Chapter 2 Hydrostatics (流體靜力學)

Sluice

Water
pressure

Dam F
𝒚𝒄𝒑
Dam: https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2021-07-05/598960

National Central University

Kuan-Ling Huang
 Overview

2.1 Hydrostatic Pressure (流體靜壓力) Sluice

2.2 Pressure variation with elevation
(隨高程變化的靜壓力) Water
2.3 Pressure Measurement pressure
(壓力量測)
2.4 Hydrostatic Force on Plane
Surfaces (平面上的靜壓總力) Dam
2.5 Hydrostatic Force on Curve
Surfaces (曲面上的靜壓總力) Rock/Soil
 Overview

2.6 Buoyancy
2.7 Stability of Floating Body

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-35823182
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_stability

2-3
 Contents: C.R. Chu

What is Hydrostatics ?

• Hydrostatics studies the fluids at rest or the velocity

gradient is zero and the pressure in a stationary fluids.

u(y) = 0 or const. No shear stress

𝜏=0

y
No velocity gradient
𝑑𝑢
=0
x 𝑑𝑦
2-4
 Contents: C.R. Chu
2.1 Hydrostatic Pressure (流體靜壓力)
Hydrostatic pressure is the fluid pressure at rest.
The hydrostatic pressure comes from the weight of fluid,
and its dimension is in [FL-2 or MT-2L-1].

F F

A A
Pressure
Probe: ?
Pressure
probe: 𝑷𝑨
2-5
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The pressure at a point
For a fluid wedge at rest with width Dy, length Dx = DL cosq, height Dz =
DLsinq。 Pn is the pressure acting on the inclined plane with arbitrary angle q.
Px、Pz are the pressure acting on the vertical and horizontal plane,
respectively.
Pn
q
DL
Px
Dz
Dy q W
Dx
Pz
𝟏
The weight of the wedge：𝑾 = (𝜟𝒙𝜟𝒚𝜟𝒛) ⋅ 𝜸
𝟐 2-6
 Contents: C.R. Chu

The force balance in hydrostatics

Since the fluid is at rest, the net force acting on the wedge in all direction are
zero, we can derive： P qn
x-direction： 𝑃𝑛 Δ𝐿Δ𝑦 sin 𝜃 − 𝑃𝑥 Δ𝑦Δ𝑧 = 0 DL
Px
z-direction： 𝑃𝑧 Δ𝑥Δ𝑦 − 𝑃𝑛 Δ𝐿Δ𝑦 cos 𝜃 − 𝑊 = 0 q W Dz
Dy
Where Dx = DLcosq , height Dz = DLsinq. Pz Dx

If Dx, Dy, and Dz approach zero (infinitesimally small),

we can obtain：

𝑷𝒏 = 𝑷𝒙 = 𝑷𝒛

For a point in the fluid at rest, the pressure keep the equal magnitude in
all directions. (在靜止流體中，在某一點的靜壓力各個方向皆相等) 。
2-7
 Contents: C.R. Chu

Pascal’s law
Pascal's law states that a pressure change occurring
anywhere in a confined, incompressible fluid is transmitted
throughout the entire fluid, named after Blaise Pascal.

F1 F2
A1 P1 A2 P2
confined

𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑨𝟐 Blaise Pascal
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑭𝟐 = 𝑭𝟏 1623-1662
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝑨𝟏
2-8
 Contents: C.R. Chu

Applications of Pascal’s law

Hydraulic system
(液壓系統)

2-9
 Hydraulic Jack (油壓千斤頂)
Brake Fluid

https://www.conrad.com/p/8-
ton-hydraulic-bottle-jack-823412
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDlIshNfHZA

2 - 10
 Contents: C.R. Chu

Hydraulic Brake (油壓剎車)

Brake Fluid

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Hydraulic_disc_brake_diagram.gif

2 - 11
 Contents: C.R. Chu
Example：The mass of a vehicle is 5000 kg, what is the
force required to uplift the vehicle by a hydraulic lift?

https://speed.ettoday.
net/news/2281687

F
D = 25 cm
D = 5 cm
oil

Solution：Based on Pascal’s law

5000  9.81

F1 F F
= 2 =
A1 A 2 (0.05) 2 / 4 (0.25) 2 / 4

Therefore the force to lift up the 5-ton vehicle F = 1962 N = 200 公斤重
*直徑×5，可支撐重量×25 2 - 12
 Contents: C.R. Chu

Absolute Pressure and Relative Pressure

1. Absolute Pressure (絕對壓力)： The pressure relative

to vacuum, which is used in meteorology. Pa, abs for the SI
unit and psia for English system unit

2. Relative Pressure (相對壓力)：The pressure relative to

the atmosphere pressure on the ground, it used in normal
Pressure gage ( 壓 力 計 ), thus it is also named Gage
pressure (錶壓力)。 Pa, gage for the SI unit and psig for
English system unit

2 - 13
 Contents: C.R. Chu

Absolute Pressure (絕對壓力) and Relative Pressure (相對壓力)

Pgage > 0

Relative pressure
相對壓力 P =0 1 atm = 101.3 kPa, abs
Absolute pressure gage
1 大氣壓
絕對壓力 = 14.7 psia
真空壓力
Pgage < 0

Fully Vaccum
P = 0.0 Pa, abs
完全真空
Relative pressure can be negative, but impossible for
absolute pressure.
相對壓力可正可負，但絕對壓力不可能為負壓。
2 - 14
 Contents: C.R. Chu

Example：A pressure gage shows a pressure of 50 kPa

in a closed container , what is the absolute pressure？

Solution：P1 atm = 101.3 kPa

absolute pressure PA = PA,gage + P1 atm
= 50 kPa + 101.3 kPa
= 151.3 kPa, abs

相對壓力有可能為負壓。
颱風中心的壓力便低於標準大氣壓，相對壓力為負值
譬如颱風中心的壓力為980 hPa, abs = - 33 hPa, gage
hPa: hecto-Pa 2 - 15
 Contents: C.R. Chu

H1024

L1004

1 atm = 101.3 kPa, abs

= 1013 hPa , abs

Atmospheric pressure is expressed as absolute pressure, unit in hPa = mb

2 - 16
https://npd.cwb.gov.tw/NPD/products_display/product?menu_index=1
 Contents: C.R. Chu

2.2 Pressure Variation with Elevation

PD
z h
y Δz

PA Pc
x z W
y Δy
Δx
x
 Take σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎： PB

𝑃𝐴 ⋅ Δ𝑦 ⋅ Δ𝑧 − 𝑃𝐶 ⋅ Δ𝑦 ⋅ Δ𝑧 = 0

→ PA = Pc , similarly, the pressure magnitudes in the y

direction are the same
The pressure magnitudes in the horizontal direction are
the same. 2 - 17
 Contents: C.R. Chu

 Take σ 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎：
PD
𝑷𝑩 ⋅ 𝜟𝒙 ⋅ 𝜟𝒚 + −𝑷𝑫 ⋅ 𝜟𝒙 ⋅ 𝜟𝒚 + (−𝑾) = 𝟎
Δz
Where 𝑊 = 𝛾Δ𝑥 ⋅ Δ𝑦 ⋅ Δ𝑧 is the fluid weight and PA P(z) Pc
γ is specific weight W Δy
z Δx
σ 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎： 𝑷𝑩 − 𝑷𝑫 − 𝜸𝜟𝒛 = 𝟎 y
PB
x
By using Taylor’s expansion (泰勒展開式):
𝟐 𝐝𝟐 𝐏
𝐝𝐏 𝚫𝐳 𝚫𝐳 𝐧 𝐝𝐧 𝐏
𝐏(𝐳 + 𝚫𝐳) = 𝐏(𝐳) + 𝚫𝐳 + 𝟐 + ⋯+
𝐝𝐳 𝟐 𝐝𝐳 𝐧! 𝐝𝐳 𝐧
𝟐 𝐝𝟐 𝐏
𝐝𝐏 𝚫𝐳 𝚫𝐳 𝐧 𝐝𝐧 𝐏
𝐏 𝐳 − 𝚫𝐳 = 𝐏 𝐳 − 𝚫𝐳 + 𝟐
− ⋯+
𝐝𝐳 𝟐 𝐝𝐳 𝐧! 𝐝𝐳 𝐧
P(z): the pressure at z, P(z+Δz): the pressure at z+Δz. 2 - 18
 Contents: C.R. Chu

• High order terms can be neglected when Δz is infinitely small, thus

Δz Δz dP Δz/2 2 d2 P Δz/2 n dn P
At point D: PD = P z + = P(z) + + 2 + ⋯+
2 2 dz 2 dz n! dz n
𝚫𝐳 𝐝𝐏
≈ 𝐏(𝐳) +
𝟐 𝐝𝐳 n
Δz
Δz Δz dP Δz/2 2 d2 P 2 dn P
At point B: PB = P z − =P z − + 2 − ⋯+
2 2 dz 2 dz n! dz n
𝚫𝐳 𝐝𝐏 PD
≈𝐏 𝐳 −
𝟐 𝐝𝐳
PA Δz
Substitute PD & PB into 𝑷𝑩 − 𝑷𝑫 − 𝜸𝜟𝒛 = 𝟎 P(z)
Pc
W
𝒅𝑷 z Δy
σ 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎： → 𝒅𝒛 + 𝜸 = 𝟎 y Δx
x PB 2 - 19
 Contents: C.R. Chu

P2
P1

z z1 z2
y
x

Hydrostatic equation：
𝒅𝑷 𝑑𝑃 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
= −𝜸 = −𝝆𝒈 = < 0 → 𝑃2 < 𝑃1
𝒅𝒛 𝑑𝑧 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
This equation shows the relation between the vertical
pressure gradient and the specific weight. The negative sign
in the equation shows that pressure decreases as the altitude
increases. 2 - 20
 Contents: C.R. Chu

z
𝒛𝟐 = 𝒉 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟎
P𝟐 = 𝟎 P𝟐 = 𝟎
x
z h h

x 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒛𝟏 = −𝒉
P𝟏 = ? P𝟏 = ?
𝑃2 𝑧2
𝒅𝑷
= −𝜸 → න 𝑑𝑃 = − න 𝛾𝑑𝑧 → 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 = −𝜸 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏
𝒅𝒛
𝑃1 𝑧1
2 - 21
 The pressure at the bottom of Shimen Reservoir ?

h≈ 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝒎

Dam: https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2021-07-05/598960

https://m.
baike.so.co
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 About 30 elephant m/doc/203
5154-
1000 3 × 9.81 2
× 133 𝑚 = 1,304,730 𝑃𝑎 with 4400 kg on a 2153343.h
𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐 tml
1m X 1m area