INDEX

SUBJECTS PAGES

LECTURE NOTES IN FILIPINO 2-4

LECTURE NOTES IN SCIENCE 5-29

LECTURE NOTES IN SIBIKA 30-33

LECTURE NOTES IN MATH 34-46

LECTURE NOTES IN ENGLISH 47-59
(Reading, Language & Speech)

LECTURE NOTES IN FILIPINO 6

FIRST QUARTER
S.Y 2020-2021

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YUNIT I: DALI… SAMA-SAMA TAY0!

ARALIN 1: ANG BATA AT ANG AMANG ALIMANGO (PABULA)

Pangngalan – salitang panawag sa tao, bagay, lugar, hayop, at pangyayari.

ARALIN 2: KUYA KO, IDOL KO (MAIKLING KUWENTO)

MGA PANGNGALANG PANAWAG SA IBA PANG ABSTRAKTONG BAGAY

kongkreto – mga pangngalang panawag sa mga bagay na may pisikal na kaanyuan na

maaaring nakikita o nahahawakan tulad ng ama (tao: Dr. Santos), aso (hayop: Bantay),
lungsod (pook: Maynila), aklat (bagay: lapis), at iba pa.

abstrakto – panawag sa mga katangian, pag-uugali, at iba pang ideya o konsepto ang
ganitong pangngalan. Wala itong pisikal na katangian na nakikita o nahahawakan.
Halimbawa: kaugalian, kayabangan
Tulad pa rin ng mga pangngalang may salungguhit sa ibaba:

Noon ko nalaman, may sakit pala si Kuya Ken! Sabi ni Tatay, mas marami raw
kasi ang white blood cells kaysa red blood cells ni Kuya. Grabe raw ang kaniyang
anemia- kulang sa dugo, lalo na sa pulang cell ng dugo kaya siya nanghihina.
Napakamot na lamang ako sa ulo. A, basta ang alam ko, may sakit si Kuya kaya
umiiyak si Nanay.

ARALIN 3: TANDANG-TANDA KO PA… (ANEKDOTA)

MGA PANANDA NG PANGNGALAN

1. Ito ang mga pananda ng pangngalang pantangi o panawag sa tiyak na pangalan ng
tao o hayop:
 si, ni, kay (para sa iisang iyak na pangalan ng tao o hayop)
Halimbawa:
1. Nakita ni Nene si Aling Maria sa restoran.
2. Ibinigay niya kay Aling Maria ang binili niyang burger.
3. Tinahulan ni Bantay si Muning dahil nagalit siya kay Muning.
Pansinin: Mga tiyak o tanging pangalan ang Nene, Aling Maria,
Bantay, at Muning kaya nagsisimula sa malaking letra
ang mga ito kapag isinusulat.

 sina, nina, kina (para sa dalawa o higit pang pangalan ng tao o hayop)
Halimbawa:
1. Nakita nina Nene at Nitoy sina Aling Maria at Mang Dodong.

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 2. Inagaw nina Bantay at Spotty ang mga buto kina Muning at kapuwa
mga pusa.

2. Ito ang iba pang pananda o pantukoy sa pangngalan:

 ang, ng, sa
a. Para sa mga pambalana o karaniwang panawag sa tao at hayop
Halimbawa:
Pinakain ng bata ang kaniyang mga alagang aso at pusa.
b. Para sa mga pook o lugar at bagay (pantangi man o pambalana),
pangyayari, katangian, at iba pang panawag sa mga kongkreto at
abstraktong pangngalan
Halimbawa:
1. Bumili sila ng burger sa restoran.
2. Kahanga-hanga ang ugaling ipinakita ng batang babae.
3. Talagang nakakatakot ang aksidenteng naganap sa Maynila.
4. Bibili raw ng manga at iba pang prutas sa palengke ang mga
bisita.

ARALIN 4: KAPIT-BISIG… (SANAYSAY)

Panghalip – pamalit o panghalili sa pangngalan

1. Panghalip Pantao o pamalit sa pangalan ng tao.

Mga Tauhan Panghalip Pantao na Panghalip pantao na

pang- isahan pangmaramihan
Pansarili ako, ko, akin tayo, kami, atin, natin,
kita/kata, (pandalawahan)
para sa kausap ikaw, ka, iyo kayo, mo, inyo, ninyo
para sa ibang tao siya, kaniya, niya sila, kanila, nila

2. Ito ang ibang panghalip na ginagamit sa panghalili sa pangalan ng tao, bagay, o

lugar na itinuturo:

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 Malapit sa nagsasalita Ito si Rina.
Ibibigay ko sa iyo itong hawak ko.
Malapit sa kinakausap Iyan ba si Nene? Ang ganda niya!
Pakikuha iyang paying na nasa tabi mo.
Parehong malayo sa Nakikita mo ang batang iyon? Tahimik, di ba?
magkausap
Pupunta tayo sa probinsiyang iyon kahit malayo.

3. Panghalili rin sa direksiyon o lugar na itinuturo ang mga panghalip na ito:

Malapit sa nagsasalita Dito ka maupo sa tabi ko.

Narito, hawak ko ang hinahanap mo.
Malapit sa kinakausap Diyan daw siya uupo, katabi mo.
Nariyan na ba ang mga bisita?
Parehong malayo sa Doon ka na pumunta sa labas, dali!
magkausap
Naroon na kasi ang mga taong hinihintay natin.

ARALIN 5: DAHIL SA PAGMAMAHAL AT MALASAKIT (DULA- DULAAN)

Mga Tauhan:
Pete Gonzales- ama ni Katrina
Ana Gonzales- in ani Katrina
Katrina (Rina) – anak
Grace Santos- nagtapos ng BS Psychology; tagapag-alaga ni Katrina
Nars

Grade 6 Lecture Notes in Science

First Qtr-Review

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Lesson 1: Basic Process Skills
Observing - process of describing things with the use of senses.
Qualitative observation - describes the physical characteristics of things.
Quantitative observation - describes quantity or HOW MANY are being observed.
Inferring - process of deriving information about an observation
Hypothesizing - tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific
problem that can be tested by further investigation.
Condition - the action that you have to perform. It is based on observation.
Prediction- the projected result of the action that you will perform.
Experimenting - a test done under controlled conditions to demonstrate a known truth,
test or examine the validity of hypothesis.
Lesson 2: Standard Unit of Measure
Distance – meter
Mass - kilogram
Time – seconds
Electric current - ampere
Temperature - kelvin
Amount of Substance - mole
Intensity of light - candela
Lesson 3: Matter
Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass or weight.
Atom- the structural units of matter.
Molecules – the tiny particles of matter.
Extrinsic properties - Refer to characteristics that are dependent on the size and
quantity of an object being observed.
Mass - quantity of atoms or molecules that compose the block of material.
Weight - pulling force of gravity on all the molecules/atoms of the block.
Volume - the space occupied by the mass of the block.
Displacement method - is the process of measuring the volume of irregular solids.
Intrinsic properties - Characteristics that do not depend on the quantity of matter.
Density - mass(gram) per unit volume

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Lesson 4: Reproductive System

 Reproduction- the biological process by which new offspring/ organisms are produced.
 Gametes- sex cells
 Chromosomes- a special structure that wraps the DNA strand
 DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid) this is where the traits are being encoded
 Sperm cell - The male gamete.
 Egg cell - The female gamete is
 Testis (testes) - primary sex organ of the reproductive system that produce the sperm
and the male sex hormone.
 Testosterone – male hormone responsible for sexual secondary characteristics of male.
 Epididymis - Site where the sperm cells continue to mature.
 Scrotum - A loose skin that supports and covers the testis
 Vas deferens - Connects the testes and the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
 Prostate gland - Secretes an alkaline fluid that is part of the semen that activates the
sperm cells to swim
 Seminal vesicle - Produces an alkaline substance that is the viscous component of the
semen
 Ejaculatory duct - Ejects the sperm cells to the urethra
 Cowper’s gland - Secretes a viscous alkaline fluid that cleans the urethra.
 Urethra - where all fluids are released.
 Seminiferous tubule- produces the sperm cells through the process of spermatogenesis.
 Interstitial Leydig cells- produces the male sex hormone testosterone
 Seminal fluid or semen - a sticky fluid that contains: 20-100 million sperm cells; nutrients,
fructose and fructose, alkaline fluid with seminalplasmin, alkaline mucus and lubricant
 Ovary - contains immature eggs; produces mature eggs during ovulation.
 Fallopian tube - It transports the egg cell to the uterus
 Infundibulum - Surrounded by fimbrae, finger-like projections that catches the egg cell
during ovulation
 Fimbrae-finger-like projections that catches the egg cell during ovulation.
 Uterus - where the egg cell is implanted after fertilization and where the fetus develop
for 9 months.
 Cervix - The narrow end of the uterus that is connected to the

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  Vagina - The lower end of the birth canal.
 Oocyte - an immature egg.
 Graafian follicle- the mature follicle with a mature egg
 Oogenesis - the process of egg production.
 Menarche - the first menstrual period.
 Menopause - the last menstrual cycle.
 Endometrium – innermost layer of the uterus
 Myometrium – middle layer of the uterus
 Perimetrium – outermost layer of the uterus
 Fertilization – the union of egg cell and sperm cell.
 Zygote – fertilized egg
 Puberty - the transition stage from childhood to adulthood.
 Boys- ages 10-15

 Girls- ages 8-13

Types of Reproduction

 Sexual Reproduction - Type of reproduction when the sex cells of the male and female
fuse together.
 Internal Fertilization - Happens when the eggs are fertilized inside the body of the
female.
 External Fertilization - Happens when the eggs are fertilized outside the body of the
female organism.
 Asexual Reproduction - This type of reproduction happens without the union of gametes.
Types of Asexual:
 Fission – a cell splits into two, like one bacterium becomes two bacteria.
 Budding – an outgrowth of an organism breaks off from its mother parent. Ex.sponges
and tunicates
 Regeneration – a complete new individual develops from a piece of a parent from which
it was detached. Ex. Echinoderms
 Fragmentation – the body of a parent breaks into distinct pieces, the each piece can
reproduce an offspring. Ex. Planarians

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  Parthonogenesis – an egg that has not been fertilized develops into an individual. Ex.
Wasps, bees, ants

Lesson 5: Magnetism and Electricity

Natural Magnets - The naturally occurring materials which have the property of
attracting iron.
Artificial Magnets - They are made of materials like iron, cobalt and nickel which can be
easily magnetized.
Magnetism - a force of attraction or repulsion that acts at a distance.
Magnetic lines of force - imaginary lines which represent the direction of magnetic field.
Electromagnetism - branch of physics which deals with the magnetic effect of electric
current
Electromagnet - a solenoid with a soft iron core.
Lesson 6: Rocks
• Rock - a naturally occurring solid that is made of one or more minerals
• Igneous Rock - formed from cooling process of magma
• Granite - formed when magma hardens while still inside the earth
• Pumice - rock that can float on water
• Basalt - most abundant bed rock on Earth
• Obsidian - formed when molten rock cools rapidly
• Diorite - composed of feldspar, pyroxene, hornblende, and quartz.
• Peridotite - composed of olivine, iron, and manganese
• Gabbro - dark-colored, coarse-grained rock found in deep oceanic crust.
• Sedimentary Rocks - Rocks that formed from the sediments that accumulated at
the bottom of bodies of water.
• Sandstone - composed of compacted sand
• Limestone - formed from accumulation of shells, corals, and algae.
• Shale - formed when mud are compacted or compressed.
• Conglomerate - clastic sedimentary rock that contains rounded clasts

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 • Breccia - composed of large angular particles
• Coal - Organic sedimentary rock that was formed from preservation of
plant materials
• Metamorphic Rocks - Formerly igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been
transformed by pressure and temperature.
• Gneiss - comes from the igneous rock, granite
• Schist - Rock composed of mica with characteristics of phyllite and gneiss.
• Phyllite - Composed of fine-grained mica mineral.
• Marble - Comes from compacted limestone.
• Quartzite - A sandstone that is subjected to extreme heat and pressure.
• Slate - A shale that is compressed due to tremendous pressure of the
Earth.
Lesson 6: Sun
• Sun - It is a gigantic fiery ball of plasma in space.
• 8.5 minutes - The time it takes for light energy to reach Earth.
• Core - The center of the sun that has a temperature close 15 M Kelvin.
• Radiative zone - It transports energy from the sun though radiation.
• Tachocline - It is a layer between radiative zone and convective zone.
• Convective Zone - The outermost part of sun’s interior where convection
happens.
• Photosphere - It is the visible surface of the sun.
• Solar Flare - It is the sudden release of massive amounts of energy that
disrupt radio signals on Earth.
• Sunspot - These are dark, irregularly shaped areas on the photosphere.
• Auroras - These are luminous streamers of light that formed when the
solar winds are penetrate the magnetic field that protects the Earth from
solar wind.
• Aurora borealis - Auroras seen in the North Pole
• Aurora australis - Auroras seen in the South Pole
• Chromosphere - The reddish color surrounding the sun during a total
eclipse when the photosphere is blocked.
• Spicule - A long spikes of luminous gas that rise to the top of
chromosphere and sink back down in ten minutes.
• Corona - The extended outer atmosphere of the sun that looks like a
crown.

Lesson 7: Scientific Method

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 Scientific Method –a series of steps and techniques in investigating an event or
acquiring new knowledge.
Experiment – done to test the hypothesis.
Conclusion – statement that summarizes the result of the experiment.
Steps in the scientific method
1. Identify a scientific problem.
2. Do observations/ initial research
3. Make a hypothesis
4. Test the hypothesis/experimentation
5. Gather, analyze, and interpret data.
6. Draw a conclusion
7. Communicate the results of your experiments.
Lesson 8: Forming Mixtures and Solutions
Pure substance - It is made up of only one kind of matter.
Elements - substances composed of atoms having an identical number of
protons and electrons in each nucleus.
Dmitri Mendeleev – designed the Periodic Table of Elements
Chemical compounds are substances formed by chemical union of two or more
elements.
Mixture - made up of two or more kinds of matter that can be separated by
chemical means.
Homogeneous mixture - A mixture which has uniform composition and properties
throughout. It is also called solution.
Solutes - substance in the smallest amount and the one that dissolves in the
solvent
Solvents - substance in the larger amount that dissolves the solute
Miscible - Two liquids that mix with each other on all proportions
Immiscible - two liquids that DO NOT mix.
Heterogeneous mixture - A heterogeneous mixture doesn’t have uniform
composition and properties.

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 Colloids - mixtures with particles larger than solutions but smaller than
suspension.

Lesson 9: Methods of Separating Mixtures

Filtration - involves the separation of insoluble solid from a liquid.
Mechanical Separation - The method used for materials that are easy to
physically separate.
Flotation - a method where solids of a suspension are made to settle and less
dense material is poured out.
Centrifugation- uses the centripetal force developed in the apparatus
Distillation - it is the evaporation and condensation of volatile liquids.
Distillate - the liquid formed after condensation.
Fractional Distillation - a special type of distillation used to separate mixture of
liquids with different boiling point.
Decantation - A separation technique where solids are allowed first to settle
below the liquid at the bottom of the mixture.
Evaporation - A way of separating a liquid from a solid particularly used when
solids had been dissolved in the liquid.
Sieving or Straining - Used to separate a mixture which contains substances of
different sizes by passing it through a sieve, a device containing tiny holes.
Magnetism - If one component of the mixture has magnetic properties, you could
use a magnet to separate the mixture.
Lesson 10: Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton - includes the skull, spine, ribs and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton - includes the appendages of the body, which are the
shoulders, arms, hips, and legs.
Four basic bone shapes
1. Long- arms, legs and fingers
2. Short- wrist and ankles
3. Flat- skull and sternum
4. Irregular- spine

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 Typical Four Layers:
1. Periosteum: Covers Bones
2. Compact Bone: Lies beneath the periosteum
3. Spongy Bone: Lies beneath the compact bone
4. Bone Marrow: Fills the gaps between the spongy bone
Joints – the place where two bones meet.
1. Ball and Socket Joint - Shoulder and Hip
2. Hinge Joint - Knee and Elbow
3. Pivot Joint - Neck, Wrist and Ankles
4. Fixed Immovable – Skull
5. Gliding Joint - Wrist, ankle, and spine
Ligaments - Connect bone to bone
Tendon - Attaches muscles to bones
Cartilage - It acts as a cushion between bones at a joint and protects the bones.
Lesson 11: Muscular System - It is the LARGEST SYSTEM of the body
Skeletal muscle – Voluntary and striated Muscles in the face, legs, arms, and
fingers
Cardiac muscle - Hardest working muscle. Involuntary and striated. Example
heart.
Smooth muscle - Muscles that cannot consciously control. Involuntary and
striated. Found in Stomach, intestines, arteries, veins and other internal organs
Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
Fracture - Break in the bones
Simple fracture – breaks the bone but no rupture in the skin.
Compound fracture – breaks the bone and damage the skin.
Hairline fracture – stress fracture.
Greenstick – incomplete break.
Comminuted – breaks the bones in several pieces.
Sprain - Swelling in the joint
Arthritis - Inflamed and stiff joints
Scoliosis - Curvature of the spine

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 Osteoporosis - Brittle bones
Cramps – involuntary strong muscle contractions.
Muscle strain – when muscles are overstretched.
Lesson 12: Integumentary System
Functions of Integumentary System
• PROTECTION
• THERMOREGULATION
• EXCRETION
• SENSATION
• SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN D
Skin - First protection against the external environment. The largest organ in the
body having a surface area of approximately 20 sq ft.
Epidermis - The outermost, superficial layer of the skin.
Keratin – a fibrous protein which is the major component of the epidermis giving it a
necessary strength and toughness.
Stratum corneum - composed of dead skin cells that form the impermeable layer
Stratum lucidum - additional layer in the palms and soles.
Stratum spinosum – several layers thick and has lesser division of cells.
Stratum basale – deepest layer of the epidermis, where cells are constantly dividing
and pushing out older cells.
Stratum granulosum – composed of flat dying cells.
Dermis - It anchors the epidermis to the subscutaneous tissues underneath.
Papillary region - contains blood vessels and nerve receptors.
Dermal papillae – the ridges that form our fingerprints
Reticular region - When overstretched creates stretch marks.
Hypodermis - Made up of loose connective tissues and fat (adipose tissues)
Hair - protects it from sunlight and injury.
Oil glands -Also known as sebaceous glands that secretes a substance Sebum.
Sweat Glands
• Eccrine glands – found all over the body.
• Apocrine glands – located in the armpit and pubic hair.

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 Nails - Tightly packed dead cells hardened by dense keratin deposits.
Contact Dermatitis – referred to as rashes.
Athletes Foot - Common fungal infection of the foot causes peeling, itching, and in
some cases, blisters and sores.
Warts - Small grainy growths on the skin caused by human papilloma virus.
Skin Cancer - Most common form of cancer in humans.
Lesson 13: The Digestive System
 Ingestion – taking in of food through the mouth.
 Propulsion – movement of food throughout the alimentary canal.
 Digestion - the process by which the food is broken down into pieces and is used
by all parts of the body.
 Mechanical digestion - Digestion that involves chewing of food
 Chemical digestion - Digestion that involves the help of enzymes
 Absorption – the taking in of nutrients from digested food into the cells of the
body.
 Defecation – the excretion or release of waste materials that are not absorbed by
the body.
 Alimentary canal – also called as gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). These are
structures where food actually passes from mouth to anus.
 Accessory digestive organs – structures that aid the alimentary canal in digesting
food but not necessarily on the path the food travels.
 Peptic Ulcer – caused by bacteria that invades the stomach.
 Gastroenteritis – inflammation of the stomach and small intestines.
 Constipation – difficulty in bowel movement.
Lesson 14: Respiratory system – where the exchange of gases occurs.
 Nose – primary passageway of air from an external environment into the body.
 Pharynx (throat) - a passage lined with mucous membrane and cilia, where air is
further filtered.
 Trachea (wind pipe) - composed of 16-20 ring cartilages that prevents the
collapse of air passage.

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  Bronchi – divides the trachea into two.
 Lungs - pair of sponge-like organs where carbon dioxide and oxygen are
exchanged.
 Alveoli - (air sacs) is the site of gas exchange.
 Diaphragm - a muscle below the lungs that separates the chest cavity from the
abdomen.
 Pleura – protective membrane of the lungs.
 Pneumonia – bacterial infection of the bronchi or alveoli.
 Emphysema – gradual degeneration of the walls of the alveoli.
 Asthma – difficulty in breathing due narrow passageway of air to the lungs.
Lesson 15: The Circulatory System - The function of the circulatory system is to
deliver the substance to its destination.
 Heart - A hollow muscular organ found near the center of the chest cavity.
 Septum- a thick wall that divides the heart into two parts.
 Blood Vessels - tubes that deliver blood to and from the all parts of the body.
 Arteries - These are thick-walled blood vessels that transport blood away from
the heart.
 Aorta is the largest artery in the body.
 Veins - These are blood vessels that return blood to the heart.
 Capillaries - These are thin-walled, tiny blood vessels where Gas exchange,
nutrients and waste happens here.
 Blood -The fluid used to transport the important compounds throughout the body.
 Plasma - The liquid portion of the blood.
 Red Blood Cell - also known as erythrocytes. Disc-shaped cells that carry oxygen
due to the presence of hemoglobin
 White Blood Cell - also known as leukocytes. Helps the body to fight against
diseases
 Platelets - Blood fragments that involved mainly in the clotting of blood.
 Pulmonary circuit- short path between the heart and the lungs.
 Systemic circuit- path of blood from the heart to the all parts of the body.

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  Atherosclerosis – characterized by the thickening of the walls of blood vessel.
 Hypertension – the increase of blood pressure in the body.
 Anemia – a disease characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells in the body.
Lesson 16: Nervous system
 Central nervous system (CNS) - process whatever information it receives and to
send instructions to different parts of the body.
 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - which consist of nerves that stem from the
spinal cord and extend to the entire body.
 Brain- a highly complex organ found in the cranial cavity
 Meninges - covered by skull and protective tissues
 Cerebrum – controls the involuntary activities of the body like thinking and
solving problems.
 Cerebellum – controls the muscles of the body.
 Brain stem – connects the brain to the spinal cord.
 Spinal Cord - Tubelike organ located and protected by the vertebral column that
relays nerve impulses to and from the brain
 Dendrites - are nerve fibers that carry impulses to the cell body.
 Axon - carry impulses away from the cell body.
 Neurons - are the specialized cells of the nerves
 Motor neuron -sends signals to your muscles to tell them to move
 Sensory neuron - sends signals from your sense organs
 Relay neuron - connects neurones to other neurones
 Photoreceptors - send signal to the sensory neurons of the optic nerve
 Mechanoreceptors - These cells are found in the cochlea of the ear.
 Chemoreceptors - These cells are found in the taste buds of the tongue and
nose.
 Thermoreceptors - detect changes in temperature
 Mechanoreceptors - detect changes in pressure of the skin
 Nocireceptors - detects pain.
 Stimulus - is any change in the internal and external environment in an organism.

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  Migraine- characterized by intense pain in the head for prolonged period.
 Stroke- happens when the blood flow to the brain is clogged due to blood clots or
broken blood vessels.
 Epilepsy- disorder due to irregular electrical signals in the brain.
 Parkinson’s disease- characterized by shaking ad rigidity of the muscles in the
face.

Lesson 17: Classification of Animals according to Food Eaten

• Adaptation- means a change in structure, function, or form to improve the chance
of survival
• Lepidopterans- group of moths and butterflies
• Canine- a tooth that is used for cutting food.
• Incisor- a tooth that is used for tearing food.
• Molar- a tooth that is used for grinding food.
• Herbivores are animals that eat only plant material or plant tissues.
• Carnivores are animals that eat meat.
• Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
Lesson 18: Components of Ecosystem
 Ecology- the study of these environments and organisms they support.
 Abiotic factors- the nonliving factors in an environment
 Community- all members of different species living in the same area.
 Population - It refers to all members of the same species living at the same area.
 Biotic - The living factors in an environment.
 Ecological niche- role of every organism in the ecosystem.
 Producers - organisms that can make their own food autotrophs through the process of
photosynthesis.
 Consumers - organisms that cannot make their own food (heterotrophs) so they eat
other
 Scavengers- consumers that feed on the dead bodies of other organisms.
 Foragers – organism that look for their food and they know what is food from not a food.
 Filter feeders – indiscriminate eaters.
 Predators – hunt and kill their prey.
 Decomposers - organisms that feed on decaying matter by breaking down the organic
remains of the body into simpler nutrients.
 Food chain is an illustration which shows the flow of energy through organisms in a
community.

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  Energy pyramid shows the amount of energy passed on in each feeding level.
 Food web is consist of two or more food chain.

Lesson 19: Force and Motion

 Force- a push or a pull
 Motion- a change in position relative to a fixed point.’
 SPEED - Describes how fast an object is moving.
 Velocity is the speed of an object in a certain direction.
V = velocity (meters/second)
d = distance (meters)
t = time (seconds)
 Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity over time.
 Contact Forces - Require direct contact between two objects
 Noncontact Forces - These are forces that act at a distance
 Applied Force - The pushing force that directly applied to an object.
 Frictional Force - The contact force between the surface of an object and the
surface of the floor.
 Normal Force - The upward force that is equivalent to the weight of an object
 Gravitational Force - The force that pulls objects to the Earth’s surface
 Electromagnetic Force - The attractive or repulsive force acting between two
charged particles.

Lesson 20: Weather

 Meteorology - the study of weather
 Atmosphere - blanket of air around the earth
 Troposphere - layer of the atmosphere where weather disturbances occur
 Weather - It is the state of the atmosphere in a certain place at a certain time.
 Climate - It is the average weather of a particular area for a considerable period
of time

Factors affecting Climate and Weather

1. Altitude – elevation of the sea level.
2. Latitude – distance of an area from the imaginary equator
3. Wind system
4. Amount rainfall
5. Bodies of water and land masses
 Hanging Amihan (Northeast Monsoon) - Cold and dry wind that moves from
Siberia to the East of North Pacific Ocean
 Hanging Habagat (Southwest Monsoon) - Wind that brings rain from the western
part of the country.
 Sea Breeze (Onshore Wind) - This is a wind that originates from sea
 Land Breeze (Offshore Wind) - This is a wind that originates from land
18
  Mountain Breeze - The downward movement of cold air from the mountain to the
valley.
 Valley Breeze - The upward movement of cold air from the valley to the
mountain.
 Tropical Cyclones - These are low pressure areas in the tropics. Hurricane (Eastern
Pacific Ocean) , Typhoon (Western Pacific Ocean), Cyclone (Indian Ocean)
 Tropical Depression- wind speed of 63 kph or less
 Tropical Storm- wind speed of 63-118 kph
 Typhoon- wind speed of more than 118 kph
 PAGASA {Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration} - Primary agency in the country that detects and monitors weather
disturbances.
 Thunderstorm – local storms accompanied by thunder and lightning.
 Tornado – violently rotating column of air.

Lesson 21: Scientific Attitudes

1. Curiosity – being curios means that one continuously asks questions about every
experience or observation he encounters.
2. Objectivity – a scientist has no biases
3. Critical Thinking – scientists do not merely accept anything without questioning or
testing it first
4. Open-mindedness – a scientist must accept the fact that others may be experts,
too.
5. Inventive – scientists have the ability to generate new ideas that are his own.
6. Intellectual Honesty – scientist seek the truth, he too should be truthful in
reporting observations, not withholding any information.
7. Humility – a scientist should recognize that he, too, could commit mistakes.
8. Rational – a scientist thinks logically.
9. Patience – a scientist is not discouraged by failure
10. Resourcefulness – a scientist can think of alternative ways to solve a problem.
11. Risk Takers – a scientist must be willing to take risks.

Lesson 22: SCIENTIFIC TOOLS

A. Instruments used for measuring
1. Meterstick
2. Ruler
3. Triple beam balance
19
 4. Spring balance
5. Graduated cylinder
B. Instruments for holding liquids
1. Beaker
2. Florence flask
3. Erlenmeyer flask
4. Test tube and test tube rack
5. Medicine dropper
C. Instruments for measuring and transferring liquids
1. Funnel
2. Pipette
3. Stirring rod
D. Instruments for heating
1. Alcohol lamp
2. Tripod
3. Bunsen burner
4. Forceps
5. Test tube holder
6. Tongs
7. Iron stand and iron ring
8. Wire gauze
Microscope – use to view and enlarge very small objects.
Optical microscope – uses light and glass lenses to magnify image.
Electron microscope – uses a beam of electrons to enlarge smaller objects.
Parts of Microscope
1. Eyepiece – where the observer looks through
2. Body tube – connects the eyepiece to the objective lens
3. Objective lenses – most important part that magnifies the specimen to be
observed.
4. Revolving nosepiece – holds the objective lenses.
5. Arm – supports the tube and connects it to the base

20
 6. Coarse adjustment knob – brings the specimen into general focus
7. Fine adjustment knob –brings clarity to the image of the specimen.
8. Stage – platform where the slide is placed.
9. Stage clips – hold the slide in place.
10. Diaphragm – controls the amount of light.
11. Mirror – used to reflect light.
12. Base – basal support for the apparatus.
SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY
Before the experiment:
1. Make sure teacher is informed about the experiment
2. Read the instructions
3. Keep your hair properly groomed.
4. Never play inside.
Safety Gear
1. Laboratory gown
2. Gloves
3. Goggles
4. Mask
Safety in Handling Materials
1. Hold the tools properly
2. Check materials if they are in proper condition
3. No eating, drinking in the lab.

Lesson 23: Vertebrates

• Zoologystudy of animals
• Herpetologystudy of reptiles and amphibians
• Endothermic or warm-blooded it means that their bodies can generate their
own heat to maintain proper temperature.
• Ectothermic/ cold-blooded animals that do not regulate body temperature
• Placenta an organ that temporarily joins the mother and the fetus
• Offspring young; children

21
 • Keratinwater-resistant part of the skin
• Vertebrates - Animals with backbone
• Homeostasis – ability of the body to maintain balance and stability internally
despite changes in the external environment.
Classification of Vertebrates
• Mammals - Have mammary glands which produce milk for the newborn. Their
bodies are covered with hair/fur
• Monotremes  primitive egg-laying animals. “one-holed”. Ex. Duck-billed
platypus , Echidna , Anteater
• Marsupials  mammals that give birth to offspring at very immature state.
Have pouches for their young. Ex. Koala , Kangaroo , Numbat
• Placental mammals animals that born at more advanced state and
females have placenta to nourished the animal
• Reptiles - Have dry skin covered with keratin and have three-chambered hearts
(except crocodile and alligator)
• Sphenodontia This group of reptiles has only one remaining species,
the Tuatara.
• Crocodilia It includes crocodiles and alligators and have 4-chambered
heart
• Squamata derived from Latin word for “scales”, species of lizards,
snakes, and worm lizard
• Tetsudinata species of turtles, tortoise & terrapins.
• Viviparous reptile - develops its offspring within the mother’s body
• Ovoviviparous reptile - produces and lays eggs inside their body
• Oviparous reptile - lays and hatches its egg outside its body.
• Amphibians They have moist skin and lack scales, hair, and feathers
• Tadpole refers to young amphibian

• Anura It is composed of frogs and toads. Biggest order of amphibians.

• Urodela It is composed of newts and salamanders.
• Apoda It is composed of caecilians that have blind eyes
• Trachystoma An order of tailed aquatic amphibians. Mud eels and
sirens.

22
 • Birds  Also known as Class Aves. Their skin is covered with feathers
• Fish  The most numerous vertebrate group. They have scales as body
covering.
• Jawless Fish  lack a true jaw. Ex. Lampreys and hagfish
• Cartilaginous Fish includes sharks, skates, and rays that lack true bones
• Bony Fish  have bony skeleton and external gills
Lesson 24: Invertebrates
• Invertebrates  Lack backbone or vertebra
Classification of Invertebrates
• Poriferans - pore bearer” animals that can regenerate lost parts
• Cnidarians (Coelenterata) - Group of jellyfish, sea anemones, hydras, sea
whips, and corals.
• Nematocysts - a stinging organelles of cnidarians that paralyze their prey
• Echinoderms - Includes starfish, sea urchin, sea anemone, sand dollar.
• Crown of thorns most venomous starfish
• Mollusks - Includes snails, slugs, clams, scallops, octopus and squids
• Gastropods (univalve sea shells) - represented by snails, conches ,and
slug
• Pelecypods (bivalve sea shells) - represented by clams, oysters, and
scallops.
• Cephalopods - Most-intelligent invertebrates and fast-moving predators
which Includes squids and octopus
• Polyplacophora (Chitons) - Most primitive mollusk
• Monoplacophora - single-plated marine mollusks
• Worms – scavengers , decomposers and parasitic.
• Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) - Includes tapeworms, turbellaria, fluke and
planaria
• Roundworms (Nematoda) - They have tubelike digestive system. Ex:
hookworm
• Segmented worm (Annelida) - Includes earthworms, polychaete and leech
• Arthropods - Largest and most diverse invertebrate group

23
 • Arachnids - Includes spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites
• Spiders - Have a special organ called spinnerets that release silk
• Scorpions - Has stinger that injects poison and paralyzes the prey.
• Mites - Have only one body segment
• Ticks - Sometimes carriers of other parasites that cause diseases.
• Crustaceans - Includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps, water fleas, etc.
• Copepods smallest crustaceans
• Isopods -> live on terrestrial environment. (pill bus, wood lice)
• Decapods  with 10 pair of legs like lobsters, crabs and crayfish
• Myriapods - Means “many feet”
• Centipedes (chilopods) - carnivorous, have 15 or more pairs of legs, hide
during day, and hunt at night
• Millipedes (diplopods) - have more legs per body segment, slower, curl
when threatened.
• Insects - Make up almost 75-80% of all living creatures on Earth. Have true
wings

Lesson 25: Plants

 Biology is the study of living things
 Zoology is the study of animals
 Botany refers to study of plants
 Plant Taxonomy - The science of classifying plants
 Theophrastus - Father of Botany
 Carolus Linneaus - Father of Taxonomy
 Vascular Plants - Have conducting tissues that transport water
 Xylem- the water-conducting tissue of the plant
 Phloem- the food-conducting tissue of the plant.
 Ferns – belongs to Division Pterophyta that bear spores on the leaves.
 Sori - Has spore clusters
 Frond- fern leaf
 Rhizomes - underground stems
 Fern allies - not a true ferns.
 Horsetails - Survivor of their kind.
 Conifers – belong to Division Coniferophyta that bear cones instead of flowers
 Cycads – belong to Division Lycophyta with three survivng families

24
  Ginkgo – belong to Division Ginkgophyta that is Also known as maiden hair tree
which has fanlike leaves
 Gnetae – belong Division Gnetophyta that is used as stimulants and ingredient in
weight loss pills.
 Ephedra – used to treat fever and cold.
 Gymnosperms - non flowering plants
 Angiosperms – flowering plant
 Flower - Reproductive part of the plant.
 Stamen - male reproductive
 Filament – attaches the anther to the body of the flower.
 Anther – where the pollen grain is produced.
 Pollen grains – contain the sperm cell.
 Pistil - female reproductive
 Stigma – opening of the pistil. Release fruit sugar (fructose)
 Style – slender, tubular part that connects the stigma to the ovary of the flower.
 Ovary – the swollen basal part that produces and protects the ovules.
 Petal – brightly colored floral part that attracts insects fro pollination. (corolla).
 Sepals – green leaflike structures
 Receptacle – expanded tip of the flower stalk that holds all parts of the flower.
 Peduncle – the stalk that holds the flower that is connected to the whole part.

Monocot and Dicot

25
 • Nonvascular Plants - Planst that lacking vascular tissues of the xylem and
phloem vessels.
• Rhizoids – root-like parts.
• Caullids – stem-like parts
• Phyllids – leaf-like structure
Artificial Classification (Habitat)
• Aquatic plants - Water lily , Lotus
• Terrestrial – Langka , Bamboo
• Aerial plants - Birds nest fern, Waling waling orchid
• Annual plants (live for one year) – Ampalaya , Saluyot (jute)
• Biennial plants (live for two years) – Carrot, Black eyed susan
• Perennial plants – live from year to year, Sacred lotus, Chrysantheum
Non-Flowering Plants
• Alternation of Generations - A series of multicellular stages where each
organisms give rise to each other.
• Meiosis - Production of haploid cells
• Mitosis – Production of diploid cells.
• Spore bearing vascular plants – do not grow from seeds.
• Sporophyte generation – dominant stage in vascular plants.
• Mature sporophyte – green plant with leaves, stem roots and flowers cones.
• Sporangia – receptacles where the haploid spores are formed through meosis.
• Gametophyte – responsible for producing sex cells.
• Vascular spore bearing plants – produce spores instead of seed.
• Antheridium – male spores
• Archegonium – female spores
• Nonvascular Spore bearing plants – bryophytes, thrive in humid, temperate or
tropical areas where moisture is available.
• Seta – long stalk .
• Operculum – a capsule with a lid like cover

26
 • Protonema – a threadlike chain of cells from which a leafy gametophyte
develops.
• Calyptra – a protective sheath
Lesson 26: Forms of Energy
 Energy - ability to do work
 Potential energy - stored energy of an object/ energy at rest.
 Gravitational Potential Energy - energy associated with the pull of gravity.
 Elastic Potential - energy stored in objects that are stretched.
 Chemical Potential Energy - energy related to the chemical bonds that are found in
matter.
 Kinetic Energy - energy in motion
 Heat Energy - always produced when molecules of matter move rapidly.
 Radiant Energy - Energy that moves like waves and travel through space.
 Electrical energy - It is produced when electrons move.
 Mechanical energy - This is the energy produced works and applies a force on another
object to move it.
 Sound energy - It is produced as objects vibrate.

Lesson 26: Earth Structure

o Shape: Oblate Spheroid
o Approximate Age: 4.6 billion years old
o Circumference: 40,075 km
o Complete Revolution: 365 ¼ days
o Complete Rotation: 24 hours
o Tilt of the Earth’s axis: 23.5 degrees
o Most abundant gas: nitrogen
o Most abundant metal: iron and nickle
o Largest continent: Asia
o Percentage of water: 2/3 or ¾ or 75%
Layers of Earth
 Core - the innermost layer.
 Mantle - the middle layer that is about 2 900 km thick.
 Crust - the outermost layer of the Earth that is 50 km
 Atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth.
 Hydrosphere is the liquid part of the Earth.
o Pacific Ocean
o Atlantic Ocean
o Indian Ocean
o Arctic Ocean
o Pacific Ocean – deepest and largest ocean
 Lithosphere is the solid part of the Earth’s surface.
 Seven Continents:

27
 o Asia – biggest continent
o Africa
o North America
o South America
o Antartica
o Arctic
o Australia

Lesson 27: Planets of the Solar System

• Pluto - discovered by Clyde Tombaugh on Feb 18, 1930 and believe to be a
dwarf planet.
• Dwarf Planet - A heavenly body resembling a small planet but lacks certain
requirements to be considered planet.
• Mercury – the closest planet to the sun.
• Caloris Basin is the largest crater of the planet Mercury
• Venus - Hottest planet in the Solar System
• Transit of Venus - This is an event when Venus passes directly in between
Sun and Earth.
• Earth - Known as the green planet. The only planet where life is possible.
• Luna – the Moon of the Earth.
• Features of Earth
• Mt. Everest (Nepal) - Highest point
• Mauna Loa (Hawaii) - Largest volcano
• Nile (Egypt) - Longest river
• Atacama Desert (Chile) - Driest place
• Grand Canyon (Arizona) - Largest Canyon
• Caspian Sea - Largest Lake
• Sahara Desert (Northern Africa) - Largest Desert
• Lake Baikal (Siberia) - Deepest Lake
• Greenland - Largest Island
• Mars - Known as Red Planet

28
 • Deimos (terror) and Phobos (fear) moons of Mars that was discovered by
Asaph Hall.
• Olympus Mons - largest volcano in the Solar System.
• Jupiter - The biggest and fastest planet in the Solar System. Has 66 moons
• Ganymede – the largest moon in the solar system.
• Great Red Spot - It is a storm which is bigger than the Earth found in
Jupiter
• Saturn – the lightest planet in the solar system and the most beautiful planet.
• Uranus – planet with retrograde rotation.
Neptune – the blue giant planet

29
 Lecture Notes in Sibika 6

First Quarter

Aralin 1: Hangganan at lawak ng teritoryong sakop ng Pilipinas

Ø Ang Pilipinas ay kabilang sa Pacific Ring of Fire

Ø Pilipinas ay binubuo ng 7107 kapuluan

Ø Sukat 30,000,000 ektarya

Ø Pangalawa sa pinakamalaking kapuluan sa daigdig.

Ø Teritoryo – pangalawa sa pinakamahalagang element

Ø Kasunduan sa Paris – Dec. 10, 1898

Ø Kasunduan sa Washington – magbabayad ang Amerika ang 1000,000

Ø P.D.# 1596 – nagtatakda ng EEZ

Ø 1978 – inangkin ni Pangulong Ferdinand Marcos ang Spratlys

Aralin 2: Ang Kilusang Propaganda

· Kilusang Propaganda – pagkilos at paghingi ng reporma ng mga bayaning

Pilipino. Ito’y itinatag noong 1872 sa pamumuno ng propagandista
Isang mapayapang krusada ng paghingi ng Reporma ng mga Pilipino,
nagsimula noong 1872 matapos bitayin ang Paring GOMBURZA at nagtapos
noong 1892 nang si Rizal ay ipinatapon sa Dapitan
Ang Samahang ito ay umusad dahil sa “salita at panulat”
*Mga Propagandista
Mariano Ponce – Isang Doktor, mamamahayag at mananaliksik sa kasaysayan
na tubong Bulacan
Juan Luna – tanyag na Pintor, mula sa Ilocos Norte

30
 Antonio Luna – Pharmacist at mananalaysay, kapatid ni Juan Luna
Jose Ma. Panganiban – dalubhasa sa wika at manunulat mula sa Camarines
Norte
Pedro Serrano Laktaw – guro at lexicographer mula sa Bulacan
La Solidaridad – opisyal na pahayagan ng kilusan itinatag ni Graciano Lopez
Jaena noong Pebrero 15, 1889 sa Barcelona
*Sagisag Panulat
Jose Rizal – Laon Laan at dimasalang
M.H. delPilar – Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping dilat, Siling labuyo, kupang,
Haitalaga, Patos, Carmelo D.A, Murgas. LO Crame
M. Ponce – Naning, Tigbalang, kalipulako
Dominador Gomez – Ramiro Franco
Antonio Luna – Taga-ilog
Graciano Lopez Jaena – Diego Laura

Aralin 3: Ang Katipunan

KKK - Isang lihim na samahang itinatag noong Hulyo 7, 1892 na naghahangad ng

kalayaan sa pamamagitan ng isang rebolusyon o paghihimagsik
¡ Layunin ng samahan:
- Politikal ( humiwalay ng tuluyan sa Espanya)
- Pansibiko ( imulat ang mga Pilipino na makakamit ang kalayaan kung
magkaisa at magtutulungan)
- Moral ( ikintal sa isip ng mga Pilipino na labanan ang kamangmangan,
panatiko at karuwagan

Emilio Jacinto – Utak ng Katipunan

Andres Bonifacio – Supremo ng Katipunan

¡ Ginamit ang sistemang Tatsulok sa pagtanggap ng kasapi
¡ Binuo nina Bonifacio, Plata, at Diwa ang unang tatsulok
¡ Disyembre 1892 – pinalitan ito ng sistemang hagdan- hagdan upang mapabilis
ang pagsapi
¡ Pacto de Sangre – paglagda gamit ang dugo

31
Pagkakakilanlan ng Bawat kasapi
¡ Bonifacio –may Pag-asa
¡ Jacinto –Pingkian
¡ Artemio Ricarte – Vibora
¡ Emilio Aguinaldo – Magdalo ( mula kay Sta. Maria Magdalena ang patron ng
Kawit
¡ Deodato Arellano – bilang Unang pangulo ng katipunan noong 1892

¡ Kalayaan – Opisyal na pahayagan ng Katipunan Teodoro Patino – dahilan ng

pagkabunyag ng Katipunan

¡ Agosto 19, 1896 – nabunyag ang lihim na kilusan

¡ Gregoria de Jesus – Lakambini ng Katipunan
¡ Melchora Aquino – kilalang tandang sora
¡ Diario de Manila – dito inilimbag ang Kalayaan
¡ Padre Mariano Gil – paring nakatuklas sa Katipunan
¡ Cuba – dito hango ang Saligang Batas ng Biak na Bato

Aralin 4: Panghihimasok ng mga Amerikano

• Abril 15, 1898- idineklara ni Pang. William Mckinley ang pakikidigma nito
kay Haring Alfonso XII ng Espanya.
• Mayo 1, 1898 – ang plotang amerikano nakahimpilan sa Hong Kong ay
tumulak sa Maynila.
• Plotang- binubuo ng siyam na makabagong barkong pandigma na nasa
ilalim ng pamumuno ni Commodore George Dewey.
• Olympia- flagship ng Amerika

Admiral Patricio Montojo – namuno sa pangkat ng Espanya

Reina Christina- flagship ng kastila

Spencer Pratt – Consul sa Singapore

Rounceville Wildman – Consul sa Hong Kong

Julian Felipe – Kompositor ng Marcha Nacional

32
Jose Palma – lumikha ng titik.

Tumahi ng Bandila

a. Lorenza

b. Marcela Agoncillo

c. Delfina Herbosa

Mahalagang Petsa:

Abril 15, 1898 – pinasabog ang Barkong Maine

Mayo 14, 1898 – itinatag ang pamahalaang Diktaturyal

Mayo 19, 1898 – bumalik si Aguinaldo sa Maynila

Agosto 13, 1898 – Mock Battle

December 10, 1898 – kasunduan sa Paris

September 15, 1898 – pinasinayaan ang kongreso ng Malolos

May 1, 1898 – Battle of Manila Bay

Enero 23, 1899 – pinasinayaan ang Unang Republika

December 30,1896 – pinaslang si Jose Rizal

Hulyo 4, 1896 – namatay si Del Pilar

Hulyo 3, 1892 – itinatag ang La Liga Filipina

Hulyo 7, 1892 – itinatag ang Katipunan

33
 Lecture Notes in Math Review Grade 6
First Quarter
Lesson 1: Introduction to Integers
Integers – positive and negative whole numbers and zero.
Zero – middle point on the horizontal line.

 Numbers to the right of zero is positive.

 Numbers to the left of zero are negative.

Lesson 2: Comparing and Ordering Integers and Absolute Value

Absolute Value – tells how far an integer is from zero.
- Used the symbol / /.
 The absolute vale of any integer is always positive.
 The opposite of the absolute value of any integer is always negative.
Descending order – largest to smallest
Ascending order – smallest to largest
Example: /20/ = 20 /-20/ = 20 -/20/ = -20 -/-20/ = -20

Lesson 3: OPERATIONS of INTEGERS

Addition of Integers
 To add integers with like signs, simply add their absolute value then affix the
common sign in the sum.
 Unlike signs: subtract, then affix the sign of the greater absolute value.
Example: 2 + (-3) = -1 3+2=5

34
 -5 + (-5) = -10 -5 + 5 = 0
Subtraction of Integers
 To subtract two integers, get the additive inverse of the subtrahend.
 Change the subtraction to addition
 Apply the rules in adding integers.
(Keep-Switch-Change)
Example: 7 – (-8) = 7 + (+8) = 15
10 – 6 = 10 + (-6) = 4
Multiplication of Integers
 The product of two integers with like signs is always positive.
 The product of two integers with unlike signs is always negative.
Example: 2 x 5 = 10 -2 x -5 = -10 -2 x 5 = -10 2 x -5 = -10

Division of Integers
 The quotient of two integers with like signs is always positive.
 The quotient of two integers with unlike signs is always negative.
Example: 15 ÷ 3 = 5 -15 ÷ -3 = 5 15 ÷ -3 = -5 -15 ÷ 3 = -5

Lesson 4: Basic Rules on Exponents

1. Product Rule – add the exponents, copy the base.
Example: 2 x 23 x 25 = 21+3+5 = 29
2. Quotient Rule – copy the base, subtract the exponents.
Example: 105 ÷ 103 = 105-3 = 102
3. Zero Power Rule – any number raised to the zeroth power is equal to 1.
Example: 20 = 1 30 = 1 1000 = 1

Lesson 5: Order of Operations

P – (or sometimes G) Parenthesis or any grouping symbol
E – Exponents

35
M/D – Multiply/Divide (from left to right)
A/S – Addition/Subtraction (from left to right)

Example:
N = [6 x (8 + 2) – 15] ÷ 32 + (3 x 2)
= [6 x 10 – 15] ÷ 32 + 6
= [60 – 15] ÷ 32 + 6
= 45 ÷ 32 + 6
= 45 ÷ 9 + 6
=5+6
N = 11

Lesson 6: Greatest Common Factor and Least Common Multiple

Greatest Common Factor – largest factor that is a factor of both numbers.

Least Common Multiple – smallest non-zero multiple of all the numbers or the smallest
dividend.
 Listing Method
 Prime Factorization
 Continuous Division
Example: 24 – 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
36 – 2 x 2 x3x3
GCF: 2x2 x3 = 12
LCM: 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 = 72

Lesson 7: Addition and Subtraction of Dissimilar Fractions

 To find the sum and difference of dissimilar fractions:
o Get the least common denominator or LCD of the fractions;
o Using the LCD, get their equivalent fractions (divide to the denominator,
multiply to the numerator); then
o Apply the rules on adding or subtracting similar fractions.

Example:
1. What is the sum of 2/7, 1/3, and 1/6?
Solution: Get the LCD of 7, 3 and 6  42

36
 2 1 1 12 14 7 33 11
N= + + = + + = ∨
7 3 6 42 42 42 42 14
2. Find the difference of 7/12 and 5/9.
Solution: Get the LCD of 12 and 9  36
7 5 21 20 1
N= − = − =
12 9 36 36 36

Addition and Subtraction of Mixed Numbers

 In adding or subtracting dissimilar mixed numbers:
o Solve for LCD or the given fractions
o Change the fractional parts to like/similar fractions
o Add or subtract the fractional parts; add or subtract the whole numbers
o Simplify or express final answer in lowest terms.

Example:

1. 4
3 1 3 1
( )
+5 =( 4+5 )+ +  The LCD of 4 and 2 is 4.
4 2 4 2

¿ ( 4 +5 ) +( + )=9+ =9+ 1 =10

3 2 5 1 1
4 4 4 4 4

2. What is the difference between 9 and 3 1/10?

1 10 1
9−3 =8 −3  Rename the whole number as a mixed number
10 10 10

(
¿ ( 8−3 ) +
10 1
−
10 10 ) 9
=5+ =5
10
9
10

 In estimating sums or differences of fractions:

o Determine whether the fraction is close to 0, ½, or 1.
o Add or subtract the estimated fraction.

Example:
4 1 4 1 4 1
1. 3 +8  is close to 0; is close to 0. 3 +8  3 + 8 = 11
15 9 15 9 15 9
4 15 4 15 4 15
2. 15 −10  is close to 0; is close to 1 15 −10  15 –
50 20 50 20 50 20
11 = 4
Lesson 8: Multiplication of Fractions
 In multiplying two or more fractions:
37
 o Multiply the numerators and multiply the denominators.
a c a ×c
o Or simply follow the rule: × =
b d b×d
o Simplify if possible.
4 5 4 ×5 20 5
Example: × = = ∨
6 12 6 × 12 96 18
 To multiply a fraction by a whole number:
o Express the whole number as a fraction with the denominator 1
o Then, follow the rule.
2 2 60 2× 60 120
Example: ×60= × = = ∨40
3 3 1 3 ×1 3

 To multiply mixed numbers:

o Rename the mixed numbers as improper fractions
o Apply the rule or use cancellation method.
o Then, simplify the answer.
5 2 23 8 23 4 92 2
Example: 3 ×2 = × = × = ∨10
6 3 6 3 3 3 9 9

Lesson 9: Division of Fractions

 To divide a fraction by a fraction:
o Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor.
o Cancel where possible.
o If the product is an improper fraction, rename it as a whole number or
mixed number.
 Or as simple as: KEEP-SWITCH-FLIP
5 2 5 3 5 ×1 5
Example: ÷ = × = =
18 3 18 2 6 × 2 12

 To divide involving mixed numbers:

o Change the mixed number into improper fraction.
a c a d a ×d
o Then, follow the rule: ÷ = × =
b d b c b×c
1 3 19 3 19 4 76 37
Example: 6 ÷ = ÷ = × = ∨1
3 4 3 4 3 3 39 39
Lesson 10: Addition and Subtraction of Decimals
 To add or subtract decimal numerals:

38
 o Write the decimal numerals vertically and align the decimal points;
o Append zeroes to the right of a decimals, if needed;
o Add or subtract the same way as in whole numbers.

Examples:
1. Find the sum of 4.276; 8.00124; and 3.71.
4.27600 Decimal points are aligned.
8.00124 Zeroes are appended to obtain the same
number of
+ 3.71000 decimal places.
15.98724  Sum
2. What is 16.734 less than 24.5?
24.500  Append zeroes
- 16.734  Subtract from right to left, column by column
7.866  Difference
Lesson 11: Multiplication of Decimals
 To multiply decimals:
o Multiply the numbers as a whole numbers.
o Count the digits to the right of the decimal points.
o Count off the same number of digits in the product.
Example:
5.75  2 decimal places
x 8.5  1 decimal place
2875
+ 4600
48.875  3 decimal places

Lesson 12: Division of Decimal Numerals

 In dividing decimal numerals, whether it is dividing a:
a. Decimal by a whole number
b. Whole number by a decimal
c. Whole number by a mixed decimal
d. Mixed decimal by a mixed decimal
Follow these steps:
1. Express the divisor as a whole number by moving the decimal point to
the right.
2. Do the same with the dividend.
3. Divide as you would divide whole numbers.

39
 4. Annex zeroes after the decimal point of the dividend to finish the
division process.
Example: 1.75 3 3 3 3.3 3  Nonterminating and
repeating decimal
15) 26.25 0.09) 3 0 0.0 0 0 0
- 15 . -27 .
11 2 30
- 10 5 . - 27
75 30
- 75. - 27
0 30
- 27
30
- 27
30
- 27
3
 Quotient may come as terminating decimal or repeating decimal.
 To round off a quotient to the:
o Nearest tenths, divide up to the hundredths place
o Nearest hundredths, divide up to the thousandths place

LESSON 13: RATIO AND PROPORTION

 Proportion is a statement of two equal ratios.
o a : b = c : d where b and c are means and a and d are the extremes.
 To check if two given ratios make a proportion, simply get the product of the
means and the product of the extremes. The product must be equal.
Example: 600:6 = 1,200:12  600 x 12 = 7,200 (extremes) ; 1,200 x 6 = 7,200
(means)
 To solve for the missing term, cross multiply the terms that are complete divide to
the incomplete term.
Example: The of the boys to girls in Ms. Michelle’s class is 3:5. If there are 9 boys,
how many girls are there?
3 boys is to 5 girls as 9 boys is to N girls  3 : 5 = 9 : N
5 x 9 = 45 ÷ 3 = N  N = 15
LESSON 14: FINDING THE PERCENTAGE
Percentage – results when you get the percent of a number.

40
  To find the percent or amount of a number, change the percent to decimal or
fraction, then multiply.
Example:
 Karla got 95% out of the 60-point test.
To solve: Since 95% = 0.95, then 95% of 60 = 0.95 x 60 = 57.
Therefore, Karla got 57 correct items.
1
 What is 1 % of 155?
5
1
To solve: 1 %=1.2 %=0.012  0.012 x 155 = 1.86
5
 What is 112% of 84?
To solve: 112% = 1.12  1.12 x 84 = 94.08
FINDING THE RATE
Rate – is the part of a whole expressed as a fraction, decimal or percent.
P
 To compute for a percent R, divide the given percentage P by the base B. ( R=
B
)
Example:
 Sheryl got 18/20 correct answers. What is her rate in the Math Test?
To solve: Write a ratio 18 out of 20  18/20
Divide: 18 ÷ 20 = 0.9
Change the decimal to percent: 0.9 = 90%
FINDING THE BASE
Base – means total number.
 To solve for the base, divide the given Percentage by the decimal form of the
Rate.
P
( B= )
R
Example:
 A jacket on sale at P1,140 is 75% of the regular price. What is the jacket’s
regular price?
To solve: 75% is the rate; P1,140 is the Percentage; Regular Price is the
Base.
B = P ÷ R  B = 1,140 ÷ 75%
B = 1,140 ÷ 0.75
B = 1,520
Therefore, the regular price of the jacket is P1,520.
Lesson 15: Perimeter and Circumference
Perimeter – distance around a closed figure

41
  Sum of the lengths of all the sides
Example: P = 30 mm + 28 mm + 19 mm + 49 mm = 126 mm
Circumference – distance around the circle
Radius – distance from the center to any point of the circle
Diameter – twice the radius
Circumference ¿ 2 × π × r (given the radius) or π × d (given the diameter)
Example:
22
1. r = 21 cm  2 × ×21=132cm
7
2. d = 7 cm  3.14 ×7=21.98 cm

Area of the Polygons

Area – refers to the number of square units inside the polygon
Area of the following figures:
 Square/Rhombus: s2
 Rectangle: l ×w
 Parallelogram: b × h
(b ¿ ¿1+ b2)×h
 Trapezoid: ¿
2
b ×h
 Triangle:
2
2
 Circle: π r
Lesson 16: Volume
Volume – number of cubic units that can fit inside the solid figure
Formulas for Volume:
 Cube: s3
 Rectangular Prism: lwh
1
 Pyramid: Bh
3
 Cylinder: π r 2 h
1 2
 Cone: π r h
3
4 3
 Sphere: π r
3

42
Lesson 17: Spatial Figures and Surface Area
Space/Spatial – a figure that is three-dimensional having length, width and height.
Formulas for Surface Area:
 Cube: 6 s2
 Rectangular Prism: 2 ( LW +WH + LH )
 Cylinder: 2 π r 2 +2 πrh
 Sphere: 4 π r 2
 Cone: π r 2+ πrs
Lesson 18: Reading Data in Circle Graph
Data – represented through graphs
Circle graph – clearly show the size of each slice and makes it easier to see how each
slice compares with others
Graph – pictured relationship between two quantities or sets of numerical data

Sales

1st Qtr
1.2; 9% 2nd Qtr
1.4; 10% 3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
3.2; 23% 8.2; 59%

Lesson 19: Constructing Circle Graph

ACTIVITIES NO. OF HOURS SPENT
School 8 hrs.
Study 2 hrs.
Exercise 1 hr.
Meals 1.8 hrs.
Hobbies 2.2 hrs.
Sleep 9 hrs.

43
To construct a circle graph of a given data, follow these steps:
 Consider the total number
 Find the ratio that compares each number with the total
 Find the number of degrees for each section of the graph
 Draw the circle graph

No. of Hours Spent

School Study Exercise

Meals Hobbies Sleep

Lesson 20: Mean, Median, Mode and Range

Mean – average score 

∑ of all the scores
total number of scores
Median – middle score (middlemost value if the data are arranged in either ascending
or descending order)
Mode – most frequent or most appeared data
Range – difference between highest and lowest score  R = H – L
Example: 8, 7, 5, 9, 8, 8, 6
8+7+5+ 9+8+8+ 6 51
Mean – = =7.29
7 7
Median – 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9 = 8 is the middle value
Mode – 8 is the most frequent
Range – 9 – 5 = 4 is the range
Lesson 21: Simple Probability
Probability – predicting the chances of an event to happen
Outcome – a result of a probability event
Sample space – total number of possible outcomes

44
Probability of an event:
number of expected outcomes
P ( E )=
total number of outcomes
Independent events – the first event does not affect the second effect
Dependent events – events which are affected by other events

Example: Tossing a coin

1(outcome that is head) 1
P ( head )= =
2(number of all possible outcomes) 2

Lesson 22: Algebraic Expressions

Algebraic Expressions – collection of numbers and variables which are connected by an
operation “+” or “-“
Word Phrase Algebraic Expression
12 added to N
Sum of N and 12
N + 12
12 more than N
N increased by 12
X decreased by 20
20 subtracted from X
The difference between X and 20 X – 20
20 less than X
X less 20
The product of 5 and d
5 multiplied by d 5d
5 times d
The quotient of m by 6 m
or m ÷ 6
m divided by 6 6

Lesson 23: Solution of an Equation

45
Equation – statement of two equal terms
Solution/root – any numerical value that gives a true statement when it is substituted
for the variable in the equation.
Example:
Expression: 40 + (10 x n)
Equation: 40 + (10 x 2) = n
Show that x = 4 is a solution of the equation 11x + 6 = 50.
Solution:
11x + 6 = 50  11(4) + 6 = 50
44 + 6 = 50  50 = 50
The equation is true for x = 4. Therefore, 4 is a solution or root.

Lesson 24: Evaluating Algebraic Expression

Monomial – expression with one term
Binomial – expression with two terms
Trinomial – expression with three terms
 Polynomials usually arranged in descending order.
 Degree of Polynomials – highest exponent
Example: Evaluate the expression given that z = 6 and y = -2
z – y  6 – (-2) = 6 + 2 = 8
Lesson 25: Addition and Subtraction of Monomials
 To add/subtract: apply the rule in adding or subtracting integers then multiply the
sum by the common literal coefficient.
Example:
6x – 10x  (6 – 10)x = -4x
45mn + (-32mn)  (45 + -32)mn = 23mn

Lesson 26: Multiplication and Division of Monomials

46
Multiply: add exponents
Divide: subtract exponents
Example:

1. ( 4 y 2 )( y 3 )=4 ( y 2+3 ) =4 y5
3
14 c
=7 ( c )=7 c
3−1 2
2.
2c

Lesson 27: Patterns

 To describe patterns using algebra, match each design in the pattern (output)
with its position (input).
 To determine the missing terms in a series of number, look for a missing pattern.
Example:
18, 21, 24, 27, 30 Pattern: add 3
90, 85, 80, 75, 70 Pattern: add 5
LECTURE NOTES ENGLISH 6
1st Qtr

VOICE PRODUCTION
Respiration- the first stage of voice production
Vibration- the stage where the air passes through the trachea and into the larynx, which
contains the vocal cords
Resonation- the state where the initial sound produced by the vibration of the vocal
cords is made loud by air chambers known as resonators.
Articulation- it is the stage where the initial sound is made loud by the resonators into
intelligible sounds
Pitch- the degree of highness or lowness of sound
Volume- the loudness or softness of sound
Rate- the speed of speaking
Timbre- the kind of voice a person has, whether it is rich, pleasant, weak, thin, hoarse,
husky, nasal, or rough

A Part of a Beautiful Whole

By Enrico Felix P. Franco
Swirling shapeless clouds of soft white,
Leaves and petals floating so light,
Birds of every color flying in the sky—
All these sights are images in my eye.

47
 Playful sounds of children without a care,
Cheerful chirping from birds so rare,
Chiming bells and rustling trees both far and near—
These are sounds so pleasant to hear.
Soft and gentle flowers blooming all around,
Smooth and strong cobblestones fastened to the ground,
Coarse and gritty grains of sand,
An enticing feeling that goes through my hand.

Sights and sounds that go while others stay;

Tastes and smells around me as I work and play;
All the things I come across each and every day
Telling me I am a part of everything in my own small way.

Enrico Felix P. Franco

Everything around us can be perceived by our senses.
Sense of sight Sense of touch
Sense of hearing Sense of smell
Sense of taste

1. These are the images we can see

a. Swirling shapeless clouds of soft white,
b. Leaves and petals floating so light,
c. Birds of every color flying in the sky
2. These are the sounds we can hear.
a. Playful sounds of children
b. Cheerful chirping from birds
c. Chiming bells and rustling trees
3. These are the textures mentioned in the poem
 Soft and gentle flowers blooming all around
 Smooth and strong cobblestones
 Coarse and gritty grains of sand
4. Every creature is important. Each life matters.

RHYMES
Rhymes are repeated identical sounds at the end of a verse.
They give a certain musical quality to poems.

Examples:
* hand – land * bear - flare
* white – bright * skip - lip
* bye – eye * love - dove

When will all this madness cease?

48
Where is free time? Where is peace?
I'm running, doing, till I drop.
Give me buttons: Pause, Mute, STOP!

Thinking of You

I'm thinking of you

With joy and pleasure,
Remembering times
I'll always treasure.

When I think of you,

My heart is light;
You're a special person,
A sheer delight.

Thoughts of you cheer me up

Whenever I'm blue;
I'm always happy
When I think of you.
I think of you often,
In the fondest way;
I cherish you more
Than I ever could say.

On Books and Reading

Books are truly magical things, which can transport you to different places and can
break the barrier of time and space.
The care and love we give to our books now will benefit the next generation. After all,
books are timeless and such should be our love for them.
Inasmuch as books give pleasure and learning beyond words, we should do our share
in preserving them. Since they are comparable to friends, let us treat our books as
friends.

These are the books that the reader will return to so that he can consume even more of
their content.
The ideas contained within such books can become a part of his mind.
In this way, the reader can raise his level of thought and enrich his thought processes
so that his new ideas will be of great merit.
Also, "reading maketh a full man." Reading books of great value truly enriches a man
just as good food makes him healthier.

PARTS OF A BOOK

49
Cover Page- tells the reader what the book is about. It is the protective part of the
book which usually includes the title of the book, author, publisher, pictures, and
illustrations.

Interrogative Sentence- asks a question and ends with a question mark(?)

Examples:
Are you a book lover?

Imperative Sentence- expresses a command or a request and ends with either a

period (.) or a question mark (?)
Examples:
Declarative Sentence- states a fact, an opinion, a wish, or an intent and ends with a
period (.)
Examples:
Exclamatory Sentence- expresses a strong or sudden emotion and ends with an
exclamation point (!).
Examples:

Changing Declarative to Interrogative

Lesson 3: You are Special

Analyzing Word Structures
Vocabulary Words
You are Special (story)
Verbalizing Emotional Responses
Recognizing Emotional Responses

Lesson 3: You are Special

Analyzing Word Structures
Vocabulary Words
You are Special (story)
Verbalizing Emotional Responses
Recognizing Emotional Responses

Analyzing Word Structures

Adverb Suffix
-is a suffix which, when added to a word, turns that word into an adverb.

Remember!
Adjectives –modify nouns or pronouns
Adverbs- modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs

Examples:

50
Neri is beautiful. (adjective)

Neri plays the piano beautifully. (adverb)

Guide Questions:
Who are the main character?
Who felt useless in the story?
Which among the trees did the Gum tree say could bear fruit?
Who was grumbling according to the West Wind?
What happened to the man who looked at the Gum tree?
What filled the man’s eyes after looking at the Gum tree?
What was the reaction of the west wind to the feelings of the sad character?
YOU ARE SPECIAL
You are Special
Verbalizing and Recognizing Emotional Responses

“Alas, I am so useless.”
“God created me a beautiful and unique individual.”
“Why can’t I be as beautiful as my idols?”
“I am very talented but why should I share it with others”

Card catalog- is a complete, alphabetically arranged set of cards containing important

information about the books in the library.
Title card
Copy the call number, the title, and the name of the author.
Dewey Decimal Classification System- is the system used in most libraries.
The Dewey Decimal
Classification System
Before Melvil Dewey
What is the Dewey Decimal System and how does it work?

ORDER OF SENTENCES
Objectives:
I have just heard the Mango grumbling, the Pawpaw wailing, and the coconut
complaining.
Let’s try this for fun!

Natural order- the subject comes before the predicate.

Inverted order- when the predicate comes before the subject or is found between
the predicate.
Are the students practicing for the contest?
Standing by the door is my brother Leon.

Lesson 4: Our Homely Names

51
Poise and Self – Confidence
Vocabulary Words
Our Homely Names (story)
Distinguishing between Fact and Opinion
Distinguishing between Fiction and Nonfiction
Collective Nouns and Abstract Nouns

POISE and SELF-CONFIDENCE

Poise?
How do you behave in front of other people, especially before a big assembly?

When asked to introduce yourself, do you speak in a loud and clear voice?
Do you feel good about introducing yourself and telling other people about your good
qualities?
Poise and self-confidence are very much related. You cannot truly be poised if you are
not really confident about yourself.
It is not enough to simply look good: you also need to feel good about yourself.

How to acquire poise?

Poise and self-confidence are very much related. You cannot truly be poised if you are
not really confident about yourself.
It is not enough to simply look good: you also need to feel good about yourself.

The old folks also believed that certain demonological creatures stole children whose
names sounded nice. I think this belief isn’t true because there is no such thing as
demonological creatures for these creatures are just mythological. They really don’t
exist.
They also have several rituals to drive away these creatures just like what aunt Enyang
have done.
a. bathed the sickly brother in water mixed with lemon grass.
b. disinfect the sickly brother with smoke.
c. claimed his brother as her son and asked the real mother to pay if she wanted to take
him home.
The brother and several others died of influenza epidemic in 1918.

No, because I am happy with the uniqueness of my name.

Yes, because my names makes me different from others. I don’t like to change the
name which was given to me.

Factual statement- expresses the truth or the actuality of something.

are statements that can be checked or proven.
often contain numbers, dates or ages.

52
 include specific, definite information about a person, place, thing, or event
Your heart pumps blood through your body.
The sun is at the center of the solar system.
Signal words and phrases being used in the sentence fragments that often precede a
statement of fact

● The annual report confirms…

● Scientists have recently discovered…
● According to the results of the tests…
● The investigation demonstrated…

Pizza is the best tasting food.

Clue words that show opinions/bias in a statement

Parents used to name their children after Christian saints.

Fiction

Biography
Health and Fitness
Nonfiction

Examples:
Kind
Friend
Martyr
Powerful
Cultural
loving

GENERALIZATION
Collective Nouns- denote a number of person or things considered as a group or a
whole.
Abstract Nouns- are nouns that cannot be perceived by the senses.
Lesson 5: Be What You Are
Improving the Speaking Voice
Project your voice.
Remove tension in your voice.
Improve Breath Control
Project your voice.

If you can’t be a pine on the top of the hill,

Be a shrub in the valley—
But be the best little shrub at the side of the rill.
Be a bush if you can’t be a tree.

53
We can’t all be captains, some’ve got to be crews;
There’s something for all of us here;
There’s big work to do, and there’s lesser to do
And the task we must do is NEAR.

If you can’t be a highway, then just be a trail;

If you can’t be the sun, be a star;
It isn’t the size that makes you win or fail—
Be the BEST of whatever you are.
The poet says that if you can’t be a pine tree standing tall on the top of the hill then that
doesn’t mean you are not worthy enough to be a part of the forest.
The tall pine trees may form large forests but without scrub by the side of the stream,
the valley would lose its charm.
He is trying to say that be the best employee if you can’t be the boss.
He further adds that if we can’t be as strong as a tree then at least be a bush.
A captain alone can’t sail through the seas. He wants us to know that there is always
something for us and we should be proud whatever we are.
He explains that in this society, every work has its own importance and no work is to be
ashamed of.
So he explains that we should do the task which is at hand rather than running towards
bigger tasks as every job needs to be completed.
Some of the most beautiful parts of the nature are led by trails, not by highways.
He says that size doesn’t matter, your success will depend only on how good you are at
it and if you are making noticeable contribution to the society.
The poet concludes the poem reiterating that what matters is whether you are the best
in your field.
Douglas Malloch
Pine- shrub
Tree- bush
Highway- trail
Sun- star
No, because we are the best in whatever we do.
Whatever job or work you have what matters is whether you are the BEST in your field.
Listening to Take Down Notes
Listening to take down notes
1. Take down only the important ideas.
2. Show the relationship between main ideas and supporting details by indention,
numbering, outlining, or using tables.
3. Use abbreviations whenever possible.
Poem - The Plum
You can learn that you cannot be loved by all people
You can be the finest PLUM in the world,
RIPE – JUICY – SUCCULENT

54
And offer yourself to all.

However you must remember there will always be people who do not like plums.
You can learn to understand that if you are the world’s finest plum,
And someone you like does not like plums
You have a choice of becoming a banana.

However, you need to be warned that if you choose to become a banana,

You will be a second-rate banana,
However, you can always be the best plum.

You need to understand that if you choose to be a second-rate banana,

There will always be people who do not like bananas,
Furthermore, you can spend your life trying to become the best banana (which is
impossible if you are a plum),
Or: You can seek again to be the
BEST PLUM!!

Outline
An outline is a skeleton arrangement of the major and minor points that support the
subject of your paragraph or composition.
To make an outline, list first the topic, then the ideas you wish to develop in the
beginning sentence, the middle sentence, and the ending sentence.
There are two kinds of outline:
1. Sentence outline
2. Topical outline
Sentence outline- states its points in a complete sentence.
Topical outline- does not use complete sentences. Each item, however begins with a
capital letter. Main items are identified by capital letters, details are given in Arabic
numerals.
A. Qualities of the finest plum
1. Ripe
2. Juicy
3. Succulent
B. Alternatives in case someone you like does not like plums.
1. Be a banana
2. Be the best plum
C. Consequences of choosing to be a banana
1. Second rate banana
2. There are people who do not like you.
D. Conclusion
Do not try to be something else. Be the best of who you are.

Figures of Speech:
Figurative Language-is the use of different literary devices to make writing more
impactful or effective.

55
Simile- is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things. Comparison is shown
by the use of like or as.

Hot chocolate on a cold, rainy day is as comforting as a mother’s hug.

In this song Miley Cyrus use simile to describe how her love came at her
unexpectedly like a wrecking ball.
Metaphor- is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of
object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness between them.
A friend’s smile is a ray of sunlight on a cloudy day.

In this song Alicia Keys compare New York to concrete jungle.

Skrilex is comparing her girlfriend to a cinema or a movie.
Personification- is a figure of speech, which gives human attributes or qualities to
inanimate objects.
The sun and the moon constantly play hide-and-seek and never manage to
catch each other.

The wind brushes its soft lips upon my cheeks.

Plural Nouns
Are nouns that mean more than one.
Here are some rules of plurality of nouns:
For singular nouns ending with s, ch, tch, or sh, we add an –es to the nouns to
indicate plurality.

Lesson 6: HOPE at LAST

Contrastive Vowel Sounds

Vocabulary Words
Hope at Last (story)
Using the Dictionary
Gender of nouns

Contrastive Vowel Sounds

Here’s a guide to pronouncing the following vowel sounds:
/a/- pronounced with the lips stretched to the sides, jaws dropped while the teeth are
wide open like when you smile.
/e/- pronounced with the lips and teeth opened midway.
/Ə/- pronounced with the lips and teeth slightly opened.
pack-peck
sand-send
dad- dead
tamper-temper

56
malady-melody
Sentence drill
Dad said that his leather belt with the gem, which used to be a fad, would last forever if
we pack it in a separate bag.
Ran- run
Drag-drug
Stand-stunned
Flatter-flutter
Distract-destruct
commotion-a state of confused and noisy disturbance.

Gender of Nouns
The quality of a noun that denotes sex.
Masculine is for male
Feminine is for female
Common denotes neither male nor female
Neuter- a noun that denotes a lifeless thing.

Lesson 7: One Must Rise Above It

The Sounds /ǝr/ and /är/

The Sounds /i/ and /ē/
Using context Clues to Identify Word Meanings
Vocabulary Words
One Must Rise above It
Cases of Nouns
The Sounds /ǝr/ and /är/
Word Drill
herd- hard
firm-farm
curt-cart
yearn-yarn
stir- star

Sentence Drill
The teacher encourages hard work and determination to achieve one’s purpose.
The star journalist gave the supermarket clerk a curt reply when asked about
some hard facts.

The Sounds /i/ and /ē/

Word Drill
rich-reach
live-leave
slip-sleep
rip-reap

57
did deed

Sentence Drill
You will have no guilt if you live your riches and live in peace.
A terrific deed will give you blissful sleep without the uneasiness of guilt.

Context Clues to identify Word Meanings

Four Types of Context Clues

Definition – there is an outright explanation of the meaning of a word by introducing
and describing it within the same context.

Example:
The cornea is the transparent outer coating of the eyes.
Restatement- this the use of words or phrases that tell or give other ways of saying the
same thing.

Examples:
The choreographed dances that appeal, or are of interest to the young, are included in
the program.

She fumbled in her pockets and felt awkward. The feeling was a bad one.
One of the finest ballerina
She practiced everyday in order to develop her talent.
Madame Nijinska helped her o develop her talent.
She fell onstage.
She rose swiftly and resume her place even if she felt awkward about what had
happened.
Mistakes are a part of life. Learn from it.

Cases of Nouns
Betty Marie practiced hard every morning.
She is a ballerina.
“Oh, Madame, I ruined It!”
Madame Nijinska, the choreographer, encouraged her.

Betty Marie practiced hard

every morning.
Madame Nijinska, the choreographer, encouraged her.

Now, study the following sentences .

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 Madame Nijinska trained Betty Marie in ballet.
She gave Betty Marie encouragement to rise above her mistakes.
They named her Best Ballerina.

LESSON 8: Hope for the Flowers

The Sounds /ů/ and /ü/
The Sounds /ȯ/ and /ō/
Forming Compounds Words
Identifying and Using Idioms

Word Drill
book
hoof
bull
foot
wood
Sentence Drill
The tourist visited the zoo to look for a mongoose.
They’re on the lookout for the footprints of a bully who fooled the jury.
The Sounds /ȯ/ and /ō/

Word Drill
gnaw
law
tossed
bought
gall
Sentence Drill
The overjoyed orphan called Paul a good soul
He called him on the phone to know if he had bought the fraudulent fortuneteller’s story.

Identifying and Using Idioms

Idioms- are phrases or expressions whose meanings should not be taken literally.
Do you like my backpack?
It cost an arm and a leg.

Trina Paulus
Stripe and Yellow are the main characters
They are trying to reach/ climb the top of the pillar.
No, because they are stepping down on each other.
When he stepped down on Yellow who became close to him.

Elements of a Short Story

Basic Important Elements of a Short Story
setting talks of time and place where and when the story occurs or happens.

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characters talk of people, animals, or inanimate objects that make the story unfold
through their actions or decisions.

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