Crna Gora

ETNO
Ethno
Specifične geomorfološke karakteristike Crne Gore, geografski položaj, klimatski i društveni uslovi određivali su način privređivanja, što je uticalo na cjelokupan život stanovništva. Osnovna privredna djelatnost dinarske zone bilo je stočarstvo, a jadranske ribarstvo,
maslinarstvo i vinogradarstvo. U zavisnosti od raspoloživih obradivih površina, u manjoj ili većoj mjeri, bila je zastupljena i zemljoradnja. U krševitim predjelima zemlja se obrađivala jednostavnim alatkama, raznim motikama, lopatama, kazmama, a za veće obradive
površine koristilo se ralo u koje se pomoću jarma uprezao par volova.

The specific geomorphological characteristics of Montenegro, its geographical position, climate and social circumstances determined the ways of the economy, affecting the entire lifestyle of the population. The main economic activity of the Dinara zone was the livestock
production, while in the Adriatic zone fishing, olive growing and viticulture predominated. Agriculture was also present to a lesser or greater extent, depending on the availability of arable land. In karst regions, the land was processed by simple tools, a variety of hoes, shovels,
pickaxes (kazma), while on larger surfaces land was plowed using a pair of yoked oxen.

Značaj stočarstva u prošlosti bio je veoma velik. Stoka je bila osnovno sredstvo za život ljudi na ovim prostorima, služila je za proizvodnju hrane i Ribolov je bio jedno od najstarijih zanimanja stanovništva jadranske zone. Pribor koji se najčešće upotrebljava čine različite
raznih sirovina, kože i vune, a bila je neizostavna i u obrednom životu porodice. Po broju stoke cijenilo se bogatstvo kuće, što potvrđuju i vrste udica, parangali, osti i razne vrste mreža koje su ribarske familije plele od pamučnog, lanenog ili konopljanog konca.
narodne poslovice «Ko stoku gaji ne boji se gladi» i «Dok je ovaca biće i novaca».  Ribarstvo je oduvijek bilo veoma značajna privredna djelatnost i u oblasti Skadarskog jezera. Karakterističan predmet
vezan za ribolov na Jezeru su vrše – korpe različitih oblika, pletene od pruća ili trske ili ispletene od tanke žice.
Livestock production was very important in the past. Livestock was the basic means of sustenance for people in the region, used for the production
of food and various raw materials, leather and wool, but was also inevitable in the ritual life of a family. The number of livestock was a determinant Fishing was one of the oldest occupations of the Adriatic zone. Accessories commonly used consist of different types of hooks,
of wealth of a family, as confirmed by the national sayings “Where cattle is grown one is not afraid of hunger” and “As long as there is sheep there longlines, fish gigs and various types of nets knitted of cotton, flax or canopy by fishing families. Fishing has always been
will be money.” a very important economic activity in the area of S​​ kadar Lake. The distinctive items linked to fishing on the Lake are pots -
baskets of different shapes, plaited from wicker or cane or woven from thin wires.

Veoma dugu tradiciju na ovim prostorima imaju maslina i vinova loza. Maslina je zbog
svoje višestruke namjene imala veoma značajno mjesto u životu ljudi. Maslinovo ulje
se osim u ishrani koristilo za osvjetljenje, kao platežno sredstvo i kao lijek, a maslinova
grančica je imala ljekovitu moć i služila je kao apotropejsko sredstvo. Značaj kulture vinove
loze potvrđuje veoma duga tradicija proizvodnje vina i pečenje rakije.

Olive trees and vines have a very long tradition in this region. Olive, because of its multiple
purposes, had a very important place in people’s lives. Olive oil was used, except as food, for
lighting, as a means of payment and as a medicine, while olive branch had healing power
and served as apotropaic means. The importance of the viticulture is confirmed by a very
long tradition of wine and brandy making.

Ministarstvo kulture Ministarstvo kulture

Uprava za zaštitu kulturnih dobara
 Crna Gora
ETNO
Ethno
Narodne nošnje zauzimaju veoma značajno mjesto u našoj tradicionalnoj kulturi. National costumes play a very important role in our traditional culture. We find
Na teritoriji Crne Gore nalazimo različite tipove i varijante narodnih nošnji koje different types and variations of folk costumes in Montenegro testifying to the
svjedoče o suživotu u etnički i vjerski heterogenoj Crnoj Gori. coexistence of ethnically and religiously heterogeneous Montenegro.

Po svojoj ljepoti ističu se crnogorska muška i

ženska svečana nošnja, koje su svojim bogatstvom
predstavljale pravi kontrast skromnim privrednim
mogućnostima Crne Gore. Odlikuje ih izrada od
skupocjenih uvoznih materijala i veoma bogati
ukras rađen od zlatnog konca u reljefnom vezu.
Pojedini haljeci, prekriveni vezom i aplikacijama
od zlatnih gajtana, traka i širita, predstavljaju
vrhunska ostvarenja terzijskog zanata.

The Montenegrin male and female festive

costumes are noticeable by their beauty, while
their wealth stands in contrast to the modest
economic possibilities of Montenegro. They are
characterized by expensive imported materials
and very rich decorations made of golden threads
in crochet embroidery. Some gowns, covered
with embroidery and applications of gold braid,
strips and stripes, represent top achievements of
embroidery crafts.

Karakterističan haljetak albanske ženske Posebnu pažnju zavređuje nošnja bokeljske

nošnje je džupeleta – vrsta zvonolike su- mornarice. Prema Statutu Mornarice iz 1463.
knje sa plastronom, rađena od naizmje- godine, ovu nošnju mogli su nositi samo njeni
nično spojenih suknenih traka. Mogla je članovi, da bi vremenom dobila opšti karakter
biti crna ili u veoma efektnoj crno-bijeloj i bila zastupljena u cijelom zalivu. Vremenom
kombinaciji. Ukrašavana je vezom od ra- se transformisala u poseban oblik koji je do
znobojnih perlica i aplikacijama od crne današnjih dana sačuvala Bokeljska mornarica.
kože. Džupelete sa rukavima bogato ukra-
šenim crnim resama nosile su nevjeste.

Characteristic gown of Albanian female

costume is džupeleta – a bell type skirt with
a bib, made of alternating joined woolen
Special attention deserves a costume of the Boka
strips. It can be of black color or of very
Navy. According to the Statute of the Navy from
effective black and white combination.
1463, this costume could have been worn only by
It was decorated with the embroidery
its members, but eventually it gained a general
of multicolored beads and applications
character and was represented throughout the
of black leather. Džupeleta with richly
Bay. Over time, it transformed into a special form,
decorated sleeves with black tassels was
to this day preserved by the Boka Navy.
worn by the brides.

Ministarstvo kulture Ministarstvo kulture

Uprava za zaštitu kulturnih dobara
 Crna Gora
ETNO
Ethno
Posebnu ljepotu pokućstva predstavljala je kolijevka. Bilo
da je proizvod zanatske izrade ili samoukog majstora,
ukrašena ili ne, sama njena namjena doprinosila je
punoći i toplini doma.
Škrinja - sanduk, kovčeg, baul, je služila za
Gusle, kao tradicionalni muzički instrument, bile su neizostavne u skoro svakoj
smještaj odjeće, posteljine, ručnog rada, na-
crnogorskoj kući. Uz zvuke gusala se vjekovima rađalo, živjelo i slavilo, ali i tugovalo.
kita, novca, hrane, pića i duvana. Zauzimala
Izrađene najčešće od javorovog, orahovog, hrastovog ili borovog drveta, bogato su
je značajno mjesto i u svadbenim običaji-
ukrašavane rezbarijom s geometrijskom, biljnim, životinjskim i ljudskim likovima.
ma, gdje je služila za donošenje nevjestine
opreme i darova za mladoženjinu porodicu.
Uglavnom su bogato oslikavane, ukrašavane
rezbarijom ili kombinovanjem obiju tehnika.
Škrinja – a chest, trunk, baul, were used
to accommodate clothing, bedding,
handicraft, jewelry, money, food, beverages
and tobacco. They occupied a significant
place in the wedding customs, as they
served to collect bride’s accessories and gifts
for the groom’s family. They were mostly
richly painted, decorated with carvings or a
combination of both techniques.
Furniture of special beauty was a cradle. Whether it is a
product of workmanship or self-taught artists, decorated
or not, its very purpose contributed to the fullness and
warmth of a home.
Ministarstvo kulture
Narodni pojam o kući vezan je, zapravo, za prostoriju gdje gori
vatra. Vjeruje se da ognjište predstavlja stanište duša umrlih
predaka, oko njega se odvija cjelokupan porodični život,
obavljaju se razne običajne radnje i porodične svečanosti. Ono
u stvari simbolizuje život kuće. Iznad ognjišta vise gvozdene
verige na koje se kači kotao za kuvanje. Uz ognjište obavezno
stoje mašice za džaranje vatre, lopatica za prenošenje žara
i prijeklad na koji se oslanjaju drva prilikom sagorijevanja,
a neizostavan predmet koji je služio za pečenje, bio je sač
sa crepuljom. Oko ognjišta su raspoređeni drveni stoličice
- tronošci i stolovači - drvene stolice polukružnog oblika sa
naslonom, na kojima obično sjedi najstariji član porodice ili
neki uvaženi gost.
Folk notion of a home is, in fact, tight to a room where a fire
was burning. It was believed that the fireplace is a habitat
of souls of the dead ancestors, a place where the entire
family life takes place, as well as various usual activities and
family celebrations. It actually symbolizes the life of a house.
Above the fireplace hangs an iron chain to which caldron for
cooking was attached. By the fireplace, there are fire tongs,
for tending a fire, ember scoops, and andiron upon which
logs are laid for burning, and an earthenware dish, crepulja -
an indispensable item used for baking and roasting. Around
the fireplace there were wooden stools arranged – tripods,
and stolovača - a semicircular wooden chair with a back,
normally for the oldest member of a family to sit on, or a
distinguished guest.
The gusle, a traditional musical instrument, was indispensable in
almost every Montenegrin home. For centuries, Montenegrins were
welcoming newborns with the sounds of the gusle; they lived and
celebrated life, or mourned. Made mostly of maple, walnut, oak or
pine wood, the gusle were richly decorated with geometric carvings,
plant, animal and human figures.
Ministarstvo kulture
Uprava za zaštitu kulturnih dobara
 Crna Gora
ETNO
Ethno
Nakit je, kao neizostavan ukras svih ženskih nošnji, umnogome doprinosio njihovoj ljepoti. Kao proizvod kujundžijskog zanata, Jewelry, as an indispensable ornament of all women’s costumes, greatly contributed to their beauty. As a product of goldsmith’s
izrađivao se od srebra, zlata, mesinga, bronze, ali i raznovrsnih metalnih novčića, bisera i raznobojnih perlica, najčešće tehnikama art, they were made of silver, gold, brass, bronze, and a variety of coins, pearls and colored beads, usually using casting techniques,
livenja, kovanja, granulacije i filigrana. Osim estetskog i funkcionalnog, nakit je imao i simbolički značaj, a pripisivale su mu se i forging, granulation or filigree. In addition to aesthetic and functional meaning, the jewelry also had a symbolic meaning, and was
jake apotropejske moći. attributed a strong apotropaic power.

Gotovo neizostavan ukrasni elemenat crnogorske ženske nošnje je ćemer, reprezentativni

srebrni pojas, rađen u tehnici livenja i filigrana. Pojas se sastoji od tri, pet, sedam ili
devet pravougaonih pločica, od kojih je središnja uvijek lučno zaobljena. Uglavnom
su dekorisani filigranskim dodacima u vidu cvjetne rozete sa raznobojnim staklićima,
ponekad i sa biblijskim scenama.

Almost indispensable decorative element of the Montenegrin female costume was

a representative silver belt, made in the casting and filigree technique. The belt was
composed of three, five, seven or nine rectangular plates, of which central one was
always arched. They were mostly decorated with filigree supplements in the form of
floral rosettes with colored glasses, sometimes with biblical scenes.

Kao karakterističan ukras muslimanske ženske nošnje izdvajaju se pafte – metalne livene kopče, najčešće rađene od srebra u formi Kukuljica je bila uobičajen ukras za glavu dobrotske nevjeste. Sastoji se od velikog broja pozlaćenih igala sa ukrasnom filigranskom
badema, lista, ploče ili kruga. glavom. U središnjem dijelu je najduža igla – trepetljika sa tri spiralna dodatka, koja je pri kretanju proizvodila treperav zvuk, što
je po narodnom vjerovanju trebalo da štiti nevjestu od zlih pogleda i uroka. 

Pafte stand out as a characteristic decoration of Muslim female costumes - cast metal buckles, usually made of silver in the form of Kukuljica was a common headdress of brides in Dobrota. It consists of a large number of gold-plated pins with decorative filigree
almonds, leaves, plates or circles. head. In the central part is the longest needle - trepetljika with three spiral supplements, which produced fluttering sound in
motion, according to popular belief, the sound was supposed to protect the bride from evil eye and spells.

Veoma interesantan pojas vezan za suknenu crnogorsku nošnju je i jakičar – široki

kožni pojas sa prednje strane ukrašen jakicima, kamenima crvene boje, kružnog ili
elipsastog oblika za koje se vjerovalo da posjeduje apotropejske moći.

A very interesting belt attached to a Montenegrin costume is jakičar - wide leather

belt decorated in the front with jakica - red colored stones, of circular or elliptical
shape, that were believed to have apotropaic power.

Ministarstvo kulture Ministarstvo kulture

Uprava za zaštitu kulturnih dobara
 Crna Gora
ETNO
Ethno
Prema oružju Crnogorci su gajili poseban kult. Ono je simbolisalo njegov odnos
prema životu i slobodi, u njega se zaklinjalo. Oružje se izrađivalo u čuvenim
radionicama Boke Kotorske, u Skadru, Prizrenu, Peći i Foči, ali je najčešće
otimano od neprijatelja. Izrađivalo se od metala, tehnikom livenja i kovanja,
a ukrašavalo različitim dekorativnim tehnikama: tauširanjem, iskucavanjem,
inkrustacijom, intarzijom, filigranom i granulacijom. Uz oružje su se uvijek nosile
arbije za nabijanje baruta i fišeklije i uljarice, bogato ornamentisane kutijice od
metala, srebra ili mesinga. Najčešće su nošene dvije kratke puške - ledenice ili
kubure i jatagan. Ledenice su sa vitkom izduženom drškom, čitavom površinom
okovane srebrom. Na kuburama je obično ukrašavana samo masivna jabučasta
drška, najčešće okovana u mesing ili srebro.

Montenegrins nurtured a special passion for weapons. The weapons symbolized

their attitude towards life and freedom, in which they swore. The weapons
were manufactured in the famous workshops of the Bay of Kotor, in Skadar,
Prizren, Peć and Foča, but were most usually abducted from the enemy. They
were made of metal, by casting technique and forging, adorned in a variety of
decorative techniques: inlaid metal, embossing, incrustation, inlay, filigree and
granulation. Arbia were always worn with the weapons to tamp gunpowder
as well as bandoleers and oil pots, rich ornamented boxes of metal, silver or
brass. Two short guns were usually carried - flintlock or ledenica, and yatagan.
Ledenica had slender elongated handle, studded with silver on the entire
surface. Massive flintlock handle was usually decorated in brass or silver.

Često su nošeni i pištolji - revolveri, sa drškom obloženom srebrnim filigranskim dodacima i umetnutim crvenim koralima. Pored oružja, koje je predstavljalo najljepši nakit muške nošnje, javljaju se toke našivene na jeleku koje su, kao simbol dostojanstva
i bogatstva, krasile muške grudi.

Often carried were the guns - revolvers, with handle coated with silver filigree inlaid supplements and red corals. In addition to weapons, which represented the best jewelry of male costumes, there were buttons sewn on the yelek, which, as
a symbol of dignity and wealth, graced men’s breasts.

Jatagan je vrsta dugačkog noža, sa specifično savijenim sječivom i karakterističnom drškom u vidu raširenih leptirovih krila. Drška Yatagan is a kind of a long knife with characteristically bent blade and handle in the form of a butterfly with open wings. The
se izrađivala od srebra, slonove kosti ili roga, obično sa umetnutim crvenim koralom. handle was made of silver, ivory or horn, usually with red coral inlay.

Ministarstvo kulture Ministarstvo kulture

Uprava za zaštitu kulturnih dobara
 Crna Gora
Posuđe je imalo razne namjene u privredi i
domaćinstvu. Služilo je za čuvanje žitarica,
držanje vode, ulja, masti, brašna, meda,
za proizvodnju mliječnih proizvoda itd.
Najviše je zastupljeno drveno, metalno i
keramičko posuđe.
Keramičko posuđe izrađeno na grnčarskom kolu
odlikuje jednostavnost forme, skladni oblici i skromno
zastupljena ukrasna ornamentika. Na teritoriji
Crne Gore je u velikoj mjeri bila zastupljena i crna
negleđosana grnčarija, izrađivana na ručnom kolu,
koja je najviše služila za kuvanje i pečenje hrane. To
su razne vrste lonaca, zdjela, ćupova itd.
ETNO
Ethno
Drveno posuđe je uglavnom veoma jednostavne izrade, a kao
najkarakterističniji predmeti izdvajaju se vagani - zdjele različite veličine;
karlice – posude za razlivanje mlijeka, naćve - posude za miješenje hleba
i čuvanje brašna, stapovi – sudovi za pravljenje masla, lopari - lopate
pomoću kojih se prenosi hleb.
Wooden dishes were generally of very simple processing, with most
characteristic of them - bowls of different sizes; karlice - containers
for spilling milk, naćve - containers for mixing and storing bread flour,
stapovi - dishes for making butter, lopari - shovels with which to
transport bread.
Dishes had a variety of uses in industry and
households. They served to store grain,
keep water, oils, fats, flour, honey, dairy
products, etc. The most represented were
wood, metal and ceramic dishes.
Veliku primjenu imalo je i posuđe od metala, najviše bakra. Bakarno
posuđe izrađivali su zanatlije - kazandžije, kujundžije, kalajdžije. Pored
svoje funkcionalnosti ovo posuđe se odlikuje skladnošću oblika, ljepotom
linije i bogatstvom ornamenata. To su razne vrste đuguma ibrika, džezvi,
fildžana, tepsija, sinija, sahana itd.
Dishes made of metal, mostly copper, had great application. Copper utensils
were made by craftsmen - coppersmiths, goldsmiths, tinsmiths. In addition
to their functionality, these dishes were characterized by harmony of shapes,
beauty of lines and richness of ornaments. These are the various types of
coffee pots - đugum, ibrik, cezve, fildžan; pots, casserole, sahana, etc.
Pottery made on a potter’s wheel is characterized
by simplicity of form, harmonious shapes and
modestly represented decorative ornamentation. On
the territory of Montenegro, non-enameled black
pottery was dominant, handmade on a wheel, which
served mostly for cooking and baking food. There
were different types of pots, bowls, jars, etc.
Ministarstvo kulture Ministarstvo kulture
Uprava za zaštitu kulturnih dobara