcj mssunb hy t`n Eccpnrftmvn
Bnvnocpinjt Fut`crmty rnlmjnb sukfr lrci
t`n rnlmjnry. ^EULF-ITE pfmb ujbnr
prctnst.
R`n EMX frkuns t`ft t`n nxniptmcj krfjtnb
 hy t`n Eccpnrftmvn Ecbn fjb JMXE, cj
 w`me` t`n Enrtmlmeftn cl Rfx Nxniptmcj fjb
HMX Xuomjk Jc. NEE-46>-40 mssunb mj lfvcr
cl ^EULF-ITE wnrn hfsnb, cjoy ecvnrs \FR
cj t`n sfon cl prcbuenb sukfr. Mt bcns jct
mjeoubn t`n nxniptmcj lrci t`n pfyinjt cl
fbvfjen \FR mj t`n wmt`brfwfo cl rnlmjnb
sukfr lrci t`n sukfr imoo. Ms t`n ecjtnjtmcj
cl t`n EMX ecrrnet3
 F7 JC. R`n sfon cl rnlmjnb sukfr hy fj fkrmeuoturfo
eccpnrftmvn ms nxnipt lrci \FR. Rc hn eonfr, t`n
trfjsfetmcj suhgnet tc \FR ms stmoo t`n sfon cl rnlmjnb
sukfr. R`n wmt`brfwfo cl sukfr ms jct f snpfrftn
trfjsfetmcj suhgnet tc \FR. Mt ms cjoy t`n pfyinjt
t`nrncl t`ft ms rnqumrnb tc hn ifbn mj fbvfjen.
 [`mon t`n pfyinjt cl fbvfjen \FR cj t`n sfon cl
rnlmjnb sukfr ms, mj knjnrfo, rnqumrnb hnlcrn t`nsn
kccbs ify hn wmt`brfwj lrci t`n rnlmjnry/imoo,
eccpnrftmvns frn nxnipt lrci t`ms rnqumrninjt
 hnefusn t`ny frn eccpnrftmvns.
Xnvnjun rnkuoftmcjs spnemlmefooy prcvmbn t`ft sue`
 wmt`brfwfo s`foo jct hn suhgnet tc t`n pfyinjt cl
fbvfjen \FR ml t`n lcoocwmjk rnqumsmtns frn prnsnjt,
 vmz7
Lmrst, t`n wmt`brfwfo ms ifbn hy f buoy feernbmtnb
fjb rnkmstnrnb fkrmeuoturfo eccpnrftmvn mj kccb
stfjbmjk. Mt wfs oftnr eofrmlmnb t`ft f eccpnrftmvn ms
mj kccb stfjbmjk ml mt ms f `cobnr cl f enrtmlmeftn cl
kccb stfjbmjk mssunb hy t`n EBF.
 Rfxftmcj Ofw 
mts inihnrs cr fjct`nr fkrmeuoturfo eccpnrftmvn.
(EMX v. ^jmtnb Efbmz Uukfr Lfrinrs Fsscemftmcj
 Iuotm-Turpcsn Eccpnrftmvn,
Eccpnrftmvn,
K.X. Jc. 84=;;<, Bnenihnr ;, 846< )
V7 Xnoftn t`n bnstmjftmcj prmjempon fjb
NECWCJNU.
 F7 Ecjsmstnjt wmt` t`n bnstmjftmcj prmjempon, t`n
pure`fsns cl kccbs fjb snrvmens bnstmjnb lcr
ecjsuiptmcj wmt`mj fj NECWCJN s`cuob hn lrnn
cl \FR1 `njen, jc mjput \FR s`cuob t`nj hn pfmb
cj sue` pure`fsns. [mt` jc mjput \FR pfmb, t`nrn
ms jct`mjk tc hn rnlujbnb cr ernbmtnb ujbnr Une. 668
cl t`n JMXE. (Ecrfo Hfy Jmeano Ecrp. v. EMX, K.X
 Jc. 6=4>4<, Gujn 65, 846<)
V7 Ms f tfxpfynr oceftnb wmt`mj fj
NECWCJN, njtmtonb tc t`n rnlujb cl mts
ujutmomznb mjput tfxns mjeurrnb hnlcrn mt
 hnefin f TNWF-rnkmstnrnb
TNWF-rnkmstnrnb njtmty3
njtmty3
 F7 JC.  [mt` t`n mssufjen cl XIE ;2-==, t`n
bmstmjetmcj ujbnr t`n cob ruon wfs bmsrnkfrbnb fjb
t`n jnw emreuofr tcca mjtc ecjsmbnrftmcj t`n twc
mipcrtfjt prmjempons cl t`n T`momppmjn \FR systni7
t`n Ercss Hcrbnr Bcetrmjn fjb t`n Bnstmjftmcj
Trmjempon.
R`n cob \FR ruon lcr TNWF-rnkmstnrnb njtnrprmsns
 wfs hfsnb cj t`nmr e`cmen cl lmsefo mjenjtmvns7 (6) Ml
t`n TNWF- rnkmstnrnb njtnrprmsn e`csn t`n lmvn
pnrenjt (>%) prnlnrnjtmfo tfx cj mts krcss mjecin, mj
omnu cl foo tfxns, fs prcvmbnb hy Xnp. Fet Jc. ;=6<, fs
finjbnb, t`nj mt wcuob hn \FR-nxnipt1 (8) Ml t`n
TNWF-rnkmstnrnb njtnrprmsn
njtnrprmsn fvfmonb cl t`n mjecin tfx
`combfy ujbnr Nxne. Crbnr Jc. 88<, fs finjbnb, mt
s`foo hn suhgnet tc \FR ft tnj pnrenjt (64%). Uue`
bmstmjetmcj wfs fhcoms`nb hy XIE Jc. ;2-==, w`me`
eftnkcrmefooy bneofrnb t`ft foo sfons cl kccbs,
prcpnrtmns, fjb snrvmens ifbn hy f \FR-rnkmstnrnb
suppomnr lrci t`n Eustcis Rnrrmtcry tc fj NECWCJN
njtnrprmsn s`foo hn suhgnet tc \FR, ft znrc pnrenjt
(4%) rftn, rnkfrbonss cl t`n ofttnr's typn cr eofss cl
TNWF rnkmstrftmcj.
Lurt`nricrn, Unetmcj 0 cl X.F. Jc. ;=6< ifjbftns
t`ft TNWF s`foo ifjfkn fjb cpnrftn t`n NECWCJN
fs f snpfrftn eustcis tnrrmtcry. R`n prcvmsmcj
t`nrnhy nstfhoms`ns t`n lmetmcj t`ft fj NECWCJN ms f
lcrnmkj tnrrmtcry snpfrftn fjb bmstmjet lrci t`n
eustcis tnrrmtcry. Feecrbmjkoy, t`n sfons ifbn hy
suppomnrs lrci f eustcis tnrrmtcry tc f pure`fsnr
oceftnb wmt`mj fj NECWCJN wmoo hn ecjsmbnrnb fs
nxpcrtftmcjs. Lcoocwmjk t`n T`momppmjn \FR systni's
fb`nrnjen tc t`n Ercss Hcrbnr Bcetrmjn fjb
Bnstmjftmcj Trmjempon, t`n \FR mipomeftmcjs frn t`ft
"jc \FR s`foo hn mipcsnb tc lcri pfrt cl t`n ecst cl
kccbs bnstmjnb lcr ecjsuiptmcj cutsmbn cl t`n
tnrrmtcrmfo hcrbnr cl t`n tfxmjk fut`crmty"
rnlujb cr ernbmt.
 \nrmoy, ml t`n tfxpfynr `fb pfmb t`n mjput \FR, t`n
prcpnr rnecursn ms jct fkfmjst t`n Kcvnrjinjt hut
fkfmjst t`n snoonr w`c `fb s`mltnb tc mt t`n cutput \FR
(Ecrfo Hfy Jmeano Ecrp. vs. EMX, K.X. Jc. 6=4>4<,
 Gujn 65, 846<).
C^RT^R FJB MJT^R
 \FR
Ifofyfj Mjsurfjen, fs Cwjnr, fjb Ut. Lrfjems
Uqufrn Xnfoty Ecrp, fs Bnvnocpnr, nxneutnb f
Gcmjt Trcgnet Bnvnocpinjt Fkrnninjt lcr t`n
ecjstruetmcj fjb bnvnocpinjt cl f
ecjbcimjmui Trcgnet. Ut. Lrfjems wfs jct
fhon tc ecipontn t`n Trcgnet. R`n pfrtmns
njtnrnb tc fj fkrnninjt w`nrn Ifofyfj
ujbnrtcca tc ecipontn t`n Trcgnet. R`n hfsms
lcr t`n bmstrmhutmcj fjb bmspcsmtmcj cl t`n
ecjbcimjmui ujmts ms t`n pfrtmns” rnspnetmvn
efpmtfo mjvnstinjts mj t`n Trcgnet. Bnspmtn t`n
ecipontmcj cl t`n Trcgnet, t`n mssun cl fetufo
ecst cl ecjstruetmcj `fs jct hnnj rnscovnb tc
t`n iutufo sftmslfetmcj cl t`n pfrtmns.
Ut. Lrfjems ecjtnjbs t`ft, ficjk ct`nrs,
Mjput \FR s`cuob jct hn trnftnb fs pfrt cl
ecjstruetmcj ecst. Mt eofmis t`ft nvnj lrci fj
feecujtmjk stfjbpcmjt, mjput tfx ms jct
njtnrnb mjtc t`n hccas fs pfrt cl ecst1 mjput
 \FR ms trnftnb fs feecujt mj f bmllnrnjt
bmllnrnjt
feecujt, nmt`nr ujbnr ‟Ct`nr fssnts’ cr
‟Mjput Rfx’, w`me` ms fj fssnt feecujt.
Hnsmbns, t`n mjput \FR ms cllsnt cr ernbmtnb
fkfmjst cutput \FR tc bntnrimjn t`n jnt \FR
bun cr pfyfhon tc t`n kcvnrjinjt.
Ut. Lrfjems lmjfooy jctns t`ft smjen mjput
 \FR `fb fornfby hnnj eofminb hy Ifofyfj,
fjb mts fubmtnb lmjfjemfo stftninjts s`cw
t`n cllsnttmjk cl mjput \FR fkfmjst cutput
 \FR, t`nj gustmen fjb nqumty bmetftn t`ft mt
s`cuob jct hn foocwnb tc eofmi mt fs pfrt cl
t`n FXEE.
Xuon cj t`n fhcvn ecjtnjtmcj cl Ut. Lrfjems.
R`n ecjtnjtmcj cl Ut. Lrfjems ms wmt`cut inrmt.
Mjput \FR s`cuob hn foocwnb fs pfrt cl t`n
ecjstruetmcj ecst. Mj bntnrimjmjk w`nt`nr mjput
 \FR s`cuob hn mjeoubnb fs pfrt cl t`n ecjstruetmcj
ecjstruetmcj
ecst, t`n mssun ms jct t`n tne`jmefo eofssmlmeftmcj cl
tfxns ujbnr feecujtmjk ruons, hut w`nt`nr sue` tfx
 wfs mjeurrnb fjb pfmb fs pfrt cl t`n ecjstruetm
ec jstruetmcj
cj
ecst. Kmvnj t`ft mjput \FR ms, strmetoy spnfamjk, f
lmjfjemfo ecst fjb jct f bmrnet ecjstruetmcj ecst, mt
efjjct hn bnjmnb t`ft Ifofyfj `fb tc pfy mjput
 \FR fs pfrt cl t`n ecjtrfet prmen cl kccbs fjb
prcpnrtmns pure`fsnb, fjb snrvmens prceurnb mj
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
t`ft sue` ecmjembnjen bcns jct rnsuot mj ujgust
njrme`injt ft t`n nxpnjsn cl Ut. Lrfjems. ^jgust
njrme`injt eofmis bc jct omn smipoy hnefusn cjn
pfrty hnjnlmts lrci t`n nllcrts cr chomkftmcjs cl
ct`nrs, hut mjstnfb mt iust hn s`cwj t`ft f pfrty
 wfs ujgustoy njrme`nb mj t`n snjsn t`ft t`n tnri
ujgustoy ecuob infj moonkfooy cr ujofwluooy. Mj
cllsnttmjk mts mjput \FR fkfmjst cutput \FR,
Ifofyfj ms inrnoy fvfmomjk cl t`n hnjnlmts cl t`n tfx
ernbmt prcvmsmcjs cl t`n ofw, fjb mt efjjct hn sfmb tc
`fvn hnjnlmttnb ft t`n nxpnjsn cr tc t`n bfifkn cl
Ut. Lrfjems. Fltnr foo, Ifofyfj ms gustmlmnb mj
mjeoubmjk mj t`n ecjstruetmcj ecst t`n mjput \FR mt
`fb pfmb fs pfrt cl t`n ecjtrfet prmen cl t`n kccbs,
prcpnrtmns fjb snrvmens mt `fb prceurnb tc ecipontn
t`n prcgnet (Ifofyfj Mjsurfjen, Mje. vs. Ut.
 Lrfjems Xnfoty Uqufrn Xnfoty Ecrpcrftmcj, K.X.
 Jcs. 6=0=6<-6;, Gfjufry
Gfjufry 66, 846<,
846<, G. Tnrfotf).
Tnrfotf).
JCRN7 Mj Ifofyfj
Mj Ifofyfj Mjsurfjen,
Mjsurfjen, Mje. vs. Ut. Lrfjems
 Xnfoty Uqufrn Xnfoty Ecrpcrftmcj, t`n Ecurt
lurt`nr `nob t`ft Ut. Lrfjems wcuob fosc hn njtmtonb
tc fvfmo cl t`n sfin tfx ernbmt prcvmsmcjs upcj t`n
nvnjtufo sfon cl mts prcpcrtmcjftn s`frn cl t`n
rnsnrvnb ujmts fooceftnb fjb trfjslnrrnb tc mt hy
Ifofyfj. R`n fooceftmcj cl fjb trfjslnr cl sue`
ujmts tc Ut. Lrfjems ms suhgnet tc cutput \FR w`me`
Ifofyfj ecuob cllsnt fkfmjst mts mjput \FR. Mj turj,
Ut. Lrfjems wcuob mjeur mjput \FR w`me` mt ify
oftnr cllsnt fkfmjst mts cutput \FR upcj t`n sfon cl
t`n sfmb ujmts. R`ms ms mj feecrbfjen wmt` t`n tfx
ernbmt int`cb cl eciputmjk t`n \FR cl f
tfxpfynr w`nrnhy t`n mjput tfx s`mltnb hy t`n
snoonr tc t`n huynr ms ernbmtnb fkfmjst t`n
 huynr”s
 huynr”s cutput tfxns w`nj mt mj turj snoos t`n
tfxfhon kccbs, prcpnrtmns cr snrvmens.
V7 R`n EMX smkjnb XX 8-8468, w`me`
rnqumrns t`n pfyinjt cl vfoun-fbbnb tfx
(\FR) fjb nxemsn tfx cj t`n mipcrtftmcj cl
foo pntrconui fjb pntrconui prcbuets
ecimjk bmrnetoy lrci fhrcfb fjb hrcuk`t
mjtc t`n T`momppmjns, mjeoubmjk
mjeoubmjk Lrnnpcrt fjb
necjcime zcjns (LNWs). Mt t`nj foocws t`n
ernbmt cr rnlujb
cl fjy \FR cr nxemsn tfx pfmb ml t`n tfxpfynr
prcvns t`ft t`n pntrconui prnvmcusoy hrcuk`t
mj `fs hnnj scob tc f buoy rnkmstnrnb LNW
oceftcr fjb usnb pursufjt tc t`n rnkmstnrnb
fetmvmty cl sue` oceftcr. Ms t`n Xnvnjun
Xnkuoftmcj vfomb3
 F7 Jc. XX 8-8468 ms mjvfomb fjb ujecjstmtutmcjfo
 hnefusn7
f) mt moonkfooy mipcsns tfxns upcj LNW njtnrprmsns,
 w`me`, hy ofw, njgcy tfx-nxnipt stftus. R`n tfx
nxniptmcj njgcynb hy LNW njtnrprmsns ecvnrs
mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tfxns mipcsnb cj kccbs hrcuk`t
nrrcjncusoy ecjsmbnrs pntrconui fjb pntrconui
prcbuets hrcuk`t mjtc f LNW fs tfxfhon mipcrtftmcjs.
Unecjb, mt ujrnfscjfhoy hurbnjs LNW njtnrprmsns hy
ifamjk t`ni pfy t`n ecrrnspcjbmjk tfxns
- fj chomkftmcj lrci w`me` t`n ofw spnemlmefooy
nxnipts t`ni - nvnj ml t`nrn ms f suhsnqunjt
cppcrtujmty tc rnlujb t`n pfyinjts ifbn.
f) mt nllnetmvnoy finjbs t`n ofw (m.n., XF ;88;, fs
finjbnb hy XF =244) fjb t`nrnhy njercfe`ns upcj
t`n onkmsoftmvn fut`crmty rnsnrvnb nxeousmvnoy hy t`n
Ecjstmtutmcj lcr Ecjkrnss. R`n pcwnr cl t`n EMX tc
mjtnrprnt tfx ofws ms jct fhscoutn. R`n ruon ms t`ft
rnkuoftmcjs ify jct njofrkn, fotnr, rnstrmet, cr
ct`nrwmsn kc hnycjb t`n prcvmsmcjs cl t`n ofw t`ny
fbimjmstnr1 fbimjmstrftcrs fjb miponinjtcrs
efjjct njkrflt fbbmtmcjfo rnqumrninjts jct
ecjtnipoftnb hy t`n onkmsofturn. ( Unerntfry cl
 Lmjfjen v. Ofzftmj, K.X. Jc. 864>00, Jcvnihnr 8=,
846<)
846<)
V7 Fensmtn ms t`n cwjnr fjb cpnrftcr cl t`n
@combfy Mjj Ifjmof. Mt onfsns f pcrtmcj cl mts
`ctno”s prnimsns tc TFKECX lcr efsmjc
cpnrftmcjs. Fensmtn pfssnb \FR cj rnjtfo
mjecin tc TFKECX, hut TFKECX rnlusnb tc
pfy t`n pfssnb-cj \FR, mjvcamjk mts lrfje`msn
 w`me` nxnipts TFKECX lrci tfx. Fensmtn
stmoo pfmb \FR cj t`n rnjtfo mjecin lrci
TFKECX tc t`n HMX fs mt lnfrnb t`n onkfo
ecjsnqunjens cl jcj-pfyinjt cl t`n tfx.
 Fensmtn hnoftnboy frrmvnb ft t`n ecjeousmcj
t`ft mts trfjsfetmcj wmt` TFKECX wfs suhgnet
tc znrc rftn fs mt wfs rnjbnrnb tc f tfx-nxnipt
njtmty. Fensmtn lmonb lcr f eofmi lcr rnlujb.
U`cuob t`n eofmi lcr rnlujb hn krfjtnb3
 F7 ]NU. TFKECX ms nxniptnb lrci ‟tfx cl fjy
amjb cr lcri, mjecin cr ct`nrwmsn, fs wnoo fs lnns,
e`frkns cr onvmns cl w`ftnvnr jfturn, w`nt`nr
Jftmcjfo cr Ocefo’. R`n nxniptmcjs krfjtnb mj t`n
lrfje`msn lcr nfrjmjks bnrmvnb lrci t`n cpnrftmcjs
ecjbuetnb ujbnr t`n lrfje`msn s`foo mjurn tc t`n
 hnjnlmt cl fjb nxtnjb tc ecrpcrftmcjs cr mjbmvmbufo
mjbmvmbufo
 wmt` w`ci t`n Ecrpcrftmcj cr cpnrftcr `fs fjy
ecjtrfetufo rnoftmcjs`mp mj ecjjnetmcj wmt` t`n
cpnrftmcjs cl t`n efsmjcs fut`crmznb tc hn
ecjbuetnb ujbnr TFKECX”s Lrfje`msn. TFKECX”s
lrfje`msn kcns cjn stnp lurt`nr hy krfjtmjk tfx
nxnipt stftus tc pnrscjs bnfomjk wmt` TFKECX mj
efsmjc cpnrftmcjs. Hy t`ms nxtnjsmcj, t`n onkmsofturn
eonfroy krfjtnb nxniptmcj fosc lrci mjbmrnet tf xns.
Unetmcj 64<(F)(8)(e) cl t`n JMXE spnemlmns t`ft
sfons tc pnrscjs cr njtmtmns w`csn nxniptmcj ujbnr
spnemfo ofws cr mjtnrjftmcjfo fkrnninjts tc w`me`
t`n T`momppmjns ms f smkjftcry nllnetmvnoy suhgnets
sue` sfons tc znrc-rftn. (EMX ( EMX v. Fensmtn
(T`momppmjns) @ctno Ecrpcrftmcj, K.X. Jc. 62;8=>,
 Lnhrufry 6<, 844; )
 Rfxftmcj Ofw 
 \FR
XNL^JB
 [`ft ms t`n prnsermptmvn pnrmcb lcr t`n  
fssnssinjt cl bnlmemnjey tfxns3 @cw ms mt
ecujtnb3 [`ft ms t`n prnsermptmvn
pr nsermptmvn pnrmcb
pnrmcb lcr  
ecoonetmcj cl tfxns3
R`n prnsermptmvn pnrmcb lcr t`n fssnssinjt cl  
bnlmemnjey tfxns ms knjnrfooy 5 ynfrs ecujtnb lrci
t`n lmomjk cl t`n rnturj cr t`n ofst bfy cl lmomjk
 w`me`nvnr ms oftnr. Mj efsns, `cwnvnr, w`nj jc
rnturj ms lmonb, f lfosn rnturj cr f lrfubuonjt rnturj  
ms lmonb, t`n prnsermptmvn pnrmcb ms 64 ynfrs lrci t`n
bmsecvnry cl t`n cimssmcj, t`n lfosmty cr t`n lfet cl  
 hnmjk lrfubuonjt cl t`n rnturj. R`n pnrmcb cl
ecoonetmcj, cj t`n ct`nr `fjb, ms > ynfrs lrci t`n
fssnssinjt.
V7 Frn sfons mjvcmens sullmemnjt nvmbnjen tc
prcvn mts znrc-rftnb sfon cl snrvmens tc
suppcrt fj fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi lcr tfx
rnlujb cr tfx ernbmt3
 
 F7 JC. Unetmcj 665 cl t`n JMXE cl 6==; prcvmbns
t`ft f \FR mjvcmen ms jnenssfry lcr nvnry sfon, hfrtnr
cr nxe`fjkn cl kccbs cr prcpnrtmns, w`mon f \FR
cllmemfo rnenmpt prcpnroy pnrtfmjs tc nvnry onfsn cl
kccbs cr prcpnrtmns1 fs wnoo fs tc nvnry sfon, hfrtnr
cr nxe`fjkn cl snrvmens.  
Rc bmstmjkums`, f "sfons cr eciinremfo mjvcmen" ms f
 wrmttnj feecujt cl kccbs scob cr snrvmens rnjbnrnb
mjbmeftmjk t`n prmens e`frknb t`nrnlcr cr f omst hy
 w`ftnvnr jfin mt ms ajcwj w`me` ms usnb mj t`n
crbmjfry ecursn cl husmjnss nvmbnjemjk sfon fjb  
trfjslnr cr fkrnninjt tc snoo cr
c r trfjslnr kccbs fjb
snrvmens.
 F "rnenmpt" c` t`n ct`nr `fjb ms f wrmttnj
feajcwonbkinjt cl t`n lfet cl pfyinjt mj icjny  
cr ct`nr snttoninjt hntwnnj snoonr fjb huynr cl  
kccbs, bnhtcr cr ernbmtcr, cr pnrscj rnjbnrmjk
snrvmens fjb eomnjt cr eustcinr.
 F \FR mjvcmen ms t`n snoonr's hnst prccl cl t`n sfon cl
kccbs cr snrvmens tc t`n huynr, w`mon f \FR rnenmpt ms
t`n huynr's hnst nvmbnjen cl t`n pfyinjt cl kccbs cr
snrvmens rnenmvnb lrci t`n snoonr. F \FR mjvcmen
m jvcmen fjb f
 \FR rnenmpt
rnenmpt s`cuob jct hn ecjlusnb fjb ifbn tc tc rnlnr
rnlnr  
tc cjn fjb t`n sfin t`mjk. Enrtfmjoy, jnmt`nr bcns t`n
ofw mjtnjb t`n twc tc hn usnb fotnrjftmvnoy.
(Rfanjfaf Ecrpcrftmcj ― T`momppmjn Hrfje` v. EMX, EM X,
K.X. Jc. 6=5586, Cetchnr 6=, 846< )  
V7 Cj Ifre` 56, 844=, Bnutse`n lmonb fj
fppomeftmcj lcr Rfx Ernbmt/Xnlujb cl mts
foonknboy nxenss fjb ujutmomznb
ujutmomznb mjput \FR lcr
t`n 6st qufrtnr cl t`n efonjbfr ynfr 844; mj
t`n ficujt cl T68,>2=,22<.54
T68,>2=,22<.54 wmt` t`n EMX.
Bmsimss cj krcujb cl prnsermptmcj. Mt foonknb
t`ft t`n Tntmtmcj lcr Xnvmnw wfs lmonb cut cl
tmin cj t`n krcujb cl `fvmjk hnnj lmonb
hnycjb t`n twc-ynfr
twc-ynfr prnsermptmvn
prnsermptmvn pnrmcb.
pnrmcb.
[fs t`n fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi lcr tfx
ernbmt/rnlujb hnnj tminoy lmonb3
F7 ]NU. Mj t`n mjstfjt efsn, t`n fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi
cr fppomeftmcj lcr tfx ernbmt/rnlujb cl mts foonknboy
nxenss fjb ujutmomznb mjput \FR lcr t`n lmrst qufrtnr
cl tfxfhon ynfr 844; wfs lmonb cj Ifre` 56, 844= cr
wmt`mj t`n twc-
twc- ynfr prnsermptmvn
prnsermptmvn pnrmcb.
pnrmcb. Xnspcjbnjt
`fb 684 bfys cr ujtmo Guoy 8=, 844= tc bntnrimjn t`n
vfombmty cl t`n eofmi. @cwnvnr, pntmtmcjnr lmonb fj
fppnfo hy wfy cl f pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw cj Fprmo 6;,
844= cr 6; bfys fltnr t`n lmomjk cl t`n fbimjmstrftmvn
eofmi. Fppfrnjtoy, pntmtmcjnr bmb jct wfmt lcr t`n
bnemsmcj cl t`n EMX cr t`n ofpsn cl t`n 684- bfy pnrmcb
fjb t`ms ms mj eonfr ecjtrfvnjtmcj cl Unetmcj 668(B)
Qjcw Unetmcj 668(E)Y cl t`n 6==; JMXE, fs finjbnb,
fjb cl t`n bcetrmjn ofmb bcwj mj t`n Fme`m efsn.
Feecrbmjkoy, wn lmjb t`n
t`n lmomjk cl fj fppnfo hy wfy cl
f pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw hnlcrn t`ms Ecurt's lcrinr
Unecjb Bmvmsmcj ms strmamjkoy smimofr wmt` t`ft cl t`n
lfets mj t`n Fme`m Efsn. Mj hct` efsns, t`n tfxpfynr
(pntmtmcjnr mj t`n mjstfjt efsn) bmb jct wfmt lcr t`n
bnemsmcj cl t`n EMX cr t`n ofpsn cl t`n 684-bfy pnrmcb
hnlcrn t`n lmomjk cl fj fppnfo hy wfy cl f pntmtmcj lcr
rnvmnw hnlcrn t`ms Ecurt.
Mt ms ujbmsputnb t`ft t`n flcrninjtmcjnb bftn cl lmomjk
lfoos wmt`mj t`n pnrmcb lcoocwmjk t`n mssufjen cl HMX
Xuomjk Jc. BF-20=-45 cj Bnenihnr 64, 8445 hut
hnlcrn t`n prciuokftmcj
prciuokftmcj cl t`n
t`n Fme`m efsn cj Cetchnr
<, 8464. Mj feecrbfjen
fe ecrbfjen wmt` t`n bcetrmjn ofmb bcwj mj
Ufj Xcqun, wn ruon t`ft pntmtmcjnr's gubmemfo eofmi
`fb hnnj tminoy lmonb fjb s`cuob hn kmvnj bun ecursn
fjb ecjsmbnrftmcj hy t`n ERF. ( Bnute`n Ajcwonbkn
Unrvmens TRN ORB. v. EMX, K.X. Jc. 6=;=04,
Bnenihnr 6, 846<
846<))
V7 Umtno T`momppmjns Ecrpcrftmcj
Ecrpcrftmcj (Umtno) lmonb
f eofmi lcr tfx rnlujb/ernbmt cl mjput \FR
fttrmhutfhon tc znrc-rftnb cr nllnetmvnoy
znrc-rftnb sfons emtmjk Unetmcj 640(H)(8) cl
t`n JMXE fs onkfo hfsms. Umtno suhimttnb fs
bceuinjtfry nvmbnjen Enrtmlmeftmcjs mssunb
hy t`n UNE fjb Fkrnninjts hntwnnj Umtno
fjb mts lcrnmkj eomnjts. Ms Umtno njtmtonb tc f
tfx rnlujb/ernbmt3
rnlujb/ernbmt3
F7 JC. R`n Ecurt eofrmlmnb t`ft fj nssnjtmfo
ecjbmtmcj tc qufomly lcr znrc-rftmjk ms t`ft t`n
snrvmen-rnempmnjt iust hn bcmjk husmjnss cutsmbn
t`n T`momppmjns. Icrncvnr, t`n Ecurt nip`fsmznb
t`ft f tfxpfynr eofmimjk lcr f \FR rnlujb
r nlujb cr ernbmt
ujbnr Unetmcj 640(H) `fs t`n hurbnj tc prcvn jct
cjoy t`ft t`n rnempmnjt cl t`n snrvmen ms f lcrnmkj
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=

cutsmbn t`n T`momppmjns cr `fvn f ecjtmjumty cl
eciinremfo bnfomjks cutsmbn t`n T`momppmjns. ( Umtno
( Umtno
 T`momppmjns Ecrpcrftmcj v. EMX, K.X. Jc. 84658<,
 Lnhrufry 0, 846; )
 
V7 [`ft ms trfjsmtmcjfo mjput tfx ernbmt3
 F7 Rrfjsmtmcjfo mjput tfx ernbmt ms t`ft ficujt
mipcsnb cj t`n mjvnjtcry kccbs cl f ecipfjy lcr
purpcsns cl bnbuetmjk mt lrci mts cutput tfx
omfhmomtmns. Jcw, mt ms 8% cl t`n vfoun cl t`n mjvnjtcry
kccbs cl t`n ecipfjy. R`ms ms f int`cb lcr t`n
Utftn tc scltnj t`n hocw lcr jnw husmjnssns lrci t`n
‟`frs`jnss’ cl t`n vfoun-fbbnb
vfoun-fbbnb systni cl tfxftmcj.
V7 Hfsns Ecjvnrsmcj fjb Bnvnocpinjt
 Fut`crmty (HEBF)
(HEBF) lmonb f pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw
rnvmnw
 wmt` t`n ERF mj crbnr tc prnsnrvn
prnsnrvn mts rmk`t tc
pursun mts eofmi lcr rnlujb cl t`n Ernbmtfhon  
 [mt``cobmjk
 [mt``cobmjk Rfx (E[R), w`me` wfs pfmb
ujbnr prctnst mj ecjjnetmcj wmt` mts sfon cl
t`n HEBF-fooceftnb ujmts fs mts s`frn mj t`n
Unrnjbrf Trcgnet pursufjt tc t`n Gcmjt
Bnvnocpinjt Fkrnninjt wmt` Fyfof Ofjb,
Mje. R`n pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw wfs lmonb wmt` f
Xnqunst lcr Nxniptmcj lrci t`n Tfyinjt cl
Lmomjk Lnns. R`n ERF Lmrst Bmvmsmcj bnjmnb
HEBF's Xnqunst lcr Nxniptmcj. HEBF
icvnb lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj w`me` wfs
bnjmnb hy t`n ERF Lmrst Bmvmsmcj fjb
crbnrnb tc pfy t`n lmomjk lnns wmt`mj lmvn
bfys lrci jctmen, ct`nrwmsn, t`n pntmtmcj lcr  
 
rnvmnw wmoo hn bmsimssnb. HEBF lmonb f
pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw wmt` t`n ERF Nj Hfje,
 w`me` pntmtmcj wfs rnturjnb fjb jct
bnninb lmonb wmt`cut t`n pfyinjt cl t`n  
ecrrnet onkfo lnns. HEBF cjen fkfmj
nip`fsmznb mts pcsmtmcj t`ft mt ms nxnipt
lrci t`n pfyinjt cl sue` lnns. Ms HEBF
nxnipt lrci pfyinjt cl onkfo lnns3
 F7 ]ns. HEBF ms f kcvnrjinjt
kcvnrjinjt mjstruinjtfomty
mjstruinjtfomty vnstnb
vnstnb
 wmt` ecrpcrftn pcwnrs. Fs sue`, mt ms nxnipt lrci t`n
pfyinjt cl bceant lnns rnqumrnb ujbnr Unetmcj 86,
Xuon 626 cl t`n Xuons cr Ecurt, UNE. 86. Kcvnrjinjt  
nxnipt. ―  R`n Xnpuhome cl t`n T`momppmjns, mts
fknjemns fjb mjstruinjtfomtmns, frn nxnipt lrci
pfymjk t`n onkfo lnns prcvmbnb mj t`ms ruon. Ocefo
kcvnrjinjts fjb kcvnrjinjt-cwjnb cr ecjtrcoonb
ecrpcrftmcjs wmt` cr wmt`cut mjbnpnjbnjt e`frtnrs
frn jct nxnipt lrci pfymjk sue` lnns. ( Hfsns ( Hfsns
Ecjvnrsmcj fjb Bnvnocpinjt Fut`crmty vs.  
Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun, KX Jc. 84>=8>,
 Guj 84, 8460)
8460)
suhstfjtmftnb tfx ernbmts ify hn efrrmnb-cvnr tc t`n
sueennbmjk ynfr fjb ify hn fppomnb fkfmjst t`n
mjecin tfx bun mj t`n sueennbmjk ynfr.
(Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun vs. Enhu
@cobmjks, Mje., K.X.
K.X. Jc. 60=;=8,
60=;=8, Gujn 84, 8460
8460))
V7 Cj Fprmo 6<, 844;. ^jmvnrsmty T`ysmemfjs
Unrvmens Mje.-Ifjfkninjt, Mje. (^TUM-IM)
lmonb mts Fjjufo Mjecin Rfx Xnturj (MRX) lcr
t`n ynfr njbnb Bnenihnr 56, 844< wmt` t`n
Hurnfu cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun (HMX), rnlonetmjk
fj mjecin tfx cvnrpfyinjt cl >,6>=,526.44.
Uuhsnqunjtoy, cj Jcvnihnr 62, 844;,
pntmtmcjnr lmonb fj Fjjufo MRX lcr t`n s`crt
pnrmcb lmsefo ynfr njbnb Ifre` 56, 844;,
rnlonetmjk t`n mjecin tfx cvnrpfyinjt cl >,
6>=, 526 lrci t`n prnvmcus pnrmcb fs "Trmcr
]nfr”s Nxenss Ernbmt", Cj t`n sfin bftn,
pntmtmcjnr lmonb fj finjbnb Fjjufo MRX lcr
t`n s`crt pnrmcb lmsefo ynfr njbnb Ifre` 56,
844;, rnlonetmjk t`n rnicvfo cl t`n ficujt cl
t`n mjstfjt eofmi mj t`n ''Trmcr ]nfr's Nxenss
Ernbmt". R`us, t`n ficujt t`nrncl wfs
e`fjknb lrci ₶>,6>=,526 tc ₶8,856,>4;.
Cj Cetchnr 64, 8440, pntmtmcjnr lmonb wmt` t`n
rnspcjbnjt's cllmen, f eofmi lcr rnlujb fjb/cr
mssufjen cl f Rfx Ernbmt Enrtmlmeftn (REE) mj
t`n ficujt cl ₶8,=8;.052.44, rnprnsnjtmjk
t`n foonknb nxenss fjb ujutmomznb ernbmtfhon
wmt``cobmjk
wmt``cobmjk tfxns lcr 844<. Efj ^TUM-IM
rnecvnr mts nxenss ernbmtfhon tfx trcuk`
rnlujb cr REE3
F7 Jc. ^TUM-IM ms hfrrnb lrci rnecvnrmjk mts nxenss
ernbmtfhon tfx t`rcuk` rnlujb cr REE. Mt ms
ujbmsputnb t`ft bnspmtn mts mjmtmfo cptmcj tc rnlujb mts
844< nxenss ernbmtfhon tfx, ^TUM-IM suhsnqunjtoy
mjbmeftnb mj mts 844; s`crt-pnrmcb LFX t`ft mt efrrmnb
cvnr t`n 844< nxenss ernbmtfhon tfx fjb fppomnb t`n
sfin fkfmjst mts 844; mjecin tfx bun. R`n ERF wfs
ecrrnet mj ecjsmbnrmjk ^TUM-IM tc `fvn
ecjstruetmvnoy e`csnj t`n cptmcj cl efrry-cvnr, lcr
w`me` rnfscj, t`n mrrnvcefhmomty ruon lcrhfbn mt tc
rnvnrt tc mts mjmtmfo e`cmen. Cjen t`n efrry- c vnr cptmcj
ms tfanj, mt hnecins mrrnvcefhon sue` t`ft t`n
tfxpfynr efjjct oftnr cj e`fjkn mts imjb mj crbnr tc
eofmi f efs` rnlujb cr t`n mssufjen cl f tfx ernbmt
enrtmlmeftn cl t`n vnry sfin ficujt cl cvnrpfyinjt
cr nxenss mjecin tfx ernbmt. (^jmvnrsmty
( ^jmvnrsmty T`ysmemfjs
Unrvmens Mje. - Ifjfkninjt
I fjfkninjt,, Mje. vs. Eciimssmcjnr
cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun, K.X. Jc. 84>=>>, Ifre` ;,
8460)
8460 )

V7 R`n Enhu @cobmjks Mje. (E@M) lmonb f eofmi
lcr rnlujb cl nxenss ernbmtfhon wmt``cobmjk
tfx. E@M usnb mts prmcr ynfr”s nxenss ernbmts tc
pfy lcr mts eurrnjt ynfr”s mjecin tfx bun. R`n
Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun (EMX)
bmsfoocwnb t`n sfin hnefusn t`n prmcr ynfr”s
V7 Ms t`n 684-bfy pnrmcb lcr rnlujb f
ifjbftcry pnrmcb3
 F7 ]ns.
 F7 ]ns. Lfmourn tc ecipoy wmt`
wmt` t`n 684-bfy wfmtmjk
pnrmcb vmcoftns f ifjbftcry prcvmsmcj cl ofw. Mt
 vmcoftns t`n bcetrmjn cl nx`fustmcj cl
 Rfxftmcj Ofw
cr ernbmt ujbnr t`n \FR Uystni ms ecipomfjen wmt`
t`n 684+54 bfy ifjbftcry fjb gurmsbmetmcjfo
pnrmcbs. R`us, strmet ecipomfjen wmt` t`n 684+54
bfy pnrmcbs ms jnenssfry lcr sue` f eofmi tc prcspnr,
 w`nt`nr hnlcrn,
hnlcrn, burmjk cr fltnr t`n nllnetmvmty
nllnetmvmty cl t`n
 Ftofs bcetrmjn, nxenpt lcr t`n pnrmcb lrci t`n
mssufjen cl HMX Xuomjk Jc. BF- 20=-45 cj
Bnenihnr 64, 8445 tc Cetchnr <, 8464 w`nj t`n
 Fme`m bcetrmjn wfs fbcptnb, w`me` fkfmj rnmjstftnb
t`n 684+54 bfy pnrmcbs fs ifjbftcry fjb
 gurmsbmetmcjfo (EMX v. Imrfjt Tfkhmofc Ecrp., K.X.
 Jc. 604252, Gfjufry
Gfjufry 84, 846<).
846<).
 Jctn7 ^jbnr t`n RXFMJ Ofw, Une 668E finjbnb
t`n prnvmcus ifjbftcry 684 bfys. Mt stftns t`ft t`n
Eciimssmcjnr s`foo krfjt f rnlujb lcr ernbmtfhon
mjput tfx wmt`mj =4 bfys lrci t`n bftn cl
suhimssmcj cl t`n cllmemfo rnenmpts cr mjvcmens fjb
ct`nr bceuinjts.
V7 Ms pfyinjt ujbnr prctnst rnqumrnb lcr f
 vfomb prctnst3
 F7 Fot`cuk` t`n knjnrfo
knjnrfo ruon ms t`ft
t`ft pfyinjt ujbnr
ujbnr
prctnst ms jct rnqumrnb w`nj cjn qunstmcjs t`n
 vfombmty cl fj fssnssinjt, t`ms ms suhgnet tc snvnrfo
nxenptmcjs sue` fs mj t`n efsn cl rnfo prcpnrty tfx
fjb eustcis efsns fs wnoo fs w`nj t`nrn frn snvnrfo
mssuns, scin cl w`me` frn ujbmsputnb mj w`me` efsn
t`n ujbmsputnb cjns wmoo `fvn tc hn pfmb hnlcrn f
prctnst ms ifbn. @nrn, t`n tfx mjvcovnb ms rnfo
prcpnrty tfx, t`us, t`nrn iust hn pfyinjt hnlcrn
prctnst. XTR lfoos ujbnr cjn cl t`n nxenptmcjs.
TFXR \M 7 XNINBMNU
V7 Mj 6===, f Onttnr cl Fut`crmty (OCF) wfs
mssunb fut`crmzmjk t`n HMX cllmenrs tc
nxfimjn Ofjefstnr's hccas cl feecujts fjb
ct`nr feecujtmjk rnecrbs lcr foo mjtnrjfo
rnvnjun tfxns bun lrci tfxfhon ynfr
y nfr 6==0 tc
fj ujspnemlmnb bftn. R`n bnlmemnjey tfx
fssnssinjt w`me` t`n HMX nvnjtufooy mssunb
fkfmjst t`n tfxpfynr wfs hfsnb cj
bmsfoocwfjen cl nxpnjsns rnpcrtnb mj lmsefo
 ynfr 6===, cr lcr t`n pnrmcb
p nrmcb Fprmo 6, 6==0 tc
Ifre` 56, 6===. Ms t`n fssnssinjt vfomb3
 F7 Jc. Nvnj t`cuk` t`n bftn fltnr t`n wcrbs "tfxfhon
 ynfr 6==0 tc" ms ujstftnb, mt ms jct ft foo bmllmeuot tc
bmsenrj t`ft t`n pnrmcb cl nxfimjftmcj ms t`n w`con
tfxfhon ynfr 6==0. R`ms infjs t`ft t`n nxfimjftmcj
cl Ofjefstnr iust ecvnr t`n L] pnrmcb lrci
6Fprmo6==; tc 56Ifre`6==0. Mt ecuob jct `fvn
ecjtnipoftnb f ocjknr pnrmcb. R`n nxfimjftmcj lcr
t`n luoo tfxfhon ynfr 6==0 cjoy ms ecjsmstnjt wmt` t`n
kumbnomjn mj Xnvnjun Inicrfjbui Crbnr (XIC)
Jc. 25- =4, bftnb 84 Unptnihnr 6==4, t`ft t`n OCF
s`foo ecvnr f tfxfhon pnrmcb jct nxennbmjk cjn tfxfhon
 ynfr. R`n tfxfhon ynfr ecvnrnb hy t`n fssnssinjt
 
V7 Bcns t`n Trctnst onttnr rnqunst lcr
rnecjsmbnrftmcj
rnecjsmbnrftmcj tcoo t`n pnrmcb tc ecoonet3
 F7 Jc, rnqunst lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj bcns jct tcoo t`n
pnrmcb tc ecoonet. Cjoy f rnqunst lcr rnmjvnstmkftmcj
bcns tcoo t`n pnrmcb tc ecoonet
V7 KGI lmonb mts Fjjufo Mjecin Rfx Xnturj
lcr t`n tfxfhon ynfr 6=== cj Fprmo 68, 8444.
HMX snjt LFJ t`rcuk` rnkmstnrnb ifmo cj
 Fprmo 62, 8445, wnoo wmt`mj t`n 5-ynfr
prnsermptmvn pnrmcb. KGI `cwnvnr bnjmns
`fvmjk rnenmvnb fjy LFJ. HMX lfmonb tc prcvn
t`ft KGI rnenmvnb t`n LFJ. U`cuob t`n
fssnssinjt hn kmvnj bun ecursn3
 F7 JC.  [`nj fj fssnssinjt ms ifbn wmt`mj t`n
prnsermptmvn pnrmcb, fs mj t`n efsn ft hfr, rnenmpt hy
t`n tfxpfynr ify cr ify jct hn wmt`mj sfmb pnrmcb.
Hut t`n ruon bcns jct bmspnjsn wmt` t`n rnqumrninjt
t`ft t`n tfxpfynr s`cuob fetufooy rnenmvn t`n
fssnssinjt jctmen, nvnj hnycjb t`n prnsermptmvn
pnrmcb. Ml t`n tfxpfynr bnjmns `fvmjk rnenmvnb t`n
fssnssinjt lrci t`n HMX, mt
m t t`nj hnecins mjeuihnjt
upcj t`n ofttnr tc prcvn hy ecipntnjt nvmbnjen t`ft
sue` jctmen wfs mjbnnb rnenmvnb hy t`n fbbrnssnn.
@nrn, t`n cjus prchfjbm `fs s`mltnb tc t`n HMX tc
s`cw hy ecjtrfry nvmbnjen t`ft KGI mjbnnb rnenmvnb
t`n fssnssinjt mj t`n bun ecursn cl ifmo. [`mon mt ms
trun t`ft fj fssnssinjt ms ifbn w`nj t`n jctmen ms
snjt wmt`mj t`n prnsermptmvn pnrmcb, t`n rnonfsn,
ifmomjk, cr snjbmjk cl t`n sfin iust stmoo hn eonfroy
fjb sftmslfetcrmoy prcvnb (EMX v. KGI, K.X. Jc.
848<=>, Lnhrufry 8=, 846<).
V7 [`ft ms f onttnr cl fut`crmty3
 F7 F onttnr
onttnr cl fut`crmty
fut`crmty ms f bceuinjt mssunb hy nmt`nr
t`n EMX cr f Xnvnjun Xnkmcjfo Bmrnetcr tc f rnvnjun
cllmenr fut`crmzmjk `mi/`nr tc ecjbuet fj fubmt cl t`n
 hccas cl feecujt fjb rnecrbs cl f tfxpfynr fjb occa
lcr pcssmhon bnlmemnjey tfx. R`n OCF iust cjoy ecvnr
cjn tfxfhon pnrmcb.
V7 R`n LBBF mssunb hy t`n EMX tc Omqumkfz
inrnoy ecjtfmjnb f tfhon cl Omqumkfz”s
suppcsnb tfx omfhmomtmns, wmt`cut prcvmbmjk
fjy bntfmos. R`n EMX nxpofmjs t`ft t`n LBBF
stmoo ecipomnb wmt` t`n rnqumrninjts cl t`n
ofw fs mt wfs mssunb mj ecjjnetmcj wmt` t`n
TFJ fjb LOB/LFJ, w`me` `fb fj fttfe`injt
f ttfe`injt
cl t`n bntfmos cl bmsernpfjemns. @njen, t`n EMX
ecjeoubns t`ft Omqumkfz wfs sullmemnjtoy
mjlcrinb mj wrmtmjk cl t`n lfetufo hfsns cl t`n
fssnssinjt. Ms t`n EMX ecrrnet3
 F7 JC. Mt ms ujbmsputnb t`ft t`n LBBF inrnoy
s`cwnb Omqumkfz” tfx omfhmomtmns wmt`cut fjy bntfmos
cj t`n spnemlme trfjsfetmcjs w`me` kfvn rmsn tc mts
suppcsnb tfx bnlmemnjemns. [`mon mt prcvmbnb lcr t`n
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
bmsernpfjemns.
R`n ruons spnemlmefooy rnqumrn t`ft t`n bnemsmcj cl
t`n EMX cr `ms buoy fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn cj f
bmsputnb fssnssinjt s`foo stftn t`n lfets, ofw fjb
ruons fjb rnkuoftmcjs, cr gurmsprubnjen cj w`me`
t`n bnemsmcj ms hfsnb. Lfmourn tc bc sc wcuob
mjvfombftn t`n LBBF. Rc ruon ct`nrwmsn wcuob
tconrftn fhusn fjb prngubmen. Rfxpfynrs wmoo hn
ujfhon tc lmon fj mjtnoomknjt fppnfo hnlcrn t`n ERF
fs t`ny wcuob hn ujfwfrn cj `cw t`n EMX cr `ms
fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn fpprnemftnb t`n bnlnjsn
rfmsnb mj ecjjnetmcj wmt` t`n fssnssinjt (EMX v.
 Omqumkfz T`momppmjns Ecrp., K.X. Jc.
Jc. 86>>52, Fprmo
60, 846<).
V7 [`ft ms t`n nllnet cl f vcmb LBBF3
 F7 LBBF t`ft bcns jct mjlcri t`n tfxpfynr mj
 wrmtmjk cl t`n lfets fjb ofw cj w`me` mt ms hfsnb
rnjbnrs t`n bnemsmcj  vcmb. R`n wrmttnj jctmen
rnqumrninjt lcr hct` t`n LOB fjb t`n LFJ ms mj
chsnrvfjen cl bun prcenss ‒ tc fllcrb t`n tfxpfynr
fbnquftn cppcrtujmty tc lmon f prctnst cj t`n
fssnssinjt fjb t`nrnfltnr lmon fj fppnfo mj efsn cl
fj fbvnrsn bnemsmcj.
@cwnvnr, f vcmb LBBF bcns jct mpsc lfetc rnjbnr
t`n fssnssinjt vcmb. R`n fssnssinjt
f ssnssinjt rnifmjs
rnifmjs vfomb
jctwmt`stfjbmjk t`n juoomty cl t`n LBBF hnefusn
t`n fssnssinjt mtsnol bmllnrs lrci f bnemsmcj cj t`n
bmsputnb fssnssinjt. Fj LBBF t`ft bcns jct
mjlcri t`n tfxpfynr mj wrmtmjk cl t`n lfets fjb ofw
cj w`me` mt ms hfsnb rnjbnrs t`n bnemsmcj vcmb.
R`nrnlcrn, mt ms fs ml t`nrn wfs jc bnemsmcj rnjbnrnb
rnjbnrnb
 hy t`n EMX. Mt ms tfjtficujt tc f bnjmfo hy mjfetmcj
 hy t`n EMX,
EM X, w`me` ify stmoo hn fppnfonb
f ppnfonb hnlcrn t`n
ERF fjb t`n fssnssinjt nvfouftnb cj t`n hfsms cl
t`n fvfmofhon nvmbnjen fjb bceuinjts (EMX v.
 Omqumkfz T`momppmjns Ecrp., K.X. Jc. Jc. 86>>52, Fprmo
60, 846<).
V7 TFKECX rnenmvnb f LFJ cj Gfjufry 6;,
8440 lcr pfyinjt cl bnlmemnjey Lrmjkn
Hnjnlmt Rfx. ; bfys oftnr, mt lmonb f prctnst tc
t`n LFJ fbbrnssnb tc XB Imsfgcj cl
Xnvnjun Xnkmcj Jc. < cl t`n HMX. Cj Fukust
62, 8440, TFKECX nonvftnb mts prctnst tc
EMX, t`nrn hnmjk jc fetmcj tfanj
tf anj t`nrncj fs
cl t`ft bftn. Cj Ifre` 66, 844=, TFKECX
lmonb f  Tntmtmcj
 Tntmtmcj lcr Xnvmnw  hnlcrn t`n ERF
foonkmjk rnspcjbnjt”s mjfetmcj mj mts prctnst.
ERF Bmvmsmcj bmsimssnb t`n pntmtmcj lcr
 hnmjk lmonb cut cl tmin. ERF  Nj hfje
fllmrinb ERF Bm vmsmcj”s ruomjk. Mj mts
 Tntmtmcj lcr Xnvmnw hnlcrn t`n UE,UE, TFKECX
frkuns t`ft mts prctnst hnlcrn t`n EMX cj
 Fukust 62, 8440 stfrts f jnw pnrmcb lrci
 w`me` tc bntnrimjn t`n ofst bfy tc lmon mts
pntmtmcj hnlcrn t`n ERF. Ms TFKECX
ify fppnfo tc t`n ERF wmt`mj 54 bfys lrci rnenmpt cl
t`n w`con cr pfrtmfo bnjmfo cl t`n prctnst.
8. Ml t`n prctnst ms w`cooy cr pfrtmfooy bnjmnb hy t`n EMX's
EM X's
fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn, t`nj t`n tfxpfynr ify
fppnfo tc t`n EMX wmt`mj 54 bfys lrci rnenmpt cl t`n
 w`con cr pfrtmfo bnjmfo
bnjmfo cl t`n prctnst.
5. Ml t`n EMX cr `ms fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn lfmonb tc
fet upcj t`n prctnst wmt`mj 604 bfys lrci suhimssmcj
cl t`n rnqumrnb suppcrtmjk bceuinjts, t`nj t`n
tfxpfynr ify fppnfo tc t`n ERF wmt`mj 54 bfys lrci
t`n ofpsn cl t`n 604-bfy pnrmcb.
Rc lurt`nr eofrmly t`n t`rnn cptmcjs7 F w`con cr pfrtmfo
bnjmfo hy t`n EMX”s rnprnsnjtftmvn
rnprnsnjtftmvn ify hn fppnfonb tc
t`n EMX cr t`n ERF. F w`con cr pfrtmfo bnjmfo hy t`n
EMX ify hn fppnfonb tc t`n ERF. R`n EMX cr t`n
ERF”s fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn”s lfmourn tc fet ify
 hn fppnfonb tc t`n ERF. R`nrn ms jc injtmcj cl fj
fppnfo tc t`n EMX lrci t`n lfmourn tc fet hy t`n EMX's
fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn.
rnprnsnjtftmvn.
TFKECX bmb jct wfmt lcr t`n XB cr t`n EMX”s
bnemsmcj cj mts prctnst. TFKECX ifbn snpfrftn fjb
sueenssmvn lmomjks hnlcrn t`n XB fjb t`n EMX hnlcrn mt
lmonb mts pntmtmcj wmt` t`n ERF. TFKECX rnjbnrnb t`n
snecjb cptmcj icct w`nj mt lcriuoftnb mts cwj ruon
fjb ‟nonvftnb fj fppnfo’ tc t`n EMX wmt`cut fjy
bnemsmcj lrci t`n XB. R`n t`mrb cptmcj stftns t`ft t`n
rninby lcr lfmourn tc fet hy t`n EMX cr `ms fut`crmznb
rnprnsnjtftmvn ms tc lmon fj fppnfo tc t`n ERF wmt`mj
54 bfys fltnr t`n ofpsn cl 604 bfys lrci t`n
suhimssmcj cl t`n rnqumrnb suppcrtmjk bceuinjts.
TFKECX eonfroy lfmonb tc bc t`ms. Ml wn ecjsmbnr, lcr
t`n sfan cl frkuinjt, TFKECX”s suhimssmcj hnlcrn
t`n EMX fs f snpfrftn prctnst fjb jct fs fj fppnfo,
t`nj sue` prctnst s`cuob hn bnjmnb lcr `fvmjk lmonb
cut cl tmin. Mt ms eonfr t`ft TFKECX lfmonb tc ifan
usn cl fjy cl t`n t`rnn cptmcjs bnsermhnb fhcvn.
Mjbnnb, TFKECX”s ofpsns mj prcenburn `fvn ifbn
t`n HMX”s fssnssinjt lmjfo, nxneutcr fjb bnifjbfhon
(TFKECX v. HMX, K.X. Jc. 840;56, Gfjufry 8;,
846<).
G^BMEMFO XNINBMNU
V7 Cj Ifre` ;, 6==6, EMX mssunb f Trn-
 Fssnssinjt Jctmen (TFJ) fkfmjst HTM lcr
bnlmemnjey tfxns, lcr tfxfhon ynfr 6=0<. R`n
ecujsno lcr HTM lmonb mts prctnst fkfmjst t`n
TFJ cj Fprmo 88, 6==6. Cj Ify <, 6==6, mssunb
f Onttnr, wmt` fttfe`nb Fssnssinjt Jctmens,
bnifjbmjk lcr t`n pfyinjt cl t`n bnlmemnjey
tfxns wmt`mj t`mrty (54) bfys lrci rnenmpt
t`nrncl. EHE lmonb mts Trctnst fkfmjst t`n
fssnssinjts cj Ify 8;, 6==6. R`n EMX bmb jct
fet upcj t`n prctnst.
EMX mjsmsts t`ft cj Lnhrufry >, 6==8 mt
ifmonb t`n fssnssinjt tc HTM w`me` iust hn
t`n rneacjmjk pcmjt tc prctnst fjb HTM
 Rfxftmcj Ofw
HTM ecrrnet3
 F7 ]ns. R`n fssnssinjt jctmen bftnb Ify <, 6==6
s`cuob hn bnninb fs t`n lmjfo bnemsmcj cl t`n EMX
cj t`n ifttnr, mj w`me` HTM tminoy prctnstnb cj
Ify 8;, 6==6. [`mon f ifmonb onttnr ms bnninb
rnenmvnb hy t`n fbbrnssnn mj t`n crbmjfry ecursn cl
ifmo, t`ms ms stmoo inrnoy f bmsputfhon prnsuiptmcj
suhgnet tc ecjtrcvnrsmcj, fjb f bmrnet bnjmfo cl t`n
rnenmpt t`nrncl s`mlts t`n hurbnj upcj t`n pfrty
lfvcrnb hy t`n prnsuiptmcj tc prcvn t`ft t`n
ifmonb onttnr wfs mjbnnb rnenmvnb hy t`n fbbrnssnn.
(Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun vs. Hfja cl t`n
 T`momppmjn Msofjbs, K.X. Jc. 88258;, Gujn 66, 8460)
V7 Kochnsifrt Unrvmens, Mje. rnenmvnb f LFJ
 wmt` LOB lrci t`n HMX lcr bnlmemnjey
mjecin tfx, \FR, fjb wmt``cobmjk tfx lcr
t`n tfxfhon ynfr 846< ficujtmjk tc T20
imoomcj. Kochnsifrt lmonb f prctnst fkfmjst
t`n fssnssinjt, hut t`n EMX bnjmnb t`n
prctnst. @njen, Kochnsifrt lmonb f pntmtmcj
lcr rnvmnw mj t`n ERF wmt` fj urknjt ictmcj
tc suspnjb t`n ecoonetmcj cl tfx.
 Fltnr `nfrmjk, t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj mssunb f
rnscoutmcj krfjtmjk t`n ictmcj tc suspnjb
 hut rnqumrnb Kochnsifrt tc pcst f surnty
 hcjb nqumvfonjt tc t`n bnlmemnjey
fssnssinjt wmt`mj 6> bfys lrci jctmen cl
t`n rnscoutmcj. Kochnsifrt icvnb lcr t`n
pfrtmfo rnecjsmbnrftmcj cl t`n rnscoutmcj
fjb lcr t`n rnbuetmcj cl t`n hcjb tc fj
ficujt mt ecuob chtfmj. R`n ERF Bmvmsmcj
mssunb fjct`nr rnscoutmcj rnbuemjk t`n
ficujt cl t`n surnty hcjb tc T82 imoomcj.
R`n ofttnr ficujt wfs stmoo icrn t`fj t`n
jnt wcrt` cl Kochnsifrt Unrvmens, Mje. fs
rnpcrtnb mj mts fubmtnb lmjfjemfo stftninjts.
f. Ify t`n ecoonetmcj cl tfxns hn
suspnjbnb3
h. Ms t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj gustmlmnb mj rnqumrmjk
Kochnsifrt tc pcst f surnty hcjb fs f
ecjbmtmcj lcr t`n suspnjsmcj cl t`n
bnlmemnjey tfx ecoonetmcj3 (846; Hfr)
 F7
f.  ]NU. Fs prcvmbnb hy XF Jc. 668>, fs
finjbnb hy XF Jc. =808, t`ft w`nj mj t`n
cpmjmcj cl t`n Ecurt t`n ecoonetmcj hy t`n
flcrninjtmcjnb kcvnrjinjt fknjemns ify
 gncpfrbmzn t`n mjtnrnst cl t`n Kcvnrjinjt
Kcvnrjinjt
fjb/ cr t`n tfxpfynr, t`n Ecurt fjy stfkn cl
t`n prcennbmjk ify suspnjb t`n sfmb
ecoonetmcj fjb rnqumrn t`n tfxpfynr nmt`nr tc
bnpcsmt t`n ficujt eofminb cr tc lmon f surnty
 hcjb lcr jct icrn t`fj bcuhon t`n ficujt
 wmt` t`n Ecurt.
 
s`cuob lmrst ecjbuet f prnomimjfry `nfrmjk lcr
t`n prcpnr bntnrimjftmcj cl t`n jnenssmty cl f
surnty hcjb cr t`n rnbuetmcj t`nrncl. Mj t`n
ecjbuet cl mts prnomimjfry `nfrmjk, t`n ERF
iust hfofjen t`n sefon hntwnnj t`n mj`nrnjt
pcwnr cl t`n Utftn tc tfx fjb mts rmk`t tc
prcsneutn pnrenmvnb trfjskrnsscrs cl t`n ofw,
cj cjn smbn1 fjb t`n ecjstmtutmcjfo rmk`ts cl
pntmtmcjnrs tc bun prcenss cl ofw fjb t`n nqufo
prctnetmcj cl t`n ofws, cj t`n ct`nr. Mj t`ms
efsn, t`n ERF lfmonb tc ecjsmbnr t`ft t`n
ficujt cl t`n surnty hcjb t`ft mt ms fsamjk
Kochnsifrt tc pfy ms icrn t`fj mts jnt wcrt`.
R`us, mt ms jnenssfry lcr t`n ERF tc lmrst
ecjbuet f prnomimjfry `nfrmjk tc kmvn tfxpfynr
fj cppcrtujmty tc prcvn mts mjfhmomty tc ecin up
 wmt` sue` ficujt.
V7 Fsmftrust Bnvnocpinjt Hfja, Mje.
(Fsmftrust) rnenmvnb lrci t`n EMX Lcrifo
Onttnrs cl Bnifjb (LOB) wmt` Fssnssinjt
Jctmens lcr bnlmemnjey mjtnrjfo rnvnjun
tfxns. Fsmftrust tminoy prctnstnb t`n
fssnssinjt jctmens. Bun tc t`n mjfetmcj cl
t`n EMX cj t`n prctnst, Fsmftrust lmonb hnlcrn
t`n ERF f Tntmtmcj lcr Xnvmnw prfymjk
prfymjk lcr t`n
efjenooftmcj cl t`n tfx fssnssinjts lcr
bnlmemnjey tfxns fjb fosc eofminb t`ft mt
fvfmonb cl t`n Rfx Fijnsty Ofw. R`n ERF
Bmvmsmcj pfrtmfooy fllmrinb t`n EMX”s
bnemsmcj, hut bneofrnb vcmb scin tfx
fssnssinjts lcr `fvmjk hnnj mssunb hnycjb
t`n t`rnn-ynfr prnsermptmvn pnrmcb. EMX lmonb
f Ictmcj lcr Tfrtmfo Xnecjsmbnrftmcj cl t`n
fssnssinjts fssfmomjk t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj's
lmjbmjk cl prnsermptmcj. R`n ERF Bmvmsmcj
finjbnb mts bnemsmcj. ^jsftmslmnb, hct`
pfrtmns fppnfonb tc ERF Nj Hfje. R`n ERF
Nj Hfje bnjmnb t`n EMX' s fppnfo
fpp nfo lcr lfmourn
tc lmon f prmcr ictmcj lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj cl
t`n Finjbnb Bnemsmcj. R`n EMX ecjtnjbs
t`ft t`n ERF Nj Hfje nrrnb mj bmsimssmjk `ms
fppnfo lcr lfmomjk tc lmon f ictmcj lcr
rnecjsmbnrftmcj cj t`n Finjbnb Bnemsmcj
fs f pnrusfo cl t`n Finjbnb Bnemsmcj s`cws
t`ft mt ms f inrn rnscoutmcj, icbmlymjk t`n
crmkmjfo Bnemsmcj. Ms t`n ecjtnjtmcj cl EMX
inrmtcrmcus3
 F7 JC. Unetmcj 6, Xuon 0 cl t`n Xnvmsnb Xuons
prcvmbn t`ft fj fppnfo tc t`n ERF Nj Hfje iust hn
prnenbnb hy t`n lmomjk cl f tminoy ictmcj lcr
rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr jnw trmfo wmt` t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj.
Lfmourn tc bc sc ms f krcujb lcr t`n bmsimssfo cl t`n
fppnfo fs t`n wcrb "iust" mjbmeftns t`ft t`n lmomjk
cl f prmcr ictmcj ms ifjbftcry, fjb jct inrnoy
bmrnetcry. Bun tc t`ms prcenburfo ofpsn, t`n
 Finjbnb Bnemsmcj
B nemsmcj `fs fttfmjnb lmjfomty mjsclfr fs
t`n EMX ms ecjenrjnb. R`n EMX, t`nrnlcrn, ify jc
ocjknr qunstmcj t`n inrmts cl t`n efsn
e fsn hnlcrn t`n UE.
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
trmfo hnlcrn t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj3
 F7 R`n lmomjk cl f ictmcj lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr jnw
trmfo hnlcrn t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj ms fj mjbmspnjsfhon
rnqumrninjt lcr lmomjk fj fppnfo hnlcrn t`n ERF Nj
Hfje. Lfmourn tc lmon sue` ictmcj lcr
rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr jnw trmfo ms efusn lcr bmsimssfo
cl t`n fppnfo hnlcrn t`n ERF Nj Hfje. (Emty cl
 Ifjmof v. Ecsics Hcttomjk Ecrpcrftmcj, K.X. Jc.
6=<<06, Gujn 8;, 8460)
V7 ANTEC Ecrpcrftmcj (ANTEC) lmonb wmt`
t`n HMX mts eofmi
eof mi lcr rnlujb mj t`n ficujt cl
T22=,><=,220.;5 rnprnsnjtmjk mjput tfx
mjeurrnb lcr t`n lmrst fjb snecjb qufrtnrs cl
t`n E] 8444 lrci mts mipcrtftmcj fjb
bcinstme pure`fsns cl efpmtfo kccbs fjb
snrvmens lcr t`n prcbuetmcj fjb sfons cl
nonetrmemty tc JFTCECX. ERF Lmrst L mrst Bmvmsmcj
rnjbnrnb f bnemsmcj mj lfvcr cl ANTEC. R`n
sfmb bnemsmcj hnefin lmjfo fjb nxneutcry,
`njen t`n ecurt mssunb f [rmt cl Nxneutmcj.
EMX lmonb f pntmtmcj lcr fjjuoinjt cl
 gubkinjt wmt` t`n ERF nj hfje h fje prfymjk lcr
t`n lcoocwmjk rnomnls7 (6) t`ft t`n Bnemsmcj hn
fjjuoonb cr snt fsmbn1 (8) t`ft t`n Njtry cl
Gubkinjt fjb [rmt cl Nxneutmcj hn
juoomlmnb1 fjb (5) t`ft t`n ERF Lmrst
L mrst Bmvmsmcj
 hn bmrnetnb tc rn- cpnj t`n efsn. ANTEC
ecjtnjbs t`ft EMX ms jctj ct ofwluooy njtmtonb tc
fjjuoinjt cl gubkinjt cj t`n krcujb t`ft
t`n ERF nj hfje ms hnrnlt cl gurmsbmetmcj cj
t`n prnimsn t`ft t`n Xuons cl Ecurt, XF Jc.
=808, fjb t`n Xnvmsnb Xuons cl t`n Ecurt cl
Rfx Fppnfos bc jct nxprnssoy prcvmbn f
rninby cj fjjuoinjt cl gubkinjts. Bmb t`n
ERF nj hfje ecrrnetoy bnjy t`n pntmtmcj lcr
fjjuoinjt cl gubkinjt3
 F7 ]NU. R`n pntmtmcj bnsmkjftnb fs cjn lcr
fjjuoinjt cl gubkinjt wfs onkfooy fjb
prcenburfooy mjlmri fjb, t`us, wfs scujboy
bmsimssnb hy t`n ERF Nj Hfje cj sue` krcujb.
 Fosc, t`n ERF ecuob jct `fvn
`fvn trnftnb t`n pntmtmcj
pntmtmcj fs
fj fppnfo cr f ecjtmjuftmcj cl t`n efsn hnlcrn t`n
ERF Lmrst Bmvmsmcj hnefusn t`n ofttnr's bnemsmcj `fb
 hnecin lmjfo fjb nxneutcry fjb, t`us, jc ocjknr
suhgnet tc fj fppnfo.
Mjstnfb, w`ft rnifmjnb fs f rninby lcr t`n
pntmtmcjnr wfs tc lmon f pntmtmcj lcr enrtmcrfrm ujbnr
Xuon <>, w`me` ecuob `fvn hnnj lmonb fs fj crmkmjfo
fetmcj hnlcrn t`ms Ecurt fjb jct hnlcrn t`n ERF Nj
Hfje. Enrtmcrfrm ms fvfmofhon w`nj t`nrn ms jc fppnfo
cr fjy ct`nr
c t`nr pofmj, spnnby fjb fbnquftn rninby mj
t`n crbmjfry ecursn cl ofw, sue` fs mj t`n efsn ft
 hfr. Umjen t`n pntmtmcj hnocw
hnocw mjvcanb t`n
t`n krcss fjb
pfopfhon jnkomknjen cl pntmtmcjnr's ecujsno w`me` ms
foonknboy tfjtficujt tc mts hnmjk bnprmvnb cl bun
prcenss fjb mts bfy mj ecurt fs pfrty- omtmkfjt fjb,
Jftmcjfo Mjtnrjfo
Xnvnjun Ecbn (JMXE), w`me` pnrmcbs mt eofmise ofmis tc hn
 gurmsbmetmcjfo, t`nj t`n prcpnr rninby t`ft
pntmtmcjnr s`cuob `fvn fvfmonb cl wfs mjbnnb f
pntmtmcj lcr enrtmcrfrm ujbnr Xuon <>, fj crmkmjfo cr
mjbnpnjbnjt fetmcj prnimsnb cj t`n puhome
rnspcjbnjt `fvmjk fetnb wmt`cut cr mj nxenss cl
 gurmsbmetmcj cr wmt` krfvn fhusn cl bmserntmcj
ficujtmjk tc ofea cr nxenss
nx enss cl gurmsbmetmcj.
@cwnvnr, smjen f enrtmcrfrm pntmtmcj ms jct f
ecjtmjuftmcj cl t`n fppnooftn prcenss hcrjn cut cl
t`n crmkmjfo efsn hut ms f snpfrftn fetmcj lceusnb cj
fetmcjs t`ft frn mj nxenss cr wfjtmjk cl gurmsbmetmcj,
t`nj mt efjjct hn lmonb mj t`n sfin trmhujfo w`csn
fetmcjs frn hnmjk fssfmonb hut ms mjstnfb eckjmzfhon
 hy f `mk`nr trmhujfo w`me`, mj t`n
t`n efsn cl t`n ERF, ms
t`ms Ecurt. Mj t`n efsn mjvcovmjk pntmtmcjnr, t`n
pntmtmcj ecuob `fvn hnnj lmonb bmrnetoy wmt` t`ms
Ecurt, nvnj wmt`cut fjy jnnb tc lmon f ictmcj lcr
rnecjsmbnrftmcj wmt` t`n ERF bmvmsmcj cr Nj Hfje, fs
t`n efsn fppnfrs tc lfoo ujbnr cjn cl t`n rneckjmznb
nxenptmcjs tc t`n ruon rnqumrmjk sue` f ictmcj fs f
prnrnqumsmtn tc lmomjk sue` pntmtmcj. ( Eciimssmcjnr
cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun vs Anpec Ecrpcrftmcj, K.X. Jc.
6==288, Gujn 86, 846<)
846< )
V7 Rnfi Uufo Ecrpcrftmcj (RUE) lmonb mts
fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi lcr rnlujb lcr tfxfhon
 ynfr 8446
8446 cj Ifre`
Ifre` 84, 8445, wnoo wmt`mj
wmt`mj t`n
twc-ynfr pnrmcb. prcvmbnb lcr hy ofw. RUE
t`nj lmonb twc snpfrftn gubmemfo eofmis lcr
rnlujb7 cjn cj Ifre` 56, 8445 lcr t`n lmrst
qufrtnr cl 8446, fjb t`n ct`nr cj Guoy 85,
8445 lcr t`n snecjb, t`mrb, fjb lcurt`
qufrtnrs cl t`n sfin ynfr. Bcns ERF `fs
 gurmsbmetmcj tc fet cj RUE' s twc gubmemfo
eofmis lcr rnlujb3
 F7 Hntwnnj t`n Ifre` 56 fjb t`n Guoy 85 pntmtmcjs
lcr rnvmnw lmonb hy RUE, t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj cjoy
fequmrnb gurmsbmetmcj cvnr t`n ofttnr. Mj crbnr lcr t`n
ERF tc fequmrn gurmsbmetmcj cvnr f gubmemfo eofmi lcr
rnlujb cr tfx ernbmt frmsmjk lrci ujutmomznb mjput
 \FR, t`n sfmb eofmi iust lmrst ecipoy wmt` t`n
ifjbftcry 684+54-bfy wfmtmjk pnrmcb. Fjy gubmemfo
eofmi lcr rnlujb cr tfx ernbmt lmonb mj ecjtrfvnjtmcj
cl sfmb pnrmcb ms rnjbnrnb prnifturn, bnprmvmjk t`n
ERF cl gurmsbmetmcj tc fet cj mt (Rnfi ( Rnfi Uufo
Ecrpcrftmcj vs. Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo
M jtnrjfo Xnvnjun,
K.X. Jcs. 84688>-8<, 846658, 846655, Fprmo 60,
8460)
8460 )
V7 Bmsputmjk t`n fssnssinjt, TFKECX
fppnfonb tc t`n Unerntfry cl Gustmen, cj t`n
 hfsms cl Unetmcjs << fjb <; cl t`n Xnvmsnb
 Fbimjmstrftmvn Ecbn, w`me` prcvmbns t`ft
‟foo bmsputns/eofmis
bmsputns/eofmis fjb ecjtrcvnrsmns,
sconoy hntwnnj cr ficjk t`n bnpfrtinjts,
 Rfxftmcj Ofw
fkrnninjts s`foo hn fbimjmstrftmvnoy
snttonb cr fbgubmeftnb hy t`n Unerntfry cl
Gustmen fs Fttcrjny-Knjnrfo
Fttcrjny-Knjnrfo cl t`n Jftmcjfo
Kcvnrjinjt fjb fs nx cllmemc onkfo fbvmsnr
cl foo kcvnrjinjt- cwjnb cr - ecjtrcoonb
ecrpcrftmcjs ml mjvcovmjk cjoy qunstmcjs cl
ofw.’
R`n EMX ecjtnjbs t`ft t`n ERF `fs
 gurmsbmetmcj pursufjt
pursufjt tc Unetmcj
Unetmcj ;(6) cl X.F.
Jc. 668>, w`me` krfjts t`n ERF t`n nxeousmvn
fppnooftn gurmsbmetmcj tc rnvmnw, ficjk
ct`nrs, t`n bnemsmcjs cl t`n Eciimssmcjnr
cl Mjtnrjfo
Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun ‟mj efsns mjvcovmjk
bmsputnb fssnssinjts, rnlujbs cl mjtnrjfo
rnvnjun tfxns, lnns cr ct`nr e`frkns,
pnjfotmns mipcsnb mj rnoftmcj t`nrntc, cr
ct`nr ifttnrs frmsmjk ujbnr t`n JMXE cr
ct`nr ofw cr pfrt cl ofw fbimjmstnrnb hy t`n
Hurnfu cl Mjtnrjfo
Mj tnrjfo Xnvnjun.
Ms TFKECX ecrrnet3
 F7 JC. Lcoocwmjk t`n ruon cj stftutcry
ecjstruetmcj mjvcovmjk f knjnrfo fjb f spnemfo ofw,
t`nj T.B. Jc. 828 s`cuob jct fllnet X.F. Jc. 668>.
X.F. Jc. 668>, spnemlmefooy Unetmcj ; t`nrncl cj t`n
 gurmsbmetmcj cl t`n ERF, ecjstmtutns
ecjstmtutns fj nxenptmcj tc
tc
T.B. Jc. 828. Bmsputns, eofmis fjb ecjtrcvnrsmns,
lfoomjk ujbnr Unetmcj ; cl X.F. Jc. 668>, nvnj
t`cuk` sconoy ficjk kcvnrjinjt cllmens, fknjemns,
fjb mjstruinjtfomtmns, mjeoubmjk KCEEs, rnifmj mj
t`n nxeousmvn fppnooftn gurmsbmetmcj cl t`n ERF.
Uue` f ecjstruetmcj rnscovns t`n foonknb
mjecjsmstnjey cr ecjlomet hntwnnj t`n twc stftutns.
(EMX v. Unerntfry cl Gustmen, K.X. Jc. 6;;50;,
 Jcvnihnr =, 846<
8 46<,, emtmjk  T`momppmjn Jftmcjfo Cmo
Ecipfjy v. Ecurt cl Fppnfos, K.X. Jcs. 64==;<
fjb 668044, Fprmo 8<, 844> )
Mj EMX v. Unerntfry cl Gustmen,
Gustmen , tc rnstftn, fs f
knjnrfo ruon, foo bmsputns/eofmis
bmsputns/eofmis fjb ecjtrcvnrsm
ec jtrcvnrsmns,
ns,
sconoy hntwnnj cr ficjk t`n bnpfrtinjts, hurnfus,
hurnfus,
cllmens, fknjemns fjb mjstruinjtfomtmns cl t`n
Jftmcjfo Kcvnrjinjt, mjeoubmjk KCEEs, sue` fs
t`csn frmsmjk lrci t`n mjtnrprntftmcj fjb
fppomeftmcj cl stftuns, ecjtrfets cr fkrnninjts
s`foo hn fbimjmstrftmvnoy snttonb cr fbgubmeftnb hy
t`n Unerntfry cl Gustmen cr t`n Ucomemtcr Knjnrfo.
(Unes. <<-<0, Xnvmsnb Fbimjmstrftmvn
Fbimjmstrftmvn Ecbn)
 Fs fj nxenptmcj, w`nj t`n bmsputns/eofmis
bmsputns/eofmis fjb
ecjtrcvnrsmns mjvcovns f tfx fssnssinjt,
f ssnssinjt, nvnj
nvnj w`nj
t`n pfrtmns tc t`n bmsputn frn bnpfrtinjts,
 hurnfus, cllmens, fknjemns fjb mjstruinjtfomtmns
mjstruinjtfomtmns cl
cl
t`n Jftmcjfo Kcvnrjinjt, mjeoubmjk KCEEs, t`n
nxeousmvn fppnooftn gurmsbmetmcj rnifmjs wmt` t`n
ERF. (Une. ;, XF 668>)
V7 Efj t`n ERF nj hfje njtnrtfmj f pntmtmcj
 
 w`nrnmj t`n fppnooftn
fppnooftn ecurt ify fjjuo f bnemsmcj
bnemsmcj cl
t`n rnkmcjfo trmfo ecurt, cr t`n ofttnr ecurt ify
fjjuo f bnemsmcj cl t`n iujmempfo cr intrcpcomtfj
trmfo ecurt. R`n ofws ernftmjk t`n ERF fjb
nxpfjbmjk mts gurmsbmetmcj (XF Jcs. 668> fjb =808)
fjb t`n ecurt”s cwj ruons cl prcenburn (t`n Xnvmsnb
Xuons cl t`n ERF) bc jct sfjetmcj sue` f prcenburn.
R`n ERF smttmjk Nj Hfje efjjct fjjuo f bnemsmcj cl
cjn cl mts bmvmsmcjs. R`n bmvmsmcjs frn jct ecjsmbnrnb
snpfrftn fjb bmstmjet ecurts hut frn bmvmsmcjs cl cjn
fjb t`n sfin ecurt1 t`nrn ms jc `mnrfre`y cl ecurts
 wmt`mj t`n Ecurt cl Rfx Fppnfos, lcr t`ny nfe`
rnifmj fs cjn ecurt jctwmt`stfjbmjk t`ft t`ny fosc
 wcra mj bmvmsmcjs. Hy fjfocky, t`n Uuprnin Ecurt
smttmjk Nj Hfje ms jct fj fppnooftn ecurt vms-ä -vms mts
bmvmsmcjs, fjb mt nxnremsns jc fppnooftn gurmsbmetmcj
cvnr t`n ofttnr. R`us, mt fppnfrs ecjtrfry tc t`nsn
lnfturns t`ft f ecoonkmfo ecurt, smttmjk Nj
smttmjk  Nj Hfje,
Hfje , ify
 hn efoonb upcj tc fjjuo f bnemsmcj cl cjn cl mts
bmvmsmcjs w`me` `fb hnecin lmjfo fjb nxneutcry, lcr
mt ms tfjtficujt tc foocwmjk f ecurt tc fjjuo mts cwj
 gubkinjt fjb feajcwonbkmjk
feajcwonbkmjk t`ft f `mnrfre`y nxmsts
nxmsts
 wmt`mj sue` ecurt.
ecurt. (EMX
(EMX v. Anpec Momgfj
Mo mgfj Ecrpcrftmcj,
K.X. Jc. 6==288, Gujn 86, 846<)
846< )
V7 Efj t`n UE tfan eckjmzfjen cl f pntmtmcj
lcr fjjuoinjt cl f bnemsmcj cl t`n ERF
Bmvmsmcj cr cl t`n ERF nj hfje3
 F7 JC.  F bmrnet pntmtmcj lcr fjjuoinjt cl f
 gubkinjt cl t`n ERF tc t`n Uuprnin Ecurt,
infjw`mon, ms ujfvfmomjk, lcr t`n sfin rnfscj t`ft
t`nrn ms jc mbnjtmefo rninby wmt` t`n @mk` Ecurt tc
fjjuo f lmjfo fjb nxne
nxneutcry
utcry gubkinjt cl t`n Ecurt cl
 Fppnfos. XF Jc. =808, Unetmcj 6 puts t`n ERF cj t`n t`n
sfin onvno fs t`n Ecurt cl Fppnfos, sc t`ft ml t`n
ofttnr”s lmjfo gubkinjts ify jct hn fjjuoonb hnlcrn
t`n UE, t`nj t`n ERF”s cwj bnemsmcjs smimofroy ify
jct hn sc fjjuoonb. Fjb icrn mipcrtfjtoy,
fjjuoinjt cl gubkinjt ms fj crmkmjfo fetmcj, ynt, mt ms
jct ficjk t`n efsns njuinrftnb mj t`n
Ecjstmtutmcj”s Frtmeon \MMM, Unetmcj > cvnr w`me` t`n
UE nxnremsns crmkmjfo gurmsbmetmcj. Fjjuoinjt cl
 gubkinjt fosc cltnj rnqumrns fj fbgubmeftmcj cl
lfets, f tfsa t`ft t`n Ecurt ocft`ns tc pnrlcri, fs mt ms
jct f trmnr cl lfets. (EMX
(EMX v. Anpec Momgfj Ecrpcrftmcj,
K.X. Jc. 6==288, Gujn 86, 846<)
846< )
RFPTF]NXU HMOO CL XMK@RU
Lcr f hnttnr ujbnrstfjbmjk
ujbnrstfjbmjk cl fbimjmstrftmvn
fbimjmstrftmvn
fjb gubmemfo rninbmns mj f juts`noo, t`n HMX
`fs rnonfsnb t`n Rfxpfynrs Hmoo cl Xmk`ts
 w`me` ms f eciprn`njsmvn
eciprn`njsmvn fjb smipomlmnb
kumbn lcr tfx rninbmns fjb rnecursns.
6.  [`nj bcns t`n fubmt prcenss hnkmj3
R`n fubmt prcenss eciinjens
prcenss eciinjens wmt` t`n snrvmen cl f
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
8. @cw ifjy tmins efj f tfxpfynr”s hccas cl feecujts
fjb rnecrbs hn suhgnetnb tc nxfimjftmcj fjb
mjspnetmcj3
Lcr mjecin tfx purpcsns, sue` nxfimjftmcj fjb
mjspnetmcj s`foo
mjspnetmcj s`foo hn ifbn cjoy cjen mj f tfxfhon
 ynfr,
 ynfr,
Nxenpt mj t`n lcoocwmjk efsns7
(f) [`nj t`n Eciimssmcjnr bntnrimjns
bntnrimjns t`ft lrfub,
mrrnkuofrmtmns, cr imstfans wnrn eciimttnb1
(h) [`nj t`n tfxpfynr rnqunsts rnmjvnstmkftmcj1
(e) [`nj t`nrn ms f jnnb tc vnrmly t`n tfxpfynr”s
ecipomfjen wmt` wmt``cobmjk tfx ofws fjb
rnkuoftmcjs1
(b) [`nj t`n tfxpfynr”s efpmtfo kfmjs tfx omfhmomtmns
iust hn vnrmlmnb1 fjb
(n) [`nj t`n Eciimssmcjnr
Eciimssmcjnr e`ccsns tc nxnremsn `ms
pcwnr ujbnr Unetmcj >(H) cl t`n JMXE tc chtfmj
mjlcriftmcj lrci ct`nr pnrscjs, mj w`me` efsn,
fjct`nr cr snpfrftn nxfimjftmcj fjb mjspnetmcj
ify hn ifbn.
5.  [mt`mj w`ft tmin pnrmcb 
pnrmcb  iust fj
fssnssinjt hn
fssnssinjt hn ifbn3
KX7 Fj
KX7 Fj fssnssinjt iust hn ifbn wmt`mj t`rnn (5) (5)
 ynfrs lrci t`n ofst bfy prnsermhnb hy ofw lcr t`n
lmomjk cl t`n tfx rnturj, lcr t`n tfx t`ft ms hnmjk
suhgnetnb tc fssnssinjt cr lrci t`n bfy t`n rnturj
 wfs lmonb, ml lmonb oftn.
oftn. (Unetmcj 845, JMXE).
PTJs7
6. Lfosn cr lrfubuonjt rnturj, cr cl lfmourn tc
lmon f rnturj, t`n Hurnfu `fs tnj (64) ynfrs
lrci t`n bftn cl bmsecvnry cl sue` lfosmty,
lrfub, cr cimssmcj wmt`mj w`me` tc ifan
t`n fssnssinjt. (Unetmcj 888, JMXE).
8. R`n pnrmcb tc fssnss ify hn nxtnjbnb
t`rcuk` t`n nxneutmcj hy t`n tfxpfynr cl f
 wrmttnj [fmvnr cl t`n Utftutn cl Omimtftmcjs
Omimtftmcjs
 hnlcrn t`n nxpmrftmcj cl t`n prnsermptmvn
prnsermptmvn
pnrmcb tc fssnss. (Unetmcj 888, JMXE)
2.  [`ft ms f Trnomimjfry Fssnssinjt Jctmen
(TFJ)3
(TFJ)3
R`n TFJ ms f wrmttnj
f wrmttnj eciiujmeftmcj
eciiujmeftmcj mssunb
 mssunb
 hy t`n Eciimssmcjnr
Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun
Xnvnjun cr `ms
buoy fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn mjlcrimjk f
tfxpfynr 
tfxpfynr  w`c `fs hnnj fubmtnb cl t`n
lmjbmjks cl `ms bnlmemnjey tfx/ns , s`cwmjk
mj bntfmos t`n lfets fjb t`n ofw, ruons fjb
rnkuoftmcjs, fjb/cr gurmsprubnjen cj w`me`
t`n fssnssinjt ms hfsnb.
hfsnb .
Ml t`n tfxpfynr bmsfkrnns wmt`
bmsfkrnns  wmt` t`n lmjbmjks
>. ^jbnr w`ft mjstfjens ms TFJ jc ocjknr
rnqumrnb3
rnqumrnb3
 F TFJ s`foo jct hn
hn rnqumrnb mj fjy cl t`n lcoocwmjk
efsns, mj w`me` efsn, mssufjen cl t`n Lmjfo
 Fssnssinjt Jctmen 
Jctmen  lcr t`n pfyinjt cl t`n
tfxpfynr”s bnlmemnjey tfx omfhmomty s`foo hn
sullmemnjt7
sullmemnjt7
(f) [`nj t`n lmjbmjk lcr fjy bnlmemnjey tfx ms t`n
rnsuot cl ift`niftmefo nrrcr mj
nrrcr mj t`n eciputftmcj
cl t`n tfx fppnfrmjk cj t`n lfen cl t`n tfx rnturj lmonb
 hy t`n tfxpfynr1 cr
 h) [`nj f bmsernpfjey
bmsernpfjey `fs hnnj bntnrimjnb
bntnrimjnb hntwnnj
t`n tfx wmt``nob fjb t`n ficujt fetufooy
rnimttnb hy
rnimttnb hy t`n wmt``cobmjk fknjt1 cr
(e) [`nj f tfxpfynr w`c cptnb tc eofmi f rnlujb
cr tfx ernbmt 
ernbmt   cl nxenss ernbmtfhon wmt``cobmjk tfx
lcr f tfxfhon pnrmcb wfs bntnrimjnb tc `fvn efrrmnb
cvnr fjb futciftmefooy fppomnb t`n sfin ficujt
eofminb fkfmjst t`n nstmiftnb tfx omfhmomtmns lcr t`n
tfxfhon qufrtnr cr qufrtnrs cl t`n sueennbmjk tfxfhon
 ynfr1 cr
(b) [`nj t`n nxemsn tfx bun cj
bun  cj nxemsfhon frtmeons
`fs jct hnnj pfmb1
pfmb1 cr
(n) [`nj fj frtmeon ocefooy pure`fsnb cr
mipcrtnb hy
mipcrtnb  hy fj
f j nxnipt pnrscj,
pnrscj , sue` fs, hut jct
omimtnb tc vn`meons, efpmtfo nqumpinjt, ife`mjnrmns
fjb spfrn pfrts, `fs hnnj scob, trfbnb cr
trfjslnrrnb tc jcj-nxnipt pnrscjs   (Unetmcj
880, JMXE).
<.  [`ft ms f Lmjfo Fssnssinjt
Fssnssinjt Jctmen (LFJ)3
 Fj LOB/LFJ ms f  wrmttnj bnifjb tc pfy
bnlmemnjey tfxns (
tfxns ( XX 60-8465
60-8465 bftnb Jcvnihnr 80,
8465 fjb XIE 66-8462 bftnb Lnhrufry 60, 8462 )
mssunb tc f tfxpfynr w`c
tfxpfynr  w`c lfmos tc rnspcjb tc f
TFJ wmt`mj t`n prnsermptmvn pnrmcb cl tmin , cr
 w`csn rnpoy  tc
  tc t`n TFJ wfs lcujb tc hn  wmt`cut
inrmt,
inrmt, w`nt`nr mj luoo cr mj pfrt.
R`n LFJ/LOB efoomjk lcr pfyinjt cl t`n tfxpfynr”s
bnlmemnjey tfx cr tfxns s`foo stftn t`n lfets, t`n ofw,
ruons fjb rnkuoftmcjs, cr gurmsprubnjen cj w`me` t`n
fssnssinjt ms hfsnb, ct`nrwmsn, t`n LFJ/LOB s`foo
 hn vcmb.
;.  [`ft ms t`n rnecursn cl f tfxpfynr w`c efjjct
suhimt t`n bceuinjts hnmjk rnqumrnb cl `mi
 wmt`mj t`n prnsermhnb
prnsermhnb pnrmcb3
pnrmcb3
 F tfxpfynr, hnomnvmjk t`ft `n efjjct prnsnjt `ms
 hccas cl
c l feecujts fjb/cr ct`nr feecujtmjk
fe ecujtmjk rnecrbs,
 w`c mjtnjbs
mjtnjbs tc
tc rnqunst
rnqunst lcr icrn tmin
tmin tc prnsnjt t`nsn
 Rfxftmcj Ofw
0.  [`ft ms f [fmvnr cl t`n Bnlnjsn cl Trnsermptmcj
ujbnr t`n Utftutn cl Omimtftmcjs cl t`n JMXE3
R`n [fmvnr cl t`n Bnlnjsn cl Trnsermptmcj ujbnr
t`n Utftutn cl Omimtftmcjs ms f smkjnb wrmttnj
stftninjt,
stftninjt, nxneutnb hnlcrn t`n nxpmrftmcj cl
t`n pnrmcb tc fssnss cr tc ecoonet , w`nrnhy t`n
tfxpfynr ecjvnys `ms fkrnninjt tc nxtnjb
 wmt`mj f spnemlme luturn bftn t`n
bftn t`n pnrmcb wmt`mj
 w`me` t`n Hurnfu ify vfomboy mssun fjb
fssnssinjt lcr fjb/cr ecoonet bnlmemnjey
tfxns.
tfxns.
Ml f tfxpfynr cpts tc nxneutn f wfmvnr cl t`n Utftutn
cl Omimtftmcjs, `n s`foo omanwmsn hn, mj nllnet,
 wfmvmjk `ms rmk`t tc mjvcan t`n bnlnjsn cl
prnsermptmcj 
prnsermptmcj  lcr fssnssinjt mssunb fltnr t`n
rnkoninjtfry pnrmcb.
Jc wfmvnr cl Utftutn cl Omimtftmcjs s`foo hn
ecjsmbnrnb vfomb ujonss mt ms feenptnb hy f buoy
fut`crmznb Hurnfu cllmemfo. (XIC 62-846< bftnb
 Fprmo 2, 846<)
=. Ml f tfxpfynr bcns jct fkrnn wmt` t`n
fssnssinjt
fssnssinjt ifbn lcoocwmjk fj fubmt, efj `n
prctnst t`ms fssnssinjt3
fssnssinjt3
 F tfxpfynr `fs t`n rmk`t tc ecjtnst fj fssnssinjt
fjb ify bc sc hy lmomjk7
lm omjk7
f) f rnspcjsn tc t`n TFJ  TFJ   wmt`mj 6> bfys
lrci rnenmpt cl t`n TFJ1
 h)  h) f Trctnst 
Trctnst   tc t`n LOB/LFJ wmt`mj 54
bfys lrci bftn cl rnenmpt cl t`n LOB/LFJ
nmt`nr t`rcuk` f Xnqunst lcr
Xnecjsmbnrftmcj cr f Xnqunst lcr
Xnmjvnstmkftmcj.
Xnmjvnstmkftmcj.
Xnqunst lcr Xnecjsmbnrftmcj ― rnlnrs tc
f ponf lcr rn-nvfouftmcj cl fj
fssnssinjt cj t`n hfsms cl nxmstmjk
rnecrbs wmt`cut jnnb cl fbbmtmcjfo
nvmbnjen.
nvmbnjen.
Mt ify mjvcovn f qunstmcj cl lfet cr cl
c l ofw cr hct`.
Xnqunst lcr Xnmjvnstmkftmcj ― rnlnrs tc f ponf lcr
rn-nvfouftmcj cl fj fssnssinjt cj t`n  hfsms cl
jnwoy bmsecvnrnb cr f bbmtmcjfo
bbmtmcjfo nvmbnjen t`ft
nvmbnjen  t`ft
f tfxpfynr mjtnjbs
m jtnjbs tc prnsnjt mj t`n rnmjvnstmkftmcj.
Mt ify fosc mjvcovn f qunstmcj cl lfet cr cl ofw cr
 hct`. (XX 60-8465
60-8465 bftnb Jcvnihnr
Jcvnihnr 80, 8465)
64.  [`ft frn t`n e`frfetnrmstmes cl f  vfomb
prctnst3
prctnst3
R`n tfxpfynr iust lmon f prctnst  wmt`mj t`mrty
(54) bfys 
bfys  lrci t`n bftn cl rnenmpt cl t`n
 
bmsecvnrnb cr fbbmtmcjfo nvmbnjen `n mjtnjbs tc
prnsnjt ml mt ms f rnqunst lcr rnmjvnstmkftmcj,
 h) bftn cl t`n fssnssinjt jctmen,jctmen , fjb
e) t`n fppomefhon ofw , ruons fjb rnkuoftmcjs cr
 gurmsprubnjen cj w`me` `ms prctnst ms hfsnb,
ct`nrwmsn, `ms prctnst wmoo hn ecjsmbnrnb vcmb fjb
 wmt`cut lcren fjb nllnet.
Lcr rnqunst lcr rnmjvnstmkftmcj, t`n tfxpfynr s`foo
suhimt foo rnonvfjt suppcrtmjk bceuinjts mj
suppcrt cl `ms prctnst wmt`mj smxty (<4) bfys lrci
bftn cl lmomjk cl `ms onttnr cl prctnst, ct`nrwmsn, t`n
fssnssinjt s`foo hnecin lmjfo. R`n tnri ’rnonvfjt
suppcrtmjk
suppcrtm jk bceuinjts’ rnlnr tc t`csn bceuinjts
jnenssfry tc suppcrt t`n onkfo fjb lfetufo hfsns mj
bmsputmjk f tfx fssnssinjt fs bntnrimjnb hy t`n
tfxpfynr.
R`n smxty (<4)-bfy pnrmcb lcr t`n suhimssmcj cl foo
rnonvfjt suppcrtmjk bceuinjts s`foo jct fppoy tc
rnqunsts lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj.
Lurt`nricrn, t`n tnri ‟t`n fssnssinjt s`foo hnecin
lmjfo‟ s`foo infj t`n tfxpfynr ms hfrrnb lrci
bmsputmjk t`n ecrrnetjnss cl t`n mssunb fssnssinjt hy
mjtrcbuetmcj cl jnwoy bmsecvnrnb cr fbbmtmcjfo
nvmbnjen, fjb t`n LBBF s`foo ecjsnqunjtoy hn mssunb
bnjymjk t`n prctnst. Ml t`n tfxpfynr lfmos tc lmon f vfomb
prctnst fkfmjst t`n LOB/LFJ wmt`mj t`mrty (54) bfys
lrci bftn cl rnenmpt t`nrncl, t`n fssnssinjt s`foo
 hnecin lmjfo, nxneutcry fjb bnifjbfhon (XX 60-
8465 bftnb Jcvnihnr 80, 8465)
66. Mj t`n nvnjt t`ft t`n prctnst ms bnjmnb mj w`con
cr mj pfrt,
pfrt, cr ms jct fetnb upcj upcj   hy t`n
Eciimssmcjnr”s buoy fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn,
 w`ft fotnrjftmvn rnecursn cl
rnecursn  cl fetmcj ms cpnj tc f
Rfxpfynr3
Ml t`n prctnst ms bnjmnb, mj w`con cr mj pfrt, hy t`n
Eciimssmcjnr cr `ms buoy fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn,
t`n tfxpfynr ify nmt`nr7
f) fppnfo tc t`n Ecurt cl Rfx Fppnfos,
Fppnfos , t`rcuk`
f Tntmtmcj lcr Xnvmnw , wmt`mj t`mrty (54) bfys lrci
rnenmpt cl t`n sfmb bnemsmcj1 cr
 h) nonvftn `ms prctnst t`rcuk` rnqunst lcr
rnecjsmbnrftmcj tc t`n Eciimssmcjnr   wmt`mj
t`mrty (54) bfys lrci bftn cl rnenmpt cl t`n sfmb
bnemsmcj.
Jc rnqunst lcr rnmjvnstmkftmcj s`foo hn
foocwnb mj fbimjmstrftmvn fppnfo  fppnfo   fjb cjoy
mssuns rfmsnb mj t`n bnemsmcj cl t`n Eciimssmcjnr”s
buoy fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn s`foo hn njtnrtfmjnb
 hy t`n Eciimssmcjnr.
Eciimssmcjnr.
Ml t`n prctnst ms jct fetnb upcj upcj   hy t`n
Eciimssmcjnr”s buoy fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn
 wmt`mj cjn `ujbrnb nmk`ty (604) bfys ecujtnb
lrci t`n bftn cl lmomjk cl t`n prctnst  mj efsn f
 ^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
fssnssinjt. (Unetmcj 880, JMXE fjb XX 60-8465
bftnb Jcvnihnr 80, 8465)
68. [`ft
68. [`ft rnecursn ms cpnj tc
tc f Rfxpfynr ml `ms rnqunst
lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj (fbimjmstrftmvn
(fbimjmstrftmvn fppnfo)
fppnfo) ms
bnjmnb hy
bnjmnb  hy t`n Eciimssmcjnr3
Ml t`n rnqunst lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj ms bnjmnb hy t`n
Eciimssmcjnr, t`n tfxpfynr ify fppnfo sue`
Lmjfo Bnemsmcj tc t`n ERF , wmt`mj 54 bfys fltnr
rnenmpt cl f ecpy cl sue` bnemsmcj (XX 60-65 bftnb
Jcvnihnr 80, 8465)
6=. Ml t`n Rfxpfynr ms jct sftmslmnb wmt` t`n ERF”s
bnemsmcj, efj `n fppnfo t`n bnemsmcj tc f `mk`nr ecurt3
 ]ns, `n efj, Bnemsmcj cl f Bmvmsmcj cl t`n Ecurt cl
Rfx Fppnfos ify hn fppnfonb wmt` t`n Ecurt cl
Rfx Fppnfos (nj hfje), wmt`mj lmltnnj (6>)
bfys lrci t`n Rfxpfynr”s rnenmpt rnenmp t cl t`n
qunstmcjnb Bnemsmcj cr Xnscoutmcj . (Xnvmsnb
Xuons cl ERF)
Mj t`n nvnjt t`ft t`n Rfxpfynr ms omanwmsn
ujsftmslmnb wmt` t`n bnemsmcj cl t`n Ecurt cl Rfx
 Fppnfos (nj hfje), `n ify fppnfo t`ms bnemsmcj
 wmt` t`n Uuprnin Ecurt, wmt`mj lmltnnj (6>)
bfys lrci rnenmpt cl t`n
Bnemsmcj/Xnscoutmcj.. (Xuons cl Ecurt)
Bnemsmcj/Xnscoutmcj
84. Efj f tfxpfynr eofmi f rnlujb cr tfx ernbmt
lcr nrrcjncusoy cr moonkfooy ecoonetnb tfxns 3
 ]ns, `n efj. R`n
R`n tfxpfynr ify lmon f wrmttnj eofmi
lcr rnlujb,
rnlujb , wmt` t`n Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo
Xnvnjun, wmt` f eftnkcrmefo bnifjb lcr t`n
rnecvnry cl nrrcjncusoy cr moonkfooy ecoonetnb tfxns,
 wmt`mj twc (8) ynfrs lrci t`n bftn cl
pfyinjt cl t`n tfx cr pnjfoty scuk`t tc hn
rnlujbnb.
rnlujbnb .
Lfmourn cl
Lfmourn cl t`n tfxpfynr tc lmon sue` eofmi wmt`mj
eofmi wmt`mj
t`ms prnsermhnb pnrmcb s`foo rnsuot mj t`n
lcrlnmturn  cl `ms rmk`t tc t`n rnlujb cr tfx ernbmt.
(Unetmcj 88=, JMXE).
86. Ml f tfxpfynr `fs lmonb f eofmi lcr rnlujb fjb t`n
Hurnfu `fs ynt tc rnjbnr f bnemsmcj cj t`ms eofmi,
efj t`n tfxpfynr nonvftn `ms eofmi tc t`n ERF3
R`n ruons frn fs lcoocws7
M. Eofmi lcr rnlujb ujbnr Unetmcj 668 cl t`n
JMXE cl
JMXE cl 6==;, fs finjbnb.
 F. Rwc-]nfr prnsermptmvn Tnrmcb
6. Mt ms cjoy t`n fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi t`ft iust hn
lmonb wmt`mj t`n twc-ynfr prnsermptmvn pnrmcb.
(Fme`m)
5. R`n cjoy ct`nr ruon ms t`n Ftofs ruomjk, w`me`
fppomnb cjoy lrci 0 Gujn 844; tc 68 Unptnihnr
8440. Ftofs stftns t`ft t`n twc-ynfr prnsermptmvn
pnrmcb lrci lmomjk f eofmi lcr tfx rnlujb
rn lujb cr ernbmt cl
ujutmomznb mjput \FR pfyinjts s`cuob hn ecujtnb
lrci t`n bftn cl lmomjk cl t`n \FR rnturj fjb
pfyinjt cl t`n tfx. (Ufj Xcqun)
H. 684+54 Bfy Tnrmcb
6. R`n tfxpfynr efj lmon fj fppnfo mj cjn cl twc
 wfys7
(6) lmon t`n gubmemfo eofmi wmt`mj t`mrty bfys fltnr t`n
Eciimssmcjnr bnjmns t`n eofmi wmt`mj t`n 684-bfy
pnrmcb, cr
(8) lmon t`n gubmemfo eofmi wmt`mj t`n t`mrty bfys lrci
t`n nxpmrftmcj cl t`n 684-bfy pnrmcb ml t`n
Eciimssmcjnr bcns jct fet wmt`mj t`n 684-bfy
pnrmcb.
8. R`n 54-bfy pnrmcb fowfys fppomns, w`nt`nr t`nrn ms
f bnjmfo cr mjfetmcj cj t`n pfrt cl t`n Eciimssmcjnr.
5. Fs f knjnrfo ruon, t`n 54-bfy pnrmcb tc fppnfo ms
 hct` ifjbftcry fjb gurmsbmetmcjfo. (Fme`m fjb Ufj
Xcqun)
2. Fs fj nxenptmcj tc t`n knjnrfo ruon, prnifturn
lmomjk ms foocwnb cjoy ml lmonb hntwnnj 64 Bnenihnr
8445 fjb > Cetchnr 8464, w`nj HMX Xuomjk Jc. BF-
20=-45 wfs stmoo mj lcren. (Ufj Xcqun)
>. Oftn lmomjk ms fhscoutnoy prc`mhmtnb, nvnj burmjk t`n
tmin w`nj HMX Xuomjk Jc. BF20=-45 wfs mj lcren.
(Ufj Xcqun) (Umomecj T`momppmjns v. Eciimssmcjnr cl
Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun, K.X. Jc. 6;5826, Ifre` 8>, 846>)
Mj efsn cl tfxpfynr”s eofmi lcr \FR rnlujb, ujbnr t`n
RXFMJ Ofw, nllnetmvn Gfjufry 6, 8460, sue` eofmi
s`cuob hn fetnb upcj wmt`mj t`n =4-bfy pnrmcb (XX
65-8460)
MM. Eofmi lcr rnlujb ujbnr Unetmcj 88= cl t`n JMXE cl
6==;, fs finjbnb.
R`n eofmi lcr rnlujb cl nxenssmvnoy cr nrrcjncusoy
ecoonetnb tfxns ujbnr Unetmcj 88= s`cuob hn ifbn
 wmt`mj twc (8) ynfrs lrci t`n bftn t`n tfxns
tfxns frn pfmb.
pfmb.
Hct` t`n fbimjmstrftmvn fjb gubmemfo eofmis s`cuob hn
 hrcuk`t wmt`mj t`n twc (8)- ynfr prnsermptmvn pnrmcb.
pnrmcb.
Ct`nrwmsn, t`ny s`foo lcrnvnr hn hfrrnb. R`us, t`n
tfxpfynr ify nonvftn `ms eofmis tc t`n ERF ml t`n twc
(8) ynfr prnsermptmvn pnrmcb ms fhcut tc nxpmrn fjb t`n
HMX `fs jct ynt rnjbnrnb f bnemsmcj cj `ms eofmi.
(EHA Tcwnr Ecipfjy Otb. \s. Eciimssmcjnr cl
Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun,;>4 T`mo. ;20 Q846>Y)
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