HEAT ENERGY

Heat is a form of energy which produces sensation of

hotness or coldness. It always flows from hotter body to
colder body.
Heat contained by a body is the sum of kinetic energies
of all the molecules of a body.
SI unit of heat is joule(J). A commonly used unit is
𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒆. 𝟏𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒆 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖 𝒋𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒆

Temperature
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
Temperature of a body is measure of average kinetic energy
of its molecules.
SI unit of Temperature is kelvin(K)
 Thermometer Celsius Scale Fahrenheit Scale Kelvin scale

𝑪 − 𝟎 𝑭 − 𝟑𝟐 Glass Tube
=
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎℃ 𝟐𝟏𝟐℉ 𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝑲
−𝟒𝟎℃ = −𝟒𝟎℉ Steam point
of water

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
𝑲 = 𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑 100 div 180 div 100 div

Ice point
of water 𝟎℃ 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝑲
𝟑𝟐℉

Mercury
Absolute Zero
−𝟐𝟕𝟑℃ 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟔℉ 𝟎𝑲
 Thermal Expansion of Solids https://www.instagram.com/p/CB746URj_US/?
utm_medium=copy_link

1.Linear Expansion:
At temp. At temp.
𝒕 𝒕 + ∆𝒕
𝑳𝟎 𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 + ∆𝑳

When temperature of a rod of length 𝑳𝟎 is increased by ∆𝒕,

the increase in its length, ∆𝑳 ∝ ∆𝒕 , ∆𝑳 ∝ 𝑳𝟎
∆𝑳 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝒕, 𝜶 is called coefficient of linear expansion. or
𝑳 − 𝑳𝟎 = 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝒕 , 𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 + 𝜶𝑳𝟎 ∆𝒕
𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝜶 ∆𝒕)
∆𝑳
Coefficient of linear expansion 𝜶 =
𝑳𝟎 ∆𝒕
Coefficient of linear expansion of a material is equal to increase
in length of its rod per unit original length per unit increase in
temperature.
Its SI unit is 𝑲−𝟏 .
 At temp.
At temp 𝒕 𝒕 + ∆𝒕

2. Superficial Expansion: 𝑺 = 𝑺𝟎 + ∆𝑺
𝑺𝟎

When temperature of a sheet of area 𝑺𝟎 is increased by ∆𝒕, the

increase in area, ∆𝑺 ∝ ∆𝒕 , ∆𝑺 ∝ 𝑺𝟎
∆𝑺 = 𝜷𝑺𝟎 ∆𝒕, 𝜷 is called coefficient of superficial expansion. or
𝑺 − 𝑺𝟎 = 𝜷𝑺𝟎 ∆𝒕 , 𝑺 = 𝑺𝟎 + 𝜷𝑺𝟎 ∆𝒕
𝑺 = 𝑺𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝜷 ∆𝒕)
∆𝑺
Coefficient of Superficial expansion 𝛃 =
𝑺𝟎 ∆𝒕
Coefficient of superficial expansion of a material is equal to
increase in area of its sheet per unit original area per unit
increase in temperature.
Its SI unit is 𝑲−𝟏 .
 At temp 𝒕 At temp 𝒕 + ∆𝒕

3. Cubical Expansion:
𝑽𝟎 𝑽 = 𝑽𝟎 + ∆𝑽

When temperature of a cube of volume 𝑽𝟎 is increased by ∆𝒕,

the increase in volume, ∆𝑽 ∝ ∆𝒕 , ∆𝑽 ∝ 𝑽𝟎
∆𝑽 = 𝜸𝑽𝟎 ∆𝒕, 𝜸 is called coefficient of cubical expansion. or
𝑽 − 𝑽𝟎 = 𝜸𝑽𝟎 ∆𝒕 , 𝑽 = 𝑽𝟎 + 𝜸𝑽𝟎 ∆𝒕
𝑽 = 𝑽𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝜸 ∆𝒕)
∆𝑽
Coefficient of Cubical expansion 𝛄 =
𝑽𝟎 ∆𝒕
Coefficient of cubical expansion of a material is equal to
increase in volume per unit original volume per unit increase in
temperature.
Its SI unit is 𝑲−𝟏 .
 Relation between 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷
At temp 𝒕
At temp. 𝑺 = 𝑺𝟎 + ∆𝑺
𝒕 + ∆𝒕 𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 + ∆𝑳
𝑳𝟎 𝑺𝟎

𝑺 = 𝑺𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜷 ∆𝒕 … . . (𝟏)
When temperature of a sheet of area 𝑺𝟎 is increased by ∆𝒕, its
side increases by ∆𝑳,
Initial area 𝑺𝟎 = 𝑳𝟎 𝟐 , Final Area,
𝐒 = 𝑳𝟐 = [𝑳𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜶 ∆𝒕 ]𝟐
𝐒 = 𝑳𝟎 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝜶 ∆𝒕 𝟐
𝐒 = 𝑺𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟐𝜶 ∆𝒕 + 𝜶𝟐 ∆𝒕𝟐 , (𝜶𝟐 ∆𝒕𝟐 is very small so neglected)
𝐒 = 𝑺𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟐𝜶 ∆𝒕 , compare it with eqn (1)
𝜷 = 𝟐𝜶
 Relation between 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜸
At temp 𝒕
At temp.
𝒕 + ∆𝒕 𝑳 = 𝑳𝟎 + ∆𝑳
𝑳𝟎 𝑽 = 𝑽𝟎 + ∆𝑽
𝑽𝟎

𝑽 = 𝑽𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝜸 ∆𝒕)
When temperature of a cube of volume 𝑽𝟎 is increased by ∆𝒕,
its side increases by ∆𝑳,
Initial volume 𝑽𝟎 = 𝑳𝟎 𝟑 , Final Volume,
𝐕 = 𝑳𝟑 = [𝑳𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜶 ∆𝒕 ]𝟑
𝐕 = 𝑳𝟎 𝟑 𝟏 + 𝜶 ∆𝒕 𝟑
𝐕 = 𝑽𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟑𝜶 ∆𝒕 + ⋯ . , (higher powers of 𝜶 are very small
so neglected)
𝐕 = 𝑽𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟑𝜶 ∆𝒕 , compare it with eqn (1)
𝜸 = 𝟑𝜶
𝜶: 𝜷: 𝜸 = 𝟏: 𝟐: 𝟑
 Anomalous Behaviour of Water

103
m=1 kg

Density
(kg 𝑚−3) Volume

1L
4℃
4℃
Temperature (℃)
Temperature (℃)

When temperature of water is increased from 𝟎℃, its volume

decreases (shrinks) and density increases till 𝟒℃ ( max 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐤𝐠 𝒎−𝟑 ).
On further heating beyond 𝟒℃, water expands and density
decreases. This behavior of water is due to presence of hydrogen
bonds in it.