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PLASTIC ANALYSIS
Ultimate strength = u
Yield stress = y
Yield Point
Allowable stress = all
Y
Working stress method: all
FOS
2. For limit state values of axial force, shear force and bending moment we
simply multiply by load factor.
y
PL y
4
But the structure has not yet reached collapse state, can still carry further load
WHY PLASTIC ANALYSIS?
The structure deemed failed at Yield Moment still has capacity to sustain higher
loads and bending moment.
Correspond to yielding at
By plastic analysis, we can get two points only.
Pult
Actual Load Factor
Py
Plastic Analysis basically extends the Limit state approach (so far restricted to design aspect only)
to load analysis
In Plastic Analysis, we take into account the actual behaviour of structure beyond the yield point.
Actual behavior of structure @ collapse (rather than yield point) is realistically taken into account.
PLASTIC ANALYSIS: ASSUMPTIONS
1) Hookes’s law of elaticity holds until yield point
Stress – strain curve is linear till yield point.
2) Yield stress and Young’s modulus have same values for tension and compression.
u
y y Tension
Yield Point
all
Compression
Y
ASSUMPTIONS (Contd.)…..
5) Section has at least one line of symmetry. y
x
Axis of
bending
BI-SYMMETRIC MONO-SYMMERTIC
Not considered
Why…..???
So that the plane of loading and the plane of bending coincide with
the plane of symmetry….else formulations won’t apply
STEP-BY-STEP ANALYIS TILL COLLAPSE
Elastic NA Z Z
C T Tension
(Bottom)
Compression
3
N A 2
4 5
Tension 0 1
-Let plane section remain plane. 1
Y Y
C-T = No net axial force.
B
dy
ENA
y
ENA
ye
bdy o
x
Y
M M
y *
( y ye )
I I
bdy 0 Y
y*
M dy
A
I
( y y e ) bdy 0 ENA
y bdy y e bdy 0
1
ye
A A
y dA A= Total are of section.
INCREASE LOADS TO REACH POINT<2>
Y
B 2 Tension
dy
y. Bottom
D Compression
ENA
y top
ye
y. 2
x
Comp. Tension
y y
Curvature = tan top
D
bott
Absolute
values
Derive Depth of section
y y ?? t With sign
b
Yield condition arrived ! D convention
(one point only, @ compression) +ive value implies concave upwards
yt
yb
R -(R-yt)
top =
R
(R-yt)
R
(R+yb) - R
(R+yb) bott =
R
top
D
bott
POINT<2> contd…….
Hence moment acting an the section = YIELD MOMENT = My
y My
I
yce yI
Yield moment = M y yZe
E
yte NA y ce
y
Elastic section
I modulus
Ze
ye,max Larger of the two extreme fibre distances from
ENA
top bott
y y
D
Plastic 2𝜀
y region
=
𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
y y Plastic
region
LOAD THE STRUCTURE SUCH THAT
ELASTIC CORE VANISHES POINT <5>
Tension
Top and bottom plastic zones
merge with one another
3 (Bottom) y
2 5
0 4 A1
1
1
Plastic
5 4 3 2 neutral axis
Compression
depth. = yp
(top)
y
A2
‘NA’ defined by C = T
New neutral axis is called as
Plastic neutral axis (PNA)
FULLY PLASTIC SECTION.
Curvature ∞ y
A1
C T
y A1 y A2
A1 A 2
y
PNA bifurcates the section into 2 equal areas A2
A1
CG
M P y A1 y1 y A2 y2
y1
y2 A
A1 A2
2
A
A2 MP y ( y1 y2 )
2
M P yZP
Distance between the CGs of
Plastic section A two areas into which PNA
ZP modulus
2
( y1 y2 ) divides the cross section.
M p Z p
Shape factor = f
M y Z e
EXAMPLE (1)
B 1
Z e bd 2
d 6
4 NA
d d NA A
4 Z p ( y1 y 2 )
2
bd 2
4
Z p
f 1 .5
Z e
150
Z e ? Z p ?
1 10 f ?
200
2 190 1
Y e
A ydA
7
Y1 A1 Y 2 A
2
ALL DIMENDIONS IN MM A1 A 2
Yield stress= 250MPa
5 (150 10 ) (10 190
2 )(190 7 )
150 10 190 7
52 mm
EXAMPLE (2) contd…
P Q b 1
I= bd 3
(2) 10 3
52 d
42
E R NA
(1) 148
(3)
7
1 1 1
I ( 7 )(148 ) 3 (150 )( 52 ) 3 (150 7 )( 42 ) 3
3 3 3
11.06 10 6 mm 4
Ze
I
11.06 106
74750mm3 M y y Ze 18.66106 Nmm 18.66kNm
ymax 148
250
PLASTIC MOMENT
G1 A1
YP 150 9.4 A web 190 7 1330 mm 2
PN 10 A
0.6 A f 1500 mm 2
A2
NA must lie in flange.
A3
190
A 1 A 2 A 3
7
150 Y p 150 (10 y p ) 190 7
Y p 9 . 4 mm .
Z p First moment of A1 , A 2 , A 3 About PNA
133801 mm 3
Mp = Plastic moment capacity
yZ p
33 . 45 10 6 Nmm
33 . 45 kNm
Mp Zp 33 . 45
f 1 . 79
My Ze 18 . 66
150
12
8 300
H.W:
D
Determine f
12
180
MOMENT CURVATURE RELATION
b
Tension
(Bottom)
Fully plastic
Rectangular
section
2 d
3 4 5
y
0 1
1
Elastic 2
5 4 3 2
core de y
y
d / 2 de / 2 Ed e
Compression 2 Plastic
(top)
Ed y region
-Plastic (end) regions – will undergo strain
without any increase in stress.
1
M y y Z e y bd 2
6 -Any moment beyond My will be resisted by
shrinking of the elastic core .
5 4 3 2
Compression y p
(top)
2 2M
y
y y
y
Ed EdZ e
MOMENT CURVATURE RELATION
Moment curvature plot
M y
M 5 Plastic
p
Lever
My 2
d Arm
de PNA
Plastic
y
p y region
M M core M plastic
M y Z ec y b ( d 2de )( d 2de )
2
1
6 bd e
M M y 3( ) 1
2
de 2
d
M y M M p
MOMENT CURVATURE RELATION
M y M M p
or y p
M 1
2 M y 3 ( de
d ) 2
2 y
Ed e
y
d
de
2 y
y Ed
y 2
M My M ( ) 3
2
1
2 y
1 1
M y y bd 2
y 3 2(
M
) 6
M y
Condition M M p
1
M P y bd 2
M
4
3
p ??
p
M y 2 H.W.
MOMENT DEFLECTION RELATION
y
y
Assume that structure is determinate
y
Tension M
y
3 Bottom
2 Mp 5
0 4 5
1
1 My 2
5 4 3 2
Compression
top
SEQUENCE OF PLASTIFICATION
P
D
B L C
PL
M mid pt Increase load beyond Py
Lp 4
Region under plastification My M MP
Lp
Plastic zone
P Pu M MP
L
Pu L My
MP
4
4M P
Pu MP
L
My
y
p
f
Compression top
The phenomenon of large
My My
increase in curvature when
Mp
load reaches Pu is called as
“unrestricted plastic flow”
Variation of curvature
y
y
Actual
Theoretical
TYPICAL PLASTIC HINGE
LOAD APPLICATION
Vertical Load
Horizontal
Load
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11/25/2020 36
11/25/2020 37
PROVISIONS OF IS 800 (2007)
SEC 3.7 CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
Plate elements of a cross-section may buckle locally due to
compressive stresses. The local buckling can be avoided
before the limit state is achieved by limiting the width to
thickness ratio of each element of a cross-section subjected
to compression due to axial force, moment or shear.
wl 2
M My
8
Mp
2 y bd 2
wu 2 = Ultimate collapse load.
L
Compare with yield capacity
EX 2: PROPPED CANTILEVER
A P PL
P
PL
C 8 8
B
P Pu
PL +
6 PL 3PL o 16
PL
32 16 8
5PL
32
P
1st Plastic hinge shall form at ‘A’ 3 PL
16
Collapse will not occur
P 3P P 3P
Let P P H 1 when BM @ A M p
2 16 2 16
Tension
3 PH 1 l
Bottom
M 16 M p
16
p PH 1
3L
Structure can still carry further loads
Compression top
EX 2: PROPPED CANTILEVER
(Contd.) MP
B
A
When P PHI C
5
MP
6
Increase " P " after formation of Plastic hinger at ' A'
For load P PHI B .M cannot increase @ A
5 PL
Net BM @ B M P PL
6 4
4
PU
H1 H2
Mechanism
5 PU L 2 M
M p Mp PU (
p
)
6 4 3 L
Pu P H 1 Pu 6M
Pu P
L
M P
(H 4 )
MULTISPAN INDERTMINATE BEAM
UNDER U.D.L
m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A DSI=3 =>
Ha B C D E
4 HINGES
L L L L
Increase ‘P’ gradually
BMD
(Elastic range)
PH 1 ?
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
The solution process very tedious
Pu PHI PH 2 PH 3 PHN
EQULIBRIUM
Methods for
simplified analysis
VIRTUAL WORK
EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH
P
A H1 H
C
2
0 .5 L B 0 .5 L
M P Pu
Consider equilibrium of BC C
A B
RA
Rc
M 0 .5 L Moment about A
c
P
B Rc
M P ( 2 Mp
L ) L Pu 0 . 5 L
2 Mp
Take moment about B Rc 6M p
L Solving Pu
L
Advantage – Skip solving an indeterminate structure,
which is otherwise tedious….
VIRTUAL WORK APPROACH
ASSUMPTIONS: P P u
P
A = MP B =
1. Structure @ verge of collapse C
MP
2. Geometry of the structure not change
as a result of plastification.
Identify hinge locations and apply small virtual (RIGID BODY) rotation θ.
BMD
(Elastic range)
Pu ?
Which four of the seven possible hinges will be the governing mechanism….???
2) YIELD CONDITION
At all points of the structure, the bending moment < MP
P PU
…This would imply that the structure is either safe or just at the verge of
collapse
P P U
If LBT and UBT are satisfied simultaneously
P PU
ANAYLYSIS PROCEDURE
(1) Formulate possible collapse mechanisms, based on
indeterminacy. ( Guesswork involved!)
(4) To rule out missing of critical mechanism, apply LBT (Yield and
equilibrium criteria) P P u crit
(5) If both LBT & UBT satisfied simultaneously imply correct collapse
load
P Pu
EXAMPLE
Mp B
A B L C
x
Mp
Let structure be @ verge of collapse. Apply virtual displacement & @ B
A H1 B H2 C
=
External virtual work Internal virtual work
( wx )
2 w (l x )
2 M P M P ( )
@A @B
Disp. of CG
x
Lx
Solving w (
2M
L
p
) 2Lx
(Lx)x
Infinite mechanisms depending an value of x
EXAMPLE (CONTD..)
dw
To get lowest 0 x 0 . 586 L
dx
M p
wu w 11 . 65 ( 2 )
( x 0 . 586 L ) L
According to UBT w u w uc
To ensure correct mechanism, use LBT & check yield & equilibrium condition.
CHECK BY LBT
B
Equilibrium Check : 0 . 586 L 0 . 414 L
Mp
A Mp
C
B w
A w B
M p
C
M p
0.586L M 0.414L
RA ?
p
RC ?
R A 0 . 586 L w x2
2 2M p RC (L x) M p w ( L x)2
2
R A 0 . 586 wL R C 0 . 4140 wL
Check R A RC wL
R A 6 . 83 Mp
L
Rc 4 . 83 Mp
L
RAx M
2
Compute M B
wx
2 P
??
Alternately, we can keep MA as unknown fix MB to a value equal
to MP
NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS
1
Pu1 Pu1 PU 2 PU 2
A 2 C D
B
3 2
Pu 1 ( 2 L ) Pu 1 ( L ) M P ( 2 ) M p ( 3 ) PU 2 ( l ) M P Mp ( 2 )
5 Mp
Pu 1 ( ) PU 2 3 ( MpL )
3 L
MECH 1: EQUILIBRIUM CHECK
UBT PU 1 , PU 2 , PU
LBT – To rule out missing any mechanism. Check for equilibrium & yield.
5 Mp 5 Mp
MP 3
(
L
)
3
(
L
)
B
C
A MP D
10 Mp
Check : R A R D 2 PU 1
3 L
Satified .
MECH 1: YIELD CHECK
5 Mp
5 Mp ( ) 4
( )
3 L
3 L Use BCD- R ( Mp
)
MA D
3 L
A B C D
MP Vertical equilibrium
R A 2( Mp
L )
4 Mp 5
Overall equilibrium - M A ( L ) 3L ( Mp
L
) L 2 L
3 3
M A M P
Check for M C
Using CD
5 Mp 4
( )
MP 3 L D MC (M P )
3
B C
A 2 Mp
L
Yield criteria not satisfied
=> WE MISSED OUT A CRITICAL MECHANISM
NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT MECHANISMS
LBT- Some mechanism missed out……………
Mechanism <1> IB
IA
Check I (B)
MECHANISM I(B): MISSED OUT
P U1B P U1B
B M P
D
M P A C 2
3
External virtual work = Internal virtual work
PU 1 B ( L ) P1 B ( 2 L ) M P M P ( 3 )
@ A @C
M p
PU 1 B 4
3 ( L )
'
This is lower than P UI
Check for equilibrium & yield condition.
<1> ABC R A CD R D check vertical equilibrium.
M B RAL M A
53 M p M p
M B 23 M p
1. L L L
P 2P
2P
m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A DSI=3
Ha B C D E
L L L L
m1P m2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E
APPLICATION OF SHORT-CUT APPROACH ON
MULTISPAN STRUCTURE
Mechanism 2
m1P m2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E
Mechanism 3
m1P m2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E
Mechanism 4
m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E
ALTERNATE FOUR MECHANISMS
m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A DSI=3
Ha B C D E
L L L L
m1P m2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E
APPLICATION OF SHORT-CUT APPROACH ON
COMPLICATED STRUCTURE
Mechanism 2
m1P m 2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E
Mechanism 3
m1P m2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E
Mechanism 4
m1P m2P m 3P m 3P
A
Ha B C D E
2 D FRAMES
H2 H2 H3
H4
H3
H4
H1 H 5 H1
m n r 2 m n r 1
5 3 3
4
2 D FRAMES
Symmetric Under horizontal loads or
unsymmetrical vertical loading
Under symmetrical or unsymmetrical structure
vertical loads under vertical loading
No sway frame Sway frame
Beam mechanism
(local collapse)
Sway mechanism
(complete collapse)
Beam mechanism Sway mechanism
Combined mechanism
Hinge 2θ
cancellation
EXAMPLE
m n r 2
L P L D M 300 kNm .
P B C
P
1 Beam Independent
L 2m 2 Sway
2L 3 Combined.
E
A
E
PU 2 450 kN
A
Equilibrium of DE -
400 kN
400 kN D 300
C
300 D
H E L
H A
E
A 300 E
300 H E
300 V V E
A V E
H E L 300 300
H E 300 kN
Equilibrium of CDE -
300 -300
D L
C
300 Moment about C
L
300 300 L V E L
E 300 V 300 kN
E
V E
2 D FRAMES
ABC B
400 kN C
AB-
B L
300
2L 300
H
H 300 Cannot find H A ,V A
A
A
A
Solution Not possible! V A
A
V A
400 kN
From horizontal /vertical
equilibrium -
300
H A 100 kN
H
V A 100 kN A
300 kN 300
300
V A
2 D FRAMES
Check equilibrium of ABC
400 B C
L
300 Check moment equilibrium about C
2L
M B 100 2 L 300
2L
100 kNm
100 M p ok
300
A
100
2 D FRAMES
Yield Check @ C -
400 B L C
M
100 2 L 100 L 300
C
2L M C
100
Check : Equilibrium & yield check for
other mechanisms.
(A) Sway mechanism not possible (B) beam mechanism not possible
PRACTICE PROBLEM
P P
3
4 P
3m 3m 3m
Mp 300 kN m
4m
6m
EXAMPLE
P M p 600kNm( Beam) M B
M p 300kNm(Cols) M C
P B D
L C L
L = 2m
L
2L E
A
Beam Mechanism
P M p 600kNm( Beam) M P1
M p 300kNm(Cols) M P 2
P B L L D
300kN m C 300kN m
L = 2m
L
2L
600kN m E
IVW EVW
A
M P1 ( 2 ) M P2 M P2 PU L
1
PU 1 ??
Sway Mechanism
M p 600kNm( Beam) M P1
P M p 300kNm(Cols) M P 2
P B L L D
300kN m
300kN mC
2
L
2L E 300kN m
A
300kN m
IVW EVW
M P 2 ( ) M P2 ( ) M P2 ( 2 ) M P2 ( 2 ) PU 2 ( 2 L )
PU 1 ??
Combined Mechanism
M p 600kNm( Beam) M P1
M p 300kNm(Cols) M P 2
P
P B 3
L L D
300kN m
300kN mC 2
2
L
2L E 300kN m
A
300kN m
IVW EVW
M P2 ( ) M P2 ( 2 ) M P2 ( 3 ) M P1 ( 2 ) PU 3 ( 2 L ) PU 3 ( L )
PU 3 ??