WEEKLY HOME LEARNING PLAN SCIENCE 9

4th QUARTER

INSTRUCTIONS:
If you have gadget/load:
1. Vote in POLL Attendance in our GC or Comment PRESENT in our FB Group.
2. Observe our GC/Group etiquette (a. Check occasionally, b. Review or backread before sending a
message, c. Stay relevant, d. Show respect, compassion, and kindness in sending messages, e. Be
participative in GC/Group discussion).
3. Every week, teachers will upload soft copy of learning materials in PDF or word format. You may
download in Google Playstore apps like PDF viewer or WPS to view the soft copies.
4. Every week, there are QUIZ/SUMMATIVE TESTS and PERFORMANCE TASKS paralleled with the
learning tasks. Answer it using the link provided and check your scores at the end of each task.
5. Online submission of Summative Test is through ZipGrade while Performance Tasks is through Google
Form.
For those who do not have gadgets:
1. Just follow what is written in your WHLP. Answer all the listed tasks daily.
2. Every week, there are QUIZ/SUMMATIVE TESTS and PERFORMANCE TASKS paralleled with the
learning tasks. Answer it on a piece of paper and submit it on school any day of the week. Don’t
forget to write your name, section, and the title/number of the task (e.g., Summative Week 1).
3. Submit all the SUMMATIVE TESTS and PERFORMANCE TASKS any day of the week in school, from
8am-4pm in your respective classrooms.
4. For unvaccinated learners/parents, a box will be provided at the entrance of the school wherein you can
submit your output.

WEEK 1 LEARNING LEARNING

May 23-27 COMPETENCIES TASKS

Day 1-4 -Describe the horizontal and
vertical motions of a projectile.
-Investigate the relationship
between the angle of release and
the height and range of a
projectile.
● Read the Learning Packet (LeaP) for Week 1-2.
● Read and analyze the Ponder Corner Questions
and MELC in a Strip
● Answer Summative Test for Week 1.
● Accomplish Performance Task for Week 1.

Day 5 ✔ Submit ONLY Summative Test and Performance

Task outputs.

WEEK 2 LEARNING LEARNING

May 30-June 3 COMPETENCIES TASKS

Day 1-4 -Relate impulse and momentum
to collision of objects (e.g.,
vehicular collision).
-Infer that the total momentum
before and after collision are
equal.
● Read the Learning Packet (LeaP) for Week 3-4.
● Read and analyze the Ponder Corner Questions
and MELC in a Strip
● Answer Summative Test for Week 2.
● Accomplish Performance Task for Week 2.

Day 5 ✔ Submit ONLY Summative Test and Performance

Task outputs.

WEEK 3 LEARNING LEARNING

June 6-10 COMPETENCIES TASKS

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 Day 1-4 -Perform activities to demonstrate ● Read the Learning Packet (LeaP) for Week 5-6.
conservation of mechanical ● Read and analyze the Ponder Corner Questions
energy and MELC in a Strip
● Answer Summative Test for Week 3.
● Accomplish Performance Task for Week 3
-Construct a model that heat can
do work

Day 5 ✔ Submit ONLY Summative Test and Performance

Task outputs.

WEEK 4 LEARNING LEARNING

June 13-17 COMPETENCIES TASKS

Day 1-4 -Explain how heat transfer and
energy transformation make heat
engines like geothermal plants
work.
● Read the Learning Packet (LeaP) for Week 7-8.
● Read and analyze the Ponder Corner Questions
and MELC in a Strip
● Answer Summative Test for Week 4.
● Accomplish Performance Task for Week 4

-Explain how electrical energy is

generated, transmitted, and
distributed

Day 5 ● Submit ONLY Summative Test and Performance

Task outputs.

FOURTH QUARTER SUMMATIVE TEST 1

S.Y. 2021-2022
TEST I.-True or False
Directions: Answer as indicated. Read the statements carefully and write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if otherwise.
__________ 1. Projectile motion is a combination of uniform horizontal motion and free fall.
__________ 2. Range is a curve path traveled by a projectile.
__________ 3. Projectile motion is the motion of an object thrown or projected into the air,
subject to only the acceleration of gravity.
__________ 4. Height refers to the horizontal distance traveled by a projectile.
__________ 5. Trajectory is the vertical distance traveled by a projectile motion.
__________ 6. The two dimensions of a projectile motion are vertical and horizontal.
__________ 7. A projectile launched horizontally has no initial vertical velocity.
__________ 8. When a projectile is launched upward at an angle, its velocity has only one component.
__________ 9. The vertical velocity of a projectile motion is zero at the maximum height.
__________ 10. The angle of the trajectory of a projectile motion will affect the range covered by the projectile.
TEST II. Multiple Choices. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer in your Science Notebook.
11. If a freely falling ball is somehow equipped with a speedometer, by how much would its speed-reading
increase for every second?
A. 0 m/s B. 9.8 m/s C. 10 m/s D. 20 m/s
12. A sepak takraw ball is hit vertically upward by a player. What is its acceleration after 1 second?
A. 0 B. 1 m/s2 C. 9.8 m/s2 D. -9.8 m/s2
13. A pool ball leaves a 2.0-meter-high table with an initial horizontal velocity of 3.5 m/s. Find horizontal
distance between the table's edge and the ball's landing location.
A. 2.24 m B. 0.64m C. -9.8 m/s D. 9.8 m/s2
14. The motion of an object with constant acceleration is also known as ____________.
A. Motion
B. Uniform Motion
C. Constant Motion
D. Uniformly Accelerated Motion
15. A ball is thrown vertically upward. What is its instantaneous speed at its maximum height?
A. 0 B. 5 m/s C. 9.8 m/s D. 9.8 m/s2

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 FOURTH QUARTER SUMMATIVE TEST 2
S.Y. 2021-2022
TEST I.
Directions: Answer as indicated. Read the statements carefully and write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if not.
________1. The standard unit on momentum is the Joule.
________2. An object with mass will have momentum.
________3. A less massive object can never have more momentum than a more massive object.
________4. The momentum of an object varies directly with the speed of the object.
________5. Two objects of different mass are moving at the same speed; the more massive object will have the
greatest momentum.
TEST II. Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
6. Which has more momentum, a heavy truck moving at 30 km/h or a light truck moving at 30 km/h?
A. heavy truck C. light truck
B. Both have the same momentum D. Cannot be determined.
7. A moderate force will break an egg. However, an egg dropped on the road usually breaks, while one
dropped on the grass usually doesn’t break. This is because for the egg dropped on the grass:
A. The change in momentum is greater. C. The time interval for stopping is greater.
B. The change in momentum is less. D. The time interval for stopping is less.
8. The impulse experienced by a body is equal to the change in its:
A. Velocity B. Kinetic energy C. Momentum D. Potential energy
9. In certain martial arts, people practice breaking a piece of wood with the side of their bare hand. Use your
understanding of impulse to explain how this can be done without injury to the hand.
A. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is smaller the impact force is bigger.
B. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is bigger the impact force is bigger.
C. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is smaller the impact force is smaller.
D. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is bigger the impact force is smaller.
10. A lady tennis player hits an approaching ball with a force of 750 N If she hits the ball in 0.002 s, how much
impulse is imparted to the tennis ball?
A. 0 N s B. 1.5 N s C. 3.0 N s D. 6.0 Ns
11. Which is a necessary condition for the total momentum of a system to be conserved?
A. Kinetic energy must not change. C. An object must be at rest.
B. No external force is present. D. Only the force of gravity acts on the system.
For numbers 17 and 18:
Two 0.5 kg balls approach each other with the same speed of 1.0 m/s.
12. What is the total momentum of the system before collision?
A. 0 B. 0.50 kg m/s C. 1.0 kg m/s D. -1.0 kg m/s
13. If there is no external force acting on the system, what the total momentum of the system after collision?
A. 0 B. 0.50 kg m/s C. 1.0 kg m/s D. -1.0 kg m/s
14. Two billiard balls approach each other at equal speed. If they collide in a perfectly elastic collision, what
would be their velocities after collision?
A. Zero
B. Same in magnitude and direction
C. Same in magnitude but opposite in direction
D. Different in magnitude and opposite in direction
15. A 50-kg astronaut ejects 100 g of gas from his propulsion pistol at a velocity of 50 m/s. What is his resulting
velocity?
A. -0.10 m/s B. -0.50 m/s C. 0 m/s D. -100 m/s

FOURTH QUARTER SUMMATIVE TEST 3

S.Y. 2021-2022
TEST I.
Directions: Answer as indicated. Read the statements carefully and write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if not.
________1. Potential energy is energy at rest while kinetic energy is energy in motion.
________2. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed. It can only
be transformed from one form to another.
________3. The total mechanical energy of an object is equal to the product of the potential and kinetic energy.
________4. As an object increases its elevation, its gravitational potential energy decreases.
________5. Heat flows from a cooler object to a hotter object in a normal process.
________6. In a spontaneous process, heat flows from higher temperature to a lower temperature. It does not
require any external energy to occur.

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________7. Energy cannot be transferred from one object to another.
TEST II. Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
8. A physics book and a chemistry book of equal mass are piled up so that the physics book rests over the
chemistry book. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The physics book has more KE than the chemistry book.
B. The physics book has more PE than the chemistry book.
C. The two books have the same PE and KE.
D. The chemistry book is doing work on the chemistry book.
Refer to this situation in answering questions 12-14.
An object falls freely from a certain height.
9. Which of the following happens to the object? It
A. loses PE and gains KE. C. loses both PE and KE.
B. gain PE and loses KE. D. gains both PE and KE.
10. The PE of the object at the highest point compared to its KE at the lowest point is
A. lesser. B. equal. C. greater. D. not related.
11. The total mechanical energy of the object at the highest point compared to its total mechanical energy at
the lowest point is
A. lesser. B. equal. C. greater. D. not related.
12. Mang Fermin, a carpenter, is planning a piece of wood with his planar. After how many minutes, he
observed that it is hot. What is the evidence that there is heat transfer?
A. It is not evident.
B. Hotness means there is an increase in the temperature.
C. Yes, hotness means there is a decrease in the temperature
D. No, hotness is not related to a change in temperature
13. The mechanical energy of a system of objects is
A. the sum of kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.
B. the sum of kinetic energy and elastic potential energy.
C. the sum of kinetic energy and all relevant forms of potential energy.
D. the sum of all forms of energy.
14. An object lifted to a height of 5 meters gained 1000 J of potential energy. Then, it is allowed to freely fall.
What is its kinetic energy when it hits the ground?
A. zero J B. 5000 J C. 1000 J D. 50000 J
15. A 1-kg ball rolling with a speed of 2 m/s has a kinetic energy equal to
A. 1 J B. 4 J C. 2 J D. 8 J

FOURTH QUARTER SUMMATIVE TEST 4

S.Y. 2021-2022

TEST I.
Directions: Answer as indicated. Read the statements carefully and write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if not.
________1. Heat engine theory concerns the process of converting heat into mechanical energy and the
method of providing the heat.
________2. The four basic thermodynamic processes are compression, heat addition, expansion, and heat
rejection.
________3. Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy.
________4. Electricity is generated at a petrol station.
________5. Transformers on distribution poles step down voltage for use in homes.
________6. Electricity is sent over low-voltage transmission lines.
________7. Electricity is used to power our everyday life including appliances, lighting, and heating devices.
TEST II. Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
8. What are the different parts of a power system?
A. generation, transmission, distribution
B. generation, impedance, distribution
C. generation, transmission, transformer
D. motor, transmission, distribution
9. Electricity is distributed along _____________.
A. direct current C. alternating current
B. transmission lines D. transformer
10. If the current is transmitted at a high voltage:
A. less energy is lost C. more energy is lost
B. it produces alternating current D. underground cables are used

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11. Direct current is:
A. the highest point reach by something
B. is a flow of electricity that regularly changes direction
C. is a flow of electricity that moves in one direction only
D. a tall metal structure
12. The main fuse disconnects the system when:
A. there is excessive current flow
B. there is low current flow
C. the light is on
D. the adaptor is used
13. Which of the following statements defines a heat engine?
A. An engine that uses a transfer of heat from a hot reservoir to cold, to extract useful work
B. An engine that transfers heat from a cold reservoir to a hot, expending work
C. An engine that uses a transfer of heat from a cold reservoir to hot, to extract useful work
D. An engine that transfers heat from a hot reservoir to a cold, expending work
14. What is the generic name for a cyclical device that transforms heat energy into work?
A. refrigerator
B. thermal motor
C. heat engine
D. carnot cycle
15. The maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine is determined by:
A. its design
B. the amount of heat that flows
C. the maximum and minimum pressure
D. the maximum and minimum temperature

PERFORMANCE TASKS
(4th Quarter)

Week 1: May 23-27, 2022 Date of Submission: May 27, 2022

Newbie Archer Painter

Situation: A school introduced the sports of archery so they can send players to Division and Regional
Sports competition in the future. A student tries out. He was taught how to handle the equipment. Then, he
sets a bow and arrow and directs it to the target, so the arrow is almost in direct line with the bull’s eye target
30 m away.

Instruction: Paint the scenario in the given situation. Your output may be in the form of multimedia
presentation, poster, or drawing. Your output may be submitted in digital, printed or drawing format. Answer
the following questions:
1. Will the boy hit a bullseye?
2. Why or why not? Explain your answer

STANDARDS: Your output will be rated using the following criteria:

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Week 2: May 30-June 3, 2022 Date of Submission: June 3, 2022

Silent Comics

Instruction: Make a comic strip (digital or printed) showing the following scenarios. Your comic strip is
composed of three frames. Make a dialogue of characters in each frame explaining the concepts being
discussed in each frame.

Frame 1: Two children on skateboards are initially at rest.

Frame 2: They push each other so that eventually the boy moves to the right while the girl moves to the
opposite direction, away from each other. Newton’s third law tells us that the force that the girl exerts on the
boy and the force that makes the girl move to the other direction are of equal magnitude but of opposite
directions.

Frame 3: No net external force acts on the boy and the girl, thus the total momentum does not change.
The momentum gained by the girl is of equal magnitude but opposite direction to the momentum gained by
the boy.

STANDARDS: Your output will be rated using the following criteria:

Week 3: June 6-10, 2022 Date of Submission: June 10, 2022

EXPERIMENT TIME NA!!!

Objective: Make a simple model that shows heat can do work.
Materials: candle, match, cardboard, scissors, pointed stick, bond paper, glue
Precautionary measures: Be careful when using fire and scissors. Ask for adult supervision if necessary.

Procedure:
1. Cut a piece of carboard to a circular shape.
2. Cut a circular piece of the bond paper and cut a spiral out of it as shown on Figure 2.
3. Glue the stick to the cardboard so that it stands upright on the cardboard.
4. With the stick pointing upwards, make a crease on the top of the spiral cutout and let the
crease rest on the pointed end of the stick. Let the spiral fall. Refer to Figure 3.
5. Put a candle below the spiral, resting in the cardboard. Light the candle using the match.
Make sure that the candlelight does not reach the bond paper.
6. Make a video recording or photo collage of your experiment. Submit it to your teacher together with the
answers to the following questions:

Guide Questions:
1. What happens to the spiral when you light the candle?
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 2. What causes the spiral to behave that way?

STANDARDS:
Your output will be rated using the following criteria:
Details and information - 10 points
Method of presentation - 10 points
Techniques and creativity - 10 points
Accuracy - 10 points
Fig. 2. Spiral pattern. Fig. 3. Setup for the
experiment.
Note: If you have no gadgets for recording the experiment, kindly inform your teacher to give you an
alternative task

Week 4: June 13- 17, 2022 Date of Submission: June 17, 2022

INFO-BROCHURE

Objective: Explain how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed

Situation: MERALCO is explaining to the online communities and consumers about power shortages and its
relationship with the increase in demand during summer and scarcity of supply in the energy market. You
are chosen as the product representative Graphic Designer of an informational brochure that will be
published online.

Instruction: Make a simple info-brochure that shows information about how electrical energy is generated,
transmitted, and distributed in the community. Your info-brochure can be printed, handmade, or digital copy.

Standards: Your output will be rated using the following criteria:

Details and information - 10 points

Techniques and creativity - 10 points

Accuracy - 10 points

Week 1: Projectile Motion

The following picture shows the different types of Uniformly Accelerated Motion. Uniformly Accelerated Motion
(UAM) is motion of an object where the acceleration is constant. In other words, the acceleration remains
uniform; the acceleration is equal to a number and that number does not change as a function of time.

Motion in One Direction- ito ay uri ng movement na mayroon lamang isang direction, either ito ay pataas,
pababa o horizontal direction.

1 Ang isang track and field runner na tumatakbo sa 100-m dash at

constantly na nag-i-increase ang speed ay halimbawa ng UAM. Ito ay
isang halimbawa ng rectilinear motion dahil gumagalaw ito along a
horizontal direction.

Kapag naghagis ka ng isang bagay pataas, ito ay aangat hanggang

sa maximum height at pagkatapos ay hihinto dahil sa gravity. Ang
acceleration nito habang umaangat at bumabagsak ay constant na
may value na 9.8 m/s 2. Ito ay +9.8 m/s 2 kung pataas at ito naman ay
-9.8 m/s 2 kung ito ay pababa. I to ang tinatawag na free fall.

Lahat ng bagay na inhahagis pataas o bumabagsak ay mayroong

constant acceleration na 9.8 m/s 2. Ito ang tinatawag na acceleration
due to gravity. Kapag ang object ay pataas, ito ay unti-unting
bumabagal habang umaangat at nangyayari ang tinatawag na
decceleration samantalang habang ito ay bumabagsak, ito naman
2 3
ay bumibilis.
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Motion in Two Direction-ito ay combination ng horizontal at vertical motion. Ito rin ang tinatawag na Projectile
Motion kung saan ang isang object ay gumagalaw both horizontally and vertically. Halimbawa nito ay ang mga
bola na makikita natin tuwing maglalaro tayo ng sports tulad ng basketball, volleyball, baseball, etc. Mapapansin
natin na mayroong curved line na pattern na nabubuo kapag inihahagis ang bola.

Parts of a Projectile

Projectile motion is a combination of uniform motion along the horizontal and the motion of a freely
falling body along the vertical. It is an instance of uniformly accelerated motion in two-dimensions. It is the
motion of an object thrown or projected into the air, subject to only the acceleration of gravity

Projectile Motion It is a combination of uniform horizontal motion and free fall

Trajectory It is the curved path traveled by a projectile.
Projectile It is a body traveling in projectile motion
Range It is the horizontal distance traveled by a projectile.
Maximum Height It is the vertical distance traveled by a projectile

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Kapag ang isang object ay nai-launch at a certain angle (gaya ng nasa Picture 6) , ang velocity nito ay
mayroong 2 components: vertical and horizontal component.

Horizontal Component Vertical Component

1. Constant horizontal velocity (same ang 1. upward positive vertical velocity component that is
horizontal velocity all throughout ng decreasing in magnitude (bumabagal ang velocityl habang
travel ng object) tumataas) until it becomes zero at the top of the trajectory.

2. Acceleration is zero 2. When the projectile is at the top (maximum height) it no longer
goes up any further.
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 3. But because gravity makes it accelerates downward at a rate
of 9.8 m/s per second or 9.8 m/s2, (therefore it stays at rest only
for an instant) it will start to descend (bababa ang object dahil sa
gravity)

4. The object will start to descend (pababa) with an increasing

negative vertical velocity until it is stopped by something
(bumibilis ang velocity habang pababa ang object)
Problem Solving:

A soccer ball is kicked horizontally off a 22.0-meter high hill with an initial velocity of 16.5 m/s. Find the
horizontal distance that the soccer ball will travel.

Effect of Launch Angle to Maximum Height and Distance Reached by a Projectile

The motion of a projectile may be described in terms of range and the maximum height it reaches.
Below is a figure of the height reached and range covered by a projectile launched at the same initial velocity
but at different angles.
Ang angle ng pag-launch ng isang
projectile ay nakakaapekto sa maximum
height at horizontal distance na kaya
nitong maabot. Ang angle ng pag-launch
na makakaabot sa pinakamalayong
distance ay 45°

Ponder Corner:

I.TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Read and analyze the statements carefully and write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if
otherwise.

__________ 1. Projectile motion is composed only of uniform horizontal motion.

__________ 2. Trajectory is the vertical distance traveled by a projectile.
__________ 3. A projectile launched horizontally has an initial vertical velocity.
__________ 4. When a projectile is launched upward at an angle, its velocity has only one component.
__________ 5. The angle of the trajectory of a projectile motion will affect the range covered by the projectile.

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer

6. How much would the speed of a free-falling rock would increase for every second?
A. 0 m/s B. 9.8 m/s C. 10 m/s D. 20 m/s
7. A soccer ball is hit vertically upward by a player. What is its acceleration after 1 second?
A. 0 B. 1 m/s2 C. 9.8 m/s2 D. -9.8 m/s2

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8. A pool ball leaves a 4.0 meter high table with an initial horizontal velocity of 3.0 m/s. Find horizontal distance
between the table's edge and the ball's landing location.
A. 0.90 m B. 2.71 m C. -9.8 m/s D. 9.8 m/s2
9. The motion of an object with constant acceleration is also known as ____________.
A. Motion
B. Uniform Motion
C. Constant Motion
D. Uniformly Accelerated Motion
10. A ball is thrown vertically upward. What is its instantaneous speed at its maximum height?
A. 0 B. 5 m/s C. 9.8 m/s D. 9.8 m/s2
Answer Key:

I.TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE 1. Projectile motion is composed only of uniform horizontal motion.
(This statement is FALSE. Projectile motion is a combination of uniform horizontal motion and free fall.)

FALSE 2. Trajectory is the vertical distance traveled by a projectile.

(This statement is FALSE. Trajectory is the curved path traveled by a projectile. The vertical distance
traveled by the projectile is called the maximum height.)
FALSE 3. A projectile launched horizontally has an initial vertical velocity.
(This statement is FALSE. A projectile launched horizontally has no initial velocity. Its vertical motion is
identical to that of a dropped object. )
FALSE 4. When a projectile is launched upward at an angle, its velocity has only one component.
(This stement is FALSE. When a projectile is launched upward at an angle, its velocity has only two
components: vertical and horizontal velocity)
TRUE 5. The angle of the trajectory of a projectile motion will affect the range covered by the projectile.
(This statement is TRUE. The range and the maximum height that a projectile can reach is affected by the
angle of the trajectory.)

II. MULTIPLE CHOICE

6. How much would the speed of a free-falling rock would increase for every second?
Answer: B. 9.8 m/s. The acceleration of an object as it falls is always constant, it is 9.8 m/s.

7. A soccer ball is hit vertically upward by a player. What is its acceleration after 1 second?
Answer: C. 9.8 m/s2. The acceleration of an object when thrown upward is positive in value and
constant which is 9.8 m/s2. If it is downward, it would be negative in value and still 9 m/s2.
8. A pool ball leaves a 4.0 meter-high table with an initial horizontal velocity of 3.0 m/s. Find horizontal distance
between the table's edge and the ball's landing location.
Answer: B. 2.71 m
Solution:

9. The motion of an object with constant acceleration is also known as ____________.

Answer: D. Uniformly Accelerated Motion
10. A ball is thrown vertically upward. What is its instantaneous speed at its maximum height?
Answer: A. 0 . When an object is thrown upward, it decreases its velocity as it goes upward until it stops
and reaches zero velocity on its maximum height.

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 Week 2: Momentum

Pag-aralang mabuti ang nasa larawan.

Kung ang dalawang sasakyan na may
magkaibang laki ay tumatakbo sa
parehong bilis, nawalan ng preno at
bumangga sa pader, alin ang mas B
malaki ang sira at bakit?

A Pag-aralang mabuti ang nasa larawan.

Kung ang dalawang sasakyan na may
magkaparehong laki ay tumatakbo sa
magkaibang bilis, alin ang mas
mahirap pahintuin at bakit?

Kung ang baseball player ay pumapalo ng baseball ball, ano sa

palagay mo ang dahilan ng malayo at malapit na distansyang aabutin
C ng bola? Bakit pagkatapos pumapalo ang isang manlalaro ay para
siyang hinahatak papunta sa direksyon ng bola?

Sa linggong ito ay pag-aaralan natin ang tungkol sa Momentum (p). Ang Momentum ay tumutukoy sa pagalaw ng
isang bagay patungo sa isang tukoy na direksyon. Kaya naman, ito ay may formula na p=m.v, kung saan ang m
ay tumutukoy sa mass o bigat ng isang bagay. Ang v ay tumutukoy sa velocity o bilis ng galaw ng isang bagay.
Tandaan na bagama’t parehas ng ibig sabihin ng speed at velocity sa Tagalog, ito ay magkaiba sa Physics
sapagkat ang velocity ay bilis ng galaw ng bagay patungo sa tukoy na direksyon samantalang ang speed ay bilis
lang ng pagalaw ng bagay sa itinakdang oras. Kapag may external force o pwersang panlabas na makakaapekto
sa isang bagay sa nakatakdang oras, magbabago ang kanyang Momentum. Ang tawag dito ay Impulse o Change
in Momentum. Ang formula ng Force ay F=m.a.Tingnan ang mga formula sa ibaba.

P = m.v Momentum formula where m is mass, v is velocity F = m.a Therefore,

Change in Momentum formula where m is mass, vf
∆P = m(vf-vi) is final velocity, vi is initial velocity m (vf-vi) Change in
F= Momentum
∆t
happens when
F = m.a Force formula where m is mass, a is acceleration F∆t = m (vf-vi) there is an
vf-vi Acceleration formula where m is mass, vf is final external force
a= velocity, vi is initial velocity, t is time F∆t = ∆P applied to an
∆t object at a given
*Impulse = Change in Momentum
time.
Sample Problem:
1. What is the momentum of a 22-kg grocery cart which travels at 1.2 m/s to east?
Given: m = 22 kg; v = 1.2 m/s
Unknown: p=? Ang unang gagawin kapag may word problem ay basahin at unawain ang problema.
Pangalawa, hanapin ang given at ang unknown o ung kailangang isolve. Sa problem
Solution: na ito, hinahanap ang momentum. Dahil alam na natin ang formula ng momentum
(p=m.v), kailangan nalang nating ilapat ang given sa formula at sa case na ito, given
p = m.v
parehas ang mass at velocity. Mass is just multiplied with velocity. Laging tatandaan
= (22 kg) (1.2 m/s) na mahalagang ilagay ang unit sa bawat step ng solution.

= 26.4 kg•m/s east

2. An offensive player passes a football of mass 0.42 kg with a velocity of 25.0 m/s due south. If the player is in
contact with the ball for 0.050 s, what is the magnitude of the average force he exerts?

Given: m = 0.42 kg; v = 25.0 m/s, south; t = 0.050 s

Unknown: F

11
 Solution:
Kung babalikan mo ang mga binigay na formula sa taas, makikita mo na equal ang Change in
∆p = F∆t Momentum sa Force (F) multiplied by change in time (t)
m (vf-vi) = F∆t Kaya nagsubstitute tayo ng value ng Change in Momentum

m (vf-vi) F∆t Sa part na ito ay nagdivide tayo both side of the equation ng time (t) para macancel natin ang t
= sa right side of the equation at matira ang Force (F) na siyang ating hinahanap.
t t
m (vf-vi) Ito na ang kinalabasan.
= F
t
0.42kg(0 m/s-25 m/s) Sa part na ito ay naglapat na tayo ng mga given. Nag-assume tayo na ang final velocity (vf) ay 0
= F dahil pagkatapos ng 0.050 s, wala na sa kanya ang bola.
0.050 s
0.42kg(-25 m/s)
= F Nagmultiply lang tayo dito ng value ng mass at velocity.
0.050 s
-10.5 kg.m/s
= F Ito na resulta pagkatapos magmultiply
0.050 s
Ito na ang ating final answer. Naging negative ang ating final answer dahil kung babalikan ang
2
-210kg.m/s = F tanong, ang direction ng velocity ay pa south. Sa inyong Cartesian Plane sa Math subject, ang
south ay may Negative sign.
In a closed system, momentum is conserved. This means the total
Momentum Conservation momentum of the system remains unchanged before and after the
collision. Before the collision, the total momentum was the sum of the
momentums of both train cars. m1v1+m2v2=m1v1’+m2v2’
Sample Problem:
Consider a 42,000 kg train car (A) travelling at 10 m/s toward another
A B train car (B). After the two cars collide, they couple together and move
along at 6 m/s. What is the mass of the train car B?
Before the collision:
Train car A momentum= 42,000 kg(10m/s) = 420,000 kg·m/s
Train car B momentum= m(0 m/s)=0kg.m/s
Total momentum of the system: 420,000 kg.m/s
A B
After the collision
Because momentum is conserved, alam natin na ang before at after the
collision na momentum ay equal. Pagkatapos ng collision at nagdikit ang
dalawa, nagmove sila bilang isang system na may velocity na 6 m/s. Therefore,
420,000 kg·m/s = (42,000 kg + train car B mass)·(6 m/s)
A B
Nagdivide tayo both side of the equation ng 6 m/s 420,000 kg·m/s (42,000 kg + train car B mass)·(6 m/s)
=
para matagangal atin ang nasa right side of the 6 m/s 6 m/s
equation 70,000 kg = 42,000 kg + mass of Train Car B
Nilipat natin sa kabilang side ng equation ang 70,000 kg - 42,000 kg = mass of Train Car B
42,000kg. *Combine like terms ang tawag sa
28,000 kg = mass of Train Car B
math. Dahil tumawid siya sa kabilang side ng
equation, nagbago ang kanyang sign. Dahil 42,000 kg(10m/s)+ 28,000kg (0m/s) = 42,000kg(6m/s)+28,000kg(6m/s)
papunta sa kaliwa ang pagtawin, negative 420,000 kg.m/s =252,000 kg.m/s + 168,000 kg.m/s
sign. 420,000 kg.m/s = 420,000 kg.m/s

Types of Collision: Ang box sa itaas ay proving kung saan ay ating napatunayan na ang
1. Elastic Collision momentum bago ang collision ay equal sa momentum pagkatapos ng
2. Inelastic Collision
collision.

Elastic collision – one in which the total kinetic energy of the

system does not change, and colliding objects bounce off after
collision

12
 Inelastic collision – one in which the total kinetic energy
of the system changes (i.e., converted to some other
form of energy). Objects that stick together after
collision is said to be perfectly inelastic.

Ponder Corner:

1. Which has more momentum, a bus moving at 40 km/h or a car moving at 40 km/h?
A. Bus C. Car
B. Both have the same momentum D. Cannot be determined.
2. A moderate force will break an egg. However, an egg dropped on the road usually breaks, while one dropped
on the grass usually doesn’t break. This is because for the egg dropped on the grass:
A. The change in momentum is greater. C. The time interval for stopping is greater.
B. The change in momentum is less. D. The time interval for stopping is less.
3. The impulse experienced by a body is equal to the change in its:
A. Velocity B. Kinetic energy C. Momentum D. Potential energy
4. In certain martial arts, people practice breaking a piece of wood with the side of their bare hand. Use your
understanding of impulse to explain how this can be done without injury to the hand.
A. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is smaller the impact force is
bigger.
B. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is bigger the impact force is bigger.
C. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is smaller the impact force is smaller.
D. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is bigger the impact force is smaller.
5. A lady tennis player hits an approaching ball with a force of 750 kg.m/s2. If she hits the ball in 0.002 s, how
much impulse is imparted to the tennis ball?
A. 0 kg.m/s B. 1.5 kg.m/s C. 3.0 kg.m/s D. 6.0 kg.m/s
6. Which is a necessary condition for the total momentum of a system to be conserved?
A. Kinetic energy must not change. C. An object must be at rest.
B. No external force is present. D. Only the force of gravity acts on the system.
For numbers 7 and 8:
Two 0.3 kg balls approach each other with the same speed of 10.0 m/s.
7. What is the total momentum of the system before collision?
A. 0 B. 0.50 kg m/s C. 1.0 kg m/s D. -1.0 kg m/s
8. If there is no external force acting on the system, what is the total momentum of the system after collision?
A. 0 B. 0.50 kg m/s C. 1.0 kg m/s D. -1.0 kg m/s
9. Two cars approach each other at equal speed. If they collided in a perfectly elastic collision, what would be
their velocities after collision?
A. Zero C. Same in magnitude but opposite in direction
B. Same in magnitude and direction D. Different in magnitude and opposite in direction
10. A 50-kg astronaut ejects 100 g of gas from his propulsion pistol at a velocity of 50 m/s. What is his resulting
velocity?
A. -0.10 m/s B. -0.50 m/s C. 0 m/s D. -100 m/s
Answer explanation:
1. The answer is A because bus is heavier than a car. Following the momentum
formula, p=mv, Bus will have greater momentum than the car at the same rate of
acceleration.
2. The answer is A because the time interval for stopping is greater.
3. The answer is C because Momentum because Impulse = Change in Momentum. m1v1=m2v2
4. The answer is A because given the same change in momentum, when the time 0.1kg x (-50m/s)=50kg x v2
interval is smaller the impact force is bigger.
5. The answer is B because Impulse=F∆t. Impulse =750kg.m/s2 x 0.002 s = 1.5 kg.m/s 0.1kg x (-50m/s) 50kg x v2
=
6. The answer is B because in a closed system, meaning no external forces, 50kg 50kg
momentum is conserved. -5kg.m/s 50kg x v2
7. The answer is A because using m1v1+m2v2=momentum before collision, one of the 50kg
=
50kg
values of velocity will be negative because they are moving in opposite directions.
8. The answer is A because the ball will be moving in the opposite directions, so one of -0.1 m/s = v2
the velocities will have a negative value.
9. The answer the C. Since it is a perfectly elastic collision, the mass and velocity of the
two cars are the same, so the magnitude will be the same, but the direction of
movement will be opposite.
10. The answer is A. The solution for this problem is here.
13
Week 3: Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is energy acquired by objects upon which work is done. This form of energy closely relates
to the elementary definition of energy which is the capacity to do work. There are two kinds of mechanical
energy.
1. Potential Energy is energy possessed by objects at rest. It has two kinds.

a. Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its location or position. For
example, a book on top of the table, car parked on a ramp.
b. Elastic Potential Energy is the energy stored in a stretched or compressed elastic material such as spring.
For example, the spring on the handle of a pinball machine has more energy when compressed than when in a
relaxed position.

2. Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by an object by virtue of its motion. Examples of which are a bullet
in motion, stream of flowing water, rock falling off a cliff, roller coaster.

Ang mechanical Energy ay nangangahulugang may kakayahang gumawa. Narito ang dalawang uri nito:
1. Potential Energy – Hindi gumagalaw
1.a. Gravitational Potential Energy – nakapatong lang. Halimbawa, libro na nakapatong sa mesa o
nakaparadang sasakyan.
1.b. Elastic Potential Energy – nababanat na mga bagay. Halimbawa, rubberband at spring.
2. Kinetic Energy – Gumagalaw. Halimbawa, gumugulong na bola at umaagos na tubig.

The Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It
can only be transformed from one form to another.

In Figure 1 a pendulum is held at point A. At this point, the potential energy of

the pendulum is maximum because of its height while the kinetic energy is zero
dahil hawak pa ito at hindi pa gumagalaw. Kapag binitiwan, the potential
galling sa point A to point B ay mababawasan dahil nabawasan din ang
height ng bob while the kinetic energy increases dahil gumagalaw na ang
pendulum.
At point B, the kinetic energy is now maximum, while the potential energy is
minimum. Then it swings to point C, with decreasing kinetic energy and
increasing potential energy due to it being at a higher position.
Then at point C, the potential energy is again maximum, while the kinetic energy
is zero, just like it is at point A.
Habang gumagalaw ng pabalik balik ang pendulum, nababawasan ang height na naabot nito dahil sa
(friction, air resistance). Hindi nawawala ang energy pero ito ay nag ta-transform sa ibang form of
energy, kaya huminto ang pendulum kahit di mo pigilan.

When a body is raised to a certain height, the gravitational energy increases and when it is released, the kinetic
energy increases during its course of movement.

Based on the conservation of energy, all the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy upon reaching the
ground.
The total mechanical energy of an object is equal to the sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy if
friction is negligible.
Location of the Potential Kinetic Total Mechanical
FORMULA: Total Mechanical Energy
Pendulum Energy Energy Energy
ME = PE + KE
PE KE ME
Point A 50 J OJ 50 J ME = Mechanical Energy;
PE = Potential Energy;
Point B 0J 5O J 50 J
KE = Kinetic Energy
Point C 50 J OJ 50 J
Total Mechanical Energy = Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy. The unit of energy is Joule, J.

14
 FORMULA: Gravitational potential energy
FORMULA: Kinetic Energy 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑃𝐸 =
𝐾𝐸 = 2
2
PE = Gravitational P.E.;
KE = Kinetic Energy;
m = mass;
m = mass;
g = gravity 9.8 m/s2
v = velocity
h = height

Consider the figure on the right. Consider the figure on the left.
Find the GPE of ball at Point A Find the GPE of ball at Point B. Try mo
gawin, sundan mo lang yung process na
Given: m= 0.1kg; g=9.8m/𝑠 2 ; h=10m ginawa natin sa Point A
*Ang value ng gravity ay automatic
na g=9.8m/𝒔𝟐 dahil ang ball ay nasa Given: m= 0.1kg; g=9.8m/𝑠 2 ; h=8m
Earth. *binago natin ang value ng Height kasi
Point B na ang i-solve natin.
Find: PE of ball at point A
Formula: Find: PE of ball at point B
𝑚𝑔ℎ Formula:
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2 𝑃𝐸 =
2
Substitute/Solve:
(0.1𝑘𝑔)𝑥(9.8𝑚/𝑠2 )𝑥(10𝑚) Substitute/Solve:
𝑃𝐸 = (0.1𝑘𝑔)𝑥(9.8𝑚/𝑠2 )𝑥(8𝑚)
2
*I-multiply lamang ang mga 𝑃𝐸 = 2
numerator para makuha ang
9.8 Joule
7.84 𝐽 Total mechanical
𝑃𝐸 =
9.8 𝐽 2 energy is a constant,
𝑃𝐸 = the kinetic energy of
2 Final Answer:
*I-divide sa 2 para makuha ang the ball is
PE= 3.92 J
4.5 J *Subukan mo ulit gawin sa point C,
ang final answer ay 1.96J ME = PE + KE
Final Answer: 4.9 J = 3.92 J +KE
GPE= 4.5 J 4.9 J – 3.92 J = KE
KE = 0.98 J

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words. Select from the given choices in the box.
Water energy hydropower electricity kinetic
Hydropower is using (1) ______________to make electricity. Water constantly moves through a vast
global cycle, evaporating from lakes and oceans, forming clouds, precipitating as rain or snow, then flowing
back down to the ocean. When flowing water is captured and turned into (2) _____________, it is called
hydroelectric power or (3) _____________. There are several types of hydroelectric facilities; they are all
powered by the (4) ________________ energy of flowing water as it moves downstream. Turbines and
generators convert the (5) ____________ into electricity, which is then fed into the electrical grid to be used in
homes, businesses, and by industry.Hydroelectric power plant makes use of the kinetic energy of the falling
water in producing electricity. This type of power plant is the major source of electrical energy in the country.
The power plants in Ambuklao and Binga in the Mt. Province, Angat in Bulacan, Caliraya in Laguna and Maria
Cristina Falls in Iligan uses hydroelectric power.
Answer Key: 1. Water 2. Electricity 3. Hydropower 4. Kinetic energy 5. Energy

RELATIONSHIP AMONG HEAT, ENERGY AND EFFICIENCY.

The production of heat is one of the driving forces of human activity. We use it in daily chores, like
cooking and drying and ironing clothes. It is also needed to greater extent in commercial and industrial
applications especially in the field of manufacturing where many substances are made with the use of
enormous amounts of heat. So, understanding how heat works and how it interacts with various objects is
studied since it will help in making many different processes efficient.
Heat and temperature are often confused with one another. Temperature in the simplest sense is a measure of
hotness or coldness of an object; an object that is hot has a high temperature, and a cold object has a lower
temperature. Heat on the other hand is energy transferred from one object to another due to a difference of
temperature between the two objects.
*Temperature – mainit o malamig. Ex. Malalman mo na may lagnat ka pag ang temperature reading mo
ay lumagpas sa 37℃.
15
 Heat – pagpasa ng init. Hindi ito nakikita pero nararamdaman. Ex. Init ng araw, paghigop ng bagong
luto na lugaw.

Heat and Work

Energy is needed to perform work. When work is done on an object, energy is transferred to that object. The
transfer of energy to the object increases its internal energy. The internal energy will later decrease as the
object dissipates it as to heat.
James Prescott Joule investigated in mechanical equivalent of heat. He set up
an apparatus in its simplified form. The weight was made to fall through a
certain distance. Kapag inikot yung winding drum, iikot din yung paddle
wheel at bababa o tatas ang weight. Dahil sa friction mula sa pag ikot ng
paddle wheel , tumataas din the water temperature. Almost all the work
done on the machine was transformed into heat.

Using this device, he found out that 4.194 J is equivalent to 1 calorie. A

calorie is a unit of energy that is equivalent to amount of energy needed to
raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C, ideally measured from 14.5°C to
15.5°C.

Energy is needed to perform work. When work is done on an object, energy is transferred to that object. The
transfer of energy to the object increases its internal energy. The internal energy will later decrease as the
object dissipates it as to heat.

First Law of Thermodynamics

How is energy conserved when you eat breakfast? The chemical energy in food will be converted into
mechanical energy that enables you to do work. But not all the chemical energy is converted to mechanical
energy, some will be converted in the form of heat. The concept of the conservation of energy states that
energy cannot be created nor destroyed. The First Law of Thermodynamics is based on this concept.

First Law of Thermodynamics states that: The change in internal energy of a system equals the difference
between the heat taken in by a system and the work done by the system.
*Real Life concept: Kung gusto mo ng pagbabago, kailangan mo magsakripisyo. At yung pagbabago na
makukuha mo ay depende sa dami ng sinakripisyo mo.
*Math Concept: Kahit ilang beses pa magbigay at mag absorb ng energy ang dalawang bodies, the
TOTAL energy remains the same.
Ex. 2+2=4 ; 1+3=4 .. ang total energy ay yung sum at ang internal energy ay yung addend.

Internal energy of a substance is the sum of the molecular kinetic energy (due to the random motion of the
molecules), the molecular potential energy (due to the forces that act between the atoms of a molecule and
between the molecules), and other kinds of molecular energy.

When heat flows in instances where the work done is negligible, the internal energy of the hot substance
decreases and the internal energy of the cold substance increases. While heat may originate in the internal
energy supply of a substance. It is not correct to say that a substance contains heat. The substance has
internal energy not heat. The word “heat” is used only when referring to the energy in transit from hot to cold.

The law is expressed as:

ΔU = Q – W
where Q = the amount of heat flowing into the system
W =the net work done by the system (see picture, for
explanation)
ΔU = the change in the system’s internal energy (init dun sa
loob ng cup)
This is derived from the conservation of energy given as how heat is
related to work.
Q = W + ΔU
We will use Joule (J) as our SI unit for energy. The first law tells us
that a system’s internal energy can be changed by transferring energy by either work, heat or a combination
of the two.
Heat Pump
Normally, heat flows from a hotter object to a cooler object when the two objects are placed in contact. Ex. Pag
hinawakan ang mainit na tasa, mapapaso ka. At alam mo na malamig ang ice cream dahil mas mababa
ang temperatre nito sa 37°C.
16
When you touch a cup of hot coffee, heat flows from a hotter cup to a cooler hand. When you touch a cone of
ice cream, heat again flows from hot to cold, in this case, from the warmer hand to the colder cone. The
response of the nerves in the hand to the arrival or departure of heat prompts the brain to identify the cup of
coffee as being hot and the cone of ice cream as being cold.
The reverse can be done, i.e., heat flows from a colder object to a hotter object, with the use of a heat
pump. It is a device that allows heat to transfer from a colder reservoir to a warmer reservoir which is not a
natural process. Work is required for the heat to flow from a lower to higher temperature. This work is provided
by the motor of heat pump.
*Ang purpose ng heat pump ay i-reverse o baligtarin ang process ng heat flow. Ito ang magiging mula sa
malamig papunta sa mainit. Kabaligtaran ng aircon ang heat pump.
What is the difference between spontaneous and non-spontaneous process?
In spontaneous process heat flows from higher temperature to a lower temperature. It does not require
any external energy to occur. *Mainit to malamig; natural result yung kahit wala gawin yun tlga ang
magiging ending nya. Ex. Buhay papuntang kamatayan.
In non –spontaneous process heat flows from lower temperature to higher temperature, it needs
mechanical energy to occur. *Malamig to mainit; pinipigilan yung natural process. Ex. We do not grow
younger physically.

Try to answer.
Distinguish the process as spontaneous or non-spontaneous process. Write S if spontaneous and NS if non-
spontaneous on the blank.
________1. Melting of Ice
________2. Rusting of Iron (kilakalawang na bakal)
________3. Marble going down the spiral.
________4. Going up hill
________5. Keeping the food fresh from spoilage

Ponder Corner
Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following is true of the conservation of energy in a closed system?
A. Kinetic energy is always conserved.
B. Potential energy is always conserved.
C. Mechanical energy is always conserved.
D. Total energy is always not conserved.
*D. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but it can convert to other energy.

2. The mechanical energy of a system of objects is

A. the sum of kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy. B. the sum of kinetic energy and elastic
potential energy.
C. the sum of kinetic energy and all relevant forms of potential energy. D. the sum of all forms of energy.
*A. Formula ng ME.; ME=PE+KE

3. Mechanical energy is not conserved when

A. gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
B. kinetic energy is converted to gravitational potential energy.
C. kinetic energy is converted to elastic potential energy.
D. friction is not negligible.
*D. Because PE and KE always converted to each other.

4.Which event illustrates the direct transformation of potential to kinetic energy?

A. A basketball player catches a flying ball. B. A kalesa moves from rest.
C. Kathy’s arrow is released from its bow. D. The spring mechanism of a toy is rotated until it
locked.
*B. Potential to Kinetic means from rest to moving.

5. If mechanical energy is conserved in a system, the energy at any point in time can be in the form of
A. kinetic energy. B. gravitational potential energy C. elastic potential energy D. all of the
above
*D. KE and PE are both mechanical energy. Elastic PE is one type of gravitational potential energy.

17
6. First Law of Thermodynamics deals with
A. Conservation of Mass C. Conservation of Momentum
B. Conservation of Energy D. Conservation of Pressure
*B. Thermodynamics ay about heat, ang heat ang isang form ng energy.

7. All the following are examples of spontaneous reaction EXCEPT

A. Going up hill C. Keeping the food fresh from spoilage
B. Melting of ice D. Rusting of iron
*A. Spontaneous means natural process, kahit wala kang gawin yun tlga ang effect or output.

8. How does the water from the deep well move upward?
A. It occurs naturally.
B. It uses water heat pump.
C. It is a spontaneous process.
D. It flows from higher temperature to cooler temperature.
*B. It needs to use water heat pump to reverse the natural process.

9. All the following are example of non – spontaneous process EXCEPT

A. Keeping the food fresh from spoilage
B. Going up hill
C. Melting of ice
D. Breakage of egg
*B. other choices occurs naturally/spontaneous process.

10. What is the used of heat pump? It is used to

A. transfer heat from a colder reservoir to a warmer reservoir.
B. transfer heat from a warmer reservoir to a colder reservoir
C. transfer heat to a colder reservoir
D. change heat.
*A. It refers the natural process of heat flow

11. A 0.5kg ball is lifted 12m above the ground. It’s potential Energy is
A. 60 J B. 17J C. 600J D. 29.4J
*D. Use formula for PE

12. You drop a 5kg ball from a height of 2m. Just before it reaches the ground, what type of energy does it
have?
A. Potential Energy B. Nuclear energy C. Kinetic Energy D.
Chemical Energy
*C. KE is energy in motion.

13. Use picture at the right. At which point is potential energy greatest?
A. W B. X C. Y D. Z
*A. It is at rest and it has the maximum height.

14. As a pendulum swings from its highest to lowest position, what happens to its kinetic and potential energy?
A. Both the potential energy and kinetic energy decreases.
B. The potential energy decreases while the kinetic energy increases.
C. The kinetic energy decreases while the potential energy increases.
D. Both the potential and kinetic energy increases.
*A. it transforms to other type of energy.

15. What law states that the total Energy in an isolated system remains the same?
A. Law of Conservation of Momentum
B. Law of Definite composition
C. Law of Conservation of Energy
D. Law of conservation of Mass
*C.

18
WEEK 4: HEAT ENGINES AND THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Explain how heat transfer and energy transformation make heat engines like geothermal plants work.
A. Heat Engine
Energy is needed to do work. Energy comes in many forms: mechanical, chemical, electrical, and thermal.
Sometimes, to convert one energy to another, an engine is needed. In this lesson, if the energy source of an
engine comes from thermal or heat, this is called a heat engine.
A heat engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. There are 3 main cycles involved in this
conversion: 1) heat is added as an input, 2) heat is converted to useful energy, and 3) heat is removed/lost at
cold temperature. A combustion engine is an example of a heat engine.
There are 2 types of combustion engines: external and internal. In the external combustion engine, the
burning of fuel takes place outside the engine (e.g., steam, piston engine, atmosphere) while in the internal
combustion engine, the burning of fuel happens inside the cylinder or turbine engine (e.g., gasoline, diesel,
human body). In the case of the gasoline engine, below is the four-stroke cycle which describes what happens
to the piston and mixture of gases:
Four-stroke Gasoline Engine
Four-Stroke Cycle Movement of the Piston What happened to the mixture of gases?

Intake Downward The intake valve opens, and the cylinder receives the fuel-
air mixture

Compression Upward Compress the fuel-air mixture

Power Downward The spark plug causes the mixture to ignite and combust,
making its temperature high. Then the pressure inside the
cylinder also increases.
Exhaust Upward Combusted gases are pushed out of the opened exhaust
valve, the intake valve opens, and the cycle repeats

B. Thermal Efficiency
As not all thermal energy is converted into useful energy, some are converted to waste heat. This means
that a heat engine is not 100% efficient. However, an engine that converts more heat into useful work and less
waste heat is said to be efficient. According to Said Carnot, the formula for efficiency is:

19
MELC 7 IN A STRIP

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Objective: Explain how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed.
1. Generation: Electricity must be generated from a source – the power plant. There are different types of power
plants depending on the source of energy that is used to generate electricity. For example, a geothermal power
plant uses heat from within the earth to produce electricity. Electricity may also be generated from other sources
such as running water, wind, light and heat from the sun, nuclear reactions, and burning fossil fuels. The
Philippines, in its quest to sustain its rising economy, has tapped several viable yet non-conventional energy
resources.
2. Generation and Magnetism: These sources supply the energy necessary to turn large turbines which are
then connected to a device called a generator. This device converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. How
is this possible? It is made possible by the interaction between a changing magnetic field and a conductor inside
the generator assembly. A magnet at rest or a conductor at rest cannot produce an electric current. So current
is induced by either moving the magnet or the conductor. This phenomenon was discovered by Michael Faraday
and is known as electromagnetic induction.
3. Transmission and Distribution: After generating electricity in the power plant, it then flows through large
wires connected to a step-up transformer. A step-up transformer raises the voltage as high as 756 kV so it can
travel long distances. The electric current then travels through transmission power lines going to the substations
where it is lowered by a step-down transformer to between 13 kV – 2 kV. From the substations, electricity is sent
to a pole transformer or a transformer box where it is lowered again to between 240 volts – 120 volts. It is from
here where electricity comes into your home through a service box, where your electric meter is located to
measure how much you consume. Wires around your house take electricity to power your lights and appliances.
4. Consumption:

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The unit of measurement for energy used is a kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is one kilowatt of power for a period of
one hour. The electrical energy used in the household is measured by an electric meter which is usually located
outside the house for easy access to reading.

MELC 8 IN A STRIP

Prepared by:

Mr. Edgar R. Delgado (Sections A, B, C, L, O)

Mr. Resty D. Dometita (Sections G, H, I, J, M)
Mrs. Mary Grace A. Delgado (Sections D, E, F, N, T)
Ms. Irish Jeanne S. Sagun (Sections K, P, Q, R, S)

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