GRAMMAR - CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Example:

- Câu điều kiện thường có 1 mệnh đề chính (main clause) và 1 mệnh đề phụ 1. Ask him first or he won’t offer to help.
(if clause). Mệnh đề phụ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính.  If you ask him first, he will offer to help.
- Có 3 loại câu điều kiện:  If you don’t ask him first, he won’t offer to help.
TYPE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE  Unless you ask him first, he won’t offer to help.
1. Future possible S + Present Tenses S + will + V0  Should you ask him first, he will offer to help.
(be  am / is / are) Shall EXERCISE 1
--- Can 1. Recycle and we will save natural resources.
S + should + V0 May → If ....................................................................................................................
2. Present / Future S + Past Simple S + would + V0 2. Don’t be careless or you will break the vase.
unreal (be  were) Could → If ....................................................................................................................
Might 3. Working too much will make you tired.
3. Past unreal S + Past Perfect S + would have + V3/ED → If ....................................................................................................................
Examples: 4. Chris will pass his exam, but he has to work hard.
- If he takes my advice, everything can go well. → If Chris ..........................................................................................................
- I wouldn’t do that if I were you. 5. If you don’t try your best, you will not pass your exam.
- If I had known your address, I would have written you a letter. → Unless ...........................................................................................................

 TYPE 1: Diễn tả 1 điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở tương lai. 6. You have to learn hard, or you will fail the exam.

Quy tắc: Cho một sự thật ở hiện tại  dùng câu điều kiện loại 1 viết lại. → If ....................................................................................................................

1. V0 + O … or S + will + V0 (phủ định 1 trong 2 mệnh đề) 7. Only if you study hard, you will pass the test.

 If + S + V0, S + will not + V0. → Unless ...........................................................................................................

 If + S + doesn’t / don’t + V0, S + will + V0. 8. Unless we reduce the use of water and electricity, we’ll have to pay more

* Unless = If … not this month.

 Unless + S + V0, S + will + V0. → If ....................................................................................................................

 Inversion: Should + S + V0, S + will/can + V0. 9. You can’t make a cake without flour.

2. V0 + O … and S + will + V0. (viết lại) → Unless ...........................................................................................................

 If + S + V0, S + will + V0.

  TYPE 2: Diễn tả 1 điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương
lai.
Quy tắc: Cho một sự thật ở hiện tại  dùng câu điều kiện loại 2 viết lại câu
trái với sự thật ở hiện tại.
+ Thay đổi thì (hiện tại đơn → quá khứ đơn)
+ Viết lại câu trái nghĩa với câu cho trước ở cả hai mệnh đề: khẳng định 
phủ định
1. S + V(present simple), so S + V.
 
→ IF + S + V2/ED, S + WOULD / COULD + V0.
2. S + V because S + V(present simple).
→ IF + S + V2/ED, S + WOULD / COULD + V0.
 Note: IF + S + V2/ED, S + WOULD / COULD + V0.
Inversion:  Were + S + To V, S + would/could + V0.
IF + S + WERE …, S + WOULD/COULD + V0.
Inversion:  Were + S …, S + would/could + V0.
-----
Examples:
a- He is too old, so he can’t apply for the job.
 If he were not old, he could apply for the job.
b- I won’t ring her up because I don’t know her number.
 If I knew her phone number, I would ring her up.
c- If he were not old, he could apply for the job.
 Were he not old, he could apply for the job.
d- If I knew her phone number, I would ring her up.
 Were I to know her number, I would ring her up.
EXERCISE 2
1. I’m not rich, so I don’t live in a big house.
 If ....................................................................................................................
2. We don’t visit you very often because you live so far away.
 If ....................................................................................................................
3. Sandra can’t take a photo because she hasn’t got her camera.
 If ....................................................................................................................
4. She buys a lot of clothes, so she has no money.
 If ....................................................................................................................
5. I have to work tomorrow evening, so I can’t meet you.
 If ....................................................................................................................
6. It’s raining, so we can’t have lunch in the garden.
 If ....................................................................................................................
7. I’m often tired in the morning because I go to bed late.
 If ....................................................................................................................
8. Nick can’t find the way because he hasn’t got a map.
 If ....................................................................................................................
9. David has so many accidents because he’s so clumsy.
 If ....................................................................................................................
10. Without the air, there would be no life on this planet.
 If ....................................................................................................................
11. I haven’t got a key, so I can’t get in.
 If ....................................................................................................................
12. Not having enough money, I can’t buy this bike.
 If ....................................................................................................................
13. I think it would be a good idea to speak to the manager first.
 Were ..............................................................................................................
  TYPE 3: Diễn tả 1 điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ.
Quy tắc: Cho một sự thật ở quá khứ  dùng câu điều kiện loại 3 viết lại câu
trái với sự thật ở quá khứ.
+ Thay đổi thì (quá khứ đơn → quá khứ hoàn thành)
+ Viết lại câu trái nghĩa với câu cho trước ở cả hai mệnh đề: khẳng định 
phủ định
1. S + V(past simple), so S + V.
 
→ IF + S + HAD + V3/ED, S + WOULD / COULD HAVE + V3/ED.
2. S + V because S + V(past simple).
→ IF + S + HAD + V3/ED, S + WOULD / COULD HAVE + V3/ED.
 Note: If + S + past perfect, S + would/could have + V3/ED.
Inversion:  Had + S + V3/ED, S + would/could have + V3/ED.
Examples:
a- I didn’t see it with my own eyes, so I didn’t believe it.
 If I had seen it with my own eyes, I would have believed it.
 Had I seen it with my own eyes, I would have believed it.
b- I couldn’t contact him because I didn’t know his address.
 I would have contacted him if I had known his address.
 Had I known his address, I would have contacted him.
EXERCISE 3
1. Jerry didn’t understand the lesson. He didn’t answer.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
2. Carol didn’t answer the telephone because she was studying.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
3. Because he didn’t study hard enough, he failed in the exam.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
4. I was stuck in the traffic jam; and that’s why I came late.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
5. He had the flu because he went out in the rain last night.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
6. John didn’t find the money. He didn’t return it.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
7. I didn’t know you were there. I didn’t call you.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
8. The heavy rain prevented everybody from going out.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
9. Jimmy lent me the money. Otherwise, I would have gone out with business.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
10. I didn’t go to the party last night. That’s why I didn’t meet her.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
11. I had a bad headache yesterday, so I didn’t go to school.
→ .............................................................................................................
→ .............................................................................................................
  MIXED TYPE:
1. Giả thiết trái ngược trong quá khứ và kết quả trái ngược với hiện tại:
2. Giả thiết trái ngược với hiện tại còn kết quả thì trái ngược với quá khứ:
EXERCISE 4
1. English is important in this job. If Isabel __________ (not speak) it, she
__________ (not understand) most of our hotel guests.
2. Tony misread the map. That’s why he got lost. If he __________ (read) the
map properly, he __________ (not get) lost.
3. If you’re not using your old digital camera, why __________ (you/not sell)
it? If I __________ (be) you, I __________ (advertise) it on the internet and
sell it.
4. You had the car key with you all the time, didn’t you?
Don’t be silly! If I __________ (have) the car key, I __________ (not ask)
you for it right now, would I?
5. If the weather __________ (not be) so miserable yesterday, we __________
(go) out fishing.
6. I __________ (not bother) going out fishing tomorrow unless the weather
__________ (get) better.
7. If I __________ (see) a lion in the middle of a city, I __________
(assume) it had escaped from the local zoo or a circus.
8. Alex and Jennifer are happily married. If Alex __________ (not be)
such a kind person, Jennifer __________ (not want) to marry him.
9. If I __________ (win) the lottery, I __________ (pinch) myself to make
sure I wasn’t dreaming.
10. If you __________ (study) the map as you said you would the night before,
we __________ (not be) lost now.
11. If he __________ (not study) English, he __________ (not find) the job he
has now.
12. If someone __________ (ring) the bell at four in the morning, __________
(you/answer) the door?
13. If I __________ (go) to bed earlier, I __________ (be) tired now.
EXERCISE 5
1. He doesn’t know her. That’s why he didn’t speak to her.
→ .............................................................................................................
2. He lost his job. He’s unemployed now.
→ .............................................................................................................
3. His pet died. That’s why he is unhappy now.
→ .............................................................................................................
4. She doesn’t have a mobile phone. That’s why she couldn’t be contacted
yesterday.
→ .............................................................................................................
5. Tom didn’t see the boss earlier. He’s waiting for him now. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
→ ............................................................................................................. 1. If I hadn't overslept, I ______ on time.
6. She doesn’t speak French. She didn’t have good time in Paris. A. will have been B. would have been C. will be
→ ............................................................................................................. 2. If you had eaten a good breakfast, you ______ so hungry now.
7. He lost the race. He isn’t a champion now. A. wouldn't be B. can't be C. won't be
→ ............................................................................................................. 3. I ______ that car if I had had more money at the time.
8. They went to a party last night. That’s why they are tired now. A. could buy B. will buy C. could have bought
→ ............................................................................................................. 4. That horse could have won the race if he ______ hurt his leg.
9. He’s feeling ill, because he drank too much last night. A. doesn't hurt B. hasn't hurt C. hadn't hurt
→ ............................................................................................................. 5. If I ______ harder for the test, I would have gotten a better grade.
10. I feel rather tired because I worked too hard last night. A. had studied B. will study C. did study
→ ............................................................................................................. 6. If it hadn't rained, we ______ to the park.
11. I’m hungry because I didn’t have breakfast this morning. A. will have gone B. would have gone C. will go
→ ............................................................................................................. 7. If only we ______ the directions!
12. I am not currently rich and that is why I didn’t buy the Ferrari yesterday. A. will follow B. did follow C. had followed
→ ............................................................................................................. 8. If the road hadn't been icy, we ______ an accident.
13. I’m unfriendly to Jake because he ignored me in the past. A. won't have B. didn't have C. wouldn't have had
→ ............................................................................................................. 9. He would have gone to work if he ______ sick.
14. The plane didn’t take off on time, so we are late for work now. A. hadn't been B. won't be C. didn't be
→ ............................................................................................................. 10. If I had known you were coming, I ______ a cake.
15. I forgot to clean my bedroom, so I have to sleep in the living room now. A. will bake B. would baked C. would have bake
→ ............................................................................................................. 11. [ĐH 2017] They were late for the meeting because of the heavy snow.
16. John is tired because he didn’t sleep last night. A. If it snowed heavily, they would be late for the meeting.
→ ............................................................................................................. B. Had it not snowed heavily, they would have been late for the meeting.
17. I don’t know her email, so I didn’t send her an invitation. C. But for the heavy snow, they wouldn't have been late for the meeting.
→ ............................................................................................................. D. If it didn't snow heavily, they wouldn't be late for the meeting.
18. Peter is punished because he slept in class yesterday.
→ .............................................................................................................
12. [ĐH 2017] We survived that accident because we were wearing our seat B. If my tutor didn’t help me, I couldn’t make such a good speech.
belts. C. If it hadn’t been for my tutor’s help, I couldn’t have made such a good
A. But for our seat belts, we would have survived that accident. speech.
B. Had we not been wearing our seat belts, we wouldn't have survived that D. If my tutor hadn’t helped me, I could have made such a good speech.
accident. 17. [ĐH 2018] If Martin were here now, he __________ us to solve this
C. Without our seat belts, we could have survived that accident. difficult problem.
D. If we weren't wearing our seat belts, we couldn't have survived that A. helps B. will help C. has helped D. would help
accident. 18. [ĐH 2018] If he didn't have to work today, he __________ his children
13. [ĐH 2017] He was successful in his career thanks to his parents' support. to the zoo.
A. Had it not been for his parents' support, he wouldn't be successful in his A. will take B. takes C. would take D. has taken
career. 19. [ĐH 2018] If you didn't have to leave today, I __________ you around
B. If his parents hadn't supported him, he wouldn't have been successful in the city.
his career. A. would show B. will show C. showed D. have shown
C. But for his parents' support, he wouldn't be successful in his career. 20. [ĐH 2018] If our teacher were here now, he __________ us with this
D. Without his parents' support, he would have been successful in his career. difficult exercise.
14. [ĐH 2017] They cancelled all the sporting events because of the heavy A. has helped B. helps C. will help D. would help
rain. 21. If I __________ you, I'd apply for that job.
A. Without the heavy rain, they wouldn't cancel all the sporting events. A. had been B. were C. am D. weren't
B. If it hadn't rained heavily, they would have cancelled all the sporting 22. If I __________ ill, I wouldn't have been absent from class.
events. A. hadn't been B. weren’t
C. If it didn't rain heavily, they wouldn't cancel all the sporting events. C. had been D. would have been
D. Had it not rained heavily, they wouldn't have cancelled all the sporting 23. Unless you __________ harder, you won't succeed.
events. A. will try B. try C. are trying D. have tried
15. [MHĐH 2017] If he were better qualified, he __________ get the job. 24. __________, he would not have been punished.
A. will B. can C. may D. could A. If only he arrived in time. B. If only he had arrived in time.
16. [MHĐH 2017] Without my tutor’s help, I couldn’t have made such a C. If only he did arrive in time. D. If he had arrived in time only.
good speech. 25. "Did he lose?" ~ "Yes, but if he had tried harder, he __________ won."
A. Had my tutor not helped me, I couldn’t make such a good speech. A. might have B. might C. might has D. might of
26. If I got a scholarship to England, my parents __________ very proud of 34. Yesterday I met a very beautiful girl. I really want so see her again but I
me. don't know how to go about it. I wish __________.
A. would have been B. would be C. will have been D. will be A. I didn't meet her yesterday B. I had known her address
27. I wouldn't have gone to the zoo if __________. C. I knew her address D. I will meet her tomorrow
A. I knew it would have rained 35. If there __________ no floods last year, the crop __________ better now.
B. I had known it would have rained A. were - would be B. had - would have been
C. I knew it would rain C. had been - would be D. was - would have been
D. I had known it would rain 36. "Did you finish the test?" - "Yes, but I _____ better if I had had more time."
28. "How does Jane look?" - "She looks as though she __________ a ghost." A. could do B. could have done
A. is seeing B. sees C. was seeing D. had seen C. should do D. should be doing
29. I am sorry I didn't see my uncle yesterday. I wish __________. 37. "I'm sorry that I am late. It took more time to get here than I expected."
A. I had seen him B. I have seen him - "You _____ sooner, if you _____ the early bus before the rush hour."
C. I saw him D. I didn't seen him A. can arrive - had taken B. would have arrived - had taken
30. Bill __________ more photographs if he __________ more film. C. could arrive - would have taken D. had arrived - would have taken
A. would have taken - had had B. would have taken - had 38. "Why didn't you attend the concert?" - "I would have gone if I _____ time."
C. would take - had had D. would take - has had A. have had B. have C. would have D. had had
31. I would have met you at the bus terminal if I _____ that you _____. 39. "I'm sorry you failed the examination." ~ "Frankly, I wish I _____ harder."
A. knew - were arriving B. had known - were arriving A. studied B. had studied C. was studying D. did study
C. knew - had arrived D. would know - had arrived 40. I am sorry I didn't see my uncle yesterday. I wish __________.
32. If my aunt had not fallen down yesterday, __________. A. I had seen him B. I saw him
A. she can walk normally now C. I have seen him D. I didn't see him
B. her legs would not be hurting now
C. she does not have to use a support now
D. she would not have been painful now
33. We __________ in such a great mess now if we __________ it before.
A. wouldn't have been - have known B. wouldn't be - had known
C. won't have been - have known D. won't be - knew