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БІЛИНСЬКИЙ

СИНОНІМІКА
АНГЛІЙСЬКОГО
ДІЄСЛОВА

E NG L I S H
VERBAL
MYKHAYLO BILYN SKY SYNONYMS
A DICTIONARY
OF SEMANTIC
DISTANCES
 Mykhaylo BILYNSKY

E n g l ish V erbal
S ynonyms

A Dictionary of Semantic Distances

over 5,500 entries

Lviv University Press

Lviv - 1999
 Михайло БІЛИНСЬКИЙ

С и н о н ім ік а
АНГЛІЙСЬКОГО ДІЄСЛОВА

Словник семантичних відстаней

понад 5 500 словникових статей

Л ь в ів сь к и й д е р ж а в н и й ун івер си тет ім ені Ів а н а Ф р а н к а

Л ь в ів — 1999
С инонім іка
АНГЛІЙСЬКОГО ДІЄСЛОВА
Словник семантичних відстаней

E nglish V erbal Synonyms

A Dictionary of Semantic Distances

ББК Ш 143.21-321
Б 61
УДК 802.0-024:801.25

Білинський М. Е.
Синоніміка англійського дієслова: Словник семантичних відстаней.— Львів:
ЛДУ ім. Івана Ф ранка, 1999.— XXXVI+382 с.
С л овн и к с ем ан ти ч н о ї б л и зьк ості д ієсл івн и х си н он ім ів, п об у д о в ан и й за до п о м о го ю
комп’ютерної лексикометрії, подає інформацію про різноманітні аспекти синоніміки, яка
недоступна користувачам традиційних словників. Окрім кількісних показників синонімічної
подібності, словник містить пояснення семантики дієслів, що враховують неочевидність їх
окремих смислів і співвіднесень, полісемію та омонімію.
Для ш ирокого кола читачів, які вивчають чи послуговуються англійською мовою.

Bilynsky М.
English Verbal Synonyms: A Dictionary of Semantic Distances.— Lviv: Lviv
University Press, 1999.— XXXVI+382 p.
The current dictionary of semantic proximity of verbal synonyms construed by means of computer-
aided lexicometrics is informative on different aspects of synonymy which are not accessible to the
users of traditional dictionaries. Alongside of the numerical indices of synonymic similarity the
dictionary contains explanations of verbal meanings which take into account the ambiguity of specific
senses of verbs and their correlation, as well as their polysemy and homonymy.
The dictionary is designed for the wide readership studying or m aking use of English.

Рекомендовано до друку Вченою Радою

Львівського держ авного університету імені Івана Франка

Науковий редактор д-р філол. наук, професор Р. П. Зорівчак

(Львівський державний університет імені Івана Франка)

Рецензенти: д-р філол. наук, професор Е. Ф. Скороходько

(Київський національний університет
імені Тараса Ш евченка),
д-р філол. наук, професор В. І. Перебийніс
(Київський лінгвістичний університет),
професор К. Д ж . Кей (Історичний тезаурус
англійської мови, університет м. Глазго, Велика Британія)

ISBN 966-613-019-Х © Білинський М. Е., 1999

 АСПЕКТИ СИНОНІМІЗАЦІЇ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ДІЄСЛІВ

У вивченні англійської мови, а також у послуговуванні нею нерідко виникає

потреба знати міру змістової співвіднесеності слів:
• котре з двох слів є ближчим синонімом до третього слова;
• чи можливо знайти рівновіддалені пари синонімів;
• у яких випадках семантичний зв’язок між словами настільки послаблений,
що хтозна чи можна вважати їх синонімами;
• чи відрізняю ться слова за ступенем подібності до своїх синонімів та їх
кількістю;
• які слова позбавлені близьких синонімів?
Р озв’язати ці та інші практичні питання було б значно легше, якби ми знали
семантичні відстані між потрібними словами. Проте існуючі словники не дають
нам уявлення про кількісний аспект змістової подібності лексики.

Основна мета цього словника— унаочнити ступінь змістової подібності дієслова

до його синонімів. Це завдання здійснено через лексиком етричне обернення
(реверсію) прямого тезауруса Webster's New World Thesaurus (Prentice Hall Press,
1985). Вперш е у л ек си к ограф іч н ій п рак ти ц і о три м ан о словник дієслівних
синонімічних рядів нерівномірної щільності для всієї лексико-семантичної системи
англійської мови.

С л о в н и к о в а с т а т т я . Словник описує синоніміку понад 5.500 однолексемних

(нефразових) дієслів. Синонімами дієслова у словнику семантичних наближень
(зворотному тезаурусі) є домінанти синонімічних рядів прямого тезауруса, у складі
яких це дієслово трапляється як член ряду. Н априклад, дієслово abridge у Webster's
New World Thesaurus виступає у складі синонімічних рядів дієслів abbreviate, brief,
compile, compress, contract, decrease та shorten, які й утворюють шкалу синонімічної
подібності цього дієслова у словнику семантичних наближень: contract (to cause
to diminish, 0.78); compile (0.64); decrease (to make less, 0.60); shorten (0.50); brief (to
summarize, 0.25); compress (0.25); abbreviate (0.20). У процедурі обернення ми брали
до уваги безпосередні синоніми у межах словникових статей і не враховували
вторинних посилань всередині них на інші статті.

V
 К о е ф і ц і є н т с и н о н і м і ч н о ї п о д і б н о с т і . Семантична наближеність дієслова, що є
назвою словникової статті, до його синоніма визначається числовим коефіцієнтом,
величина якого розташ ована у діапазоні від нуля до одиниці, не досягаючи цих
крайніх точок. Цей показник становить вагу синоніма у семантиці домінанти
прямого тезауруса. Він враховує порядковий номер синоніма г та довжину ряду п
і визначається за формулою: w = (п+1 - r) : п (Левицкий В.В., Стернин И.А.
Экспериментальные методы в семасиологии. Воронеж, 1989. С. 40).
Ш к а л а с и н о н і м і ч н о ї п о д і б н о с т і . Дієслову, яке є домінантою ряду синонімів у
Webster's New World Thesaurus, у результаті обернення словника приписується
величина коефіцієнта синонімічної подібності, що дорівню є 1,00. Це дієслово
розташовується на початку зворотного синонімічного ряду. Воно повторює назву
статті словника семантичних наближень і входить у число, подане після неї в
дужках, яке позначає кількість членів зворотного синонімічного ряду. Величини
коефіцієнта синонімічної подібності відкладаю ться на шкалі за послідовним
зменшенням, а якщо є однакові величини, то відповідні синоніми наводяться в
алфавітному порядку: A B H O R (7) abhor (1.00); hate (to detest, 0.95); abominate
(0.75); detest (0.75); loathe (0.75); dislike (0.71); execrate (to detest, 0.50): D E B A SE
(20) debase (1.00); disgrace (0.96); humiliate (0.96); bastardize (0.80); depress (to bring
to a lower state, 0.78); alloy (to devaluate, 0.75); debauch (0.75); defile (to corrupt,
0.75); cheapen (0.73); flatten (to make flat, 0.56); demoralize (to corrupt, 0.50); deprave
(0.50); soil (to disgrace 0.50); sully (to defame, 0.50); taint (to corrupt, 0.50); vitiate (to
violate, 0.50); adulterate (0.46); bow (to bend, 0.46); dirty (0.18); abuse (to treat badly,
0.12); E M E R G E (8) emerge (1.00); appear (to become visible, 0.91); loom (to appear
large or imposing, 0.89); result (0.83); flow (to issue forth, 0.78); materialize (to develop,
0.50); escape ( 0.31); evolve (0.25).

В и я в л е н н я л а т е н т н и х с и н о н і м і в . Списки дієслів, що трапляю ться у лівій та

правій частинах словникових статей Webster's New World Thesaurus, неоднакові.
Кількість дієслів, які є синонімами, перевищує кількість домінант синонімічних
рядів. Це означає, що частина дієслів не розпочинає синонімічного ряду в прямому
тезаурусі. Таке обмеження не зводиться до звичайної неповноти лексикографічних
праць. Очевидно укладачі прямих тезаурусів чомусь не асоціюють такі слова з
лівою частиною синонімічної пари. Словник семантичних наближень дає змогу
експлікувати синонімічний потенціал цієї непомітної, недостатньо знаної частини
лексикону, яка охоплює понад 1 800 дієслів. У зворотних синонімічних рядах цих
дієслів заго л о в н е дієсл ово не п о вто р ю ється. П ерш е зн ачен ня коеф іцієнта
синонімічної подібності не виражає тотожності заголовній лексемі, і тому його
величина менша від 1,00: O P IN E (5) guess (to attem pt an answer on inadequate
evidence, 0.47); say (0.35), assume (to take for granted, 0.26); comment (to make a
remark, 0.11); advise (to give counsel, 0.03); W AG ER (6) bet (0.93); gamble (to play
for money, 0.75); guarantee (to give security, 0.71); chance (to take a chance, 0.64); lay
(to bet, 0.33); venture (0.07); A D D U C E (4) mention (0.75); reason (to seek a reasonable
explanation, 0.42); refer (to m ention, 0.33); propose (to make a suggestion, 0.24);
N E S T L E (3) caress (0.53); huddle (0.36); hug (0.28); S K IR T (3) join (to adjoin,0.33);
line (to be in a line, 0.30); circuit (0.17); S L A C K (2) idle (0.67); loaf (to do nothing

VI
useful, 0.29). Кількість зворотних синонімів до дієслів, які не семантизовані у
прямому тезаурусі, здебільшого незначна. Лише 104 таких ряди налічують понад
шість членів: VEIL (8) hide (to conceal, 0 . 9 3 ) . . S E N S E (9) feel (to experience, 0.91)...;
A L L U R E (12) seduce (0.90)...; A M E L IO R A T E (14) im prove (to become better,
0.94).. D E V IS E (23) invent (to create or discover, 0.89).. ..Частину дієслів, які беруть
участь у латентній синонімізації, наведено з короткими поясненнями: HULK ta
loom bulkily (1) loom (to appear large or imposing, 0.50); SC O N C E to inflict fines at
the University (1) fine (0.08); SW IG to drink (3) drink (to consume alcoholic liquor,
0.50); swallow (0.27); guzzle (0.25).

Уявні з в о р о т н і с и н о н і м і ч н і р я д и . П онад 200 дієслів зареєстровано у лівій частині

прямого тезауруса, проте вони ніколи не трапляються у функції пояснюючих слів
у синонімічних рядах його правої частини. У таких випадках виділення дієслова
як заголовного у словнику семантичних наближень умовне: C R O SS-E X A M IN E
(1) cross-examine (1.00); JU G G LE (2) juggle (to keep in the air by tossing, 1.00);
juggle (to alter, usually to deceive, 1.00); M A T T E R (2) m atter (to be of importance,
1.00); m atter (to form or discharge pus, 1.00). Дієслова, які не виступають у правій
частині прямого тезауруса, ніколи не відкривають більше, ніж два синонімічні
ряди у його лівій частині.

М н о ж и н н а с п і в в і д н е с е н і с т ь . Одне і те ж дієслово, актуалізую чи свої різні

значення, може розпочинати декілька синонімічних рядів у прямому тезаурусі. їх
кількість відображено у статті словника семантичних наближень повтором цього
дієслова з величиною коефіцієнта синонімічної подібності 1,00. Ця кількість є
складовою частиною числа загальної довжини зворотного синонімічного ряду:
M U T IL A T E (11) mutilate (to maim, 1.00); mutilate (to damage, 1.00)...; A BID E (19)
abide (to lodge, 1.00) ; abide (to reside, 1.00) ; abide (to remain, 1.00); abide (to wait
for, 1.00); abide (to submit to, 1.00)...; D ISC H A R G E (53) discharge (to unload, 1.00);
discharge (to remove, 1.00); discharge (to emit, 1.00); discharge (to cause to fire, 1.00);
discharge (to dismiss, 1.00); discharge (to release, 1.00); discharge (to perform, 1.00);
discharge (to pay a debt, 1.00); discharge (to annul, 1.00)... . Зворотний синонімічний
ряд таких дієслів мав би бути пучком зумовлених полісемією домінанти си­
нонімічних ліній. П роте у словнику W ebster’s New World Thesaurus значення полі­
семанта, який виступає у позиції члена синонімічного ряду, не вказане. Тому,
укладаючи цей словник, ми не могли експлікувати співвіднесеність конституентів
синонімічного пучка зі значеннями заголовного дієслова, оскільки заголовне
дієслово у зворотному тезаурусі є членом синонімічного ряду прямого тезауруса.
К оеф іцієнт подібності у пучку синонімів — інструм ент вериф ікації сили їх
семантичного зв’язку з домінантою, однак розпізнавання значень останньої у по­
парних синонімічних кореляціях здійснює сам користувач. М ож лива також
співвіднесенність усього лексемного складу зворотного синонімічного ряду тільки
з одним словозначенням домінанти: S T E A M (14) steam (to cook, 1.00); steam (to
speed, 1.00); distil, 0.75); boil (to continue at a boiling point, 0.50); lay (to smooth out,
0.50); stew (to boil, 0.50); cook (0.49); evaporate (to vaporize. Q.43); parboil (0.33); block
(to shape by blocking, 0.25); heat (to make hot, 0.25); smoulder (0.25); moisten (0Л9).

VII
 У протилежній ситуації полісемія властива не заголовному дієслову зворотного
синонім ічного ряду, а його членам . Д ієслово, яке є заголовн и м у словнику
семантичних наближень, відкриває лише один синонімічний ряд у Webster’s New
World Thesaurus. П роте в правій частині його словникових статей це дієслово
виступає синонімом до різних значень відповідної домінанти, яка започатковує
більше, ніж один прямий синонімічний ряд. Коли така дом інанта стає членом
зво р о тн ого синонім ічного ряду, вон а виявляє змінну величину коефіцієнта
синонімічної подібності до заголовного дієслова. Зняття полісемічності досягається
експлікацією сл овозначен ь кон сти туен та зв о р о т н о го ряду, які виступаю ть
окремими синонімами: A ID (21) aid (1.00); com fort (to m ake easy physically, 0.70);
com fort (to console. 0.28); P R O T E S T (10) protest (1.00); oppose (to fight, 0.78); oppose
(to hold a contrary opinion. 0.74); A C C O M P L IS H (23) accomplish (1.00); achieve (to
finish an undertaking, 0.30); achieve (to reach a goal, 0.25). У прямому тезаурусі
мож лива також співвіднесеність дієслова з різними значеннями полісемічної
домінанти без започаткування власного синонімічного ряду. Синонімічний ряд
тако го дієсл ова у зворотном у тезаурусі не має сам о то то ж н о го коефіцієнта
синонімічної подібності зі значенням 1.00: VOID (10) unload (0.89); empty (to cause
to become em pty. 0.71); empty (to become empty, 0.47).

П олісем ічна співвіднесеність може торкати ся як дом ін ан ти , так і членів

зворотного синонімічного ряду: A P P R A IS E (10) appraise (to set a price on, 1.00);
appraise (to estimate, 1.00); value (to set a price upon, 0.79); estimate (to calculate,
0.77); value (to estimate, 0.25); estimate (to m ake a rough guess, 0.15); B LA C K E N
(10) blacken (to make black, 1.00); blacken (to smirch, 1.00); blacken (to become black,
1.00); shade (to m ake darker, 0.83); shade (to become darker, 0.67). Двостороння
полісемічна співвіднесеність здебільшого властива потужним пучкам зворотної
синонімічності: KEEP (31) keep (to hold, 1.00); keep (to m aintain, 1.00); keep (to
continue, 1.00); keep (to operate, 1.00); keep (to tend, 1.00); keep (to remain, 1.00);
keep (to store, 1.00); keep (to prevent, used with from, 1.00); m aintain (to keep ready
for use, 0.89); hold (to have in one’s possession, 0.75); m aintain (to support, 0.50);
m aintain (to uphold, 0.33); hold (to have in one’s grasp, 0.31); P R E S E N T (33) present
(to display, 1.00); present (to suggest, 1.00); present (to submit, 1.00); present (to give,
1.00); present (to give a play, 1.00); give (to transfer, 0.81); give (to give a play, 0.67);
produce (to present a perform ance, 0.67); produce (to bear, 0.55); give (to give a speech,
0.50); produce (to show, 0.50); A D V A N C E (59) advance (to move forward physically,
1.00); advance ( to cause to move forward, 1.00); advance (to propose, 1.00); advance
(to prom ote, 1.00); advance (to prom ote in a rank or statio n , 1.00); advance (to
accelerate, 1.00); advance (to raise, 1.00); advance ( to lend, 1.00); advance (to pay,
1.00); advance (to improve, 1.00); develop (to improve, 0.77); grow (to become larger,
0.63); grow (to change slowly, 0.50); make (to move, 0.50); rise (to improve one’s station,
0.29); develop (to grow, 0.25); m ake (to offer, 0.25); rise (to increase, 0.15).

Квант ифікація синонімічної подібності м іж словами моделює скупченість

синонімів у ряді, показує змінність кроку віддаленості синонімів від заголовного
дієслова, ступінь наближ еності до нього першого та останнього синонімів, випадки

VIII
абсолютної та відносної рівновіддаленості синонімів, випадки різної віддаленості
синонімів, у тому числі зумовлені їхньою полісемією. Така інформація важлива у
вивченні англійської мови як іноземної, у психолінгвальній верифікації ступеня
синонімічност і слів тими, хт о вж е володіє мовою, а т акож для з ’я сування
різноманітних питань у галузі когнітивної лексикології.

М о д е л і о м о н ім іч н о с т і. С л о в н и к с е м а н т и ч н и х н а б л и ж е н ь в и б у д о в у є о к р е м і р я д и
з в о р о т н и х с и н о н ім ів д л я о м о н і м іч н и х д іє с л ів , п р и ч о м у о м о н і м у ф у н к ц ії з а г о л о в н о ї
DEFER to put off:
л ек сем и с л о в н и к о в о ї ст а тт і о т р и м у є п о я сн ен н я с в о г о зн ач ен н я :
to delay; to set aside (13) defer (to postpone, 1.00); delay (to cause a delay, 0.95);
neglect (to fail to attend to responsibilities, 0.92); suspend (to cease temporarily, 0.90);
procrastinate (0.67); hesitate (0.55); hinder (0.55); m aintain (to keep ready for use,
0.53); postpone (0.50); protract (0.50); shelve (to postpone, 0.50); table (0.33); waive
(0.31); D EFER to bring away: to offer (3) defer (to yield, 1.00); yield (to grant, 0.10);
accom modate (to render a service, 0.09); FILE to arrange in consecutive order (12) file
(to arrange in order, 1.00); record (to write down, 0.76); group (0.75); sort (0.75); order
(to put in order, 0.71); list (to enter in a list, 0.63); register (to record, 0.33); suspend (to
cease temporarily, 0.30); distribute (to classify, 0.25); march (0.20); enroll (to prepare a
roll, 0.11); store (0.09); FILE to rub: to smooth or wear away with a file (4) file (to use
an abrasive, 1.00); sharpen (to make keen, 0.67); grind (to pulverize 0.43); rub (to subject
to friction, 0.14).
Лексикометричне обернення Webster's New World Thesaurus дає змогу виявити
синоніміку дієслівного омоніма, який не поданий у його лівій частині і не відкриває
у ній відповідного ряду синонімів: R E JO IN to answer a p la in tiffs application (5)
answer (to reply, 0.70); reply (0.50), respond (0.50), retort (0.33), answer (to move in
response, 0.24); R E JO IN to come together (3) rejoin (1.00), join (to enter the company
of, 0.60), reunite (0.29). W EAR o f a ship, to come round(1) tack (to steer an oblique
course, 0.40). W EAR to carry on one's body; to damage; to use (8) wear (to use as
clothing or personal ornament, 1.00); wear (to consume by wearing, 1.00); wear (to be
consumed by wearing, 1.00); dress (to put on clothes, 0.80); wash (to erode, 0.60);
endure (to continue, 0.39); model (to dem onstrate, 0.33); w aste (to be consumed
gradually, 0.09). Оскільки деякі омоніми можуть відкривати більше ніж один
синонімічний ряд у прямому тезаурусі, їх пояснення у зворотному тезаурусі не є,
як із певними моносем ічними дієсловам и, дублікатам и семантичного опису
домінанти єдиного прямого синонімічного ряду: BO UND to recoil (12) bound (to
move in leaps, 1.00); bound (to rebound, 1.00); run (to go swiftly by physical effort,
0.86) ... ; BOUND to set bounds to; to limit; to confine (9) bound (to set limits, 1.00);
define (to set limits, 0.97) . . . .
Латентний синонімічний потенціал може торкатися кожного зі слів, між якими
існують омонімічні відношення: P LU M P to fall; to drop; to sink (2) drop (to cause
or to permit to fall, 0.53); drop (to fall in drops, 0.08); PLU M P to make plump (2)
fatten (to make fat, 0.57); swell (0,14); B O L T to make fa st with a bolt (5) stabilize (to
fix, 0.75); lock (0,67); close (to shut, 0.60); fasten (to make something secure, 0.46); bar
(to raise a physical obstruction, 0.45); B O L T to sift; to pass through a sieve (5) sift (to
put through a sieve, 0.90); swallow (0.36); gulp (0.25); glut (to eat to satiety, 0.14); eat

IX
(to take as a food, 0.09); B O L T to spring back; to recoil (5) stampede (0.75); bounce
(to move suddenly, 0.43); hasten (to make haste, 0.43); run (to go swiftly by physical
effort, 0.24); race (to move at great speed, 0.13). Такі омонімічні дієслова відсутні у
лівій частині прямого тезауруса.
П ара дієслівних омонімів може траплятися у позиції домінант синонімічних
рядів за W ebster’s New World Thesaurus, проте лише один омонім має здатність
ви ступ ати членом си нонім ічни х рядів у й ого п равій части н і. Цей ом онім
започатковує відповідний синонімічний ряд у зворотному тезаурусі: S L IN G to throw
stones (3) sling (to throw, 1.00); throw (to hurl, 0.70); fling (0.60). Другий омонім
залиш ається лише у лівій частині W ebster’s New World Thesaurus. Тому він не може
утворити власного зворотного синонімічного ряду: S L IN G to secure with a sling (1)
sling (to suspend, 1.00).
Деякі заголовні дієслова подано з короткою дефініцією, проте цей словник
не подає їх омоніма навіть серед домінант умовних зворотних синонімічних рядів:
A N G L E to use an angle; to fish with a hook and hail (2) hook (to curve in the shape of
a hook, 0.75); fish (0.11). Така семантизація заголовного дієслова у зворотному
тезаурусі вказує на його омонімічність у лексиконі загалом, хоч сам омонім не
виявляє синонімічних зв’язків до інших дієслів: angle v.t. to run into a corner.
Відношення омонімічності існують і між певними конституентами сино­
німічного ряду та компонентами метамови опису синонімів: ТАU N T (12)... ridicule
(0.91); ... mock (to ridicule, 0.25); D E C ID E (9) ... choose (to select, 0.97); select (0.75);
B O L S T E R (12) ... advocate (to promote, 0.80); ...promote (to further, 0.45);... cultivate
(to encourage, 0.25); encourage (to give support, 0.24).

Р е ф л е к с и в н і с т ь т а с и м е т р и ч н і с т ь с и н о н і м і в . П рям и й тезаурус дає нам

інф орм ацію про те, які синоніми має слово, що стоїть на початку ряду. Зі
зворотного словника дієслівних синонімів можна дізнатися, до яких дієслів прямого
тезауруса і якою мірою дієслово, котре стоїть на початку ряду, є синонімом. На
інтуїтивному рівні лексична компетенція у сфері синонімічності здається повністю
рефлексивною — два слова, які вважають синонімами, є синонімічними в обох
напрямах. Проте спостереження за семантизацією синонімів у прямих тезаурусах
засвідчує, що це питання набагато складніше. Д ва синонімічні слова можуть не
тільки виявляти розбіжності щодо складу своїх синонімів, а й показувати сино­
німічність між собою лише у ряді синонімів одного з них. Асиметрія синонімічності
— невід’ємна риса асоціативного лексикону людини.
Для прикладу, згідно з Webster’s New World Thesaurus, дієслово shun наводиться
серед безпосередніх синонімів до дієслова avoid, однак дієслова avoid не знаходимо
серед синонім ів до д ієсл о ва shun. Т ак и й в а р іан т синон ім ічн и х віднош ень
вважатимемо нерефлексивним. Обидва дієслова мають у складі своїх синонімів
дієслово evade, проте стосовно дієслова avoid воно перебуває на другій позиції
семичленного ряду, а стосовно дієслова shun — на третій позиції чотиричленного
ряду. Отже, синонімічність цих дієслів рефлексивна, але асиметрична. Синонімом
до дієслова avoid є також і дієслово eschew (А пресян Ю. Д. А нгло-русский
синонимический словарь. М., 1979), яке, однак, за W ebster’s New World Thesaurus
відсутнє у синонімічному ряді дієслова avoid та не містить дієслова avoid у своєму

X
ряді. Зв’язок між цими двома дієсловами здійснюється тому, що у синонімічному
ряді кож ного з них є інше дієслово — shun. Т езаурус Роже, який моделює
синонімічні поля слів, до синонімів дієслова avoid теж зараховує дієслово eschew,
проте не виділяє для останнього окремого місця серед заголовних слів (Roget’s
T h e sa u ru s o f E ng lish W ords a n d P h ra ses. H arlo w , 1982). За сл о вн и ко м
Ю. Д. Апресяна, дієслова shun і eschew — синоніми. Однак у тезаурусі Роже вони
не співвідносні між собою у межах словникових статей. У словнику Webster's New
World Thesaurus до дієслова shun не зараховується як синонім дієслово eschew,
можливо, у зв’язку з формальним характером уживання останнього (див. Collins
CO BUILD English Language Dictionary. London, 1990). Проте дієслово shun є серед
си н о н ім ів д іє с л о в а eschew . С и н о н ім іч н а сп ів в ід н ес ен іс ть слів іноді має
парадоксальний характер. Очевидно, вона пов’язана з нашим сприйняттям родо­
видових відношень у лексиці.
М іж лексемні віднош ення, зм одельован і у цьому словнику семантичних
наближень, відображ аю ть суттєві ознаки синонімії слів — асиметричність та
нерефлексивність. Коефіцієнти синонімічної подібності дієслів repeal, revoke,
exterminate та extirpate до дієслова abolish становлять, відповідно 0,50, 0,44, 0,25
та 0,25 однобальної шкали. У протилежному ж напрямі величина синонімічної
подібності дієслова abolish до дієслів repeal і revoke становить 0,60 та 0,81, а до
дієслів exterminate і extirpate — відповідно 0,90 та 0,71. Отже, наше сприйняття
ступеня синонімічності двох слів змінне і залежить від того, яке з них виступає у
функції пояснюваного слова. Змістова співвіднесеність двох дієслів у “Словнику
семантичних відстаней” може залишатися однонапрямленою. У цьому випадку
відповідні синоніми є нерефлексивними. Н априклад, дієслова eliminate, destroy,
dismiss, reform і withdraw не мають у складі зворотних рядів своєї синоніміки
дієслова abolish. У прямому тезаурусі ці дієслова відсутні серед синонімів дієслова
abolish, хоча дієслово abolish є серед синонімів кожного з них, що й відображено
у його зворотному синонімічному ряді: A B O L IS H (10) abolish (1.00), withdraw (to
remove fro m use or circulation, 0.85), reform (to correct evils, 0.82), eliminate (to remove,
0.58), dismiss (to send away, 0.56), repeal (0.50), destroy (to bring to nothing, 0.45),
revoke (0.44), exterm inate (0.25), extirpate (0.25). Односторонність синоніміки у
тезаурусі — чинник неповторності ономасіологічного рисунка його рядів.
Питання про рефлексивність синоніміки у словнику семантичних наближень
можна розв’язувати компромісно. У зворотних синонімічних рядах дієслів destroy
та eliminate лексема abolish не зазначена, хоч її подано у поясненнях до інших
синонімів — liquidate (to abolish, 0.25) та term inate (to abolish, 0,75).
К іл ь к і с н і з с у в и у с п р и й н я т т і р е ф л е к с и в н и х с и н о н і м і в . Розкид різниці коефіцієнтів
синонімічної подібності між двома дієсловами при їх рефлексивності у складі
синонімічних рядів значний і може сягати величини одного з коефіцієнтів або ж
майже повного діапазону шкали синонімічної щільності: C O M M A N D require (0.50)
:: R E Q U IR E com mand (0.18); C O N V E Y conduct (0.67) :: C O N D U C T convey (0.33);
A B A N D O N discard (0.71) :: D IS C A R D abandon (0.16); H A L T suspend (0.96) ::
SU SP E N D halt (0.15); N O T IF Y declare (0.08) :: D E C L A R E notify (0.97). Проте у
кожному третьому випадку семантична наближеність двох дієслів є симетричною
або ж близькою до симетричної, коли різниця величин коефіцієнта синонімічної

XI
по дібн о сті не перевищ ує 10% ш кали (рис.1): IM P E R IL je o p ard ize (0.75) ::
JE O P A R D IZ E imperil (0.75); T R E S P A S S infringe (0.25):: IN F R IN G E trespass (0.25);
T R E S P A S S invade (0.50) :: IN V A D E trespass (0.50); C U D D LE smuggle (0.67) ::
SM U G G LE cuddle (0.67); IN FER gather (0.75) :: G A TH E R infer (0.78); R E P LA C E
reinstate (0.30) :: R E IN S T A T E replace (0.33); W AR fight (0.92) :: F IG H T war (0.91);
B U R D E N hinder (0.89) :: H IN D E R burden (0.85). Ц ікаво, що високий ступінь
симетричності коефіцієнтів синонімічної подібності у парах синонімів зовсім не
характерний для флангів семантичної шкали зворотного синонімічного ряду. Лише
кожний десятий випадок повної або майже повної симетричності семантичного
зв’язку розташ ований у діапазонах ш кали 0,80 < w < 1,00 та 0,00 < w < 0,20 (рис.2).
Це означає, що дуже сильна та надто послаблена синонімічна співвіднесеність
між словами сприймається такою лише в одному напрямі. При зміні протичлена,
щ одо якого оцінюється ступінь синонімічної подібності, остання стає суттєво
іншою.

Рис. 1. Величина різниці коефіцієнтів синонімічної подібності Aw у парах

рефлексивних дієслівних синонімів N.

Рис.2. Локалізація симетричних та близьких до симетричних пар коефіцієнтів

синонімічної подібності N на шкалі зворотної щільності w.
 Множинна співвіднесеність синоніма із заголовним дієсловом зворотного ряду
здебільшого змінює величину різниці між відповідними коефіцієнтами синонімічної
подібності: B E A T batter (to strike, 0.75) :: B A T T E R beat (to strike repeatedly, 0.75),
beat (to thrash, 0.11); A B E T encourage (to give support, 0.45) :: EN C O U RAG E abet
(to excite, 0.50), abet (to help, 0.25); C R A S H smash (0.40) :: S M A S H crash (to fall
with a crash, 0.64), crash (to make a crashing sound, 0.25); A B A N D O N discard (0.16)
:: D ISC A R D abandon (to relinquish, 0.78), abandon (to leave in trouble , 0.71); G ET
acquire (to receive, 0.75), acquire (to obtain, 0.60) :: A C Q U IR E get (to learn, 0.75), get
(to obtain, 0.25). Значення паралельних коефіцієнтів синонімічної подібності при
подвійній співвіднесеності рідко залишаються однаковими: R A T T L E clack (to make
a rattling noise, 0.50), clack (to talk heedlessly, 0.50):: C LACK rattle (to make a rattling
sound, 0.50).

В и м ога р еф л ек си вн о сті с и н о н ім іч н о го з в ’язку ви д іл яє певну части н у

зворотного синонімічного ряду, яка існує у двобічній синонімічній інтерпретації.
Така інтерпретація скорочує загальну довжину ряду, водночас уможливлюючи
взаємодію зворотних синонімічних рядів: C A JO LE (7) cajole (1.00); coax (0.50)
[COAX cajole (0.50)]; praise (to commend, 0.43); wheedle (0.25) [W HEEDLE cajole
(0.75)]; persuade (to influence, 0.22); influence (0.17); com pliment (to flatter, 0.16);
T R A M M E L (5) trammel (1.00); muzzle (to silence,0.73) [M U ZZLE trammel (0.29)];
bar (to raise a physical obstruction, 0.65); hinder (0,42) [ H IN D E R trammel (0.94)];
bind (to constrain with bonds, 0.03) [BIND trammel, 0.14)]. У значній частині рядів
словника семантичних наближень названа взаємодія взагалі не відбувається,
оскільки жоден з членів зворотного синонімічного ряду не виявляє рефлексивності
до за г о л о в н о г о д ієс л о в а . С и н о н ім іч н і р яд и , які п о зб ав л е н і п о д іб н о го
м іжлексемного з в ’язку, вваж атим ем о реф еренційними островам и тезауруса:
B EFU D D LE (4) befuddle (1.00); confuse (0.86); intoxicate (to make drunk, 0.67); beat
(to perplex, 0.25).

З в о р о т н и й т е з а у р у с та п о л і с е м і я д і є с л і в . Прямий тезаурус не завжди подає

окремий ряд синонімів до кожного значення полісеманта, проте останнє можливе
як синонім у складі інш ого ряду. Ця особливість зум овлю є дещ о повніш е
відображ ення значень певних дієслів у складі зворотних синонімічних рядів
порівняно з синонімічними рядами прямого тезауруса.
World Book Encyclopedia Webster s Словник семантичних
Dictionary. New World відстаней:
Thesaurus:
forage v.i. 1. to hunt or search fo r FORAGE- FO RAG E (5)
food. 2. to search about; hunt; search, forage (1.00);
rummage. 3. to make a raid. v.t. pilfer, ransack (to loot, 0.67);
1. to supply with food; feed. 2. to plunder. raid (0.48);
get by h u n tin g or search in g graze (to pasture, 0.44);
about; root out. 3. to get or take ravage (0.22).
food from . 4. to plunder; ravage.

XIII
scorch v.t. 1. to burn slightly,
burn on the outside of. 2. to dry
up; whither; 3. to criticize with
burning words; v.i. 1. to be or
become scorch. 2. Inform al to
drive or ride very fast.
SCO RCH - SCORCH to heat; to dry up (11)
roast, scorch (1.00); char (0.75); sear (to
parch, cook by searing, 0.75); cook (0.66);
shrivel. brown (0.50); burn (to subject to
fire, 0.45); race (to move at great
speed, 0.45 )\ inflame (to burn,
0.33); dry (to cause to become dry,
0.25); singe (0.25); heat (to make
hot, 0.15).

Д еякі значення лексеми не зазнаю ть синонімізації, наприклад, прямий та

зворотний синонімічні ряди дієслова scorch не мають жодного синоніма до його
значення to criticize with burning words.
З в ’язок величини коефіцієнта синонімічної подібності з епідигматичною
структурою дієслова-дом інанти відносний. Н ай ближ чи й до дом інанти член
синонімічного ряду не обов’язково корелює з її первинним значенням: H E A R (6)
hear (to perceive by ear, 1.00); hear (to receive inform ation orally, 1.00); try (to conduct
a trial, 0.83); listen (to endeavour to hear, 0.29); learn (to acquire mentally, 0.13);
discover (to find, 0.06) // hear v.t. 1. to receive by the ear. 2. to listen to; give ear to;
hearken to. 3.a. to give a chance to be heard; give a form al hearing to. b. to attend and
listen to; be am ong the audience at. 4. to find out by hearing; be told; be informed of.
5. to listen to with favour; accede to; grant; v.i. 1. to be able to perceive by the ear. 2. to
be told; perceive news or inform ation. 3. to listen; give ear; hearken (W. В. E. Die.);
W ITH H O LD (16) withhold (1.00); maintain (to keep ready fo r use, 0.74) ; hide (to
conceal, 0.67); delay (to cause a delay 0.61); discourage (to restrain, 0.58); dock (to
diminish, 0.50); refuse (0,42); deny (0.39); forbid (0.39); harbour (to keep hidden, 0.33);
subtract (0.33); check (to slacken the pace 0.30); hinder (0.27); estrange (to withdraw
0.25); famish (to kill 0.25); omit (to fail to include, 0.08) // withhold v.t.l. to refrain
from giving or granting. 2. to hold back, keep back\ v.i. to refrain from (W. В. H. Die.).

К і л ь к і с н и й і р е ф е р е н ц і й н и й а с п е к т и п р я м о ї та з в о р о т н о ї с и н о н і м і з а ц і ї . Для
незначної частини тезауруса (до 8% заголовних дієслів) міжлексемні зв’язки, які
випливають з того, що дієслово може бути пояснене іншими дієсловами (прямий
синонімічний ряд чи декілька таких рядів при полісемії лексеми у Webster's New
W orld Thesaurus), за кількістю співвіднош ень збігаю ться з його потенціалом
пояснювати інші дієслова (зворотний синонімічний ряд у словнику семантичних
наближень): GA UGE check, weigh, calibrate, calculate // (4 :: 4) 11 GA UGE (5) gauge
(1.00); measure (to apply a standard of measurem ent, 0.83); forecast (to predict, 0.11);
calculate (to reckon, 0.68); sound (to measure, 0.25); B E A M l.[To emit] transm it,
broadcast; 2. [To shine] radiate, glitter, glare; 3. [To smile] grin, laugh, smirk // (8 :: 8)1
/ B E A M (11) beam (to emit, 1.00); beam (to shine, 1.00); beam (to smile, 1.00); radiate
(to shed light or beam, 0.96); shine (to give forth light, 0.90); smile (0,83); glare (to
shine fiercely, 0.75); flash (to give forth a light by flash, 0.68); aim (to p oint a weapon,
0.56); laugh (0.35); grin (0.25). П роте для більшості дієслів кількість синонімів, що
пояснюють дієслово, не збігається з кількістю синонімів, які можна пояснити цим

XIV
дієсл о вом . Р озб іж н ість п отуж н ості п р ям о го та зв о р о т н о го синонім ічних
потенціалів дієслівної лексеми може бути значною: D E F E A T (98 ::9); H IN D ER
(100:: 21); D E C R E A SE (82 :: 11); H U S H (6 :: 4); KID (З :: 1); R E D U C E (8:: 54);
S E T T L E (23 :: 60); S E C U R E (8 :: 49); D E P R IV E (4 :: 7); W O R R Y (12 :: 20).
Кількість синонімічних рядів, започаткованих дієсловом у прямому тезаурусі, не
співвідносна з кількістю синонімічних рядів, у яких воно виступає синонімом:
B L IN K (3 :: 4)\ B E N D (3 :: 23)\ C O N TR O L (3 :: 32).
Д ієслова, що виявляю ть потужніший синонімічний потенціал у прямому
тезаурусі, чисельно майже не поступаються дієсловам, зворотний синонімічний
потенціал яких сильніший від прямого (рис.З). У наведеному графіку заголовне
дієслово зараховане до довжини прямої синонімічності. Коли кількість синонімів
до дієслова за W ebster’s New World Thesaurus більша від числа його зворотних
синонімів за “Словником семантичних відстаней”, різниця потенціалів прямої та
зворотної синонімічності від’ємна, якщо ж число зворотних синонімів більше —
вона додатня. П роте кожний другий випадок асиметрії потенціалів прямої та
зворотної синонімічності залишається в межах 3-4 лексем. Значна розбіжність
кількості прямих та зворотних синонімів (понад 20 лексем) властива лише 269
дієсловам.

Рис. 3. Різниця у кількості конституентів Ап однодісслівних синонімічних рядів N

за “Словником семантичних відстаней”
та Webster’s New World Thesaurus.

Лексемний склад синонімічних рядів дієслова у прямому та зворотному

тезаурусі виявляє розбіжності. За нерефлексивності синонімічних відношень між
усіма дієсловами-членами ряду та його домінантою у Webster’s New World Thesaurus
ці розбіжності є абсолютними. Суть цього ефекту — в невідповідності сигні-
фікативного потенціалу слів у лівій та правій частинах тезауруса, у нереверсивності
в ньому функцій пояснюваного та пояснюючого слів: Q UAKE tremble, shrink, cower
// Q U AKE (9) quake (1.00); shake (to vibrate 0.82); jerk (to undergo a spasm, 0.63);
totter (to be near falling,0.62); beat (to pulsate, 0.61); shudder (0.50); fear (to anticipate
personal danger 0.40); rock (0.38); wobble (0.27); A C C E D E consent, comply, acquiesce

XV
// A C C E D E (11) accede (1.00); yield (to grant, 0.90); consider (to take into account,
0.78); consent (0.75); underw rite (to approve, 0.67); defer (to yield, 0.57); admit (to
acknowledge, 0.55); accord (to grant, 0.50); grant (to accept as true, 0.50); obey (to act
in accordance with orders, 0.33); succumb (to yield, 0.25). S T R A D D L E bestride, ride,
m ount, b estraddle// S T R A D D L E (2) straddle (1.00); hesitate (0.71); S U R V IV E l.[To
live on] outlive, outlast, outwear, persist, persevere, last, remain; 2. [To endure] withstand,
sustain // S U R V IV E (7) survive (to live on, 1.00); survive (to endure, 1.00); manage (to
get along, 0.50); live (to persist in hum an memory, 0.40); be (to have being, 0.30); endure
(to continue, 0.28); exist (to have being, 0.25).

П риродною співвіднесеністю синонімічних рядів дієслова у прямому та

зворотному тезаурусах є обмежене суміщення їх лексемного складу: SO A R tower,
sail, rise // SO A R (9) soar (1.00); fly (to pass through the air, 0.85); skim (to pass
lightly and swiftly, 0.80); rise (to move upward, 0.63); sail (to fly , 0.60); ascend (to rise,
0.33); climb (to ascend, 0.33); rocket (0.14); glide (to move gently, 0.08); L O O M 1. [To
appear] rise; 2. [To appear large or imposing] menace, emerge, overshadow, shadow,
bulk, figure, show, tower, hulk, issue, em anate, top, overtop, impress, hover, approach,
impend // L O O M to move up and down (5) loom (to appear, 1.00); loom (to appear
large or imposing, 1.00); approach (to come near in time, 0.75); appear (to become
visible, 0.45); menace (0.25). C O N S U L T deliberate, confer, parley, confabulate,
commune, treat, negotiate, debate, argue // C O N SU L T (4) consult (1.00); negotiate
(to m ake arrangements for, 0.76), canvass (to pass rapidly in review, 0.75); think (to
examine with the mind, 0.17); Q U E N C H 1. [To satisfy] slake, slut, gorge; 2. [To smother]
stifle, dam pen, douse // Q U EN C H (4) quench (to satisfy, 1.00); quench (to smother,
1.00); douse (to p u t out, 0.67) ; extinguish (to put out, 0.57). Контактна ланка між
прямою синонімікою дієслова та його зворотним синонімічним рядом засвідчує
референційну зв’язність лексеми при її переході між функціональними площинами
пояснюючого та пояснюваного слів.

Л а к у н и та щ і л ь н іс т ь в о ц і н ю в а н н і с и н о н і м і ч н и х н а б л и ж е н ь . Лише у незначній
частині зворотних синонімічних рядів розподіл величини коефіцієнта семантичної
подібності рівномірний або близький до рівномірного: A L A R M (6) startle (0.75);
disturb (to upset mental calm, 0.74); discourage (to warn, 0.50); petrify (to frighten,
0.50); forewarn (0.25); scare (0.25); B E N E F IT (9) benefit (1.00); profit (to derive gain,
0.89); profit (to be of benefit, 0.75); accom m odate (to render a service, 0.56); succed (to
attain success, 0.52); help (to aid, 0.46); operate (to produce an effect, 0.33); prom ote
(to further, 0.24); prosper (0.23); G A SH (6) cut (to cut into, 0.95); wound (to hurt the
body, 0.75); chip (0.60); slash (0.50); break (to start a rupture, 0.26); divide (to separate
by parting, 0.12). Здебільшого рівномірність заповнення ділянок ономасіологічного
простору порушується скупченням синонімів у частині шкали. При умовному
поділі ономасіологічного простору на три рівновеликі зони ця тенденція може
означати відсутність синонімів на флангах шкали і/або у її центрі.
Лакунарність лівого флангу або лівого флангу і центру шкали синонімічної
подібності характерна для дієслів латентної синонімізації, котрі позбавлені функції
синонімічної домінанти у прямому тезаурусі: ! . ( - + +) FO U N D ER (4 ) trip (to

XVI
 stumble, 0.55); wreck (to shipwreck, 0.40); fail (to be unsuccessful, 0.25); disappoint
(0.22); G L IM P SE (4) peep (to look cautiously, 0.50); discover (to find, 0.48); glance
(to look, 0.25); peek (0.25); CEDE (4) grant (to permit, 0.50); yield (to surrender,
0.46); ab an d o n (to relinquish, 0.26); give (to transfer, 0.22); R E F A S H IO N (6)
reconstruct (0.50); remodel (0.47); repeat (to do again, 0.44); revolutionize (0.25); reform
(to change into a new form, 0.19); improve (to make better, 0.15); 2. (- + -) B E SM IR C H
(3) defame (0.50); slander (0.37); disgrace (0.35);E F F E C TU A TE (3) produce (to create
by mental effort, 0.50); complete (to make entire, 0.47); achieve (to finish an undertaking,
0.46); L O P E (3) run (to go swiftly by physical effort, 0.52); canter (0.50); gallop (0.40);
M O O R (3) anchor (to drop an anchor, 0.67); bind (to constrain with bounds, 0.45);
hitch (to harness, 0.38); 3. (----- ь) B R A K E to apply a brake to a wheel (3) pedal (0.25),
slow (to ca u se to becom e slow er, 0.25); check (to sla ck e n th e p ace, 0.15);
D ISC O U N T E N A N C E (4) halt (to cause to cease, 0.31); bar (to obstruct by refusal,
0.25); embarrass (to upset mentally, 0.18); censure (0.03); C O S S E T (4) caress (0.26);
baby (0.25); cherish (to hold dear, 0.25); pam per (0.09); O PPU G N (2) upbraid (0.24);
confute (0.10). Заповненість лише другої половини шкали синонімічної подібності
може все ж торкатися деяких дієслів, що розпочинають синонімічний ряд у прямому
тезаурусі: VO UCH (6) vouch(l.OO); declare (to speak formally and emphatically, (0.34);
plead (to discuss in court, 0.33); pledge (to promise, 0.25); swear (to take an oath,
0.18); testify (to bear witness, 0.11 );/7 (2) pi (1.00); nuddle (to confuse, 0.18); B LE N C H
(4) blench (1.00); shrink (0.50); flinch (0.33); wince (0.30). H U G (7) hug (1.00); love
(to express love by caresses, 0.50); hold (to have in one’s grasp, 0.45); pet (to make
love, 0.33); huddle (0.18); stick (to remain fastened, 0.18); cherish (to hold dear, 0.04).
Зосередж еність у ряді тільки високих або високих та середніх значень
коефіцієнта синонімічної подібності обмежує його розмивання віддаленими від
домінанти синонімами: 1. (+ — ) H O P E (2) hope (1.00); wish (to express a desire,
0.92); A P O L O G IZ E (3) apologize (1.00); justify (to give reasons for, 0.83); excuse
(0.75); B L E A C H (5) bleach (1.00); damage (to impair the value of, 0.95); fade (to lose
colour or light, 0.92); weather (to expose to the weather, 0.85); whiten (to make white,
0.80); C H E W (4) chew (1.00); eat (to take as a food, 0.87); mash (0.71); bite (to seize or
sever with teeth, 0.67); 2. (+ + - ) C A U T IO N (7) caution (1.00); remind (to call the
attention of another, 0.86); threaten (to warn of punishm ent, 0.79); deter (0.75); exhort
(0.75); notify (to warn, 0.75); advise (to give counsel, 0.34); G A M B L E (6) gamble (to
play for money, 1.00); gamble (to take chances, 1.00); bet (0.86); risk (0.75); chance (to
take a chance, 0.45); venture (0.36); H E A L (6) heal (to cure, 1.00); heal (to recover,
1.00); knit (to grow together, 0.75); mend (to repair, 0.75); recover (to regain health,
0.60); recuperate (0.50).
Л а к у н а р н іс т ь ц е н т р а л ь н о ї ч а ст и н и ш кал и си н о н ім іч н о ї п о дібн о сті
(+ - + ) роби ть чіткіш им п ротиставлен ня близьких та віддалених синонімів
віртуальним складом ряду: A D JO U R N (6) adjourn (1.00); halt (to cause to cease,
0.88); suspend (to cease temporarily, 0.80); dissolve (to dismiss, 0.75); achieve (to finish
an undertaking, 0.27); delay (to cause a delay, 0.27); B R ID L E (6) bridle (1.00); check
(to bring under control, 0.93); restrain (0.85); harness (0.75); trammel (0.31); bristle (to
show sudden anger, 0.25); E A V E S D R O P (3) eavesdrop (1.00); hear (to receive
information orally, 0.82); hear (to perceive by ear, 0.33).

XVII
 Нерівномірне насичення синонімічного ряду може відбуватися при лексемному
представленні всіх ділянок шкали: S P R IN K L E to scatter in drops; to disperse; to
distribute (15) sprinkle (1.00); moisten (Q.96); water (Q.92); spatter (0.77); dampen (to
wet, 0.75); dust (0.75); intersperse (0.75); wet (0.75); mizzle (0.63); rain (0.45); baptize
(to cleanse sacramentally, 0.43); drizzle (0.25); spray (0.25); radiate (to send forth from
a centre, 0.14); shed (0.09); Q U A SH (12) quash (to crush, 1.00); quash (to revoke,
1.00); destroy (to bring to nothing, 0.78); abolish (0.48); revoke (0.48); suppress (0.36);
nullify (0.25); refute (0.15); confute (0.14); answer (to move in response (0.12); halt (to
cause to cease (0.12); withdraw (to remove from use or circulation, 0.10).
Зворотні синонімічні ряди, он ом асіологіч н ий п ростір яких вирізняється
л а к у н а р н іс т ю с у т тєв о ї ч а ст и н и ш к а л и с е м а н т и ч н о ї щ іл ьн о сті (3 0-60% ),
характеризуються незначною довжиною і можуть бути просто парами синонімів.
Для таких випадків питома вага величини коефіцієнта синонімічної подібності у
діапазоні 0 < w < 0,5 значно вища (46,9%) порівняно з насиченістю цієї частини
ряду для зворотного тезауруса загалом (36,9%). Збільшення кількості членів ряду,
очевидно, співвідносне з насиченістю п ерш ої части н и ш кали синонім ічної
щільності. П роте у довших рядах загалом існує більша ймовірність для кожної
зони ономасіологічного простору отримати власне лексемне подання. Від довжини
зворотного синонімічного ряду залежить і величина кроку віддаленості синонімів
від до м ін ан ти . У довш их рядах вон а загал о м м енш а, ніж у коротш их, що
узгодж ується з закон ом М енцерата про обернену залеж ність між кількістю
конституентів мовної одиниці та їх довжиною.

Оцінка коефіцієнтів семантичної подібності між дієсловами з боку користувача,

очевидно, залежить від довжини ряду. Якщ о ряд вписується у параметри, задані
відомою гіпотезою глибини Інгве і не виходить за межі 7±2 лексем, то користувач
оцінює шкалу коефіцієнтів двояко — не лише парами “домінанта-синонім” , а й
вибудовуванням у мовній свідомості ономасіологічного рисунка шкали загалом.
Під час збільшення довжини ряду ймовірність другої з названих стратегій його
психолінгвального сприйняття зменшується.

За значенням коефіцієнтів синонімічної подібності ономасіологічна шкала

нерівномірної щільності ряду в зворотному тезаурусі є послідовною (значення
коефіцієнтів у ряді не повторюються) або послідовно-паралельною (деякі значення
у ряді повторю ю ться). П роте вагом а і сама величина різниці між значеннями
коефіцієнтів синонімічної подібності, поріг суттєвості якої, очевидно, коригується
певним діапазоном психолінгвальної апроксимації. Тому реальна для мовної
свідомості користувача кількість синонімів, паралельних стосовно семантичного
наближення до домінанти, виявляє тенденцію до зростання.

Х оч рекордний за довжиною зворотний синонімічний ряд налічує 60 дієслів,

тільки 40% рядів має більше, ніж шість синонімів. М ежі оном асіологічного
простору зворотного синонімічного ряду задаю ться значеннями коефіцієнтів
семантичної подібності до домінанти перш ого та останнього синонімів. Якщо
кількість синонімів у ряді перевищує шість дієслів, то дві третини синонімічних

XVIII
рядів закінчують свій ономасіологічний простір у діапазоні 0 < w < 0,2 і лише
4,6% синонімічних рядів розпочи наю ться дієсловом , яке не є дом інантою у
W ebster’s New World Thesaurus (рис.4). П ри довжині ряду до шести синонімів
вклю чно ч астка рядів з м інім альною величиною коеф іцієнта синонімічної
подібності в діапазоні 0 < w < 0,2 становить заледве 30%, а домінанти понад 50%
рядів не розпочинають синонімічних рядів у прямому тезаурусі (рис.5).

Розподіл коефіцієнта синонімічної подібності у словнику загалом нерівно­

мірний (рис. 6). Більше скупчення лексем є у зоні середньої синонімічності з
діапазоном 0,5 < w < 0,8 та у зоні відносно віддалених синонімів (0,2 < w < 0,3).

%
95,25
65,77
^Wmax
;
31,77 OWrrin
"" 0 0 0,092,28 1,370,18 3,29 0
ч------ Ч--------------1-------- ■-----І-— -------Н
(0 .00 ; (0 .20 ; (0 .40 ; (0 .60 ; (0 .80 ; ( 1.00 ;
0 .20 ) 0 .40 ) 0 .60 ) 0 .80 ) 1.00 ) 1.00 )

Рис. 4. Максимальне та мінімальне значення коефіцієнта синонімічної

подібності у рядах довжиною понад шість лексем.

%
100 j
80 -
HWmax
□ Wrrin

(0 .00 ; (0 .20 ; (0 .40 ; (0 .60 ; (0 .80 ; (1.00 ;

0 .20 ) 0 .40 ) 0 .60 ) 0 . 80 ) 1.00 ) 1.00 )

Рис. 5. Максимальне та мінімальне значення коефіцієнта синонімічної

подібності у коротких рядах.

XIX
Значно нижча скупченість синонімів спостерігається не лише на флангах шкали,
а й майже у її центрі (0,4 < w <0,5). М ожливо, це означає, що лексична система не
виявляє великої потреби у дуже близьких і надто віддалених синонімах. Загальною
нормою є синонімізація у достатньо широкому середньому діапазоні з тенденцією
до ономасіологічної розрідженості в його центрі, що становить основу формування
т и п о в о го п р и в а ти в н о -гр а д у а л ь н о го п р о ти став л ен н я ближ чих та дальш и х
синонімів.

і і [0.00; 0.10)
Ш [0.10; 0.20)
■ [0.20; 0.30)
□ [0.30; 0.40)
Н [0.40; 0.50)
15,49 □ [0.50; 0.60)
Н [0.60; 0.70)
Ш[0.70; 0.80)
■ [0.80; 0.90)
Ш[0.90; 1.00)
■ [ 1 . 00 ; 1 . 00 ]

Рис. 6. Розподіл значень коефіцієнта синонімічної подібності у зворотному

тезаурусі дієслів.

Нерівномірні семантичні відстані у зворотному синонімічному ряді дієслова

посилюють індивідуальний характер його позначувальних можливостей.

Словник семантичних наближень англійських дієслів виносить на суд читачів

лінгвістичний об ’єкт, сутність та параметри якого грунтуються на універсальній
характеристиці лексичної системи — асиметричному дуалізмі площин змісту та
вираження. У вмінні співвіднести ці дві площини — гнучкість і багатство словника
мовців.
 ASPECTS OF SY N O N Y M IC BINDING
OF TH E ENGLISH VERBS

C o m m o n q u e r ie s . A need for the awareness of lexical proximity when studying or

making use of the language is only too apparent :
• which of the two words is a closer synonym to the third one;
• is it possible to single out two words located at the same distance from their
synonym;
• what are the cases in which the meaningful relatedness of two words is so loose
that they can hardly be referred to as synonyms;
• do the words differ in terms of the sheer number of synonyms and their proximity;
• are there any words which are devoid of close synonyms?
The solution to these as well as other practical problems will be a lot easier should
we know the semantic distances between the words in question. However, the existing
thesauri leave us with no numerical model of the sense similarity of words.

The prime aim o f this dictionary lies in visualising the extent o f semantic resemblance
o f the verb to its synonyms. The said task has been accomplished through the lexicometric
reversal of Webster's New World Thesaurus (Prentice H all Press, 1985). The obtained
product is the first in its kind dictionary of the unevenly tight synonymic scales of
verbs for the entire lexical-semantic system of English.

E n t r i e s . The dictionary presents the synonymy of over 5,500 monolexemic (non-

phrasal) verbs. The right-hand side constituents of the synonymic series of the verb in
the dictionary of semantic proximity (the reverse thesaurus) are the headwords of the
synonymic strings of the direct thesaurus within which the verb in question can be
found as a series member. For example, the verb abridge in Webster's New World
Thesaurus is a constituent of the synonymic strings initiated by the verbs abbreviate,
brief compile, compress, contract, decrease and shorten. These make up the synonymic
affinity scale of the verb abridge in the dictionary of semantic proximity: contract (to
cause to diminish, 0.78); compile (0.64); decrease (to make less, 0.60); shorten (0.50);
brief (to summarize, 0.25); compress (0.25); abbreviate (0.20). The reversal procedure
was confined to the immediate synonyms of the verb within the thesaurus entry and
did not take into account the references within the latter towards other entries.
XXI
 P r e s e n t i n g t h e s y n o n y m i c a f f i n it y f a c t o r . The semantic proximity of the headverb
o f the dictionary entry to its synonym is determined by the numerical factor w the
value o f which lies within the range of 0.00 < w < 1.00. This factor am ounts to the
weight o f the synonym in the semantics of the series dom inant by the direct thesaurus.
It takes into account the ordinal num ber of the synonym within the series r as well as
the series length n and is determined by the formula: w = (n + l-r) : n (V. V.Levitsky,
I.A .S tern in E ksperim entalnye m etody v sem asiologii [E xp erim en ta l M ethods in
Semasiology]. Voronezh, 1989, p. 40).
T h e s t a n d a r d p r o x i m i t y s c a l e . In the wake of reversing Webster's New World
Thesaurus the verb which happens to be the series dom inant in the latter is ascribed the
value of the synonymic affinity factor equalling 1.00. This verb is placed at the head of
the reverse synonymic string. It duplicates the name of the entry in the present dictionary
o f semantic proximity and is included into the overall num ber of the reverse synonymic
string constituents given in brackets. The values of the synonymic affinity factor are
scaled in the gradually descending order, in the event of equal values the respective
synonyms being adduced alphabetically: A B H O R (7) abhor (1.00); hate (to detest,
0.95); abom inate (0.75); detest (0.75); loathe (0.75); execrate (to detest, 0.50): D E B A SE
(20) debase (1.00); disgrace (0.96); humiliate (0.96); bastardize (0.80); depress (to bring
to a lower state, 0.78); alloy (to devaluate, 0.75); debauch (0.75); defile (corrupt, 0.75);
cheapen (0.73); flatten (to make flat, 0.56); demoralize (to corrupt, 0.50); deprave (0.50);
soil (to disgrace 0.50); sully (to defame, 0.50); taint (to corrupt, 0.50); vitiate (to violate,
0.50); adulterate (0.46); bow (to bend, 0.46); dirty (0.18); abuse (to treat badly, 0.12);
E M E R G E (8) emerge (1.00); appear (to become visible, 0.91); loom (to appear large
and imposing, 0.89); result (0.83); flow (to issue forth, 0.78); materialize (to develop,
0.50); escape ( 0.31); evolve (0.25).

R e d i s c o v e r i n g l a t e n t s y n o n y m s . W ithin Webster's New World Thesaurus the verbs

occurring in the right-hand part of the entries exceed the list of the left-hand side series
dominants. This means that a part of the verbs from the English lexicon at large fail to
initiate a synonymic string in the direct thesaurus. The reason for this discrepancy
probably surpasses the simple fact that no lexicographic work is complete, but rather
testifies to the inaptitude on the p art of thesaurus compilers towards placing some
verbs in the left-hand position within the synonymic pair. The current dictionary of
semantic proximity makes it possible to bring into light the synonymic potential of this
lesser known part of the lexicon numbering over 1,800 verbs. In the reverse synonymic
series o f these verbs the name of the d i c t i o n a r y entry does not get duplicated and the
first value of the synonymic similarity factor is lower than 1.00: O PIN E (5) guess (to
attem pt an answer on inadequate evidence, 0.47); say (0.35), assume (to take for granted,
0.26); com ment (to m ake a remark, 0.11); advise (to give counsel, 0.03); W AG ER (6)
bet (0.93); gamble (to play for money, 0.75); guarantee (to give security, 0.71); chance
(to take a chance, 0.64); lay (to bet, 0.33); venture (0.07); A D D U C E (4) mention (0.75);
reason (to seek a reasonable explanation, 0.42); refer (to mention, 0.33); propose (to
make a suggestion, 0.24); N E S T L E (3) caress (0.53); huddle (0.36); hug (0.28); S K IR T
(3) join (to adjoin,0.33); line (to be in a line, 0.30); circuit (0.17); S L A C K (2) idle

XXII
(0.67); loaf (to do nothing useful, 0.29). The number of reverse synonyms to the verbs
which are not among the series dominants in Webster's New World Thesaurus is generally
small. A mere 104 of such strings number more than six constituents: VEIL (8) hide
(to conceal, 0.93) ... ; S E N S E (9) feel (to experience, 0.91) ...; A L L U R E (12) seduce
(0.90) ...; A M E L IO R A T E (14) improve (to become better, 0.94) ...; D E V ISE (23)
invent (to create or discover, 0.89).... A proportion of verbs involved in latent synonymic
catenation are adduced with their explanatory glosses: H U L K to loom bulkily (1) loom
(to appear large or imposing, 0.50); SC O N C E to inflict fines at the University (1) to
fine (0.08); S W IG to drink (3) drink (to consume alcoholic liquor, 0.50); swallow (0.27);
guzzle (0.25).

O s t e n s i b l e r e v e r s e s y n o n y m i c s t r i n g s . Over 200 verbs are registered as synonymic

series dominants in the left-hand side of Webster's New World Thesaurus yet they are
never found in its right-hand side. The listing of such verbs among the headverbs in the
dictionary of semantic proximity is conditional: C R O SS-E X A M IN E (1) cross-examine
(1.00); JUGGLE (2) juggle (to keep in the air by tossing, 1.00); juggle (to alter, usually
to deceive, 1.00); M A T T E R (2) m atter (to be of importance, 1.00); matter (to form or
discharge pus, 1.00). The verbs which do not occur in the right-hand side position of
the direct thesaurus fail to initiate more than two synonymic strings in its left-hand side.
Double referencing. The meanings of the individual verb may be responsible for
several synonymic strings in the direct thesaurus. To reflect this in the current dictionary
of semantic proximity the verb is repeated in its varying meanings at the head of the
reverse synonymic series followed by the values of the synonymic affinity factor equalling
1.00. The number of the latter is included into the overall length of the reverse synonymic
string:M U T IL A T E (11) mutilate (to maim, 1.00); mutilate (to damage, 1.00). . ., ABID E
(19) abide (to lodge, 1.00); abide (to reside, 1.00); abide (to remain, 1.00); abide (to
wait for, 1.00); abide (to submit to, 1.00)...; D ISC H A R G E (53) discharge (to unload,
1.00); discharge (to remove, 1.00); discharge (to emit, 1.00); discharge (to cause to fire,
1.00); discharge (to dismiss, 1.00); discharge (to release, 1.00); discharge (to perform,
1.00); discharge (to pay a debt, 1.00); discharge (to annul, 1.00).... The reverse synonymic
string of such verbs should in fact be represented in the form of a cluster of synonymic
lines determined by the polysemantic scope of the dominant. However, Webster's New
World Thesaurus does not specify the meanings of the synonymic series constituent.
T hat is why the current dictionary cannot expound the correlation between the
synonymic cluster constituents and the respective meanings of the reverse series
dominant as the latter happens to be the series constituent in the direct thesaurus. The
values of the similarity factor within the synonymic cluster are demonstrative of its
constituents semantic relatedness to the dom inant yet the process of recognizing the
latter’s meanings within the two-member synonymic correlation rests with the dictionary
user. Eventually it may am ount to the situation when all the constituents of the cluster
are synonymous with just one meaning of the d o m in a n t: S T E A M (14) steam (to cook,
LQQ); steam (to speed, 1.00); d istil 13J5 ); boil (to continue at a boiling point, Q.5Q); lay
(iQ smooth out, 0.50); stew (to boil, 0.50); cook_(Q^49); evaporate (to vaporize, 0.43);
parboil (0.33); block (to shape by blocking, 0.25); heat (to make hot, 0.25); smoulder
(Q.25); moisten (Q. 19).

XXIII
 Conversely, the constituents of some reverse synonymic series are also prone to
thesaurus polysemy. In this case the respective reverse series dom inant initiates just
one string in Webster's New World Thesaurus. However, elsewhere in the latter it is
synonymous with a polysemantic dom inant initiating m ore than one direct synonymic
series. When such a dom inant becomes a constituent of the reverse synonymic string it
reveals varying values of the synonymic affinity factor to the respective headverb.The
polysemy is resolved by the adduced meanings of the reverse series constituent which
are taken for separate synonyms: A ID (21) aid (1.00); com fort (to make easy physically,
0.70); com fort (to console. 0.28); P R O T E S T (10) protest (1.00); oppose (to fight, 0.78);
oppose (to hold a contrary opinion, 0.74); A C C O M P L IS H (23) accomplish (1.00);
achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.30); achieve (to reach a goal, 0.25). Within Webster's
New World Thesaurus a verb may also correlate with the meanings of the polysemantic
dom inant w ithout initiating a synonymic series of its own. Its respective string in the
reverse thesaurus will not include the value of the Synonymic similarity factor equalling
1.00: VOID (10) unload (0.89); empty (to cause to become em pty, 0.71); empty (m
become empty, 0.47).
Polysemantic referencing may affect both sides of the reverse synonymic string:
A P P R A IS E (10) appraise (to set a price on, 1.00); appraise (to estimate, 1.00); value
(to set a price upon, 0.79); estimate (to calculate, 0.77); value (to estimate, 0.25); estimate
(to make a rough guess, 0.15); B L A C K E N (10) blacken (to make black, 1.00); blacken
(to smirch, 1.00); blacken (to become black, 1.00); shade (to make darker, 0.83); shade
(to become darker, 0.67). Bilateral polysemantic referencing is generally peculiar to
large synonymic clusters: K EEP (31) keep (to hold, 1.00); keep (to.m aintain, 1.00);
keep (to continue, 1.00); keep (to operate, 1.00); keep (to tend, 1.00); keep (to remain,
1.00); keep (to store, 1.00); keep (to prevent, used with from , 1.00); maintain (to keep
ready for use, 0.89); hold (to have in one’s possession, 0.75); m aintain (to support,
0.50); m aintain (to uphold, 0.33); hold (to have in one’s grasp, 0.31); P R E S E N T (33)
present (to display, 1.00); present (to suggest, 1.00); present (to submit, 1.00); present
(to give, 1.00); present (to give a play, 1.00); give (to transfer, 0.81); give (to give a play,
0.67); produce (to present a perform ance, 0.67); produce (to bear, 0.55); give (to give a
speech, 0.50); produce (to show, 0.50); A D V A N C E (59) advance (to move forward
physically, 1.00); advance (to cause to move forward, 1.00); advance (to propose, 1.00);
advance (to prom ote, 1.00); advance (to prom ote in a rank or station, 1.00); advance
(to accelerate, 1.00); advance (to raise, 1.00); advance ( to lend, 1.00); advance (to pay,
1.00); advance (to improve, 1.00); develop (to improve, 0.77); grow (to become larger,
0.63); grow (to change slowly, 0.50); make (to move, 0.50); rise (to improve one’s station,
0.29); develop (to grow, 0.25); make (to offer, 0 .25); rise (to increase, 0.15).

Quantitative scaling o f synonymic affinity between words models the compactness o f

synonyms within the series showing the changeability o f the step distancing each subsequent
synonym fro m the headverb. It also points out the proxim ity o f the headverb to its closest
as well as most distant synonym. Cases o f absolute and relative equalness in synonymic
proxim ity as well as cases o f varying proxim ity including those brought about by polysemy
are revealed too. This kind o f information is relevant fo r English language teaching as
well as fo r the psycholinguistic verification o f the proxim ity grading o f synonymous verbs

XXIV
on the part o f those who already have a command o f the language and also fo r solving
miscellaneous problems o f cognitive lexicology.

P a t t e r n s o f h o m o n y m y . In the present dictionary of semantic proximity separate

strings of reverse synonyms to homonymous verbs are catenated. Homonyms in the
function of the headverb are followed by the glosses to their meanings: DEFER to put
off: to delay: to set aside (13) defer (to postpone, 1.00); delay (to cause a delay, 0.95);
neglect (to fail to attend to responsibilities, 0.92); suspend (to cease temporarily, 0.90);
procrastinate (0.67); hesitate (0.55); hinder (0.55); m aintain (to keep ready for use,
0.53); postpone (0.50); protract (0.50); shelve (to postpone, 0.50); table (0.33); waive
(0.31); DEFER to bring away: to offer (3) defer (to yield, 1.00); yield (to grant, 0.20);
accommodate (to render a service, 0.09); F ILE to arrange in consecutive order (12) file
(to arrange in order, 1.00); record (to write down, 0.76); group (0.75); sort (0.75); order
(to put in order, 0.71); list (to enter in a list, 0.63); register (to record, 0.33); suspend (to
cease temporarily, 0.30); distribute (to classify, 0.25); march (0.20); enroll (to prepare a
roll, 0.21); store (0.09); F ILE to rub: to smooth or wear away with a file (4) file (to use
an abrasive, 1.00); sharpen (to make keen, 0.67); grind (to pulverize 0.43); rub (to subject
to friction, 0.14).
The lexicometric reversal of Webster's New World Thesaurus makes it possible to
reveal the synonyms to the verbal homonym which is missing from its left-hand side
thus opening up no synonymic series of its own there: R E JO IN to answer a plaintiff .v
application (5) answer (to reply, 0.70); reply (0.50); respond (0.50); retort (0.33); answer
(to move in response, 0.24); R E JO IN to come together (3) rejoin (1.00); join (to enter
the company of, 0.60); reunite (0.29); W EA R o f a ship, to come round (1) tack (to steer
an oblique course, 0.40). W EAR to carry on one's body; to damage; to use (8) wear (to
use as clothing or personal ornament, 1.00); wear (to consume by wearing, 1.00); wear (to
be consumed by wearing, 1.00); dress (to put on clothes, 0.80); wash (to erode, 0.60);
endure (to continue, 0.39); model (to demonstrate, 0.33); waste (to be consumed gradually,
0.09). As some homonyms can open up several synonymic strings in the direct thesaurus
their glosses in the reverse thesaurus are not, as in the case of certain monosemic verbs,
mere duplicates of the semantic description of the only direct synonymic series headverb:
BOUND to recoil (12) bound (to move in leaps, 1.00); bound (to rebound, 1.00); run (to
go swiftly by physical effort, 0.86) ... ; BOUND to set bounds to; to limit; to confine (9)
bound (to set limits, 1.00); define (to set limits, 0.97) . .. .
The raising of the latent synonymic potential may pertain to all the represented
one word homonymous headverbs: P L U M P to fall; to drop; to sink (2) drop (to cause
or to permit to fall, 0.53); drop (to fall in drops, 0.08); P LU M P to make plump (2)
fatten (to make fat, 0.57); swell (0,14); B O L T to make fa st with a bolt (5) stabilize (to
fix, 0.75); lock (0,67); close (to shut, 0.60); fasten (to make something secure, 0.46); bar
(to raise a physical obstruction, 0.45); B O L T to sift; to pass through a sieve (5) sift (to
put through a sieve, 0.90); swallow (0.36); gulp (0.25); glut (to eat to satiety, 0.14); eat
(to take as a food, 0.09); B O L T to spring back; to recoil (5) stampede (0.75); bounce
(to move suddenly, 0.43); hasten(to make haste, 0.43); run (to go swiftly by physical
effort, 0.24); race (to move at great speed, 0.13). These would be missing from the left-
hand side of the direct thesaurus.

XXV
 A pair of homonymous verbs may be given in the left-hand side of Webster's New
World Thesaurus yet just one of them figures in its right-hand side among the synonyms
explaining other verbs. This homonym finds its way into the reverse thesaurus: SL IN G
to throw stones (3) sling (to throw, 1.00); throw (to hurl, 0.70); fling (0.60); The other
homonym remains solely in the left-hand side of Webster's New World Thesaurus. Hence
it fails to catenate a reverse synonymic string: SL IN G to secure with a sling (1) sling (to
suspend, 1.00).
Some of the headverbs are followed by a gloss w ithout the juxtaposition of their
homonyms in the present dictionary: A N G L E to use an angle; to fish with a hook and
hail (2) hook (to curve in the shape of a hook, 0.75); fish (0.11). This is observed to
signal the homonymy of such verbs in the lexicon at large even though the respective
homonym is imputed no synonymic relationships in the existing thesauri altogether:
angle v.t. to run into a corner.
The relationships of homonymy are also apparent between the reverse synonymic
series constituents and the metalinguistic com ponents of synonyms description: TA U N T
(1 2 )... ridicule (0.91); ... mock (to ridicule, 0.25); D E C ID E (9) ... choose (to select,
0.97); select (0.75); B O L ST E R (12) ... advocate (to prom ote, 0.80); ... promote (to
further, 0.45); ... cultivate (to encourage, 0.25); encourage (to give support, 0.24).
A r e w o r d s e q u a l l y s y n o n y m o u s b o t h w a y s ? The direct thesaurus provides us with
the list of synonyms linked to each series dom inant. The present reverse dictionary of
verbal synonyms enables one to find out with which verbs o f the direct thesaurus and to
what extent the headverb of its series is synonymous. Intuitively, lexical competence in
the realm of synonymic relations seems fully reflexive: the two verbs believed to be
synonymous are so both ways. Nonetheless a simple experiment with the direct thesaurus
testifies to the fact that this is a much more complex m atter. The two synonymous
verbs may differ not just by the lexemic constituents of their respective synonymic
series but also by the fact of their synonymity being evincible in the string of just one of
them. Asymmetry of synonymic relations is to be regarded as an intrinsic feature of the
m an’s associative lexicon.
By way of adducing an example from Webster's New World Thesaurus, the verb
shun is found am ong the direct synonyms to the verb avoid. Nevertheless, the verb
avoid is missing from the string of synonyms initiated by the verb shun. The said type of
synonymic relatedness is non-reflexive. Both the verbs have another synonym evade in
their respective strings which occurs in the second position of the seven-member series
of the verb avoid and in the third position of the four-member series of the verb shun,
the synonym ity o f the two verbs being reflexive bu t asym m etric. A ccording to
Yu. A presyan’s English-Russian Dictionary o f Synonym s (Moscow, 1979) the verb eschew
is listed as yet another synonym to the verb avoid. However, by Webster's New World
Thesaurus these two are mutually excluded from the respective synonymic strings of
each other. Nonetheless they have the verb shun as their common synonym. The verb
eschew is also recorded as synonymous with the verb avoid in Roget's Thesaurus o f English
Words cuid Phrases (Harlow, 1982) which is concerned with modelling wider synonymic
spaces of words rather than strings of immediate synonyms. Presumably for this reason it
allots no place among its headverbs to the verb eschew. According to Yu. Apresian’s
dictionary the verbs shun and eschew are synonymous. Yet in Roget's Thesaurus they

XXVI
do not prove to be cross-referred within the respective entries. In Webster's New World
Thesaurus the verb eschew happens to be missing from the synonymic series of the verb
shun possibly due to its formal style markedness (cf. Collins COBUILD English Language
Dictionary. London, 1990). The reverse part of this cross-reference nevertheless appears
to be valid. The synonymic correlation of verbs at times evinced in a most paradoxical
fashion in the traditional thesauri seems to be dependent upon the way their compilers
see kind-gender relationships and explanatory-explainable functions of words.
The interlexem ic relationships presented in the given dictionary of semantic
proximity are characterized by the said inherent features of verbal synonymy. Many of
these are asymmetric and nonreflexive. Let us illustrate this assumption by the values
of the synonymic similarity factor of the verbs repeal, revoke, exterminate and extirpate
to the verb abolish as equalling 0.50, 0.44, 0.25 and 0.25 respectively. In the opposite
direction the values of the synonymic similarity coefficient of the verb abolish to the
verbs repeal and revoke am ount to 0.60 and 0.81 and to the verbs exterminate and
extirpate they equal 0.90 and 0.71. Otherwise stated, our perception of the two words
being to a given extent synonymous depends on which of them is taken for the starting
point of the relationship. The sense similarity vector may just go one way without
returning from the verb believed to be a synonym in which case the thesaurus fails to
confirm the intuitive relatedness of words. For instance, the verbs eliminate, destroy,
dismiss, reform and withdraw alike do not contain the verb abolish within their reverse
synonymic strings. In Webster's New World Thesaurus these verbs are not lined up
among the synonyms to the verb abolish even though the verb abolish is listed as a
synonym to each of them which is revealed in its reverse synonymic string: A B O L ISH
(10) abolish (1.00); withdraw ( to remove from use or circulation, 0.85): reform ( to correct
evils, 0.82); eliminate (to remove, 0.58); dismiss (to send away, 0,56)\ repeal (0.50);
destroy (to bring to nothing, 0.45); revoke (0.44); exterminate (0.25); extirpate (0.25).
U nilateral synonym ic interpretation in a thesaurus stands out as a m ajor factor
contributing to the onomasiological pattern of its strings.
The reflexivity of synonyms in the Dictionary o f Semantic Distances may be indirect.
For instance, the reverse synonymic strings opened up by the verbs destroy and eliminate
fail to list the verb abolish even though the latter figures within the explanatory glosses
to other reverse synonyms — liquidate (to abolish, 0.25) and terminate ( to abolish,
0.75).

S h if t s i n t h e n u m e r i c p e r c e p t i o n o f r e f l e x i v e s y n o n y m s . The distribution of the

difference in synonymic affinity factor values at the reflexivity of each two verbs within
the synonymic series is quite considerable. It may be tantam ount to the value of just
one of the coefficients or even nearing that of the entire synonymic compactness scale:
C O M M AN D require (0.50) :: R E Q U IR E command (0.18); C O N V E Y conduct (0.67)::
CONDUCT convey (0.33); A B A N D O N discard (0.71) :: D ISC A R D abandon (0.16);
H A L T suspend (0.96) :: SU SP E N D halt (0.15); N O T IF Y declare (0.08) :: D E C LAR E
notify (0.97). Yet in each third case the sem antic proxim ity o f the two verbs is
symmetrical or nearly so at the residual of the synonymic affinity factor values not
exceeding ten per cent of the entire scale (figure 1): IM P E R IL jeopardize (0.75) ::
JE O P A R D IZ E imperil (0.75); T R E S P A S S infringe (0.25):: INFRIN G E trespass (0.25);

XXVII
T R E S P A S S invade (0.50) :: IN V A D E trespass (0.50); C U D D LE smuggle (0.67) ::
SM U G G LE cuddle (0.67); IN FE R gather (0.75) :: G A TH E R infer (0.78); R E P LA C E
reinstate (0.30) :: R E IN S T A T E replace (0.33); W AR fight (0.92) :: F IG H T war (0.91);
B U R D E N hinder (0.89) :: H IN D E R burden (0.85). It may be interesting to observe
th at a high degree of symmetry o f the synonymic affinity factor values is not at all
peculiar to the flanks of the semantic scale of the reverse synonymic series. Just one in
ten cases of complete or almost complete symmetry of synonymic resemblance proves
to be located in the 0.00 < w < 0.20 and 0.80 < w < \ .00 areas of the compactness scale
(figure 2). This leads to suggest th at quite strong as well as too weak a semantic
connection between two words is deemed as such just in one direction. At the change
of the counterpart in reference to which the extent of semantic affinity is being evaluated
the perception of the said affinity through synonymous means becomes considerably
upset.

Figure 1. The difference in values o f the synonymic affinity coefficients Aw

in pairs o f reflexive verbal synonyms N.

M ultiple referencing of a synonym to the headverb of the reverse string tends to

alter the difference in the values of the respective synonymic affinity coefficients: B E A T
batter (to strike, 0.75) :: B A T T E R beat (to strike repeatedly, 0.75), beat (to thrash,
0.11); A B E T encourage (0.45) :: E N C O U R A G E abet (to excite, 0.50), abet (to help,
0.25); C R A S H smash (0.40):: S M A S H crash (to fall with a crash, 0.64), crash (to make
a crashing sound, 0.25); A B A N D O N discard (0.16):: D ISC A R D abandon (to relinquish,
0.78), abandon (to leave in trouble, 071); G E T acquire (to receive, 0.75), acquire (to
obtain, 0.60) :: A C Q U IR E get (to learn, 0.75), get (to obtain, 0.25). The difference in
the values of parallel sem antic distance coefficients at m ultiple referencing seldom
remains intact: R A T T L E clack (to make a rattling noise, 0.50), clack (to talk heedlessly,
0.50) :: C L A C K rattle (to make a rattling sound, 0.50).

A requirem ent on reflexivity of synonymic relationship sets aside a certain part of

th e reverse synonym ic strin g w hose m ode o f existence is b ila te ra l synonym ic
interpretation even though for the m ost part varying in terms of the values of semantic
distance coefficients. It shrinks the overall length of the series but at the same time
facilitates the interaction of reverse synonymic strings: C A JO L E (7) coax (0.50) [COAX

XXVIII
 N

Figure 2. The position o f symmetrical and nearly symmetrical pairs

o f synonymic affinity coefficients N on the reverse compactness scale w.

cajole (0.50)]; praise (to commend, 0.43); wheedle (0.25) [W HEEDLE cajole (0.75)]
persuade (to influence, 0.17); complement (to flatter, 0.16); T R A M M E L (5) trammel
(1.00); muzzle (to silence, 0.73) [M U ZZLE trammel (0.29)]; bar (to raise a physical
obstruction, 0.65); hinder (0,42) [H IN D ER trammel (0.94)]; bind (to constrain with
bonds, 0.03) [BIND trammel (0.14)]. A considerable share of the synonymic series in
the given dictionary of semantic distances is deprived of this kind of cross-referencing.
Each single constituent of such a synonymic series reveals no reflexivity to the respective
headverb. The strings characterized by a total lack of the said interlexemic cohesion
may be viewed as referential islands in the thesaurus: BEFU D D LE (4) befuddle (1.00);
confuse (0.86) [C O N F U S E befuddle (0.00)]; in to x icate (to m ake d ru n k , 0,67)
[INTOXICATE befuddle (0.00)]; beat (to perplex, 0.25) [BEAT befuddle (0.00)].

C a n w e l e a r n m o r e a b o u t the p o l y s e m y of verbs fr o m the R everse T h e sa u r u s?

Webster's New World Thesaurus does not tend to single out a separate synonymic
string for each single meaning of a polysemantic word although the latter can figure as
a constituent within another synonymic series. This peculiarity accounts for a somewhat
more comprehensive reflection of the individual meanings of certain verbs within the
reverse synonym ic strings as com pared with the synonym ic strings of the direct
thesaurus.

World Book Encyclopedia Webster's This Dictionary:

Dictionary'. New World
Thesaurus:
forage v.i. 1.to hunt or search fo r FORAGE- FO RAG E (5)
food. 2. to search about; hunt; search, forage (1.00);
rummage. 3. to make a raid. v.t. pilfer, ransack (to loot, 0.67);
1. to supply with food; feed. 2. to plunder. raid (0.48);
get by h u n tin g or search in g graze (to pasture, 0.44);
about; root out. 3. to get or take ravage (0.22).
food from . 4. to plunder; ravage.

XXIX
scorch v.t. 1. to burn slightly,
burn on the outside of. 2. to dry
up; whither; 3. to criticize with
burning words; v.i. 1. to be or
become scorch. 2. Inform al to
drive or ride very fast.
SCO RCH - SCORCH to heat; to dry up (11)
roast, scorch (1.00); char (0.75); sear (to
parch, cook by searing, 0.75); cook (0.66);
shrivel, brown (0.50); burn (to subject to
fire, 0.45); race (to move at great
speed, 0.45)\ inflam e (to burn,
0.33); dry (to cause to become dry,
0.25); singe (0.25); heat (to make
hot, 0.15).

Individual meanings of a lexeme riiay not get linked to synonyms altogether. For
instance, neither the direct nor the reverse synonymic string of the verb scorch contain
a single verb synonymous with its meaning to criticize with burning words.
The relatedness of the synonymic affinity coefficient values to the epidigmatic
structure of the headverb is not absolute. The reverse string constituent which is the
closest to the series headverb is not necessarily synonymous with its primary meaning:
H E A R (6) hear (to perceive by ear, 1.00); hear (to receive inform ation orally, 1.00); try
(to conduct a trial\ ( M l) ; listen (to endeavour to hear, 0.29); learn (to acquire mentally,
0.13); discover (to find, 0.06) // hear v.t. 1. to perceive by the ear. 2. to listen to; give ear
to; hearken to. 3.a. to give a chance to be heard; give a form al hearing to. b. to attend
and listen to; be am ong the audience at. 4.to find out by hearing; be told; be informed
of. 5. to listen to with favour; accede to; grant; v.i. 1. to be able to perceive by the ear.
2. to be told; perceive news or inform ation. 3. to listen; give ear; hearken (W. B. E. Die.);
W IT H H O L D (16) withhold (1.00); maintain (to keep ready fo r use, 0.74) ; hide (to
conceal, 0.67); delay (to cause a delay 0.61); discourage (to restrain, 0.58); dock (to
diminish, 0.50); refuse (0,42); deny (0.39); forbid (0.39); harbour (to keep hidden, 0.33);
subtract (0.33); check (to slacken the pace 0.30); hinder (0.27); estrange (to withdraw
0.25); famish (to kill 0.25); omit (to fail to include, 0.08) // withhold v.t.l. to refrain
from giving or granting. 2. to hold back, keep back; v.i. to refrain from (W. B. E. Die.).

Q u a n t i t a t i v e g r a d i n g a n d o v e r l a p s i n d i r e c t a n d r e v e r s e s y n o n y m i c c a t e n a t io n ,
A proportion of the thesaurus (up to eight per cent of the headverbs) reveals an equal
number of interlexemic relations originating from the verb’s being explained on the
p art o f other verbs (one or more direct synonymic series by Webster's New World
Thesaurus) and those stemming in the verb’s potential to explain other verbs (the reverse
synonymic string in the dictionary of sem antic proximity): GAUGE check, weigh,
calibrate, calculate // (4 :: 4) H G AUGE (5) gauge (1.00); measure (to apply a standard
of measurement, 0.83); forecast (to predict, 0.77); calculate (to reckon, 0.68); sound (to
measure, 0.25); B E A M l.[ To emit] transm it, broadcast; 2. [To shine] radiate, glitter,
glare; 3. [To smile] grin, laugh, smirk // (8 :: 8)// B E A M (11) beam (to emit, 1.00);
beam (to shine, 1.00); beam (to smile, 1.00); radiate (to shed light or beam, 0.96); shine
(to give forth lig h t-0,90); smile (0r83): glare (to shine fiercely, 0.75); flash to give forth
a light by flash, Q.68); aim (to point a weapon, CL5&); laugh (Q.35); grin (Q.25). Yet the
number of synonyms explaining the verb typically does not coincide with the number of
verbs that could be explained by the synonym in question: D E F E A T (98 ::9); HINDER

XXX
(100:: 21); D E C R E A SE (82 :: 11); H U S H (6:: 4); KID (3 :: 1); RE D U C E (8:: 54);
S E T T L E (23 :: 60); SE C U R E (8 :: 49); D E P R IV E (4 :: 7); W O R R Y (12 :: 20). The
number of synonymic strings initiated by a polysemantic verb in the direct thesaurus is
not related to the number of synonymic series in which it figures as a string constituent:
B L IN K (3 :: 4)\ BEN D (3 :: 23); C O N TR O L (3 :: 32).
The verbs taking up a greater number of synonyms in the direct thesaurus are
almost as numerous as those whose reverse synonymic potential is stronger than the
direct one (figure 3) where the headverb is included into the length of direct synonymic
catenation. When the number of synonyms to a verb by Webster's New World Thesaurus
exceeds that of its reverse synonyms by the Dictionary o f Semantic Distances An attains
negative values whereas when the reverse synonyms to a verb outnum ber its direct
synonyms the An values are positive. However, each second case of the asymmetry of
the direct and reverse synonymic catenation remains within the confines of 3-4 verbs.
A considerable discrepancy as to the number of direct and reverse synonyms (over 20
lexemes) is peculiar to a mere 269 verbs.

Figure 3. The difference in the number o f constituents An o f one verb synonymic

strings N by the Dictionary o f Semantic Distances
and Webster's New World Thesaurus.

The constituents of the direct and reverse synonymic strings of the verb may not
be identical. A t the nonreflexivity of synonym ic relations between all the series
constituents and its dominant by Webster's New World Thesaurus the discrepancies in
question can be absolute. The said effect lies in the inconsistency of the significatory
potentials of the word in the left- and right-hand parts of the thesaurus, in the lack of
reversal mechanism in respect to the functions of the explainable and the explanatory
for one and the same word in the thesaurus: Q U AK E tremble, shrink, cower // QUAKE
(9) quake (1.00); shake (to vibrate 0.82); jerk (to undergo a spasm, 0.63); totter (to be
near falling,0.62); beat (to pulsate, 0.61); shudder (0.50); fear (to anticipate personal
danger 0.40); rock (0.38); w obble (0.27); A C C E D E consent, comply, acquiesce //
ACCEDE (11) accede (1.00); yield (to grant, 0.90); consider (to take into account,

XXXI
0.78); consent (0.75); underwrite (to approve , 0.67); defer (to yield, 0.57); admit (to
acknowledge, 0.55); accord (to grant, 0.50); grant (to accept as true, 0.50); obey (to act
in accordance with orders, 0.33); succumb (to yield, 0.25). ST R A D D L E bestride, ride,
m ount, bestraddle // S T R A D D L E (2) straddle (1.00); hesitate (0.71); S U R V IV E l.[To
live on] outlive, outlast, outwear, persist, persevere, last, remain; 2. [To endure] withstand,
sustain // S U R V IVE (7) survive (to live on, 1.00); survive (to endure, 1.00); manage (to
get along, 0.50); live (to persist in hum an memory, 0.40); be (to have being, 0.30); endure
(to continue, 0.28); exist (to have being, 0.25).
A natural pattern of correlation between one verb direct and reverse synonymic
strings lies in a limited overlapping of their constituents: S O A R tower, sail, rise 11SO A R
(9) soar (1.00); fly (to pass through the air, 0.85); skim (to pass lightly and swiftly,
0.80); rise (to move upward, 0.63); sail (to fly , 0.60); ascend (to rise, 0.33); climb (to
ascend, 0.33); rocket (0.14); glide (to move gently, 0.08); L O O M 1. [To appear] rise;
2. [To appear large or imposing] menace, emerge, overshadow, shadow, bulk, figure,
show, tower, hulk, issue, emanate, top, overtop, impress, hover, approach, impend //
L O O M move up and down (5) loom (to appear, 1.00); loom (to appear large or imposing,
1.00); approach (to come near in time, 0.75); appear (to become visible, 0.45); menace
(0.25). C O N SU L T deliberate, confer, parley, confabulate, commune, treat, negotiate,
debate, argue // C O N SU L T (4) consult (1.00); negotiate (to make arrangements fo r,
0.76), canvass (to pass rapidly in review, 0.75); think (to examine with the mind, 0.17);
Q U EN CH 1. [To satisfy] slake, slut, gorge; 2. [To smother] stifle, dampen, douse II
Q U E N C H (4) quench (to satisfy, 1.00); quench (to smother, 1.00); douse (to put out,
0.67); extinguish (to put out, 0.57). The extent of overlapping of direct and reverse
synonyms of the lexeme testifies to its referential coherence at the transition between
the denotative and denotated functional planes.

G a p s a n d c o m p a c t n e s s i n a s s e s s i n g s y n o n y m i c d i s t a n c i n g . The values of the

synonymic affinity factor prove to be evenly or almost evenly distributed throughout
the semantic scale for a small proportion of reverse synonymic strings only: A L A R M
(6) startle (0.75); disturb (to upset mental calm, 0.74); discourage (to warn, 0.50); petrify
(to frighten, 0.50); forewarn (0.25); scare (0.25); B E N E F IT (9) benefit (1.00); profit (to
derive gain, 0.89); profit (to be of benefit, 0.75); accom m odate (to render a service,
0.56); succeed (to attain success, 0.52); help (to aid, 0.46); operate (to produce an effect,
0.33); prom ote (to further, 0.24); prosper (0.23); G A SH (6) cut (to cut into, 0.95);
wound (to hurt the body, 0.75); chip (0.60); slash (0.50); break (to start a rupture,
0.26); divide (to separate by parting, 0.12). This balance is generally upset by the
prevalence of synonyms in the position of one of the scale areas. At the onomasiological
space being conditionally split into three equal parts this trend may am ount to no
synonymic catenation in the scale’s flanks and/or its centre.
The gapping of the left-hand flank or that of the left-hand flank together with the
centre of the synonymic affinity scale is characteristic of the verbs of latent synonymic
catenation which do not perform the function of the series dominant in the direct thesaurus:
1. (- + +) FO UND ER (4) trip (to stumble, 0.55); wreck (to shipwreck, 0.40); fail (to be
unsuccessful, 0.25); disappoint (0.22); G L IM P S E (4) peep (to look cautiously, 0.50);
discover (to find, 0.48); glance (to look, 0.25); peek (0.25); CEDE (4) grant (to permit,

XXXII
0.50); yield (to surrender, 0.46); abandon (to relinquish, 0.26); give (to transfer, 0.22);
R E F A S H IO N (6) reconstruct (0.50); rem odel (0.47); repeat (to do again, 0.44);
revolutionize (0.25); reform (to change into a new form, 0.19); improve (to make better,
0.15); 2. ( - H— ) B E S M IR C H (3) defame (0.50); slander (0.37); disgrace (0.35);
EFFECTUA TE (3) produce (to create by mental effort, 0.50); complete (to make entire,
0.47); achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.46); L O P E (3) run (to go swiftly by physical
effort, 0.52); canter (0.50); gallop (0.40); M O O R (3) anchor (to drop an anchor, 0.67);
bind (to constrain with bounds, 0.45); hitch (to harness, 0.38); 3. (— +) BRAKE to
apply a brake to a wheel (3) pedal (0.25), slow (to cause to become slower, 0.25); check
(to slacken the pace, 0.15); D ISC O U N T E N A N C E (4) halt (to cause to cease, 0.31);
bar (to obstruct by refusal, 0.25); embarrass (to upset mentally, 0.18); censure (0.03);
C O SSE T (4) caress (0.26); baby (0.25); cherish (to hold dear, 0.25); pamper (0.09);
OPPUGN (2) upbraid (0.24); confute (0.10). Synonymic catenation in the second half
of the scale only may still affect some verbs initiating their synonymic strings in the
direct thesaurus: VO UCH (6) vouch(l.OO); declare (to speak formally and emphatically,
(0.34); plead (to discuss in court, 0.33); pledge (to promise, 0.25); swear (to take an
oath, 0.18); testify (to bear witness, 0.11); P I (2) pi (1.00); middle (to confuse, 0.18);
BLEN C H (4) blench (1.00); shrink (0.50); flinch (0.33); wince (0.30). HUG (7) hug
(1.00); love (to express love by caresses, 0.50); hold (to have in one’s grasp, 0.45); pet
(to make love, 0.33); huddle (0.18); stick (to remain fastened, 0.18); cherish (to hold
dear, 0.04).
High as well as medium and high values of the synonymic affinity coefficient solely
diminish the fuzziness of the reverse synonymic string caused by more distant synonyms:
1. (+ — ) H O PE (2) hope (1.00); wish (to express a desire, 0.92); A P O L O G IZ E (3)
apologize (1.00); justify (to give reasons for, 0.83); excuse (0.75); B L E A C H (5) bleach
(1.00); damage (to impair the value of, 0.95); fade (to lose colour or light, 0.92); weather
(to expose to the weather, 0.85); whiten (to make white, 0.80); C H E W (4) chew (1.00);
eat (to take as a food, 0.87); mash (0.71); bite (to seize or sever with teeth, 0.67); 2. (+
+ - ) C A U T IO N (7) caution (1.00); remind (to call the attention of another, 0.86);
threaten (to warn of punishm ent, 0.79); deter (0.75); exhort (0.75); notify (to warn,
0.75); advise (to give counsel, 0.34); G A M B L E (6) gamble (to play for money, 1.00);
gamble (to take chances, 1.00); bet (0.86); risk (0.75); chance (to take a chance, 0.45);
venture (0.36)\H E A L (6) heal (to cure, 1.00); heal (to recover, 1.00); knit (to grow together,
0.75); mend (to repair, 0.75); recover (to regain health, 0.60); recuperate (0.50).
The gapping of the central part of the synonymic affinity scale (+ - +) contributes
to the opposition of close and distant synonyms: A D JO U R N (6) adjourn (1.00); halt
(to cause to cease, 0.88); suspend (to cease tem porarily, 0.80); dissolve (to dismiss,
0.75); achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.27); delay (to cause a delay, 0.27); B R ID LE
(6) bridle (1.00); check (to bring under control, 0.93); restrain (0.85); harness (0.75);
trammel (0.31); bristle (to show sudden anger, 0.25); E A V E SD R O P (3) eavesdrop
(1.00); hear (to receive inform ation orally, 0.82); hear (to perceive by ear, 0.33).
The reverse synonymic string constituents may be represented in each of the
similarity areas, yet the distribution of the synonymic affinity values throughout the
scale is uneven: SP R IN K L E to scatter in drops; to disperse; to distribute (15) sprinkle
(1.00); moisten (0.96); water (0.92); spatter (0.77); dampen (to wet, 0.75); dust (0.75);

XXXIII
intersperse (0.75^; wet (0.75); mizzle (0.63); rain (0.45); baptize (to cleanse sacramentally,
0.43); drizzle (0.25); spray (0.25); radiate (to send forth from a centre, 0.14); shed (0.09);
Q U A SH (12) quash (to crush, 1.00); quash (to revoke, 1.00); destroy (to bring to
nothing, 0.78); abolish (0.48); revoke (0.48); suppress (0.36); nullify (Q.25); refute (Q.15);
confute (0.14); answer (to move in response (0.12); halt (to cause to cease (0.12); withdraw
(to remove from use or circulation, 0.10).
The reverse synonymic strings whose onomasiological space is characterized by
considerable gapping (30-60% of the entire compactness scale) are typically short. Not
infrequently these strings are just pairs of synonyms. F or such cases the quota of
synonymic affinity factor values in the range of 0 < w < 0.5 is considerably higher
(46.9%) in com parison with the saturation of this part of the compactness scale by the
series constituents at large (36.9%). An increase in the num ber of string constituents
seems to correlate with the density of the first half of the synonymic compactness scale.
However, longer strings are more likely to possess synonymic means in all the parts of
the onomasiological space. The length of the synonymic string correlates with the step
gauge that is distancing the series constituents from their headverb. This gauge is
generally sm aller in longer series as com pared with the sh o rter ones which is in
compliance with M enzerath’s law of the reverse correlation of the number of language
unit constituents and their respective lengths.
The evaluation of the synonymic affinity factor values on the part of the dictionary’s
user is probably dependent on the series length. Should the latter be in compliance
with Ingwe’s psycholinguistic depth hypothesis and not exceed 7±2 constituents, the
user is likely to resort to double evaluation by singling out the headverb - its synonym
pairs as well as by construing the entire compactness scale of the series in the individual
linguistic consciousness. The longer the reverse synonymic series the lesser the likelihood
of it being perceived by this dictionary’s user as a whole.
Concerning the values of the semantic distance coefficient the uneven compactness
scales o f the reverse synonymic strings fall under sequential (the coefficient values
within the series being all individual) and sequential-parallel (some values of the
coefficient getting repeated for the respective constituents of the series). The scope of
difference in the coefficient values is also significant, its relevance threshold being
averaged within a certain range of psycholinguistic approxim ation. Thus the number;
of parallel semantic distance coefficient values as regards their tentative perception by
the user tends to increase.
Though the longest reverse synonymic string in the present dictionary numbers
sixty constituents a mere forty per cent of the strings exceed the length threshold of six
verbs. The onomasiological space of the reverse synonymic string is framed by the
synonymic affinity factor values revealing the distance of the first and last synonyms
to the headverb flanking the entire similarity scale. At the series length exceeding six
verbs two thirds of the synonymic strings end up their onomasiological space within
the range of 0 < w < 0.2 and a mere 4.6 per cent are initiated by the verb which is not'
listed among the series dom inants in Webster's New World Thesaurus (figure 4). At the
series length of up to six constituents inclusive the quota of strings with the minimum
synonymic affinity factor value within the range of 0 < w < 0.2 is short of thirty per
cent but the affinity scale of every second verb reveals no w = 1.00 value, the headverbs!

XXXIV
of these reverse strings failing to initiate synonymic series of their own in the direct
thesaurus (figure 5).

%
95,25

-- 65,77
max
31,77 □ Wmin
0 0 0,092,28 1,370,18 3,29 0
H------ H--------------1-------- ■-----H— -------H
(0 .00 ; (0 .20 ; (0 .40 ; (0 .60 ; (0 .80 ; (1.00 ;
0 .20 ) 0 .40 ) 0 .60 ) 0 .80 ) 1.00 ) 1.00 )

F igure 4. The m a x im u m a n d m in im u m values o f the sy n o n ym ic a ffin ity

coefficient w ithin the series o f m ore than six constituents.

49,27 max
□ Wmin

(0 .00 ; (0 .20 ; (0 .40 ; (0 .60 ; (0 .80 ; (1.00 ;

0 .20 ) 0 .40 ) 0 .60 ) 0 .80 ) 1.00 ) 1.00 )
Figure 5. The m a x im u m a n d m in im u m values o f the sy n o n ym ic a ffin ity
co efficient within short sy n o n ym ic series.

The distribution of the synonymic affinity factor values in the dictionary of semantic
distances at large is uneven (figure 6). A tighter compactness of lexemic presentation is
observable in the area of medium synonymic similarity in the range of 0.5 < w < 0.8 as
well as in that of relatively distant synonyms (0.2 < w < 0.3). A much looser compactness
of synonyms is attested both on the flanks of the affinity scale and almost in its centre
(0.4 < w < 0.5). This possibly leads to suggest that the lexical system is not in great need
of very close and too distant synonyms. Synonymic catenation within a fairly wide
medium range of semantic affinity tending to get thinner in its central part appears to
be more common. It serves as a foundation for forming a typical privative-gradual
opposition of close and more distant synonyms.

XXXV
 §3 [ 0 .0 0 ; 0 .1 0 )
□ [ 0 . 10 ; 0 .20 )
% H [0.20; 0.30)
□ [0.30; 0.40)
H [0.40; 0.50)
□ [0.50; 0.60)
M [0.60; 0.70)
H [0.70; 0.80)
■ [0.80; 0.90)
M [0.90; 1.00)
H [1.00; 1.00]

Figure 6. The distribution o f the synonymic affinity factor values

in the reverse thesaurus o f verbs.

Uneven sense distancing within the synonymic series of the verb strengthens the
individual nature of its significatory possibilities.

C o n c l u s i o n . The dictionary of semantic distances of English verbs introduces a

linguistic object whose very essence and param eters rest on the fundamental feature of
the lexical system — the asymmetric dualism of the plane of content and the plane of
expression. The ability to correlate these two planes testifies to a subtle and versatile
language competence.
A B A N D O N (9) abandon (to relinquish,
1.00); abandon (to leave in trouble,
1.00); retreat (to execute a forced re­
tirem ent in battle, 0.87); w aive (0.85);
fail (to be unsuccessful, 0.81); drop (to
cause or to perm it to fall, 0.73); scuttle
(to destroy, 0.50); disappear (0.32);
discard (0.16).
ABASE (7) corrupt (to debase, 0.85); dis­
grace (0.85); b etray (to seduce and
abandon, 0.75); depress (to bring to a
lower state, 0.70); debase (0.25); reduce
(to humble, 0.25); hum ble (0.20).
ABASH (6) confuse (0.96); frighten (to
alarm, 0.68); hum ble (0.68); hum iliate
(0.58); shock (to disturb o n e’s sense
of propriety, 0.46); em barrass (to upset
mentally, 0.09).
ABATE to put down; to put an end to;
to do aw ay w ith (18) abate (to m ake
less, 1.00); abate (to grow less, 1.00);
decrease (to grow less, 0.88); contract
(to d im in ish , 0 .7 7 ); m o d e ra te (to
become less, 0.75); abolish (0.64); halt
(to cause to cease, 0.61); recede (to
sink, 0.57); allay (to lessen, 0.50); cool
(to c a u se to b e c o m e c o o l, 0 .5 0 );
diminish (to grow less, 0.50); tem per
(to soften or qualify, 0.50); ease (to
le s s e n p re s s u re or te n sio n , 0 .3 9 );
decrease (to m ake less, 0.35); discount
(to deduct, 0.31); w eaken (to becom e
weaker, 0.27); com fort (to m ake easy
physically, 0.19); fall (to pass quickly
downward, 0.11).
A BB REV IA TE (8) abbreviate (1.00); con­
tract (to cause to dim inish, 0.89); con­
dense (to ab rid g e, 0.75); com press
(0.58); decrease (to m ake less, 0.58);
digest (to summarize, 0.25); diminish (to
m ake less, 0.25); shorten (0.25).
A B D IC A T E (3) abdicate (1.00); yield (to
surrender, 0.69); abandon (to relin ­
quish, 0.33).
A B D U C T (7) abduct (1.00); kidnap (0.91);
seduce (0.76); carry (to capture, 0.75);
steal (0.56); ravish (to rape, 0.50); seize
(to take by force, 0.03).
A B E T (6) abet (to help, 1.00); abet (to
excite, 1.00); help (to aid, 0.92); sup­
port (to uphold, 0.91); encourage (to
give support, 0.45); incite (0.11).
A B H O R (7) abhor (1.00); hate (to detest,
0.95); abom inate (0.75); detest (0.75);
loathe (0.75); dislike (0.71); execrate (to
detest, 0.50).
A B ID E (19) abide (to lodge, 1.00);abide
(to reside, 1.00); abide (to remain, 1.00);
ABJURE -2 -
ab id e (to w ait for, 1.00); abide (to
subm it to, 1.00); rem ain (to stay, 0.92);
dwell (0.64); endure (to continue, 0.61);
lodge (to becom e fixed, 0.50); w ait (to
a w a it, 0 .5 0 ); e n d u r e (to s u s ta in
adversity, 0.48); be (to have being,
0.35); live (to dw ell, 0.33); keep (to
rem ain, 0.25); resist (to w ith stan d ,
0.25); stand (to endure, 0.25); tolerate
(to endure, 0.25); settle (to establish
residence, 0.20); face (to confront con­
flict or trouble, 0.08).
A B JU R E (7) recant (0.91); revoke (0.78);
forsw ear (0.75); discard (0.40); beg (to
ask earnestly or im portunately, 0.16);
abstain (0.06); deny (0.04).
A BN EG ATE (3) deny (0.46); recant (0.35);
refute (0.04).
A B O L IS H (10) abolish (1.00); w ithdraw
(to rem ove from use or circulation,
0.85); reform (to correct evils, 0.82);
elim inate (to rem ove, 0.58); dismiss (to
send away, 0.56); repeal (0.50); destroy
(to b rin g to n o th in g , 0.45); rev o k e
(0.44); exterm inate (0.25); extirpate
(0.25).
A B O M IN A T E (6) abominate (1.00); hate
(to detest, 0.85); dislike (0.57); abhor
(0.50); execrate (to detest, 0.25); loathe
(0.25).
A B O R T (8) abort (to fail, 1.00); abort (to
cancel, 1.00); destroy (to bring to n oth­
ing, 0.74); miscarry (0.67); end (to bring
to a halt, 0.41); disappoint (0.37); cancel
(to annul, 0.21); fail (to be unsuccess­
ful, 0.19).
A BO U N D (6) abound (1.00); teem (0.86);
luxuriate (to flourish, 0.75); bristle (to
display in abundance, 0.50); infest (to
sw arm , 0.44); grow (to becom e larger,
0 .22).
ABSORB
A B R A D E (8) file (to use an abrasive,
0.88); rub (to subject to friction, 0.86);
chafe (to rub, 0.75); excoriate (to re­
m ove strips o f skin, bark, 0.75); scrape
(0.75); grind (to pulverize, 0.39); grate
(0.25); flatten (to make flat, 0.19).
A B R ID G E (8) abridge (1.00); contract (to
cause to diminish, 0.78); compile (0.64);
decrease (to m ake less, 0.60); shorten
(0.50); brief (to summarize, 0.25); com­
press (0.25); abbreviate (0.20).
A B R O G A T E (9) abrogate (1.00); abolish
(0.79); w ithdraw (to rem ove from use
or circulation, 0.70); revoke (0.67); elimi­
nate (to rem ove, 0.53); recant (0.52);
rescind (0.50); cancel (to annul, 0.29);
repeal (0.25).
A B SC IN D (1) divide (to separate by pall­
ing, 0.22).
A B S C O N D (6) abscond (1.00); elope
(0.75); defect (0.67); desert (to leave
arm y w ithout perm ission, 0.50); disap­
pear (0.44); leave (to go away, 0.42).
A B S O L V E (14) absolve (1.00); cleanse
(to free from sin or its effects, 0.75);
e x c u lp a te (0 .7 5 ); ex o n erate (0.75);
expiate (0.75); ju stify (to vindicate,
0.75); rem it (to pardon, 0.75); pardon
(to reduce punishm ent, 0.67); bless (to
dedicate to God, 0.63); free (to liberate,
0 .5 5 ); a c q u it (to ex o n e ra te , 0.50);
reprieve (to pardon, 0.50); vindicate (to
clear, 0.25); excuse (0.21).
A B S O R B (13) absorb (to take in by
absorption, 1.00); absorb (to occupy
com pletely, 1.00);absorb (to take in
m entally, 1.00); consum e (to eat oi
drink, 0.75); engage (to engross, 0.75);
engross (to occupy o n e ’s tim e, 0.75):
m onopolize (0.73); suck (0.67); merg(
(0.56); occupy (to absorb attention
ABSTAIN -3 -
0.29); digest (to transform food, 0.25);
fascin ate (0.25); spend (to expend,
0.09).
A BSTAIN (3) abstain (1.00); diet (0.33);
eschew (0.33).
A B ST ER G E (1) clean (0.83).
A B S T R A C T (5) abstract (to take away,
1.00); abstract (to prepare an abstract,
1.00);digest (to summarize, 0.75); com ­
press (0.17); decrease (to m ake less,
0 . 12).
A BU SE (16) abuse (to treat badly, 1.00);
abuse (to hurt w ith w ords, 1.00); hurt
(to cause pain, 0.84); torm ent (torment,
0.80); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.71); insult (0.70); curse (to sw ear at,
0.69); darn (to dam n (variant), 0.67);
waste (to squander, 0.65); scold (0.26);
damn (to sw ear at, 0.25); m isappropri­
ate (0.25); corrupt (to debase, 0.24);
threaten (to warn o f punishm ent, 0.21);
snarl (0.07); rape (0.05).
ABUT (4) abut (1.00); adjoin (to be close
to, 0.50); jo in (to adjoin, 0.50); border
(0.33).
A C C E D E (11) accede (1.00); yield (to
grant, 0.90); consider (to take into ac­
count, 0.78); consent (0.75); underwrite
(to approve, 0.67); defer (to yield, 0.57);
admit (to acknow ledge, 0.55); accord
(to grant, 0.50); grant (to accept as true,
0.50); obey (to act in accordance w ith
orders, 0.33); succum b (to yield, 0.25).
A C C E L E R A T E (10) accelerate (1.00);
hasten (to expedite, 0.92); push (to
m ove by pushing, 0.78); precipitate
(0.75); pedal (0.50); send (to dispatch,
0.42); rise (to increase, 0.25); antedate
(0.17); excite (to activate, 0.09); slide
(to cause to slide, 0.08).
A C C E N T (4) accent (1.00); stress (0.67);
ACCOMMODATE
em phasize (0.60); accentuate (0.50).
A C C EN T U A TE (5) accentuate (1.00); ac­
cent (0.75); emphasize (0.65); modulate
(0.50); stress (0.33).
A C C E P T (20) accept (to receive, 1.00);
accep t (to assen t, 1.00); accept (to
believe, 1.00); receive (to take into
o n e ’s charge, 0.96); believe (to accept
as true, 0.92); obey (to act in accord­
ance with a recognized principle, 0.91);
adm it (to acknow ledge, 0.83); choose
(to select, 0.83); listen (to receive ad­
vice cordially, 0.67); take (to collect,
0.67); obey (to act in accordance with
orders, 0.57); serve (to obey, 0.50);
su b scrib e (to obey, 0.50); yield (to
grant, 0.50); get (to receive, 0.33); re­
ceive (to m ake w elcom e, 0.33); use (to
m ake use of, 0.27); honour (to recog­
nize as valid, 0.25); feel (to experience,
0.09); accom m odate (to render a serv­
ice, 0.03).
A C C L A IM (12) acclaim (1.00); praise (to
com m end, 0.81); aggrandize (to exalt,
0.75); com pliment (to flatter, 0.74); rec­
om m end (to lend support or approval,
0.68); approve (to favour, 0.50); clap
(to applaud, 0.50); signalize (0.50); extol
(0.40); com mend (to praise, 0.25); glory
(to praise, 0.25); hail (to praise, 0.25).
A C C LIM A T E (3) acclimate (1.00); harden
(to toughen, 0.96); conform (0.56).
A C C L IM A T IZ E (4) harden (to toughen,
0.92); assim ilate (to adjust, 0.50); con­
form (0.38); adapt (to adapt oneself,
0.33).
A C C O M M O D A T E (16) accom m odate
(to ren d er a service, 1.00); acco m ­
m o d ate (to p ro v id e lodging, 1.00);
re c e iv e (to m ak e w elc o m e , 0.92);
provide (to supply, 0.81); suit (to adapt,
ACCOMPANY
0.75); conform (0.69); help (to aid, 0.63);
acclim ate (0.50); fashion (to adapt,
0.50); help (to serve at table, 0.50); in­
clude (to contain, 0.36); negotiate (to
m ake arrangem ents for, 0.24); change
(to m ake different, 0.23); reconcile (to
bring into harm ony, 0.23); board (to
take care of, 0.17); lend (to m ake a loan,
0.17).
A C C O M P A N Y (5) accom pany (to go
with, 1.00); accom pany (to supplement,
1.00);accom pany (to occur with, 1.00);
lead (to conduct, 0.41); w alk (to cause
to m ove on foot, 0.14).
A C C O M P L IS H (23) accom plish (1.00);
succeed (to attain success, 0.95); act
(to perform an action, 0.86); com plete
(to m ake entire, 0.79); obtain (to gain
possession, 0.76); effect (to achieve,
0 .7 5 ); f u lf ill ( 0 .7 5 ); p e r f o r m (to
accom plish an action, 0.72); m anage (to
contrive, 0.67); transact (0.67); satisfy
(to fulfill, 0.65); tend (to w atch over,
0.57); operate (to produce an effect,
0.56); climax (to bring to a climax, 0.50);
execute (to bring to fruition, 0.50); w in
(to re a c h , 0 .5 0 ); w o rk (to h a n d le
successfully, 0.50); achieve (to finish
an undertaking, 0.30); m anufacture (to
make a product, 0.27); achieve (to reach
a goal, 0.25); attain (0.25); discharge
(to perform , 0.25); do (to discharge
o n e ’s responsibilities, 0.25).
A C C O R D (21) accord (to grant, 1.00);
accord (to be in agreement, 1.00); admit
(to acknowledge, 0.90); conform (0.88);
fit (to be suitable in character, 0.84);
adjust (to bring to an agreem ent, 0.75);
c o in c id e (to c o r r e s p o n d , 0 .7 5 );
contribute (to give, 0.61); allow (to
perm it an action, 0.59); agree (0.54);
-4 - ACCUMULATE
obey (to act in accordance w ith orders,
0.52); concur (0.50); go (to fit or suit,
0.50); reconcile (to bring into harmony,
0.31); share (to give, 0.25); stylize
(0 .25); co n d escen d (0.21); give (to
transfer, 0.15); offer (to present, 0.08);
follow (to regulate o n e’s action, 0.07);
balance (to place in balance, 0.06).
A C C O S T (8) accost (to greet, 1.00);
accost (to solicit, 1.00); greet (0.88);
solicit (to tem pt for sexual purposes,
0.67); proposition (0.50); approach (to
approach personally, 0.43); salute (to
address, 0.33); w aylay (0.33).
A C C O U C H E (1) deliver (to bring to birth,
0.50).
A C C O U N T (7) account (1.00); balance
(to dem onstrate balance, 0.82); esteem
(to consider, 0.75); calculate (to reckon,
0.47); estim ate (to calculate probable
costs, 0.46); value (to set a price upon,
0.26); offset (0.06).
A C C O U T R E (4) arm (to equip with wea­
pon s, 0.67 ); clo th e (0 .4 3 ); harness
(0.42); upholster (0.23).
A C C R E D IT (8) com m end (to recom ­
m end, 0.75); delegate (to give author­
ity to another, 0.75); charge (to enter a
charge account, 0.63); allow (to permit
an action, 0.52); com m ission (0.47);
a p p ro v e (to g iv e a p p ro v a l, 0.39);
attribute (0.29); assign (to delegate to
a specific purpose, 0.26).
A C C R U E (4) accrue (1.00); accumulate
(to amass, 0.46); produce (to bear, 0.45);
yield (to produce, 0.33).
A C C U L T U R A T E (2) hum anize (0.75);
civilize (0.74).
A C C U M U L A T E (7) ac cu m u late (to1
am ass, 1.00); accum ulate (to increase,^
1.00); form (to take form, 0.93); harvest':
ACCURSE -5 -
(0.86); save (to hoard, 0.43); assem ble
(to bring together, 0.40); stack (0.25).
A C C U R S E (2) dam n (to consign to hell,
0.86); execrate (to curse, 0.50).
A C C U SE (5) accuse (1.00); com plain (to
express an objection, 0.92); m align
(0.75); fault (to censure, 0.25); sue (0.07).
A C C U S T O M (7) inure (0.75); harden (to
toughen, 0.69); adapt (to adapt one­
self, 0.67); fam iliarize (0.60); conform
(0.44); assimilate (to adjust, 0.25); teach
(to drill, 0.12).
A C E R B A T E (2) anger (to arouse som e­
one to anger, 0.79); sour (0.27).
A C E T IFY (1) sour (0.45).
A C H E (6) ache (1.00); hurt (to give a feel­
ing o f pain, 0.80); suffer (to feel pain,
0.73); bleed (to suffer, 0.67); yearn
(0.58); m ourn (to lament, 0.41).
A C H IE V E (11) achieve (to finish an un­
dertaking, 1.00); achieve (to reach a
goal, 1.00); succeed (to attain success,
0.98); act (to perform an action, 0.83);
perform (to accomplish an action, 0.83);
secure (to obtain, 0.75); com plete (to
m ake entire, 0.63); obtain (to gain
p o s s e s s io n , 0 .5 3 ); a tta in ( 0 .5 0 ) ;
conquer (to win, 0.50); capture (to win,
0.25).
A C H R O M A T IZ E (2) bleach (0.17); fade
(to lose colour or light, 0.17).
A C ID IF Y (2) sour (0.55); turn (to sour,
0.33).
A CID ULA TE (2) embitter (to sour, 0.67);
sour (0.64).
A C K N O W L E D G E (19) acknowledge (to
admit, 1.00);acknowledge(to recognize
the authority of, 1.00);acknow ledge (to
answer, 1.00); adm it (to confess, 0.95);
thank (0.80); confess (to adm it, 0.75);
reveal (to divulge, 0.64); consider (to
ACQUIRE
take into account, 0.56); answ er (to
reply, 0.50); declare (to speak formally
a n d e m p h a tic a lly , 0 .2 9 ); fee l (to
experience, 0.27); appreciate (to be
grateful, 0.25); concede (0.25); know (to
recognize, 0.25); respond (0.25); sign
(to authorize, 0.25); greet (0.24); cash
( 0 .1 7 ) ; n o d (to m a k e a n o d d in g
m ovement, 0.14).
A C Q U A I N T (8 ) a c q u a in t (1 .0 0 );
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.92); familiarize (0.80); notify (to pro­
vide with information, 0.79); hint (0.73);
tell (to inform , 0.38); enlighten (to
provide inform ation or understanding,
0.25); advertise (to m ake public, 0.05).
A C Q U IE S C E (16) acquiesce (1.00);
suffer (to permit, 0.85); conform (0.81);
y ie ld (to g r a n t, 0 .7 0 ); a d m it (to
acknowledge, 0.52); condescend (0.50);
defer (to yield, 0.43); nod (to m ake a
n o d d in g m o v em en t, 0.43); bow (to
subm it, 0.40); accede (0.25); accept (to
assent, 0.25); accord (to grant, 0.25);
consent (0.25); grant (to accept as true,
0.25); subscribe (to obey, 0.25); obey
(to act in accordance with orders, 0.19).
A C Q U IR E (23) acquire (to obtain, 1.00);
acquire (to receive, 1.00); learn (to ac­
quire mentally, 0.94); reap (to gain, 0.88);
m onopolize (0.87); derive (to receive
paym ent, 0.75); get (to learn, 0.75);
preem pt (0.75); sicken (to contract a
d is e a s e , 0 .7 5 ); o b ta in (to g a in
possession, 0.74); receive (to take into
o n e’s charge, 0.74); earn (to receive in
paym ent, 0.70); hoard (0.67); inherit
(0 .6 7 ); su c ce ed (to attain su ccess,
0.64); secure (to obtain, 0.50); win (to
obtain, 0.50); incur (0.33); purchase
(0.33); borrow (to receive temporarily,
ACQUIT -6
0.29); accum ulate (to am ass, 0.27);
accept (to receive, 0.25); get (to obtain,
0.25).
A C Q U IT (10) acquit (to exonerate, 1.00);
acquit (to behave, 1.00); forgive (to
absolve, 0.75); vindicate (to clear, 0.75);
clear (to free from guilt, 0.67); release
(0.67); free (to liberate, 0.53); justify (to
vindicate, 0.50); excuse (0.42); pardon
(to reduce punishm ent, 0.42).
A C T (14) act (to perform an action, 1.00);
act (to conduct oneself, 1.00); act (to
take part in a play, 1.00); obey (to act in
accordance w ith orders, 0.81); operate
(to be in operation, 0.79); com m it (to
perpetrate, 0.75); execute (to carry out
instructions, 0.75); perpetrate (0.50);
render (to perform , especially a service,
0.50); overact (0.25); acquit (to behave,
0.20); oppose (to fight, 0.20); be (to
h av e b ein g , 0 .1 5 ); re a c t (to act in
response, 0.14).
ACTIVATE (8) activate (1.00); animate (to
give life to, 0.89); impel (to press, 0.50);
begin (to initiate, 0.44); quicken (to
come or bring to life, 0.43); incite (0.36);
co m m an d eer (to force into m ilitary
service, 0.25); predispose (to stimulate,
0.25).
A C T U A L IZ E (8) actualize (1.00); create
(to make, 0.92); m aterialize (to becom e
m atter, 0.83); objectify (0.67); a 9hieve
(to f in is h an u n d e r ta k in g , 0 .4 3 );
com plete (to m ake entire, 0.37); realize
(to bring to fulfillment, 0.33); begin (to
initiate, 0.32).
A CTU A TE (7) impel (to press, 0.79); move
(to set in m otion, 0.50); push (to m ove
by pushing, 0.44); drive (to urge on,
0.39); incite (0.39); m otivate (0.12);
influence (0.03).
ADDRESS
A D A P T .(24) adapt (to alter or adjust,
1.00);adapt (to adapt oneself, 1.00);
prepare (to m ake oneself ready, 0.83);
use (to m ake a practice o f (in past),
0.78); acclim ate (0.75); assim ilate (to
adjust, 0.75); reconcile (to adjust, 0.75);
edit (to prepare for publication, 0.68);
condition (0.67); harm onize (to render
harm onic, 0.63); regulate (to adjust,
0.58); differentiate (to change, 0.50);
dispose (0.50); turn (to m ake use of,
0.50); organize (to put in order, 0.35);
orient (to adjust, 0.33); order (to put in
order, 0.32); arrange (to make arrange­
ments, 0.30); conform (0.25); fit (to make
suitable, 0.25); score (to com pose a
m u s ic a l a c c o m p a n im e n t, 0 .2 5 );
tra n sm u te (0 .2 5 ); ch an g e (to m ake
d ifferent, 0.24); change (to becom e
different, 0.13).
A D D (15) add (to bring together, usually
by m athem atics, 1.00); add (to m ake a
further rem ark, 1.00); contribute (to
give, 0.96); strengthen (0.96); heap (to
p lace in a heap, 0.92); m ultiply (to
increase, 0.75); thicken (to make thicker,
0 .7 5 ); in tro d u c e (to in se rt, 0.67);
accom pany (to occur with, 0.60); hinge
(0.50); attach (to jo in , 0.25); calculate
(to reckon, 0.16); score (to compute the
score, 0.13); inject (to include, 0.09);
program (to w ork out a sequence to be
performed, 0.06).
A D D L E to confuse brain (1) confuse
(0.36).
A D D R E S S (12) ad d ress (to provide;
directions for delivery, 1.00);address;
(to s p e a k to an assem b ly , 1.00);:
address (to com m unicate in a formaH
way, 1.00); approach (to approach!''
p erso n a lly , 0 .8 6 ); rec ite (to repeat?
ADDUCE
formally, 0.80); greet (0.76); accost (to
greet, 0.75); woo (to make love to, 0.63);
write (to set down in writing, 0.56); hail
(to call to, 0.33); send (to dispatch,
0.26); preach (0.10).
A D D U CE (4) m ention (0.75); reason (to
seek a reasonable explanation , 0.42);
refer (to m ention, 0.33); propose (to
make a suggestion, 0.24).
A D H E R E (10) adhere (to serve, 1.00);
adhere (to conform to, 1.00); adhere
(to stick to, 1.00); stick (to rem ain fas­
tened, 0.91); fasten (to m ake som ething
secure, 0.85); cling (0.67); cleave (to
stick, 0.50); cohere (to stick together,
0.50); bind (to hold together or in place,
0.25); m eet (to touch, 0.25).
A D JO IN (5) adjoin (to be close to, 1.00);
adjoin (to jo in , 1.00); butt (to abut,
0.75); border (0.67); abut (0.50).
A D JO U R N (6) adjourn (1.00); halt (to
cause to cease, 0.88); suspend (to cease
temporarily, 0.80); dissolve (to dismiss,
0.75); achieve (to finish an undertak­
ing, 0.27); delay (to cause a delay, 0.27).
A D JU D G E (5) sentence (0.89); judge (to
pass judgem ent, 0.80); decide (0.76);
co n d em n (to sen d to p u n ish m e n t,
0.56); convict (0.50).
A D JUD ICA TE (5) denounce (0.78); sen­
tence (0.78); decide (0.71); ju d g e (to
pass judgem ent, 0.60); try (to conduct
atrial, 0.33).
A D JU R E (3) urge (to induce, 0.88); con­
jure (to appeal to, 0.25); com m and (to
issue an order, 0.07).
A D JU S T (30) ad ju st (to b rin g to an
agreement, 1.00); adjust (to place or
regulate parts, 1.00); repair (0.93); arbi­
trate (0.92); right (to repair an injustice,
0.88); com b (0.79); fashion (to adapt,
-7 - ADMERE
0.75); gear (to regulate, 0.75); smarten
(to beautify, 0.75); prepare (to make
o neself ready, 0.74); contract (to enter
into an agreement, 0.67); lend (to adapt
oneself, 0.67); balance (to dem onstrate
balance, 0.65); organize (to put in order,
0.65); obey (to act in accordance with
a recognized principle, 0.64); balance
(to place in balance, 0.52); focus (to
m ake an im age clear, 0.50); refund (to
return, 0.50); secure (to fasten, 0.50);
equalize (0.44); neg o tiate (to m ake
arrangem ents for, 0.41); achieve (to
finish an undertaking, 0.38); arrange (to
m ake arrangements, 0.35); order (to put
in order, 0.35); m ake (to prepare, 0.33);
acclim ate (0.25); change (to m ake dif­
ferent, 0.25); fix (to put in order, 0.25);
pay (to give paym ent, 0.13); change (to
becom e different, 0.06).
A D M I N I S T E R (21) a d m in is te r (to
m anage, 1.00); adm inister (to minister,
1.0 0 );a d m in is te r (to in flic t, 1.00);
adm inister (to tender, 1.00); govern
(0.82); offer (to present, 0.77); command
(to have control, 0.75); keep (to operate,
0.75); treat (to assist tow ard a cure,
0 .7 5 ); c o n d u c t (to m an ag e, 0 .67);
p ro v id e (to supply, 0.46); tend (to
w atch over, 0.43); distribute (to allot,
0.42); m anage (to direct, 0.41); apply
(to place upon, 0.40); doctor (0.33);
m ete (0.33); perform (to accomplish an
action, 0.33); operate (to keep in op­
eration, 0.25); reign (0.25); share (to
divide, 0.10).
A D M IR E (9)adm ire (to have regard for,
1.00); adm ire (to be fond of, 1.00); l
(to be fond of, 0.80); cherish (to hold
dear, 0.79); w onder (to marvel, 0.75);
praise (to com m end, 0.67); p u ff (to
ADMIT
flatter, 0.50); appreciate (to recognize
w orth, 0.14); love (to be passionately
devoted, 0.07).
A D M IT (17) adm it (to grant entrance,
1.00); adm it (to confess, 1.00); adm it
(to acknow ledge, 1.00); adm it (to per­
m it, 1.00); receive (to take into o n e ’s
charge, 0.91); include (to contain, 0.86);
su ffe r (to p erm it, 0.77); ac ce p t (to
assent, 0.75); reveal (to divulge, 0.68);
o p e n (to m o v e a s id e a p r e p a r e d
obstruction, 0.62); receive (to m ake
welcome, 0.58); avow (0.50); confide (to
reveal in trust, 0.50); produce (to bear,
0.39); listen (to receive advice cordially,
0.33); enlist (to enroll others, 0.18); yield
(to produce, 0.11).
A D M IX (2) alloy (to devaluate, 0.25); min­
gle (0.25).
A D M O N I S H (1 9 ) a d m o n is h (to
reprim and, 1.00); adm onish (to exhort,
1.00); scold (0.96); upbraid (0.80);
advise (to give counsel, 0.79); correct
(to a d m in is te r c o r r e c tio n , 0 .7 5 );
counsel (0.75); threaten (to w arn o f
punishm ent, 0.71); warn (0.63); censure
(0.61); exhort (0.50); forew arn (0.50);
m o ralize (0.50); chasten (to punish,
0.38); inveigh (0.25); lecture (to rebuke,
0.25); rebuke (0.25); snub (to rebuke,
0.25); m anage (to direct, 0.16).
A D O P T (10) adopt (to take as a son or
daughter, 1.00); adopt (to take as o n e’s
ow n, 1.00); adopt (to vote acceptance,
1.00); obey (to act in accordance w ith
a recognized principle, 0.55); espouse
(to support, 0.50); use (to m ake use of,
0.36); observe (to abide by, 0.33); ad­
mit (to acknow ledge, 0.31); choose (to
select, 0.23); listen (to receive advice
cordially, 0.17).
-8 - ADVANCE
A D O R E (11) adore (to w orship, 1.00);
adore (to love, 1.00); love (to be pas­
sionately devoted, 0.93); deify (0.75);
dote (0.67); idolize (0.50); praise (to
speak or sing in worship, 0.50); worship
(to perform acts o f worship, 0.47); ven­
erate (0.25); cherish (to hold dear, 0.17);
adm ire (to have regard for, 0.08).
A D O R N (13) adorn (1.00); decorate
(0.98); becom e (to be suitable, 0.81);
bedeck (0.75); em bellish (0.75); enrich
(0.75); equip (to array, 0.75); beautify
(to make beautiful, 0.50); deck (to deco­
rate, 0.50); illustrate (to adorn with
illustrations, 0.50); varnish (0.18); col­
our (to im part colour to, 0.16); flatter
(to be becom ing to a wearer, 0.13).
A D U L A TE (3) praise (to commend, 0.57);
flatter (to praise unduly, 0.50); com pli­
m ent (to flatter, 0.05).
A D U L T E R A T E (8) adulterate (1.00); cor­
rupt (to debase, 0.83); falsify (0.75); mix
(to blend, 0.41); alloy (to m ix metals,
0.25); defile (to corrupt, 0.25); corrupt
(to render innacurate, 0.23); bastardize
(0 .20).
A D U M B R A T E (4) hide (to conceal, 0.76);'
shade (to make darker, 0.42); hint (0.14);
foretell (0.13).
A D V A N C E (5 9 ) a d v a n c e (to move
forw ard physically, 1.00); advance (to
cause to m ove forw ard, 1.00);advance^
(to p r o p o s e , 1 .0 0 ); a d v a n c e (to
prom ote, 1.00);advance (to prom ote iir
rank or station, 1.00); advance (to ac­
celerate, 1.00); advance (to raise, 1.00);!
advance (to lend, 1.00); advance (to
pay, 1.00); advance (to improve, 1.00);
m arch (0.90); trust (to give credit to,;
0.89); p rom o te (to advance in rank,
0.87); lick (to play over; said o f flames,:
ADVENTURE
0.85); lend (to m ake a loan, 0.83); im ­
prove (to becom e better, 0.82); step
(0.80); send (to dispatch, 0.79); attack
(to fight offensively (a rm y ), 0.77); de­
velop (to im prove, 0.77); cultivate (to
encourage, 0.75); elevate (to prom ote,
0.75); push (to prom ote, 0.75); propose
(to m ake a suggestion, 0.71); urge (to
present favourably, 0.71); hasten (to
expedite, 0.69); lobby (0.69); drive (to
m anage a propelled vehicle, 0.67); in­
vest (0.67); m aintain (to uphold, 0.67);
progress (to improve, 0.67); declare (to
speak formally and emphatically, 0.63);
grow (to becom e larger, 0.63); offer (to
present, 0.62); appeal (to carry a case
to a h igher court, 0.50); assault (to
attack, 0.50); com e (to m ove tow ard,
0.50); contribute (to aid, 0.50); grow (to
change slowly, 0.50); loan (0.50); m ake
(to m ove, 0 .5 0 ); m e lio ra te (0 .5 0 );
support (to uphold, 0.47); operate (to
be in operation, 0.34); get (to com e,
0.33); introduce (to present, 0.33); rise
(to im prove o n e’s station, 0.29); assert
(to maintain, 0.25); boost (to raise, 0.25);
develop (to grow, 0.25); m ake (to offer,
0.25); ripen (to grow, 0.25); thrive (to
prosper, 0.25); advertise (to solicit busi­
ness, 0.21); a d v o c ate (to p ro m o te ,
0.20); th re a te n (to im p e n d , 0 .2 0 );
prosper (0.15); rise (to increase, 0.15);
civilize (0.09).
A D V E N T U R E (2) dare (to be coura­
geous, 0.78); travel (to journey, 0.36).
ADVERT (1) refer (to mention, 0.93).
A D V E R T IS E (6) advertise (to m ake
public, 1.00); advertise (to solicit busi­
ness, 1.00); com m unicate (to im part
inform ation, 0.69); p roclaim (0.67);
prom ote (to further, 0.58); boost (to
-9 - AFFECT
promote, 0.25).
A D V IS E (21) advise (to give counsel,
1.00); advise (to give information, 1.00);
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.93); w arn (0.89); help (to aid, 0.83);
subm it (to suggest, 0.75); notify (to
provide with inform ation, 0.70); report
(to deliver inform ation, 0.69); acquaint
(0.50); adm onish (to exhort, 0.50); brief
(to inform , 0.50); suggest (to m ake a
suggestion, 0.50); propose (to m ake a
suggestion, 0.38); befriend (0.33); tell
(to inform, 0.33); urge (to induce, 0.28);
caution (0.25); offer (to propose, 0.25);
prom pt (to help, 0.25); subscribe (to
suggest, 0.25); hint (0.18).
A D V O C A T E (19) advocate (to defend,
1.00); ad vo cate (to prom ote, 1.00);
plead (to discuss in court, 0.83); es­
pouse (to support, 0.75); subscribe (to
give personal support, 0.75); advise (to
give counsel, 0.66); defend (to support
an accused person, 0.56); justify (to
give reasons for, 0.56); encourage (to
give support, 0.55); promote (to further,
0 .5 5 ); s u p p o r t (to u p h o ld , 0 .4 1 );
reco m m en d (to lend support or ap­
proval, 0.40); declare (to speak formally
and em p h atically , 0.39); p raise (to
com m end, 0.33); com m end (to recom ­
m end, 0.25); m anage (to direct, 0.24);
help (to aid, 0.17); approve (to give
approval, 0.10); warn (0.04).
A E R A T E (3) air (to introduce air, 0.67);
deodorize (0.25); knead (0.22).
A E R IF Y (2) liberate (to free from chemi­
cal or physical restraint, 0.60); air (to
introduce air, 0.58).
A F F E C T to aim ; to love; to pretend (3)
affect (to pretend, 1.00); pretend (to
feign, 0.94); assum e (to pretend, 0.33).
AFFECT -10-
A F F E C T to attack; to touch; to attribute
(10) affect (to have an effect upon,
1.00); affect (to move emotionally, 1.00);
influence (0.94); m ove (to arouse the
em otions of, 0.85); lead (to influence,
0.67); apply (to be relevant, 0.50); sw ay
(to in flu en ce, 0.50); lo b b y (0.31);
leaven (to influence, 0.25); touch (to
relate to, 0.25).
A F F IA N C E (2) prom ise (to give o n e ’s
w ord, 0.35); betroth (0.11).
A F F IL IA T E (5) associate (to form an or­
ganization, 0.71); unite (to com e to ­
gether, 0.69); knit (to com bine or jo in
closely, 0.25); adopt (to take as o n e ’s
ow n, 0.15); jo in (to enter the com pany
of, 0.10).
A F F IR M (32) affirm (1.00); approve (to
give approval, 0.94); testify (to bare
w itness, 0.89); sw ear (to take an oath,
0.82); declare (to speak form ally and
emphatically, 0.80); vouch (0.77); adopt
(to vote acceptance, 0.75); curse (to
sw ear, 0.71); prom ise (to give o n e ’s
word, 0.62); comment (to make a remark,
0.53); assure (to promise, 0.50); confirm
(to ratify, 0.50); m aintain (to assert,
0.50); swear (to declare, 0.50); authorize
(to approve, 0.40); prove (0.38); utter
(0.29); accept (to believe, 0.25); accord
(to be in agreement, 0.25); allege (0.25);
assert (to say positively, 0.25); believe
(to accept as true, 0.25); enunciate (to
state form ally, 0.25); find (to reach a
legal decision, 0.25); repute (0.25); state
(0.25); admit (to acknowledge, 0.21); em­
phasize (0.20); propose (to m ake a sug­
gestion, 0.19); read (to contain w hen
read, 0.14); guarantee (to certify, 0.11);
reveal (to divulge, 0.09).
A F F IX (9) affix (1.00); apply (to place
AGGRANDIZE
upon, 0.80); jo in (to unite, 0.78); ap­
pend (to add, 0.75); paste (0.50); rivet
(0.50); enroll (to prepare a roll, 0.39);
add (to m ake a further rem ark, 0.29);
annex (0.25).
A F F L IC T (7) afflict (1.00); persecute (to
o p p r e s s , e s p e c ia lly fo r re lig io u s
reaso n s, 0.96); hurt (to cause pain,
0.89); chasten (to punish, 0.75); bur­
den (0.46); disturb (to upset mental
calm , 0.30); bother (to give trouble,
0 .20).
A F F O R D (8) afford (to produce, 1.00);
afford (to be in a position to buy, 1.00);
produce (to bear, 0.71); contrive (to
succeed w ith difficulty, 0.62); provide
(to yield, 0.50); contribute (to give,;
0.43); provide (to supply, 0.35); bring:
(to be w orth in sale, 0.25).
A F F R A N C H IS E (1) free (to liberate,;
0.39). j
A F F R IG H T (2) frighten (to alarm, 0.90);!
disturb (to upset m ental calm, 0.67). \
A F F R O N T (8) affront (1.00); anger (toS
arouse som eone to anger, 0.73); dis-j
oblige (to insult, 0.50); offend (0.50);r
neglect (to treat with indifference, 0.44)|
flout (0.25); outrage (0.25); sneer (0.21)1
A F F Y (l) betroth (0.67). f
A G E (4) age (to grow old, 1.00); age (tot
m ature, 1.00); disguise (0.23); grow (to|
change slowly, 0.23). §
A G G L O M E R A T E (2) accum ulate (tof
am ass, 0.50); concentrate (to bring oil
com e together, 0.49). |
A G G L U T IN A T E (1) join (to unite, 0.58)|
A G G R A N D IZ E (6) aggrandize (to exal|
1.00); aggrandize (to increase, 1.00)|
prom ote (to advance in rank, 0.60)|
praise (to com m end, 0.48); inflate (t|
distend, 0.38); increase (to add to, 0.06)|
AGGRAVATE
AGGRAVATE (11) aggravate (to irritate,
1.00); aggravate (to m ake worse, 1.00);
infuriate (0.75); bother (to give trouble,
0.60); em bitter (to anger, 0.50); inflame
(to arouse em otions, 0.50); roil (0.50);
insult (0.35); provoke (to vex, 0.33);
intensify (0.25); increase (to add to,
0.14).
A G G R E G A T E (5) m ultiply (to em ploy
m u ltip lic a tio n as an a r ith m e tic a l
process, 0.67); accum ulate (to am ass,
0.65); gather (to bring together, 0.50);
concentrate (to bring or com e together,
0.44); constitute (to m ake up, 0.25).
A G GRESS (1) attack (to fight offensively
(army), 0.39).
A G G R IE V E (1) abuse (to treat badly,
0 .86).
AGITATE (26) agitate (1.00); disturb (to
upset m ental calm , 0.93); shake (to
cause to vibrate, 0.93); ja r (to cause to
trem ble, 0.88); em barrass (to upset
mentally, 0.79); anger (to arouse som e­
one to anger, 0.76); canvass (to seek
votes, 0.75); convulse (0.75); upset (to
disturb, 0.75); pan (to obtain gold,
0.67); rock (0.67); cam paign (to solicit
votes, 0.60); m ix (to blend, 0.56); con­
fuse (0.54); fret (to cause annoyance,
0.50); shock (to disturb o n e’s se lf con­
trol, 0.50); shock (to jar, 0.50); bestir
(0.33); bother (to be disturbing, 0.29);
chum (0.25); disrupt (to confuse, 0.25);
stir (to mix by stirring, 0.25); haunt (to
prey upon, 0.21); beat (to pulsate, 0.18);
disorganize (0.12); hasten (to expedite,
0.08).
A G O N IZ E (7) agonize (1.00); suffer (to
feel pain, 0.55); hurt (to cause pain,
0.41); worry (to indulge in worry, 0.40);
bleed (to suffer, 0.33); mourn (to lament,
-11- AIR
0.23); haunt (to prey upon, 0.06).
A G R E E (10) agree (1.00); fit (to be suit­
able in character, 0.95); promise (to give
o n e ’s w ord , 0 .8 5 ); obey (to act in
accordance w ith a recognized princi­
ple, 0.82); admit (to acknowledge, 0.79);
cond escen d (0.79); com prom ise (to
m ake concession, 0.67); serve (to obey,
0.25); equal (0.23); close (to com e
together, 0.10).
A ID (21) aid (1.00); accom m odate (to
ren d er a serv ice, 0.94); support (to
uphold, 0.88); nurse (0.82); encourage
(to give support, 0.79); prom ote (to
further, 0.79); rem edy (0.78); mend (to
im prove, 0.75); prom pt (to help, 0.75);
succour (0.75); com fort (to m ake easy
physically, 0.70); urge (to present fa­
vourably, 0.59); assist (to assist, 0.50);
defend (to support an accused person,
0 .5 0 ); fa c ilita te (0 .5 0 ); o b lig e (to
accommodate, 0.50); participate (to take
part in, 0.50); subserve (0.50); comfort
(to console, 0.28); relieve (to lessen;
said especially o f pain, 0.12); trust (to
give credit to, 0.11).
A IL (1) disturb (to upset mental calm,
0.37).
A IM (10) aim (to direct one’s effort, 1.00);
aim (to point a w eapon, 1.00); purpose
(0.75); intend (to propose, 0.57); en­
deavour (0.50); point (to face, 0.50);
prem editate (0.50); strive (0.50); direct
(to direct o n e ’s effort, 0.25); propose
(to mean, 0.25).
A IR (9) air (to expose to the air, 1.00); air
(to introduce air, 1.00); air (to speak
publicly, 1.00); expose (to uncover,
0.71); utter (0.61); display (to present
for effect, 0.36); notify (to provide with
in f o r m a tio n , 0 .3 0 );b r o a d c a s t (to
ALARM -12-
transm it electronically, 0.08); advertise
(to m ake public, 0.08).
A L A R M (6) startle (0.75); disturb (to
upset mental calm, 0.74); discourage (to
w arn, 0.50); petrify (to frighten, 0.50);
forewarn (0.25); scare (0.25).
A L E R T (3) alert (1.00); warn (0.81); cau­
tion (0.50).
A L IE N A TE (2) alienate (1.00); fine (0.15).
A L IG H T (6) dism ount (0.67); light (to
com e to rest from flight or travel, 0.64);
arrive (to com e to a place, 0.55); de­
scend (to m ove lower, 0.48); land (to
bring an airplane to earth, 0.40); land
(to go ashore, 0.17).
A L IG N (9) align (to adjust, 1.00); align
(to join, 1.00); line (to arrange in a line,
0.92); space (to group, 0.75); jo in (to
enter the com pany of, 0.40); m easure
(to apply a standard o f m easurem ent,
0.34); adjust (to place or regulate parts,
0.15); order (to pu t in order, 0.15);
straighten (0.07).
A LLA Y to lay aside; to dim inish; to tem ­
per (8) allay (to lessen, 1.00); allay (to
soothe, LOO); com fort (to m ake easy
physically, 0.89); ease (to relieve o f
pain, 0.89); decrease (to m ake less,
0.74); relieve (to lessen; said especially
o f pain, 0.71); cool (to cause to becom e
cool, 0.42); quiet (to m ake calm, 0.32).
A L L E G A T E (2) declare (to speak formally
and emphatically, 0.46); quarrel (0.14).
A L L E G E togive testim ony (6) allege
(1.00); p lead (to discuss in court, 0.75);
declare (to speak formally and em phati­
cally, 0.61); assert (to m aintain, 0.50);
p le a d (to e n te r a p le a , 0 .5 0 );
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.03).
A L L E G O R IZ E (2) com pare (to liken,
ALLOW
0.30); illustrate (to m ake clear by illus­
tration, 0.22).
A L L E V IA T E (11) alleviate (1.00); com ­
fort (to make easy physically, 0.97); ease
(to relieve o f pain, 0.94); relieve (to
lessen; said especially o f pain, 0.88);
m itigate (0.75); lighten (to make lighter,
0 .5 9 ); so o th e (0 .5 3 ); co m m u te (to
exchange for som ething less severe,
0.50); mince (to minimize, 0.50); mollify
(to lessen, 0.50); palliate (0.05).
A L L O C A T E (16) assign (to delegate to
a specific purpose, 0.81); allot (to as­
sign, 0.80); place (to put in a place,
0.78); prorate (0.75); raise (to collect or
m ake available, 0.60); classify (0.58);
com m it (to entrust, 0.55); adjust (to
bring to an agreem ent, 0.50); allot (to
distribute, 0.50); negotiate (to transfer,
0.50); spend (to expend, 0.45); regulate
(to ad ju st, 0 .4 2 ); ap p o rtio n (0.33);
d istrib u te (to allot, 0.32); detail (to
a s s ig n to a s p e c if ic d u ty , 0 .2 5 );
dispense (to distribute, 0.25).
A L L O T (19) allot (to distribute, 1.00);
allot (to assign, 1.00); share (to divide,
0.90); place (to put in a place, 0.83);
issue (to distribute, 0.75); assign (to
delegate to a specific purpose, 0.70);
com m it (to entrust, 0.68); apportion
(0.67); deliver (to distribute, 0.67); mete
( 0 .6 7 ); d e a l (to d is trib u te , 0 .5 0 );
dedicate (to set apart for special use,
0.50); ration (0.50); assign (to distrib­
ute, 0.33); classify (0.31); prorate (0.25);
station (0.25); reapportion (0.14); ap­
propriate (to provide money, 0.10).
A L L O W (20) allow (to perm it an action,
1 .0 0 );a llo w (to g ran t a re q u e st or
assertion, 1.00); allow (to include in an
estimate, 1.00); admit (to acknowledge,
ALLOY
0.93); suffer (to permit, 0.92); afford (to
be in a position to buy, 0.86); endure
(to sustain adversity, 0.86); accord (to
grant, 0.75); yield (to grant, 0.60); admit
(to perm it, 0.50); lend (to m ake a loan,
0.50); discount (to deduct, 0.46); enable
(0.45); assign (to delegate to a specific
puipose, 0.44); produce (to bear, 0.42);
appropriate (to provide money, 0.40);
o ffe r (to p re s e n t, 0 .3 1 ); y ie ld (to
p ro d u c e , 0 .2 2 ); fa c e (to c o n fro n t
conflict or trouble, 0.20); approve (to
give approval, 0.19).
A L LO Y (5) alloy (to m ix m etals, 1.00);
alloy (to devaluate, 1.00); adulterate
(0.89); m ix (to blend, 0.65); corrupt (to
debase, 0.52).
A LLUDE (2) apply (to be relevant, 0.83);
mean (to have as m eaning, 0.39).
A L L U R E (12) seduce (0.90); court (to
woo, 0.76); draw (to lure, 0.75); fasci­
nate (0.67); tem pt (0.64); enrapture
(0.50); entice (0.50); ravish (to charm ,
0.50); urge (to induce, 0.47); appeal (to
a ttra c t, 0 .3 8 ); e n c h a n t (to a ttr a c t
strongly, 0.25); lure (to entice, 0.25).
ALLY (3) unite (to com e together, 0.92);
associate (to form an org an izatio n ,
0.57); unify (0.50).
A LPH A BETIZE (4) index (0.75); classify
(0.67); tabulate (0.67); order (to put in
order, 0.62).
A L T E R (25) a lte r (to c h a n g e fo r a
p u rp o se , 1 .0 0 ); a lte r (to b e c o m e
d iffe re n t, 1.00); c h a n g e (to m a k e
different, 0.97); change (to becom e
different, 0.94); edit (to prepare for
publication, 0.93); grow (to change
slowly, 0.86); influence (0.77); cut (to
castrate, 0.75); invert (to change, 0.75);
lobby (0.75); m etam orphose (0.75);
-13- AMAZE
tam per (0.75); correct (to make needed
corrections, 0.68); m odify (to change,
0.67); disg u ise (0.50); fit (to m ake
suitable, 0.50); restore (to rebuild in a
form supposed to be original, 0.50);
translate (to transform , 0.50); turn (to
reverse, 0.50); knead (0.44); differ (to
be unlike, 0.30); convert (to alter the
form or use, 0.25); differentiate (to
change, 0.25); diversify (0.25); remake
(0.25).
A L T E R C A T E (3) quarrel (0.64); contest
(to fight, 0.60); discuss (0.09).
A L T E R N A T E (10) alternate (to take or
do by turns, 1.00); alternate (to fluctu­
ate, 1.00); change (to m ake different,
0.80); reciprocate (to exchange, 0.75);
hesitate (0.74); exchange (to give and
receiv e reciprocally, 0.57); beat (to
pulsate, 0.53); roll (to m ove by rotation,
or in rotating num bers, 0,43); vary (to
show changes, 0.25); turn (to reverse,
0.06).
A M A L G A M A T E (8) adulterate (0.86); al­
loy (to m ix metals, 0.75); merge (0.75);
harden (to m ake less pervious, 0.71);
u n ite (to c o m e to g e th e r , 0 .3 9 );
s y n th e s iz e (0 .2 5 ); a c c u m u la te (to
am ass, 0.15); associate (to form an or­
ganization, 0.14).
A M A SS (12) am ass (1.00); concentrate
(to bring or com e together, 0.98); com ­
pile (0.86); consolidate (to cause to
unite, 0.86); deposit (to present m oney
for safekeeping, 0.85); collect (to bring
into one place, 0.75); save (to hoard,
0.57); assem b le (to brin g together,
0.33); cull (to gather, 0.33); gather (to
bring together, 0.25); harvest (0.21);
store (0.18).
A M A Z E (10) amaze (1.00); disturb (to up­
AMBLE
set m ental calm, 0.83); appal (0.75); as­
tound (0.75); dum bfound (0.75); aston­
ish (0.50); confuse (0.50); excite (to stir
one mentally, 0.38); daze (0.25); hit (to
astound, 0.25).
A M B L E (6) am ble (1.00); w alk (to m ove
on foot, 0.78); trot (0.71); run (to go
swiftly by physical effort, 0.45); gallop
(0.33); loiter (0.28).
A M B U L A T E (1) w alk (to m ove on foot,
0.57).
A M B U SC A D E (1) ambush (0.67).
A M B U S H (7) am bush (1.00); intercept
(0.75); snipe (0.75); seize (to take by
force, 0.69); attack (to fight offensively
(arm y), 0.45); defeat (to w orst in war,
0.36); wait (to await, 0.10).
A M E L IO R A T E (14) improve (to become
better, 0.94); correct (to m ake needed
corrections, 0.86); better (0.75); mollify
(to lessen, 0.75); reform (to change into
a new form , 0.75); im prove (to m ake
better, 0.55); reform (to correct evils,
0.55); quiet (to m ake calm , 0.36); ease
(to lessen pressure or tension, 0.33);
ease (to relieve o f pain, 0.28); com fort
(to m ake easy physically, 0.27); enrich
(0.25); repaii' (0.22); heal (to cure, 0.04).
A M E N D (11) am end (1.00); im prove (to
m ake better, 0.94); reform (to correct
evils, 0.91); m eliorate (0.75); retouch
(0.75); reconsider (0.53); correct (to
m ake needed corrections, 0.41); revise
(0.40); reform (to change into a new
form, 0.38); rectify (0.25); remedy (0.17).
A M E R C E (1) fine (0.69).
A M P L IF Y (15) amplify (1.00); overdo (to
do too m uch, 0.87); exaggerate (0.71);
m agnify (to enlarge, 0.67); overstate
(0.67); pad (to increase, 0.56); develop
(to w ork out, 0.50); edit (to prepare for
-14- ANATHEMATIZE
publication, 0.46); increase (to add to,
0.46); grow (to becom e larger, 0.37);
d r a m a tiz e (to e x a g g e r a te , 0 .3 3 );
le n g th e n (to m a k e lo n g e r, 0 .2 9 );
enhance (0.25); stretch (to cause to
stretch, 0.21); ram ble (to speak or write
aimlessly, 0.12).
A M PU T A T E (5) amputate (1.00); operate
(to carry on a surgical procedure, 0.57);
to p (to re m o v e th e to p , 0 .5 0 );
dism em ber (0.25); cut (to sever, 0.03).
A M U S E (12) am use (1.00); entertain (to
keep others am used, 0.97); suit (to
please, 0.75); tickle (to excite mentally,
0.75); satisfy (to m ake content, 0.72);
delight (to give pleasure, 0.50); inter­
est (0.50); regale (to feast, 0.50); glad­
den (0.45); treat (to pay for an o th er’s
entertainm ent, 0.43); distract (to divert
so m e o n e’s attention from, 0.40); be­
guile (to charm, 0.25).
A N A C H R O N IZ E (1) antedate (0.67). ;
A N A L O G IZ E (1) collate (to compare,
0.25).
A N A L Y Z E (17) analyze (to subject to
analysis, 1.00); analyze (to study care­
fully, 1.00); experim ent (to investigate
scientifically, 0.94); examine (to inspect
w ith care, 0.91); consider (to regard^
0.80); review (to inspect, 0.67); inquire
(to s e e k in to , 0 .5 0 ); d ig e s t (to
u n d e rsta n d by d e lib e ra tio n , 0.33)j
study (to en d eav o u r to understands
0.33); edit (to prepare for publication,
0.32); classify (0.29); identify (0.25);-
peruse (to inspect, 0.25); simplify (0.20);
r e a s o n (to se e k a reaso n ab ly
explanation ,0.17); liberate (to free froii
chem ical or physical restraint, 0.101-
detail (to m ake clear in detail, 0.08). [
A N A T H E M A T IZ E (3) hate (to detest
ANATOMIZE -15-
0.65); dam n (to consign to hell, 0.57);
curse (to pronounce a religious curse,
0.33).
A N A T O M IZ E (2) an ato m ize (1.00);
analyze (to subject to analysis, 0.36).
A N C H O R (6) anchor (to drop an anchor,
1.00); anchor (to m ake fast, 1.00); set
(to establish, 0.75); fasten (to m ake
som ething secure, 0.74); disem bark
(0.25); check (to slacken the pace, 0.05).
A N E S T H E T IZ E (5) drug (0.88); deaden
(to reduce life or its evidence, 0.61);
ease (to relieve o f pain, 0.61); entrance
(to put into a trance, 0.25); hypnotize
(to put in a trance, 0.11).
A N G E R (6) anger (to arouse som eone to
anger, 1.00); excite (to stir one mentally,
0.88); bait (to torm ent, 0.75); shock (to
disturb o n e’s sense o f propriety, 0.31);
envenom (to alienate, 0.25); p eeve
(0.25).
A N G L E to use an angle; to fish w ith a
hook and hail (2) hook (to curve in the
shape o f a hook, 0.75); fish (0.11).
A N G U ISH (3) fret (to suffer annoyance,
0.75); m ourn (to lament, 0.32); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.08).
ANHYDRATE (1) dessicate (to preserve,
0.50).
A N IM A D V E R T (2) rem onstrate (0.67);
censure (0.55).
A N IM A TE (22) anim ate (to give life to,
1.00); animate (to incite, 1.00); encour­
age (to raise the spirits, 0.84); drive (to
urge on, 0.78); thrill (to excite, 0.75);
excite (to activate, 0.68); revive (to give
new life, 0.63); strengthen (0.57); begin
(to initiate, 0.50); em bolden (0.50);
refresh (to renew, 0.50); fascinate (0.39);
incite (0.32); satisfy (to m ake content,
0.31); light (to provide light, 0.29);
ANNOUNCE
awaken (to excite, 0.25); impel (to urge,
0.25); inspirit (0.25); kindle (to excite,
0.25); smarten (to stimulate, 0.25); goad
(0.22); m anage (to direct, 0.05).
A N N E A L (5) anneal (1.00); harden (to
m ake less pervious, 0.93); tem per (to
toughen or harden, 0.89); stiffen (to
cause to becom e stiff, 0.82); bake (to
harden, 0.50).
A N N E X (6) annex (1.00); jo in (to unite,
0.61); add (to m ake a further remark,
0.57); increase (to add to, 0.37); adjoin
(to join, 0.25); append (to add, 0.25).
A N N IH IL A T E (17) annihilate (1.00); ex­
term inate (0.75); ravage (0.71); abolish
(0.67); defeat (to w orst in war, 0.67);
destroy (to bring to nothing, 0.67); ex­
tinguish (to destroy, 0.67); raze (0.57);
break (to bring to ruin or to an end ,
0.50); extirpate (0.50); obliterate (to
destroy, 0.50); elim inate (to remove,
0.48); blast (to ruin, 0.40); crush (to
defeat utterly, 0.33); m assacre (0.33);
eradicate (0.25); kill (to deprive o f
existence, 0.25).
A N N O TA TE (3) annotate (1.00); interline
(to w rite b etw e en the lines, 0.25);
explain (0.15).
A N N O U N C E (25) an n o u n ce (1.00);
declare (to speak formally and emphati­
cally, 0.95); notify (to provide w ith
in fo rm a tio n , 0 .9 4 ); b ro a d c a s t (to
transm it electronically, 0.92); advertise
(to make public, 0.89); communicate (to
im part inform ation, 0.78); confess (to
p ro fe ss, 0 .7 5 ); en u n c ia te (to state
formally, 0.75); find (to reach a legal de­
c is io n , 0 .7 5 ); p ass (to p ro n o u n c e
formally, 0.75); posit (to state, 0.75);
p u b lic iz e (0 .7 5 ); p u b lish (to m ake
know n, 0.75); say (0.71); bill (to adver­
ANNOY
tise, 0.67); report (to m ake a sum m ary
statem ent, 0.56); decree (0.50); im part
(to inform , 0.50); reveal (to divulge,
0.50); issue (to release, 0.33); unfold
(to reveal, 0.27); herald (0.25); placard
(0.25); premise (to introduce, 0.25); utter
(0.04).
A N N O Y (37) annoy (to m olest, 1.00);
annoy (to be disturbing, 1.00); w eary
(to m ake weary, 0.96); em barrass (to
upset m entally, 0.94); bother (to give
trouble, 0.93); rankle (0.93); m olest (to
disturb people, 0.88); anger (to arouse
som eone to anger, 0.85); disoblige (to
inconvenience, 0.75); gall (0.75); harry
(to harass, 0.75); irk (0.75); nettle (0.75);
offend (0.75); persecute (to torm ent
persistently, 0.75); pester (0.75); tire (to
bore, 0.75); torture (to torm ent, 0.75);
w orry (to cause worry, 0.75); oppress
(0.65); aggravate (to irritate, 0.50);
b a d g e r (0.50); d isco m m o d e (0 .50);
exacerbate (to irritate, 0.50); inflame (to
irritate, 0.50); nag (0.50); peeve (0.50);
trouble (to disturb, 0.50); insult (0.40);
h aunt (to prey upon, 0.33); excite (to
stir one mentally, 0.31); em bitter (to
anger, 0.25); grind (to oppress, 0.25);
hound (0.25); incom m ode (0.25); rile
(0.25); roil (0.25).
A N N U L (18) annul (1.00); abolish (0.86);
invalidate (0.75); kill (to cancel, 0.75);
liq u id a te (to ab o lish , 0.7 5 ); re p e a l
(0.75); vitiate (to cancel, 0.75); withdraw
(to rem ove from use or circulation,
0.75); d estroy (to bring to n othing,
0.63); revoke (0.52); abort (to cancel,
0.50); div o rce (0.50); te rm in ate (to
abolish, 0.50); override (to thwart, 0.33);
recant (0.30); abrogate (0.25); rescind
(0.25); hinder (0.12).
-16- APE
A N O IN T (8) pom ade (0.67); bless (to
dedicate to God, 0.58); lubricate (0.50);
em balm (0.43); consecrate (to dedicate
to God, 0.25); dedicate (to consecrate,
0.25); grease (0.18); rub (to apply by
rubbing, 0.08).
A N S W E R (18) answ er (to be sufficient,
1.00); answ er (to m ove in response,
1.00); answ er (to provide a solution,
1.00); answ er (to reply, 1.00); obey (to
act in accordance w ith orders, 0.90);
refer (to concern, 0.78); m eet (to fulfill,
0.75); suffice (0.75); crack (to solve,
0.67); recite (to report on a lesson, 0.67);
solve (0.59); satisfy (to fulfill, 0.35);
debate (0.33); say (0.29); last (to be
sufficient, 0.25); quiet (to m ake silent,
0.15); act (to perform an action, 0.14);
com m unicate (to be in communication,
0.07).
A N T A G O N I Z E (4) c o m b a t (0.67);
disaffect (0.50); hinder (0.40); oppose
(to fight, 0.10).
A N T E (1) bet (0.07).
A N T E C E D E (2) rank (to possess relative j
evaluation, 0.57); precede (0.50). !
A N T E D A T E (2) antedate (1.00); precede!
(0.10). j
A N T H O L O G IZ E (1) compile (0.45). j
A N T IC IP A T E (10) anticipate (to foresee]
1.00); anticipate (to forestall, 1.00); pre-[
vent (0.88); w ait (to await, 0.80); meant
(to have in mind, 0.75); await (0.50); will|
(an indication o f futurity, 0.43); abidef
(to w ait for, 0.33); hope (0.19); discounlf
(to deduct, 0.15). j
A N T IPA T H IZ E (1) dislike (0.67). |
A N T IQ U E (1) disguise (0.18). f
A N T IS E P T IC IZ E (1) sterilize (0.63). f
A PE (3) ape (1.00); imitate (to mimic, 0.64)1
copy (to imitate, 0.33). f
APOLOGIZE -17-
A P O L O G IZ E (3) apologize (1.00); ju s­
tify (to give reasons for, 0.83); excuse
(0.75).
A PO STA TIZE (2) backslide (0.50); aban­
don (to relinquish, 0.37).
A P O S T R O P H IZ E (2) soliloquize (0.50);
beg (to ask earnestly or im portunately,
0. 11).
A PO T H E O S IZ E (1) canonize (0.42).
APPAL (6) appal (1.00); discourage (to
dishearten, 0.88); frighten (to alarm,
0.87); shock (to disturb o n e’s sense o f
propriety, 0.54); horrify (0.50); haunt (to
prey upon, 0.24).
A PPA REL (1) clothe (0.83).
A PPE A L (10) appeal (to ask another se­
riously, 1.00); appeal (to ca n y a case to
a higher court, 1.00); appeal (to attract,
1.00); argue (to endeavour to convince,
0.88); address (to com m unicate in a
formal way, 0.60); bring (to initiate a
legal action, 0.55); supplicate (0.50);
petition (0.33); apply (to m ake a re­
quest, 0.25); sue (0.13).
A PPEA R (16) appear (to becom e visible,
1.00); appear (to seem, 1.00); appear (to
present oneself publicly, 1.00); feel (to
give an im p re ssio n th ro u g h to u ch ,
0.75); seem (0.75); come (to be available,
0.50); form (to take form, 0.50); sound
(to seem, 0.50); daw n (0.33); do (to
conduct oneself, 0.33); result (0.28); act
(to conduct oneself, 0.25); ensue (0.25);
meet (to go to a place o f meeting, 0.14);
happen (to occur, 0.13); arrive (to com e
to a place, 0.09).
APPEASE (14) appease (to satisfy, 1.00);
appease (to calm , 1.00); assuage (to
satisfy, 0.75); soften (to make soft, 0.59);
conciliate (0.50); expiate (0.50); mollify
(to quiet one who is angry, 0.50); pacify
APPLY
(to .m ollify, 0.50); propitiate (0.50);
excuse (0.33); placate (0.25); quiet (to
m ak e calm , 0 .2 1 ); h u m o u r (0.20);
reconcile (to bring into harmony, 0.15).
A P P E N D to belong; to pertain (11) ap­
pend (to add, 1.00); append (to attach,
1.00);add (to m ake a further remark,
0.86); include (to place into or among,
0.83); annex (0.75); subjoin (0.75); join
(to unite, 0.67); adjoin (to join, 0.50);
attach (to join, 0.50); accom pany (to
occur with, 0.40); affix (0.25).
A P P E R C E IV E (1) hear (to receive infor­
m ation orally, 0.18).
A P P E R T A IN (2) belong (to be properly
placed, 0.79); refer (to concern, 0.33).
A PP L A U D (15) applaud (1.00); praise (to
commend, 0.90); admire (to have regard
for, 0.88); recom m end (to lend support
or approval, 0.80); cheer (to support
with cheers, 0.75); hail (to praise, 0.75);
aggrandize (to exalt, 0.50); encourage
(to raise the spirits, 0.48); com plim ent
(to flatter, 0.42); revive (to hearten,
0.35); appreciate (to recognize worth,
0.29); com p lim en t (to congratulate,
0 .2 9 ); a p p ro v e (to fa v o u r, 0 .2 5 );
eulogize (0.25); signalize (0.25).
A P P L Y (21) apply (to m ake a request,
1.00);apply (to make use of, 1.00); apply
(to p lace upon, 1.00); apply (to be
relevant, 1.00); dedicate (to set apart
for special use, 0.83); refer (to concern,
0.83); devote (0.75); turn (to m ake use
of, 0.75); fit (to be suitable in character,
0.74); paint (to protect or decorate by
painting, 0.70); adm inister (to minister,
0.69); inflict (to im pose, 0.67); belong
(to be properly placed, 0.64); exercise
(to use, 0.64); use (to m ake use of,
0.55); canvass (to seek votes, 0.50);
APPOINT
force (to use force, 0.31); consecrate
(to set apart, 0.25); consum e (to use,
0.25); em ploy (to m ake use of, 0.25);
sm ear (to spread, 0.25).
A P P O IN T (28) appoint (1.00); com m is­
sion (0.90); cast (to select actors for a
play, 0.86); date (to indicate historical
tim e, 0.86); delegate (to give authority
to another, 0.85); attach (to assign,
0.75); consign (to put in the charge of,
0.75); furnish (to equip w ith furniture,
0.75); preordain (0.75); assign (to del­
eg ate to a sp e cific p u rp o se , 0 .74);
choose (to select, 0.70); hire (to em ­
ploy, 0.67); allot (to assign, 0.60); pre­
pare (to m ake oneself ready, 0.52); ap­
p ro p ria te (to pro v id e m oney, 0.50);
designate (to specify, 0.50); detail (to
assign to a specific duty, 0.50); elevate
(to promote, 0.50); organize (to form an
organization, 0.38); intend (to destine
for, 0.33); com m and (to issue an order,
0 .2 7 ); e n a c t (to le g is la te , 0 .2 6 );
constitute (to em pow er, 0.25); enjoin
(0.25); fill (to supply w ith an occupant,
0.25); ordain (to establish, 0.25); pre­
scribe (to give directions, 0.25); enlist
(to request assistance, 0.18).
A P P O R T IO N (12) apportion (1.00); allot
(to distribute, 0.75); deal (to distribute,
0.75); dispense (to distribute, 0.75);
appropriate (to provide money, 0.70);
sh are (to divide, 0.70); co m m it (to
entrust, 0.50); dedicate (to set apart for
special use, 0.25); divide (to distribute,
0.25); ration (0.25); space (to group,
0.25); distribute (to allot, 0.21).
A P P R A IS E (10) appraise (to set a price
on, 1.00); appraise (to estim ate, 1.00);
value (to set a price upon, 0.79); esti­
m ate (to calculate probable costs, 0.77);
-18- APPROACH
evaluate (0.75); price (0.75); calculate
(to estim ate, 0.50); think (to exam ine
with the mind, 0.38); value (to estimate,
0.25); estim ate (to m ake a rough guess,
0.15).
A P P R E C IA T E (14) appreciate (to be
grateful, 1.00); appreciate (to recognize
w o rth , 1.00); resp ect (to treat with
consideration, 0.90); know (to possess
inform ation, 0.88); understand (to com­
prehend, 0.76); recognize (to acknow l­
edge, 0.50); treasure (0.40); adm ire (to
have regard for, 0.38); esteem (to attach
a high value to, 0.25); savour (0.25); i
value (to believe to be valuable, 0.25); \
praise (to com m end, 0.24); revive (to;
hearten, 0.24); feel (to experience, 0.18). I
A P P R E H E N D (1 6 ) a p p r e h e n d (to;
understand, 1.00); apprehend (to arrest j
1.00); u nd erstan d (to com prehend,j
0.97); arrest (to seize legally, 0.92); fear[
(to be appreh en siv e, 0.75); take (toi
com prehend, 0.75); seize (to take by;
fo rc e , 0 .5 3 ); c a tc h (to b rin g into;
captivity, 0.50); grasp (to comprehend,;
0.50); realize (to understand, 0.50); ac4
cuse (0.38); an ticip ate (to forestall,;
0.38); extradite (to deliver by extradn
tion, 0.33); know (to understand, 0.33);
ca p tu re (to take into legal custody,!
0.25); read (to understand by reading,'
0.25). f
A P P R IS E to inform ; to acquaint (6) hinl:
(0.91); notify (to provide with informa­
tion, 0.76); notify (to warn, 0.50); com-;
m unicate (to impart information, 0.32);r
instruct (to inform , 0.25); advertise (td
m ake public, 0.03). j
A P P R IZ E to estim ate the worth (1) rate
(to rank, 0.14). \
A P P R O A C H (14) ap p ro a ch (to ap-j
APPROPRIATE -19-
proach personally, 1.00); approach (to
come near in space, 1.00); approach (to
come near in tim e, 1.00); accost (to
solicit, 0.67); reach (to extend to, 0.53);
impend (to threaten, 0.50); solicit (to
tempt for sexual purposes, 0.50); equal
(0.46); threaten (to impend, 0.40); rival
(0.33); proposition (0.25); greet (0.18);
loom (to appear large or imposing, 0.11);
treat (to deal w ith a subject, 0.10).
A P P R O P R IA T E (27) appropriate (to
seize, 1.00);appropriate (to pro v id e
money, 1.00); adopt (to take as o n e ’s
own, 0.85); com m andeer (to seize for
public use, 0.75); confiscate (0.75);
im pound (to seize, 0.75); steal (0.72);
absorb (to take in by absorption, 0.71);
attach (to seize, 0.67); borrow (to adopt,
0.67); dedicate (to set apart for special
use, 0.67); take (to seize, 0.67); ransack
(to loot, 0.54); receive (to take into
one’s charge, 0.52); assum e (to take,
0.50); misappropriate (0.50); plagiarize
(0.33); usurp (0.33); utilize (0.33); seize
(0.30); seize (to take by force, 0.28);
intercept (0.25); pilfer (0.25); preem pt
(0.25); sequester (to take over, 0.25);
take (to adopt, 0.25); distribute (to allot,
0.05).
A P P R O V E (1 6 ) a p p r o v e (to g iv e
approval, 1.00); approve (to favour,
1.00); endorse (to indicate o n e’s active
support, 0.92); favour (to have a p ref­
erence, 0.77); adm ire (to have regard
for, 0.73); encourage (to give support,
0.66); allow (to perm it an action, 0.56);
support (to uphold, 0.34); recognize (to
acknow ledge the legality o f a govern­
ment, 0.33); acquiesce (0.25); allow (to
grant a request or assertion, 0.25); clap
(to applaud, 0.25); acknow ledge (to
ARM
recognize the authority of, 0.20); like
(to be fond of, 0.20); urge (to present
favourably, 0.18); adm it (to acknow l­
edge, 0.17).
A P P R O X IM A T E (2) rival (0.56); resem­
ble (0.22).
A R B IT R A T E (4) arbitrate (1.00); strike
(to refuse to work, 0.86); decide (0.53);
intercede (0.50).
A R C H (4) arch (1.00); bend (to force out
o f a straight line, 0.85); round (to make
round, 0.71); roll (to m ake into a roll,
0.44).
A R G U E (18) argue (to endeavour to
co n v in ce, 1.00); argue (to discuss,
1.00); argue (to quarrel, 1.00); discuss
(0.95); reason (to discuss persuasively,
0 .9 1 ); o p p o se (to h o ld a co n tra ry
opinion, 0.79); controvert (to argue
about, 0.75); squabble (0.75); declare
(to speak form ally and emphatically,
0.59); plead (to discuss in court, 0.58);
answ er (to m ove in response, 0.47);
involve (0.33); talk (to converse, 0.30);
diverge (to disagree, 0.25); haggle (to
bargain, 0.25); quarrel (0.23); bicker
(0.20); consult (0.10).
A R IS E (12) arise (to get up, 1.00); arise
(to ascend, 1.00); arise (to result, 1.00);
begin (to com e into being or start func­
tioning, 0.86); emanate (to begin, 0.75);
a p p e a r (to b e c o m e v isib le , 0 .7 3 );
happen (to occur, 0.60); m ount (to rise,
0.50); w ake (to becom e awake, 0.40);
aw ake (to arouse from sleep, 0.33);
grow (to begin, 0.25); surge (to rise,
0.25).
A R M to furnish w ith arms (6) arm (to
equip, 1.00); arm (to equip with w eap­
ons, 1.00); strengthen (0.78); crown (to
em pow er with a crown, 0.58); intrench
AROUSE
(to prepare for attack, 0.50); prepare (to
make oneself ready, 0.17).
A R O U S E (29) arouse (1.00); anger (to
arouse som eone to anger, 0.97); incite
(0.96); excite (to stir one mentally, 0.91);
inspirit (0.75); kindle (to excite, 0.75);
pique (to excite, 0.75); prom pt (to insti­
gate, 0.75); rouse (to w aken, 0.75); dis­
turb (to upset mental calm, 0.70); w ake
(to w aken another, 0.63); anim ate (to
incite, 0.50); aw aken (to excite, 0.50);
fillip (to stimulate, 0.50); motivate (0.41);
a w a k e n (to a ro u se a n o th e r, 0 .4 0 );
fascinate (0.37); anim ate (to give life
to, 0.33); quicken (to com e or bring to
life, 0.29); revive (to take on new life,
0.27); g o ad (0.26); ac tiv a te (0.25);
agitate (0.25); enkindle (to stim ulate,
0.25); evoke (to arouse, 0.25); galva­
nize (to anim ate, 0.25); provoke (to
incite, 0.25); drive (to urge on, 0.22);
overestim ate (0.13).
A R R A IG N (9) arraign (1.00); accuse
(0.88); denounce (0.81); impeach (0.80);
cite (to su m m o n , 0 .5 0 ); su b p o e n a
(0.50); indict (0.33); bring (to initiate a
legal action, 0.27); upbraid (0.27).
A R R A N G E (47) arrange (to put in order,
1.00); arrange (to m ake arrangem ents,
1.00); classify (0.98); list (to enter in a
list, 0.97); order (to put in order, 0.97);
organize (to put in order, 0.95); regulate
(to adjust, 0.95); negotiate (to m ake
arrangem ents for, 0.94); form (to give
shape to a thing, 0.92); prepare (to m ake
o n eself ready, 0.91); adjust (to bring to
an agreem ent, 0.90); treat (to deal w ith
a subject, 0.90); load (to place a load,
0.89); compile (0.82); systematize (0.82);
tabulate (0.80); align (to adjust, 0.75);
fit (to m ake suitable, 0.75); harm onize
-20- ARRIVE
(to render harm onic, 0.75); lay (to put
in order, 0.75); accom modate (to render
a service, 0.69); bargain (to negotiate,
0.67); m ake (to prepare, 0.67); heap (to
place in a heap, 0.62); line (to arrange
in a line, 0.58); com b (0.57); edit (to
prepare for publication, 0.57); w ait (to
attend at table, 0.56); pack (to stow
com pactly, 0.54); assort (0.50); get (to
prepare, 0.50); index (0.50); place (to
put in order, 0.50); reconcile (to adjust,
0.50); score (to com pose a m usical ac­
com panim ent, 0.50); paragraph (0.33);
range (to place in order, 0.33); contrive
(to su c c e e d w ith d ifficu lty , 0.31);
codify (0.25); file (to arrange in order,
0.25); group (0.25); orchestrate (0.25);;
set (to place, 0.25); stipulate (0.25);
display (to present for effect, 0.16);
straig h ten (0.14); choose (to select,:
0.13).
A R R A Y (7) clothe (0.78); arm (to equip
with weapons, 0.50); festoon (0.50); line
(to arrange in a line, 0.42); w ear (to use
as clothing or personal ornament, 0.40);;
e m b a ttle (0 .2 5 ); d re ss (to p u t on
clothes, 0.20).
A R R E S T (13) arrest (to seize legally,'
1.00); arrest (to stop, 1.00); prevent
(0.81); hinder (0.80); halt (to cause to:
cease, 0.75); stop (to cause to cease,;
0.75); delay (to cause a delay, 0.59);:
s e i/e (to take by force, 0.47); accuse;
(0.41); occupy (to absorb attention,'
0.36); stop (to prevent, 0.25); whistle;
(to call w ith a w histle, 0.14); suspend!
(to cease temporarily, 0.05). |
A R R IV E (10) arrive (to com e to a place,!
1.00); happen (to occur, 0.87); disem-[
bark (0.75); report (to present o n eself
0.75); appear (to present oneself pub-j
ARROGATE -21-
licly, 0.67); fall (to occur, 0.67); land (to
bring an airplane to earth, 0.60); appear
(to become visible, 0.36); emerge (0.33);
land (to go ashore, 0.33).
A R R O G A T E (3) seize (to take by force,
0.50); assum e (to take, 0.25); receive
(to take into o n e ’s charge, 0.13).
A R T IC U L A T E (10) articulate (to speak
clearly, 1.00); articulate (to join, 1.00);
utter (0.86); enunciate (to pronounce
distinctly, 0.75); intone (0.75); sound
(to pronounce, 0.75); em phasize (0.70);
sp e a k (to c o m m u n ic a te , 0 .5 0 );
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.25); form (to give shape to a thing,
0 .02).
A S C E N D (1 4 ) a s c e n d (to r is e ,
1.00);ascend (to clim b, 1.00); rise (to
move upw ard, 0.94); clam ber (0.75);
m ount (to clim b, 0.75); m ount (to rise,
0.75); scale (to climb, 0.75); clim b (to
mount, 0.71); step (0.67); rocket (0.29);
prom ote (to advance in rank, 0.27);
pitch (to slope abruptly, 0.25); shin
(0.25); strengthen (0.07).
A SC ERTA IN (13) ascertain (1.00); dis­
cover (to find, 0.94); define (to provide
a nam e or description ,0 .8 9 ); find (to
discover, 0.75); trace (to discover by
investigation, 0.75); assume (to take for
granted, 0.68); determ ine (to find out
the facts, 0.67); establish (to determine,
0.67); tell (to deduce, 0.56); hear (to
receive inform ation orally, 0.55); learn
(to find out, 0.50); learn (to acquire
mentally, 0.31); value (to set a price
upon, 0.11).
ASCRIBE (5) refer (to mention, 0.87); at­
tribute (0.86); impute (to attribute, 0.75);
attach (to attribute, 0.25); com plain (to
express an objection, 0.11).
ASSAULT
A S E P T IC IZ E (1) sterilize (0.88).
A SE P T IF Y (1) sterilize (0.75).
A SE X U A L IZ E (1) castrate (0.77).
A S K (13) ask (to inquire, 1.00); ask (to
solicit,, 1.00); ask (to expect, 1.00); ask
(to invite, 1.00); im p o rtu n e (0.75);
p ro p o sitio n (0.75); urge (to induce,
0.75); sum m on (to call, 0.72); bid (to
invite, 0.50); crave (to beg, 0.50); inter­
rogate (0.50); invite (to ask guests,
0.50); call (to invite, 0.25).
A SP E R S E (7) slander (0.87); scold (0.81);
scandalize (0.54); depreciate (to lower
in reputation, 0.47); upbraid (0.42);
ce n su re (0 .2 1 ); b ap tize (to cleanse
sacramentally, 0.14).
A SP H A L T (1) pave (0.67).
A S P H Y X IA T E (4) choke (to deprive o f
air, 0.92); strangle (to smother, 0.75);
kill (to deprive o f life, 0.48); drown (to
kill or to die by drowning, 0.33).
A S P IR E (4) aspire (1.00); w ant (to de­
sire, 0.67); try (to endeavour, 0.33);
hope (0.13).
A SSA IL (14) assail (1.00); raid (0.96); at­
tack (to assault (of an individual), 0.93);
o p p o se (to fig h t, 0.83); assau lt (to
attack, 0.75); charge (to attack, 0.75);
attack (to fig h t o ffen siv ely (arm y),
0.68); w aylay (0.67); attempt (to attack,
0.50);.thrust (to attack, 0.33); infest (to
sw arm , 0.31); beset (0.25); upbraid
(0.22); impugn (0.17).
A S S A S S IN A T E (5) assassinate (1.00);
kill (to deprive o f life, 0.91); remove (to
kill, 0.75); m urder (to kill unlawfully,
0.50); slay (0.20).
A SS A U L T (16) assault (to attack, 1.00);
assault (to rape, 1.00); attack (to fight
offensively (arm y), 0.97); oppose (to
fight, 0.88); attem pt (to attack, 0.75);
ASSAY
assail (0.67); engage (to attack, 0.67);
thrust (to attack, 0.67); rape (0.60); raid
(0.52); bom bard (0.50); charge (to at­
tack, 0.50); b esieg e (0.33); com bat
(0.33); force (to rape, 0.25); force (to
break open, 0.20).
A SSAY (9) assay (1.00); value (to set a
price upon, 0.74); try (to test, 0.67);
venture (0.64); examine (to inspect with
care, 0.30); appraise (to set a price on,
0.25); calculate (to estim ate, 0.25); rate
(to rank, 0.07); estim ate (to m ake a
rough guess, 0.05).
A S S E M B L E (20) assem ble (to com e to­
gether, 1.00); assem ble (to bring to ­
gether, 1.00); assem ble (to put together,
1.00); gather (to com e together, 0.95);
concentrate (to bring or com e together,
0.93); accum ulate (to am ass, 0.81);
mobilize (0.75); produce (to make, 0.75);
rejoin (0.75); join (to unite, 0.72); build
(to co n stru c t, 0.64); c lu ste r (0 .50);
collect (to com e together, 0.50); form
(to give shape to a thing, 0.47); collect
(to obtain specim ens, 0.33); collate (to
check, 0.25); forgather (0.25); com pile
( 0 .2 3 ) ; o r g a n iz e (to fo rm an
o rg an izatio n , 0.19); u n ite (to com e
together, 0.19).
A S S E N T (9) nod (to m ake a nodding
m o v em en t, 0.93); ac co rd (to be in
ag reem ent, 0.75); rec o g n ize (to ac­
know ledge, 0.75); adopt (to vote ac­
ceptance, 0.50); consent (0.50); yield
(to grant, 0.30); obey (to act in accord­
ance w ith orders, 0.29); adm it (to ac­
knowledge, 0.28); contract (to enter into
an agreement, 0.07).
A S S E R T (24) assert (to say positively,
1.00);assert (to maintain, 1.00); declare
(to speak form ally and em phatically,
-22- ASSIGN
0.98); vouch (0.95); affirm (0.75); predi­
cate (0.75); sw ear (to declare, 0.75);
testify (to declare, 0.75); voice (0.75);
com m ent (to m ake a rem ark, 0.58);
ex claim (0.57); p ropose (to m ake a
suggestion, 0.52); posit (to state, 0.50);
state (0.50); say (0.47); com m unicate
(to im part information, 0.34); challenge
(to claim , 0.33); utter (0.32); read (to
contain w hen read, 0.29); avow (0.25);
pronounce (to speak formally, 0.25);
notify (to provide w ith inform ation,
0.24); tell (to inform , 0.10); sw ear (to
take an oath, 0.09).
A SSE SS (12) assess (to tax, 1.00); assess
(to estim ate, 1.00); value (to set a price
upon, 0.84); appraise (to set a price on,
0.75); tax (to cause to pay a tax, 0.67);
estim ate (to calculate probable costs,
0.54); gage (0.50); price (0.50); value
(to estim ate, 0.50); rate (to rank, 0.43);
evaluate (0.25); estim ate (to m ake a
rough guess, 0.10).
A SSE V E R A T E (4) promise (to give one’s
w ord, 0.65); vouch (0.59); utter (0.25);
declare (to speak formally and emphati­
cally, 0.20).
A S S IG N (28) assign (to delegate to a
sp e c ific p u rp o se, 1.00); assig n (to
distribute, 1.00);assign (to designate,
1.00); appropriate (to provide money,
0.90); restrict (to hold w ithin limits,
0.82); give (to allot, 0.75); separate (to
classify, 0.75); place (to put in a place,
0.67); rank (to evaluate, 0.67); edit (to
prepare for publication, 0.64); delegate
(to give authority to another, 0.55);
com m ission (0.50); dispense (to distrib­
ute, 0.50); im pute (to attribute, 0.50);
attribute (0.43); designate (to specify,
0.40); refer (to direct, 0.40); distribute
ASSIMILATE -23-
(to allot, 0.37); contribute (to give, 0.36);
let (to a w a rd ; s a id e s p e c ia lly o f
contracts, 0.33); order (to put in order,
0.29); send (to deliver, 0.27); issue (to
distribute, 0.25); trust (to place in the
protection o f another, 0.25); share (to
divide, 0.20); dedicate (to set apart for
special use, 0.17); define (to provide a
name or description , 0.14); enlist (to
request assistance, 0.09).
A SSIM IL A T E (5) assim ilate (to absorb,
1.00); assim ilate (to adjust, 1.00); as­
sim ilate (to understand, 1.00); absorb
(to take in by absorption, 0.50); m erge
(0.19).
A SSIST (19) assist (to assist, 1.00); help
(to aid, 0.96); support (to uphold, 0.84);
promote (to further, 0.76); abet (to help,
0.75); contribute (to aid, 0.75); oblige
(to accom m odate, 0.75); squire (0.75);
remedy (0.72); com fort (to m ake easy
physically, 0.68); aid (0.50); expedite
(0.50); profit (to be o f benefit, 0.50);
prompt (to help, 0.50); serve (to help,
0.50); succour (0.50); encourage (to
give support, 0.48); accom m odate (to
render a se rv ic e, 0.44); re lie v e (to
lessen; said especially o f pain, 0.06).
A SSOCIATE (18) associate (to combine,
1.00); associate (to form an organiza­
tion, 1.00); associate (to relate, 1.00);
attach (to attribute, 0.75); com pare (to
liken, 0.70); relate (to connect, 0.67);
im plicate (to involve, 0.60); involve
(0.53); yoke (0.53); equate (to compare,
0.50); fraternize (0.50); link (0.50); refer
(to m ention, 0.40); gather (to com e
together, 0.37); consort (to join, 0.25);
correlate (to relate, 0.25); unite (to come
together, 0.22); belong (to be properly
placed, 0.07).
ASTONISH
A S S O R T (5) assort (1.00); group (0.50);
sort (0.50); grade (0.33); classify (0.13).
A S S U A G E (13) assuage (to alleviate,
1.00); assuage (to calm, 1.00); assuage
(to satisfy, 1.00); comfort (to make easy
physically, 0.95); relieve (to lessen; said
especially o f pain, 0.94); reconcile (to
bring into harmony, 0.85); satisfy (to
fulfill, 0.82); soften (to make soft, 0.82);
lighten (to ease, 0.75); quiet (to make
calm , 0.64 ); p alliate (0.60); soothe
(0 .6 0 ); ease (to lessen p ressu re or
tension, 0.56).
A S S U M E (1 9 ) a ssu m e (to ta k e fo r
g ran te d , 1 .0 0 );a ssu m e (to p reten d ,
1.00); assum e (to take, 1.00); deduce
(0.75); overact (0.75); affect (to pretend,
0.67); postdate (to anticipate, 0.67);
usurp (0.67); adopt (to take as o n e’s
own, 0.62); anticipate (to foresee, 0.50);
d eem (0.50 ); take (to adopt, 0.50);
simulate (0.48); imitate (to mimic, 0.36);
borrow (to adopt, 0.33); receive (to take
into o n e’s charge, 0.22); adm it (to ac­
k now led g e, 0.07); hope (0.06); say
(0.06).
A SSU R E (16) assure (to guarantee, 1.00);
assure (to convince, 1.00); assure (to
prom ise, 1.00); assure (to encourage,
1.00); certify (to give assurance, 0.75);
guarantee (to certify, 0.72); w arrant (to
guarantee, 0.67); convince (0.50); en­
sure (0.50); g u aran tee (to prom ise,
0.50); indem nify (to answer for, 0.50);
vouch (0.36); persuade (to influence,
0.33); prom ise (to give o n e ’s word,
0.27); prom ise (to appear prom ising,
0.25); declare (to speak form ally and
emphatically, 0.07).
A S T O N IS H (12) astonish (1.00); surprise
(to am aze, 0.95); hit (to astound, 0.75);
ASTOUND -24-
confuse (0.71); am aze (0.60); dazzle
(0.50); dum bfound (0.50); stupefy (to
amaze, 0.50); galvanize (to startle, 0.25);
petrify (to frighten, 0.25); startle (0.25);
disturb (to upset m ental calm , 0.07).
A ST O U N D (10) astound (1.00); suiprise
(to am aze, 0.89); disturb (to upset m en­
tal calm, 0.78); stupefy (to amaze, 0.75);
excite (to stir one mentally, 0.41); shock
(to disturb o n e ’s sense o f propriety,
0.38); frighten (to alarm, 0.29); astonish
(0 .2 5 ); shock (to d istu rb o n e ’s s e lf
control, 0.25); am aze (0.20).
A STRON A V IG A TE (1) leave (to go away,
0.04).
A T O M IZ E (2) disintegrate (to break up,
0.85); grind (to pulverize, 0.09).
A T O N E (3) apologize (0.86); shrive (to
confess, 0.50); propitiate (0.25).
A T R O P H Y (1) decay (0.35).
A T TA C H (23) attach (to join, 1.00);attach
(to seize, 1.00); attach (to attribute,
1.00); attach (to assign, 1.00); fasten
(to m ak e so m e th in g se c u re , 0 .78);
adhere (to stick to, 0.67); hang (to sus­
pend, 0.67); hold (to adhere, 0.67); jo in
(to unite, 0.64); stick (to rem ain fas­
ten ed , 0.64); fascin ate (0.55); affix
(0.50); annex (0.50); b ind (to hold to­
gether or in place, 0.50); chain (to fas­
ten, 0.50); thread (to connect, 0.50);
yoke (0.42); assign (to delegate to a
specific purpose, 0.33); tie (to fasten,
0.33); anchor (to make fast, 0.25); cleave
(to stick, 0.25); connect (to jo in , 0.25);
accum ulate (to am ass, 0.19).
A T TA C K (20) attack (to fight offensively
(arm y), 1.00);attack (to assault (o f an
individual), 1.00);attack (to assail with,
1.00); attack (to proceed vigorously,
1.00); oppose (to fight, 0.85); assault
ATTEND
(to rape, 0.75); accuse (0.69); fight (to
engage in an encounter, 0.68); impugn
(0.67); rape (0.65); censure (0.63); war
(0.55); dam n (to disapprove strongly, j
0.50); encounter (to m eet in conflict,!
0.50); force (to rape, 0.50); slander j
(0.47); depreciate (to low er in reputa -1
tion, 0.43); blacken (to sm irch, 0.25); I
contest (to fight, 0.20); com plain (to j
express an objection, 0.08). \
A T T A IN (13) attain (1.00); earn (to re-1
ceive in paym ent, 0.90); succeed (to[
attain success, 0.88); find (to achieve, |
0.75); gain (to achieve, 0.75); win (tof
reach, 0.75); reach (to extend to, 0.67); [
obtain (to gain possession, 0.65); take!
(to acquire, 0.50); come (to arrive, 0.33); j
stand (to be o f a certain height, 0.33); i
touch (to com e into a contact with,;
0.33); average (to do on an average,!
0.21).
A T T E M P T (11) attem pt (to try, 1.00);:
attem pt (to attack, 1.00); try (to en­
deavour, 0.94); venture (0.93); endeav­
our (0.75); offer (to try, 0.75); pursue;
(to seek, 0.50); dare (to be courageous,!
0.44); seek (to try, 0.33); chance (to take;
a chance, 0.27); strive (0.25).
A T T E N D (35) attend (to go w ith, 1.00);
attend (to go to, 1.00); nurse (0.94);!
dress (to give medical treatment, 0.89);:
treat (to assist tow ard a cure, 0.88);
heal (to cure, 0.86); listen (to endeavour;
to hear, 0.86); accom pany (to go with,;
0.85); aw ait (0.75); court (to seek fa-!
vour, 0.75); lead (to conduct, 0.71);[
occupy (to absorb attention, 0.71); carej
(to be concerned, 0.67); doctor (0.67);!
help (to assist in recovery, 0.67); watch}
(to be attentive, 0.64); convoy (0.50)|
escort (0.50); hearken (0.50); keep (to;
ATTENUATE -25-
tend, 0.50); serve (to serve at table,
0.50); regard (to look at, 0.43); guard
(to w atch over, 0.40); date (to court or
be courted, 0.33); heel (0.33); m ind (to
give o n e ’s attention, 0.33); rem edy
(0.33); take (to escort, 0.33); concen­
trate (to e m p lo y all o n e ’s m e n ta l
powers, 0.25); conduct (to guide, 0.25);
tend (to w atch over, 0.21); look (to en­
deavour to see, 0.20); respect (to treat
with consideration, 0.20); follow (to
reg u late o n e ’s ac tio n , 0 .1 3 ); g ree t
(0.06).
A TTEN U A TE (3) grind (to pulverize,
0.78); decrease (to make less, 0.46); thin
(0 . 11).
ATTEST (12) guarantee (to certify, 0.94);
vouch (0.86); prove (0.76); show (to
dem onstrate, 0.75); testify (to bare
witness, 0.67); certify (to state formally,
0.50); testify (to declare, 0.50); sw ear
(to take an oath , 0 .3 6 ); assu re (to
g u a ra n te e , 0 .3 3 ); c e rtify (to g iv e
assurance, 0.25); m aintain (to assert,
0.25); substantiate (to prove, 0.25).
ATTIRE (3) clothe (0.96); w ear (to use as
clothing or personal ornam ent, 0.50);
dress (to put on clothes, 0.40).
A T T IT U D IN IZ E (2) pose (to assum e a
pose for a picture, 0.50); posture (0.25).
A TTR A CT (21) attract (to draw, 1.00);
attract (to allure, LOO); draw (to m ove
an object, 0.86); court (to w oo, 0.82);
enlist (to request assistance, 0.82); en­
gross (to occupy o n e ’s m ind, 0.75);
focus (to draw tow ard a centre, 0.75);
lure (to draw, 0.75); fascinate (0.73);
seduce (0.71); ravish (to charm , 0.57);
bait (to lure, 0.50); capture (to seize
figuratively, 0.50); ingratiate (0.50); urge
(to induce, 0.41); vam p (to seduce,
AUTHOR
especially a m an, 0.33); entice (0.25);
intrigue (0.25); magnetize (0.25); excite
(to activate, 0.23); centre (0.06).
A T T R IB U T E (2) attribute (1.00); refer (to
mention, 0.80).
A T TU N E (5) attune (to adjust, 1.00); tune
(0.50); agree (0.46); balance (to place
in balance, 0.18); use (to make a practice
o f (in past), 0.11).
A U C T IO N (2) sell (to convey for a con­
sideration, 0.75); vend (0.25).
A U D IT (5) audit (1.00); exam ine (to in­
spect w ith care, 0.52); balance (to dem ­
onstrate balance, 0.47); contemplate (to
look at, 0.24); inventory (0.09).
A U G M E N T (21) augm ent (to increase,
1.00); augm ent (to grow, 1.00); gain (to
in crease, 0 .7 5 ); su p p lem en t (0.69);
grow (to becom e larger, 0.67); pad (to
increase, 0.67); develop (to improve,
0.64); increase (to add to, 0.63); amplify
(0.60); inflate (to distend, 0.56); rise (to
increase, 0.55); im prove (to becom e
better, 0.53); aggravate (to make worse,
0.50); enlarge (to cause to increase,
0.5 0 ); ex p a n d (0 .5 0 ); m u ltip ly (to
increase, 0.50); feed (0.48); lengthen
(to m ake longer, 0.21); intensify (0.19);
strengthen (0.17); fatten (to m ake fat,
0.14).
A U G U R (4) augur (LOO); presage (0.75);
forecast (to foresee, 0.50); foretell (0.38).
A U SC U L T A T E (1) hear (to perceive by
ear, 0.67).
A U SPIC A TE (1) foretell (0.56).
A U TH E N TIC A T E (4) prove (0.90); verify
(0 .7 3 ); c o n firm (to p ro v e , 0 .5 0 );
establish (to prove, 0.50).
A U T H O R (3) p ro d u ce (to create by
m ental effort, 0.83); invent (to create or
discover, 0.28); create (to make, 0.08).
AUTHORIZE
A U T H O R IZ E (30) authorize (to allow,
1.00); authorize (to approve, 1.00); del­
eg ate (to give au th o rity to another,
0.95); crown (to em power with a crown,
0.92); command (to issue an order, 0.91);
a s s ig n (to d e le g a te to a s p e c if ic
p u rp o se, 0.89); co m m issio n (0.87);
charter (to license, 0.75); entitle (to
perm it, 0.75); legalize (0.75); delegate
(to give duties to another, 0.67); enable
(0.64); administer (to minister, 0.63); hire
(to e m p lo y , 0 .5 8 ); c o n s titu te (to
em power, 0.50); designate (to appoint,
0.50); em pow er (0.50); enfranchise (to
empower, 0.50); license (0.50); sanction
(0.50); w ill (to exert o n e ’s w ill, 0.50);
organize (to form an organization, 0.46);
suffer (to permit, 0.46); tolerate (to allow,
0.33); approve (to give approval, 0.32);
enact (to legislate, 0.32); com m it (to en­
tru st, 0.27); co n sig n (to p u t in the
charge of, 0.25); establish (to set up in
a formal manner, 0.25); allow (to perm it
an action, 0.15).
A U T O G R A P H (1) write (to set dow n in
writing, 0.22).
A U TO M A T E (1) mechanize (0.17).
AVAIL (7) suffice (0.50); accom m odate
(to re n d e r a se rv ic e, 0.31); b e n e fit
(0.25); profit (to be o f benefit, 0.25);
su c c e e d (to a tta in su c c e s s , 0 .1 4 );
satisfy (to fulfill, 0.12); prom ote (to
further, 0.08).
AV EN G E (1) avenge (1.00).
A V ER (4) guarantee (to certify, 0.83); de­
clare (to speak form ally and em phati­
cally, 0.76); assure (to guarantee, 0.67);
hold (to believe, 0.50).
A V E R A G E (4) average (to com pute an
average, 1.00); average (to do on an
av erage, 1.00); equate (to equalize,
-26- AWAKE
0.67); m easure (to apply a standard of
m easurem ent, 0.26).
A V E R T (9) avert (to turn away, 1.00);
avert (to prevent, 1.00); vouch (0.91);
defend (to keep off an enemy, often fig.,
0.65); prevent (0.53); divert (to deflect,
0.33); turn (to divert, 0.27); keep (to
prevent, used w ith from, 0.25); veer
(0.15).
A V IA TE (1) fly (to m anage a plane in the
air, 0.67).
A V OID (13) avoid (1.00); fear (to antici­
pate personal danger, 0.87); evade (to
use trick ery to avoid a sharp issue,
0.77); abstain (0.72); miss (to fail to use,
0.67); escape (0.63); refrain (0.50); turn
(to divert, 0.47); avert (to prevent, 0.33);
quibble (0.33); scorn (to refuse as a
m atter o f principle, 0.33); retreat (to
execute a forced retirem ent in battle,
0.20); dislike (0.14).
A V O U C H (1) plead (to discuss in court,
0.25).
A V O W to put one to a vow or oath; to
devote; to consecrate; to dedicate (10);
avow (1.00); sw ear (to take an oath,j
0.91); profess (0.75); declare (to speak
formally and emphatically, 0.73); reveal
(to divulge, 0.73); adm it (to acknowl­
edge, 0.62); curse (to sw ear, 0.57);
confess (to profess, 0.25); adm it (to
confess, 0.19); vouch (0.09).
A V O W to ow n or acknow ledge (a per­
son) as o n e ’s own (1) declare (to admit
to o n e ’s possessions, 0.69).
A W A IT (6) aw ait (1.00); approach (to
com e near in time, 0.63); ask (to expect,
0 .5 0 ); ex p e ct (to an ticip ate , 0.50);
forestall (to anticipate, 0.50); anticipate
(to foresee, 0.17).
A W A K E (6) awake (to arouse from sleep,
AWAKEN
LOO); aw ake (to awaken another, 1.00);
awaken (to arouse another, 0.80); w ake
(to becom e awake, 0.80); revive (to take
on new life, 0.55); rouse (to w aken,
0.25).
AWAKEN (5) awaken (to arouse another,
1.00); aw aken (to excite, 1.00); call (to
arouse, 0.50); w ake (to w aken another,
0.50); stir (to excite, 0.25).
AWARD (6) aw ard (1.00); give (to trans­
fer, 0.70); confer (to grant as a gift, 0.50);
grant (to bestow, 0.50); decide (0.41);
offer (to present, 0.23).
AWE (3) im press (to com m and respect,
0.75); intim idate (0.50); frighten (to
alarm, 0.26).
B disturb (to upset m ental calm, 0.65);
BABBLE (6) babble (1.00); ram ble (to
speak or w rite aimlessly, 0.59); jab b er
(to m ake a chattering sound, 0.50);
m urm ur (to m ake a low continuous
sound, 0.50); sound (to m ake a noise,
0.36); gossip (0.33).
BABY (5) baby (1.00); hum our (0.80);
pamper (0.73); coddle (to pamper, 0.25);
mollycoddle (0.25).
BABYSIT (1) guard (to watch over, 0.27).
BA CK (19) back (to push backw ard,
1.00);back (to further, 1.00); back (to
equip w ith a back, 1.00); support (to
provide for, 0.89); retreat (to retire,
0.86); wad (0.75); interline (to put in an
interlining, 0.73); prom ote (to further,
0.68); defend (to support an accused
person, 0.67); face (to put facing on
goods, 0.60); prove (0.48); recom m end
(to lend support or approval, 0.44);
frame (to enclose in a frame, 0.29); en­
courage (to give support, 0.28); subsi­
dize ( 0 .2 5 ); h e lp (to a id , 0 .2 1 );
-27- BATT
strengthen (0.20); guarantee (to give
security, 0.14); gam ble (to play for
money, 0.13).
B A C K B IT E (3) scandalize (0.82); censure
(0.66); slander (0.17).
B A C K F IR E (4) backfire (to explode,
1.00); backfire (to go awry, 1.00); ex­
plode (to burst, 0.69); change (to be­
com e different, 0.31).
B A C K L A S H (1) bounce (to rebound,
0.13).
B A C K SL ID E (5) backslide (1.00); regress
(0.75); relapse (0.64); decline (to de­
crease, 0.25); fail (to be unsuccessful,
0.06).
B A C K T R A C K (1) retreat (to retire, 0.10).
B A D G E R (7) badger (1.00); hound (0.75);
m olest (to disturb people, 0.60); bother
(to give trouble, 0.58); frighten (to
alarm, 0.52); bluster (0.12).
B A F F L E (13) baffle (to confuse, 1.00);
baffle (to hinder, 1.00); defeat (to get
the better o f another, 0.95); bedevil
(0.75); hinder (0.75); nonplus (0.75);
outw it (0.75); evade (to use trickery to
avoid a sharp issue, 0.65); beat (to
perplex, 0.50); halt (to cause to cease,
0.33); disappoint (0.26); bam boozle (to
perplex, 0.25); confuse (0.21).
B A G (4) bag (1.00); steal (0.92); sack
(0.75); ransack (to loot, 0.17).
B A IL to lade or throw water out of a boat
(5) bail (to dip, 1.00); bail (to empty,
1.00); lade (to dip, 0.50); em pty (to
cause to becom e empty, 0.33); scoop
(0.25).
B A IS E R (l) kiss (0.25).
B A IT (10) bait (to provide with a lure,
1.00); bait (to torm ent, 1.00); bait (to
lure, 1.00); persecute (to oppress, es­
BAKE -28-
pecially for religious reasons, 0.83);
an g er (to arouse so m eone to anger,
0.70); seduce (0.62); m olest (to disturb
p e o p le , 0.5 6 ); d eco y (0 .5 0 ); tem p t
(0.41); mislead (0.14).
B A K E (7) bake (to cook, 1.00); bake (to
harden, 1.00); tem per (to toughen or
harden, 0.79); overheat (0.67); broil
(0.50); harden (to m ake less pervious,
0.50); cook (0.41).
B A L A N C E (16) balance (to offset, 1.00);
b alan ce (to place in balance, 1.00);
balance (to dem onstrate balance, 1.00);
offset (0.94); equalize (0.89); adjust (to
place or regulate parts, 0.85); com pare
(to exam ine on a com parative basis,
0.79); scale (to m easure, 0.75); refund
(to return, 0.63); contrast (to indicate a
contrast, 0.50); right (to m ake upright,
0.50); equate (to equalize, 0.33); m atch
(to find or m ake equals, 0.33); pair
(0 .2 5 ); w e ig h (to c o n s id e r, 0 .2 5 );
hesitate (0.06).
B A L E to throw or scoop o ff w ater (1)
dip (to transfer by m eans o f a vessel,
0.67).
B A L K to m iss; to refuse; to avoid (11)
balk (to refuse, 1.00); balk (to frustrate,
1.00); disobey (0.96); halt (to cause to
cease, 0.85); defeat (to get the better o f
another, 0.76); hinder (0.73); hesitate
(0.61); prevent (0.47); frustrate (0.25);
tem porize (0.25); disappoint (0.15).
B A L L A S T (2) trim (to prepare for sail­
ing, 0.75); load (to place a load, 0.16).
B A L L O T to vote by depositing sm all
balls into an urn or box (1) vote (0.88).
B A L O O N (3) baloon (1.00); inflate (to
distend, 0.69); swell (0.43).
B A M B O O Z L E (2) bam boozle (to cheat,
1.00); bam boozle (to perplex, 1.00).
BANK
BA N (11) ban (1.00); bar (to obstruct by
refusal, 0.93); disallow (0.75); damn (to
consign to hell, 0.71); curse (to pro­
nounce a religious curse, 0.67); com ­
m and (to issue an order, 0.55); with­
draw (to rem ove from use or circula­
tion, 0.45); exclude (to bar, 0.33); out­
law (0.33); taboo (0.20); forbid (0.11).
B A N D to furnish w ith a band; to bind; to
co m e to g e th e r (1) u n ite (to come
together, 0.33).
B A N D A G E (6) bandage (1.00); dress (to
give m edical treatm ent, 0.67); swathe
(0.50); bind (to dress, 0.25); wrap (to
tw ine or w ind, 0.11); w ind (to wrap
about, 0.10).
B A N D Y (1) exchange (to replace one
thing w ith another, 0.10).
B A N G (13) bang (to beat, 1.00); bang (to
make a noise, 1.00); clap (to strike, 0.75);i
slam (to shut with a slam, 0.75); ring (toj
cause to sound, 0.73); hit (to strike,!
0.65); sound (to m ake a noise, 0.54);i
crash (to m ake a crashing sound, 0.50);j
ja r (to cause to tremble, 0.41); bump (to!
m ake a bum ping sound, 0.36); click (to!
m ake a clicking sound, 0.25); hammerj
(0.25); ja r (to create discordant sounds, i
0.25).
B A N IS H (13) banish (to condem n to;
e x ile , 1 .0 0 ); b a n is h (to rem ove,
com pletely, 1.00); pro scrib e (0.75);
re le g a te (to rem o v e, 0.75); discard
(0.60); eject (to rem o v e physically,!
0.58); exclude (to expel, 0.50); repudiate j
(to disow n, 0.50); dam n (to consign to:
hell, 0.43); eliminate (to remove, 0.18); |
dism iss (to send away, 0.13); persecute E
(to oppress, especially for religious!
reasons, 0.13); oust (0.07).
B A N K (8) bank (to deposit money, 1.00);!
BANKRUPT
bank (to operate a bank, 1.00);bank (to
heap earth or similar material, 1.00);bank
(to cover a fire for the night, 1.00);
bank (to tilt a curve, 1.00); heap (to
place in a heap, 0.65); d ep o sit (to
present m oney for safekeeping, 0.62);
store (0.55); yaw (0.25).
BA N K RU PT (2) ruin (to cause to become
bankrupt, 0.80); impoverish (0.67).
BANQUET (2) feed (0.61); eat (to take as
food, 0.26).
BANTER (3) banter (1.00); ridicule (0.87);
joke (0.77).
B A P T IZ E (6) b a p tiz e (to c le a n s e
sacramentally, 1.00); baptize (to give a
name, 1.00); bless (to dedicate to God,
0.95); nam e (to give a name, 0.81); con­
vert (to alter convictions, 0.33); dip (to
put into a liquid, 0.05).
BA R (1 7 ) b a r (to r a is e a p h y s ic a l
obstruction, 1.00); bar (to obstruct by
refusal, 1.00); bar (to close, 1.00); bar
(to hinder, 1.00); hinder (0.92); black­
list (0.75); dam (0.73); forbid (0.57);
command (to issue an order, 0.52); close
(to shut, 0.40); w ithdraw (to rem ove
from use or circulation, 0.40); close (to
put a stopper into, 0.38); lock (0.33);
check (to bring under control, 0.29);
delay (to cause a delay, 0.23); fasten
(to m ake so m e th in g se cu re, 0 .04);
prevent (0.03).
BARB (1) point (to sharpen, 0.25).
BARBECUE (4) barbecue (1.00); grill (to
broil, 0.25); roast (0.25); cook (0.22).
BARBER (1) shave (to remove hair, 0.75).
BARE (6) bare (1.00); adm it (to confess,
0.76); expose (to uncover, 0.41); expose
(to en d e a v o u r to a ttra c t a tte n tio n ,
0.33); disarm (to deprive o f w eapons,
0.13); skin (0.06).
- 29 - BASTE
B A R G A IN (1 0 ) b a rg a in (to tra d e ,
1.00);bargain (to negotiate, 1.00); ne­
g o tia te (to m ake arran g em en ts for,
0.88); u nderb id (0.75); contract (to
enter into an agreem ent, 0.53); deal (to
do business with, 0.50); stipulate (0.50);
sell (to con v ey for a consideration,
0.42); p rom ise (to give o n e ’s w ord,
0.38); barter (0.33).
B A R K to em it a d o g ’s ch aracteristic
sound (6) bark (to emit a do g ’s charac­
teristic sound, 1.00); bark (to speak as
though barking, 1.00); cry (to call (not
o f hum an creatures), 0.95); sound (to
m ake a noise, 0.77); grumble (to growl,
0.64); snarl (0.53).
B A R K to form a bark (1) skin (0.13).
B A R N S T O R M (1) electioneer (0.33).
B A R R A G E (1) strafe (0.25).
B A R R IC A D E (6) barricade (1.00); bar (to
raise a p h y sical o b stru ctio n , 0.95);
fortify (to strengthen against attack,
0.75); heap (to place in a heap, 0.50);
halt (to cause to cease, 0.49); obstruct
(to place an obstruction, 0.25).
B A R R O W (1) heap (to place in a heap,
0.42).
B A R T E R (9) barter (1.00); negotiate (to
transfer, 0.75); exchange (to give and
receive reciprocally, 0.71); bargain (to
trade, 0.67); sell (to convey for a con­
sideration, 0.67); trade (to give one
thing for another, 0.67); deal (to do
business w ith, 0.25); m arket (0.25);
swap (0.25).
B A S E to lower; to cast down (1) hum ili­
ate (0.13).
B A SK (1) bask (1.00).
B A ST A R D IZ E (1) bastardize (1.00).
B A ST E to stitch through (3) baste (to
sew tem porarily, 1.00); stitch (0.33);
sew (0.10).
BASTE
B A S T E to beat (1) hurt (to cause pain,
0.19).
B A S T E to m oisture (1) baste (to dress
m eat with fat, 1.00).
B A S T IN A D O (2) beat (to thrash, 0.18);
hurt (to cause pain, 0.15).
BA T to strike with (2) bat (1.00); beat (to
thrash, 0.16).
B A TH E (7) bathe (to cleanse oneself with
liquid, 1.00); bathe (to sink, 1.00); swim
(0.75); im m erse (to put under water,
0.43); clean (0.28); m oisten (0.23); dip
(to put into a liquid, 0.15).
B A T T E N to grow better (4) graze (to pas­
ture, 0.81); prosper (0.62); thrive (to
grow vigorously, 0.36); eat (to take as
food, 0.22).
B A T T E N to furnish or strengthen w ith
b atten s (3) batten (1.00); fasten (to
m ake som ething secure, 0.83); tether
(0.25).
B A T T E R to strike w ith repeated blow s
(11) batter (to strike, 1.00);batter (to
dam age, 1.00); dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.82); butt (to strike w ith the
head, 0.79); beat (to strike repeatedly,
0.75); club (0.75); m utilate (to m aim ,
0.50); sm ash (0.45); w reck (to bring to
ruin, 0.27); beat (to thrash, 0.11); drive
(to force with blow s, 0.07).
B A T T L E to fight; to engage in w ar (10)
oppose (to fight, 0.95); contest (to fight,
0 .8 7 ); w ar (0 .8 2 ); c o m b a t (0 .7 5 );
encounter (to m eet in conflict, 0.75);
m eet (to encounter, 0.71); cam paign (to
fight, 0.67); com pete (0.58); contend
(0.50); argue (to endeavour to convince,
0.18).
BA W L (10) baw l (to m ake a bellow ing
sound, 1.00); bawl (to cry, 1.00); whoop
(0.80); bray (0.75); how l (0.75); yell
-30- BEAR
(0.75); roar (0.59); ciy (to call (not of
hum an creatures), 0.58); lam ent (to
weep, 0.50); caterwaul (0.25).
BAY to bark; to utter (4) bay (1.00); bark
(to em it a d o g ’s characteristic sound,
0.73); roar (0.65); cry (to call (not of
hum an creatures), 0.50).
B A Y O N E T (4) b ay o n e t (1 .0 0 ); stab
(0 .2 0 ); attac k (to fig h t offensively
(arm y ), 0.10); p en etrate (to pierce,
0.04).
B E (9) be (to have being, 1.00); be (to
happen, 1.00); be (to equal, 1.00); be
(to m ean, 1.00); endure (to continue,
0.67); stand (to be o f a certain height,
0.67); lie (to be situated, 0.60); subsist
(0.50); intervene (to happen, 0.33).
BEA D (2) decorate (0.44); drop (to fall in
drops, 0.29).
B E A M (11) beam (to emit, 1.00); beam (to
shine, 1.00); beam (to sm ile, 1.00);
radiate (to shed light or heat, 0.96);
shine (to give forth light, 0.90); smile
(0.83); glare (to shine fiercely, 0.75);
flash (to give forth a light by flash,
0.68); aim (to point a w eapon, 0.56);
laugh (0.35); grin (0.25).
B E A R (34) bear (to carry, 1.00); bear (to
support w eight, 1.00); bear (to suffer,
1.00); w ear (to use as clo th in g or
p e rso n a l o rn am e n t, 0 .9 0 ); ease (to
lessen pressure or tension, 0.89); blow
(to carry on the w ind, 0.75); carry (to ■
su p p o rt w eig h t, 0.75); convey (to
transport, 0.75); receive (to support,
0.75); resist (to w ithstand, 0.75); sus­
tain (to carry, 0.75); tolerate (to endure,
0.75); belong (to be properly placed,
0.71); allow (to permit an action, 0.70);
abide (to subm it to, 0.67); indulge (to
tolerate, 0.67); suffer (to endure, 0.67);
BEARD -3 1 -
afford (to be in a position to buy, 0.57);
carry (to transm it, 0.56); yield (to pro­
duce, 0.56); ca n y (to transport, 0.52);
hatch (to bring forth, 0.50); truss (to
support, 0.50); produce (to bear, 0.47);
undergo (0.45); acq u it (to beh av e,
0.40); bring (to transport, 0.33); under­
lie (0.33); face (to confront conflict or
trouble, 0.28); take (to transport, 0.25);
take (to undergo, 0.25); invent (to cre­
ate or discover, 0.17); include (to con­
tain, 0.07); support (to hold up from
beneath, 0.07).
BEARD (1) face (to confront conflict or
trouble, 0.64).
BEAT (38) beat (to strike repeatedly,
1.00); beat (to thrash, 1.00);beat (to
pulsate, 1.00);beat (to worst, 1.00);beat
(to win, 1.00); beat (to mix, 1.00); beat
(to perplex, 1.00); defeat (to w orst in
sport or in personal com bat, 0.97); hit
(to strike, 0.94); batter (to strike, 0.75);
bruise (0.75); dam age (to cause pain,
0.75); outperform (0.75); sw at (0.75);
throb (0 .7 5 ); m e a su re (to ap p ly a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.74); rout
(0.71); outrun (0.67); top (to exceed,
0.67); ring (to cause to sound, 0.64);
trounce (to defeat, 0 .60); bu ry (to
defeat, 0.50); churn (0.50); outfight
(0.50); pat (to strike lightly, 0.50); smite
(0.50); stir (to mix by stirring, 0.50);
attack (to assault (o f an individual),
0.47); exceed (0.42); p e rse cu te (to
oppress, especially for religious rea­
sons, 0.35); tw itch (to jerk, 0.33); cu ff
(0.25); o u td ista n c e (0.25); ou tp lay
(0.25); take (to win, 0.25); thrash (to free
grain or seed from hulls, 0.22); drive
(to cause to move, 0.20); scar (0.15).
BEATIFY (2) beatify (1.00); bless (to
BEDEW
dedicate to God, 0.37).
B E A U T IF Y (13) beautify (to make beau­
tiful, 1.00); beautify (to im prove the
grounds, LOO); decorate (0.95); adorn
(0.75); m anicure (0.71); trim (to adorn,
0.70); canonize (0.67); flatter (to be
becom ing to a wearer, 0.63); embroider
(to add adornment, 0.50); garnish (0.50);
develop (to improve, 0.45); emblazon (to
decorate, 0.25); hallow (0.25).
B E C A L M (2) becalm (1.00); quiet (to make
calm, 0.29).
B E C K O N (5) beckon (LOO); summon (to
call, 0.89); w ave (to give an alternating
m ovem ent, 0.71); signal (0.30); com ­
m and (to issue an order, 0.23).
B E C L O U D (2) becloud (LOO); confuse
(0.57).
B E C O M E (5) becom e (to come to be,
1.00);becom e (to be suitable, 1.00);
grow (to change slowly, 0.95); shape
(to ta k e sh a p e, 0 .6 7 ); h av e (to be
obliged; used w ith infinitive, 0.25).
BED (4) bed (1.00); copulate (0.45); board
(to take care of, 0.33); fasten (to make
som ething secure, 0.13).
B E D A U B (3) bedaub (1.00); rub (to ap­
ply by rubbing, 0.77); dirty (0.42).
B E D A Z ZL E (2) flash (to give forth a light
by flash, 0.14); shine (to give forth light,
0.14).
B E D E C K (4) bedeck (1.00); decorate
(0.88); elaborate (0.50); em broider (to
add adornm ent, 0.25).
B E D E V IL (6) bedevil (LOO); haunt (to
prey upon, 0.70); confuse (0.52); cru­
cify (to torm ent, 0.50); bother (to give
trouble, 0.10); complicate (0.10).
B E D E W (5) bedew (LOO); springle (0.50);
sprinkle (0.50); spatter (0.42); moisten
(0.15).
BEDI7F.N________________ - 3 2 - ______________________ BELABOUR;
B E D IZ E N (1) decorate (0.93).
B E E T L E to lift up b e e tle b ro w s; to
sc o w l; to p ro je c t; to o v e rh a n g ; to
h an g th re a te n in g ly (fig .) (2) o v e r­
han g (to hang over, 0.67); p ro jec t (to
th ru st out, 0.17).
B E F A L L (9) befall (1.00); happen (to oc­
cur, 0.73); chance (to happen, 0.67);
eventuate (to occur, 0.50); coincide (to
h appen, 0.33); fall (to occur, 0.33);
happen (to be by chance, 0.33); occur
(0.33); transpire (0.25).
B E F IT (3) suit (to be in accord with, 0.50);
becom e (to be suitable, 0.44); fit (to be
suitable in character, 0.21).
B E F O G (3) befog (1.00); confuse (0.09);
shade (to m ake darker, 0.08).
B E F O U L (3) profane (0.78); desecrate
(0.33); dirty (0.26).
B E F R IE N D (10) befriend (1.00); satisfy
(to m ake content, 0.88); sustain (to
defend, 0.80); help (to aid, 0.67); abet
(to help, 0.50); consort (to jo in , 0.50);
defend (to support an accused person,
0 .4 4 ); en c o u ra g e (to g iv e su p p o rt,
0.38); prom ote (to further, 0.26); suc­
cour (0.25).
B E F U D D L E (4) befuddle (1.00); confuse
(0.86); intoxicate (to make drunk, 0.67);
beat (to perplex, 0.25).
B E G (1 0 ) b e g (to a s k e a r n e s tly or
im portunately, 1.00); beg (to ask alms,
1.00); urge (to induce, 0.94); invite (to
ask politely, 0.84); grovel (0.83); entreat
(0.80); postulate (to im plore, 0.75); sue
(0.60); w oo (to court,fig., 0.57); w ish
(to express a desire, 0.17).
B E G E T (7) beget (1.00); breed (to pro­
create, 0.50); have (to bear, 0.50); cre­
ate (to m ake, 0.42); generate (0.40);
reproduce (to m ultiply, 0.40); fertilize
(to impregnate, 0.11).
B E G G A R (1) ruin (to cause to become^
bankrupt, 0.70). j
B E G IN (4) begin (to initiate, 1.00); begin?
(to co m e into b ein g or sta rt func­
tioning, 1.00); undertake (0.69); act (tor
perform an action, 0.53). f
B E G R IM E (1) begrime (1.00). f
B E G R U D G E (3) begrudge (1.00); grudge*
(0.67); envy (0.60). j
B E G U IL E (16) beguile (to deceive, 1.00); [
b eg u ile (to charm , 1.00); fascinate!.
(0.84); infatuate (0.75); entertain (tot
keep others am used, 0.74); vam p (to|
seduce, especially a man, 0.67); bewitch;
(to fascinate, 0.50); pretend (to feign,I
0.50); deceive (0.48); m islead (0.36);j!
charm (to entertain, 0.25); cheat (0.25); j
divert (to amuse, 0.25); distract (to divert j
som eone’s attention from, 0.20); appeal!
(to attract, 0.08); lie (to utter an untruth,!
0.04). I
B E H A V E (5) behave (to act, 1.00); oper*|
ate (to be in operation, 0.76); act (top
conduct o n e s e lf 0.75); m end (to re*|
form , 0.33); react (to act in response,!
0.29). j
B E H E A D (6) behead (1.00); decapitate
(0.75); punish (0.51); kill (to deprive of;
life, 0.43); execute (to put to death, 0.25);;
cut (to sever, 0.24).
B E H O L D (7) behold (1.00); see (to per- j
ceive w ith the eye, 0.91); look (to en­
deavour to see, 0.70); discern (to de­
scry, 0.67); spy (to see, 0.50); witness
(0.50); contem plate (to look at, 0.47). ;
B E H O V E (2) behove (to becom e, 1.00);
becom e (to be suitable, 0.19).
B E JE W E L (1) decorate (0.22).
B E L A B O U R (3) sm ite (0.25); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.14); beat (to thrash, 0.05).
BELCH
B E L C H (1) emit (to discharge, 0.56).
B E L E A G U E R (2) attack (to fight offen­
sively (arm y), 0.81); surround (to take
a position on all sides, 0.22).
B E L IE (4) belie (to m islead, 1.00); belie
(to contradict, 1.00); negate (to contra­
d ic t, 0 .7 5 ); c o r r u p t (to r e n d e r
innacurate, 0.69).
B E L IE V E (4) believe (to accept as true,
1.00); believe (to assume, 1.00); dream
(to conceive m entally; usually used in
the negative, 0.75); hope (0.44).
B E L IT T L E (8) belittle (1.00); depreciate
(to low er in reputation, 0.97); revile
(0.75); sneer (0.59); m ortify (0.25);
scandalize (0.25); d w arf (to cause to
appear small, 0.20); slander (0.20).
B E L L O W (8) bellow (1.00); yell (0.96);
roar (0.94); bay (0.75); w hoop (0.40);
cry (to call (not o f hum an creatures),
0.26); cry (to raise the voice, 0.25); honk
(0.14).
BELLY (2) belly (1.00); fill (to occupy
avaliable space, 0.22).
B E L O N G (4) belong (to be p roperly
placed, 1.00); fit (to be suitable in char­
acter, 0.68); refer (to concern, 0.50); rank
(to possess relative evaluation, 0.14).
BELT (4) circle (0.67); scar (0.62); ring
(to encircle, 0.17); define (to set limits,
0. 10).
BEM OAN (7) bem oan (1.00); sorrow
(0.75); m ourn (to lament, 0.68); cry (to
weep, 0.65); complain (to express grief,
0.50); regret (to be sorry for, 0.20); weep
(0.20).
BEMUSE (1) bemuse (1.00).
BEND (27) bend (to force out o f a straight
line, 1.00); bend (to be forced out o f a
straight line, 1.00); bend (to influence,
1.00); curl (to twist, 0.88); exercise (to
-33- BERATE
m ove the body, 0.88); bow (to submit,
0.80); w rench (0.80); sway (to fluctuate,
0.75); operate (to produce an effect,
0.72); train (to direct growth, 0.71); turn
(to change direction, 0.67); round (to
make round, 0.64); kneel (0.60); nod (to
m ake a nodding m ovem ent, 0.57); roll
(to m ake into a roll, 0.56); arch (0.54);
veer (0.54); fall (to be overthrown, 0.44);
w ave (to m ove back and forth, 0.43);
bank (to tilt a curve, 0.40); dip (to fall,
0.39); soften (to becom e soft, 0.38);
sw erve (0.33); give (to yield under
pressure, 0.29); crouch (to stoop, 0.25);
form (to give shape to a thing, 0.14);
lean (to incline, 0.09).
B E N E F IT (9) benefit (1.00); profit (to de­
rive gain, 0.89); profit (to be o f benefit,
0 .7 5 ); a c c o m m o d a te (to re n d e r a
service, 0.56); succeed (to attain suc­
cess, 0.52); help (to aid, 0.46); operate
(to produce an effect, 0.33); prom ote
(to further, 0.24); prosper (0.23).
B E N U M B (9) benum b (to stupefy, 1.00);
benum b (to deaden, 1.00); stiffen (to
cause to becom e stiff, 0.88); freeze (to
m ake cold, 0.63); deaden (to reduce life
or its evidence, 0.54); drug (0.25); mute
(0.25); stupefy (to stun, 0.25); harden
(to toughen, 0.15).
B E Q U E A T H (8) bequeath (1.00); leave
(to allow to fall to another, 0.83); be­
stow (0.75); give (to transfer, 0.74);
endow (to provide support for all times,
0.67); pay (to give paym ent, 0.38);
donate (0.25); contribute (to give, 0.11).
B E Q U E S T (2) contribute (to give, 0.68);
leave (to allow to fall to another, 0.33).
B E R A T E (5) berate (1.00); scold (0.89);
abuse (to treat badly, 0.76); chasten (to
punish, 0.58); censure (0.34).
BEREAVE
BEREA V E (1) deprive (0.60).
B E R IB B O N (2) trim (to adorn, 0.40);
decorate (0.12).
B E R T H to m ove or place (a ship) in a
suitable position (2) anchor (to drop
an anchor, 0.33); land (to come into port,
0.33).
B E S A IN T (1) canonize (0.83).
B E S E E C H (11) beseech (1.00); beg (to
ask earnestly or im portunately, 0.84);
urge (to induce, 0.81); request (to so­
licit, 0.75); court (to woo, 0.65); implore
(0.50); plead (to beg, 0.50); solicit (to
beg, 0.50); grovel (0.33); supplicate
(0.25); invite (to ask politely, 0.20).
B E S E T (5) beset (1.00); attack (to fight
o ffensively (army), 0.94); haunt (to
prey upon, 0.91); infest (to swarm, 0.69);
suiTOund (to take a position on all sides,
0.44).
B E S IE G E (7) besiege (1.00); attack (to
fight offensively (army), 0.90); bombard
(0.75); surround (to take a position on
all sides, 0.56); haunt (to prey upon,
0.52); beset (0.50); raid (0.17).
B E S M E A R (2) ta c k (to dirty with tracks,
0.38); dirty (0.29).
B E S M IR C H (3) defam e (0.50); slander
(0.37); disgrace (0.35).
B E S P A T T E R (2) spatter (0.65); splash
(0.57).
B E S P E A K (2) commission (0.20); hire (to
employ, 0.17).
B E S P E C K L E (1) spatter (0.31).
B E S T (3) best (1.00); defeat (to w orst in
war, 0.75); worst (0.33).
B E ST E A D to help (1) promote (to further,
0.03).
B E S T IR (1) bestir (1.00).
B E S T O W (17) bestow (1.00); give (to
transfer, 0.93); com m unicate (to im part
-34- BETTER
inform ation, 0.85); contribute (to give,
0.79); confer (to grant as a gift, 0.75);
im part (to give, 0.75); distribute (to
allot, 0.74); send (to deliver, 0.64); bless
(to give, 0.60); donate (0.50); present
(to give, 0.50); share (to give, 0.50);
show (to grant, 0.50); aw ard (0.33);
p ro v id e (to supply, 0.27); spend (to
expend, 0.23); apply (to place upon,
0 .20).
B E S T R A D D L E (1) straddle (0.20).
B E S T R E W (1) spatter (0.08).
B E S T R ID E (2) bestride (1.00); straddle
(0.80).
B E T (3) bet (1.00); gam ble (to play for
money, 0.63); venture (0.14).
B E T IN S E L (1) trim (to adorn, 0.60).
B E T O K E N (4) m ean (to have as mean­
ing, 0.72); indicate (to signify, 0.50);
foretell (0.31); prove (0.17).
B E T R A Y (8) betray (to deliver into the
hands o f an enemy, 1.00); betray (to
reveal, 1.00); betray (to seduce and
ab an d o n , 1.00); reveal (to divulge,
0.77); jilt (0.75); deceive (0.52); delude
(0.50); accuse (0.22).
B E T R O T H (3) betroth (1.00); promise (to
give o n e ’s w ord, 0.31); espouse (to
m any, 0.25).
B E T T E R (18) better (1.00); correct (to
m ake needed corrections, 0.95); top (to
exceed, 0.83); help (to im prove, 0.75);
recover (to im prove o n e’s condition,
0.73); refine (to improve, 0.67); reform
(to change into a new form , 0.66); en­
rich (0.50); outdistance (0.50); outper- j
form (0.50); im prove (to m ake better, \
0.42); em end (to correct, 0.33); civilize j
( 0 .3 0 ) ; r e c r u it (to g a th e r needed j
resources, 0.29); prom ote (to advance f
in rank, 0.20); suipass (0.20); grow (to \
BEWAIL
change slowly, 0.18); prom ote (to fur­
ther, 0.13).
BEW AIL (6) regret (to be sorry for, 0.80);
cry (to w eep, 0 .70); g riev e (0.60);
sorrow (0.50); com plain (to express
grief, 0.25); mourn (to lament, 0.09).
B EW ILD ER (17) bewilder (1.00); surprise
(to amaze, 0.84); amaze (0.80); confuse
(0.77); em barrass (to upset mentally,
0.76); d is tra c t (to c o n fu se , 0 .7 5 );
bedevil (0.50); bem use (0.50); hit (to
a s to u n d , 0 .5 0 ); n o n p lu s ( 0 .5 0 ) ;
overw helm (to astonish, 0.50); puzzle
(to perplex, 0.50); baffle (to confuse,
0.25); confound (to confuse, 0.25);
outwit (0.25); perplex (0.25); perturb (to
confuse, 0.25).
B E W IT C H (11) bew itch (to fascinate,
1.00); bew itch (to chann, 1.00); fasci­
nate (0.90); ravish (to charm , 0.71);
enchant (to put under a spell, 0.50);
enthrall (to charm , 0.50); lure (to en­
tice, 0.50); transfix (to fascinate, 0.50);
charm (to bew itch, 0.25); engage (to
engross, 0.25); engross (to occupy
one’s mind, 0.25).
BIAS (3) bias (1.00); influence (0.46); face
(to put facing on goods, 0.10).
BICKER (4) bicker (1.00); wrangle (0.75);
quarrel (0.55); fight (to engage in an
encounter, 0.16).
BID (13) bid (to pro p o se a price for
p u rc h a s e , 1 .0 0 ); b id (to o f fe r a
com m itm ent at cards, 1.00); bid (to
order, 1.00); bid (to invite, 1.00);invite
(to ask politely, 0.96); com m and (to
issue an order, 0.95); court (to woo,
0.88); sum m on (to call, 0.78); invite (to
ask guests, 0.75); direct (to com m and,
0.50); invoke (to summon, 0.50); ask (to
inquire, 0.36); com pete (0.32); instruct
-35- BIND
(to order, 0.25).
B ID E (1) endure (to continue, 0.56).
B IL K (1) mislead (0.77).
B I L L (5) b ill (to req u e st p ay m en t,
1.00);bill (to advertise, 1.00); list (to
e n te r in a list, 0 .9 4 ); p ro g ram (to
schedule, 0.70); enroll (to prepare a roll,
0.28).
B IL L E T (1) encamp (0.75).
B IL L O W (6) surge (to swell, 0.75); un­
dulate (to surge, 0.75); w ave (to undu­
late, 0.54); rise (to swell; said usually
o f dough or batter, 0.50); heave (to raise
and fall, 0.38); roll (to flow, 0.14).
B IN D (40) bind (to constrain with bonds,
1.00); bind (to hold together or in place,
1.00); bind (to obligate, 1.00); bind (to
d re ss, 1.00); b in d (to jo in , 1.00);
enslave (0.97); face (to put facing on
goods, 0.90); fasten (to m ake som e­
thing secure, 0,87); pack (to stow com ­
pactly, 0.77); ja m (to com press, 0.75);
knot (0.75); lash (to tie up, 0.75); obli­
gate (0.75); trip (to cause to stum ble,
0.70); tie (to fasten, 0.67); tighten (to
m ake tight, 0.67); wrap (to twine or
w ind, 0.67); tape (to fasten, 0.60); lace
(0.50); plaster (0.50); yoke (0.47); re­
strain (to hold in check, 0.42); betroth
(0.33); close (to com e together, 0.30);
p ack (to prep are for transportation,
0.30); sew (0.30); wind (to wrap about,
0.30); edge (to trim, 0.25); enchain (to
confine, 0.25); gird (to encircle, 0.25);
nail (to fasten w ith nails, 0.25); oblige
(to require, 0.25); pin (0.25); restrict (to
restrain, 0.25); secure (to fasten, 0.25);
sw athe (0.25); dress (to give medical
treatm ent, 0.22); force (to use force,
0.16); consolidate (to cause to unite,
0.14); trammel (0.14).
BIRCH -36-
B IR C H (3) beat (to thrash, 0.59); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.13); punish (0.09).
B IS E C T (4) bisect (1.00); divide (to sepa­
rate by parting, 0.59); halve (0.33); cut
(to sever, 0.05).
B IT E (13) bite (to seize or sever w ith
teeth, 1.00); bite (to be given to biting,
1.00); bite (to cut or corrode, 1.00); bite
(to take bait, 1.00); chew (0.93); eat (to
take as food, 0.91); engrave (to prepare
aplate for printing, 0.88); m unch (0.83);
hurt (to cause pain, 0.61); graze (to
p astu re , 0.56); ta ste (to ex p e rien c e
flavour, 0.50); freeze (to m ake cold,
0.38); cut (to sever, 0.11).
B IV O U A C (2) camp (0.91); stop (to halt,
0 .20).
B L A B to utter w ith open m outh (3) blab
(to reveal, 1.00); blab (to chatter, 1.00);
gossip (0.42).
B L A B B E R (1) blabber (1.00).
B L A C K (1) black (1.00).
B L A C K B A L L (4) blackball (1.00); black
list (0.25); scandalize (0.21); elim inate
(to remove, 0.08).
B L A C K E N (10) blacken (to m ake black,
1.00); blacken (to smirch, 1.00); blacken
(to becom e black, 1.00); shade (to make
darker, 0.83); shade (to becom e darker,
0.67); black (0.33); darken (to m ake
darker, 0.25); tarnish (to disgrace, 0.25);
scandalize (0.18); slander (0.10).
B L A C K G U A R D (1) scandalize (0.14).
B L A C K -L IS T (2) black-list (1.00); de­
nounce (0.09).
B L A C K M A IL (3) blackmail (1.00); force
(to use force, 0.19); steal (0.15).
B L A M E (18) blam e (to censure, 1.00);
blam e (to hold responsible for, 1.00);
accuse (0.97); censure (0.92); denounce
(0.88); disapprove (to condem n, 0.75);
BLAZE
dispraise (0.75); fault (to censure, 0.75);
reflect (to discredit, 0.75); incrim inate
(0.50); reproach (0.50); reprove (0.50);
dam (to dam n (variant), 0.33); upbraid
(0 .3 1 ); im p each (0.27); im p u te (to
c h a r g e , 0 .2 5 ); a ttr ib u te (0 .1 4 );
rem onstrate (0.13).
B L A N C H to m ake white; to w hiten; to
bleach (10) blanch (1.00); bleach (0.83);
fade (to lose colour or light, 0.75);
w hiten (to becom e white, 0.75); cook
(0 .7 3 ); w e a th e r (to e x p o se to the
w eather, 0.69); w hiten (to m ake white,
0.60); pale (0.50); scald (0.50); fear (to
anticipate personal danger, 0.27).
B L A N D IS H (1) grovel (0.25).
B L A N K (1) defeat (to w orst in sport or
in personal com bat, 0.41).
B L A N K E T (2) b lan k et (1.00); snow
(0.67).
B L A R E (5) blare (1.00); honk (0.86);
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.79); blow (to
sound w hen blow n, 0.25); w histle (to
produce a shrill blast, 0.23).
B L A S P H E M E (6) blaspheme (1.00); slan­
der (0.53); sw ear (to curse, 0.50); curse
(to sw ear, 0.43); profane (0.33); curse
(to sw ear at, 0.19).
B L A S T (1 2 ) b la s t (to s h a tte r by
explosion, 1.00); blast (to ruin, 1.00);
blow (to send forth air rapidly, 0.83);
discharge (to cause to fire, 0.67); curse
(to sw ear at, 0.44); shoot (to discharge,
0.40); detonate (0.33); bom b (0.29);
blare (0.25); bombard (0.25); destroy (to
bring to nothing, 0.16); explode (to
burst, 0.08).
B L A Z E to bum w ith a bright fervent
flam e (9) blaze (1.00); flare (to flash,
0.75); heat (to becom e hot, 0.75); flame
(0.67); flash (to give forth a light by
BLAZE
flash, 0.59); bum (to oxidize, 0.50); shine
(to give forth light, 0.48); radiate (to
shed light or heat, 0.33); lick (to play
over; said o f flam es, 0.08).
BLAZE to m ark trees in w hite by slip­
ping o ff a piece o f bark (2) m ark (to
make a mark, 0.82); brand (0.75).
BLA ZO N (4) advertise (to m ake public,
0.87); notify (to provide w ith inform a­
tion, 0.55); broadcast (to announce,
0.50); proclaim (0.33).
B LEA C H (5) bleach (1.00); dam age (to
impair the value of, 0.95); fade (to lose
colour or light, 0.92); w eather (to ex­
pose to the w eather, 0.85); w hiten (to
make white, 0.80).
BLEAR (2) blear (1.00); blur (to dim, 0.33).
BLEAT (1) whinny (0.29).
BLEED (8) bleed (to issue as blood, 1.00);
bleed (to let blood, 1 .00);bleed (to
suffer, 1.00); bleed (to drain, 1.00);
drain (to withdraw fluid, 0.75); drop (to
fall in drops, 0.33); drain (to w ithdraw
strength, 0.29); decrease (to m ake less,
0.18).
B LEM ISH (5) blur (to stain, 0.75); spot
(to stain, 0.75); corrupt (to debase,
0.48); touch (to tinge, 0.44); maim (0.23).
BLENCH (4) blench (1.00); shrink (0.50);
flinch (0.33); w ince (0.30).
BLEND (27) blend (1.00); join (to unite,
0.97); harm onize (to render harm onic,
0.88); co a le sc e (0 .7 5 ); co m m in g le
(0.75); com m ix (0.75); interlace (to
mingle, 0.75); meld (0.75); merge (0.69);
confuse (0.64); unite (to come together,
0.64); melt (to liquefy, 0.55); adulterate
(0.54); consolidate (to cause to unite,
0.52); associate (to com bine, 0.50);
integrate (to unify, 0.50); mingle (0.50);
scramble (to m ix, 0.50); m easure (to
-37- BLOCK
ap p ly a sta n d a rd o f m e asu rem en t,
0.43); alloy (to mix metals, 0.38); com ­
bine (to becom e one, 0.25); confound
(to m ix, 0.25); gear (to regulate, 0.25);
pool (0.25); unite (to bring together,
0.25); cross (to mix breeds, 0.13); knead
(0.11).
B L E S S (4) bless (to give, 1.00); bless (to
call the blessing o f G od upon, 1.00);
bless (to dedicate to God, 1.00); thank
(0.60).
B L IG H T (7) blight (1.00); decay (0.94);
blast (to ruin, 0.80); slum p (to decline,
0.75); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.52); corrupt (to debase, 0.50); curse
(to sw ear at, 0.06).
B L IN D (3) blind (to obscure, 1.00); blind
(to deceive, 1.00); hoodw ink (0.75).
B L IN K (7) blink (to w ink rapidly, 1.00);
blink (to squint, 1.00); blink (to twinkle,
1.00); w ink (to close one eye, 0.67);
recoil (0.64); shine (to give forth light,
0.29); w ink (to twinkle, 0.25).
B L IS T E R (4) blister (1.00); overheat
(0.33); rake (to sw eep w ith gunfire,
0.33); swell (0.21).
B L IZ Z A R D (1) snow (0.56).
B L O A T (2) inflate (to distend, 0.88);
baloon (0.67).
B L O C K (2 4 ) b lo c k (to im p e d e ,
1 .0 0 );b lo ck (to sh ap e by blo ck in g ,
1.00);block (in sports, to impede a play,
1.00); hinder (0.94); halt (to cause to
cease, 0.90); trip (to cause to stum ble,
0.90); form (to give shape to a thing,
0 .8 8 ); d e fe a t (to g et th e b e tte r o f
another, 0.85); prevent (0.84); baffle (to
hinder, 0.75); o b stru ct (to place an
obstruction, 0.75); occlude (0.75); in­
tercept (0.63); barricade (0.50); impede
(0.50); keep (to prevent, used with from,
BLOCKADE -38-
0.50); close (to put a stopper into, 0.46);
check (to slacken the pace, 0.35); forbid
(0.29); anticipate (to forestall, 0.25);
delay (to cause a delay, 0.25); obviate
(0.25); scotch (0.25); dam (0.20).
B L O C K A D E (7) bar (to raise a physical
o b stru c tio n , 0.7 0 ); b e s ie g e (0 .6 7 );
picket (to strike, 0.67); halt (to cause to
cease, 0.57); enclose (to shut up or shut
in, 0.36); surround (to take a position
on all sides, 0.11); raid (0.04).
B L O O D Y (1) redden (to grow red, 0.29).
B L O O M to bear flow ers; to com e into
full beauty (4) bloom (1.00); blossom
(0.67); prosper (0.46); colour (to take
on colour, 0.40).
B L O S S O M (11) blossom (1.00); produce
(to b e a r, 0 .9 2 ); th r iv e (to g ro w
vigorously, 0.91); flow er (0.50); yield
(to produce, 0.44); prosper (0.38); e f ­
floresce (0.25); vegetate (to germ inate,
0.25); bloom (0.13); grow (to change
slow ly, 0.09); begin (to com e into be­
ing or start functioning, 0.07).
B L O T (10) blot (to stain, 1.00); blot (to
disgrace, 1.00);sully (to soil, 0.75); dirty
(0.68); diy (to cause to becom e dry,
0.67); absorb (to take in by absorption,
0.36); disgrace (0.31); slander (0.27);
blur (to stain, 0.25); clean (0.04).
B L O T C H (3) blot (to stain, 0.50); spot
(to stain, 0.50); dirty (0.34).
B L O W to send a current o f air (13) blow
(to send forth air rapidly, 1.00); blow
(to m ove rapidly (said o f air), 1.00);
blow (to c a n y on the w ind, 1.00); blow
(to play a w ind instrum ent, 1.00); blow
(to sound w hen blow n, 1.00); blow (to
give form by inflation, 1.00); em it (to
d isch arge, 0.94); sound (to m ake a
noise, 0.80); clean (0.48); gasp (0.38);
BOARD
spew (0.25); snort (0.20); boast (to brag,
0 . 10).
B L O W to burst into flower; to blossom,
to bloom (3) blossom (0.33); flower
(0.25); bloom (0.06).
B L U B B E R (1) snivel (to ciy, 0.75).
B L U D G E O N (2) dash (to strike violently,
0.50); kill (to deprive o f life, 0.02).
B L U E (1) slur (to pronounce indistinctly,
0.80).
B L U E P R IN T (1) specify (0.14).
B L U F F (4) b lu ff (1.00); boast (to brag,
0.45); pretend (to feign, 0.13); mislead
(0.05).
B L U N D E R (14) mistake (0.92); stumble
(to m ove in a stum bling m anner, 0.80);
bungle (0.75); miscalculate (0.75); mis­
m anage (0.71); botch (0.63); misbehave
( 0 .6 0 ) ; m is a p p r e h e n d (0.50);
overcom pensate (0.50); err (0.33); fail
(to be unsuccessful, 0.31); fault (to fail,
0.25); flounder (0.25); m uff (0.25).
B L U N T (4) deaden (to reduce life or its
evidence, 0.96); decrease (to m ake less,
0.72); harden (to toughen, 0.35); drug
(0.13).
B L U R (5) blur (to dim, 1.00); blur (to stain,
1.00); dirty (0.66); befog (0.50); blear
(0.50).
B L U R T (3) exclaim (0.71); babble (0.14);
utter (0.07).
B L U S H (2) blush (1.00); redden (to grow
red, 0.86).
B L U S T E R (6) bluster (1.00); fulminate (to
intim idate, 0.50); boast (to brag, 0.35);
snarl (0.20); rage (to give vent to anger,
0.18); threaten (to warn o f punishment,
0.14).
B O A R D (7) board (to cover, 1.00); board
(to go aboard, 1.00); board (to take care
of, 1.00); entrain (0.67); attack (to fighl
BOAST
offensively (arm y), 0.58); cover (to
place as a covering, 0.43); lodge (to
become fixed, 0.17).
BOAST (3) boast (to brag, 1.00); boast
(to have to o n e ’s credit, 1.00); ow n (to
possess, 0.36).
BOAT (1) paddle (to propel by paddling,
0.67).
BOB to m ake a fool of; to deceive; to
chat (1) bow (to bend, 0.38).
BOB to fish (for eels) (1) fish (0.56).
BOB to m ove up and down (4) toss (to
move up and down, 0.93); heave (to
raise and fall, 0.90); dance (to m ove in
a gay manner, 0.75); reel (0.40).
BOB to strike w ith a fist (2) bounce (to
rebound, 0.44); beat (to pulsate, 0.11).
BO BBLE (1) dance (to m ove in a gay
manner, 0.70).
BO IL (10) boil (to subject to boiling,
1.00); boil (to continue at a boiling
point, 1.00); boil (to seethe, 1.00);boil
(to be angry, 1.00); spum e (0.75); bub­
ble (0.60); w ash (to launder, 0.60); heat
(to m ake hot, 0.58); rage (to give vent
to anger, 0.55); cook (0.32).
B O L S T E R (12) bolster (1.00); support
(to hold up from beneath, 0.86); advo­
cate (to prom ote, 0.80); support (to
uphold, 0.78); upholster (0.62); buttress
(0.50); prom ote (to further, 0.45); help
(to aid, 0.42); brace (to give support,
0.33); cultivate (to encourage, 0.25);
encourage (to g ive su p p o rt, 0 .24);
defend (to provide general protection,
0.21).
BOLT to m ake fast with a bolt (5) stabi­
lize (to fix, 0.75); lock (0.67); close (to
shut, 0.60); fasten (to m ake som ething
secure, 0.46); bar (to raise a physical
obstruction, 0.45).
-39- BOOST
B O L T to sift; to pass through a sieve (5)
sift (to put through a sieve, 0.90); swal­
low (0.36); gulp (0.25); glut (to eat to
satiety, 0.14); eat (to take as food, 0.09).
B O L T to spring back, to recoil (5) stam ­
pede (0.75); bounce (to move suddenly,
0.43); hasten (to make haste, 0.43); run
(to go sw iftly by physical effort, 0.24);
race (to m ove at great speed, 0.13).
B O M B (5) bom b (1.00); raid (0.87); at­
tack (to fight offensively (army), 0.52);
destroy (to bring to nothing, 0.33); raze
(0.17).
B O M B A R D (7) bom bard (1.00); oppose
(to fight, 0.90); raid (0.78); strafe (0.75);
bomb (0.71); attack (to fight offensively
(army), 0.55); war (0.45).
B O M B IL A T E (1) hum (0.13).
B O M B IN A TE (1) hum (0.47).
B O N D (1) tape (to fasten, 0.80).
B O O (3) hiss (to condem n, 0.67); hoot
(0.50); whoop (0.20).
B O O K (8) b o o k (1.00); pro g ram (to
sc h ed u le, 0 .8 0 ); charge (to entQr a
charge account, 0.38); hire (to employ,
0.38); bill (to advertise, 0.33); record (to
w rite down, 0.28); list (to enter in a list,
0.25); enroll (to prepare a roll, 0.22).
B O O M to burst into sudden activity (3)
boom (to increase rapidly, 1.00); impel
(to press, 0.07); prom ote (to further,
0.05).
B O O M to hum; to buzz (5) boom (to make
a loud noise, 1.00); roar (0.82); thunder
(0.82); blare (0.75); sound (to m ake a
noise, 0.49).
B O O M E R A N G (2) backfire (to go awry,
0.83); bounce (to rebound, 0.19).
B O O S T (8) boost (to raise, 1.00); boost
(to prom ote, 1.00); boost (to increase,
1.00); adm ire (to have regard for, 0.50);
BOOT
raise (to lift, 0.50); up (0.33); heave (to
raise laboriously, 0.25); impel (to press,
0.14).
B O O T to put boots on (1) kick (to give a
blow w ith the foot, 0.80).
B O R D E R (8) border (1.00); line (to be in
a line, 0.90); join (to adjoin, 0.83); edge
(to trim , 0.75); fram e (to enclose in a
frame, 0.71); front (0.50); define (to set
limits, 0.34); face (to look out on, 0.33).
B O R E to pierce, to perforate (6) bore (to
pierce by rotary m otion, 1.00); p en ­
etrate (to pierce, 0.96); tap (to p u n c­
tu re in o rd er to draw liquid, 0.73);
punch (to perforate, 0.25); bother (to
give trouble, 0.23); m achine (0.17).
B O R E to w eary by tedious conversation
(2) bore (to w eary, 1.00); w eary (to
m ake weary, 0.52).
B O R R O W to give security for; to take
o n p le d g e (6) b o rro w (to re c e iv e
tem porarily, 1.00); borrow (to adopt,
1 .0 0 ); r e f u n d (to p u t f in a n c ia l
o b lig a tio n s on a new basis, 0.92);
adopt (to take as o n e’s own, 0.31); raise
(to collect or m ake available, 0.20); rent
(to obtain use by paym ent, 0.17).
B O T C H (5) botch (1.00); dirty (0.45);
m u d d le (to confuse; said o f affairs,
0.41); tinker (0.33); mistake (0.21).
B O T H E R (8) bother (to take trouble,
1.00); bother (to give trouble, 1.00);
bo th er (to be disturbing, 1.00); rankle
(0.86); faze (0.75); em barrass (to upset
mentally, 0.61); w orry (to cause worry,
0.25); excite (to stir one mentally, 0.03).
B O T T L E (2) preserve (to keep, 0.69); can
(to preserve, 0.67).
B O T T L E N E C K (2) hinder (0.46); check
(to slacken the pace, 0.45).
B O U N C E (10) bounce (to rebound, 1.00);
-40- BOWL
bounce (to m ove suddenly, 1.00); jar
(to cause to trem ble, 0.76); bound (to
re b o u n d , 0 .7 5 ); sh ak e (to cau se to
vibrate, 0.43); dance (to m ove in a gay
m anner, 0.40); je rk (to m ove an object
w ith a quick tug, 0.31); beat (to pulsate,
0.26); backfire (to go awry, 0.17); glance
(to ricochet, 0.08).
B O U N D to set bounds to; to lim it; to
confine (9) bound (to set lim its, 1.00);
define (to set limits, 0.97); limit (0.75);
term inate (to limit, 0.75); join (to adjoin,
0 .58); co n fin e (to set lim its, 0.50);
contract (to enter into an agreement,
0.40); line (to be in a line, 0.40); butt (to
abut, 0.25).
B O U N D to recoil (12) bound (to move in
leaps, 1.00); bound (to rebound, 1.00);
run (to go sw iftly by physical effort,
0.86); pounce (0.75); gallop (0.67); vault
(0.50); jum p (to leap across or up, 0.46);
bounce (to rebound, 0.25); leap (0.25);
lunge (0.25); hasten (to m ake haste,
0.23); bounce (to move suddenly, 0.14).
B O W to a s su m e a b e n t or crooked
shape; to bend (14) bow (to bend, 1.00);
bow (to subm it, 1.00); round (to make
round, 0.79); curve (to bend, 0.75); in­
cline (to lean, 0.75); lean (to incline,
0.65); faw n (0.55); greet (0.47); salute
(to recognize w ith respect, 0.40); yield
(to surrender, 0.38); bend (to force out
o f a straight line, 0.35); roll (to make
into a roll, 0.33); suffer (to permit, 0.15);
accom modate (to render a service, 0.13).
B O W to play w ith the use o f a bow (1)
play (to produce m usic, 0.70).
B O W D L E R IZ E (1) expurgate (0.25).
B O W L to play at bow ls (3) bow l (in
cricket, to pitch, 1.00); bow l (to play at
bow ls, 1.00); throw (to hurl, 0.13).
BOX
BOX to beat; to thrash (4) box (to fight
for sport, 1.00); strike (to hit, 0.75); beat
(to thrash, 0.66); fight (to engage in an
encounter, 0.36).
BOX to put in a box (2) box (to enclose
in a box, 1.00); crate (0.75).
B O Y C O T T (7) boycott (1.00); rebel (to
endeavour to overthrow a government,
0.67); bar (to obstruct by refusal, 0.61);
strike (to refuse to w ork, 0.57); de­
nounce (0.34); picket (to strike, 0.33);
dismiss (to send away, 0.22).
BRACE to m ake stronger (11) brace (to
give support, 1.00); brace (to encour­
age, 1.00); hold (to support; often used
with up, 0.82); gird (to support, 0.75);
uphold (to hold up, 0.75); support (to
hold up from beneath, 0.71); strengthen
(0.67); stiffen (to cause to becom e stiff,
0 .59); re n e w (to r e f r e s h , 0 .3 2 );
encourage (to give support, 0.21); pack
(to prepare for transportation, 0.20).
BR A CK ET (4) jo in (to unite, 0.56); un­
derline (to make a line under, 0.33); yoke
(0.21); aim (to point a w eapon, 0.11).
BRAG (6) brag (1.00); bluster (0.82);
boast (to brag, 0.55); vaunt (0.50);
sw agger (to b o ast, 0.33); crow (to
boast, 0.25).
BRAID to m ove or change suddenly; to
draw; to intertwine (8) braid (1.00); em ­
broider (to add adornment, 0.75); inter­
lace (to weave, 0.50); intertwine (0.50);
mat (0.50); interweave (0.25); weave (to
c o n stru c t b y in te r la c in g , 0 .1 3 );
enwreathe (0.08).
BRAINWASH (4) brainw ash (1.00); in­
fluence (0.69); teach (to act as a teacher,
0.30); instill (0.27).
BRAISE to cook (1) cook (0.80).
BRAKE to apply a brake to a w heel (3)
-41- BREAK
pedal (0.25); slow (to cause to becom e
slow er, 0.25); check (to slacken the
pace, 0.15).
B R A K E to crush (1) b um (to subject to
fire, 0.05).
B R A N C H (1) divide (to separate by part­
ing, 0.02).
BR A N D (12) brand (1.00); mark (to make
a m ark, 0.95); check (to mark, 0.75);
im pute (to charge, 0.75); stigm atize
(0.75); accuse (0.66); b um (to subject
to fire, 0.41); denounce (0.38); classify
(0.36); stam p (0.25); upbraid (0.09);
disgrace (0.08).
B R A N D ISH (6) brandish (1.00); flourish
(to w ave trium phantly, 0.88); w ield
(0.71); sw ing (to cause to swing, 0.57);
shake (to cause to vibrate, 0.36); flaunt
(0.25).
BRAVE (6) brave (LOO); face (to confront
co n flict or tro u b le , 0.76); confront
(0.75); m ock (to dare, 0.75); dare (to
defy, 0.53); endure (to sustain adver­
sity, 0.10).
B R A W L (2) contest (to fight, 0.40); blus­
ter (0.24).
BRA Y to cry out; to utter a loud harsh
cry (2) bray (1.00); whinny (0.43).
BRA Y to beat sm all; to crash (1) grind
(to pulverize, 0.26).
B R A Z E to expose to the action o f fire
(1) tem per (to toughen or harden, 0.84).
B R A ZE N (1) bluster (0.29).
B R E A C H (1) open (to make an opening,
0.92).
B R E A K (20) break (to start a rupture,
1.00);break (to shatter, 1.00);break (to
fall apart, 1.00);break (to bring to ruin
or to an end , 1.00); break (to happen,
1.00); break (to blow up, 1.00); plough
(to use a plough, 0.89); smash (0.60);
BREAKFAST
undo (0.58); grub (to clear land, 0.50);
part (to put apart, 0.50); w reck (to bring
to ruin, 0.47); abandon (to relinquish,
0.44); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.35); violate (to transgress, 0.33); ripple
(0.25); chip (0.23); hum iliate (0.21);
paragraph (0.17); change (to m ake dif­
ferent, 0.04).
B R E A K F A S T (1) eat (to take as food,
0.57).
B R E A T H E (8) breathe (to draw breath,
1.00); breathe (to live, 1.00); breathe (to
blow gently, 1.00); breathe (to pause,
1.00); exist (to have being, 0.75); be (to
have being, 0.50); live (to have life,
0.33); blow (to send forth air rapidly,
0.17).
B R E E C H (1) clothe (0.74).
B R E E D (15) breed (to produce, 1.00);
b r e e d (to c a u se , 1 .0 0 ); b re e d (to
procreate, 1.00); propagate (to beget,
0.93); fertilize (to im pregnate, 0.89);
reproduce (to multiply, 0.80); produce
(to bear, 0.79); domesticate (0.50); raise
(to n urtu re, 0.40); p o llin a te (0.33);
copulate (0.27); form (to give character
to a person, 0.25); incubate (0.25); grow
(to cultivate, 0.20); begin (to initiate,
0.09).
B R E W (7) brew (1.00); m ix (to blend,
0.85); coddle (to cook gently, 0.50);
cook (0.34); steam (to cook, 0.33); mash
(0.29); p rep are (to cook and serve,
0.25).
B R IB E (3) bribe (1.00); influence (0.83);
seduce (0.57).
B R ID G E to m ake a bridge (1) bridge
(1.00).
B R ID L E (6) bridle (1.00); check (to bring
u nder control, 0.93); restrain (to hold
in check, 0.85); harness (0.75); tram mel
- 4 2 - BROADCAST
(0.31); bristle (to show sudden anger,
0.25).
B R IE F (3) brief (to inform, 1.00); brief (to
s u m m a riz e , 1.00); ju s tify (to give
reasons for, 0.50).
B R IG H T E N (11) brighten (to become
b rig h te r, 1.00); b rig h te n (to make
b rig h te r, 1.00); rev iv e (to hearten,
0.82); decorate (0.73); radiate (to shed
light or heat, 0.70); intensify (0.56);
encourage (to raise the spirits, 0.52);
illum ine (to light up, 0.33); cheer (to
h ea rten , 0.25); fu rb ish (to burnish,
0.25); irradiate (0.25).
B R IM to fill to the brim (1) flow (to issue
forth, 0.41).
B R IN E (1) souse (to preserve, 0.25).
B R IN G (9) bring (to transport, 1.00);bring
(to be w orth in sale, 1.00); bring (to
initiate a legal action, 1.00); bring (to
cause, 1.00); draw (to m ove an object,
0.77); cany (to transport, 0.44); attract (to
draw, 0.25); haul (0.25); transport (0.25). j
B R IS T L E to be, becom e or stand stiff|
and bristly (1) bristle (to display in
abundance, 1.00).
B R IS T L E to scorch (1) bristle (to show
sudden anger, 1.00).
B R O A C H (4) broach (to mention, 1.00);
b ro ac h (to p en etrate, 1.00); tap (to
puncture in order to draw liquid, 0.55);
hint (0.32).
B R O A D C A S T (18) broadcast (to dis­
p erse, 1.00); b ro ad cast (to transmit
electronically, 1.00);broadcast (to an­
nounce, 1.00); com m unicate (to impart
inform ation, 0.81); publicize (0.50);
send (to broadcast, usually electroni­
cally, 0.50); spread (to m ake known,
0.50); advertise (to m ake public, 0.45);
radiate (to send forth from a centre,
BROADEN -43-
0.36); beam (to emit, 0.33); circulate (to
send about, 0.25); dissem inate (0.25);
report (to deliver inform ation, 0.25);
seed (0.25); sow (0.25); reveal (to
divulge, 0.23); scatter (to w aste, 0.22);
notify (to provide w ith inform ation,
0.06).
BROADEN (4) broaden (1.00); increase
(to add to, 0.86); w iden (to m ake wider,
0.86); dilate (0.25).
BRO IL to bum or char with fire (5) broil
(1.00); cook (0.71); roast (0.50); barbe­
cue (0.25); sizzle (0.25).
BRONZE (1) plate (0.40).
BROOD (4) brood (to hatch, 1.00); brood
(to nurse o n e ’s troubles, 1.00); m ope
(0.63); incubate (0.50).
B R O O K (3) endure (to sustain adver­
sity, 0.67); resist (to w ithstand, 0.35);
face (to confront conflict or trouble,
0.24).
B R O W B E A T (6) b ro w b e a t (1 .0 0 );
threaten (to warn o f punishm ent, 0.50);
crucify (to torm ent, 0.25); terrorize
(0.25); frighten (to drive off, because
of alarm, 0.14); bother (to give trouble,
0.08).
BROWN (6) brow n (1.00); sizzle (0.75);
fry (0.56); sear (to cook by searing,
0.50); parch (0.25); cook (0.15).
BROW SE (3) brow se (1.00); graze (to
pasture, 0.94); scan (to glance at, 0.67).
BRUISE (8) bruise (1.00); hurt (to cause
pain, 0.95); m ash (0.82); m ar (to dam ­
age slightly, 0.50); turn (to sprain, 0.50);
trample (0.33); m angle (to m utilate,
0.14); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.11).
BRUSH (17) brush (to cleanse by brush­
ing, 1.00); brush (to touch lightly, 1.00);
rub (to apply by rubbing, 0.92); skim
BUDGET
(to re m o v e th e to p ; esp ec ially , to
rem ove cream, 0.80); shine (to cause to
shin e, u su a lly by p o lish in g , 0.78);
touch (to tinge, 0.78); graze (to touch
or to score lightly, 0.75); groom (0.63);
paint (to protect or decorate by paint­
ing, 0.60); lick (to pass the tongue over,
0.59); clean (0.57); glance (to ricochet,
0.50); touch (to be in contact, 0.45);
caress (0.37); b u ff (0.25); curry (to
groom , 0.25); hasten (to m ake haste,
0.14).
B R U T A L IZ E (1) harden (to toughen,
0.38).
B U B B L E (4) bubble (1.00); boil (to con­
tinue at a boiling point, 0.83); perco­
late (0.20); flow (to issue forth, 0.03).
B U C K to break ore very small (1) butt
(to strike w ith the head, 0.21).
B U C K to leap like a deer (1) face (to
confront conflict or trouble, 0.48).
B U C K L E (9) bend (to be forced out o f a
straight line, 0.79); curve (to be bent,
0.75); distort (to change shape, 0.57);
fall (to pass quickly dow nw ard, 0.43);
bend (to force out o f a straight line,
0.42); curl (to twist, 0.27); yoke (0.26);
clasp (0.25); fasten (to m ake something
secure, 0.07).
BU D to put forth buds; to sprout (4)
bloom (0.75); vegetate (to germ inate,
0.50); sprout (0.40); begin (to come into
being or start functioning, 0.21).
BU D G E (3) m ove (to be in motion, 0.75);
shift (to change position, 0.71); push
(to m ove by pushing, 0.22).
B U D G E T (5) budget (to estimate expen­
ditures and incom e, 1.00); budget (to
estimate time or rations or distance, etc.,
1.00); p rog ram (to schedule, 0.60);
appropriate (to provide money, 0.20);
BUFF
estim ate (to calculate probable costs,
0.15).
B U F F to polish (2) b u ff (1.00); shine (to
cause to shine, usually by polishing,
0.11).
B U F F E T (8) buffet (1.00); toss (to m ove
up and down, 0.86); butt (to strike w ith
the head, 0.57); beat (to thrash, 0.50);
hurt (to cause pain, 0.28); blow (to cany
on the w ind, 0.17); hit (to strike, 0.10);
beat (to pulsate, 0.03).
B U G (2) bug (to annoy, 1.00); bug (to
install hidden m icrophones, 1.00).
B U IL D (11) build (to construct, 1.00);
b u ild (to in c re ase , 1.00); b u ild (to
found, 1.00); establish (to w ork or set­
tle in a perm anent place, 0.87); increase
(to add to, 0.71); form (to give shape to
a thing, 0.61); create (to m ake, 0.54);
organize (to form an organization, 0.54);
include (to place into or am ong, 0.50);
p ro d u c e (to m ak e, 0.5 0 ); grow (to
becom e larger, 0.48).
B U L G E (5) bulge (1.00); swell (0.50); ju t
(0.33); project (to thrust out, 0.33); rise
(to sw ell; said u su a lly o f dough or
batter, 0.25).
B U L K (1) loom (to appear large or im ­
posing, 0.72).
B U L L D O Z E (2) level (to straighten, 0.50);
bluster (0.06).
B U L L Y (9) boast (to brag, 0.80); b row ­
beat (0.75); henpeck (0.75); threaten (to
w arn o f p u n ish m en t, 0.36); b lu ster
(0.35); dare (to defy, 0.27); snarl (0.27);
discourage (to dishearten, 0.18); goad
(0.15).
B U L W A R K (1) in tre n ch (to p rep a re
trenches, 0.67).
B U M to hum loudly (1) hum (0.33).
B U M P to rise in protuberance; to bulge
-44- BURLESQUE
' out (12) bum p (to collide with, 1.00);
butt (to strike with the head, 0.86); ram
(to strike head-on, 0.75); hit (to strike
0.71); crash (to have a collision, 0.55);
ja r (to cause to trem ble, 0.53); hurtle
(0 .5 0 ); n u d g e (0 .5 0 ); hit (to bump
against, 0.43); beat (to thrash, 0.39);
jounce (0.25); plop (0.25).
B U M P to cry (about the bittern) (1) bump
(to m ake a bum ping sound, 1.00).
B U N C H to bulge; to protrude (4) huddle
(0.73); concentrate (to bring or come
together, 0.34); hunch (0.33); pile (to
place one upon another, 0.25).
B U N D L E (2) dismiss (to send away, 0.34);
truss (to bind, 0.25).
B U N G L E (8) bungle (1.00); botch (0.96);
m ism anage (0.86); fault (to fail, 0.75);
m u d d le (to confuse; said o f affairs,
0.59); fum ble (0.50); m istake (0.17);
disappoint (0.04).
B U N T to strike; to knock (3) bunt (to
butt, 1.00); throw (to hurl, 0.80); throw
(to send forth, 0.42).
B U O Y (2) buoy (1.00); support (to up­
hold, 0.53).
B U R B L E (3) m u n n u r (to m ake a low
continuous sound, 0.58); plash (0.50);
boil (to seethe, 0.14).
B U R D E N (9) burden (1.00); hinder (0.89);
encum ber (0.75); load (to place a load,
0.68); force (to use force, 0.41); glut (to
ov ersu p p ly , 0 .41); ch arg e (to load,
0.25); w eigh (to have w eight, 0.13);
w eary (to m ake weary, 0.12).
B U R G E O N (4) thrive (to grow vigor­
ously, 0.82); bloom (0.63); grow (to
becom e larger, 0.41); sprout (0.20).
B U R G L A R IZ E (2) rob (0.85); steal (0.18).
B U R K E (1) suppress (0.55).
B U R LE SQ U E (7) parody (0.81); mimic (to
BURN -45-
mock, 0.67); act (to take part in a play,
0.50); m ock (to m im ic, 0.50); ridicule
(0.35); sneer (0.34); model (to imitate a
model, 0.08).
BURN (14) bum (to oxidize, 1.00); bum
(to subject to fire, 1.00); bite (to cut or
corrode, 0.94); dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.91); sm oke (to give o ff
smoke, 0.88); singe (0.75); p lunder
(0.67); engrave (to prepare a plate for
printing, 0.63); hurt (to cause pain,
0.53); operate (to be in operation, 0.45);
w eather (to expose to the w eather,
0.38); fire (to set on fire, 0.33); sm art
(0.33); flare (to flash, 0.25).
B U R N ISH (9) burnish (1.00); p olish
(0.75); decorate (0.68); brighten (to
make brighter, 0.50); buff(0.50); smooth
(to rem ove unevenness, 0.46); shine
(to c a u s e to s h in e , u s u a lly b y
polishing, 0.44); rub (to subject to fric­
tion, 0.36); glaze (0.18).
BURROW (4) m ine (to dig for m inerals,
0.75); hide (to keep oneself concealed,
0.56); grab (0.50); dig (to stir the earth,
0.24).
BURST (16) burst (to explode, 1.00); burst
(to break, 1.00); burst (to puncture,
1.00); break (to start a rupture, 0.95);
force (to break open, 0.80); sm ash
(0.80); backfire (to explode, 0.75); split
(0.75); break (to fall apart, 0.63); sound
(to make a noise, 0.51); break (to blow
up, 0.50); crack (to becom e cracked,
0.50); flare (to erupt, 0.50); rupture
(0.25); shatter (0.25); spurt (0.25).
BURY (9) bury (to inter, 1.00);bury (to
cover, 1.00); bury (to defeat, 1.00); bury
(to occupy, 1.00);bury (to embed, 1.00);
hide (to conceal, 0.71); im m erse (to put
under water, 0.64); em bed (to put in,
BUTTRESS
0.33); blanket (0.25).
B U S H (2) interline (to put in an interlin­
ing, 0.36); line (to provide a lining, 0.27).
B U S T L E (6) bustle (1.00); hasten (to
m ake haste, 0.80); race (to move at great
speed, 0.77); hurry (to act hastily, 0.71);
hurry (to m ove rapidly, 0.33); m ove (to
be in motion, 0.18).
BU SY (2) engross (to occupy on e’s time,
0.50); occu p y (to absorb attention,
0.07).
B U T C H E R (9) butcher (to slaughter for
consum ption, 1.00); butcher (to kill in­
humanly, 1.00); kill (to deprive o f life,
0.86); d estro y (to bring to nothing,
0.85); destroy (to kill, 0.50); defeat (to
w orst in war, 0.42); slay (0.40); mangle
(to m u tilate, 0.32); m u rd er (to kill
unlawfully, 0.25).
B U T T to strike; to thrust; to shove (8)
butt (to strike w ith the head, 1.00);
throw (to hurl, 0.87); push (to press
against, 0.79); hit (to bum p against,
0.71); throw (to send forth, 0.50); drive
(to force w ith blow s, 0.47); crash (to
have a collision, 0.45); slide (to cause
to slide, 0.33).
B U T T to fix the limits o f (2) butt (to abut,
1.00); join (to adjoin, 0.67).
B U T T O N (2) button (1.00); close (to put
a stopper into, 0.08).
B U T T O N H O L E (1) approach (to ap­
proach personally, 0.29).
B U T T R E S S (9) buttress (1.00); support
(to hold up from beneath, 0.79); hold
(to support; often used w ith up, 0.73);
rein fo rce (0.67); stren g th en (0.65);
uphold (to hold up, 0.50); thicken (to
m ake thicker, 0.38); supplement (0.31);
fortify (to strengthen against attack,
0.25).
BUY
BU Y (3) buy (to acquire by purchase,
1.00); buy (to bribe, 1.00); bribe (0.17).
B U Z Z (6) buzz (1.00); hum (0.93); sing
(to p ro d u c e a so u n d su g g e stiv e o f
singing, 0.75); sound (to m ake a noise,
0.69); drone (to m ake a continuous
sound, 0.33); ring (to cause to sound,
0.18).
BYPASS (1) outflank (0.75).
C perform ed, 0.75); score (to compute the
C A B L E (7) send (to broadcast, usually
electronically, 0.60); com m unicate (to
impart information, 0.47); broadcast (to
transm it electronically, 0.46); report (to
deliver information, 0.44); knit (to form
by knitting, 0.29); com m unicate (to be
in com m unication, 0.21); notify (to
provide with inform ation, 0.12).
C A C H E (8) cache (1.00); accum ulate (to
amass, 0.77); entomb (to conceal, 0.75);
store (0.73); m aintain (to keep ready for
use, 0.63); keep (to store, 0.50); hide
(to conceal, 0.45); save (to hoard, 0.14).
C A C H IN N A T E (1) laugh (0.41).
C A C K L E (7) cackle (1.00); squawk (0.75);
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.26); chortle
(0.25); crow (to make a crow ing sound,
0.25); gobble (to m ake a sound like a
turkey, 0.25); cry (to call (not o f hum an
creatures), 0.08).
C A G E (5) muzzle (to fasten a muzzle upon,
0 .8 8 ); co n fin e (to im p riso n , 0.67);
encage (0.67); im prison (0.15); hinder
(0.06).
C A J O L E (7) cajole (1.00); coax (0.50);
praise (to com m end, 0.43); w heedle
(0.25); persuade (to influence, 0.22);
influence (0.17); com plim ent (to flatter,
0.16).
C A K E (3) cake (1.00); harden (to become
-46- CALL
less penetrable, 0.41); stiff (to grow
stiff, 0.25).
C A L C IM IN E (I) w hitew ash (to cover
with a lim e-wash, 0.40).
C A L C IN E (1) heat (to make hot, 0.83).
C A L C U L A T E (17) calculate (to reckon,
1.00); calcu late (to estim ate, 1.00);
estim ate (to calculate probable costs,
0.85); ap p ra ise (to estim ate, 0.75);
program (to w ork out a sequence to be
score, 0.75); forecast (to predict, 0.69);
num ber (0.67); reckon (0.63); rate (to
rank, 0.50); add (to bring together,
usually by m athem atics, 0.44); balance
(to dem onstrate balance, 0.41); total (to
add, 0.33); budget (to estim ate time or
rations or distance, etc., 0.25); gauge
( 0 .2 0 ) ; m u ltip ly (to em ploy
m u ltip lic a tio n as an arith m etica l
process, 0.11); guess (to attem pt an
answ er on inadequate evidence, 0.06).
C A L E F Y (1) heat (to make hot, 0.80).
C A L E N D A R (1) list (to enter in a list,
0.31).
C A L IB R A T E (5) gauge (0.40); gage
(0.25); scale (to m easure, 0.25); meas­
ure (to apply a standard o f measure­
m ent, 0.14); adjust (to place or regulate
parts, 0.12).
C A L K to provide a shoe w ith a calk (2)
close (to put a stopper into, 0.62); re­
pair (0.19).
C A L L (27) call (to raise the voice, 1.00);
c a ll (to b rin g a b o d y o f people
together, 1.00);call (to address, 1.00);
call (to invite, 1.00);call (to demand,
1.00);call (to estim ate, 1.00); call (to
in v o k e , 1 .0 0 ); c a ll (to arouse,
1.00);name (to give a name, 0.94); wake
(to w aken another, 0.88); assem ble (to
CALLIGRAPH
bring together, 0.87); telephone (0.80);
cite (to summon, 0.75); cluck (0.75); en­
title (to nam e, 0.75); nom inate (0.67);
awaken (to arouse another, 0.60); w ave
(to give an alte rn a tin g m o v e m en t,
0.57); bellow (0.50); dial (to telephone,
0.50); command (to issue an order, 0.45);
dub (to entitle, 0.25); ejaculate (0.25);
neigh (0.25); subp o en a (0.25); yell
(0.13); describe (0.11).
C A L L IG R A P H (1) print (to sim ulate
printing, 0.33).
CALLOUS (2) coarsen (0.50); harden (to
make less pervious, 0.26).
CALM (14) calm (1.00); quiet (to m ake
calm, 0.96); com fort (to m ake easy
physically, 0.78); settle (to quiet, 0.75);
tranquilize (0.75); soothe (0.73); becalm
(0.50); ease (to comfort, 0.50); lull (0.50);
quell (to allay, 0.50); cool (to becom e
cool, 0.29); mollify (to quiet one who is
angry, 0.25); ease (to lessen pressure
or tension, 0.17); lick (to p ass the
tongue over, 0.12).
CA LO RIFY (1) heat (to m ake hot, 0.75).
CALUMNIATE (5) scandalize (0.96); slan­
der (0.90); depreciate (to lower in repu­
tation, 0.63); dam age (to slander, 0.50);
upbraid (0.07).
CALVE (1) produce (to bear, 0.24).
CAM BER (2) arch (0.69); bend (to force
out o f a straight line, 0.62).
C A M O U FLA G E (5) camouflage (1.00);
hide (to conceal, 0.90); disguise (0.82);
cover (to hide, 0.50); dissem ble (to dis­
guise, 0.25).
CAMP to live or rem ain in a cam p (1)
camp (1.00).
CAM PAIGN (2) cam paign (to solicit
votes, 1.00); cam paign (to fight, 1.00).
CAN to be able (2) can (to be able, 1.00);
-47- CAP
m ay (to grant perm ission, 0.50).
CA N to preserve (4) can (to preserve,
1.00); preserve (to keep, 0.96); com
(0.75); pickle (0.25).
C A N C E L (14) cancel (to mark out, 1.00);
cancel (to annul, 1.00); eliminate (to re­
move, 0.83); recant (0.78); kill (to veto,
0.75); forbid (0.68); discharge (to annul,
0.67); dispel (to drive off, 0.67); refute
(0.59); liquidate (to abolish, 0.50); abol­
ish (0.43); balance (to place in balance,
0.39); omit (to fail to include, 0.25); dis­
card (0.20).
C A N D Y (2) harden (to m ake less pervi­
ous, 0.17); stiff (to grow stiff, 0.13).
C A N E to beat w ith a cane (4) lash (to
whip, 0.75); beat (to thrash, 0.57); back
(to equip w ith a back, 0.50); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.11).
CA N N O N A D E (1) roll (to produce a rela­
tively deep, continuous sound, 0.50).
C A N O N IZ E (6) canonize (1.00); bless (to
dedicate to G od, 0.89); im m ortalize
(0.50); love (to be passionately de­
voted, 0.33); idolize (0.25); worship (to
perform acts o f worship, 0.06).
C A N T to give a slant edge (1) lean (to
incline, 0.13).
C A N T E R (5) canter (1.00); trot (0.57); run
(to go sw iftly by physical effort, 0.55);
pace (to stride, 0.50); gallop (0.27).
CA N V ASS (8) canvass (to seek votes,
1.00);canvass (to sell from door to door,
1.00); ca n v a ss (to p ass ra p id ly in
review, 1.00); electioneer (0.67); discuss
(0.55); exam ine (to inspect with care,
0.43); cam paign (to solicit votes, 0.30);
beg (to ask earnestly or importunately,
0.05).
C A P (1) achieve (to finish an undertak­
ing, 0.68).
CAPACITATE -48-
CA PA C ITA TE (1) enable (0.09).
C A P A R IS O N (1) clothe (0.57).
C A P E R (7) caper (1.00); frolic (0.75); skip
(0.75); cavort (0.50); gam bol (0.50);
dance (to m ove in a gay m anner, 0.45);
play (to gam bol, 0.09).
C A P IT U L A T E (7) capitulate (1.00); yield
(to s u r r e n d e r , 0 .9 2 ); s u b m it (to
surre$der, 0.75); surrender (to accept
defeat, 0.67); resign (to relinquish, 0.33);
b o w (to su b m it, 0 .2 0 ); fa ll (to be
overthrown, 0.11).
C A P O N IZ E (1) castrate (0.23).
C A P S IZ E (8) capsize (1.00); w reck (to
shipw reck, 0.80); unbalance (to upset,
0.75); turn (to reverse, 0.63); raze (0.52);
overbalance (to upset, 0.50); upset (to
turn over, 0.23); subvert (0.14).
C A PT IV A T E (19) captivate (1.00); fasci­
nate (0.94); charm (to bew itch, 0.83);
capture (to seize figuratively, 0.75);
enchain (to attract, 0.75); enthrall (to
charm, 0.75); ingratiate (0.75); transfix
(to fascinate, 0.75); ravish (to charm ,
0.64); entertain (to keep others amused,
0.61); tem pt (0.55); engage (to engross,
0.50); engross (to occupy o n e’s m ind,
0 .5 0 ); h y p n o tiz e (to ch a rm , 0 .5 0 );
infatuate (0.50); seduce (0.43); appeal
(to attract, 0.31); sa tisfy (to m ak e
content, 0.28); entrance (to enchant,
0.25).
C A P T U R E (18) capture (to take into legal
custody, 1.00); capture (to seize w ith
arm ed force, 1.00); capture (to seize
figuratively, 1.00); capture (to win, 1.00);
seize (to take by force, 0.97); obtain (to
gain possession, 0.88); arrest (to seize
legally, 0.83); get (to catch, 0.75); kidnap
(0.73); take (to catch, 0.67); succeed (to
attain success, 0.60); enslave (0.45);
CARf
satisfy (to m ake content, 0.41); bewitcl:
(to fascinate, 0.25); catch (to bring intc
captivity, 0.25); hijack (0.25); fascinate
(0.06); ravage (0.06).
C A R B O N IZ E (1) heat (to make hot, 0.65),
C A R D to prepare wool for spinning (1)
comb (0.07).
C A R E (2) care (to be careful, 1.00); care
(to be concerned, 1.00).
C A R E E N (8) careen (1.00); totter (to be
near falling, 0.77); glance (to ricochet,
0 .5 8 ); b en d (to be fo rced out of a
straight line, 0.57); lean (to incline, 0.43);
hasten (to m ake haste, 0.37); dance (to
m ove in a gay manner, 0.10); reel (0.10),
C A R E S S (11) caress (1.00); lick (to pass
the tongue over, 0.82); feel (to examine
by touch, 0.78); coddle (to pamper,
0.75); nuzzle (0.75); tickle (to stimulate
by a light touch, 0.67); baby (0.63);
m assage (0.50); cherish (to hold dear,
0.42); touch (to be in contact, 0.27);
w oo (to m ake love to, 0.13).
C A R IC A T U R E (9) caricature (1.00); lam­
poon (0.50); parody (0.50); m im ic (to
mock, 0.33); sneer (0.31); draw (to make
a likeness by draw ing, 0.30); ridicule
(0.30); m ock (to mimic, 0.25); model (to
imitate a model, 0.25).
C A R O L (4) sing (to produce vocal mu­
sic, 0.82); w histle (to produce a tune
by w histling, 0.29); chant (0.25); yodel
(0.25).
C A R O M (2) bounce (to rebound, 0.81);
glance (to ricochet, 0.75).
C A R O U S E (4) carouse (1.00); celebrate
(to indulge in celebration, 0.67); play
(to am use oneself, 0.50); revel (to play,
0.50).
C A R P (3) carp ( 1 .0 0 );c o m p la in (to
express an objection, 0.21); bother (to
CARPENTER -49-
be disturbing, 0.18).
C A R P E N T E R (1) build (to construct,
0 .68).
CA RPET (3) carpet (1.00); cover (to place
as a covering, 0.86); redecorate (0.06).
C A R R Y (2 1 ) c a rry (to tr a n s p o r t,
1.00);carry (to transm it, 1.00);carry (to
support w eight, 1.00);carry (to give
support, 1.00);carry (to capture, 1.00);
cany (to win, 1.00); com m unicate (to
impart information, 0.97); hold (to have
in o ne’s grasp, 0.86); w ear (to use as
clothing or personal ornam ent, 0.80);
lug (0.75); support (to uphold, 0.69);
underlie (0.67); seize (to take by force,
0.56); capture (to win, 0.50); draw (to
move an object, 0.50); hold (to contain,
0.50); pass (to becom e enacted, 0.50);
truck (to send by truck, 0.25); include
(to contain, 0.14); support (to hold up
from beneath, 0.14); charge (to enter a
charge account, 0.13).
CART (3) carry (to transport, 0.80); truck
(to send by truck, 0.38); deliver (to
carry, 0.20).
CARTEL (1) monopolize (0.20).
CARTELIZE (1) monopolize (0.33).
C A R T O O N (2) copy (to rep ro d u ce ,
0.72); ridicule (0.09).
CARVE (11) carve (to form by cutting,
1.00); carve (to cut, 1.00); chisel (to thing w ith another, 0.25).
work with a chisel, 0.75); whittle (to cut,
0.71); divide (to separate by parting,
0.69); m anufacture (to m ake a product,
0.68); form (to give shape to a thing,
0.55); disjoint (0.33); contour (0.25);
mangle (to m utilate, 0.18); build (to
construct, 0.07).
CASCADE (2) overflow (to flow over the
top, or out at a vent, 0.75); flow (to issue
forth, 0.38).
CATCH
C A SE to enclose in a case (1) crate (0.25).
C A S H to give or obtain cash (1) cash
(1.00).
C A S H IE R (1) cashier (1.00).
C A S T (25) cast (to throw, 1.00);cast (to
fo rm in a m o u ld , 1 .0 0 ); c a st (to
com pute, 1.00); cast (to select actors
for a play, 1.00); shed (0.82); hurl (0.75);
spread (to distribute, 0.75); choose (to
select, 0.67); calculate (to reckon, 0.63);
form (to give shape to a thing, 0.59);
m anufacture (to m ake a product, 0.59);
cut (to shape, 0.50); delegate (to give
authority to another, 0.50); shape (to
give shape, 0.50); skin (0.50); m int (to
print or press m oney, 0.44); unload
(0.42); assign (to delegate to a specific
purpose, 0.41); dart (to m ove in the
m anner o f a dart, 0.41); build (to con­
struct, 0.39); com pose (to prepare for
printing, 0.33); dash (to throw, 0.25);
heave (to throw, 0.25); toss (to throw
easily, 0.25); throw (to hurl, 0.07).
C A S T IG A T E (10) castigate (1.00); beat
(to thrash, 0.91); punish (0.89); chas­
ten (to punish, 0.79); upbraid (0.71);
flay (to criticize, 0.50); scourge (to
punish, 0.50); denounce (0.41); penal­
ize (0.25); censure (0.08).
C A S T L E (1) exchange (to replace one
C A S T R A T E (3) castrate (1.00); weaken
(to make weaker, 0.55); maim (0.36).
C A T A L O G U E (11) catalogue (1.00); list
(to en ter in a list, 0.91); enroll (to
prepare a roll, 0.78); detail (to make clear
in detail, 0.62); record (to w rite down,
0.60); file (to arrange in order, 0.58);
identify (0.50); classify (0.42); tabulate
(0.27); schedule (0.25); inventory (0.18).
C A T C H (30) catch (to seize hold of,
CATECHIZE -50-
1.00);catch (to brin g into captivity,
1.00); catch (to com e to from behind,C A U L K (1) bar (to raise a physical ob­
1.00); catch (to co n tra ct a disease,
1.00); catch (to trick, 1.00); catch (to
reach in tim e to board, 1.00); seize (to
grasp, 0.90); hit (to fire in tim e; said o f
an internal com bustion m otor, 0.88);
lodge (to becom e fixed, 0.83); entrap
(0.75); pass (to m ove past, 0.75); snap
(0.75); hear (to receive inform ation
orally, 0.73); tackle (0.70); hear (to
perceive by ear, 0.56); baste (to sew
te m p o r a r ily , 0 .5 0 ); f o llo w (to
understand, 0.50); grapple (to fasten,
0.50); hook (to catch on a hook, 0.50);
intercept (0.50); overhear (0.50); under­
stand (to com prehend, 0.41); entangle
(0.38); discover (to find, 0.35); detect
(to identify a crim inal, 0.25); arrest (to
seize legally, 0.17); reflect (to throw
back , 0.11); hold (to h av e in o n e ’s
grasp, 0.10); fasten (to m ake som ething
secure, 0.09); describe (0.04).
C A T E C H IZ E (11) catechize (to instruct
sy stem atically , 1.00); ca te ch iz e (to
question, 1.00); im pregnate (to infuse,
0.75); exam ine (to test, 0.73); ask (to
inquire, 0.64); question (to ask, 0.36);
grill (to question closely, 0.33); instill
(0.31); brainw ash (0.25); enlighten (to
bring supposed spiritual truth, 0.14);
hunt (to try to find, 0.06).
C A T E G O R IZ E (5) classify (0.84); distrib C E A SE (18) cease (1.00); disappear (0.88);
ute (to classify, 0.75); type (to classify,
0.75); file (to arrange in order, 0.67);
tabulate (0.07).
C A T E R (2) cater (1.00); provide (to sup­
ply, 0.19).
C A T E R W A U L (2) caterw aul (1.00); cry
(to weep, 0.05).
C A T H E T E R IZ E (1) drain (to w ithdraw
CEASE
fluid, 0.13).
struction, 0.20).
C A U S E (9) cause (to bring about, 1.00);
cause (to be the cause, 1.00); begin (to
initiate, 0.94); create (to m ake, 0.65);
effect (to bring about, 0.50); leaven (to
influence, 0.50); make (to create, 0.50);
engender (0.25); m otivate (0.06).
C A U T E R IZ E (6) cauterize (1.00); clean
(0.63); dress (to give medical treatment,
0.33); heat (to m ake hot, 0.33); bum (to
subject to fire, 0.32); sear (to dry by
searing, 0.25). j
C A U T IO N (7) caution (1.00); remind (to
call th e attention o f another, 0.86);
threaten (to warn o f punishm ent, 0.79);
deter (0.75); exhort (0.75); notify (to
w arn, 0.75); advise (to give counsel,
0.34).
C A V IL (7) cavil (1.00); com plain (to ex­
press an objection, 0.74); scold (0.56);
evade (to use trickery to avoid a sharp
issue, 0.50); reproach (0.25); subtilize
(0.25); censure (0.18).
C A V O RT (5) cavort (1.00); prance (0.75);
play (to gam bol, 0.73); dance (to move
in a gay manner, 0.35); caper (0.25).
CAW (4) croak (to give a hoarse call, 0.75);
crow (to m ake a crow ing sound, 0.50);
cry (to call (not o f hum an creatures),
0.29); sound (to m ake a noise, 0.05).
abandon (to relinquish, 0.85); conclude
(to com e to an end, 0.75); decease
(0.75); desist (0.75); finish (to come to
an end, 0.75); forbear (0.75); refrain
(0.75); pause (0.60); end (to com e to an
end, 0.50); interm it (0.50); lapse (to
becom e void, 0.50); term inate (to come
to an e n d , 0 .5 0 ); a b s ta in (0.28);
CEDE
discontinue (0.25); succum b (to die,
0.25); rest (to be still, 0.17).
CEDE (4) grant (to permit, 0.50); yield (to
surrender, 0.46); abandon (to re lin ­
quish, 0.26); give (to transfer, 0.22).
C E L E B R A T E (14) celebrate (to recog­
nize an occasion, 1.00); celebrate (to
honour, 1.00); celebrate (to indulge in
celebration, 1.00); toast (to honour by
drinking liquor, 0.83); recom m end (to
lend support or approval, 0.76); w or­
ship (to perform acts o f worship, 0.53);
lionize (0.50); rom p (0.50); distinguish
(to bestow honour upon, 0.33); acclaim
(0.25); rollick (0.25); praise (to com ­
mend, 0.19); advertise (to m ake public,
0.18); com plim ent (to congratulate,
0.07).
CEM EN T (10) cem ent (1.00); fasten (to
join two or m ore things, 0.75); tem per
(to toughen or harden, 0.53); stiffen (to
cause to becom e stiff, 0.47); harden (to
make less pervious, 0.43); fasten (to
make som ething secure, 0.33); jo in (to
unite, 0.31); glue (0.25); plaster (0.25);
solder (0.25).
CEN SO R (3) edit (to prepare for publi­
cation, 0.50); forbid (0.46); disallow
(0.25).
CEN SURE (7) censure (1.00); accuse
(0.94); tax (to accuse, 0.80); scold (0.74);
remonstrate (0.60); charge (to accuse,
0.50); upbraid (0.38).
CENSUS (1) list (to enter in a list, 0.19).
CENTRALIZE (5) centralize (1.00); centre
(0.88); concentrate (to bring or com e
together, 0.68); consolidate (to cause
to unite, 0.48); m erge (0.31).
CEN TRE (3) centre (1.00); concentrate
(to em ploy all o n e ’s m ental pow ers,
0.13); concentrate (to bring or com e to­
- 5 1 - CHALLENGE
gether, 0.12).
C E R E M O N IA L IZ E (1) celebrate (to rec­
ognize an occasion, 0.06).
C E R T IF Y (8) certify (to give assurance,
1.00); certify (to state formally, 1.00);
acknow ledge (to recognize the author­
ity of, 0.80); prove (0.52); graduate (to
give a degree, 0.50); allow (to permit an
action, 0.44); testify (to bare witness,
0.44); declare (to speak form ally and
emphatically, 0.05).
C H A F E (20) chafe (to rub, 1.00); chafe
(to annoy, 1.00); w orry (to indulge in
worry, 0.80); fret (to rub painfully, 0.75);
irritate (to inflam e, 0.71); chap (0.67);
yearn (0.67); hurt (to cause pain, 0.62);
inflam e (to cause physical soreness,
0.57); cook (0.56); excoriate (to remove
strips o f skin, bark, 0.50); fret (to suffer
annoyance, 0.50); heat (to m ake hot,
0.48); rankle (0.43); anger (to arouse
som eone to anger, 0.42); mope (0.25);
fidget (0.18); excite (to stir one mentally,
0.09); rub (to subject to friction, 0.09);
rage (to give vent to anger, 0.05).
C H A F F to banter; to rail (1) ridicule (0.61).
C H A G R IN (5) embarrass (to upset m en­
tally, 0.70); bother (to give trouble,
0.68); disappoint (0.59); displease (to
leave a person dissatisfied, 0.25); hu­
miliate (0.25).
C H A IN (9) chain (to bind, 1.00); chain
(to fasten, 1.00); bind (to constrain with
bonds, 0.79); close (to com e together,
0.60); enslave (0.35); fetter (to bind,
0.33); restrict (to hold w ithin limits,
0.32); hitch (to harness, 0.25); shackle
(0.25).
C H A L K (2) colour (to im part colour to,
0.91); m ark (to make a mark, 0.68).
C H A L L E N G E (16) challenge (to invite
CHAMP -52-
to a c o n te s t, 1.0 0 ); c h a lle n g e (to
question, 1.00); challenge (to claim ,
1.00); dare (to defy, 0.93); accuse
(0.84); fight (to engage in an encounter,
0.80); emulate (0.75); interpellate (0.75);
face (to confront conflict or trouble,
0 .7 2 ); im p u g n (0 .5 0 ); re q u ire (to
dem and, 0.30); question (to ask, 0.29);
dem ur (0.25); m ock (to dare, 0.25); ask
(to inquire, 0.14); doubt (to entertain
doubt, 0.07).
C H A M P (4) chew (0.87); gnaw (0.50);
graze (to pasture, 0.31); bite (to seize
or sever w ith teeth, 0.28).
C H A M P IO N (3) d efen d (to p ro v id e
general protection, 0.63); prom ote (to
further, 0.63); support (to uphold, 0.44).
C H A N C E (6) chance (to happen, 1.00);
chance (to take a chance, 1.00); guess
(to m ake a choice, alm ost at hazard,
0.83); play (to gam ble, 0.75); happen
(to be by chance, 0.67); bet (0.14).
C H A N G E (24) change (to m ake different,
1.00);change (to put in place o f an­
other, 1.00);change (to change cloth­
ing, 1.00); change (to becom e differ­
ent, 1.00); lobby (0.81); turn (to re­
verse, 0.81); invert (to reverse, 0.75);
leav en (to influence, 0.75); red ress
(0.75); influence (0.74); cash (0.67);
sh u ffle (to m ix cards, 0.67); rev ise
(0.60); com m ute (to exchange recipro­
cally for som ething else, 0.50); m ean­
der (to turn, 0.50); rehabilitate (0.50);
substitute (to exchange, 0.50); convince
(0.36); exchange (to replace one thing
w ith another, 0.35); rem ed y (0.28);
liquidate (to change into m oney, 0.25);
differ (to be unlike, 0.20); carry (to
transport, 0.16); lighten (to make lighter,
0.06).
CHARGE
C H A N N E L (3) channel (1.00); dig (to stir
the earth, 0.59); influence (0.34).
C H A N T (5) chant (1.00); sing (to pro­
duce vocal m usic, 0.91); recite (to re­
late in d etail, 0 .73); in to n e (0.25);
w orship (to perform acts o f worship,
0.18).
C H A P (1) chap (1.00).
C H A P E R O N (6) lead (to conduct, 0.47);
attend (to go w ith, 0.25); support (to
provide for, 0.22); guard (to watch over,
0 .2 0 ); e n te rta in (to act as h o st or
hostess, 0.12); accom pany (to go with,
0.08).
C H A R to reduce by burning (4) char
(1.00); scald (0.75); heat (to m ake hot,
0.55); burn (to subject to fire, 0.36).
C H A R A C T E R IZ E (11) characterize (to
describe, 1.00); characterize (to distin­
guish, 1.00); describe (0.93); m ark (to
distinguish, 0.75); define (to provide a
nam e or description , 0.71); designate
(to specify, 0.70); narrate (0.60); distin­
g u ish (to m ak e d istin ctio n s, 0.56);
portray (to represent, 0.50); accompany
(to occur w ith, 0.20); nam e (to give a
name, 0.13).
C H A R A D E (1) pantomime (0.40).
C H A R G E (46) charge (to ask a price,
1.00);charge (to enter a charge account,
1.00); charge (to attack, 1.00);charge (to
accuse, 1.00); charge (to load, 1.00);
charge (to com m and, 1.00); charge (to
take charge of, 1.00); urge (to induce,
0.97); com mand (to issue an order, 0.93);
accuse (0.91); denounce (0.91); excite
(to activate, 0.91); im peach (0.87);
electrify (to provide electricity, 0.85);
co m m issio n (0.83); b lam e (to hold
responsible for, 0.75); call (to demand,
0.75); dem and (to ask, 0.75); tilt (to
CHARM
encounter, 0.75); com plain (to express
an objection, 0.71); indict (0.67); commit
(to entrust, 0.64); raid (0.61); tax (to
accuse, 0.60); arraign (0.50); assess (to
tax, 0.50); block (in sports, to im pede a
play, 0.50); book (0.50); confide (to
commit to the charge, 0.50); fault (to
censure, 0.50); im plicate (to involve,
0.50); ask (to inquire, 0.32); advise (to
give counsel, 0.31); assign (to delegate
to a specific purpose, 0.30); com m and
(to have control, 0.26); designate (to
appoint, 0.25); direct (to com m and,
0.25); incriminate (0.25); value (to set a
price upon, 0.21); bait (to provide with
a lure, 0.20); rally (to return to the attack,
0.20); a tta c k (to fig h t o ffe n siv e ly
(army), 0.19); quarrel (0.18); fill (to pour
to the capacity o f the container, 0.15);
summon (to call, 0.11); force (to use
force, 0.09).
CH A RM (17) charm (to bew itch, 1.00);
charm (to entertain, 1.00); fascinate
(0.98); enchant (to put under a spell,
0.75); entrance (to enchant, 0.75); take
(to captivate, 0.75); entertain (to keep
others am used, 0.65); entertain (to act
as host or hostess, 0.59); tem pt (0.59);
captivate (0.50); m agnetize (0.50); woo
(to make love to, 0.50); com plim ent (to
flatter, 0.47); attract (to allure, 0.25);
capture (to seize figuratively, 0.25);
infatuate (0.25); ingratiate (0.25).
CHART (5) chart (1.00); plan (to arrange
in a prelim inary way, 0.69); sketch (to
plan, 0.50); map (0.25); draw (to make a
likeness by draw ing, 0.13).
C H A R TER (8) charter (to license, 1.00);
charter (to hire, 1.00); rent (to obtain
use by paym ent, 0.67); approve (to give
a p p ro v a l, 0 .5 2 ); in c o r p o r a te (to
-53- CHEAPEN
organize, 0.50); hire (to let, 0.33); lease
(0.33); take (to rent, 0.25).
C H A S E to pursue for catching (9) chase
(1.00); redeem (to recover through a
payment, 0.94); drive (to cause to move,
0.93); race (to m ove at great speed,
0.84); follow (to hunt, 0.75); hunt (to
p u rsu e w ith in ten t to kill, 0.52);
dism iss (to send away, 0.38); stalk
(0.33); act (to perform an action, 0.06).
C H A S E to engrave (2) engrave (to pre­
pare a plate for printing, 0.50); decorate
(0.37).
C H A S T E N (9) chasten (to punish, 1.00);
chasten (to purify, 1.00); hum iliate
(0.92); punish (0.91); hum ble (0.88);
purify (0.88); scold (0.85); penalize
(0.50); thrash (0.25).
C H A S T IS E (12) chastise (1.00); punish
(0.86); chasten (to punish, 0.83); casti­
gate (0.75); criticize (to m ake adverse
com m ents, 0.75); discipline (to punish,
0.75); scourge (to punish, 0.75); up­
braid (0.69); disapprove (to condemn,
0.50); spank (0.50); hurt (to cause pain,
0.33); censure (0.29).
C H A T (7) chat (1.00); talk (to converse,
0.85); gossip (0.75); babble (0-.57); chat­
ter (0.50); com m unicate (to be in com ­
munication, 0.50); speak (to com m uni­
cate, 0.25).
C H A T T E R (15) chatter (1.00); blabber
(0.75); gossip (0.67); ram ble (to speak
or w rite aimlessly, 0.65); talk (to con­
verse, 0.60); cry (to call (not o f human
creatures), 0.53); babble (0.52); patter
(0.50); sound (to m ake a noise, 0.43);
tattle (0.33); chat (0.25); gab (0.25);
gabble (0.25); prattle (0.25); yap (0.25).
C H E A P E N (5) cheapen (1.00); popular­
ize (0.60); dam age (to im pair the value
CHEAT -54-
of, 0.54); adulterate (0.34); buy (to
acquire by purchase, 0.25).
C H E A T (19) cheat (1.00); mislead (0.91);
victim ize (0.83); sim ulate (0.81); con
( 0 .7 5 ) ; g y p ( 0 .7 5 ) ; ro b ( 0 .6 5 ) ;
o v e rc h a rg e (0 .6 0 ); c o u n te rfe it (to
p retend, 0.50); ensnare (to deceive,
0.50); hoodw ink (0.50); overreach (to
outwit, 0.50); shirk (0.50); steal (0.44);
p re te n d (to feig n , 0.3 8 ); m a n eu v e r
(0.29); sneak (0.27); defraud (0.25); rook
(0.25).
C H E C K to strike; to fine; to control (50)
check (to slacken the pace, 1.00);check
(to bring under control, 1.00); check (to
determ ine accuracy, 1.00); check (to
halt, 1.00); check (to m ark, 1.00); halt
(to cause to cease, 0.99); hinder (0.97);
decrease (to m ake less, 0.96); restrain
(to hold in check, 0.96); dam (0.87);
reb u ff (to reject, 0.86); gauge (0.80);
bridle (0.75); discourage (to restrain,
0.75); gage (0.75); m oderate (to m ake
less, 0.75); stultify (to prevent, 0.75);
tag (to fit w ith a tag, 0.75); inventory
(0.73); m ark (to m ake a m ark, 0.73);
tram m el (0.69); com m and (to issue an
order, 0.64); hold (to have in o n e ’s
grasp, 0.62); page (to m ark the pages,
0.60); quiet (to m ake silent, 0.60); delay
(to cause a delay, 0.57); com m and (to
have control, 0.56); p rev en t (0.56);
v erify (0.55); enslav e (0 .52); audit
(0.50); cross-exam ine (0.50); fetter (to
confine, 0.50); handle (to touch, 0.50);
restrict (to restrain, 0.50); stop (to cause
to cease, 0.50); m uzzle (to silence,
0.36); repel (to throw back, 0.33); stop
(to halt, 0.30); exam ine (to inspect with
care, 0.26); arrest (to stop, 0.25); balk
(to frustrate, 0.25); block (in sports, to
CHEW
im pede a play, 0.25); canvass (to pass
rapidly in review, 0.25); forbid (0.25);
quell (to allay, 0.25); repress (0.25);
exam ine (to test, 0.18); slow (to cause
to becom e slower, 0.15); suspend (to
cease temporarily, 0.10).
C H E C K M A T E (4) checkm ate (1.00);
hinder (0.68); check (to bring under
control, 0.64); defeat (to get the better
o f another, 0.34).
C H E E P (4) cheep (1.00); peep (to make a
peeping sound, 0.75); tw itter (0.29);
chirp (0.27).
C H E E R (27) cheer (to hearten, 1.00); cheer
(to support with cheers, 1.00); entertain
(to keep others am used, 0.94); revive
(to h ea rten , 0.94); satisfy (to make
content, 0.94); praise (to commend,
0.86); encourage (to raise the spirits,
0.80); clap (to applaud, 0.75); enliven
(0.75); hail (to salute, 0.75); solace
(0 .7 5 ); co m fo rt (to co n so le, 0.72);
applaud (0.67); console (0.67); fortify
(to strengthen physically or emotion­
ally, 0.67); support (to uphold, 0.59);
co m p lim en t (to congratulate, 0.57);
am u se (0.5 0 ); elate (0.50); hearten
(0.50); placate (0.50); help (to aid, 0.38);
ch erish (to ten d solicitously, 0.25);
g la d d en (0 .1 8 ); yell (0 .1 7 ); soothe
(0.07); ease (to relieve o f pain, 0.06).
C H E R IS H (10) cherish (to hold dear,
1.00); cherish (to tend solicitously,
1.00); love (to express love by caresses,
0.90); adore (to love, 0.75); foster (to
support, 0.75); adm ire (to be fond of,
0.50); harbour (to consider, 0.50); nurse
(0.47); baby (0.44); defend (to provide
general protection, 0.05).
C H E W (4) chew (1.00); eat (to take as
food, 0.87); m ash (0.71); bite (to seize
CHIDE
or sever w ith teeth, 0.67).
CHIDE (9) chide (1.00); scold (0.93); up­
braid (0.84); berate (0.75); admonish (to
reprimand, 0.50); chasten (to punish,
0.50); correct (to adm inister correction,
0.50); reb u ff (to reject, 0.33); censure
(0.13).
CH ILL (10) chill (to reduce temperature,
1.00); chill (to check, 1.00); freeze (to
make cold, 0.88); cool (to cause to
become cool, 0.75); temper (to toughen
or harden, 0.74); refrigerate (0.67);
depress (to bring to a lower state, 0.22);
excite (to stir one m entally, 0.22); stiff
(to grow stiff, 0.19); cool (to becom e
cool, 0.14).
C H IM E to resound w hen struck; to ring
out (7) chim e (1.00); peal (0.67); ring
(to give forth sound by ringing, 0.64);
tinkle (0.29); clank (0.25); knell (0.25);
fit (to be suitable in character, 0.05).
C H IN K to em it a short ringing sound (1)
tinkle (0.57).
CHIP to pare bread by cutting aw ay the
crust (3) chip (1.00); flake (0.50); cut
(to sever, 0.38).
C H IR P (6) chirp (1.00); tw itter (0.71);
cheep (0.50); peep (to m ake a peeping
sound, 0.50); trill (0.30); sing (to pro­
duce vocal music, 0.18).
CHIRRUP (1) chirp (0.91).
C H ISE L to cut; to grave; to pare; to
shape (9) chisel (to w ork w ith a chisel,
1.00); carve (to form by cutting, 0.89);
incise (to engrave, 0.75); form (to give
shape to a thing, 0.53); cut (to sever,
0 .4 9 ); b u ild (to c o n s tru c t, 0 .3 2 );
engrave (to prepare a plate for printing,
0.31); chip (0.30); notch (0.25).
C H L O R O F O R M (1) deaden (to reduce
life or its evidence, 0.71).
-55- CHRONICLE
C H O IR (1) sing (to produce vocal m u­
sic, 0.36).
C H O K E (11) choke (to deprive o f air,
1.00); choke (to be deprived o f air,
1.00); gag (to stop the mouth, 0.90);
delay (to cause a delay, 0.84); extin­
guish (to put out, 0.71); kill (to deprive
o f life, 0.55); check (to slacken the pace,
0.50); hinder (0.49); gag (to retch, 0.33);
dam (0.27); glut (to oversupply, 0.18).
C H O O S E (15) choose (to select, 1.00);
choose (to like, 1.00); love (to be
passionately devoted, 0.87); like (to be
inclined, 0.83); adopt (to take as a son
or daughter, 0.82); elect (0.75); opt
(0.75); adopt (to take as o n e’s own,
0.69); delegate (to give authority to
another, 0.60); favour (to have a pref­
erence, 0.46); edit (to prepare for publi­
cation, 0.36); decide (0.35); resolve
(0.30); draft (to select for military serv­
ice, 0.25); pick (to gather, 0.25).
C H O P to cut with a blow (9) chop (1.00);
hack (0.75); cut (to sever, 0.65); incise
(to cut, 0.50); chip (0.40); cut (to hit
sharply, 0.25); haggle (to mangle, 0.25);
lop (to cut o ff; sa id es p e c ia lly o f
b ra n c h e s, 0.25); divide (to separate by
parting, 0.20).
C H O R E (1) work (to labour, 0.27).
C H O R T L E (3) chortle (1.00); laugh
(0.88); cackle (0.70).
C H O R U S (1) chant (0.50).
C H R IS T E N (3) nam e (to give a name,
0.88); baptize (to give a nam e, 0.50);
dub (to entitle, 0.50).
C H R O M A T O G R A PH (1) measure (to ap­
ply a standard o f m easurem ent, 0.06).
C H R O M E (2) plate (0.33); colour (to im­
part colour to, 0.25).
C H R O N IC L E (6) list (to enter in a list,
CHUCK -56-
0.75); m ark (to note carefully, 0.67); de­
scribe (0.48); record (to w rite dow n,
0.48); date (to indicate historical tim e,
0.29); narrate (0.15).
C H U C K to give a gentle blow (2) chuck
(to caress, 1.00); throw (to hurl, 0.20).
C H U C K L E (6) chuckle (1.00); laugh
(0.94); chortle (0.75); cackle (0.60);
giggle (0.50); titter (0.25).
C H U R N (2) churn (1.00); flop (to m ove
w ith little control, 0.26).
C H Y M IF Y (1) digest (to transform food,
0.75).
C IC A T R IZ E (1) heal (to cure, 0.54).
C IN C H (5) bind (to constrain with bonds,
0.86); harness (0.58); pack (to prepare
for transportation, 0.50); latch (0.33);
fasten (to make something secure, 0.15).
C IN C T U R E (1) circle (0.37).
C IP H E R (4) cipher (1.00); decipher (0.27);
count (0.13); calculate (to reckon, 0.11).
C IR C L E (10) circle (1.00); ring (to encir­
cle, 0.92); surround (to be on all sides,
0.71); roll (to m ove by rotation, or in
rotating num bers, 0.57); flow (to keep
up a circular m otion, 0.56); encircle
(0 .3 3 ); ben d (to be fo rced out o f a
straight line, 0.29); enclose (to encircle,
0.25); infold (0.25); fly (to pass through
the air, 0.08).
C IR C U IT (2) circuit (1.00); circle (0.48).
C IR C U L A R IZ E (2) advertise (to solicit
business, 0.29); notify (to provide w ith
information, 0.03).
C IR C U L A T E (11) circulate (to go about,
1.00); circulate (to send about, 1.00);
radiate (to shed light or heat, 0.81);
issu e (to rele ase , 0 .67); sp rea d (to
extend, 0.67); notify (to provide w ith
information, 0.52); turn (to pivot, 0.50);
flow (to keep up a circular motion, 0.44);
CLACK
advertise (to m ake public, 0.39); circle
(0.26); radiate (to send forth from a
centre, 0.07).
C IR C U M A M B U L A T E (1) circle (0.04).
C IR C U M C IS E (1) divide (to separate by
parting, 0.08).
CIRCU M NA V IGA TE (2) circle (0.74); fly
(to pass over by flying, 0.50).
C IR C U M S C R IB E (15) circumscribe (to
limit, 1.00); circumscribe (to trace a line
around, 1.00); restrict (to hold within
limits, 0.86); define (to set limits, 0.72);
enslave (0.55); circle (0.52); determine
(to define, 0.50); enclose (to encircle,
0.50); restrain (to restrict, 0.50); hinder
(0 .3 6 ); c o n tra c t (to e n te r in to an
agreem ent, 0.33); taboo (0.33); bound
(to set limits, 0.25); confine (to restrict,
0.25); imprison (0.23).
C IR C U M V E N T (8) circumvent (to avoid,
1.00); circum vent (to gain an advantage
over, 1.00); circum vent (to go around,
1.00); d e fe a t (to g et th e b e tte r of
another, 0.39); tram m el (0.37); bar (to
o b stru c t b y refu sal, 0 .1 1 ); prevent
(0.06); deceive (0.05).
C IT E (13) cite (to refer to as authority,
1.00); cite (to sum m on, 1.00); mention
(0.81); implicate (to involve, 0.80); assert
(to m aintain, 0.75); subpoena (0.75);
refer (to m ention, 0.73); declare (to
speak form ally and emphatically, 0.44);
com m and (to issue an order, 0.39); bring
(to initiate a legal action, 0.36); plead
(to enter a plea, 0.25); accuse (0.13);
nam e (to indicate by nam e, 0.08).
C IV IL IZ E (2) civilize (1.00); improve (to
make better, 0.61).
C L A C K (7) clack (to m ake a rattling
noise, 1.00); clack (to talk heedlessly,
1.00); rattle (to m ake a rattling sound,
CLAM -57-
0.50); cluck (0.25); sound (to m ake a
noise, 0.25); cry (to call (not o f hum an
creatures), 0.21); babble (0.05).
CLAIM (10) claim (to assert a claim to,
1.00); claim (to assert, 1.00); declare
(to speak form ally and em phatically,
0.90); sue (0.87); ask (to expect, 0.75);
pass (to pron o u n ce form ally, 0.50);
boast (to have to o n e ’s credit, 0.33);
purport (0.25); testify (to declare, 0.25);
answer (to m ove in response, 0.18).
CLAM BER (4) clamber (1.00); scramble
(to climb hastily, 0.75); mount (to climb,
0 .2 5 ); ra m b le (to go in v a r io u s
directions, 0.15).
CLAMOUR (2) roar (0.47); thunder (0.18).
CLAM P to m ake fast w ith a clam p (6)
bind (to constrain w ith bonds, 0.83);
clasp (0.75); clinch (to attach, 0.75);
fasten (to m ak e so m e th in g se cu re,
0.57); bite (to seize or sever w ith teeth,
0.33); join (to unite, 0.14).
CLANG (6) ring (to cause to sound,
0.82); chim e (0.50); ja r (to create dis­
cordant sounds, 0.50); sound (to m ake
anoise, 0.39); clink (0.25); ring (to give
forth sound by ringing, 0.18).
CLANK (2) clank (1.00); sound (to m ake
anoise, 0.84).
CLAP (11) clap (to applaud, 1.00); clap
(to strike, 1.00); rin g (to cau se to
sound, 0.91); hit (to strike, 0.52); paw
(to handle clumsily, 0.38); praise (to
com m end, 0.38); sound (to m ake a
noise, 0.34); applaud (0.33); clack (to
make a rattling noise, 0.25); bum p (to
make a bum ping sound, 0.23); close (to
shut, 0.20).
CLA RIFY (24) clarify (to purify, 1.00);
clarify (to explain, 1.00); explain (0.85);
simplify (0.80); explicate (0.75); adjust
CLASSEFY
(to b rin g to an a g re e m e n t, 0 .6 5 );
disabuse (0.50); disadvantage (0.50);
expound (to interpret, 0.50); illumine (to
explain, 0.50); petrify (to harden, 0.50);
purify (0.41); clean (0.39); argue (to
d isc u ss, 0 .3 3 ); c lea r (to free from
uncertainty, 0.33); refine (to improve,
0.33); filter (to clean by filtering, 0.30);
answ er (to provide a solution, 0.25);
chasten (to purify, 0.25); com m ent (to
a n n o ta te , 0 .2 5 ); e lu c id a te (0 .2 5 );
illum inate (to explain, 0.25); purge (to
cleanse, 0.25); sharpen (to m ake more
exact, 0.25).
C L A S H (8) collide (to come into conflict,
0.75); conflict (0.75); ja r (to create dis­
c o rd a n t so u n d s, 0 .7 5 ); o p p o se (to
fight, 0.75); quarrel (0.68); clatter (0.50);
com pete (0.21); thunder (0.09).
C L A S P (23) clasp (1.00); hug (0.83);
p re ss (to em b ra ce , 0 .7 5 ); sq u e ez e
(0.75); seize (to grasp, 0.70); love (to
express love by caresses, 0.60); fasten
(to m ake som ething secure, 0.59); pin
(0.50); snap (0.50); button (0.33); cling
(0.33); cherish (to hold dear, 0.29); hold
(to have in o n e’s grasp, 0.28); catch (to
seize hold of, 0.27); girdle (0.25); grasp
(to clutch, 0.25); grip (0.25); join (to
unite, 0.25); fram e (to act as a frame,
0.21); tw itch (to pluck, 0.18); feel (to
exam ine by touch, 0.17); stick (to re­
m ain fastened, 0.09); caress (0.05).
CLA SS (5) class (1.00); estimate (to make
a rough guess, 0.50); classify (0.49);
rate (to rank, 0.29); sort (0.25).
C L A S S IF Y (13) classify (1.00); file (to
arrange in order, 0.92); distinguish (to
m ake distinctions, 0.81); regulate (to
adjust, 0.79); catalogue (0.75); identify
(0.75); order (to put in order, 0.68); range
CLATTER -58-
(to place in order, 0.67); list (to enter in
a list, 0.66); codify (0.50): nam e (to give
a name, 0.50); estimate (to make a rough
guess, 0.45); tabulate (0.40).
C L A T T E R (9) clatter (1.00); sound (to
m ake a noise, 0.85); clack (to m ake a
rattling noise, 0.75); clack (to talk heed­
lessly, 0.75); crash (to m ake a crashing
sound, 0.75); bang (to m ake a noise,
0.50); clum p (0.50); bum p (to m ake a
bum ping sound, 0.27); jangle (0.25).
CLA U D ICATE (1) limp (0.46).
C L A W (3) claw (1.00); paw (to scrape
w ith the front foot, 0.50); catch (to seize
hold of, 0.40).
C L E A N (12) clean (1.00); w ash (to bathe,
0.94); w ash (to launder, 0.90); w ipe
(0.80); clear (to free from contents, 0.75);
rinse (0.75); butcher (to slaughter for
consum ption, 0.56); furbish (to bu r­
nish, 0.50); dig (to stir the earth, 0.35);
filte r (to clea n by filte rin g , 0 .2 0 );
redecorate (0.12); rub (to subject to
friction, 0.05).
C L E A N S E (16) cleanse (to rem ove dirt
from the surface, 1.00); cleanse (to re­
m ove im purities from w ithin, 1.00);
cleanse (to free from sin or its effects,
1.00); clean (0.98); purify (0.94); w ash
(to bathe, 0.88); sublim ate (to purify,
0.75); comb (0.71); dress (to give m edi­
cal treatm ent, 0.56); expurgate (0.50);
fresh en (to sw eeten, 0.50); l a u n d e r
(0.50); scour (to cleanse, 0.50); scrub
(0.50); sw eeten (to m ake fresh, 0.44);
clarify (to purify, 0.25).
C L E A R (3 0 ) clear (to free from obstacles,
1.00);clear (to free from uncertainty, 1.00);
clear (to free from contents, 1.00); clear
(to free from guilt, 1.00); clear (to profit,
1.00); purify (0.82); acquit (to exonerate, v a rio u s d ire c tio n s, 0.69); arise (to
CLUVDB
0.75); bail (to empty, 0.75); honour (to
recognize as valid, 0.75); pardon (to
reduce punishm ent, 0.75); purge (to
cleanse, 0.75); rid (0.75); open (to move
aside a prepared obstruction, 0.69);
profit (to derive gain, 0.67); vault (0.63);
defray (0.50); satisfy (to pay, 0.50);
sw eep (0.50); unbind (to forgive, 0.50);
free (to liberate, 0.45); earn (to receive
in paym ent, 0.40); w ipe (0.40); absolve
(0.33); net (0.33); release (0.33); rake (to
use a rake, 0.30); ju stify (to vindicate,
0.25); pay (to give paym ent, 0.17);
em p ty (to cau se to b eco m e empty,
0.10); excuse (0.08).
C L E A V E to divide (14) cleave (to split,
1.00); cut (to sever, 0.92); crack (to
becom e cracked, 0.75); crack (to cause
to crack, 0.75); divide (to separate by
parting, 0.67); quarter (to divide into
quarters, 0.67); open (to make an open­
ing, 0.58); rip (0.57); carve (to cut, 0.50);
shear (0.50); break (to start a rupture,
0.47); gape (to split, 0.25); split (0.25);
sever (0.17).
C LEA V E to stick fast; to adhere (3) cleave
(to stick, 1.00); cohere (to stick together,
0.75); stick (to rem ain fastened, 0.55).
C L E N C H (6) clench (1.00); hold (to have
in o n e ’s grasp, 0.79); seize (to grasp,
0.75); close (to shut, 0.50); catch (to
seize hold of, 0.33); tighten (to make
tight, 0.08).
C L IC K to m ake a thin hard sound (1)
click (to m ake a clicking sound, 1.00).
C L IM A X (2) climax (to come to a climax,
1.00); climax (to bring to a climax, 1.00);
C L IM B (8) climb (to ascend, 1.00); climb
(to mount, 1.00); rise (to m ove upward,
0.81); rocket (0.71); ram ble (to go in
CLINCH -59-
ascend, 0.33); fly (to m anage a plane in
the air, 0.33); m ove (to be in m otion,
0.14).
CLINCH (5) clinch (to attach, 1.00); clinch
(to lay hold of, 1.00); seize (to grasp,
0.80); peg (0.75); hold (to have in one’s
grasp, 0.07).
CLING (8) cling (1.00); stick (to rem ain
fastened, 0.82); cleave (to stick, 0.75);
hug (0.72); hang (to depend, 0.50);
adhere (to stick to, 0.33); hold (to ad­
here, 0.33); cohere (to stick together,
0.25).
CLIN K to m ake a sharp m etallic sound
(6) clink (1.00); clank (0.75); tinkle
(0.71); jangle (0.50); jingle (0.50); sound
(to make a noise, 0.30).
CLIP to cut w ith scissors (9) clip (1.00);
snip (0.75); pare (to trim, 0.67); trim (to
cut o ff excess, 0.55); prune (0.50); cut
(to sever, 0.30); chip (0.27); hasten (to
make haste, 0.26); decrease (to m ake
less, 0.14).
CLIP to em brace (1) join (to unite, 0.03).
C L IT T E R (1) sound (to m ake a noise,
0.46).
CLOAK (7) hide (to conceal, 0.83); mask
(0.75); palliate (0.70); disguise (0.68);
clothe (0.65); top (to apply topping,
0.50); evade (to use trickery to avoid a
sharp issue, 0.38).
CLOCK (2) clock (1.00); time (0.50).
CLOG (12) clog (1.00); hinder (0.91);
trammel (0.89); delay (to cause a delay,
0.86); hobble (to restrict, 0.75); close
(to put a stopper into, 0.69); halt (to
cause to cease, 0.63); bar (to raise a
physical obstruction, 0.60); obstruct (to
place an obstruction, 0.50); dam (0.33);
glut (to oversupply, 0.24); foul (to
become dirty, 0.14).
CLUB
C L O S E (20) close (to put a stop to,
1.00); clo se (to put a sto p p er into,
1.00);close (to com e together, 1.00);
close (to shut, 1.00); fasten (to make
som ething secure, 0.89); end (to bring
to a halt, 0.76); pin (0.75); button (0.67);
achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.59);
hinder (0.52); discontinue (0.50); finish
(to com e to an end, 0.50); grapple (to
fight hand to hand, 0.50); dam (0.40);
culm inate (0.33); stop (to cease, 0.27);
com plete (to bring to an end, 0.25);
grapple (to fasten, 0.25); lace (0.25);
harden (to become less penetrable, 0.12).
C L O S E T (1) hide (to conceal, 0.21).
C L O T (7) clot (1.00); stiff (to grow stiff,
0.81); harden (to m ake less pervious,
0.67); coagulate (0.50); harden (to be­
com e less penetrable, 0.47); thicken (to
becom e thicker, 0.36); curdle (0.25).
C L O T H E (5) clothe (1.00); don (0.67);
dress (to put on clothes, 0.60); top (to
apply topping, 0.17); wrap (to conceal
in a wrapper, 0.10).
C LO U D (9) darken (to make darker, 0.75);
outshine (to obscure, 0.75); shade (to
m ake darker, 0.67); confuse (0.59);
c h a n g e (to m ak e d iffe re n t, 0 .5 4 );
obscure (to dim, 0.50); becloud (0.40);
befog (0.25); overshadow (to shade,
0.25).
C L O U T (2) hit (to strike, 0.16); beat (to
thrash, 0.02).
C L O Y (5) cloy (1.00); glut (to eat to
satiety, 0.43); w eary (to m ake weary,
0.28); glut (to oversupply, 0.12); sat­
isfy (to m ake content, 0.06).
C LU B (5) club (1.00); lay (to knock down,
0.25); beat (to thrash, 0.23); attack (to
assault (o f an individual), 0.13); hit (to
strike, 0.13).
CLUCK -60-
C L U C K (3) cluck (1.00); cackle (0.90);
cry (to call (not o f hum an creatures),
0.47).
C L U M P (2) clump (1.00); bum p (to make
a b u m p in g sound, 0.41).
C L U S T E R (4) cluster (1.00); h uddle
(0.55); sw arm (0.50); concentrate (to
bring or com e together, 0.07).
C L U T C H bend or crook as a jo in t (13)
clutch (1.00); hold (to have in o n e ’s
grasp, 0.90); grab (0.75); grip (0.75);
paw (to strike, 0.75); tw itch (to pluck,
0.55); fasten (to m ake som ething se­
cure, 0.54); seize (to grasp, 0.50); pedal
(0.38); retain (to hold, 0.33); squeeze
(0.25); feel (to exam ine by touch, 0.22);
catch (to seize hold of, 0.13).
C L U T C H to hatch chickens (1) hug
(0.67).
C L U T T E R (4) disorganize (0.85); disor­
der (0.50); confuse (0.39); m uddle (to
confuse; said o f affairs, 0.29).
C O A C E R V A T E (1) heap (to place in a
heap, 0.19).
C O A C H (3) coach (1.00); teach (to act
as a teacher, 0.90); com m and (to have
control, 0.65).
C O A G U L A T E (9) co a g u la te (1 .0 0 );
thicken (to becom e thicker, 0.91); clot
(0.75); curdle (0.75); stiff (to grow stiff,
0.75); harden (to m ake less pervious,
0.69); congeal (to clot, 0.25); com press
(0.21); harden (to becom e less penetra­
ble, 0.18).
C O A L E S C E (8) coalesce (1.00); m ix (to
blend, 0.91); concentrate (to bring or
com e together, 0.76); close (to com e
together, 0.70); com pound (to blend,
0.50); m aterialize (to becom e m atter,
0.50); m erge (0.44); unite (to com e
together, 0.14).
COD1FY
C O A R S E N (2) coarsen (1.00); harden (to
toughen, 0.62).
C O A S T (6) coast (1.00); slither (0.50);
slide (to m ove w ith a sliding motion,
0.38); glide (to m ove gently, 0.31);
cruise (0.25); drive (to m anage a pro­
pelled vehicle, 0.13).
C O A T (18) coat (1.00); paint (to protect
or decorate by painting, 0.90); spread
(to apply over a surface, 0.90); dirty
(0.82); incrust (0.75); plaster (0.75);
glaze (0.73); insulate (0.63); w ash (to
brush w ith a liquid, 0.58); ice (to be­
com e covered w ith ice, 0.50); ice (to
cover with icing, 0.50); smear (to spread,
0.50); veneer (0.50); varnish (0.41);
o versp read (0.25); rub (to apply by
rubbing, 0.23); top (to apply topping,
0.08); clothe (0.04).
C O A X (11) coax (1.00); inveigle (0.75);
w heedle (0.75); bribe (0.58); cajole
(0.50); persuade (to urge, 0.50); disarm
(to persuade, 0.33); incite (0.25); urge
(to induce, 0.13); tempt (0.09); fascinate
(0.04).
C O B B L E to m end roughly (1) repair
(0.15).
C O C K to put arms in readiness (4) train
(to aim, 0.67); lean (to incline, 0.52);aim
(to point a w eapon, 0.33)incline (to
lean, 0.25).
C O C K L E (1) w rinkle (to form into wrin­
kles, 0.50).
C O D D L E (9) coddle (to cook gently,
1.00); coddle (to pam per, 1.00); baby
(0.88); hum our (0.53); pam per (0.36);
ch e rish (to h o ld dear, 0.33); caress
(0.32); cook (0.27); indulge (to humour,
0.25).
C O D IF Y (3) codify (1.00); classify (0.73);
tabulate (0.53).
COERCE -61-
COERCE (15) coerce (to force, 1.00); co­
erce (to hold back, 1.00); force (to use
force, 0.94); terrorize (0.75); drive (to
urge on, 0.65); urge (to drive, 0.60);
enslave (0.58); enforce (to require com ­
pliance, 0.50); oblige (to require, 0.50);
blackmail (0.25); compel (0.25); make (to
force, 0.25); com m and (to have control,
0.19); goad (0.11); delay (to cause a
delay, 0.02).
COEXIST (2) coexist (1.00); accompany
(to occur with, 0.80).
COG to furnish (a w heel) with cogs (1)
check (to slacken the pace, 0.10).
COGITATE (4) think (to examine with the
mind, 0.96); ruminate (to ponder, 0.25);
meditate (to m use, 0.18); speculate (to
think, 0.10).
CO G N IZE (1) understand (to com pre­
hend, 0.53).
COHABIT (1) copulate (0.18).
CO H ERE (3) cohere (to stick together,
1.0 0 );cohere (to be lo g ic a lly c o n ­
nected, 1.00); stick (to remain fastened,
0.36).
COIL (13) coil (1.00); curl (to twist, 0.92);
wind (to w rap about, 0.90); crinkle
(0.75); sw irl (to tw ist, 0.75); bend (to
force out o f a straight line, 0.58); loop
(to be in the form o f a loop, 0.50); wrap
(to twine or w ind, 0.44); circle (0.30);
crimp (to fold, 0.25); wave (to undulate,
0.23); roll (to m ake into a roll, 0.22);
round (to m ake round, 0.21).
COIN (7) coin (to mint money, 1.00); coin
(to invent a w ord, etc., 1.00); forge
(0.78); mint (to invent a word, etc., 0.75);
improvise (0.67); invent (to create or
discover, 0.56); m int (to print or press
money, 0.56).
COINCIDE (8) coincide (to correspond,
COLLECT
1.00); coincide (to happen, 1.00); agree
(0.85); m esh (0.67); resem ble (0.56);
m eet (to touch, 0.50); consort (to be in
agreem ent, 0.25); adm it (to acknow l­
edge, 0.10).
C O L A N D E R (1) sift (to put through a
sieve, 0.40).
C O L L A P S E (13) collapse (1.00); give (to
yield under pressure, 0.86); drop (to
tum ble, 0.50); slump (to fall, 0.50); fall
(to pass q u ick ly d o w n w ard , 0.46);
decay (0.41); faint (0.33); break (to fall
apart, 0.25); explode (to burst, 0.23); tire
(to becom e exhausted, 0.09); overdo (to
overtax oneself physically, 0.08); crash
(to fall w ith a crash, 0.07); distort (to
change shape, 0.07).
C O L L A R (1) harness (0.29).
C O L L A T E (6) collate (to compare, 1.00);
collate (to check, 1.00); com pare (to
exam ine on a com parative basis, 0.93);
com pile (0.73); distinguish (to make
distinctions, 0.38); adjust (to place or
regulate parts, 0.19).
C O L L E C T (34) collect (to bring into one
place, 1.00); collect (to com e together,
1.00); collect (to obtain funds, 1.00);
collect (to arrange settlem ent o f a debt,
1.00); collect (to obtain specim ens,
1.00); com pile (0.95); accum ulate (to
am ass, 0.92); rake (to use a rake, 0.90);
save (to hoard, 0.86); harvest (0.79);
park (0.78); assume (to take for granted,
0.76); call (to bring a body o f people
together, 0.75); cluster (0.75); gather (to
bring together, 0.75); reap (to gain,
0.75); pack (to prepare for transporta­
tion, 0.70); receive (to take into o n e’s
charge, 0.70); cull (to gather, 0.67);
gather (to com e together, 0.53); accrue
(0.50); deposit (to present m oney for
COLLIDE
sa fe k ee p in g , 0.46); o b ta in (to gain
possession, 0.41); recover (to im prove
o n e ’s condition, 0.36); store (0.27);
acquire (to receive, 0.25); collocate
(0.25); convene (0.25); garner (0.25);
choose (to select, 0.17); assem ble (to
brin g together, 0.13); centre (0.12);
concentrate (to bring or com e together,
0.10); earn (to receive in payment, 0.10).
C O L L ID E (9) collide (to com e into vio­
lent contact, 1.00); collide (to com e into
c o n f lic t, 1.00); c ra s h (to h a v e a
collision, 0.91); hurtle (0.75); bum p (to
collide with, 0.67); ram (to strike head-
on, 0.50); com pete (0.42); hit (to bum p
against, 0.14); butt (to strike w ith the
head, 0.07).
C O L L IG A T E (1) compile (0.09).
C O L L O C A T E (4) collocate (1.00); accu­
m ulate (to amass, 0.73); classify (0.71);
compile (0.18).
C O L L U D E (1) collude (1.00).
C O L O N IZ E (3) colonize (1.00); immigrate
(0.50); plant (0.33).
C O L O U R (11) colour (to im part colour
to, 1.00); colour (to take on colour, 1.00);
colour (to m isrepresent, 1.00); redden
(to m ake red, 0.91); decorate (0.80);
redden (to grow red, 0.71); w ash (to
brush w ith a liquid, 0.67); corrupt (to
re n d e r in n a cu rate , 0.4 6 ); m a n icu re
(0.29); touch (to tinge, 0.22); exaggerate
(0.14).
C O M B (4) com b (1.00); groom (0.75);
clean (0.54); search (0.43).
C O M B A T (10) com bat (1.00); attack (to
assault (o f an individual), 0.87); fight
(to en g a g e in an en c o u n te r, 0.4 4 );
o p p o se (to fig h t, 0 .4 3 ); re b e l (to
endeavour to overthrow a governm ent,
0.33); attem pt (to attack, 0.25); tilt (to
-62- COMFORT
e n c o u n te r, 0 .2 5 ); a tta c k (to fight
o f fe n s iv e ly (a rm y ), 0 .2 3 ); act (to
perform an action, 0.19).
C O M B IN E (29) com bine (to bring to­
gether, 1.00);com bine (to becom e one,
1.00); com plicate (0.97); consolidate
(to cause to unite, 0.95); jo in (to unite,
0.94); concentrate (to bring or come
together, 0.90); unite (to com e together,
0.89); organize (to put in order, 0.85);
m ix (to blend, 0.79); blend (0.75); com­
p o u n d (to blend, 0.75); connect (to
jo in , 0.75); co n so lid ate (to become
united, 0.75); federate (0.75); mingle
(0.75); pair (0.75); pool (0.75); scramble
(to m ix, 0.75); incorporate (to include,
0.67); alloy (to mix metals, 0.63); articu­
late (to join, 0.60); centre (0.59); fasten
(to jo in tw o or m o re things, 0.50);
interlace (to mingle, 0.50); weld (0.50);
co alesce (0.25); in teg rate (to unify,
0.25); link (0.25); include (to place into
or am ong, 0.08).
C O M E (6) com e (to m ove toward, 1.00);
com e (to arrive, 1.00); com e (to be
available, 1.00); come (to become, 1.00);
com e (to ex ten d , 1.00); report (to
present oneself, 0.50).
C O M F O R T (14) com fort (to console,
1 .0 0 ); c o m fo r t (to m a k e easy
p h y sic ally , 1.00); sa tisfy (to make
content, 0.97); accom m odate (to render
a service, 0.91); revive (to hearten, 0.88);
encourage (to give support, 0.76); re­
lieve (to lessen; said especially o f pain,
0.76); reprieve (to alleviate, 0.75); sup­
port (to uphold, 0.72); ease (to relieve
o f pain, 0.56); lighten (to ease, 0.50);
sym pathize (0.43); sustain (to defend,
0.20); entertain (to keep others amused,
0.16).
COMMAND
COM M AND (21) com m and (to issue an
order, 1.00); com m and (to have control,
1.00); bring (to be w orth in sale, 0.92);
govern (0.91); enjoy (to have the use
of, 0.75); urge (to induce, 0.72); will (to
exert o n e’s will, 0.70); ask (to inquire,
0.55); demand (to require, 0.50); overtop
(0.50); require (to dem and, 0.50); force
(to use force, 0.47); occupy (to fill
space, 0.43); w histle (to call w ith a
whistle, 0.43); wish (to express a desire,
0.42); overhang (to hang over, 0.33);
summon (to call, 0.33); overlook (to
occupy a com m anding height, 0.29);
call (to demand, 0.25); please (to desire,
0.25); commission (0.10).
C O M M A N D E E R (4) com m andeer (to
force into m ilitary service, 1.00); com ­
mandeer (to seize for public use, 1.00);
enforce (to require com pliance, 0.67);
seize (to take by force, 0.42).
COMMEASURE (1) commeasure (1.00).
C O M M E M O R A T E (5) com m em orate
(1.00); com plim ent (to congratulate,
0.79); m em orize (0.67); celebrate (to
recognize an occasion, 0.50); rem em ­
ber (to recall, 0.38).
COMMENCE (9) commence (1.00); begin
(to come into being or start function­
ing, 0.93); prem ise (to introduce, 0.75);
start (to begin, 0.75); set (to start, 0.67);
undertake (0.63); preface (0.50); lead (to
play a first card, 0.33); develop (to
begin, 0.25).
COM M END (16) com m end (to praise,
1.00); com mend (to recommend, 1.00);
commend (to present w ith confidence,
1.00);compliment (to flatter, 0.95); rec­
ommend (to lend support or approval,
0.92); exalt (to praise, 0.75); p u ff (to
flatter, 0 .7 5 ); a c c la im ( 0 .5 0 ) ;
-63- COMMTT
countenance (0.50); glory (to praise,
0.50); adm ire (to have regard for, 0.31);
aggrandize (to exalt, 0.25); laud (0.25);
endorse (to indicate o n e’s active sup­
port, 0.23); urge (to present favourably,
0.12); bless (to dedicate to God, 0.11).
C O M M E N T (5) com m ent (to make a
rem ark, 1.00); com m ent (to annotate,
1.00); annotate (0.75); treat (to deal with
a subject, 0.70); communicate (to impart
information, 0.46).
C O M M E R C IA L IZ E (2) commercialize (to
adapt to business, 1.00); com m ercial­
ize (to cheapen, 1.00).
C O M M IN G L E (4) com m ingle (1.00);
adulterate (0.57); mix (to blend, 0.53);
confound (to mix, 0.50).
C O M M IN U T E (2) pulverize (0.75); grind
(to pulverize, 0.65).
C O M M ISER A TE (4) commiserate (1.00);
com fort (to console, 0.83); sympathize
(0.71); pity (to feel pity for, 0.67).
C O M M IS S IO N (11) commission (1.00);
crown (to em power with a crown, 0.96);
a s s ig n (to d e le g a te to a s p e c ific
p u rp o s e , 0 .9 3 ); d e le g a te (to g iv e
authority to another, 0.90); constitute
(to em pow er, 0.75); hire (to employ,
0.50); station (0.50); allow (to permit an
action, 0.41); trust (to p lace in the
protection o f another, 0.38); send (to
dispatch, 0.16); com m it (to entrust,
0.14).
C O M M IT (13) com m it (to perpetrate,
1.00); com m it (to entrust, 1.00); assign
(to delegate to a specific puipose, 0.96);
perpetrate (0.75); relegate (to assign,
0.75); commission (0.67); contribute (to
g iv e , 0 .6 4 ); tru st (to p la c e in the
protection o f another, 0.63); refer (to
direct, 0.60); refund (to put financial
COMMIX
obligations on a new basis, 0.46); act
(to perform an action, 0.25); deposit (to
present m oney for safekeeping, 0.15);
involve (0.07).
C O M M IX (1) commix (1.00).
C O M M U N E (2) consult (0.50); com m u­
nicate (to be in com m unication, 0.43).
C O M M U N IC A T E (18) communicate (to
impart information, 1.00); communicate
(to be in com m unication, 1.00);tell (to
inform , 0.95); relay (0.80); carry (to
transm it, 0.78); give (to pass on, 0.75);
talk (to converse, 0.70); convey (to
tra n s m it, 0 .6 7 ); re p o rt (to d e liv e r
inform ation, 0.63); recite (to relate in
detail, 0.59); reveal (to divulge, 0.55);
advertise (to m ake public, 0.50); trans­
m it (to carry, 0.33); w rite (to com pose
in w ords, 0.33); adm it (to confess,
0.14); m ention (0.13); detail (to m ake
clear in detail, 0.12); send (to broad­
cast, usually electronically, 0.10).
C O M M U N IZ E (1) equalize (0.33).
C O M M U T E (5) com m ute (to exchange
r e c ip r o c a l ly fo r s o m e th in g e ls e ,
1 .0 0 );c o m m u te (to e x c h a n g e fo r
something less severe, 1.00); com m ute
(to travel, 1.00); exchange (to replace
one thing w ith another, 0.75); change
(to m ake different, 0.62).
C O M P A C T (5 ) c o m p re s s ( 0 .9 2 ) ;
concentrate (to bring or com e together,
0.8 5);consolidate (to cause to unite,
0.76); harden (to m ake less pervious,
0.40);cram (to stuff, 0.25).
C O M P A R E (10) co m p are (to lik en ,
1 .0 0 ) ;c o m p a r e (to e x a m in e on a
com parative basis, 1.00); com pare (to
stand in relationship to another, 1.00);
balance (to dem onstrate balance, 0.88);
scale (to m easure, 0.88); correspond (to
-64- COMPILE
be alike, 0.67); study (to endeavour to
understand, 0.67); check (to determine
accuracy, 0.50); equal (0.31); revise
(0.27).
C O M P A S S (9) circle (0.89); contrive (to
succeed w ith difficulty, 0.77); seize (to
grasp, 0.60); define (to set limits, 0.55);
circuit (0.50); encom pass (to surround,
0.50); com prise (0.21); obtain (to gain
possession, 0.12); fram e (to act as a
frame, 0.07).
C O M P A SS IO N A T E (1) comfort (to con­
sole, 0.78).
C O M P E L (20) com pel (1.00); force (to
use force, 0.97); enforce (to require
com pliance, 0.93); urge (to drive, 0.93);
c o m m a n d (to h av e c o n tro l, 0.79);
necessitate (0.75); oblige (to require,
0.75); fascinate (0.71); drive (to urge
on, 0.70); im pose (0.67); influence
(0.54); coerce (to force, 0.50); constrain
(0.50); m ake (to force, 0.50); pressure
(0.50); enslave (0.39); get (to induce,
0.33); operate (to produce an effect,
0.28); bind (to obligate, 0.25); command
(to issue an order, 0.09).
C O M P E N S A T E (16) compensate (to pay,
1.00); com pensate (to offset, 1.00); pay
(to give paym ent, 0.96); offset (0.81);
rem unerate (0.75); rew ard (0.75); settle
(to satisfy a claim, 0.67); requite (0.60);
b alan c e (to p lace in balance, 0.58);
replace (to supply an equivalent, 0.36);
r e im b u rs e (0 .3 3 ); e x p ia te (0.25);
neutralize (0.25); refund (to return, 0.25);
repay (to pay back, 0.13); refund (to
p u t fin a n c ia l o b lig a tio n s on a new
basis, 0.08).
C O M P E T E (2) com pete (1.00); rival
(0 .11).
C O M P IL E (7) com pile (1.00); collocate
COMPLAIN -65-
(0.75); edit (to prepare for publication,
0.75); program (to w ork out a sequence
to be perform ed, 0.56); accum ulate (to
amass, 0.54); summarize (0.50); build (to
construct, 0.43).
C O M PLAIN (7) complain (to express an
objection, 1.00); com plain (to express
grief, 1.00); m ind (to object to, 0.67);
cry (to w eep, 0.35); quarrel (0.32);
mourn (to lament, 0.27); w hine (0.08).
C O M PLETE (21) complete (to make en­
tire, 1.00);com plete (to bring to an end,
1.00); achieve (to finish an undertak­
ing, 0.97); supplem ent (0.85); adjust (to
b rin g to an a g r e e m e n t, 0 .8 0 );
consummate (0.75); finish (to bring to
an end, 0.75); terminate (to finish, 0.75);
do (to execute com m ands or instruc­
tions , 0.67); satisfy (to fulfill, 0.59);
accompany (to supplem ent, 0.50); av­
erage (to do on an av erag e, 0.43);
operate (to produce an effect, 0.39);
conclude (to finish, 0.33); perform (to
complete an action, 0.33); settle (to
finish, 0.33); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.31); perform (to accom plish an
action, 0.28); com m it (to perpetrate,
0.25); fulfill (0.25); m anufacture (to
make a product, 0.23).
COMPLICATE (9) complicate (1.00); tan­
gle (0.87); entangle (0.69); confuse
(0.29); disorganize (0.27); aggravate (to
make worse, 0.25); puzzle (to perplex,
0.25); disturb (to upset m ental calm ,
0.13); m u d d le (to con fu se; said o f
affairs, 0.12).
CO M PLIM EN T (5) compliment (to con­
gratulate, 1.00); com plim ent (to flatter,
1.00); recom m end (to lend support or
approval, 0.84); toast (to honour by
drinking liq u o r, 0 .5 0 ); p r a is e (to
COMPREHEND
commend, 0.29).
C O M P L Y (12) conform (0.94); observe
(to abide by, 0.67); condescend (0.64);
accede (0.50); acquiesce (0.50); relent
(0.50); yield (to grant, 0.40); adhere (to
conform to, 0.33); lend (to adapt one­
self, 0.33); follow (to regulate o n e’s
action, 0.27); defer (to yield, 0.14); obey
(to act in accordance with orders, 0.10).
C O M P O R T (1) acquit (to behave, 0.80).
C O M P O S E (23) com pose (to be the
parts or the ingredients, 1.00);compose
(to give form, 1.00); compose (to create,
1.00); com pose (to prepare for print­
ing, 1.00); organize (to put in order,
0.90); w eave (to contrive, 0.88); quiet
(to m ake calm, 0.86); straighten (0.86);
decrease (to m ake less, 0.84); edit (to
prepare for publication, 0.79); etch (to
use etching as an artistic medium, 0.67);
fabricate (to assem ble, 0.67); pen (to
write, 0.67); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.65); dictate (to speak for record,
0.60); com fort (to make easy physically,
0.59); build (to construct, 0.50); compile
(0.50); construct (to erect mentally,
0.50); settle (to quiet, 0.50); sing (to
w rite poetry, 0.33); paint (to represent
by painting, 0.20); print (to reproduce
by printing, 0.17).
C O M P O U N D (10) com pound (to blend,
1.00); com pound (to complicate, 1.00);
m ultiply (to em ploy m ultiplication as
an arithm etical process, 0.78); concoct
(to m ake by com bining ingredients,
0.75); mix (to blend, 0.59); alloy (to mix
m etals, 0.50); constitute (to m ake up,
0.50); blend (0.25); commix (0.25); con­
solidate (to cause to unite, 0.24).
C O M P R E H E N D (14) comprehend (to in­
clude, 1.00); com prehend (to under­
COMPRESS
stand, 1.00); com prise (0.95); read (to
understand by reading, 0.92); figure (to
figure out, 0.75); follow (to understand,
0.75); perceive (to understand, 0.75);
contain (to include, 0.67); know (to
understand, 0.67); apprehend (to un­
derstand, 0.50); conceive (to u n d er­
stand, 0.50); fathom (0.50); see (to
understand, 0.50); m aster (to becom e
proficient, 0.33).
C O M P R E S S (10) c o m p re ss (1 .0 0 );
tig h ten (to m ake tight, 0.92); w ring
(0.71); pack (to stow com pactly, 0.69);
abridge (0.50); ease (to lessen pressure
or tension, 0.44); pinch (to squeeze,
0.38); decrease (to m ake less, 0.23);
w rinkle (to form into w rinkles, 0.20);
concentrate (to bring or com e together,
0.17).
C O M P R IS E (9) comprise (1.00); refer (to
concern, 0.61); be (to equal, 0.50); com ­
prehend (to include, 0.50); cover (to in­
clude, 0.50); encom pass (to include,
0.50); equal (0.38); com pose (to be the
parts or the ingredients, 0.33); involve
(0.13).
C O M P R O M IS E (7) compromise (to make
concession, 1.00); com prom ise (to dam ­
age one’s honour, 1.00); involve (0.93);
rape (0.80); rea d ju st (0.50); decide
(0.47); implicate (to involve, 0.10).
C O M P U T E (13) compute (LOO); program
(to w o rk o u t a s e q u e n c e to b e
perform ed, 0.94); count (0.88); reckon
(0.88); balance (to dem onstrate bal­
ance, 0.76); budget (to estim ate tim e or
rations or distance, etc., 0.75); cipher
(0.75); scale (to m easure, 0.63); value
(to set a price upon, 0.58); add (to bring
together, usually by mathem atics, 0.56);
e s tim a te (to m a k e a c o n s id e r e d
-66- CONCEIVE
prediction, 0.47); calculate (to reckon,
0.42); estim ate (to calculate probable
costs, 0.38).
C O M P U T E R IZ E (1) mechanize (0.67).
C O N to know (2) con (1.00); learn (to
acquire mentally, 0.50).
C O N C A T E N A T E (2) program (to work
out a sequence to be perform ed, 0.25);
consolidate (to cause to unite, 0.10).
C O N C E A L (21) conceal (1.00); disguise
(0.91); palliate (0.85); shelter (0.78);
blind (to deceive, 0.75); pocket (0.75);
secrete (to hide, 0.75); bury (to cover,
0.67); cache (0.67); seclude (to hide,
0.67); blanket (0.50); camouflage (0.50);
em b o w el (to bury, 0.50); enshroud
(0.50); m ask (0.50); screen (to hide,
0 .5 0 ); sh ie ld (0 .5 0 ); su b lim ate (to
repress, 0.50); complicate (0.37); evade
(to use trickery to avoid a sharp issue,
0.31); hide (to conceal, 0.17).
C O N C E D E (15) concede (1.00); admit (to
acknow ledge, 0.97); acknow ledge (to
adm it, 0.75); allow (to include in an es­
tim ate, 0.75); grant (to accept as true,
0.75); consider (to take into account,
0.67); descend (to condescend, 0.67);
suffer (to perm it, 0.62); abandon (to
r e lin q u is h , 0 .5 6 ); u n d e rs ta n d (to
accept, 0.50); condescend (0.36); defer
(to yield, 0.29); confess (to admit, 0.25);
yield (to grant, 0.20); reveal (to divulge,
0.18).
C O N C E IV E (18) conceive (to form a con­
cept or im age of, 1.00); conceive (to
understand, 1.00); im agine (to visual­
ize mentally, 0.94); think (to form in the
m ind, 0.75); understand (to compre­
hend, 0.68); dream (to entertain oneself
w ith im agined things, 0.67); produce
(to create by m ental effort, 0.67); think
CONCENTRALIZE -67-
(to ex a m in e w ith the m in d , 0.5 4 );
im pregnate (to beget, 0.50); visualize
(0.50); form (to give shape to a thing,
0.45); invent (to create or discover, 0.33);
compose (to create, 0.27); create (to
conceive in the m ind, 0.25); envisage
(to im agine, 0.25); m ake (to create,
0.25); picture (to imagine, 0.25); believe
(to accept as true, 0.08).
C O N CEN TRA LIZE (1) centre (0.24).
C O N C E N T R A T E (17) concentrate (to
bring or com e together, 1.00); concen­
trate (to em p lo y all o n e ’s m e n ta l
powers, 1.00); centre (0.94); dry (to
cause to becom e dry, 0.83); centralize
(0.75); evaporate (to dehydrate, 0.75);
consolidate (to cause to unite, 0.62);
compile (0.59); accum ulate (to am ass,
0.58); unite (to c6me together, 0.56); re­
flect (to contem plate, 0.50); intensify
(0.38); harden (to m ake less pervious,
0.36); heap (to place in a heap, 0.27);
converge (0.20); watch (to be attentive,
0.07); gather (to com e together, 0.05).
CONCENTRE (1) centre (0.53).
C O N CEPTU A LIZE (1) imagine (to visu­
alize mentally, 0.50).
CO N CER N (4) concern (to have refer­
ence to, 1.00); apply (to be relevant,
0.75); operate (to produce an effect,
0.17); belong (to be properly placed,
0.14).
CONCERT (2) arrange (to make arrange­
ments, 0.55); negotiate (to m ake ar­
rangements for, 0.29).
CONCILIATE (10) conciliate (1.00); rec­
oncile (to bring into harm ony, 0.92);
pacify (to mollify, 0.75); propitiate (0.75);
decide (0.59); satisfy (to m ake content,
0.47); negotiate (to m ake arrangem ents
for, 0.35); arbitrate (0.33); com prom ise
CONCUR
(to m ake concession, 0.33); disarm (to
deprive o f w eapons, 0.27).
C O N C L U D E (32) conclude (to finish,
1.00);conclu d e (to com e to an end,
1 .0 0 ); c o n c lu d e (to d e te rm in e ,
1.0 0 );c o n c lu d e (to d e d u c e, 1.00);
achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.89);
adjust (to bring to an agreement, 0.85);
decide (0.82); stop (to cease, 0.80);
close (to put a stop to, 0.75); judge (to
form an opinion, 0.75); resolve (0.70);
believe (to accept as true, 0.67); reason
(to seek a reaso n ab le explanation ,
0.58); com plete (to bring to an end,
0.50); deduce (0.50); dispatch (to make
an end, 0.50); effect (to achieve, 0.50);
end (to bring to a conclusion, 0.50);
g e n e r a liz e (to m a k e g e n e r a lly
applicable, 0.40); derive (to draw a
c o n c lu s io n , 0 .3 3 ); d e te rm in e (to
resolve, 0.33); perorate (to summarize,
0.33); transact (0.33); do (to bring to a
close, 0.25); fix (to decide, 0.25); go (to
end, 0.25); end (to bring to a halt, 0.24);
clim ax (to com e to a clim ax, 0.17);
d estroy (to b rin g to nothing, 0.07);
resu lt (0.06 ); co m m en t (to m ake a
rem ark , 0.0 5 ); assum e (to take for
granted, 0.03).
C O N C O C T (11) concoct (to m ake by
com bining ingredients, 1.00); concoct
(to m ake up, 1.00); brew (0.75); prepare
(to cook and serve, 0.75); adulterate
(0.69); lie (to utter an untruth, 0.54); lay
(to w ork out, 0.50); process (0.33);
sim ulate (0.29); invent (to fabricate,
0.11); plan (to plot an action in advance,
0.06).
C O N C R E T E (1) harden (to make less per­
vious, 0.10).
C O N C U R (10) concur (1.00); yield (to
CONDEMN -68-
grant, 0.80); agree (0.77); adm it (to ac­
k n ow ledge, 0.66); consort (to be in
agreem ent, 0.50); covenant (0.50); fit
(to be suitable in character, 0.42); obey
(to act in accordance w ith orders, 0.38);
nod (to m ake a nodding m ovem ent,
0.21); participate (to take part in, 0.17).
C O N D E M N (17)condem n (to send to
punishm ent, 1.00); condem n (to blam e,
1.00);denounce (0.97); upbraid (0.91);
dislike (0.90); depreciate (to low er in
reputation, 0.77); blam e (to censure,
0.75); excoriate (to denounce, 0.75);
reproach (0.75); censure (0.68); m islike
(0.67); fulm inate (to denounce, 0.50);
b a r (to o b stru c t by re fu sa l, 0 .3 2 );
despise (0.25); reprove (0.25); scandal­
ize (0.07); sneer (0.03).
C O N D E N S E (2 4 ) c o n d e n s e (to
com press, 1.00); condense (to abridge,
1.00); com press (0.96); dry (to
to becom e dry, 0.92); eat (to reduce
gradually, 0.92); foim (to take form, 0.86);
concentrate (to bring or com e together,
0.83); tighten (to m ake tight, 0.83);
consolidate (to cause to unite, 0.81);
unite (to com e together, 0.78); pucker
(0.75); pack (to stow com pactly, 0.62);
stiff (to grow stiff, 0.56); decrease (to
m ake less, 0.54); curdle (0.50); liquefy
(0.50); abbreviate (0.40); abstract (to
prepare an abstract, 0.25); consolidate
(to becom e united, 0.25); edit (to p re­
pare for publication, 0.25); epitom ize
(0.25); jell (0.25); contract (to cause to
dim inish, 0.22); contract (to dim inish,
0.18).
C O N D E S C E N D (1) condescend (1.00).
C O N D IT IO N (3) condition (1.00); stipu­
late (0.75); dispose (0.25).
C O N D O L E (5) condole (1.00); com fort
CONFER
(to console, 0.94); sym pathize (0.86);
com miserate (0.67); pity (to feel pity for,
0.33).
C O N D O N E (5) condone (1.00); pardon
(to forgive, 0.75); forgive (to cease to
resent, 0.60); excuse (0.38); justify (to
give reasons for, 0.22).
C O N D U C E (1) tend (to have a tendency
(toward), 0.86).
C O N D U C T (23) conduct (to guide, 1.00);
conduct (to m anage, 1.00); conduct (to
transm it, 1.00); w age (0.80); command
(to have control, 0.77); adm inister (to
m anage, 0.75); direct (to show the way,
0.75); rule (to govern, 0.75); c a n y (to
transm it, 0.67); guide (to lead, 0.67);
take (to escort, 0.67); acquit (to behave,
0.60); m anage (to direct, 0.57); carry (to
transport, 0.56); m ake (to w age, 0.50);
operate (to keep in operation, 0.50);
cause
pilot (0.50); squire (0.50); supervise
(0.50); convey (to transm it, 0.33); ac­
c o m p a n y (to go w ith , 0.31);
superintend (0.25); send (to broadcast,
usually electronically, 0.20).
CO N FA B U LA TE (2) consult (0.60); com­
m u n ic ate (to be in com m unication,
0.57).
C O N F E D E R A T E (2) unite (to com e to­
gether, 0.75); federate (0.25).
C O N F E R (22) confer (to grant as a gift,
1.00); confer (to hold a conference,
1.00); talk (to converse, 0.90); give (to
transfer, 0.89); negotiate (to m ake ar­
rangem ents for, 0.82); consult (0.80);
com m unicate (to be in communication,
0.79); grant (to bestow, 0.75); lend (to
im part, 0.75); show (to grant, 0.75);
d isc u ss (0 .7 3 ); co n trib u te (to give,
0.71); send (to deliver, 0.45); trust (to
g iv e c re d it to, 0 .4 4 ); pay (to give
CONFESS -69-
paym ent, 0.42); bargain (to negotiate,
0.33); com m end (to present with confi­
dence, 0.25); parley (0.25); present (to
give, 0.25); think (to exam ine w ith the
mind, 0.21); spend (to expend, 0.18);
vote (0.13).
CONFESS (12) confess (to admit, 1.00);
confess (to recount o n e’s evil actions,
1.00); confess (to profess, 1.00); de­
clare (to adm it to o n e’s possessions,
0.92); reveal (to divulge, 0.91); adm it
(to acknow ledge, 0.76); disclose (to
divulge, 0.67); acknow ledge (to admit,
0.50); profess (0.50); apologize (0.43);
divulge (0.33); tell (to inform, 0.29).
CO N FID E (4) confide (to com m it to the
charge, 1.00); confide (to reveal in trust,
1.00); commit (to entrust, 0.95); relegate
(to assign, 0.25).
CONFINE (30) confine (to restrain, 1.00);
confine (to imprison, 1.00); confine (to
restrict, 1.00); confine (to set lim its,
1.00); d efin e (to set lim its, 0.9 3 );
imprison (0.85); enslave (0.84); ja il
(0.83); box (to enclose in a box, 0.75);
isolate (0.75); sentence (0.67); hold (to
have in o n e’s grasp, 0.66); fram e (to
act as a frame, 0.57); bound (to set lim ­
its, 0.50); entom b (to im prison, 0.50);
limit (0.50); localize (0.50); pen (to
enclose, 0.50); stint (0.50); straiten (to
limit, 0.50); enclose (to shut up or shut
in, 0.43); delay (to cause a delay, 0.36);
encage (0.33); circum scribe (to limit,
0.25); im pound (to im prison, 0.25);
incarcerate (0.25); term inate (to lim it,
0.25); contract (to cause to dim inish,
0.11); ring (to encircle, 0.08); dam (0.07).
C O N FIRM (32) confirm (to strengthen,
1.00); confirm (to ratify, 1.00);confirm
(toprove, 1.00); strengthen (0.87); en­
CONFORM
dorse (to indicate o n e’s active support,
0.85); com pliment (to flatter, 0.79); cor­
roborate (0.75); countenance (0.75);
m anifest (to evidence, 0.75); sanction
(0.75); substantiate (to prove, 0.75);
v a lid a te (0 .7 5 ); a c k n o w le d g e (to
recognize the authority of, 0.70); ap­
prove (to give approval, 0.68); vouch
(0.68); uphold (to m aintain, 0.67); rec­
om m end (to lend support or approval,
0.60); conclude (to determ ine, 0.50);
sig n (to au th o riz e , 0 .5 0 ); u rg e (to
present favourably, 0.35); prove (0.34);
carry (to give support, 0.33); dem on­
strate (to prove, 0.33); establish (to
prove, 0.25); show (to dem onstrate,
0.25); support (to uphold, 0.25); adm it
(to acknow ledge, 0.24); com fort (to
console, 0.22); justify (to give reasons
for, 0.11); verify (0.09); guarantee (to
certify, 0.06); bless (to dedicate to God,
0.05).
C O N F IS C A T E (8) confiscate (1.00); dis­
p o sse ss (to tak e aw ay from , 0.75);
sequester (to take over, 0.75); expro­
priate (0.67); fine (0.54); attach (to seize,
0.33); com m andeer (to seize for public
use, 0.25); seize (to take by force, 0.25).
C O N F L A G R A T E (1) bum (to subject to
fire, 0.82).
C O N F L IC T (5) conflict (1.00); contest
(to fight, 0.53); collide (to com e into
conflict, 0.50); contrast (to provide a
contrast, 0.50); interfere (to prevent,
0.25).
C O N F O R M (8) conform (1.00); follow (to
regulate o n e ’s action, 0.93); go (to fit
or suit, 0.75); use (to m ake a practice o f
(in past), 0.67); fit (to be suitable in
character, 0.63); adjust (to bring to an
agreement, 0.60); agree (0.31); obey (to
CONFOUND
act in accordance w ith orders, 0.24).
C O N F O U N D (27) confound (to m ix,
1 .0 0 );c o n fo u n d (to co n fu se , 1.00);
confuse (0.95); confute (0.90); b ew il­
der (0.80); dam n (to consign to hell,
0.79); surprise (to amaze, 0.79); em bar­
rass (to upset m entally, 0.67); com pli­
cate (0.60); bamboozle (to peiplex, 0.50);
p erp lex (0.50); perturb (to confuse,
0.50); m ism anage (0.43); h u m iliate
(0.42); m istake (0.38); com pound (to
co m p licate, 0.33); halt (to cause to
cease, 0.30); m isunderstand (0.27); be­
num b (to stupefy, 0.25); disprove (0.25);
n o n p lu s (0 .2 5 ) ; o v e r w h e lm (to
asto n ish , 0.25); d iso rg an ize (0.24);
quiet (to m ake silent, 0.20); hum ble
(0.16); fuddle (0.14); oppose (to hold a
contrary opinion, 0.09).
C O N F R O N T (11) confront (1.00); face
(to confront conflict or trouble, 0.96);
d are (to defy, 0 .8 0 ); b ra v e (0 .7 5 );
outface (0.75); oppose (to hold a con­
trary opinion, 0.53); contradict (to op­
pose, 0.33); encounter (to m eet unex­
pectedly, 0.33); stand (to oppose, 0.33);
envisage (to confront, 0.25); com pare
(to exam ine on a com parative basis,
0.14).
C O N F U S E (15) confuse (1.00); tangle
(0.80); em barrass (to upset m entally,
0.73); hide (to conceal, 0.55); hum iliate
(0 .5 0 ); litter (0.50); d isc o u ra g e (to
dishearten, 0.47); misplace (0.38); hum ­
ble (0.36); m isunderstand (0.33); molest
(to disturb people, 0.28); m isapprehend
(0.25); mistake (0.25); obfuscate (0.25);
evade (to use trickery to avoid a sharp
issue, 0.08).
C O N F U T E (7) confute (1.00); debate
(0.93); refute (0.93); rebut (0.67); quiet
-70- CONJECTURE
(to m ake silent, 0.40); explode (to dis­
credit, 0.25); oppose (to hold a con­
trary opinion, 0.06).
C O N G E A L (12) congeal (to solidify as
by freezing or curdling, 1.00);congeal
(to clot, 1.00); harden (to becom e less
penetrable, 0.88); freeze (to change to
a solid state, 0.83); ossify (0.67); stiff
(to grow stiff, 0.63); harden (to make
less pervious, 0.62); tighten (to become
tig h t, 0.50 ); tem p er (to toughen or
harden, 0.37); coagulate (0.25); set (to
becom e firm, 0.25); thicken (to become
thicker, 0.18).
C O N G E S T (3) inflam e (to cause physi­
cal soreness, 0.86); glut (to oversup­
ply, 0.65); concentrate (to bring or come
together, 0.24).
C O N G L O M E R A T E (2) m erge (0.38);
concentrate (to bring or com e together,
0.27).
C O N G R A T U L A T E (5) congratulate
(1.00); felicitate (0.75); p u ff (to flatter,
0.25); salute (to recognize with respect,
0.20); praise (to com mend, 0.10).
C O N G R E G A T E (11) congregate (1.00);
gather (to com e together, 0.79); collect
(to com e to g eth er, 0.75); forgather
(0.75); convene (0.50); flock (0.50);
rejoin (0.50); m eet (to go to a place of
meeting, 0.43); compile (0.32); assemble
(to com e together, 0.25); concentrate
(to bring or com e together, 0.05).
C O N JE C T U R E (10) conjecture (1.00);
guess (to attem pt an answ er on inad­
equate evidence, 0.94); suppose (0.75);
surmise (0.75); infer (to conclude, 0.56);
sp e c u la te (to th ink, 0.50); theorize
(0.50); understand (to suppose, 0.50);
assu m e (to tak e for g ran ted , 0.38);
anticipate (to foresee, 0.25).
CONJOIN
C O N JO IN (6) join (to unite, 0.81); yoke
(0.74); consolidate (to cause to unite,
0.33); append (to attach, 0.25); unify
(0.25); unite (to com e together, 0.17).
C O N JU R E (4) conjure (to appeal to,
1.00); conjure (to practice magic, 1.00);
beg (to ask earnestly or im portunately,
0.21); urge (to induce, 0.16).
C O N N E C T (30) connect (to join, 1.00);
connect (to associate, 1.00); adjust (to
place or regulate parts, 0.92); implicate
(to involve, 0.90); join (to unite, 0.86);
yoke (0.84); com pare (to liken, 0.80);
attach (to join, 0.75); bridge (0.75);
chain (to fasten, 0.75); com bine (to
bring to g eth er, 0.75); co rre la te (to
relate, 0.75); hinge (0.75); link (0.75);
involve (0.67); refer (to concern, 0.67);
attribute (0.57); close (to com e to ­
gether, 0.50); knit (to com bine or jo in
closely, 0.50); consolidate (to cause to
unite, 0.43); articulate (to join, 0.40); as­
sociate (to relate, 0.40); apply (to be
relevant, 0.33); bind (to join, 0.33); loop
(to form a loop, 0.33); associate (to
combine, 0.25); cem ent (0.25); fasten
(to join tw o or m ore things, 0.25); hit
(to fire in tim e; said o f an internal
com bustion m otor, 0.25); interlace (to
mingle, 0.25).
C O N N O TE (3) connote (1.00); nam e (to
indicate by nam e, 0.50); m ean (to have
as meaning, 0.33).
C O N Q U E R (20) conquer (to win, 1.00);
conquer (to defeat, 1.00); defeat (to
worst in war, 0.92); com m and (to have
control, 0.84); seize (to take by force,
0.83); trounce (to defeat, 0.80); reduce
(to defeat, 0.75); surmount (0.75); upset
(to beat, 0.75); vanquish (0.75); occupy
(to take possession, 0.67); w in (to gain
-71- CONSIDER
a victory, 0.67); rout (0.59); capture (to
seize w ith arm ed force, 0.50); down
(0.50); beat (to worst, 0.25); bury (to
defeat, 0.25); overw helm (to defeat,
0.25); succeed (to attain success, 0.24);
humiliate (0.08).
C O N S C R IB E (1) enlist (to enroll others,
0.09).
C O N S C R IP T (4) conscript (1.00); induct
(0 .7 5 ); co m m a n d e e r (to force into
m ilitary service, 0.50); draft (to select
for military service, 0.50).
C O N SE C R A T E (13) consecrate (to dedi­
cate to G od, 1.00); consecrate (to set
apart, 1.00); sacrifice (to offer to a deity,
0 .8 6 ); c e le b ra te (to re c o g n iz e an
occasion, 0.81); enshrine (0.75); hallow
(0.75); solem nize (0.75); ordain (to
invest w ith priestly functions, 0.67);
devote (0.50); bless (to dedicate to God,
0 .42); b ea tify (0 .2 5 ); d eify (0.25);
canonize (0.17).
C O N S E N T (12) consent (1.00); accede
(0.75); acquiesce (0.75); subscribe (to
obey, 0.75); p ro m ise (to give o n e’s
w ord, 0.69); adm it (to acknow ledge,
0.59); accept (to assent, 0.50); sub­
scribe (to give personal support, 0.50);
obey (to act in accordance with orders,
0.48); nod (to m ake a nodding m ove­
m ent, 0.36); underw rite (to approve,
0.33); contract (to enter into an agree­
ment, 0.13).
C O N S E R V E (7) preserve (to keep, 0.92);
m aintain (to keep ready for use, 0.84);
save (to preserve, 0.67); econom ize
(0.56); preserve (to m aintain, 0.50);
retrench (0.50); keep (to maintain, 0.33).
C O N S ID E R (23) consider (to take into
acco u n t, 1 .0 0 );co n sid er (to regard,
1.00); estim ate (to m ake a considered
CONSIGN
prediction, 0.93); feel (to believe, 0.80);
think (to exam ine w ith the m ind, 0.79);
conceive (to form a concept or im age
of, 0.75); reckon (0.75); discuss (0.68);
digest (to understand by deliberation,
0.67); presum e (0.67); respect (to treat
w ith consideration, 0.60); assum e (to
take for granted, 0.53); meditate (to think
over, 0,50); exam ine (to inspect w ith
c a re, 0 .4 8 ); b ro o d (to n u rse o n e ’s
troubles, 0.44); plot (to determ ine a
course, 0.40); value (to set a price upon,
0.37); believe (to accept as true, 0.33);
scan (to glance at, 0.33); deem (0.25);
p o n d e r (0 .2 5 ); p re s u p p o s e (0 .2 5 );
speculate (to think, 0.20).
C O N S IG N (15) consign (to give over or
deliver, 1.00); consign (to put in the
charge of, 1.00); com m it (to entrust,
0.77); confide (to com m it to the charge,
0.75); ship (0.71); assign (to distribute,
0.67); com m ission (0.57); com m end (to
present w ith confidence, 0.50); trust (to
place in the protection o f another, 0.50);
dedicate (to set apart for special use,
0.42); export (0.33); give (to transfer,
0.33); intrust (0.33); distribute (to allot,
0.16); send (to dispatch, 0.11).
C O N S IS T (1) fit (to be suitable in char­
acter, 0.58).
C O N S O L E (11) console (1.00); encour­
age (to give support, 0.93); cheer (to
hearten, 0.75); quiet (to m ake calm ,
0.61); revive (to hearten, 0.59); condole
(0.50); com m iserate (0.33); reassure
(0.33); solace (0.25); relieve (to lessen;
said especially o f pain, 0.24); soothe
(0.13).
C O N SO L ID A T E (13) consolidate (to be­
com e united, 1.00); co n so lid ate (to
cause to unite, 1.00); consolidate (to
-72- CONSTRAIN
develop as a defensible position, 1.00);
com press (0.88); concentrate (to bring
or com e together, 0.88); unify (0.75);
com pile (0.55); collect (to bring into one
place, 0.50); merge (0.50); unite (to come
together, 0.50); harden (to m ake less
p e r v io u s , 0 .3 8 ); c o n d e n s e (to
com press, 0.33); centre (0.18).
C O N S O R T (5) consort (to join, 1.00);
consort (to be in agreement, 1.00); frat­
ernize (0.75); conspire (to act together,
0.50); jo in (to enter the com pany of,
0.30).
C O N S P I R E (5 ) c o n s p ire (to p lan
secretly, 1.00); co n sp ire (to act to­
gether, 1.00); collude (0.75); maneuver
(0 .2 4 ); p la n (to p lo t an a c tio n in
advance, 0.17).
C O N S T IT U T E (15) constitute (to found,
1.00);constitute (to em pow er, 1.00);
constitute (to enact, 1.00); constitute
(to m ake up, 1.00); organize (to form an
organization, 0.92); create (to make,
0.81); com m ission (0.73); com pose (to
be the parts or the ingredients, 0.67);
form (to com prise, 0.50); delegate (to
give authority to another, 0.45); include
(to contain , 0.43); com prise (0.42);
legislate (0.33); build (to found, 0.25);
m ake (to appoint, 0.25).
C O N S T R A IN (19) constrain (1.00); force
(to use force, 0.78); control (to hold in
check, 0.75); m ake (to force, 0.75); en­
force (to req u ire com pliance, 0.57);
urge (to drive, 0.53); compel (0.50); gag
(to f o rb id e x p r e s s io n to , 0 .5 0 );
n ec essita te (0.50); halt (to cause to
cease, 0.45); drive (to urge on, 0.30);
com m and (to have control, 0.28); re­
strain (to hold in check, 0.27); coerce
(to force, 0.25); obligate (0.25); pressure
CONSTRICT -73-
(0.25); straiten (to limit, 0.25); subject
(0.12); harness (0.04).
C O N S T R IC T (9) constrict (1.00); bind
(to constrain w ith bonds, 0.72); con­
dense (to com press, 0.67); com press
(0.63); concentrate (to bring or com e
together, 0.56); truss (to bind, 0.50);
tighten (to m ake tight, 0.42); contract
(to diminish, 0.14); hinder (0.07).
C O N ST R U C T (13) construct (to build a
physical structure, 1.00); construct (to
erect m entally, 1.00); m anufacture (to
make a product, 0.91); form (to give
shape to a thing, 0.84); assem ble (to
put together, 0.80); erect (to build, 0.75);
fram e (to m a k e , 0 .7 5 ); m a k e (to
m anufacture, 0.75); raise (to erect,
0.67); create (to m ake, 0.35); produce
(to m ake, 0.25); w eave (to contrive,
0.13); organize (to form an organization,
0.08).
CO N ST R U E (6) construe (1.00); define
(to p ro v id e a nam e or d escrip tio n ,
0.39); explain (0.39); read (to interpret,
0.36); infer (to conclude, 0.33); decipher
(0.20 ).
CONSULT (4) consult (1.00); negotiate
(to make arrangem ents for, 0.76); can­
vass (to pass rapidly in review, 0.75);
think (to exam ine with the mind, 0.17).
CO N SU M E (22) consum e (to destroy,
1.00); consum e (to use, 1.00); consum e
(to eat or drink, 1.00); eat (to take as
food, 0.96); spend (to expend, 0.95);
swallow (0.91); burn (to oxidize, 0.88);
destroy (to bring to nothing, 0.82);
drain (to withdraw strength, 0.82); wear
(to c o n s u m e by w e a rin g , 0 .7 5 );
dissipate (to squander, 0.67); m onopo­
lize (0.67); waste (to use w ithout result,
0.63); digest (to transform food, 0.50);
CONTEMPLATE
sm oulder (0.50); ravage (0.37); contract
(to diminish, 0.36); corrode (to destroy,
0 .25); erod e (0 .2 5 ); b ite (to cut or
corrode, 0.18); absorb (to take in by
absorption, 0.14); deaden (to reduce
life or its evidence, 0.07).
C O N SU M M A T E (8) consummate (1.00);
com plete (to m ake entire, 0.89); act (to
perform an action, 0.81); achieve (to fin­
ish an u n d erta k in g , 0.73); earn (to
receive in paym ent, 0.65); crow n (to
m ake com plete or perfect, 0.33); form
(to give shape to a thing, 0.27); perform
(to accom plish an action, 0.22).
C O N T A C T (3) contact (1.00); compress
(0.71); operate (to be in operation, 0.24).
C O N T A IN (11) contain (to include, 1.00);
contain (to restrict, 1.00); com prise
(0.89); com prehend (to include, 0.75);
suppress (0.64); hold (to have in o n e’s
grasp, 0.59); envelop (0.50); personify
(to embody, 0.50); m easure (to contain
by m easurem ent, 0.25); operate (to be
in operation, 0.07); restrain (to hold in
check, 0.04).
C O N T A IN E R IZ E (1) load (to place a
load, 0.58).
CO N T A M IN A T E (6) contaminate (1.00);
corrupt (to debase, 0.65); dam age (to
im pair the value of, 0.58); envenom (to
poison, 0.50); adulterate (0.40); dirty
(0.11).
C O N T E M N (5) depreciate (to low er in
reputation, 0.73); neglect (to treat with
in d ifferen c e, 0.69); hate (to detest,
0.55); censure (0.26); dislike (0.05).
C O N T E M P L A T E (15) contem plate (to
look at, 1.00); contemplate (to consider,
1.00); speculate (to think, 0.90); hope
(0.75); think (to examine with the mind,
0.75); m editate (to muse, 0.73); look (to
CONTEND -74-
endeavour to see, 0.65); concentrate
(to em ploy all o n e ’s m ental pow ers,
0.50); ruminate (to ponder, 0.50); weigh
(to consider, 0.50); intend (to propose,
0.29); w atch (to be attentive, 0.29);
reason (to think logically, 0.25); regard
(to look at, 0.07); see (to perceive w ith
the eye, 0.05).
C O N T E N D (20) contend (1.00); contest
(to fight, 0.93); quarrel (0.86); vie (0.75);
reason (to discuss persuasively, 0.73);
w ar (0 .7 3 ); fig h t (to e n g a g e in an
encounter, 0.72); try (to endeavour,
0.72); declare (to speak form ally and
em p hatically, 0.66); d iscuss (0.64);
debate (0.60); propose (to m ake a sug­
gestion, 0.57); argue (to quarrel, 0.50);
em ulate (0.50); race (to com pete, 0.50);
argue (to endeavour to convince, 0.35);
refute (0.30); conflict (0.25); vouch
(0.18); push (to press against, 0.07).
C O N T E N T (1) satisfy (to m ake content,
0.59).
C O N T E S T (18) c o n te st (to o p p o se ,
1.00); contest (to fight, 1.00); discuss
(0.77); contend (0.75); appeal (to carry
a case to a higher court, 0.67); go (to
appeal, 0.67); prosecute (to involve in
a legal action, 0.67); oppose (to fight,
0.65); w ar (0.64); try (to endeavour,
0.56); debate (0.53); litigate (0.50); sue
(0.47); quarrel (0.41); cam paign (to
solicit votes, 0.40); run (to com pete,
0.33); answ er (to m ove in response,
0.29); controvert (to argue about, 0.25).
C O N T IN U E (19) continue (to persist,
1.00); c o n tin u e (to re su m e , LOO);
continue (to rem ain, 1.00); endure (to
co n tin u e, 0.78); be (to hav e bein g ,
0.75); add (to m ake a further rem ark,
0.71); resist (to w ithstand, 0.70); abide
CONTRADICT
(to rem ain, 0.67); extend (to occupy
space to a given point, 0.67); prolong
(0.67); hold (to be valid, 0.60); fight (to
struggle for an end, 0.58); keep (to re­
m ain, 0.50); live (to gain subsistence,
0.33); reside (0.30); proceed (0.25);
dw ell (0.21); flow (to m ove in one
d irectio n , 0.14); lengthen (to m ake
longer, 0.07).
C O N T O R T (7) contort (LOO); distort (to
change shape, 0.93); writhe (0.83); curl
(to tw ist, 0.42); screw (0.25); bend (to
force out o f a straight line, 0.23); wring
(0.14).
C O N T O U R (1) contour (LOO).
C O N T R A C T (24) contract (to diminish,
1.00); contract (to cause to diminish,
LOO); c o n tr a c t (to e n te r in to an
agreement, LOO); contract (to catch, said
o f d ise a se s, 1.00); b e tro th (0.89);
tighten (to becom e tight, 0.83); restrict
(to hold w ithin limits, 0.77); straiten (to
lim it, 0 .7 5 ); g iv e (to y ie ld u n d er
pressure, 0.71); constrict (0.67); tighten
(to make tight, 0.58); negotiate (to make
arrangements for, 0.53); charter (to hire,
0.50); em ploy (to obtain services for
pay, 0.50); engage (to hire, 0.50); rent
(to obtain use by paym ent, 0.50); sign
(to hire, 0.50); prom ise (to give o n e’s
w ord, 0.42); concentrate (to bring or
com e together, 0.39); syncopate (0.25);
force (to use fo rce, 0 .13); hire (to
employ, 0.13); pack (to stow compactly,
0 .0 8 ); h a r d e n (to b e c o m e less
penetrable, 0.06).
C O N T R A D I C T (14) c o n tra d ic t (to
o p p o se , 1.00); co n tra d ict (to deny,
1.00); deny (0.96); contrast (to provide
a contrast, 0.83); oppose (to hold a
co n trary opinion, 0.82); contravene
CONTRAST
(0.75); refute (0.52); controvert (to ar­
gue against, 0.50); dispute (0.50); re­
cant (0.43); impugn (0.33); disclaim (to
deny, 0.25); dissent (0.25); confute
(0.05).
C O N T R A S T (6) contrast (to provide a
contrast, 1.00); contrast (to indicate a
contrast, 1.00); compare (to examine on
a com parative basis, 0.86); differenti­
ate (to d istin g u ish , 0.6 7 ); c o n flic t
(0.50); liken (0.33).
C O N T R A V E N E (7) contravene (1.00);
hinder (0.79); deny (0.64); com plain (to
express an objection, 0.63); defeat (to
get the better o f another, 0.41); refute
(0.37); halt (to cause to cease, 0.27).
C O N T R IB U T E (10) contribute (to give,
1.00); contribute (to aid, 1.00); provide
(to supply, 0.77); spend (to expend,
0.77); produce (to bear, 0.76); give (to
transfer, 0 .59); ren d e r (to p ro v id e,
0 .5 0 ); d is b u rs e (0 .2 5 ); o b lig e (to
accommodate, 0.25); administer (to min­
ister, 0.13).
C O N T R IV E (19) contrive (to invent,
1.00); contrive (to succeed w ith diffi­
culty, 1.00); arrange (to m ake arrange­
ments, 0.80); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.76); build (to construct, 0.71);
discover (to find, 0.68); fabricate (to
m isrepresent, 0.67); operate (to p ro ­
duce an effect, 0.67); systematize (0.64);
plan (to plo t an action in advance,
0.61); m aneuver (0.53); plot (to devise
an intrigue, 0.50); scheme (0.50); invent
(to create or discover, 0.44); m anu­
facture (to devise from alm ost nothing,
0.33); conspire (to plan secretly, 0.25);
achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.14);
prepare (to m ake oneself ready, 0.13);
create (to make, 0.04).
-75- CONVENE
C O N T R O L (35) control (to hold in
check, 1.00); control (to direct, 1.00);
control (to verify, 1.00); subject (0.94);
re s tra in (to h av e in ch e ck , 0 .9 2 );
com m and (to have control, 0.88); fly
(to m anage a plane in the air, 0.75);
repress (0.75); run (to cause to func­
tion, 0.75); w ork (to handle success­
fully, 0.7 5 ); check (to bring under
control, 0.71); harness (0.71); dominate
(0.67); m esmerize (0.67); patent (0.67);
pedal (0.63); ow n (to possess, 0.55);
discipline (to regulate, 0.50); handle (to
direct, 0.50); overrule (to rule, 0.50);
police (0.50); regim ent (0.50); rule (to
govern, 0.50); hinder (0.39); m aintain
(to keep ready for use, 0.37); occupy
(to fill space, 0.29); ad m in ister (to
m anage, 0.25); bridle (0.25); guide (to
direct, 0.25); m onitor (0.25); possess
(0.25); preside (0.25); prevail (0.25);
supervise (0.25); discourage (to re­
strain, 0.17).
C O N T R O V E R T (9) controvert (to argue
against, 1.00); co n tro v ert (to argue
about, 1.00); disprove (0.88); debate
(0.80); oppose (to hold a contrary opin­
ion, 0.62); deny (0.61); confute (0.52);
gainsay (to contradict, 0.25); upbraid
(0 .20).
C O N T U S E (1) crush (to bruise severely,
0.25).
C O N V A L E S C E (1) recover (to regain
health, 0.70).
C O N V E N E (11) convene (1.00); congre­
gate (0.75); convoke (0.67); assemble
(to bring together, 0.60); gather (to
com e together, 0.58); m eet (to go to a
place o f m eeting, 0.57); assem ble (to
com e together, 0.50); call (to bring a
CONVENIENCE
body o f people together, 0.50); fo r­
gather (0.50); sit (to hold an assem ­
blage, 0.50); focus (to draw tow ard a
centre, 0.25).
C O N V E N IE N C E (1) accom m odate (to
render a service, 0.59).
C O N V E N T IO N A L IZ E (2) stylize (0.75);
conform (0.50).
C O N V E R G E (9) converge (LOO); get (to
com e, 0.67); em pty (to becom e em pty,
0.53); focus (to draw tow ard a centre,
0.50); intersect (to com e together, 0.50);
m e e t (to c o m e to g e th e r , 0 .5 0 );
congregate (0.25); concentrate (to bring
or come together, 0.15); gather (to come
together, 0.11).
C O N V E R S E (6) chat (0.75); confer (to
hold a conference, 0.75); speak (to com ­
m unicate, 0.75); com m unicate (to be in
communication, 0.64); discourse (0.50);
discuss (0.23).
C O N V E R T (18) convert (to alter the form
or use, 1.00); convert (to alter convic­
tions, 1.00); alter (to becom e different,
0.75); transfigure (to transform , 0.75);
tr a n s f o r m ( 0 .7 5 ) ; v a ry (to m a k e
changes, 0.75); win (to convince, 0.57);
becom e (to com e to be, 0.50); liquidate
(to change into money, 0.50); reclaim
(to bring into usable condition, 0.50);
transm ute (0.50); reform (to change into
a new form , 0.47); change (to m ake
different, 0.44); turn (to reverse, 0.38);
re v e rse (to alter, 0.3 3); ev a n g e liz e
( 0 .2 5 ) ; in v e r t (to c h a n g e , 0 .2 5 );
enlighten (to bring supposed spiritual
truth, 0.07).
C O N V E Y (25) convey (to tran sp o rt,
1.00); convey (to transm it, 1.00); c a n y
(to transport, 0.96); send (to deliver,
0.91); com m unicate (to impart infonna-
-76- CONVULSE
tion, 0.86); send (to dispatch, 0.84);
consign (to give over or deliver, 0.75);
transport (0.75); w aft (0.75); draw (to
m ove an object, 0.73); recite (to relate
in detail, 0.68); bring (to transport,
0.67); conduct (to transm it, 0.67); no­
tify (to provide with information, 0.61);
bear (to cany, 0.50); transfer (to carry,
0.50); give (to transfer, 0.48); deliver (to
carry, 0.40); carry (to transm it, 0.33);
declare (to adm it to o n e’s possessions,
0.31); recount (0.25); transm it (to send,
0.25); lead (to conduct, 0.18); operate
(to be in operation, 0.10); com m it (to
entrust, 0.05).
C O N V IC T (3) convict (LOO); refute
(0.19); dam n (to consign to hell, 0.14).
C O N V IN C E (7) convince (LOO); per­
suade (to in flu en ce, 0.89); reassure
(0.67); induce (to prevail on, 0.50);
prove (0.31); indispose (to discourage,
0.25); influence (0.14).
C O N V O K E (4) convoke (LOO); assem ­
ble (to bring together, 0.80); summon
(to convene, 0.67); collect (to bring into
one place, 0.25).
C O N V O L U T E (4) round (to make round,
0.86); com plicate (0.70); wind (to twist,
0.67); coil (0.47).
C O N V O Y (7) convoy (LOO); lead (to con­
duct, 0.65); attend (to go with, 0.50);
conduct (to guide, 0.50); accom pany
(to go with, 0.15); ca n y (to transport,
0.12); defend (to keep o ff an enemy,
often fig. ,0.12).
C O N V U L S E (9) convulse (LOO); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.66); excite (to stir one
mentally, 0.59); wriggle (0.50); excite (to
ac tiv a te , 0 .4 1 ); co u g h (0.33); rock
(0.33); explode (to burst, 0.31); shake
(to cause to vibrate, 0.07).
coo -77-
CO O (2) cry (to call (not o f hum an crea­
tures), 0.34); twitter (0.14).
C O O K (2) cook (1.00); toast (to brow n
bread, 0.50).
C O O L (6) cool (to becom e cool, 1.00);
cool (to cause to becom e cool, 1.00);
quiet (to m ake calm, 0.93); renew (to
refresh, 0.34); air (to introduce air, 0.33);
freeze (to make cold, 0.25).
C O O PE R A T E (3) help (to aid, 0.75); par­
ticipate (to take part in, 0.33); prom ote
(to further, 0.11).
C O -O P T (1) choose (to select, 0.60).
C O O R D IN A T E (9) coordinate (1.00);
classify (0.80); organize (to put in or­
der, 0.70); match (to find or make equals,
0.58); equal (0.54); regulate (to adjust,
0.47); prefabricate (0.40); balance (to
place in balance, 0.36); adjust (to bring
to an agreem ent, 0.15).
C O PE to contend (2) oppose (to hold a
contrary opinion, 0.59); struggle (0.25).
C O PU LA TE (3) copulate (1.00); join (to
unite, 0.33); unite (to com e together,
0.25).
CO PY (18) copy (to imitate, 1.00); copy
(to reproduce, 1.00); represent (to serve
as an equivalent, 0.91); parody (0.88);
imitate (to mimic, 0.79); ape (0.75); mimic
(to im ita te , 0 .7 5 ); p e r s o n if y (to
represent, 0.75); portray (to im itate,
0.75); follow (to regulate o n e ’s action,
0.73); photograph (0.63); type (to use
a typewriter, 0.60); reflect (to throw
back, 0.56); transcribe (0.50); forge
(0.28); trace (to draw, 0.25); record (to
write down, 0.16); reconstruct (0.11).
C O PY R IG H T (2) monopolize (0.13); pat­
ent (0.11).
C O Q U E T (3) coquet (1.00); philander
(0.67); court (to woo, 0.12).
CORRELATE
C O R D to furnish with a cord (2) heap (to
place in a heap, 0.69); knot (0.25).
C O R K (3) insulate (0.75); bar (to raise a
physical obstruction, 0.40); close (to
put a stopper into, 0.23),
C O R N (2) corn (1.00); preserve (to keep,
0.38).
C O R N E R (5) com er (1.00); entangle
(0.50); straiten (to distress, 0.50); m o­
nopolize (0.40); approach (to approach
personally, 0.14).
C O R N IF Y (1) harden (to m ake less per­
vious, 0.79).
CO R O N A T E (1) crown (to empower with
a crown, 0.46).
C O R R A L to form into a corral; shut up
(4) enclose (to shut up or shut in, 0.57);
stable (0.33); tend (to watch over, 0.29);
picket (to enclose, 0.25).
C O R R E C T (19) correct (to make needed
c o r r e c tio n s , 1 .0 0 ); c o r r e c t (to
adm inister correction, 1.00); punish
(0.97); repair (0.81); right (to repair an
injustice, 0.75); amend (0.75); fix (to put
in order, 0.75); revise (0.73); rem edy
(0.67); check (to determ ine accuracy,
0.63); upbraid (0.62); reconsider (0.60);
reform (to change into a new form, 0.56);
adjust (to place or regulate parts, 0.54);
chasten (to purify, 0.50); discipline (to
punish, 0.50); help (to improve, 0.50);
m eliorate (0.25); regulate (to adjust,
0.21).
C O R R E L A T E (10) correlate (to relate,
1 .0 0 );c o rre la te (to in te ract, 1.00);
a sso cia te (to relate, 0.80); classify
(0.78); com pare (to exam ine on a com ­
parative basis, 0.64); relate (to connect,
0.33); connect (to associate, 0.25); par­
allel (0.25); com pare (to liken, 0.20);
organize (to put in order, 0.10).
CORRESPOND
C O R R E S P O N D (15) correspond (to be
alike, 1.00); correspond (to com m uni­
cate, usually by letter, 1.00); com m uni­
cate (to be in com m unication, 0.93);
correlate (to interact, 0.67); accord (to
be in agreem ent, 0.50); harm onize (to
accord with one another, 0.50); parallel
(0.50); exchange (to give and receive
reciprocally, 0.29); fit (to be suitable in
character, 0.26); cohere (to be logically
connected, 0.25); com m easure (0.25);
write (to com pose in words, 0.17); agree
(0.15); equal (0.15); balance (to place
in balance, 0.03).
C O R R O B O R A T E (6) corroborate (1.00);
prove (0.86); carry (to give support,
0 .6 7 ); v o u ch (0 .4 5 ); v erify (0 .1 8 );
approve (to give approval, 0.13).
C O R R O D E (7) couode (to destroy, 1.00);
corrode (to deteriorate, 1.00); decay
(0.56); erode (0.50); dam age (to im pair
the value of, 0.37); fret (to rub painfully,
0.25); rust (0.17).
C O R R U G A T E (1) fold (to place together
or lay infolds, 0.44).
C O R R U P T (12) corrupt (to debase, 1.00);
corrupt (to render innacurate, 1.00);
bribe (0.92); decay (0.59); poison (0.50);
adulterate (0.43); subvert (0.38); rape
(0.20); dirty (0.16); abuse (to treat badly,
0.10); exaggerate (0.04); dam age (to
im pair the value of, 0.03).
C O R U S C A T E (2) flash (to give forth a
light by flash, 0.64); radiate (to shed
light or heat, 0.07).
C O S S E T (4) caress (0.26); baby (0.25);
cherish (to hold dear, 0.25); pam per
(0.09).
C O S T (2) cost (to require in money, 1.00);
cost (to require in sacrifice, 1.00).
C O S T U M E (3) costum e (1.00); clothe
-78- COUNTERBALANCE
(0.91); dress (to provide w ith clothes,
0.67).
C O U C H (3) rest (to take one’s rest, 0.47);
lie (to assu m e a p ro strate position,
0.40); hide (to conceal, 0.31).
C O U G H (1) cough (1.00).
C O U N S E L (7) counsel (1.00); advise (to
give counsel, 0.69); w arn (0.59); pro­
pose (to m ake a suggestion, 0.33); ad­
monish (to exhort, 0.25); recommend (to
m ak e a su g g e stio n or p rescrip tio n ,
0.25); m anage (to direct, 0.22).
C O U N T (11) count (1.00); inventory
(0.91); consider (to regard, 0.90); influ­
ence (0.89); estim ate (to m ake a rough
guess, 0.80); w eigh (to have weight,
0.75); prize (0.50); reckon (0.38); check
(to determ ine accuracy, 0.25); figure (to
com pute, 0.25); score (to com pute the
score, 0.25).
C O U N T E N A N C E (8) co u n ten a n ce
(1.00); approve (to give approval, 0.84);
en d u re (to su stain adversity, 0.43);
support (to uphold, 0.38); ju stify (to
give reasons for, 0.28); sanction (0.25);
urge (to present favourably, 0.06); face
(to confront conflict or trouble, 0.04).
C O U N T E R (4) co n tro v e rt (to argue
against, 0.75); react (to act in response,
0.57); prevent (0.34); checkmate (0.25).
C O U N T E R A C T (11) counteract (1.00);
hinder (0.63); balance (to place in bal­
ance, 0.61); check (to bring under con­
trol, 0.57); cancel (to annul, 0.42); off­
set (0.38); prevent (0.28); kill (to can­
cel, 0.25); halt (to cause to cease, 0.22);
destro y (to brin g to nothing, 0.19);
disobey (0.04).
C O U N T E R A T T A C K (1) drive (to carry
on offensive m ovem ent, 0.33).
C O U N T E R B A L A N C E (5) offset (0.88);
COUNTERCHARGE -79-
com pensate (to offset, 0.75); neutralize
(0.75); balance (to offset, 0.25); w eigh
(to take the w eight of, 0.25).
CO U N TER CH A RG E (1) complain (to ex­
press an objection, 0.03).
C O U N T E R C H E C K (1) prevent (0.31).
C O U N T E R C L A IM (1) answer (to move
in response, 0.06).
C O U N T E R F E IT (13) counterfeit (to pre­
tend, 1.00); forge (0.89); copy (to re­
produce, 0.83); coin (to m int money,
0.75); pretend (to feign, 0.75); falsify
(0.50); imitate (to copy, 0.50); duplicate
(to copy, 0.33); m odel (to im itate a
model, 0.33); disguise (0.32); corrupt
(to render innacurate, 0.31); steal (0.31);
simulate (0.19).
C O U N T E R M A N D (4) retract (to disa­
vow, 0.67); cancel (to annul, 0.63); re­
cant (0.22); revoke (0.07).
C O U N T E R M IN E (1) defeat (to w orst in
war, 0.08).
C O U N T ER O R D E R (1) revoke (0.04).
C O U N T E R P L O T (1) defeat (to get the
better o f another, 0.10).
C O U N T E R PO ISE (5) balance (to offset,
0.50); neutralize (0.50); offset (0.50);
com pensate (to offset, 0.25); cancel (to
annul, 0.13).
C O U N TER PO SE (1) offset (0.19).
C O U N TER SIG N (2) approve (to give ap­
proval, 0.74); endorse (to inscribe one’s
name, 0.71).
COUNTERVAIL (3) offset (0.31); hinder
(0.14); balance (to place in balance,
0.09).
CO U PLE (11) couple (1.00); yoke (0.95);
join (to unite, 0.83); copulate (0.82);
cover (to copulate, said o f anim als,
0.75); unite (to com e together, 0.72);
hitch (to harness, 0.63); com bine (to
COVER
bring together, 0.50); team (0.50); unite
(to bring together, 0.50); hinge (0.25).
C O U R S E (2) flow (to m ove in one direc­
tion, 0.90); hunt (to pursue with intent
to kill, 0.04).
C O U R T (7) court (to seek favour, 1.00);
court (to woo, 1.00); woo (to make love
to, 0.88); fawn (0.82); face (to confront
conflict or trouble, 0.60); brave (0.25);
invite (to ask politely, 0.24).
C O V E N A N T (3) covenant (1.00); con­
tract (to enter into an agreement, 0.93);
prom ise (to give o n e’s word, 0.46).
C O V E R to place over (49) cover (to place
as a covering, 1.00);cover (to wrap,
1.00); cover (to protect, 1.00); cover (to
hide, 1.00);cover (to copulate, said o f
animals, 1.00); spread (to apply over a
surface, 0.95); top (to apply topping,
0.92); shelter (0.89); hide (to conceal,
0.88); jum p (to pass over, 0.86); range
(to traverse w ide areas, 0.81); palliate
(0.80); cam ouflage (0.75); enshroud
(0.75); obscure (to conceal, 0.75); smear
(to spread, 0.75); veneer (0.75); copu­
late (0.73); m uzzle (to fasten a m uzzle
upon, 0.63 ); d isg u ise (0.59); glaze
(0.55); upholster (0.54); defend (to keep
o f f an e n e m y , o fte n fig . , 0 .5 3 );
dissem ble (to disguise, 0.50); go (to
extend, 0.50); m easure (to contain by
m easurem ent, 0.50); run (to extend,
0.50); secrete (to hide, 0.50); com prise
(0.47); snow (0.44); w ind (to wrap
about, 0.40); refer (to concern, 0.39);
evade (to use trickery to avoid a sharp
issue, 0.35); seclude (to hide, 0.33); face
(to put a face on a building, 0.31); rub
(to apply by rubbing, 0.31); wear (to
use as clothing or personal ornament,
0.30); w rap (to conceal in a wrapper,
COVER
0 .3 0 ); c o n c e a l (0 .2 5 ); e n to m b (to
conceal, 0.25); o verlay (to overlap,
0.25); p atch (0.25); sh eath e (0.25);
strew (0.25); arch (0.23); fertilize (to
enrich land, 0.22); bank (to cover a fire
for the night, 0.17); travel (to journey,
0.14); dress (to put on clothes, 0.10).
C O V E R to obtain; to recover (9) cover
(to include, 1.00); cover (to suffice,
1.00); cover (to travel, 1.00); cover (to
send dow n in plenty, 1.00); include
(to contain, 0.79); b rood (to hatch,
0.67); field (0.67); redeem (to recover
th ro u g h a p ay m en t, 0 .50); b ait (to
provide w ith a lure, 0.40).
C O V E T (7) covet (1.00); w ish (to desire,
0.75); envy (0.40); desire (to w ish for,
0.33); grudge (0.33); w ant (to desire,
0.33); crave (to long for, 0.25).
C O W (2) frighten (to alarm , 0.77); de­
press (to bring to a low er state, 0.26).
C O W E R (11) cower (1.00); w ince (0.90);
fear (to an ticip ate p ersonal danger,
0.73); hunch (0.67); quail (0.50); slink
(0.50); grovel (0.42); quake (0.25); squat
(0.25); truckle (0.25); bow (to bend,
0.23).
C O Z E N (4) m islead (0.82); steal (0.41);
pretend (to feign, 0.31); deceive (0.24).
C R A C K (14) crack (to becom e cracked,
1.00); crack (to cause to crack, 1.00);
crack (to damage, 1.00); crack (to solve,
1.00); sm ash (0.95); break (to start a
rupture, 0.84); burst (to break, 0.75);
rupture (0.75); dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.74); gape (to split, 0.50):
unseal (0.25); chip (0.20); open (to make
an opening, 0.08); hit (to strike, 0.06).
C R A C K L E (1) rustle (0.69).
C R A D L E (2) nurse (0.12); hold (to have
in o n e’s grasp, 0.03).
-80- CRAWL
C R A M (13) cram (to stuff, 1.00); cram (to
stu d y h u rrie d ly , 1.00); in fla te (to
distend, 0.81); glut (to eat to satiety,
0.79); overfill (0.75); ram (to pack forci­
bly, 0.75); feed (0.68); study (to endeav­
our to learn, 0.60); overlay (to burden,
0.50); overstock (0.50); fatten (to make
fat, 0.43); p ack (to stow com pactly,
0.38); load (to place a load, 0.26).
C R A M P (11) cramp (to restrain, 1.00); hurt
(to cause pain, 0.99); scar (0.92); hinder
(0 .8 6 ); c o m p re ss (0 .7 5 ); p in ch (to
s q u e e z e , 0 .6 3 ); tra m m e l (0 .6 3 );
concentrate (to bring or come together,
0.51); curtail (0.50); constrict (0.33);
tighten (to m ake tight, 0.25).
C R A S H (14) crash (to fall w ith a crash,
1.00); crash (to break into pieces, 1.00);
crash (to m ake a crashing sound, 1.00);
crash (to have a collision, 1.00); bang
(to m ake a noise, 0.75); sound (to make
a noise, 0.56); break (to shatter, 0.50);
slam (to shut with a slam, 0.50); destroy
(to b rin g to n o th in g , 0 .4 4 ); sm ash
(0.40); thunder (0.27); clatter (0.25);
bum p (to make a bumping sound, 0.18);
raze (0.04).
C R A T E (2) crate (1.00); box (to enclose
in a box, 0.25).
C R A V E (12) crave (to long for, 1.00);
crave (to beg, 1.00); yearn (0.83); beg
(to ask ea rn estly or im portunately,
0.74); desire (to wish for, 0.67); miss (to
feel a w ant, 0.50); starve (to become
weaker, die from hunger, 0.50); wish (to
desire, 0.50); itch (to have a strong
desire, 0.33); envy (0.20); w ant (to
desire, 0.17); invite (to ask politely,
0 . 12).
C R A W L (7) crawl (to m ove like an in­
sect, 1.00); crawl (to move slowly, 1.00);
CRAYON
grovel (0.96); enter (to enter physically,
0.46); itch (to have a tingling sensation,
0.33); linger (to go reluctantly, 0.21);
move (to be in m otion, 0.11).
CR A Y O N (2) draw (to m ake a likeness
by draw ing, 0.74); colour (to im part
colour to, 0.28).
C R A Z E (5) haunt (to prey upon, 0.82);
m adden (0.75); unbalance (to derange,
0.50); derange (to upset, 0.29); anger
(to arouse som eone to anger, 0.24).
C R E A K (3) creak (1.00); squeak (0.88);
sound (to m ake an o ise, 0.41).
CREAM (2) grease (0.55); lubricate (0.25).
C R E A S E to fold; to w rinkle (7) crease
(1.00); fold (to place together or lay in
folds, 0.81); w rin k le (to form into
w rinkles, 0.80); crim p (to fold, 0.50);
pleat (0.50); crinkle (0.25); crum ple (to
wrinkle, 0.25).
C R E A T E (20) create (to conceive in the
m ind, 1.00); create (to m ake, 1.00);
propagate (to beget, 0.80); construct
(to erect m entally, 0.75); organize (to
form an organization, 0.73); design (to
conceive, 0.67); begin (to initiate, 0.62);
dream (to entertain or delude oneself
with im agined things, 0.56); picture (to
imagine, 0.50); spearhead (0.50); act (to
perform an action, 0.44); form (to give
shape to a thing, 0.43); concoct (to
make up, 0.40); w eave (to contrive,
0 .3 8 ); d is c o v e r (to fin d , 0 .2 9 );
constitute (to found, 0.25); m int (to
invent a word, etc., 0.25); think (to form
in the m ind, 0.25); g enerate (0.20);
imagine (to visualize mentally, 0.06).
C R E D IT (6) credit (to believe, 1.00);
charge (to en ter a ch a rg e acco u n t,
0.75); dream (to conceive m entally;
usually used in the negative, 0.50);
-81- C R m azE
adm ire (to have regard for, 0.35); im ­
pute (to attribute, 0.25); adm it (to ac­
knowledge, 0.03).
C R E E P (8) creep (1.00); crawl (to move
like an insect, 0.83); itch (to have a tin­
gling sensation, 0.83); sneak (0.73);
enter (to enter physically, 0.54); inch
(0.50); fawn (0.27); tingle (0.17).
C R E M A T E (2) bum (to subject to fire,
0.91); incinerate (0.67).
C R E PIT A T E (1) rustle (0.38).
C R E S T (1) peak (0.33).
C R IM P to becom e com pressed; to w rin­
kle (6) crim p (to fold, 1.00);crimp (to
curl, 1.00); b end (to force out o f a
straight line, 0.77); pinch (to squeeze,
0.75); fold (to place together or lay in
folds, 0.69); curl (to twist, 0.65).
C R IM S O N (1) redden (to grow red, 0.43).
C R IN G E (9) cringe (1.00); grovel (0.92);
fawn (0.91); wince (0.80); cower (0.75);
crouch (to cower, 0.75); truckle (0.75);
fear (to an ticip ate personal danger,
0.33); recoil (0.21).
C R IN K L E (4) crinkle (1.00); curl (to twist,
0.81); bend (to force out o f a straight
lin e , 0 .5 4 ); w rin k le (to fo rm into
wrinkles, 0.10).
C R IP P L E (12) cripple (1.00); hinder
(0.88); m aim (0.86); mangle (to mutilate,
0.77); enfeeble (0.75); hamstring (0.75);
incapacitate (0.75); w eaken (to make
weaker, 0.70); disable (0.67); damage (to
im pair the value of, 0.26); em asculate
(to weaken, 0.25); harm (0.25).
C R IS P (3) frizzle (0.50); toast (to brown
bread, 0.33); curl (to twist, 0.04).
C R IS S C R O S S (1) w eave (to construct
by interlacing, 0.70).
C R IT IC IZ E (23) criticize (to make a con­
sidered criticism, 1.00); criticize (to make
CROAK
a d v e rse c o m m e n ts, 1.00); c e n su re
(0.97); im peach (0.93); com plain (to
express an objection, 0.87); exam ine (to
inspect w ith care, 0.87); com m ent (to
m ake a rem ark, 0.84); decry (0.75);
reprove (0.75); review (to correct, 0.75);
rem onstrate (0.73); carp (0.67); scold
(0.52); dispraise (0.50); excoriate (to
denounce, 0.50); treat (to deal w ith a
subject, 0.40); cavil (0.33); blam e (to
censure, 0.25); chide (0.25); descant
( 0 .2 5 ) ; d is tin g u is h (to m ake
d istin ctions, 0.25); rebel (to object,
0.25); reprimand (0.25).
C R O A K (5) croak (to give a hoarse call,
1.00); honk (0.57); grum ble (to grow l,
0.36); cry (to call (not o f hum an crea­
tures), 0.11); sound (to m ake a noise,
0.07).
C R O C H E T (1) knit (to form by knitting,
0.71).
C R O O K (4) curve (to bend, 0.50); hook
(to curve in the shape o f a hook, 0.50);
bend (to force out o f a straight line,
0.38); inflect (0.25).
C R O O N (3) croon (1.00); hum (0.73); sing
(to produce vocal m usic, 0.45).
C R O P (9) graze (to pasture, 0.75); lop
(to cut off; said especially o f branches
, 0.75); harvest (0.64); trim (to cut o ff
excess, 0.64); dock (to clip, 0.50); farm
(to do farm w ork, 0.44); reap (to har­
vest, 0.40); clip (0.33); pare (to trim ,
0.33).
C R O S S (16) cross (to pass over, 1.00);
cross (to lie across, 1.00); cross (to m ix
breeds, 1.00); m ix (to blend, 0.76); fly
(to pass over by flying, 0.75); oppose
(to hold a contrary opinion, 0.68); anger
(to arouse som eone to anger, 0.67);
bless (to call the blessing o f G od upon,
-82- CRUC1FY
0.67); divide (to separate by parting,
0.61); m ove (to be in motion, 0.61);
bother (to give trouble, 0.55); defeat
(to get the b etter o f another, 0.37);
hinder (0.34); cover (to travel, 0.33);
pass (to m ove past, 0.25); reb u ff (to
reject, 0.24).
C R O S S B R E E D (1) cross (to mix breeds,
0.38).
C R O S S E X A M IN E (1) crossexam ine
( 1.00).
C R O S S H A T C H (1) engrave (to prepare
a plate for printing, 0.19).
C R O S S P O L L IN A T E (1) cross (to mix
breeds, 0.63).
C R O U C H (7) crouch (to stoop, 1.00);
crouch (to cower, 1.00); huddle (0.91);
grovel (0.67); fawn (0.64); stoop (to bow
or bend, 0.50); lurk (0.33).
C R O W (7) crow (to boast, 1.00); crow
(to m ake a crow ing sound, 1.00); blus­
ter (0.76); boast (to brag, 0.70); squawk
(0.50); cry (to call (not o f hum an crea­
tures), 0.45); laugh (0.06).
C R O W D to press; to drive; to hasten on
(9) crowd (1.00); infest (to swarm, 0.88);
h u d d le (0.82); p ress (to subject to
pressure, 0.78); overcrow d (0.75); pack
(to fill by entering, 0.75); swarm (0.75);
push (to press against, 0.71); gather
(to co m e to g eth er, 0 .6 8 );co m p ress
(0.67); ja m (to force o n e’s way, 0.67);
prod (0.50); mob (0.50); flock (0.25);
rejoin (0.25); poke (0.25).
C R O W N (2) crown (to make complete or
perfect, 1.00); crown (to em power with
a crown, 1.00).
C R U C IF Y (5) crucify (to kill by crucifix­
ion, 1.00); crucify (to torm ent, 1.00);
hurt (to cause pain, 0.46); kill (to de­
prive o f life, 0.36); persecute (to op­
CRUISE
press, especially for religious reasons,
0 .22).
C R U IS E (6) cruise (1.00); travel (to jo u r­
ney, 0.93); sail (to travel by sailing,
0.80); range (to traverse w ide areas,
0.69); paddle (to propel by paddling,
0.50); drift (0.43).
C R U M B L E (12) crum ble (1.00); chip
(0.87); decay (0.79); disintegrate (to de­
cay, 0.75); w ear (to be consum ed by
w earing, 0.70); w eaken (to becom e
weaker, 0.55); disintegrate (to break up,
0.46); die (to decline as though death
w ere in evitable , 0.39); decom pose
(0.33); decrease (to grow less, 0.18);
give (to yield under pressure, 0.14);
grind (to pulverize, 0.04).
C R U M PLE (10) crumple (to become wrin­
kled, 1.00); crum ple (to w rinkle, 1.00);
rum ple (0.75); dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.57); m uss (0.44); bend (to
be forced out o f a straight line, 0.43);
w rinkle (to form into w rinkles, 0.30);
curve (to be bent, 0.25); totter (to be
near falling, 0.23); grind (to pulverize,
0.17).
CRUNCH (7) crunch (1.00); munch (0.92);
gnaw (0.75); chew (0.73); grind (to pul­
verize, 0.22); graze (to pasture, 0.19);
bite (to seize or sever w ith teeth, 0.17).
CRUSADE (1) campaign (to solicit votes,
0.90).
C R U SH (31) crush (to break into sm all
pieces, 1.00); crush (to bruise severely,
1.00); crush (to defeat utterly, 1.00);
grind (to pulverize, 0.96); m ash (0.94);
suppress (0.91); ravage (0.90); defeat
(to w orst in war, 0.89); sm ash (0.85);
tram ple (0.83); cram (to stuff, 0.75);
squelch (0.75); hum ble (0.72); hum ili­
ate (0.71); oppress (0.70); defeat (to get
-83- CUFF
the better o f another, 0.59); crumple (to
w rinkle, 0.50); distort (to change by
pressure, 0.50); m unch (0.50); pound
(0.50); rum ple (0.50); destroy (to bring
to nothing, 0.48); press (to subject to
pressure, 0.44); break (to shatter, 0.33);
subjugate (to conquer, 0.33); tighten
(to make tight, 0.33); conquer (to defeat,
0.25); sliver (0.25); burden (0.19); refute
(0.11); halt (to cause to cease, 0.03).
C R U S T (1) cake (0.75).
C R Y (10) ciy (to weep, 1.00); cry (to raise
the voice, 1.00); cry (to call (not o f
human creatures), 1.00); crow (to boast,
0.75); bark (to emit a dog’s characteris­
tic sound, 0.55); w hine (0.54); cluck
(0.50); voice (0.50); bay (0.25); whinny
(0.14).
C R Y ST A L L IZ E (4) harden (to make less
pervious, 0.76); jell (0.50); solidify (to
harden, 0.25); stiff (to grow stiff, 0.06).
C U B to bring forth cubs (1) produce (to
bear, 0.16).
C U B E (1 ) m u ltip ly (to e m p lo y
m u ltip lic a tio n as an a rith m e tic a l
process, 0.22).
C U D D L E (9) cuddle (to nestle, 1.00);
cuddle (to em brace, 1.00); snuggle
(0.67); nuzzle (0.50); pet (to caress,
0.50); baby (0.31); huddle (0.27); caress
(0.21); hug (0.17).
C U D G E L (7) cudgel (1.00); beat (to
thrash, 0.86); drub (0.75); curry (to beat,
0.25); dash (to strike violently, 0.25);
hit (to strike, 0.19); hurt (to cause pain,
0.16).
C U E (1) hint (0.55).
C U F F to strike with a fist; to beat (5) cuff
(1.00); beat (to thrash, 0.68); hit (to
strike, 0.29); smack (to hit smartly, 0.25);
punish (0.03).
CULL -84-
C U L L to select; to pick (7) cull (to choose,
1.00); cull (to gather, 1.00); choose (to
select, 0.90); gather (to choose, 0.50);
com pile (0.41); harvest (0.36); reap (to
harvest, 0.10).
CU LM IN A TE (3) culminate (1.00); climax
(to com e to a clim ax, 0.83); m ature (to
com e to maturity, 0.33).
C U L T IV A T E (19) cultivate (to educate,
1.00); cultivate (to encourage, 1.00);
cultivate (to plant, 1.00); farm (to do
farm work, 0.94); civilize (0.91); improve
(to m a k e b e tte r , 0 .9 1 ); w o o (to
court,fig., 0.86); list (to cultivate w ith a
lister, 0.75); plough (to use a plough,
0.67); predispose (to prepare, 0.67); till
(0.67); prom ote (to further, 0.53); de­
velop (to im prove, 0.50); force (to en­
courage growth, 0.50); humanize (0.50);
form (to give shape to a thing, 0.35);
ra ise (to n u rtu re , 0 .3 0 ); fo ste r (to
harbour, 0.25); harrow (to use a harrow
on land, 0.25).
C U L T U R E (1) fo rc e (to e n c o u ra g e
growth, 0.25).
C U M B E R (2) burden (0.92); tram m el
(0.54).
C U M U L A T E (1) accum ulate (to am ass,
0.62).
C U P (1) bleed (to let blood, 0.75).
C U R B to put a curb (on a horse), to re­
strain or control w ith a curb (22) curb
(1.00); check (to slacken the pace, 0.95);
decrease (to m ake less, 0.95); restrain
(to h old in check, 0.88); halt (to cause
to cease, 0.79); hinder (0.78); restrict
(to restrain, 0.75); com m and (to have
control, 0.53); bridle (0.50); delay (to
cause a delay, 0.50); m oderate (to m ake
less, 0.50); occlu d e (0 .50); rep ress
(0.50); define (to set lim its, 0.41); ride
CURSE
(to control a beast o f burden by riding,
0.38); discourage (to restrain, 0.33); limit
(0.25); modify (to moderate, 0.25); tem­
per (to soften or qualify, 0.25); slow (to
cause to becom e slower, 0.10); harness
(0.08); trammel (0.03).
C U R D L E (8) curdle (1.00); thicken (to be­
come thicker, 0.82); coagulate (0.75); de­
cay (0.74); turn (to sour, 0.67); stiff (to
grow stiff, 0.44); harden (to becom e
less penetrable, 0.24); sour (0.18).
C U R E to cover; to conceal (3) cure (to
harden, 1.00); reform (to change into a
new form, 0.53); harden (to m ake less
pervious, 0.52).
C U R E to prepare for keeping (4) cure (to
p re se rv e , 1.00); p rese rv e (to keep,
0 .7 3 ); p ic k le ( 0 .5 0 ); b u tc h e r (to
slaughter for consum ption, 0.44).
C U R E to take care o f (7); cure (to heal,
1.00); remedy (0.94); resuscitate (0.67);
ease (to relieve o f pain, 0.50); restore
(to bring back to health, 0.33); mend
(to im prove, 0.25); relieve (to lessen;
said especially o f pain, 0.18).
C U R L (8) curl (to tw ist, 1.00); w ave (to
set hair, 0.83); fold (to place together
or lay in folds, 0.75); furl (0.67); ripple
(0.50); bend (to force out o f a straight
line, 0.46); w ave (to undulate, 0.46);
round (to m ake round, 0.14).
C U R R Y to rub dow n or dress a horse
w i t h a comb; to flatter (4) curry (to beat,
1.00); curry (to groom , 1.00); rub (to
subject to friction, 0.32); groom (0.13).
C U R R Y to flavour with curry powder (1)
cook (0.46).
C U R S E (8) curse (to swear, 1.00); curse
(to sw ear at, 1.00); curse (to pronounce
a relig io u s curse, 1.00); dam n (to
consign to hell, 0.93); hate (to detest,
CURTAIL -85-
0.60); excom m unicate (0.50); slander
(0.50); profane (0.11).
C U R T A IL (7) cu rtail (1.00); cut (to
shorten, 0.75); elide (to delete, 0.75);
shorten (0.75); decrease (to m ake less,
0.67); save (to avoid, 0.50); slow (to
cause to becom e slower, 0.20).
CU RTA IN (1) hide (to conceal, 0.95).
C U R T S Y (4) bow (to bend, 0.92); nod
(to m ake a nodding m ovem ent, 0.50);
greet (0.41); kneel (0.20).
CU R V E (16) curve (to bend, 1.00); curve
(to be bent, 1.00); curl (to twist, 0.96);
round (to m ake round, 0.93); bend (to
force out o f a straight line, 0.88); turn
(to bend, 0.75); warp (0.75); yaw (0.75);
loop (to form a loop, 0.67); roll (to make
into a roll, 0.67); arch (0.62); inflect
(0.50); deflect (0.25); hook (to curve in
the shape o f a hook, 0.25); turn (to
change direction, 0.08); veer (0.08).
C U R V E T (1) dance (to m ove in a gay
manner, 0.05).
C U S H IO N (3) u pholster (0.77); w ad
(0.67); interline (to put in an interlin­
ing, 0.09).
CU T (35) cut (to sever, 1.00);cut (to cut
into, 1.00); cut (to penetrate, 1.00);cut
(to cross, 1.00);cut (to shorten, 1.00);
cut (to hit sharply, 1.00);cut (to divide,
1.00); cut (to castrate, 1.00); cut (to
record electronically, 1.00); cut (to
weaken, 1.00); cut (to shape, 1.00); hurt
(to cause pain, 0.96); reap (to harvest,
0.90); scar (0.85); m utilate (to m aim ,
0.75); operate (to carry on a surgical
procedure, 0.71); engrave (to prepare a
plate for printing, 0.69); record (to
record electronically, 0.67); sacrifice (to
sell at a loss, 0.67); stab (0.67); castrate
(0.62); abbreviate (0.60); form (to give
DAMN
shape to a thing, 0.57); harvest (0.57);
m anicure (0.57); m angle (to mutilate,
0.55); etch (to rem ove metal with acid,
0.50); shave (to rem ove hair, 0.50);
carve (to form by cutting, 0.47); chip
(0.43); undersell (0.33); rewrite (0.17);
butcher (to slaughter for consum ption,
0.11); edit (to prepare for publication,
0.11); discard (0.04).
D
DAB to strike; to peck; to stick (4) dab
(1.00); mop (0.56); hit (to strike, 0.45);
stipple (0.25).
DAB to be wet and dabbled (1) daub (0.25).
D A B B L E (4) dabble (1.00); dirty (0.47);
loiter (0.45); splash (0.43).
D A LLY (8) dally (to flirt, 1.00); dally (to
trifle, 1.00); loiter (0.83); lo af (to do
nothing useful, 0.71); dabble (0.50);
w ait (to await, 0.40); hesitate (0.35);
tarry (0.25).
D A M to stop up; to block; to obstruct (5)
dam (1.00); bar (to raise a physical ob­
struction, 0.90); hinder (0.53); halt (to
cause to cease, 0.36); close (to put a
stopper into, 0.31).
D A M A G E (12) dam age (to im pair the
value of, 1 .00);dam age (to debase,
1.00); damage (to slander, 1.00);damage
(to cause pain, 1.00); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.90); blight (0.75); m anhandle
(0.75); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.60); injure (0.50); maim (0.45); corrupt
(to debase, 0.33); maltreat (0.33).
D A M N (7) damn (to consign to hell, 1.00);
dam n (to sw ear at, 1.00); dam n (to
disapprove strongly, 1.00); condemn
(to send to punishm ent, 0.67); upbraid
(0.51); denounce (0.28); curse (to swear,
0.14).
DAMP -86-
D A M P (1) depress (to bring to a low er
state, 0.09).
D A M P E N (15) dam pen (to w et, 1.00);
dam pen (to discourage, 1.00); m oisten
(0.92); depress (to bring to a low er
state, 0.87); decrease (to m ake less,
0 .8 6 ); d ash (to d is c o u ra g e , 0 .7 5 );
springle (0.75); sprinkle (0.75); dis­
h earten (0.67); w et (0.50); discourage
(to d is h e a r te n , 0 .4 1 ); q u e n c h (to
sm other, 0.33); bedew (0.25); chill (to
check, 0.25); freeze (to discourage,
0.25).
D A N C E (6) dance (to m ove rhythmically,
1.00); dance (to m ove in a gay m anner,
1.00); play (to gam bol, 0.55)w ave (to
flutter, 0.50); jum p (to vibrate, 0.40); jerk
(to undergo a spasm , 0.13).
D A N D LE (4) dandle (1.00); caress (0.84);
baby (0.56); fondle (0.33).
D A N G L E (6) hang (to suspend, 0.83);
suspend (to hang, 0.75); teeter (0.45);
hang (to be suspended, 0.36); w ave (to
m ove back and forth, 0.33); flop (to be
limp, 0.25).
D A P P L E (2) stipple (0.75); spatter (0.15).
D A R E (4) dare (to be courageous, 1.00);
dare (to defy, 1.00); face (to confront
conflict or trouble, 0.80); envisage (to
confront, 0.75).
D A R K E N (12) darken (to grow darker,
1.00); darken (to m ake darker, 1.00);
shade (to m ake darker, 0.92); becloud
(0.80); blind (to obscure, 0.75); black
(0.67); blacken (to m ake black, 0.67);
intensify (0.44); depress (to bring to a
low er state, 0.43); confuse (0.38); hide
(to conceal, 0.12); com plicate (0.03).
D A RN (4) dam (to dam n (variant), 1.00);
dam (to repair, 1.00); patch (0.75); re­
pair (0.41).
DAWDLE
D A R T (14) dart (to m ove in the m anner
o f a dart, 1.00); dart (to m ove quickly,
1.00); w hizz (0.78); pop (0.75); scoot
(0.75); shoot (to m ove rapidly, 0.75);
run (to go sw iftly by p h y sical effort,
0.62); fly (to p ass th ro u g h the air,
0.3 8 ); h a ste n (to m ake haste, 0.34);
fly (to m o v e sw iftly, 0.33); race (to
m ove at g reat speed, 0.26); p ounce
(0 .2 5 ); sk im (to p a ss lig h tly and
sw iftly , 0 .2 0 ); g la n ce (to rico ch et,
0.17).
D A S H to strik e (16) dash (to strik e
violently, 1.00); dash (to discourage,
1.00); dash (to sprint, 1.00); dash (to
throw, 1.00); dash (to break against,
1.00); hasten (to m ake haste, 0.86);
splash (0.86); spatter (0.62); zip (0.50);
drive (to m anage a propelled vehicle,
0.42); race (to m ove at great speed,
0.42); dart (to m ove in the m anner o f a
dart, 0.35); sprint (0.33); throw (to hurl,
0.33); slop (0.22); draw (to make a like­
ness by draw ing, 0.04).
D A TE (3) date (to indicate historical time,
1.00); date (to court or be courted, 1.00);
w oo (to m ake love to, 0.75).
D A U B (8) daub (1.00); colour (to impart
c o lo u r to, 0 .8 8 ); rub (to ap p ly by
rubbing, 0.85); spread (to apply over a
su rfa ce , 0 .8 0 ); dirty (0.71); grease
(0.45); paint (to protect or decorate by
painting, 0.10); w ash (to brush with a
liquid, 0.08).
D A U N T (3) frighten (to alarm, 0.94); dis­
courage (to dishearten, 0.29); depress
(to bring to a low er state, 0.13).
D A W D L E (10) daw dle (1.00); lag (to
m ove slowly, 0.90); loiter (0.90); dally
(to trifle, 0.75); putter (0.75); linger (to
go reluctantly, 0.54); tarry (0.50); vacil­
DAWN -87-
late (to hesitate, 0.50); drag (to go
slowly, 0.25); trail (to lag behind, 0.20).
DAW N (3) daw n (1.00); begin (to com e
into being or start functioning, 0.64);
originate (to have a beginning, 0.25).
D A Y D R E A M (2) brood (to nurse o n e ’s
troubles, 0.19); dream (to entertain or
delude o neself w ith im agined things,
0. 11).
D A Z E (5) daze (1.00); benum b (to stu­
pefy, 0.75); confuse (0.73); bem use
(0.25); surprise (to amaze, 0.11).
D A Z Z L E (5) dazzle (1.00); im press (to
com m and respect, 0.50); flash (to give
forth a light by flash, 0.45); shine (to
give forth light, 0.19); surprise (to amaze,
0.16).
D EA D EN (7) deaden (to reduce life or its
ev id ence, 1.00); deaden (to soften,
1.00); quiet (to m ake silent, 0.90);
m uffle (0.75); disarm (to deprive o f
w eapons, 0.40); m uzzle (to fasten a
m uzzle upon, 0.13); gag (to stop the
mouth, 0.10).
D E A D L O C K (2) check (to slacken the
pace, 0.40); hinder (0.38).
D EAFEN (1) thunder (0.36).
D E A L (7) deal (to distribute, 1.00); deal
(to do business with, 1.00); distribute
(to allot, 0.79); divide (to distribute,
0.75); haggle (to bargain, 0.75); share
(to divide, 0.40); give (to allot, 0.25).
DEBAR (11) debar (to exlude, 1.00); debar
(to prevent, 1.00); forbid (0.93); hinder
(0.83); bar (to obstruct by refusal, 0.75);
prevent (0.72); taboo (0.53); bar (to
raise a p h y sic al o b stru ctio n , 0.50);
com m and (to issue an order, 0.48);
punish (0.40); halt (to cause to cease,
0.28).
D E B A R K (2) land (to go ashore, 0.67);
DECAMP
disembark (0.50).
D E B A S E (20) debase (1.00); disgrace
(0.96); hu m iliate (0.96); bastard ize
(0.80); depress (to bring to a low er
state, 0.78); alloy (to devaluate, 0.75);
debauch (0.75); defile (to corrupt, 0.75);
cheapen (0.73); flatten (to m ake flat,
0.56); dem oralize (to corrupt, 0.50);
deprave (0.50); soil (to disgrace, 0.50);
sully (to defam e, 0.50); taint (to cor­
rupt, 0.50); vitiate (to violate, 0.50);
adulterate (0.46); bow (to bend, 0.46);
dirty (0.18); abuse (to treat badly, 0.12).
D E B A T E to fight; to contend; to quarrel;
to discuss (11) debate (1.00); discuss
(0 .9 1 ); op p o se (to hold a co n trary
opinion, 0.88); dispute (0.75); contest
(to oppose, 0.67); reason (to discuss
persuasively, 0.55); plead (to discuss
in court, 0.50); refute (0.26); hesitate
(0.23); consult (0.20); talk (to converse,
0.05).
D E B A U C H (5) debauch (1.00); corrupt
(to debase, 0.76); betray (to seduce
and abandon, 0.50); rape (0.30); seduce
(0.14).
D EBILITA TE (7) debilitate (1.00); weaken
(to make weaker, 0.80); enervate (0.75);
disarm (to deprive o f w eapons, 0.67);
exhaust (to consum e strength, 0.67);
u n a rm (0 .6 7 ); d ra in (to w ith d raw
strength, 0.24).
D E B IT (1) charge (to enter a charge ac­
count, 0.88).
D E B R IE F (1) debrief (1.00).
D E B U S (1) light (to com e to rest from
flight or travel, 0.36).
D E C A M P (6) decamp (1.00); leave (to go
away, 0.46); retreat (to execute a forced
retirem ent in battle, 0.40); desert (to
leave arm y w ithout perm ission, 0.25);
DECANT
disappear (0.20); escape (0.13).
D E C A N T (3) decant (1.00); em pty (to
cause to becom e empty, 0.81); dip (to
transfer by m eans o f a vessel, 0.53).
D E C A P IT A T E (4) decapitate (1.00); be­
head (0.75); top (to rem ove the top,
0.63); kill (to deprive o f life, 0.32).
D E C A Y (10) decay (1.00); w aste (to be
consum ed gradually, 0.91); w ear (to be
c o n s u m e d b y w e a rin g , 0 .8 0 ); ru st
(0.50); w ither (0.44); alter (to becom e
different, 0.25); bite (to cut or corrode,
0.24); decrease (to grow less, 0.09); ebb
(0.09); dirty (0.05).
D E C E A S E (1) decease (1.00).
D E C E IV E (8) deceive (1.00); disappoint
(0.89); lie (to utter an untruth, 0.89);
simulate (0.76); misstate (0.75); belie (to
m islead, 0.33); evade (to use trickery
to avoid a sharp issue, 0.27); sneak
(0.09).
D E C E L E R A T E (1) slow (to cause to be­
com e slower, 0.85).
D E C E N T R A L IZ E (1) analyze (to subject
to analysis, 0.50).
D E C ID E (10) decide (1.00); choose (to
select, 0.97); select (0.75); define (to
provide a nam e or description , 0.57);
destine (to predestine, 0.50); opt (0.50);
predeterm ine (0.17); try (to conduct a
tr ia l, 0 .1 7 ); a r r a n g e (to m a k e
arrangem ents, 0.10); estim ate (to m ake
a considered prediction, 0.07).
D E C IM A T E (2) kill (to deprive o f life,
0.14); defeat (to w orst in war, 0.06).
D E C IP H E R (8) decipher (1.00); solve
(0.94); read (to interpret, 0.71); do (to
solve, 0.67); translate (to change into
another language, 0.60); explain (0.42);
construe (0.25); transcribe (0.25).
D E C K (11) deck (to decorate, 1.00); deco­
-88- DEOJNE
rate (0.85); land (to bring a boat to shore,
0.75); equip (to array, 0.50); trim (to
a d o r n , 0 .5 0 ); u p h o ls te r ( 0 .3 8 );
em broider (to add adornm ent, 0.31);
clothe (0.26); elaborate (0.25); em bel­
lish (0.25); garnish (0.25).
D E C L A IM (6) declaim (1.00); recite (to
repeat formally, 0.90); speak (to deliver
a speech, 0.50); utter (0.50); address
(to speak to an assembly, 0.45); fulm i­
nate (to denounce, 0.25).
D E C L A R E (23) declare (to speak for­
m ally and em phatically, 1.00); declare
(to adm it to o n e ’s possessions, 1.00);
notify (to provide w ith inform ation,
0.97); prom ise (to give o n e ’s word,
0.88); advertise (to m ake public, 0.84);
bring (to initiate a legal action, 0.82);
guarantee (to certify, 0.78); bid (to offer
a com m itm ent at cards, 0.75); express
(to g iv e u tte ra n c e , 0 .7 5 ); m e n tio n
(0.56); vouch (0.55); say (0.53); admit
(to confess, 0.52); m anifest (to evi­
dence, 0.50); placard (0.50); predicate
(0.50); prom ulgate (0.50); reveal (to di­
vulge, 0.45); tell (to inform, 0.43); utter
(0.39); admit (to acknowledge, 0.38); ac­
k n o w le d g e (to ad m it, 0.25); prove
(0.21).
D E C L A S S IF Y (1) debrief (0.25).
D E C L IN E (39) decline (to refuse, 1.00);
decline (to decrease, 1.00); decline (to
sink slowly, 1.00); decline (to becom e
w eaker, 1.00); decrease (to grow less,
0.91); dism iss (to send away, 0.91);
disobey (0.91); dip (to fall, 0.89); die
(to d e c lin e as th o u g h d e a th w ere
inevitable, 0.83); contract (to diminish,
0.82); sink (to go downward, 0.82); age
(to grow old, 0.80); lean (to incline,
0.78); descend (to descend figuratively,
DECOCT -89-
0.75); go (to fail, 0.75); pass (to refuse
to act, 0.75); sink (to w eaken, 0.75);
w ane (0.67); glide (to m ove dow nw ard
gradually, 0.57); ebb (0.55); fall (to pass
quickly downward, 0.54); abate (to grow
less, 0.50); abstain (0.50); reject (to
refuse, 0.50); repudiate (to refuse, 0.50);
sag (to lose vigour, 0.50); settle (to sink,
0.50); recede (to sink, 0.43); w ear (to be
consum ed by w earing, 0.40); w eaken
(to becom e w eaker, 0.32); distort (to
change shape, 0.29); decay (0.26); di­
m inish (to grow less, 0.25); lapse (to
fail slowly, 0.25); lessen (to grow less,
0.25); m oderate (to becom e less, 0.25);
veto (0.25); drain (to seep away, 0.20);
rebuff (to reject, 0.14).
D E C O C T (2) cook (0.78); mash (0.18).
D E C O D E (5) translate (to change into
another language, 0.90); solve (0.53);
crack (to solve, 0.33); do (to solve,
0.33); decipher (0.07).
D E C O L O R IZ E (1) fade (to lose colour
or light, 0.83).
D E C O M P O S E (7) decom pose (1.00);
analyze (to subject to analysis, 0.64);
decay (0.47); spoil (to decay, 0.33);
putrefy (0.25); rot (0.25); bite (to cut or
corrode, 0.12).
D E C O M PO U N D (1) analyze (to subject
to analysis, 0.14).
D E C O N TA M IN A T E (3) decontaminate
(1.00); free (to disburden, 0.91); steri-
lize (0.38).
D ECO RA TE (5) decorate (1.00); paint (to
protect or decorate by painting, 0.80);
face (to put a face on a building, 0.77);
furnish (to equip w ith furniture, 0.50);
em broider (to add adornm ent, 0.19).
D E C O R T IC A T E (2) skin (0.88); peel
(0.17).
DEDUCT
D E C O Y (4) decoy (1.00); seduce (0.95);
am bush (0.56); entrap (0.25).
D E C R E A S E (13) decrease (to grow less,
1.00); decrease (to m ake less, 1.00); de­
te c t (0.89); weaken (to become weaker,
0.86); w ash (to erode, 0.80); restrict (to
hold within limits, 0.64); shingle (0.50);
ebb (0.45); slow (to cause to becom e
slower, 0.45); w aste (to be consum ed
gradually, 0.45); w h ittle (to reduce
slowly, 0.33); w ear (to be consumed by
wearing, 0.20); approach (to come near
in time, 0.13).
D E C R E E (10) decree (1.00); enact (to leg­
islate, 0.95); will (to exert o n e’s will,
0.90); com mand (to issue an order, 0.84);
m ake (to enact, 0.75); force (to use
force, 0.50); rule (to regulate, 0.50);
constitute (to enact, 0.25); order (to
give a com m and, 0.25); resolve (0.20).
D E C R Y (9) decry (1.00); depreciate (to
lo w er in re p u ta tio n , 0.90); slan d er
(0.83); sneer (0.62); scandalize (0.36);
rem onstrate (0.27); belittle (0.25); cen­
sure (0.05); upbraid (0.02).
D E D IC A T E (9) dedicate (to consecrate,
1.00); dedicate (to set apart for special
use, 1.00); observe (to com m em orate,
0.75); bless (to dedicate to God, 0.74);
celebrate (to recognize an occasion,
0.63); sacrifice (to offer to a deity, 0.57);
destine (to intend, 0.25); sanctify (0.25);
canonize (0.08).
D E D U C E (6) deduce (1.00); infer (to con­
clude, 0.89); reason (to seek a reason­
able explan atio n , 0.75); gather (to
conclude, 0.50); understand (to com ­
prehend, 0.15); assum e (to take for
granted, 0.09).
D E D U C T (4) deduct (1.00); subtract
(0.67); allow (to include in an estimate,
DEED - 90-
0.25); dock (to diminish, 0.25).
D E E D (1) give (to transfer, 0.44).
D E E M (8) deem (1.00); think (to believe,
0.67); believe (to accept as true, 0.58);
consider (to regard, 0.40); rate (to rank,
0.36); assume (to take for granted, 0.35);
esteem (to consider, 0.25); suppose
(0.25).
D E E P E N (7) deepen (to grow deeper,
1.00); deepen (to cause to grow deeper,
1.00); increase (to add to, 0.77); dig (to
stir the earth, 0.53); darken (to grow
darker, 0.50); blacken (to becom e black,
0.33); develop (to im prove, 0.23).
D E -E SC A L A T E (2) lower (0.60); disarm
(to reduce national arm am ents, 0.50).
D E F A C E (11) deface (1.00); disfigure
(0.75); score (to dam age, 0.75); cancel
(to m ark out, 0.67); dam age (to im pair
the value of, 0.66); destroy (to bring to
nothing, 0.58); deform (0.50); m ar (to
impair, 0.50); mutilate (to damage, 0.50);
corrupt (to debase, 0.30); m aim (0.18).
D E F A L C A T E (2) fail (to becom e insol­
vent, 0.67); rob (0.30).
D E F A M E (11) defam e (1.00); slander
(0.93); scandalize (0.89); smear (to slan­
der, 0.75); traduce (0.75); vilify (0.75);
stigm atize (0.50); tarnish (to disgrace,
0.50); depreciate (to lower in reputation,
0.37); disparage (0.25); w rong (0.25).
D E FA U L T (1) fail (to becom e insolvent,
0.83).
D E F E A T (12) defeat (to get the better o f
another, 1.00);defeat (to w orst in war,
1.00); defeat (to w orst in sport or in
personal com bat, 1.00); elim inate (to
rem ove, 0.93); confute (0.81); frustrate
(0.75); halt (to cause to cease, 0.70); rout
(0.65); lay (to knock down, 0.50); subject
(0.47); hinder (0.44); undo (0.08).
DEFTLE
D E F E A T H E R (1) pick (to deprive, espe­
cially by pecking or plucking, 0.40).
D E F E C A T E (3) defecate (1.00); excrete
(0.73); clean (0.06).
D E F E C T (5) defect (1.00); desert (to leave
arm y w ithout perm ission, 0.75); leave
(to go away, 0.69); abandon (to leave
in trouble, 0.64); stop (to cease, 0.13).
D E F E N D (11) defend (to keep off an en­
emy, often fig. , 1.00); defend (to pro­
vide general protection, 1.00); defend
(to support an accused person, 1.00);
plead (to discuss in court, 0.92); con­
test (to fight, 0.80); shelter (0.56); op­
pose (to fight, 0.55); answ er (to move
in response, 0.35); acknow ledge (to
recognize the authority of, 0.10); save
(to rem ove from danger, 0.09); endorse
(to indicate o n e’s active support, 0.08).
D E F E R to put off; to delay; to set aside
(13) defer (to postpone, 1.00); delay
(to cause a delay, 0.95); neglect (to fail
to attend to resp o n sib ilities , 0.92);
suspend (to cease tem porarily, 0.90);
procrastinate (0.67); hesitate (0.55);
hinder (0.55); m aintain (to keep ready
for use, 0.53); postpone (0.50); protract
(0.50); shelve (to postpone, 0.50); ta­
ble (0.33); w aive (0.31).
D E F E R to bring aw ay; to offer (3) defer
(to yield, 1.00); yield (to grant, 0.10);
ac co m m o d ate (to ren d er a service,
0.09).
D E F IL E to m ake foul (20) defile (to cor­
rupt, 1.00); defile (to rape, 1.00); dirty
(0.92); foul (to make dirty, 0.75); infect
(0.75); corrupt (to debase, 0.74); slander
(0.73); rape (0.55); spoil (to ruin, 0.50);
violate (to rape, 0.40); seduce (0.33);
p o iso n (0 .2 9 ); co n tam in ate (0.25);
debauch (0.25); infest (to contaminate,
DEFINE -91-
0.25); taint (to corrupt, 0.25); adulterate
(0.20); disgrace (0.19); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.18); damage (to impair the value
of, 0.08).
D E F IN E (7) define (to set lim its, 1.00);
construe (0.75); define (to provide a
nam e or description , 1.00); specify
(0.57); clarify (to explain, 0.50); restrict
(to hold w ithin lim its, 0.50); explain
(0.36).
D E F L A T E (7) deflate (1.00); em pty (to
cause to becom e empty, 0.52); collapse
(0.33); humble (0.28); decrease (to make
less, 0.25); contract (to diminish, 0.09);
flatten (to m ake flat, 0.06).
D E F L E C T (7) deflect (1.00); turn (to di­
vert, 0.93); deviate (0.90); veer (0.31);
shine (to reflect light, 0.29); bend (to
fo rce out o f a stra ig h t line, 0 .19);
change (to m ake different, 0.06).
D E F L O W E R (5) deflow er (1.00); rape
(0.50); have (to have sexual intercourse
w ith , 0.33); ravish (to rape, 0.25); se­
duce (0.05).
D E FO LIA TE (1) denude (0.25).
D E F O R M (6) deform (1.00); contort
(0.75); m ar (to impair, 0.75); corrupt (to
debase, 0.26); bend (to force out o f a
straight line, 0.15); distort (to change
shape, 0.14).
D E FR A U D (10) defraud (1.00); m islead
(0.86); steal (0.77); cheat (0.75); m ulct
(to cheat someone, 0.75); rob (0.70); de­
ceive (0.67); do (to cheat, 0.50); gyp
(0.50); swindle (0.25).
DEFRAY (4) defray (1.00); redeem (to re­
cover through a paym ent, 0.44); pay
(to give paym ent, 0.33); spend (to ex­
pend, 0.27).
D E F R O C K (1) punish (0.34).
D E F R O S T (1) dissolve (to pass from a
DEIGN
solid to a liquid state, 0.27).
D E F Y to renounce faith; to declare war
(13) defy (1.00); face (to confront con­
flict or trouble, 0.88); rebel (to endeav­
our to overthrow a governm ent, 0.78);
scorn (to refuse as a m atter o f princi­
ple, 0.78); oppose (to hold a contrary
opinion, 0.71); challenge (to invite to a
contest, 0.67); confront (0.50); contra­
vene (0 .5 0 ); m o ck (to dare, 0.50);
disobey (0.48); oppose (to fight, 0.40);
co m p lain (to express an o bjection,
0.29); outface (0.25).
D E G E N E R A T E (11) degenerate (1.00);
decrease (to grow less, 0.76); decline
(to decrease, 0.75); rust (0.67); corrode
(to deteriorate, 0.50); degrade (to cor­
rupt, 0.50); sink (to deteriorate, 0.50);
decay (0.44); relapse (0.27); descend
(to descend figuratively, 0.25); deterio­
rate (0.25).
D E G R A D E (16) degrade (to hum ble,
1.00); degrade (to corrupt, 1.00); cor­
rupt (to debase, 0.93); disgrace (0.88);
hum iliate (0.79); reduce (to humble,
0.75); depress (to bring to a lower state,
0.74); cheapen (0.55); hum ble (0.52);
bastardize (0.40); com m ercialize (to
cheapen, 0.33); dam age (to debase,
0.25); deprave (0.25); dethrone (0.25);
soil (to disgrace, 0.25); adulterate (0.14).
D E H Y D R A T E (6) deh y d rate (1.00);
dessicate (to preserve, 0.75); dry (to
cau se to b eco m e dry, 0.75); parch
(0.50); com press (0.46); preserve (to
keep, 0.27).
D E IF Y (6) deify (LOO); sanctify (0.75);
canonize (0.50); love (to be passion­
ately devoted, 0.40); enthrone (0.25);
immortalize (0.25).
D E IG N (3) deign (1.00); stoop (to conde­
DEJECT -92-
scend, 0.67); condescend (0.14).
D E J E C T (4) discourage (to dishearten,
0.71); sadden (0.33); depress (to bring
to a low er state, 0.30); tire (to m ake a
person exhausted, 0.20).
D E L A Y to put o ff to a later tim e; to
postpone (15) delay (to cause a delay,
1.00); delay (to make a delay, 1.00); slow
(to cause to b eco m e slow er, 0.95);
pause (0.90); anticipate (to forestall,
0.88); linger (to go reluctantly, 0.79);
loiter (0.79); tarry (0.75); suspend (to
cease te m p o rarily , 0 .7 0 ); d e fe r (to
postpone, 0.67); hinder (0.56); hesitate
(0.52); piddle (0.50); retard (to hinder,
0.50); end (to bring to a halt, 0.29).
D E L E (1) cancel (to m ark out, 0.50).
D E L E G A T E (7) delegate (to give author­
ity to another, 1.00); delegate (to give
duties to another, 1.00); com m ission
(0.93); com m it (to entrust, 0.91); hire
(to em ploy, 0.63); send (to dispatch,
0.58); ordain (to invest w ith priestly
functions, 0.33).
D E L E T E (10) delete (1.00); cancel (to
m ark out, 0.58); cut (to shorten, 0.50);
expunge (0.50); obliterate (to erase,
0.50); thin (0.44); omit (to fail to include,
0.42); edit (to prepare for publication,
0.29); vitiate (to cancel, 0.25); program
(to w ork out a sequence to be perform ­
ed, 0.13).
D E LIB E R A T E (14) deliberate (1.00); con­
sult (0.90); think (to exam ine w ith the
m ind, 0.71); w aver (0.55); confer (to
hold a conference, 0.50); entertain (to
consider, 0.50); ponder (0.50); rational­
ize (to reason, 0.50); reason (to think
logically, 0.50); pause (0.40); brood (to
n u rse o n e ’s trou b les, 0.31); p h ilo s­
ophize (0.25); soften (to m ake soft,
DELIVER
0.18); hesitate (0.13).
D E L IG H T (20) delight (to give pleasure,
1.00); ravish (to charm , 0.93); gladden
(0.91); excite (to stir one mentally, 0.84);
fa sc in a te (0 .8 2 ); en tertain (to keep
others am used, 0.81); satisfy (to make
content, 0.78); beguile (to charm, 0.75);
captivate (0.75); charm (to entertain,
0.75); intrigue (0.75); regale (to satisfy,
0.75); com fort (to make easy physically,
0.54); divert (to am use, 0.50); revel (to
indulge oneself, 0.50); take (to capti­
vate, 0.50); tickle (to excite mentally,
0.50); enrapture (0.25); gratify (0.25);
revive (to hearten, 0.12).
D E L IM IT (4) restrict (to hold within lim­
its, 0.95); define (to set limits, 0.76); de­
term ine (to define, 0.25); restrain (to
restrict, 0.25).
D E L IN E A T E (17) delineate (1.00); de­
scribe (0.96); characterize (to describe,
0.75); expound (to set forth in detail,
0.75); copy (to reproduce, 0.67); repre­
sent (to present as a true interpreta­
tion , 0.64); paint (to represent by paint­
ing, 0.60); illustrate (to m ake clear by
illustration, 0.56); narrate (0.55); detail
(to m ake clear in detail, 0.50); draft (to
m ake a rough plan, 0.50); interpret (to
convey the m eaning o f (art). 0.50); line
(to p ro v id e lines, 0.50); p ictu re (to
depict, 0.50); define (to set limits, 0.48);
plan (to arrange in a prelim inary way,
0.25); recite (to relate in detail, 0.09).
D E L IQ U E S C E (3) melt (to liquefy, 0.82);
liquefy (0.75); thaw (to melt, 0.38).
D E L IV E R (36) deliver (to free, 1.00);
deliver (to transfer, 1.00); deliver (to
speak formally, 1.00); deliver (to bring
to birth, 1.00); deliver (to surrender,
1 .0 0 );d e liv e r (to d istrib u te , 1.00);
DELUDE - 93-
deliver (to throw, 1.00);deliver (to carry,
1.00); free (to liberate, 0.92); save (to
rem ove from danger, 0.91); rescue (to
free, 0.90); produce (to bear, 0.87); inflict
(to deal, 0.83); release (0.83); abandon
(to relinquish, 0.81); dictate (to speak
for record, 0.80); ransom (0.79); wait (to
attend at table, 0.78); direct (to address,
0.75); give (to give a speech, 0.75);
return (to speak formally, 0.75); hand
(0.67); give (to transfer, 0.56); breed (to
produce, 0.50); extricate (0.50); com m u­
nicate (to im part inform ation, 0.42);
adm inister (to inflict, 0.33); give (to in­
flict, 0.33); redeem (to save, 0.33); recruit
(to raise tro o p s, 0.29); em an c ip ate
(0.25); enunciate (to pronounce dis­
tinctly, 0.25); render (to state formally,
0.25); speak (to deliver a speech, 0.25);
relay (0 .2 0 ); ac h ie v e (to fin ish an
undertaking, 0.03).
D E L U D E (12) delude (1.00); m islead
(0.95); disappoint (0.93); deceive (0.76);
betray (to deliver into the hands o f an
enemy, 0.67); blind (to deceive, 0.50);
pretend (to feign, 0.44); beguile (to
deceive, 0.25); counterfeit (to pretend,
0.25); juggle (to alter, usually to deceive,
0.25); lie (to utter an untruth, 0.18);
sneak (0.18).
D E L U G E (4) cover (to send dow n in
plenty, 0.92); flood (0.43); glut (to over­
supply, 0.35); surge (to swell, 0.25).
DELVE (4) delve (1.00); dig (to stir the
earth, 0.94); grab (0.75); shovel (0.17).
DEMAND (17) demand (to ask, 1.00); de­
mand (to require, 1.00); enforce (to re­
quire com pliance, 0.80); sue (0.80); ask
(to inquire, 0.73); com m and (to issue
an order, 0.68); expect (to require, 0.67);
request (to ask, 0.67); w ill (to exert
DEMONSTRATE
o n e ’s will, 0.60); force (to use force,
0.56); apply (to m ake a request, 0.50);
claim (to assert a claim to, 0.50); please
(to desire, 0.50); quote (to state a price,
0.33); take (to require, 0.33); tax (to
cause to pay a tax, 0.33); postulate (to
implore, 0.25).
D E M A R C A T E (3) demarcate (1.00); de­
fine (to set lim its, 0.45); divide (to
separate by parting, 0.39).
D E M A R K to dem arcate; to set limits (1)
restrict (to hold within limits, 0.55).
D E M E A N to low er in condition (4) cor­
rupt (to debase, 0.91); hum ble (0.84);
hum iliate (0.17); cheapen (0.09).
D E M E N T (2) unbalance (to derange,
0.75); derange (to upset, 0.57).
D E M IL IT A R IZ E (2) disarm (to reduce na­
tional arm am ents, 0.88); international­
ize (0.33).
D E M IS E (1) contribute (to give, 0.21).
D E M IT to let go; to dismiss (1) abandon
(to relinquish, 0.19).
D E M O B IL IZ E (5) demobilize (1.00); dis­
arm (to deprive o f weapons, 0.93); dis­
organize (0.64); disband (0.57); free (to
liberate, 0.13).
D E M O C R A T IZ E (1) equalize (0.22).
D E M O L IS H (14) dem olish (1.00); de­
stroy (to bring to nothing, 0.97); raze
(0.91); annihilate (0.75); break (to bring
to ruin or to an end, 0.75); ravage (0.73);
refute (0.70); dism antle (0.67); smash
(0.55); confute (0.33); abolish (0.31);
subvert (0.29); defeat (to w orst in war,
0.28); ruin (to destroy, 0.25).
D E M O N S T R A T E (13) dem onstrate (to
prove, 1.00); dem onstrate (to explain,
1.00); d e m o n stra te (to p rese n t for
effect, 1.00); parade (to participate in a
parade, 0.75); explain (0.64); declare (to
DEMORALIZE -94-
speak fom ially and emphatically, 0.56);
reason (to discuss persuasively, 0.45);
convince (0.43); m anifest (to evidence,
0.25); com municate (to impart inform a­
tion, 0.19); forecast (to predict, 0.15);
argue (to endeavour to convince, 0.12);
prove (0.10).
D E M O R A L IZ E (5) demoralize (to corrupt,
1.00); demoralize (to unnerve, 1.00); cor­
ru p t (to d ebase, 0.72); frig h ten (to
alarm, 0.42); discourage (to dishearten,
0 . 12).
D E M O T E (6) dem ote (1.00); hum ble
(0.80); low er (0.80); degrade (to hu m ­
ble, 0.75); reduce (to hum ble, 0.50);
depose (0.25).
D E M U R (11) dem ur (1.00); rem onstrate
(0.80); p ro test (0.75); rep u d iate (to
refuse, 0.75); recoil (0.71); balk (to
refuse, 0.67); refuse (0.58); hesitate
(0.39); com plain (to express an objec­
tion, 0,32); oppose (to hold a contrary
opinion, 0.29); doubt (to raise a ques­
tion, 0.25).
D E N A T U R E (2) change (to m ake differ­
ent, 0.76); adulterate (0.17).
D E N A Z IF Y (1) reform (to correct evils,
0.09).
D E N IG R A T E (4) humiliate (0.75); depre­
ciate (to low er in reputation, 0.60); cen­
sure (0.58); slander (0.33).
D ENO M IN ATE (5) denominate (1.00); call
(to address, 0.75); dub (to entitle, 0.75);
nam e (to give a nam e, 0.44); define (to
provide a nam e or description ,0.36).
D E N O T E (11) denote (1.00); m ean (to
have as m eaning, 0.83); nam e (to indi­
cate by nam e, 0.75); im port (to signify,
0.67); be (to mean, 0.50); involve (0.40);
m atter (to be o f im p ortance, 0.33);
define (to provide a nam e or descrip­
DEPICT
tion, 0.32); intend (to mean, 0.25); point
(to indicate, 0.25); m ark (to designate,
0.14).
D E N O U N C E (17) denounce (1.00); up­
braid (0.89); com plain (to express an
objection, 0.84); accuse (0.81); censure
(0.71); depreciate (to low er in reputa­
tion, 0.70); im peach (0.67); rebel (to
object, 0.50); reprim and (0.50); scold
(0.48); challenge (to invite to a contest,
0.33); dare (to defy, 0.33); hate (to
detest, 0.30); execrate (to curse, 0.25);
sully (to defam e, 0.25); vilify (0.25);
curse (to sw ear at, 0.13).
D E N T (2) dent (1.00); pick (to use a
pointed instrum ent, 0.75).
D ENU D E (2) denude (1.00); unwrap (0.05).
D EN Y (12) deny (1.00); recant (0.87); bar
(to obstruct by refusal, 0.82); oppose
(to h o ld a co n tra ry o p in io n , 0.76);
answ er (to m ove in response, 0.71);
revoke (0.56); humiliate (0.54); disown
(0.50); forbid (0.32); debar (to prevent,
0.25); forsw ear (0.25); humble (0.08).
D E O D O R IZ E (3) deodorize (1.00); clean
(0.89); purify (0.53).
D E P A R T (18) depart (to go away, 1.00);
depart (to die, 1.00);leave (to go away,
0.92); die (to cease living, 0.78); veer
(0.77); escape (0.75); retreat (to retire,
0.71); expire (to die, 0.67); go (to die,
0.67); quit (to leave, 0.67); perish (0.50);
se p a ra te (to p a rt co m p an y , 0.50);
withdraw (to retire, 0.50); vary (to show
changes, 0.42); disappear (0.40); end
(to die, 0.33); entrain (0.33); vacate (to
leave a residence, 0.33).
D E P IC T (14) depict (1.00); represent (to
present as a true interpretation , 0.86);
describe (0.85); portray (to represent,
0.75); paint (to represent by painting,
DEPLANE -95-
0.67); narrate (0.65); copy (to repro­
duce, 0.61); interpret (to convey the
meaning o f (art), 0.60); draw (to m ake a
likeness by draw ing, 0.52); detail (to
make clear in detail, 0.42); illustrate (to
m ake clear by illustration, 0.33); plan
(to arrange in a prelim inary way, 0.31);
render (to interpret, said especially o f
music, 0.25); sketch (to draw, 0.25).
D E P L A N E (2) descend (to m ove lower,
0.32); unload (0.11).
D E P L E T E (9) deplete (1.00); spend (to
expend, 0.91); em pty (to cause to be­
com e em pty, 0.62); exhaust (to use
entirely, 0.50); w aste (to squander,
0.47); drain (to w ith draw strength,
0.35); outw ear (to exhaust, 0.33); bail
(to empty, 0.25); evacuate (to empty,
0.25).
D E PL O R E (11) deplore (1.00); mourn (to
lament, 0.95); com plain (to express an
objection, 0.89); dislike (0.86); depre­
cate (0.75); lam ent (to regret, 0.75);
regret (to d isapprove of, 0.67); rue
(0.67); mind (to object to, 0.33); cry (to
weep, 0.30); ruin (to cause to becom e
bankrupt, 0.10).
D E PL O Y (2) deploy (1.00); dispel (to
scatter, 0.50).
D EPO PU LA TE (1) depopulate (1.00).
D E P O R T (6) deport (1.00); banish (to
condem n to exile, 0.63); expatriate
(0.25); ostracize (0.25); elim inate (to
remove, 0.15); dism iss (to send away,
0.06).
D E PO SE (9) depose (1.00); dethrone
(0.75); sw ear (to take an oath, 0.73);
unmake (0.50); unseat (to oust, 0.50);
oust (0.36); testify (to bare w itness,
0.22); w itness (0.17); vouch (0.14).
D E P O S IT (15) deposit (to lay dow n,
DEPRESS
1.00); deposit (to present money for
safekeeping, 1.00); store (0.82); file (to
arrange in order, 0.75); keep (to store,
0.75); dum p (0.73); paw n (0.67); place
(to put in a place, 0.61); lay (to bring
forth, 0.50); lay (to place, 0.50); set (to
place, 0.50); em bed (to put in, 0.47);
harden (to m ake less pervious, 0.19);
heap (to place in a heap, 0.15); park
(0 .11).
D E P R A V E (11) deprave (1.00); corrupt
(to debase, 0.78); degrade (to corrupt,
0.75); dem oralize (to corrupt, 0.75);
pollute (0.75); taint (to corrupt, 0.75);
debase (0.50); debauch (0.50); seduce
(0.29); vitiate (to violate, 0.25); abuse
(to treat badly, 0.16).
D E P R E C A T E (13) deprecate (1.00); dis­
p a ra g e (0 .7 5 ); d o w n g ra d e (0 .5 0 );
upbraid (0.47); censure (0.45); rem on­
strate (0.40); com plain (to express an
objection, 0.37); regret (to disapprove
of, 0.33); oppose (to hold a contrary
opinion, 0.26); warn (0.26); discourage
(to w arn, 0.25); underestim ate (0.08);
scandalize (0.04).
D E PR EC IA T E (19) depreciate (to become
le ss in v a lu e o r q u a n tity , 1.00);
depreciate (to lower in reputation, 1.00);
corrupt (to debase, 0.80); deteriorate
(0.75); sla n d er (0.67); discount (to
deduct, 0.62); underestim ate (0.58);
decry (0.50); devalue (0.50); minimize
(0.50); slump (to decline, 0.50); decrease
(to grow less, 0.41); censure (0.39);
adulterate (0.37); neglect (to treat with
indifference, 0.25); undervalue (0.25);
decay (0.24); detract (0.22); scandalize
(0.11).
D E P R E S S (19) depress (to bring to a
low er level, 1.00); depress (to bring to
DEPRIVE -96-
a lower state, 1.00); flatten (to make flat,
0.94); dent (0.88); sink (to cause to sink,
0.70); subvert (0.52); disgrace (0.50);
freeze (to discourage, 0.50); tire (to
make a person exhausted, 0.50); deaden
(to reduce life or its evidence, 0.46);
disturb (to upset m ental calm , 0.46);
w eary (to m ake weary, 0.32); hum iliate
(0.29); vex (to trouble, 0.25); low er
(0.20); dig (to stir the earth, 0.18);
sadden (0.17); burden (0.15); oppress
(0.13).
D E P R IV E (8) deprive (1.00); oust (0.50);
starve (to cause to starve, 0.40); deaden
(to reduce life or its evidence, 0.36);
fo reclo se (to exclude, 0.33); forbid
(0.18); enslave (0.16); hinder (0.04).
D EPU RA TE (2) purify (0.47); clean (0.07).
D E P U T E (3) commission (0.80); delegate
(to give authority to another, 0.25);
com m it (to entrust, 0.09).
D E P U T IZ E (4) commission (0.53); assign
(to d eleg ate to a specific p urpose,
0.37); delegate (to give authority to
another, 0.30); commit (to entrust, 0.23).
D E R A N G E (10) derange (to disarrange,
1.00); derange (to upset, 1.00); scatter
(to cause to separate, 0.88); disorgan­
ize (0.70); hinder (0.60); tangle (0.60);
m u d d le (to confuse; said o f affairs,
0.53); em broil (0.50); unhinge (to u p ­
set, 0.25); confuse (0.23).
D E R ID E (13) deride (1.00); fleer (0.75);
m ock (to ridicule, 0.75); ridicule (0.74);
disgrace (0.69); stultify (to ridicule,
0.67); parody (0.63); scoff (0.50); sneer
(0.45); insult (0.25); satirize (0.25);
d ep reciate (to low er in rep u tatio n ,
0.20); hate (to detest, 0.15).
D E R IV E (7) derive (to draw a conclusion,
1.00); derive (to receive payment, 1.00);
DESECRATE
receive (to take into one’s charge, 0.57);
extract (to elicit, 0.50); reap (to gain,
0.50); elicit (0.25); earn (to receive in
paym ent, 0.15).
D E R O G A T E (5) derogate (1.00); detract
(0.33); depreciate (to low er in reputa­
tion, 0.13); slander (0.13); denounce
(0.03).
D E S A L IN A T E (1) freshen (to sweeten,
0.75).
D E S C A N T (2) descant (1.00); ramble (to
speak or w rite aimlessly, 0.24).
D E S C E N D (12) descend (to move lower,
1.00); descend (to descend figuratively,
1.00); descend (to condescend, 1.00);
sink (to go dow nw ard, 0.91); glide (to
m ove dow nw ard gradually, 0.86); drop
(to fall in drops, 0.79); settle (to sink,
0 .75); su b m e rg e (to go dow nw ard,
0.75); condescend (0.71); fall (to pass
quickly dow nw ard, 0.64); step (0.60);
tumble (0.25).
D E S C R IB E (14) describe (1.00); report
(to deliver inform ation, 0.94); draw (to
m ake a likeness by draw ing, 0.91);
advertise (to solicit business, 0.86);
explain (0.79); narrate (0.75); rehearse
(to tell, 0.75); tell (to narrate, 0.67);
represent (to present as a true inter­
p retation , 0.57); recite (to relate in
detail, 0.50); sketch (to draw, 0.50); com­
m unicate (to impart information, 0.29);
delineate (0.25); outline (to draw, 0.25).
D E S C R Y to catch sight of; to be able to
see; to m ake out (7) find (to happen
upon, 0.92); see (to perceive with the
eye, 0.86); discover (to find, 0.84); hear
(to receive inform ation orally, 0.45);
hear (to perceive by ear, 0.44); recognize
(to know again, 0.43); spy (to see, 0.25).
D E S E C R A T E (2) desecrate (1.00); abuse
DESEGREGATE -97-
(to treat badly, 0.38).
D E S E G R E G A T E (1) integrate (to abol­
ish racial segregation, 0.50).
D E SE N SIT IZ E (1) drug (0.63).
D E S E R T (14) desert (to abandon in time
o f trouble, 1.00); desert (to leave army
w ithout perm ission, 1.00); abandon (to
leave in trouble, 0.93); disobey (0.83);
decam p (0.75); fail (to be unsuccess­
ful, 0.75); flee (0.75); forsake (to aban­
don, 0.75); m aroon (0.75); evacuate (to
abandon, 0.50); leave (to abandon,
0.33); escape (0.25); jilt (0.25); discard
(0.08).
D ESER V E (1) deserve (1.00).
D E SIC C A T E (6) desiccate (to dry, 1.00);
desiccate (to preserve, 1.00); dehydrate
(0.75); parch (0.75); dry (to cause to
b ec o m e dry, 0 .5 0 ); e v a p o ra te (to
dehydrate, 0.50).
D E S IG N (2 2 ) d e s ig n (to p la n in a
p relim in ary w ay, 1.00); d esig n (to
co n ceive, 1.00); d esig n (to intend,
1.00); intend (to destine for, 0.83); form
(to give shape to a thing, 0.78); destine
(to intend, 0.75); invent (to create or
d isc o v er, 0 .6 7 ); a rra n g e (to m ak e
arrangements, 0.65); organize (to form
an organization, 0.58); depict (0.50);
emboss (0.50); plan (to plot an action
in advance, 0.50); m aneuver (0.47);
forge (0.44); plan (to arrange in a pre­
liminary way, 0.44); paint (to represent
by painting, 0.40); com pose (to create,
0.36); system atize (0.36); produce (to
create by mental effort, 0.33); represent
(to present as a true interpretation ,
0.29); lay (to w ork out, 0.25); create (to
make, 0.19).
D ESIG NA TE (18) designate (to specify,
1.00); desig n ate (to appoint, 1.00);
DESPISE
m anage (to direct, 0.89); define (to
provide a nam e or description , 0.82);
denom inate (0.75); cast (to select ac­
tors for a play, 0.71); specify (0.71);
prescribe (to give m edical direction,
0.67); detail (to m ake clear in detail,
0.65); appoint (0.50); call (to address,
0.50); characterize (to describe, 0.50);
entitle (to nam e, 0.50); nam e (to give a
nam e, 0.38); direct (to w rite directions
on a letter or package, 0.25); im print
(0.25); allot (to assign, 0.20); mean (to
have as m eaning, 0.17).
D E S IR E (12) desire (to w ish for, 1.00);
desire (to request, 1.00); desire (to want
sexually, 1.00); hope (0.88); miss (to
feel a w ant, 0.75); covet (0.67); long
(0.67); urge (to induce, 0.66); crave (to
long for, 0.50); like (to be inclined, 0.50);
lust (0.33); languish (to want, 0.25).
D E S IS T (15) desist (1.00); refuse (0.89);
abstain (0.78); cease (0.75); end (to
com e to an end, 0.75); stop (to cease,
0.60); abandon (to relinquish, 0.59);
decline (to refuse, 0.50); balk (to refuse,
0.33); avoid (0.25); conclude (to come
to an end, 0.25); quit (to cease, 0.25);
term inate (to com e to an end, 0.25);
suspend (to cease temporarily, 0.20);
abandon (to relinquish, 0.04).
D E SO L A T E (3) ravage (0.88); destroy (to
b ring to nothing, 0.41); depress (to
bring to a low er state, 0.39).
D E S P A IR (2) worry (to indulge in worry,
0.60); mope (0.38).
D E S P IS E (10) despise (1.00); hate (to de­
test, 0.70); sneer (0.69); scorn (to treat
w ith s c o rn , 0 .6 7 ); s p u rn (0 .6 7 );
abominate (0.50); dislike (0.38); neglect
(to tre a t w ith in d iffe re n c e , 0 .3 8 );
disregard (0.33); detest (0.25).
DESPOIL
D E S P O IL (16) despoil (1.00); profane
(0.89); ravage (0.86); harass (to m ake
sm all,persistent attacks, 0.75); ransack
(to loot, 0.75); desecrate (0.67); ruin (to
destroy chastity, 0.50); deprive (0.40);
rape (0.40); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.32); raid (0.26); deflow er (0.25); rob
(0.20); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.15); corrupt (to debase, 0.09); steal
(0.05).
D E S P O N D to becom e dejected or de­
pressed (1) m ope (0.81).
D E S P O T IZ E (1) tyrannize (0.75).
D ESQ U AM ATE (1) flake (0.08).
D E S T E R IL IZ E (1) free (to disburden,
0.82).
D E S T IN E (4) destine (to predestine,
1.00); destine (to intend, 1.00); prede­
term ine (0.83); foreordain (0.25).
D E S T R O Y (19) destroy (to bring to
nothing, 1.00); destroy (to kill, 1.00);
disorganize (0.94); ravage (0.92); undo
(0.83); w reck (to bring to ruin, 0.80);
dispatch (to kill deliberately, 0.75); open
(to m ake an opening, 0.75); spoil (to
ru in , 0.7 5 ); su b v e rt (0 .6 7 ); p o iso n
(0.64); prostrate (to overthrow , 0.50);
smash (0.50); cancel (to m ark out, 0.42);
delete (0.33); curse (to sw ear at, 0.25);
kill (to deprive o f life, 0.25); liquidate
(to abolish, 0.25); deaden (to reduce
life or its evidence, 0.04).
D E T A C H (11) detach (1.00); divide (to
separate by parting, 0.90); detail (to
assign to a specific duty, 0.75); dism iss
(to send away, 0.75); unhitch (0.69);
w ean (0.67); disconnect (0.50); disjoin
(0.50); isolate (0.50); dem arcate (0.33);
disintegrate (to break up, 0.23).
D E TA IL (8) detail (to make clear in detail,
1.00); detail (to assign to a specific duty,
-98- DETERIORATE
1.00); narrate (0.85); assign (to delegate
to a specific purpose, 0.78); develop
(to reveal slowly, 0.40); describe (0.37);
cast (to select actors for a play, 0.29);
attach (to assign, 0.25).
D E T A IN (9) detain (1.00); hold (to have
in o n e ’s grasp, 0.76); delay (to cause a
delay, 0.68); slow (to cause to become
slower, 0.60); imprison (0.54); arrest (to
seize legally, 0.50); incarcerate (0.50);
jail (0.17); hinder (0.05).
D E T E C T (9) detect (to find out, 1.00);
detect (to identify a crim inal, 1.00);
discover (to find, 0.90); distinguish (to
discern, 0.75); find (to happen upon,
0.69); spot (to point out, 0.50); see (to
perceive w ith the eye, 0.36); hear (to
perceive by ear, 0.22); smell (to use the
sense o f smell, 0.14).
D E T E R to discourage or turn aside (11)
deter (1.00); delay (to cause a delay,
0.91); halt (to cause to cease, 0.84);
hinder (0.72); dissuade (0.67); frighten
(to alarm , 0.58); restrain (to hold in
check, 0.35); frighten (to drive off, be­
cause o f alarm , 0.29); discourage (to
restrain, 0.25); im pede (0.25); prevent
(0.16).
D E T E R G E (1) purify (0.35).
D E T E R IO R A T E (18) deteriorate (1.00);
decrease (to grow less, 0.79); depreciate
(to becom e less in value or quantity ,
0 .7 5 ); sta g n a te (0 .7 5 ); d e c lin e (to
decrease, 0.50); descend (to descend
figuratively, 0.50); lapse (to fail slowly,
0 .5 0 ); re la p s e (0 .3 6 ); w ea r (to be
consum ed by w earing, 0.30); bite (to
cut or corrode, 0.29); die (to decline as
though death w ere inevitable , 0.28);
corrode (to deteriorate, 0.25); degrade
(to corrupt, 0.25); distort (to change
DETERMINE -99-
shape, 0.21); age (to grow old, 0.20);
wash (to erode, 0.20); adulterate (0.11);
wither (0.11).
D E T E R M IN E (39) determine (to define,
1.00);determ ine (to find out the facts,
1.00); determ ine (to decide the
o f affairs, 1.00); determine (to resolve,
1.00); define (to provide a nam e or
description , 0.96); arrange (to m ake
arrangements, 0.95); com mand (to have
control, 0.91); resolve (0.90); calculate
(to reckon, 0.89); influence (0.86);
operate (to produce an effect, 0.83); fix
(to decide, 0.75); ordain (to destine,
0.75); orient (to direct, 0.75); discover
(to find, 0.74); date (to indicate histori­
cal tim e, 0.71); derive (to draw a con­
clusion, 0.67); discern (to detect, 0.67);
forecast (to predict, 0.62); prove (0.62);
m ean (to have as m eaning, 0.61); cast
(to se le c t ac to rs for a play, 0.5 7 );
adm inister (to m inister, 0.56); find (to
reach a legal decision, 0.50); pace (to
m easure by pacing, 0.50); show (to
dem onstrate, 0.50); trace (to discover
by investigation, 0.50); vote (0.50);
locate (to determ ine a location, 0.44);
enact (to legislate, 0.42); ascertain
(0.33); choose (to select, 0.33); learn
(to acquire mentally, 0.25); rate (to rank,
0.21); crown (to empower with a crown,
0.13); estim ate (to m ake a considered
prediction, 0.13); solve (0.12); tell (to
deduce, 0.11); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.06).
D E T E S T (5) detest (1.00); dislike (0.95);
abhor (0.75); neglect (to treat w ith in­
difference, 0.56); loathe (0.50).
D E T H R O N E (4) dethrone (1.00); oust
(0.29); dism iss (to send away, 0.25);
rebel (to endeav o u r to overthrow a
DEVELOP
governm ent, 0.11).
D E TO N A T E (7) detonate (1.00); explode
(to burst, 0.85); sound (to m ake a noise,
0.74); blast (to shatter by explosion,
0.33); fulminate (to explode, 0.33); roar
course
(0.29); backfire (to explode, 0.25).
D E T O U R (4) circuit (0.83); bend (to force
out o f a straight line, 0.50); turn (to
change direction, 0.25); circle (0.22).
D E T R A C T (6) detract (1.00); scandalize
(0.93); distract (to divert som eone’s at­
tention from, 0.80); slander (0.70); sneer
( 0 .5 5 ) ; d e p r e c ia te (to lo w e r in
reputation, 0.07).
D E T R A IN (2) descend (to m ove lower,
0.36); light (to com e to rest from flight
or travel, 0.27).
D E V A L U A T E (3) devalue (0.25); de­
crease (to m ake less, 0.16); decrease
(to grow less, 0.06).
DEVALUE (4) devalue (1.00); alloy (to de­
valuate, 0.50); cheapen (0.45); adulter­
ate (0.31).
DEVASTATE (5) devastate (1.00); ravage
(0.94); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.86); dem olish (0.50); consum e (to
destroy, 0.25).
D E V E L O P (34) develop (to improve,
1.00); d ev e lo p (to im prove, 1.00);
develop (to grow, 1.00); develop (to
reveal slowly, 1.00); develop (to work
out, 1.00); develop (to begin, 1.00);grow
(to change slowly, 0.91); ripen (to grow,
0.75); promote (to further, 0.74); stretch
(to cause to stretch, 0.57); advance (to
im prove, 0.50); age (to mature, 0.50);
alter (to becom e different, 0.50); come
(to becom e, 0.50); constitute (to found,
0.50); im prove (to m ake better, 0.48);
im p ro v e (to b ec o m e b etter, 0 .47);
harden (to toughen, 0.46); form (to give
DEVIATE -1 0 0 -
shape to a thing, 0.37); act (to perform
an action, 0.36); form (to take form, 0.36);
prepare (to m ake o n eself ready, 0.35);
break (to happen, 0.33); revise (0.33);
shape (to take shape, 0.33); teach (to
act as a teacher, 0.27); grow (to becom e
larger, 0.26); augm ent (to grow, 0.25);
germ inate (0.25); increase (to grow,
0.25); p erfec t (0.25); p ro p ag a te (to
spread, 0.25); spread (to extend^ 0.17);
com plete (to m ake entire, 0.16); reclaim
(to bring into usable condition, 0.10).
D E V IA T E (8) deviate (1.00); veer (0.85);
tack (to steer an oblique course, 0.80);
turn (to divert, 0.67); vary (to show
changes, 0.67); turn (to change direc­
tio n , 0 .3 3 ); stra y (0 .2 0 ); w in d (to
meander, 0.09).
D E V IL (1) cook (0.44).
D E V m G IN A T E (1) rape (0.35).
D E V IS E (23) invent (to create or discover,
0.89); arrange (to m ake arrangem ents,
0.85); plan (to plot an action in advance,
0.83); form (to give shape to a thing,
0 .8 2 ); co n c o ct (to m ak e up, 0 .80);
d eterm in e (to decid e th e co u rse o f
affairs, 0.75); lay (to w ork out, 0.75);
m ould (to determ ine a course o f action,
0.75); im agine (to visualize m entally,
0.56); create (to conceive in the m ind,
0.50); leave (to allow to fall to another,
0.50); mint (to invent a word, etc., 0.50);
system atize (0.45); discover (to find,
0.42); m aneuver (0.41); extem porize
(0 .3 3 ); fram e (to p rep a re a w ritte n
sta te m en t, 0.33); im p ro v ise (0 .33);
co n triv e (to in v e n t, 0 .2 5 ); sc h em e
(0.25); build (to construct, 0.11); p re­
pare (to m ake oneself ready, 0.09); pro­
duce (to create by m ental effort, 0.08).
D E V IT A LIZE (4) enervate (0.50); weaken
DIE
(to m ake w eaker, 0.50); deaden (to
reduce life or its evidence, 0.25); drain
(to w ithdraw strength, 0.18).
D E V O T E (7) devote (1.00); dedicate (to
set apart for special use, 0.92); appro­
priate (to provide money, 0.60); conse­
crate (to set apart, 0.50); sacrifice (to
offer to a deity, 0.43); contribute (to
give, 0.25); exercise (to use, 0.09).
D E V O U R (4) devour (1.00); eat (to take
as food, 0.83); consum e (to eat or
drink, 0.25); glut (to eat to satiety, 0.07).
D IA G N O S E (2) recognize (to know again,
0.64); experim ent (to investigate scien­
tifically, 0.59).
D IA L (3) dial (to turn, 1.00); dial (to
telephone, 1.00); telephone (0.20).
D IA L O G U E (1) talk (to converse, 0.65).
D IA P E R (1) engrave (to prepare a plate
for printing, 0.06).
D IC E (3) m ince (to chop, 0.75); cut (to
sever, 0.68); bet (0.36).
D IC K E R (1) contract (to enter into an
agreement, 0.60).
D IC T A T E (13) d ictate (to speak for
record, 1.00); dictate (to give perem p­
tory orders, 1.00); com m and (to issue
an order, 0.86); enact (to legislate, 0.74);
enforce (to require com pliance, 0.73);
edit (to supervise publication, 0.64);
com m and (to have control, 0.61); domi­
nate (0.56); order (to give a com mand,
0.50); com municate (to impart informa­
tion, 0.3 7 ); ru le (to go v ern , 0.25);
tyrannize (0.25); govern (0.18).
D IE to cease to live (6) die (to cease living,
1.00); die (to cease existing, 1.00); die
(to decline as though death w ere in­
evitable , 1.00); disappear (0.80); wither
(0.33); end (to com e to an end, 0.25).
D IE to furnish with a die (1) machine (0.42).
DIET - 101 -
D IE T (1) diet (1.00).
D IF F E R (8) differ (to be unlike, 1.00); dif­
fer (to oppose, 1.00); com plain (to
express an objection, 0.82); vary (to
show changes, 0.75); contradict (to
oppose, 0.67); range (to vary, 0.67);
disobey (0.65); debate (0.13).
D IFFER EN TIA TE (5) differentiate (to dis­
tinguish, 1.00); differentiate (to change,
1.00); distinguish (to make distinctions,
0.88); dem arcate (0.67); tell (to deduce,
0.33).
D IFFU SE (12) diffuse (1.00); evaporate
(to v ap o riz e, 0.86); rad ia te (to send
forth from a centre, 0.86); circ u late
(to se n d a b o u t, 0 .7 5 ); s c a tte r (to
cause to separate, 0.75); d issipate (to
d ispel, 0.50); p ro p ag a te (to spread,
0.50); spray (0.50); spread (to distrib­
ute, 0.50); instill (0.42); d isso lv e (to
pass from a so lid to a liq u id state,
0.18); spread (to apply over a surface,
0.15).
DIG (4) dig (to rem ove by digging, 1.00);
dig (to stir the earth, 1.00); dent (0.65);
harrow (to use a harrow on land, 0.50).
D IG E S T (12) digest (to transform food,
1.00);digest (to understand by delibera­
tion, 1.00); digest (to summ arize, 1.00);
absorb (to take in by absorption, 0.93);
abridge (0.75); abstract (to prepare an
abstract, 0.75); eat (to take as food,
0.70); assim ilate (to absorb, 0.67);
tabulate (0.47); classify (0.33); decrease
(to m ake less, 0.30); c o n d e n se (to
abridge, 0.25).
DIGNIFY (8) dignify (1.00); lionize (0.75);
sign (to consecrate, 0.75); crow n (to
em power w ith a crown, 0.50); raise (to
advance in rank, 0.50); transfigure (to
exalt, 0.50); elevate (to exalt, 0.25);
DIMINISH
prom ote (to advance in rank, 0.07).
D IG R E S S (7) digress (1.00); deviate
(0.80); differ (to be unlike, 0.70); veer
(0.69); vary (to show changes, 0.58);
ram ble (to speak or w rite aimlessly,
0.53); w ander (to speak or think inco­
herently, 0.25).
D IK E (4) bar (to raise a physical obstruc­
tion, 0.85); bank (to heap earth or sim i­
lar m aterial, 0.75); heap (to place in a
heap, 0.58); furrow (0.50).
D IL A P ID A T E (3) destroy (to bring to
nothing, 0.55); break (to fall apart, 0.13);
die (to decline as though death were
inevitable, 0.11).
D IL A T E to m ake larger (8) dilate (1.00);
sw ell (0.93); increase (to add to, 0.89);
excite (to activate, 0.73); grow (to be­
com e larger, 0.59); heave (to raise and
fall, 0.48); lengthen (to m ake longer,
0.36); expand (0.25).
DILLY-DALLY (4) dilly-dally (1.00); loiter
(0.31); linger (to go reluctantly, 0.29);
lo af (to do nothing useful, 0.12).
D IL U T E (6) dilute (1.00); adulterate (0.83);
cut (to w eaken, 0.75); thin (0.67); de­
crease (to m ake less, 0.44); w eaken (to
make weaker, 0.05).
D IM (8) blear (0.75); shadow (to shade,
0.75); deaden (to soften, 0.67); fade (to
lose colour or light, 0.58); outshine (to
obscure, 0.50); overshadow (to shade,
0.50); shade (to m ake darker, 0.50);
blind (to obscure, 0.25).
D IM IN IS H (30) dim inish (to grow less,
1.00); dim inish (to m ake less, 1.00);
change (to m ake different, 0.94); de­
crease (to grow less, 0.94); soften (to
becom e soft, 0.77); lessen (to grow less,
0.75); discount (to deduct, 0.69); de­
duct (0.67); detract (0.67); im pair (to
DIMPLE -1 0 2 -
weaken, 0.67); whittle (to reduce slowly,
0 .6 7 ); e x te n u a te ( 0 .5 7 ) ; s in k (to
decrease, 0.50); w ear (to consum e by
w earing, 0.50); decrease (to m ake less,
0.49); slow (to cause to becom e slower,
0.40); relieve (to lessen; said especially
o f pain, 0.35); die (to decline as though
death w ere in ev itab le, 0.33); lessen (to
m ake less, 0.33); reduce (to m ake less,
0.33); restrict (to hold w ithin lim its,
0.27); abate (to grow less, 0.25); ap­
proach (to com e near in tim e, 0.25);
curtail (0.25); degrade (to humble, 0.25);
dwindle (0.25); mollify (to lessen, 0.25);
cheapen (0.18); drain (to seep away,
0.10); fall (to pass quickly dow nw ard,
0.04).
D IM P L E (1) dent (0.47).
D IN E (6) dine (1.00); feed (0.58); eat (to
ta k e as fo o d , 0 .5 2 ); lu n c h (0 .5 0 );
en tertain (to act as host or hostess,
0.29); sup (0.25).
D IP (18) dip (to fall, 1.00); dip (to put
into a liquid, 1.00); dip (to transfer by
m eans o f a vessel, 1.00); em pty (to
cause to becom e empty, 0.90); im m erse
(to p ut under w ater, 0.86); bow (to
b en d , 0.7 7 ); b ath e (to sin k , 0 .7 5 );
crouch (to stoop, 0.75); drown (to lower
into a liquid, 0.75); soak (to drench,
0.64); moisten (0.62); descend (to move
lower, 0.60); dive (0.43); baptize (to
clea n se sacram e n ta lly , 0 .29); rin se
(0.25); lean (to incline, 0.22); tilt (to
incline, 0.18); w ash (to bathe, 0.06).
D IR E C T (56) direct (to show the way,
1.00);direct (to decide the course o f
affairs, 1.00); direct (to teach, 1.00);
direct (to address, 1.00); direct (to aim
a w eapon, 1.00); direct (to com m and,
1.00); direct (to direct one’s effort, 1.00); e n fe e b le (0 .5 0 ); h a m strin g (0.50);
DISABLE
direct (to w rite directions on a letter or
pack ag e, 1.00); drive (to m anage a
propelled vehicle, 0.96); com m and (to
have control, 0.93); edit (to supervise
publication, 0.91); tend (to watch over,
0.86); advise (to give counsel, 0.83);
tell (to inform, 0.81); command (to issue
an order, 0.77); bend (to influence,
0.75); engineer (0.75); head (0.75); lead
(to exercise leadership, 0.75); m aster­
m ind (0.75); order (to give a command,
0.75); overrule (to rule, 0.75); preside
(0.75); turn (to point, 0.75); teach (to
act as a teacher, 0.70); restrain (to hold
in check, 0.69); farm (to m anage farm
property, 0.67); influence (0.66); ship
(0.57); ride (to control a beast o f burden
by rid in g , 0.50); sy n d icate (0.50);
adm inister (to manage, 0.50); charge (to
c o m m a n d , 0 .5 0 ); c o u n s e l (0 .5 0 );
dem and (to ask, 0.50); dictate (to give
perem ptory orders, 0.50); instruct (to
order, 0.50); ask (to inquire, 0.45); aim
(to point a w eapon, 0.44); tend (to have
a tendency (tow ard), 0.43); prescribe
(to give m edical direction, 0.33); steer
(0.33); sum m on (to call, 0.28); govern
(0.27); m aintain (to keep ready for use,
0.26); m arshal (0.25); officiate (0.25);
regulate (to control, 0.25); rule (to regu­
late, 0.25); sw ay (to influence, 0.25);
channel (0.25); dispense (to adm inis­
ter, 0.25); keep (to operate, 0.25); ar­
range (to m ake arrangements, 0.20); will
(to exeit o n e ’s will, 0.20); organize (to
form an organization, 0.12).
D IR T Y (2) dirty (1.00); damage (to impair
the value of, 0.86).
D IS A B L E (7) disable (1.00); disarm (to
deprive o f weapons, 0.87); maim (0.77);
DISABUSE -103-
indispose (to disqualify, 0.50); unarm
(0.33).
D IS A B U SE (2) disabuse (1.00); disillu­
sion (0.40).
D IS A D V A N T A G E (1) d isa d v a n ta g e
( 1.00 ).
DIS A F F E C T (2) disaffect (1.00); alienate
(0.71).
D ISA FFIL IA TE (1) disinherit (0.33).
D ISA G R E E (16) disagree (to differ, 1.00);
disagree (to have uncom fortable effect,
1.00); deny (0.93); complain (to express
an objection, 0.79); belie (to contradict,
0.75); dem ur (0.75); differ (to oppose,
0.75); dissent (0.75); gainsay (to con­
tradict, 0.75); disobey (0.70); contrast
(to provide a contrast, 0.67); protest
(0.50); squabble (0.50); oppose (to hold
a contrary opinion, 0.41); quarrel (0.27);
collide (to com e into conflict, 0.25).
D IS A L L O W (11) disallow (1.00); bar (to
obstruct by refusal, 0.86); deny (0.86);
indispose (to disqualify, 0.75); refuse
(0.63); taboo (0.47); disapprove (to
reject, 0.33); forbid (0.21); hinder (0.20);
rebuff (to reject, 0.05); halt (to cause to
cease, 0.01).
D ISA NN U L (1) abolish (0.38).
D IS A PP E A R (6) disappear (1.00); eat (to
reduce gradually, 0.67); die (to cease
existing, 0.60); escape (0.44); waste (to
be consum ed gradually, 0.36); dive
(0.14).
D IS A P P O IN T (3) disap p o in t (1.00);
defeat (to get the better o f another,
0.44); hinder (0.17).
D IS A P P R O V E (13) disapprove (to con­
dem n, 1.00); disap p ro v e (to reject,
1.00); com plain (to express an objec­
tion, 0.95); oppose (to hold a contrary
opinion, 0.91); censure (0.53); dislike
DISBURSE
(0.52); d iv erg e (to d isagree, 0.50);
scow l (0.50); hiss (to condem n, 0.33);
upbraid (0.29); shrug (0.25); rem on­
strate (0.07); refuse (0.05).
D IS A R M (4) disarm (to deprive o f weap­
ons, 1.00); disarm (to reduce national
arm am ents, 1.00); disarm (to persuade,
1.00); disband (0.43).
D IS A R R A N G E (10) muddle (to confuse;
said o f affairs, 0.88); disorganize (0.82);
d is o r d e r (0 .7 5 ); m is p la c e (0 .7 5 );
confuse (0.70); pi (0.50); displace (to
put in the w rong place, 0.25); mislay
(0.25); unsettle (0.25); muss (0.22).
D ISA RRA Y (1) disorganize (0.09).
D IS A SS E M B L E (1) dismantle (0.92).
D IS A V O W (4) disavow (1.00); deny
(0.79); recant (0.70); renounce (to re­
pudiate, 0.33).
D ISBA N D (7) disband (1.00); dismiss (to
send away, 0.78); disorganize (0.61);
scatter (to cause to separate, 0.56);
scatter (to becom e separated, 0.40);
d is in te g r a te (to b re a k up, 0 .3 8 );
disperse (0.33).
D IS B A R to exclude (2) unseat (to oust,
0.75); disqualify (to debar, 0.25).
D IS B E L IE V E (6) doubt (to entertain
doubt, 0.67); discount (to disregard,
0.50); discredit (to doubt, 0.50); sus­
pect (to doubt som eone, 0.50); deny
(0.25); distrust (0.25).
D IS B E N C H (1) punish (0.37).
D IS B U R D E N (4) unload (0.95); lighten
(to m ake lighter, 0.88); ease (to lessen
pressure or tension, 0.78); com fort (to
make easy physically, 0.35).
D IS B U R S E (7) disburse (1.00); manage
(to direct. 0.76); spend (to expend,
0.50); appropriate (to provide money,
0.30); satisfy (to pay, 0.25); pay (to give
DISCARD - 104-
paym ent, 0.21); adm inister (to minister,
0.06).
D IS C A R D (11) discard (1.00); dismiss (to
sen d aw ay, 0.97); eject (to rem o v e
physically, 0.89); abandon (to relin ­
quish, 0.78); abandon (to leave in trou­
ble, 0.71); neglect (to fail to attend to
resp o nsibilities , 0.62); shed (0.45);
eliminate (to remove, 0.33); deny (0.29);
rem o v e (to d ism iss, 0 .25); ed it (to
prepare for publication, 0.21).
D IS C E R N (13) discern (to descry, 1.00);
discern (to detect, 1.00); discover (to
find, 0.87); penetrate (to understand,
0 .7 5 ); co m p re h e n d (to u n d e rsta n d ,
0.50); know (to recognize, 0.50); find
(to happen upon, 0.38); look (to en­
deavour to see, 0.35); see (to perceive
with the eye, 0.27); understand (to com ­
prehend, 0.26); learn (to find out, 0.25);
realize (to understand, 0.25); see (to
understand, 0.25).
D IS C H A R G E (53) discharge (to unload,
1.00); d isch arg e (to rem o v e, 1.00);
discharge (to em it, 1.00);discharge (to
c a u s e to fire , 1.0 0 );d is c h a rg e (to
dism iss, 1.00); discharge (to release,
1.00); discharge (to perform , 1.00);
discharge (to pay a debt, 1.00); d is­
charge (to annul, 1.00); free (to liber­
ate, 0.95); em pty (to becom e em pty,
0.93); dism iss (to rem ove an em ployee,
0.92); oust (0.86); excuse (0.83); pay (to
give paym ent, 0.79); explode (to burst,
0.77); refund (to put financial obliga­
tions on a new basis, 0.77); cashier
(0.75); parole (0.75); pour (to flow, 0.75);
recall (to rem ove from office, 0.75);
release (0.75); remove (to dismiss, 0.75);
se c re te (to p e rsp ire , 0 .7 5 ); u n lo a d
(0.74); elim inate (to rem ove, 0.73);
DISCLOSE
defecate (0.67); detonate (0.67); elim i­
nate (to rem ove waste matter, 0.67); fire
(to shoot, 0.67); fulm inate (to explode,
0.67); discard (0.64); excrete (0.60);
throw (to send forth, 0.58); redeem (to
recover through a payment, 0.56); dump
(0.55); free (to disburden, 0.55); remove
(to m ove physically, 0.55); cash (0.50);
expel (to dism iss, 0.50); exude (0.50);
perform (to accomplish an action, 0.50);
relieve (to replace, 0.50); spout (0.50);
vent (0.50); achieve (to finish an un­
d ertak in g , 0.41); spend (to expend,
0.36); clear (to free from guilt, 0.33);
banish (to rem ove com pletely, 0.25);
can cel (to an n u l, 0.25); p ard o n (to
red u c e p u n ish m en t, 0.25); unchain
(0.25); vomit (0.17).
D IS C IP L IN E (14) discipline (to regulate,
1.00); discipline (to punish, 1.00); pun­
ish (0.94); teach (to drill, 0.82); train (to
direct grow th, 0.82); harden (to tough­
en, 0.73); chasten (to punish, 0.71);
chastise (0.50); mortify (0.50); exercise
(to train, 0.33); censure (0.32); exercise
(to m ove the body, 0.31); drill (to train,
0.25); train (to drill, 0.25).
D IS C L A IM (11) disclaim (to deny, 1.00);
d isc la im (to d iso w n , 1.00); revoke
(0.81); deny (0.75); disavow (0.75);
gainsay (to deny, 0.75); contradict (to
deny, 0.67); recant (0.65); abandon (to
relinquish, 0.52); forsake (to relinquish,
0.50); refute (0.22).
D IS C L O S E (31) disclose (to divulge,
1.00); disclose (to expose, 1.00); reveal
(to divulge, 0.95); expose (to uncover,
0.94); unfold (to reveal, 0.91); develop
(to rev e al slo w ly , 0.90); ad m it (to
confess, 0.81); air (to speak publicly,
0.75); blab (to reveal, 0.75); confide (to
DISCOLOUR
reveal in trust, 0.75); detect (to identify
a crim inal, 0.75); discover (to m ake
known, 0.75); exhume (0.75); unburden
(to re v e a l, 0 .7 5 ); u n w ra p (0 .7 4 );
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.66); advertise (to m ake public, 0.61);
declare (to adm it to o n e’s possessions,
0.54); betray (to reveal, 0.50); instruct
(to inform , 0.50); register (to show,
0.50); uncloak (to expose, 0.50); unravel
(to solve, 0.50); enlighten (to bring
supposed spiritual truth, 0.43); utter
( 0 .4 3 ); n o tif y (to p r o v id e w ith
inform ation, 0.36); display (to present
for effect, 0.28); bare (0.25); m anifest
(to display, 0.25); narrate (0.25); com ­
ment (to make a remark, 0.16).
D IS C O L O U R (8) discolour (1.00); dam ­
age (to im p air the v alu e of, 0.80);
w eath er (to ex pose to the w eather,
0.77); decay (0.71); foul (to becom e
dirty, 0.57); fade (to lose colour or light,
0.50); sm irch (to soil, 0.50); stain (to
soil, 0.50).
D IS C O M F IT (9) discomfit (to defeat the
plans of, 1.00); discom fit (to confuse,
1.00); defeat (to worst in war, 0.69); hu­
miliate (0.63); rout (0.53); embarrass (to
upset m entally, 0.36); confuse (0.34);
halt (to cause to cease, 0.09); hum ble
(0.04).
D IS C O M F O R T (2) em barrass (to upset
mentally, 0.42); frighten (to alarm, 0.10).
D ISC O M M O D E (8) discommode (1.00);
unload (0.79); incommode (0.75); molest
(to disturb people, 0.72); bother (to give
trouble, 0.53); disoblige (to inconven­
ience, 0.50); tram m el (0.49); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.04).
D IS C O M P O S E (8) discom pose (1.00);
confuse (0.91); m olest (to disturb peo­
-105- DISCOURAGE
ple, 0.68); tangle (0.53); bother (to give
trouble, 0.50); tram m el (0.46); em bar­
rass (to upset mentally, 0.21); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.03).
D IS C O N C E R T (11) disconcert (1.00);
c o n fu se (0 .9 8 ); d era n g e (to u pset,
0.86); em barrass (to upset mentally,
0.82); defeat (to get the better o f an­
other, 0.80); d isco m fit (to confuse,
0.75); trouble (to disturb, 0.75); disap­
point (0.63); bother (to be disturbing,
0.41); bew ilder (0.40); halt (to cause to
cease, 0.39).
D IS C O N N E C T (4) disconnect (1.00); di­
vide (to sep arate by parting, 0.94);
dissociate (to separate, 0.50); disinte­
grate (to break up, 0.08).
D IS C O N T IN U E (15) discontinue (1.00);
abandon (to relinquish, 0.89); suspend
(to cease tem porarily, 0.85); quit (to
cease, 0.75); end (to bring to a halt,
0.47); stop (to cease, 0.40); stop (to halt,
0.40); outgrow (0.33); adjourn (0.25);
cease (0.25); desist (0.25); dissolve (to
dism iss, 0.25); interm it (0.25); pause
(0.20); die (to cease existing, 0.10).
D IS C O U N T (4) discount (to deduct,
1.00); discount (to disregard, 1.00);
underrate (0.50); eliminate (to remove,
0.23).
D IS C O U N T E N A N C E (4) halt (to cause
to cease, 0.31); bar (to obstruct by re­
fusal, 0.25); em barrass (to upset m en­
tally, 0.18); censure (0.03).
D IS C O U R A G E (9) discourage (to dis­
hearten, 1.00); discourage (to warn,
1.00); discourage (to restrain, 1.00);
frighten (to drive off, because o f alann,
0.71); delay (to cause a delay, 0.70);
check (to bring under control, 0.50);
sadden (0.50); bar (to obstruct by re­
DISCOURSE -106-
fusal, 0.29); unnerve (0.25).
D IS C O U R S E (7) discourse (1.00); ad­
dress (to speak to an assem bly, 0.82);
preach (0.80); descant (0.50); recite (to
repeat formally, 0.50); reason (to dis­
cuss persuasively, 0.18); discuss (0.14).
D IS C O V E R (11) discover (to find, 1.00);
discover (to m ake known, 1.00); dig (to
rem ove by digging, 0.90); locate (to de­
te rm in e a lo c a tio n , 0 .8 9 ); fin d (to
happen upon, 0.77); pio n eer (0.75);
unfold (to reveal, 0.73); spy (to act as a
spy, 0.50); com pose (to create, 0.45);
h ear (to receive in fo rm atio n orally,
0.36); create (to make, 0.31).
D IS C R E D IT (17) discredit (to bring into
disrepute, 1.00); discredit (to doubt,
1.00); depreciate (to low er in reputa­
tion, 0.83); disgrace (0.73); doubt (to
entertain doubt, 0.73); im peach (0.53);
degrade (to hum ble, 0.50); disparage
(0.50); smirch (to degrade, 0.50); refute
(0.41); derogate (0.33); hum ble (0.32);
decry (0.25); stigm atize (0.25); deny
(0 .1 1 ); d etra ct (0 .1 1 ); d isc o u n t (to
deduct, 0.08).
D IS C R IM IN A T E (8) discrim inate (to
differentiate, 1.00); discrim inate (to be
(racially) prejudiced, 1.00); distinguish
(to m a k e d is t in c t io n s , 0 .9 4 );
characterize (to distinguish, 0.75); dis­
tinguish (to discern, 0.50); discern (to
detect, 0.33); choose (to select, 0.27);
tell (to deduce, 0.22).
D ISC U SS (7) discuss (1.00); talk (to con­
verse, 0.95); address (to speak to an
assembly, 0.73); rehash (0.67); m ention
(0.44); treat (to deal w ith a subject,
0.30); eat (to take as food, 0.17).
D IS D A IN (10) disd ain (1.00); slig h t
(0.75); neglect (to treat w ith indiffer­
DISENTANGLE
ence, 0.63); despise (0.50); m islike
(0.33); overlook (to ignore deliberately,
0.33); scorn (to treat with scorn, 0.33);
spurn (0.33); snub (to slight, 0.25);
sneer (0.17).
D IS E M B A R K (4) disembark (1.00); land
(to go ashore, 0.83); arrive (to com e to
a place, 0.64); descend (to m ove lower,
0.40).
D IS E M B A R R A SS (1) free (to disburden,
0.09).
D IS E M B O W E L (4) disembowel (1.00);
eviscerate (0.75); kill (to deprive o f life,
0.30); embowel (to kill, 0.25).
D IS E M P L O Y (1) dism iss (to remove an
em ployee, 0.46).
D IS E N C H A N T (4) disenchant (1.00); dis­
illu s io n (0 .8 0 ); d is a p p o in t (0 .1 9 );
disgust (0.07).
D IS E N C U M B E R (2) free (to disburden,
0.73); lighten (to make lighter, 0.53).
D IS E N G A G E (14) disengage (1.00); lib­
erate (to free from chemical or physical
restraint, 0.90); divide (to separate by
p a r tin g , 0 .8 8 ); u n h itc h (0 .7 7 );
d isentangle (0.75); free (to liberate,
0 .6 8 ); re tre a t (to ex e cu te a forced
retirem ent in battle, 0.53); unbind (to
untie, 0.50); unravel (to untangle, 0.50);
free (to disburden, 0.36); open (to move
aside a prepared obstruction, 0.31);
d e ta c h (0 .2 5 ); d is c o n n e c t (0 .2 5 );
dislocate (to disconnect, 0.25).
D IS E N T A N G L E (13) disentangle (1.00);
co m b (0 .8 6 ); c le a r (to fre e from
obstacles, 0.75); develop (to reveal
slowly, 0.75); extricate (0.75); ease (to
m ove carefully, 0.69); ravel (0.67);
untangle (0.50); decipher (0.47); explain
(0.33); d isen g ag e (0.25); divide (to
se p arate by p artin g , 0.24); free (to
DISENTHRALL - 107-
liberate, 0.21).
D IS E N T H R A L L (3) disenchant (0.75);
disillusion (0.60); free (to liberate, 0.18).
D IS E N T IT L E (2) elim inate (to rem ove,
0.65); disqualify (to debar, 0.50).
D ISE N TO M B (2) exhume (0.38); disinter
(0.33).
D IS E N TR A N C E (1) disenchant (0.25).
D ISE ST A B L ISH (1) abolish (0.33).
D IS E S T E E M (4) discredit (to bring into
disrepute, 0.67); underestim ate (0.67);
reflect (to discredit, 0.25); dislike (0.10).
D ISFAVOUR (1) hate (to detest, 0.10).
D IS F IG U R E (8) disfigure (1.00); deface
(0.75); deform (0.75); maim (0.73); wreck
(to bring to ruin, 0.73); dam age (to
im pair the value of, 0.65); m angle (to
m u tilate, 0.59); corrupt (to debase,
0.28).
D IS G O R G E (4) disgorge (1.00); eject (to
remove physically, 0.74); unload (0.21);
em pty (to cause to b ecom e em pty,
0.14).
D ISG R A C E (3) disgrace (1.00); scandal­
ize (0.39); corrupt (to debase, 0.11).
D ISG R U N TL E (1) disappoint (0.81).
D ISG UISE (7) disguise (1.00); change (to
make different, 0.70); corrupt (to render
in n a cu rate , 0 .54); sim u la te (0 .3 3 );
colour (to m isrepresent, 0.25); fake
(0.25); clothe (0.09).
D ISG U ST (6) disgust (1.00); bother (to
be disturbing, 0.71); scandalize (0.57);
tire (to bore, 0.50); w eary (to m ake
weary, 0.48); incense (0.33).
DISH to put food into a dish; to defeat
(2) dip (to tra n sfe r by m ean s o f a
vessel, 0.13); disappoint (0.07).
D ISH EARTEN (12) dishearten (1.00); de­
press (to bring to a low er state, 0.83);
freeze (to discourage, 0.75); frighten (to
DISJOIN
alarm , 0.71); sadden (0.67); chill (to
check, 0.50); indispose (to discourage,
0.50); unnerve (0.50); w eary (to make
weary, 0.44); disturb (to upset mental
calm , 0.41); tire (to m ake a person
exhausted, 0.15); oppress (0.04).
D IS H E V E L (5) m uss (0.67); m isplace
(0.44); entangle (0.19); mat (0.10); dis­
organize (0.06).
D IS H O N O U R (8) disgrace (0.81); violate
(to rape, 0.80); slander (0.57); fail (to
bec o m e in so lv en t, 0.50); hum iliate
(0.33); scandalize (0.32); shame (0.25);
corrupt (to debase, 0.13).
D IS IL L U S IO N (3) disillusion (1.00); dis­
appoint (0.78); undeceive (0.67).
D IS IM PR IS O N (1) free (to liberate, 0.16).
D IS IN F E C T (9) disinfect (1.00); clean
(0.91); decontam inate (0.75); deodor­
ize (0.75); purify (0.65); sw eeten (to
m ake fresh, 0.56); cleanse (to remove
im purities from within, 0.50); sterilize
(0.50); fumigate (0.33).
D IS IN H E R IT (3) disinherit (1.00); repu­
diate (to disow n, 0.75); oust (0.14).
D ISIN H U M E (1) exhume (0.50).
D IS IN T E G R A T E (11) disintegrate (to
break up, 1.00); disintegrate (to decay,
1.00); break (to fall apart, 0.88); erode
(0.75); grind (to pulverize, 0.70); soften
(to b ecom e soft, 0.69); analyze (to
subject to analysis, 0.57); dam age (to
im pair the value of, 0.51); crum ble
(0.50); rot (0.50); melt (to liquefy, 0.09).
D IS IN T E R (4) disinter (1.00); unearth (to
excavate, 0.50); discover (to find, 0.39);
exhume (0.25).
D IS JO IN (5) disjoin (1.00); divide (to
separate by parting, 0.92); disunite (to
disconnect, 0.50); dissociate (to sepa­
rate, 0.25); break (to start a rupture, 0.11).
 DISJOINT
D IS J O IN T (4) disjoint (1.00); dislocate
(to disconnect, 0.75); dism em ber (0.50);
unhinge (to detach, 0.50).
D IS L IK E (3) dislike (1.00); m ind (to be
careful, 0.40); oppose (to hold a con­
trary opinion, 0.32).
D IS L O C A T E (6) dislocate (to displace,
1.00); dislocate (to disconnect, 1.00);
d isorganize (0.67); divide (to separate
by parting, 0.43); turn (to sprain, 0.25);
w rench (0.13).
D IS L O D G E (10) dislodge (1.00); eject (to
rem ove physically, 0.95); rem ove (to
m ove physically, 0.80); unhinge (to
detach, 0.75); elim inate (to rem ove,
0.70); dispossess (to evict, 0.67); oust
(0.64); expel (to eject, 0.50); w rench
(0.27); displace (to rem ove, 0.25).
D IS M A N T L E (10) dismantle (1.00); raze
(0.87); disintegrate (to break up, 0.69);
discard (0.68); dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.55); ravage (0.51); unw rap
(0.47); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0 .3 7 ); u n d re s s (0 .3 3 ); s c u ttle (to
destroy, 0.25).
D ISM A Y (10) confute (0.86); frighten (to
alarm, 0.84); depress (to bring to a lower
state, 0.65); dash (to discourage, 0.50);
discourage (to dishearten, 0.35); dis­
hearten (0.33); appal (0.25); dam pen (to
d is c o u ra g e , 0 .2 5 ); c o n fu se (0 .1 6 );
s h o c k (to d is tu rb o n e ’s s e n s e o f
propriety, 0.08).
D IS M E M B E R (8) dism em ber (1.00); di­
v id e (to sep arate by p arting, 0.78);
dissect (to anatom ize, 0.75); disjoint
(0.67); kill (to deprive o f life, 0.34);
quarter (to divide into quarters, 0.33);
amputate (0.29); maim (0.09).
D IS M IS S (13) dism iss (to send away,
1.00); dism iss (to rem ove an em ployee,
- 108- DISPARAGE
1.00); reb u ff (to reject, 0.76); fail (to
dismiss for failure, 0.75); neglect (to fail
to attend to resp o n sib ilities , 0.69);
revoke (0.59); free (to liberate, 0.50);
punish (0.43); repel (to reject, 0.33);
elim inate (to rem ove, 0.30); disband
(0.29); scrab (to discard, 0.25); banish
' (to condem n to exile, 0.06).
D IS M O U N T (5) dism ount (1.00); de­
scend (to m ove lower, 0.76); dismantle
(0.75); unseat (to unsaddle, 0.67); arrive
(to com e to a place, 0.45).
D IS O B E Y (3) disobey (1.00); transgress
(0.29); rebel (to endeavour to overthrow
a governm ent, 0.06).
D IS O B L IG E (2) disoblige (to insult,
1.0 0 );d is o b lig e (to in c o n v en ie n ce ,
1.00).
D IS O R D E R (11) disorder (1.00); disor­
ganize (0.79); derange (to disarrange,
0.75); dislocate (to displace, 0.75); dis­
turb (to upset physical relationship,
0.75); em broil (0.75); m islay (0.75);
confuse (0.68); misplace (0.56); unhinge
(to upset, 0.50); m uddle (to confuse;
said o f affairs, 0.06).
D IS O R G A N IZ E (7) disorganize (1.00);
ravage (0.76); tangle (0.47); disinte­
grate (to break up, 0.31); m olest (to
disturb objects, 0.25); disband (0.14);
misplace (0.06).
D IS O W N (7) disown (1.00); renounce (to
repudiate, 0.67); repel (to reject, 0.67);
revoke (0.63); abandon (to leave in
trouble, 0.50); disavow (0.50); recant
(0.17).
D IS P A R A G E (20) disparage (1.00); de­
preciate (to low er in reputation, 0.87);
sn e er (0 .79 ); abuse (to treat badly,
0.78); disgrace (0.77); derogate (0.67);
DISPATCH -109-
slur (to discredit, 0.67); slander (0.63);
ridicule (0.57); belittle (0.50); censure
(0.47); scandalize (0.46); hate (to de­
test, 0.45); scold (0.44); upbraid (0.44);
underestim ate (0.42); dam age (to slan­
der, 0.25); underrate (0.25); remonstrate
(0.20); parody (0.06).
D ISPA T C H (20) dispatch (to send som e­
thing on its way, 1.00); dispatch (to kill
deliberately, 1.00); dispatch (to m ake
an end, 1.00); hasten (to expedite,
0.85); dism iss (to send away, 0.81);
express (to send by rapid conveyor,
0.75); kill (to deprive of life, 0.75); shoot
(to kill by shooting, 0.75); transm it (to
send, 0.75); advance (to accelerate,
0.67); com m ission (0.60); consign (to
give over or deliver, 0.50); convey (to
transport, 0.50); ship (0.43); chew (0.40);
com m it (to entrust, 0.36); eat (to take
as food, 0.35); rem it (to send, 0.33);
discard (0.24); achieve (to finish an un­
dertaking, 0.22).
D ISPE L (5) dispel (to scatter, 1.00); dispel
(to drive off, 1.00); scatter (to cause to
separate, 0.94); radiate (to send forth
from a centre, 0.29); destroy (to bring
to nothing, 0.01).
D IS P E N S E (15) dispense (to distribute,
1.00); dispense (to adm inister, 1.00);
distribute (to allot, 0.95); spend (to
expend, 0.82); adm inister (to minister,
0.81); give (to transfer, 0.67); contrib­
ute (to give, 0.57); give (to allot, 0.50);
inflict (to deal, 0.50); issue (to distrib­
ute, 0.50); deliver (to distribute, 0.33);
give (to administer, 0.33); retail (0.33);
share (to divide, 0.30); show (to grant,
0.25).
D IS P E R S E (14) disperse (1.00); disor­
ganize (0.97); thin (0.78); dispel (to
DISPLAY
scatter, 0.75); disband (0.71); radiate (to
send forth from a centre, 0.71); dismiss
(to send away, 0.69); scatter (to become
separated, 0.60); disintegrate (to break
up, 0.54); distribute (to allot, 0.53);
d e m o b iliz e ( 0 .5 0 ); fa d e (to lo se
character, 0.25); spread (to separate,
0.25); disappear (0.04).
D IS P IR IT (9) depress (to bring to a lower
state, 0.91); discourage (to dishearten,
0.82); chill (to check, 0.75); frighten (to
alarm , 0.65); dam pen (to discourage,
0.50); tire (to m ake a person exhausted,
0.45); weary (to make weary, 0.36); dash
(to discourage, 0.25); oppress (0.09).
D IS P L A C E (21) displace (to remove,
1.00); displace (to put in the wrong
place, 1.00); misplace (0.88); dismiss (to
rem ove an em ployee, 0.85); change (to
put in place o f another, 0.75); m olest
(to disturb objects, 0.75); shift (to cause
to shift, 0.75); supplant (0.75); strip (to
re m o v e , 0 .6 7 ); re m o v e (to m o v e
physically, 0.65); cashier (0.50); disturb
(to upset physical relationship, 0.50);
get (to rem ove, 0.50); m islay (0.50);
rem o v e (to dism iss, 0.50); unsettle
(0.50); substitute (to take place of, 0.40);
carry (to transport, 0.36); replace (to
take the place of, 0.33); vary (to m ake
changes, 0.25); succeed (to follow in
time, 0.22).
D IS P L A Y (13) display (to present for
effect, 1.00); display (to advertise, 1.00);
becom e (to be suitable, 0.88); unfold
(to unfurl, 0.77); unroll (0.75); advertise
(to m ake public, 0.74); advertise (to
solicit business, 0.71); deploy (0.57);
flaunt (0.50); parade (to participate in a
parade, 0.50); posture (0.50); drape
( 0 .3 3 ) ; p e r f o rm (to p r e s e n t a
DISPLEASE -11 0 -
performance, 0.31).
D IS P L E A S E (10) displease (to leave a
person dissatisfied, 1.00); displease (to
anger, 1.00); disgust (0.71); fail (to
prove unsatisfactory, 0.50); bother (to
be disturbing, 0.47); disoblige (to in­
sult, 0.25); tire (to bore, 0.25); trespass
(to transgress, 0.25); disturb (to upset
mental calm, 0.15); hurt (to cause pain,
0.05).
D IS P O R T (1) entertain (to keep others
am used, 0.58).
D IS P O S E (11) dispose (1.00); place (to
put in a place, 0.89); order (to put in
order, 0.85); regulate (to adjust, 0.84);
p ack (to prep are for tran sp o rtatio n ,
0.60); distribute (to allot, 0.58); organ­
ize (to put in order, 0.55); marshal (0.50);
classify (0.47); deploy (0.29); get (to
adjust, 0.25).
D IS P O S S E S S (7) dispossess (to take
aw ay from , 1.00); dispossess (to evict,
1.00); oust (0.79); divest (to deprive,
0.67); discard (0.48); expropriate (0.33);
dism iss (to send away, 0.28).
D IS P R A IS E (3) dispraise (1.00); depre­
ciate (to low er in repu tatio n , 0.67);
upbraid (0.40).
D IS P R O V E (6) disprove (1.00); refute
(0.96); confute (0.95); deny (0.89); ex­
plode (to discredit, 0.75); defeat (to get
the better o f another, 0.07).
D IS P U T E (23) dispute (1.00); quarrel
(0.91); discuss (0.86); oppose (to hold
a contrary opinion, 0.85); argue (to
quarrel, 0.75); litigate (0.75); argue (to
discuss, 0.67); challenge (to question,
0.67); answ er (to m ove in response,
0.65); reason (to discuss persuasively,
0.64); controvert (to argue about, 0.50);
dem ur (0.50); gainsay (to contradict,
D1SSECT
0.50); refute (0.44); argue (to endeav­
our to convince, 0.41); bicker (0.40);
doubt (to raise a question, 0.38); ob­
je ct (0.33); contend (0.25); question (to
doubt, 0.25); w rangle (0.25); fight (to
engage in an encounter, 0.12); debate
(0.07).
D IS Q U A L IF Y (7) disqualify (to disable,
1.00); disqualify (to debar, 1.00); elimi­
n ate (to rem o v e, 0 .9 0 ); d isarm (to
deprive o f weapons, 0.60); maim (0.50);
recall (to rem ove from office, 0.50);
dism iss (to rem ove an em ployee, 0.08).
D IS Q U IE T (5) m olest (to disturb people,
0.80); bother (to give trouble, 0.43);
haunt (to prey upon, 0.39); shock (to
disturb o n e ’s sense o f propriety, 0.15);
frighten (to alarm, 0.13).
D IS R E G A R D (10) disregard (1.00); ne­
glect (to treat w ith indifference, 0.75);
ignore (0.67); disgrace (0.65); dare (to
defy, 0.60); disobey (0.57); reb u ff (to
reject, 0.52); snub (to slight, 0.50); for­
get (to n e g le c t ac cid en tally , 0.25);
misprize (0.25).
D IS R E S P E C T (1) disgrace (0.62).
D IS R O B E (7) disrobe (1.00); unclothe
(0.75); undress (0.67); divest (to un­
dress, 0.50); change (to change cloth­
ing, 0.33); strip (to u n d ress, 0.33);
uncloak (to undress, 0.25).
D IS R U P T (9) disrupt (to break, 1.00); dis­
rupt (to confuse, 1.00); ravage (0.78);
unsettle (0.75); disorganize (0.73); dis­
sociate (to disperse, 0.67); violate (to
transgress, 0.67); frighten (to alarm,
0.39); sm ash (0.30).
D IS S A T IS F Y (2) dissatisfy (1.00); dis­
appoint (0.85).
D IS S E C T (11) dissect (to anatom ize,
1.00); d isse c t (to ex am in e, 1.00);
DISSEMBLE -111-
analyze (to subject to analysis, 0.93);
dism em ber (0.75); incise (to cut, 0.75);
anatom ize (0.67); cut (to sever, 0.32);
discover (to find, 0.26); carve (to cut,
0.25); break (to start a rupture, 0.21);
experiment (to investigate scientifically,
0.06).
D IS S E M B L E to be unlike (2) dissemble
(to disguise, 1.00); disguise (0.86).
D ISSEM B LE to neglect; to ignore (5) dis­
sem ble (to pretend, 1.00); sim ulate
(0.90); hide (to conceal, 0.50); evade
(to use trickery to avoid a sharp issue ,
0.42); lie (to utter an untruth, 0.21).
D ISSE M IN A TE (15) disseminate (1.00);
propagate (to spread, 0.75); scatter (to
seed, 0.75); sow (0.75); instill (0.50);
notify (to provide w ith inform ation,
0.48); radiate (to send forth from a
centre, 0.43); print (to reproduce by
p rin ting, 0.33); scatter (to cause to
separate, 0.31); broadcast (to disperse,
0.25); deal (to distribute, 0.25); dissi­
pate (to dispel, 0.25); spread (to dis­
tribute, 0.25); advertise (to make public,
0.24); edit (to supervise publication,
0.09).
DISSEN T (7) dissent (1.00); refuse (0.95);
vary (to show changes, 0.92); com plain
(to express an objection, 0.76); disagree
(to differ, 0.75); diverge (to disagree,
0.75); quarrel (0.59).
D IS S E V E R (1) divide (to separate by
parting, 0.80).
D IS S IM U L A T E (3) pretend (to feign,
0.63); disguise (0.36); lie (to utter an
untruth, 0.25).
D IS SIP A T E (16) dissipate (to dispel,
1.00); dissipate (to squander, 1.00);
dissipate (to vanish, 1.00); w aste (to
use w ithout result, 0.88); scatter (to
DISTEMPER
ca u se to sep arate , 0.81); ev an esce
(0.75); evaporate (to vaporize, 0.71);
scatter (to w aste, 0.67); drain (to w ith­
draw strength, 0.53); dispel (to scatter,
0.25); eat (to reduce gradually, 0.25);
lose (to suffer financially, 0.25); drink
(to consume alcoholic liquor, 0.17); dis­
appear (0.16); abuse (to treat badly,
0.04); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.03).
D IS S O C IA T E (5) dissociate (to separate,
1.00); dissociate (to disperse, 1.00);
disunite (to disconnect, 0.75); sever
(0.50); divide (to separate by parting,
0.35).
D IS SO L V E (20) dissolve (to pass from a
solid to a liquid state, 1.00); dissolve
(to d isin teg rate, 1.00); dissolve (to
destroy, 1 .0 0 );d isso lv e (to dism iss,
1 .0 0 ); d is s o lv e (to a n n u l, 1 .0 0 );
dissolve (to fade away, 1.00); soften
(to becom e soft, 0.92); thaw (to melt,
0.88); divide (to separate by parting,
0.86); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.79); disappear (0.72); die (to cease
existing, 0.70); dism iss (to send away,
0.66); fade (to lose character, 0.50); bite
(to cut or corrode, 0.35); vanish (0.33);
evaporate (to disappear, 0.25); analyze
(to subject to analysis, 0.21); adulter­
ate (0.09); w ithdraw (to rem ove from
use or circulation, 0.05).
D ISSU A D E (8) dissuade (1.00); discour­
age (to warn, 0.75); indispose (to dis­
courage, 0.75); warn (0.48); discourage
(to restrain, 0.42); expostulate (0.33);
deter (0.25); advise (to give counsel,
0 .21 ).
D ISTA N C E (2) exceed (0.74); succeed (to
attain success, 0.19).
D IS T E M P E R to dilute; to soak; to allay
DISTEND
(1) colour (to im part colour to, 0.56).
D IS T E N D (11) d isten d (1.00); sw ell
(0.79); p u ff (to inflate, 0.75); bulge
(0.67); fill (to occupy avaliable space,
0.56); stretch (to cause to stretch, 0.50);
lengthen (to m ake longer, 0.43); rise (to
increase, 0.40); increase (to add to,
0.34); protrude (0.14); w iden (to m ake
wider, 0.14).
P I S T I L (6) distil (1.00); filter (to soak
slowly, 0.62); drop (to fall in drops,
0.58); evaporate (to vaporize, 0.14); flow
(to issue forth, 0.14); im prove (to m ake
better, 0.03).
D IS T IN G U IS H (11) distinguish (to m ake
distinctions, 1.00); distinguish (to dis­
cern, 1.00); distinguish (to provide an
identification, 1.00); distinguish (to be­
stow honour upon, 1.00); recognize
(to know again, 0.93); discover (to find,
0.77); detect (to find out, 0.75); define
(to set limits, 0.62); classify (0.38); taste
(to r e c o g n iz e by f la v o u r , 0 .2 5 );
understand (to com prehend, 0.21).
D IS T O R T (22) distort (to change by
p ressu re, 1.00); distort (to alter the
m e an in g , 1.00); d isto rt (to ch a n g e
shape, 1.00); caricature (0.75); colour
(to misrepresent, 0.75); misquote (0.75);
m isreport (0.75); m isrepresent (0.75);
w rench (0.73); botch (0.67); lie (to utter
an untruth, 0.64); exaggerate (0.61);
misconstrue (0.50); m isinterpret (0.50);
m istranslate (0.50); prevaricate (0.50);
w rithe (0.50); parody (0.38); disturb (to
u p se t p h y sic a l re la tio n sh ip , 0 .2 5 );
garble (0.25); misapply (0.25); strain (to
wrench, 0.25).
D I S T R A C T (5) d is tr a c t (to d iv e rt
s o m e o n e ’s a tte n tio n fro m , 1 .0 0 );
distract (to confuse, 1.00); em barrass
-1 1 2 - DISTURB
(to upset m entally, 0.45); entertain (to
keep others am used, 0.32); confuse
(0.14).
D IS T R A IN (1) oust (0.21).
D IS T R E S S (10) distress (1.00); bother
(to be disturbing, 0.88); weary (to make
weary, 0.88); em barrass (to upset men­
tally, 0.85); annoy (to be disturbing,
0.75); pain (0.75); vex (to trouble, 0.75);
disturb (to upset mental calm, 0.43); tire
(to m ake a person exhausted, 0.25); hurt
(to cause pain, 0.06).
D IS T R IB U T E (21) distribute (to allot,
1.00); d istrib u te (to scatter, 1.00);
distribute (to classify, 1.00); classify
(0.87); share (to divide, 0.80); manage
(to direct, 0.73); retail (0.67); order (to
put in order, 0.65); place (to put in a
place, 0.56); b roadcast (to disperse,
0.50); intersperse (0.50); m erchandise
(0.50); separate (to cause to part, 0.50);
separate (to classify, 0.50); scatter (to
cause to separate, 0.44); reapportion
(0.43); publish (to print and distribute,
0.33); render (to give, 0.33); administer
(to m inister, 0.25); diffuse (0.25); edit
(to supervise publication, 0.18).
D IS T R U S T (7) distrust (1.00); doubt (to
e n te rta in d o u b t, 0 .8 0 ); m isb eliev e
(0.75); question (to doubt, 0.75); sus­
pect (to doubt someone, 0.75); mistrust
(0.50); discredit (to doubt, 0.25).
D IS T U R B (23) disturb (to upset physical
relationship, 1.00); disturb (to upset
m ental calm , 1.00); bother (to be dis­
turbing, 0.94); convulse (0.88); dissat­
isfy (0.75); exasperate (0.75); fret (to
cause annoyance, 0.75); m uddle (to
confuse; said usually o f people, 0.75);
plague (0.75); m isplace (0.63); disrupt
(to confuse, 0.50); distress (0.50); di­
DISUNITE -113-
vert (to distract, 0.50); heckle (0.50); dis­
organize (0.39); em barrass (to upset
mentally, 0.39); dislocate (to displace,
0.25); eat (to bother, 0.25); inflam e (to
arouse em otio n s, 0.25); irk (0.25);
torture (to torm ent, 0.25); frighten (to
alarm, 0.19); muss (0.11).
D IS U N IT E (11) disunite (to disconnect,
1.00); disunite (to alienate, 1.00); divide
(to s e p a r a te b y p a r tin g , 0 .9 6 );
dissociate (to separate, 0.75); disinte­
grate (to break up, 0.62); alienate (0.57);
dislocate (to disconnect, 0.50); disjoin
(0.25); estrange (to alienate, 0.25);
unhinge (to detach, 0.25); scatter (to
cause to separate, 0.19).
D ITCPI to construct a ditch (2) ditch (to
make a ditch, 1.00); furrow (0.75).
DIVAGATE (1) deviate (0.20).
DIVE (3) dive (1.00); crash (to fall with a
crash, 0.57); fly (to m anage a plane in
the ail', 0.25).
D IV E R G E (12) diverge (to m ove in
d ifferen t d irec tio n s from the sam e
source, 1.00); diverge (to disagree,
1.00); vary (to show changes, 0.83);
ram ble (to speak or w rite aim lessly,
0.82); scatter (to becom e separated,
0.80); change (to m ake different, 0.63);
veer (0.62); deflect (0.50); digress (0.50);
m e tam o rp h o se (0 .5 0 ); b en d (to be
forced out of a straight line, 0.14); spread
(to extend, 0.06).
D IV E R SIFY (5) diversify (1.00); change
(to m ake different, 0.89); v ariegate
(0.75); tamper (0.50); differ (to be unlike,
0 . 10).
D IV E R T (17) divert (to deflect, 1.00);
divert (to am use, 1.00); divert (to dis­
tract, 1.00); drain (to w ithdraw fluid,
0.88); detract (0.78); entertain (to keep
DIVULGE
others am used, 0.77); am use (0.75);
estrange (to alienate, 0.75); steal (0.67);
relieve (to lessen; said especially o f
pain, 0.65); com fort (to m ake easy
physically, 0.51); beguile (to charm,
0.50); revive (to hearten, 0.47); veer
(0 .3 8 ); tre a t (to p ay fo r a n o th e r’s
entertainm ent, 0.29); pervert (0.25);
w aste (to squander, 0.06).
D IV E S T (12) divest (to undress, 1.00);
divest (to deprive, 1.00); uncloak (to
undress, 0.75); strip (to undress, 0.67);
unwrap (0.53); denude (0.50); disinherit
(0.50); dispossess (to take away from,
0.50); disrobe (0.50); unclothe (0.25);
deprive (0.20); undress (0.17).
D IV ID E (15) d iv id e (to sep arate by
parting, 1.00); divide (to distribute,
1.00); d is trib u te (to allo t, 0 .8 9 );
disintegrate (to break up, 0.77); scatter
(to cause to separate, 0.63); classify
(0.62); paragraph (0.50); partake (0.50);
prorate (0.50); distinguish (to make dis­
tinctions, 0.44); com pare (to exam ine
on a com parative basis, 0.43); calculate
(to reckon, 0.32); alienate (0.29); reap­
portion (0.29); m ince (to chop, 0.25).
D IV IN E (9) divine (1.00); forecast (to fore­
see, 0.75); foretell (0.69); assum e (to
take for granted, 0.65); anticipate (to
foresee, 0.33); predict (0.25); prophesy
(0.25); guess (to attem pt an answ er on
in a d e q u a te e v id e n c e , 0 .1 8 ); so lv e
(0.06).
D IV O R C E (4) divorce (1.00); discard
(0.52); divide (to separate by parting,
0.37); uncouple (0.25).
D IV U L G E (14) divulge (1.00); betray (to
reveal, 0.75); tell (to inform, 0.71); com­
m unicate (to impart information, 0.68);
advertise (to m ake public, 0.55); bare
DO -114-
(0 .5 0 ) ; e n lig h te n (to p r o v id e
inform ation or understanding, 0.50);
notify (to provide w ith inform ation,
0.39); adm it (to confess, 0.29); blab (to
reveal, 0.25); confide (to reveal in trust,
0.25); impart (to inform, 0.25); unburden
(to reveal, 0.25); declare (to speak for­
m ally and emphatically, 0.12).
D O (33) do (to act, 1.00); do (to execute
com m ands or instructions , 1.00); do
(to bring to a close, 1.00); do (to cause,
1.00); do (to suffice, 1.00); do (to solve,
1 .00);do (to tra n sla te , 1.00);do (to
p r e s e n t a p la y , e tc ., 1 .0 0 );d o (to
discharge o n e’s responsibilities, 1.00);
do (to travel, 1.00); do (to cheat, 1.00);
do (to conduct oneself, 1.00); act (to
perform an action, 0.97); perform (to
accom plish an action, 0.94); satisfy (to
fulfill, 0.94); average (to do on an aver­
age, 0.86); achieve (to finish an under­
ta k in g , 0 .8 4 ); re n d e r (to p e rfo rm ,
esp ecially a service, 0.75); tend (to
w atch over, 0.71); appease (to satisfy,
0.67); m ake (to perform , 0.67); present
(to give a play, 0.67); begin (to initiate,
0.65); obey (to act in accordance w ith
orders, 0.62); com m it (to perpetrate,
0 .5 0 ); enact (to ac co m p lish , 0.50);
ex ecu te (to carry out in stru c tio n s,
0 .5 0 ); last (to be su ffic ie n t, 0 .50);
occasion (0.33); solve (0.29); bring (to
cause, 0.25); perpetrate (0.25); be (to
have being, 0.10).
D O C K (4) dock (to clip, 1.00); dock (to
diminish, 1.00); land (to come into port,
0.67); prune (0.25).
D O C K E T (3) classify (0.60); file (to ar­
range in order, 0.08); list (to enter in a
list, 0.03).
D O C T O R (2) doctor (1.00); ease (to
DON
relieve o f pain, 0.44).
D O C U M E N T (2) record (to write down,
0.12); prove (0.07).
D O D D E R (6) d o d d er (1.00); w obble
(0 .5 3 ); h o b b le (to m ove as though
hobbled, 0.50); sham ble (0.50); limp
(0.31); totter (to be near falling, 0.31).
D O D G E (14) dodge (1.00); evade (to use
trickery to avoid a sharp issue, 0.88);
shun (0.80); circumvent (to avoid, 0.75);
duck (to avoid, 0.75); elude (0.75); quib­
ble (0.67); turn (to divert, 0.60); equivo­
cate (0.50); recoil (0.43); avoid (0.38);
trim (to refuse to take a stand, 0.33);
refuse (0.26); parry (to avoid, 0.25).
D O F F (1) rem ove (to m ove physically,
0.50).
D O G (4) hunt (to pursue w ith intent to
kill, 0.78); pursue (to chase, 0.43); drive
(to cau se to m ove, 0.40); track (to
follow by evidence, 0.14).
D O G M A T IZ E (1) misjudge (to make an
inaccurate estimate, 0.11).
D O L E to give as a dole (3) divide (to
distribute, 0.50); distribute (to allot,
0.47); allot (to distribute, 0.25).
D O M E S T IC A T E (2) domesticate (LOO);
harness (0.46).
D O M IC IL IA T E (1) establish (to work or
settle in a perm anent place, 0.33).
D O M IN A T E (9) dom inate (1.00); com­
m and (to have control, 0.96); obsess
(0.75); overtop (0.75); predom inate
(0.75); reign (0.75); own (to possess,
0.45); d w arf (to cause to appear small,
0.40); subject (0.29).
D O M IN E E R (3) tyrannize (0.50); com­
m and (to have control, 0.32); dominate
(0 .11).
D O N to put on; to dress (5) don (1.00);
dress (to put on clothes, 0.90); clothe
DONATE -115-
(0.70); w ear (to use as clothing or per­
sonal ornam ent, 0.60); drape (0.11).
D O NA TE (6) donate (1.00); spend (to ex­
pend, 0.73); offer (to present, 0.69);
present (to submit, 0.67); contribute (to
give, 0.39); dedicate (to set apart for
special use, 0.08).
D O O D L E (1) scrawl (0.25).
D O O M to ju d g e (10) condem n (to send
to punishm ent, 0.89); foredoom (0.75);
damn (to consign to hell, 0.64); preor­
dain (0.50); judge (to pass judgem ent,
0.40); curse (to sw ear at, 0.38); prede­
term ine (0.33); convict (0.25); destine
(to predestine, 0.25); sentence (0.11).
D O SE (1) treat (to assist tow ard a cure,
0.50).
D O T (3) spatter (0.58); stipple (0.50);
mark (to make a mark, 0.32).
D O T E to be silly (1) dote (1.00).
D O UBLE (10) double (to make or become
double, 1.00); fold (to place together
or lay in folds, 0.94); crease (0.75);
reduplicate (0.67); increase (to add to,
0.31); m ultiply (to increase, 0.25); bend
(to force out o f a straight line, 0.12);
line (to provide a lining, 0.07); escape
(0.06); rise (to increase, 0.05).
D O U B T (4) doubt (to raise a question,
1.00); doubt (to entertain doubt, 1.00);
oppose (to hold a contrary opinion,
0.38); deny (0.18).
D O USE to plunge vigorously in w ater
(7) douse (to im m erse in water, 1.00);
douse (to put out, 1.00); im m erse (to
put under water, 0.79); w ash (to bathe,
0.63); dip (to put into a liquid, 0.55);
w ater (0.50); extinguish (to put out,
0.43).
DOVETAIL (1) dovetail (1.00).
D O W E R (1) contribute (to give, 0.14).
DRAG
D O W N to bring; to put; to throw ; to
knock dow n (2) dow n (1.00); tackle
(0.50).
D O W N G R A D E (2) dow ngrade (1.00);
demote (0.67).
D O W N S H IF T (1) shift (to put in gear,
0.50).
D O W N S IZ E (1) decrease (to m ake less,
0.56).
D O Z E (4) doze (1.00); sleep (0.87); rest
(to take o n e ’s rest, 0.84); w eary (to
becom e weary, 0.22).
D R A B B L E (1) duty (0.53).
D R A F T (27) draft (to make a rough plan,
1.00); draft (to select for m ilitary serv­
ice, 1.00); hire (to employ, 0.92); plan
(to arrange in a prelim inary way, 0.88);
draw (to m ake a likeness by drawing,
0.87); recruit (to raise troops, 0.86);
arrange (to m ake arrangem ents, 0.75);
co m m an d eer (to force into m ilitary
service, 0.75); w rite (to com pose in
words, 0.75); conscript (0.67); frame (to
p re p a re a w ritten statem en t, 0.67);
outline (to plan, 0.67); summon (to call,
0.67); paint (to represent by painting,
0.53); constitute (to enact, 0.50); map
(0.50); decant (0.33); chart (0.25); in­
duct (0.25); plot (to plan, 0.25); sketch
(to plan, 0.25); force (to use force, 0.22);
program (to schedule, 0.20); list (to
enter in a list, 0.16); enlist (to enroll
others, 0.14); assign (to delegate to a
specific purpose, 0.04); edit (to prepare
for publication, 0.04).
D R A G (14) drag (to go slowly, 1.00); drag
(to p u ll an o b je ct, 1.00); d rag (to
pulverize, 1.00); drag (to smoke, 1.00);
draw (to m ove an object, 0.91); hunt
(to try to find, 0.76); dredge (0.75); har­
row (to use a harrow on land, 0.75);
DRAGGLE -116-
tow (0.63); yank (0.56); attract (to draw,
0.50); haul (0.50); loiter (0.17); hunt (to
pursue w ith intent to kill, 0.09).
D R A G G L E (2) dirty (0.50); ta c k (to dirty
w ith tracks, 0.13).
D R A IN (20) drain (to w ithdraw fluid,
1.00); drain (to w ith d raw stren g th ,
1.00); drain (to seep away, 1.00); drain
(to empty, 1.00); deplete (0.67); over­
flow (to flow over the top, or out at a
vent, 0.58); w aste (to squander, 0.53);
bail (to empty, 0.50); dessicate (to dry,
0.50); tap (to obtain by m eans o f tap­
ping, 0.50); em pty (to cause to becom e
empty, 0.48); drop (to fall in drops,
0.46); dum p (0.36); filter (to soak
slowly, 0.31); ruin (to cause to becom e
b a n k r u p t, 0 .3 0 ); w a s te (to be
consum ed gradually, 0.27); dehydrate
(0.25); ditch (to m ake a ditch, 0.25);
em pty (to becom e empty, 0.13); eat (to
reduce gradually, 0.08).
D R A M A T IZ E (7) dramatize (to present a
perform ance, 1.00); dramatize (to exag­
gerate, 1.00); em phasize (0.85); recite
(to repeat formally, 0.30); perform (to
present a perform ance, 0.23); act (to
take part in a play, 0.22); im agine (to
visualize mentally, 0.17).
D R A P E to m ake into cloth (6) drape
( 1 .0 0 ) ; s w a th e ( 0 .7 5 ) ; h a n g (to
suspend, 0.50); upholster (0.46); fit (to
be suitable in size and shape, 0.33);
dress (to put on clothes, 0.30); clothe
(0.22).
D R A W (20) draw (to m ove an object,
1.00); draw (to m ake a likeness by
draw ing, 1.00); draw (to lure, 1.00);
stretch (to cause to stretch, 0.79); tap
(to obtain by m eans o f tapping, 0.75);
fascinate (0.57); describe (0.56); plan
DRESS
(to arrange in a prelim inary way, 0.56);
reap (to g ain , 0 .5 6 ); re p re se n t (to
present as a true interpretation , 0.50);
copy (to reproduce, 0.39); cash (0.33);
earn (to receive in paym ent, 0.30); rav­
ish (to charm , 0.29); dip (to transfer by
m eans o f a vessel, 0.27); bait (to lure,
0.25); strain (to stretch, 0.25); bring (to
be w orth in sale, 0.17); receive (to take
into o n e ’s charge, 0.17); urge (to in­
duce, 0.03).
D R A W L (2) drawl (1.00); lisp (0.17).
D R E A D (1) fear (to be apprehensive,
0.50).
D R E A M (10) dream (to have visions,
usually during sleep or fever, 1.00);
dream (to entertain or delude oneself
w ith im agined things, 1.00); dream (to
conceive m entally; usually used in the
n egative, 1.00); hope (0.69); sleep
(0.47); im agine (to visualize mentally,
0.44); rest (to take o n e’s rest, 0.21);
m ed itate (to m use, 0.09); brood (to
nurse o n e ’s troubles, 0.06); lo af (to do
nothing useful, 0.06).
D R E D G E to collect and bring up (oys­
ters) by m eans o f a dredge (6) dredge
(1.00); clean (0.52); dip (to transfer by
m eans o f a vessel, 0.40); bail (to dip,
0.33); heap (to place in a heap, 0.12);
dig (to stir the earth, 0.06).
D R E N C H (10) drench (1.00); damage (to
im p air the value of, 0.88); m oisten
(0.85); dip (to put into a liquid, 0.60);
saturate (0.50); cover (to send down in
plenty, 0.42); douse (to im m erse in
water, 0.25); pour (to rain heavily, 0.25);
im m erse (to put under water, 0.21);
w ash (to launder, 0.10).
D R E S S (19) dress (to put on clothes,
1.00); dress (to provide w ith clothes,
DRIBBLE -117-
1.00); dress (to m ake ready for show or
use, 1.00); dress (to give m edical treat­
ment, 1.00); fertilize (to enrich land,
0.78); face (to put a face on a building,
0.69); butcher (to slaughter for con­
sumption, 0.67); costum e (0.67); drape
(0.67); line (to arrange in a line, 0.67);
clean (0.56); curry (to groom , 0.50);
prepare (to cook and serve, 0.50); heal
(to cure, 0.39); com b (0.29); equip (to
array, 0.25); get (to prepare, 0.25); treat
(to assist tow ard a cure, 0.13); uphol­
ster (0.08).
DRIBBLE (9) dribble (1.00); drop (to fall
in drops, 0.88); trickle (0.78); drip (0.75);
drool (to slobber, 0.40); slobber (0.25);
spatter (0.23); m izzle (0.13); flow (to is­
sue forth, 0.11).
DRIFT (15) drift (1.00); ramble (to speak
or write aimlessly, 0.94); m ove (to be in
motion, 0.79); glide (to m ove gently,
0.77); m aunder (to digress, 0.75); ride
(to allow oneself to be dom inated by
circum stances, 0.67); gravitate (0.50);
drive (to m anage a propelled vehicle,
0.46); loaf (to do nothing useful, 0.41);
meander (to w ander, 0.33); paddle (to
propel by p addling, 0.33); lean (to
incline, 0.26); nod (to becom e sleepy
or in a tte n tiv e , 0 .2 5 ); fly (to p ass
through the air, 0.23); spend (to pass
time, 0.22).
DRILL to pierce; to bore; to train (14)
drill (to bore, 1.00); drill (to train, 1.00);
practice (to seek im provem ent through
repetition, 0.90); bore (to pierce by
rotary m otion, 0.75); perforate (0.75);
rehearse (to practice a perform ance,
0.75); exercise (to train, 0.67); tap (to
puncture in order to draw liquid, 0.64);
machine (0.58); coach (0.50); penetrate
DRIVE
(to p ie rc e , 0 .4 8 ); m in e (to dig for
m inerals, 0.38); discipline (to regulate,
0.25); exercise (to move the body, 0.25).
D R INK (4) drink (to swallow liquid, 1.00);
drink (to consum e alcoholic liquor,
1.00); sw ill (0.33); em pty (to cause to
becom e empty, 0.05).
D R IP (11) drip (1.00); drop (to fall in
drops, 0.96); trickle (0.89); drool (to
slobber, 0.80); leak (to escape by leak­
ing, 0.75); slobber (0.75); flow (to issue
forth, 0.68); drivel (to drool, 0.50); slop
(0.44); baste (to dress m eat with fat,
0.33); m urm ur (to m ake a low continu­
ous sound, 0.17).
DR IVE (34) drive (to urge on, 1.00);drive
(to ca u se to m o v e, 1 .0 0 );d riv e (to
m anage a propelled vehicle, 1.00);drive
(to force w ith blow s, 1.00); drive (to
carry on offensive m ovem ent, 1.00);
force (to use force, 0.88); urge (to drive,
0.87); roll (to cause to roll, 0.86); enforce
(to require com pliance, 0.83); goad
(0.78); nail (to hammer, 0.75); w alk (to
cause to m ove on foot, 0.71); launch
(to send off, 0.67); truck (to send by
truck, 0.63); blow (to carry on the wind,
0.58); com m ute (to travel, 0.50); motor
(0.50); run (to cause to function, 0.50);
take (to transport, 0.50); impel (to press,
0.43); slide (to cause to slide, 0.42); dig
(to stir the earth, 0.41); stab (0.40);
b e g in (to in itia te , 0 .3 5 ); p ress (to
subject to pressure, 0.33); ride (to be
transported, 0.33); roll (to travel, 0.33);
m ove (to be in m otion, 0.32); hunt (to
pursue with intent to kill, 0.30); advance
(to cause to m ove forward, 0.25); throw
(to send forth, 0.17); lead (to conduct,
0.12); travel (to journey, 0.11); command
(to have control, 0.05).
DRIVEL -118-
D R IV E L (7) drivel (to drool, 1.00); drivel
(to ramble, 1.00); drool (to slobber, 0.90);
babble (0.86); spit (0.43); m aunder (to
mumble, 0.25); ramble (to speak or write
aimlessly, 0.06).
D R IZ Z L E (5) drizzle (1.00); rain (0.82);
mizzle (0.75); storm (0.55); mist (0.50).
D R O N E to give a continuous m onoto­
nous sound (5) drone (to m ake a con­
tinuous sound, 1.00); hum (0.87); buzz
(0.75); purr (0.67); whine (0.62).
D R O N E to spend tim e indolently (1)
drone (to loaf, 1.00).
D R O O L (3) drool (to slobber, 1.00); leak
(to escape by leaking, 0.25); spit (0.14).
D R O O P (24) droop (1.00); tire (to b e­
com e exhausted, 0.91); w ilt (0.88); fall
(to p ass q u ic k ly d o w n w ard , 0 .82);
m ope (0.75); sag (to lose vigour, 0.75);
slo u c h (0 .7 5 ); w ea k en (to b ec o m e
w eaker, 0.68); w ither (0.67); hang (to
be suspended, 0.64); die (to decline as
though death w ere inevitable , 0.61);
w eary (to becom e weary, 0.56); m ourn
(to lam ent, 0.55); w aste (to be con­
sum ed gradually, 0.55); decline (to sink
slowly, 0.50); flop (to be limp, 0.50); sink
(to go dow nw ard, 0.45); yearn (0.33);
lean (to incline, 0.30); decrease (to grow
less, 0.29); suffer (to feel pain, 0.27);
lan g u ish (to w eaken, 0.25); lop (to
hang, 0.25); bend (to be forced out o f a
straight line, 0.07).
D R O P (3 6 ) d ro p (to fa ll in d ro p s,
1.00);drop (to cause or to pennit to fall,
1.00); drop (to tum ble, 1.00); drop (to 0.89); curry (to beat, 0.50); defeat (to
discontinue, 1.00); shed (0.91); fall (to
pass quickly dow nw ard, 0.89); deposit
(to lay down, 0.75); jum p (to leap down,
0.75); leave (to allow to rem ain, 0.75);
tumble (0.75); rain (0.73); flow (to issue
DRUG
fo rth , 0 .7 0 ); b o w (to b en d , 0.69);
collapse (0.67); run (to m ove, usually
rapidly, 0.64); flake (0.58); sink (to go
dow nw ard, 0.55); exfoliate (0.50); faint
(0.50); miss (to fail to catch, 0.50); suc­
cum b (to die, 0.50); light (to com e to
rest from flight or travel, 0.45); storm
(0.45); tire (to become exhausted, 0.45);
fall (to die in battle, 0.33); om it (to fail
to include, 0.33); recede (to sink, 0.29);
p r o d u c e (to b ear, 0 .2 6 ); d u ck (to
im m erse quickly, 0.25); flop (to fall
w ithout restraint, 0.25); spill (0.25);
crash (to fall with a crash, 0.21); dismiss
(to re m o v e an e m p lo y e e , 0 .1 5 );
abandon (to leave in trouble, 0.07); end
(to bring to a halt, 0.06); send (to dis­
patch, 0.05).
D R O P -K IC K (1) kick (to give a blow with
the foot, 0.20).
D R O W N (11) drow n (to cover w ith liq­
uid, 1.00); drown (to lower into a liquid,
1.00);drow n (to kill or to die by drown­
in g , 1.00); so u se (to so ak , 0.75);
im m erse (to put under water, 0.50);
choke (to deprive o f air, 0.46); kill (to
deprive o f life, 0.45); choke (to be de­
prived o f air, 0.38); die (to cease living,
0.33); soak (to drench, 0.21); defeat (to
w orst in war, 0.14).
D R O W S E (5) sleep (0.80); nod (to be­
com e sleepy or inattentive, 0.75); doze
(0.50); w eary (to becom e weary, 0.33);
rest (to take o n e ’s rest, 0.16).
D R U B (5) drub (1.00); beat (to thrash,
w orst in spoil or in personal combat,
0.34); hurt (to cause pain, 0.27).
D R U G (3) drug (1.00); ease (to relieve of
pain, 0.78); h y p n o tize (to put in a
trance, 0.56).
DRUM
D RU M (3) rattle (to make a rattling sound,
0.75); roll (to produce a relatively deep,
continuous sound, 0.75); roar (0.35).
DRY (11) dry (to becom e dry, 1.00); dry
(to cause to becom e dry, 1.00); w eather
(to expose to the weather, 0.92); soak (to
absorb, 0.75); wipe (0.70); toast (to brown
bread, 0.67); cook (0.59); harden (to make
less pervious, 0.48); preserve (to keep,
0.46); ail* (to expose to the air, 0.40); tem­
per (to toughen or harden, 0.05).
DUB to em it a beating sound (1) dub (to
hit, 1.00).
DUB to invest w ith a dignity o f title (2)
dub (to entitle, 1.00); define (to pro­
vide a nam e or d escrip tio n , 0.04).
D U C K (10) duck (to im m erse quickly,
1.00); duck (to avoid, 1.00); dodge
(0.75); im m erse (to put under water,
0.57); crouch (to stoop, 0.50); bounce
(to rebound, 0.38); dive (0.36); bow (to
bend, 0.31); dip (to put into a liquid,
0.20); recoil (0.14).
D U F F E R (1) worry (to indulge in worry,
0 .20).
D U LL (5) deaden (to reduce life or its
evidence, 0.89); stupefy (to stun, 0.75);
harden (to toughen, 0.31); numb (0.25);
depress (to bring to a low er state, 0.17).
D U M B FO U N D (4) dum bfound (1.00);
surprise (to am aze, 0.63); disappoint
(0.56); em barrass (to upset m entally,
0.12).
DUMP to fall with sudden force; to plunge
(8) dum p (1.00); em pty (to cause to
becom e empty, 0.95); unload (0.68);
unburden (to unload, 0.67); drain (to
empty, 0.33); heap (to place in a heap,
0.31); fling (0.25); eject (to rem ove
physically, 0.21).
DUN (1) bill (to request paym ent, 0.67).
-119- DYNAJVOZE
D U N K (3) bathe (to sink, 0.25); souse (to
soak, 0.25); immerse (to put under water,
0.14).
D U P E (13) dupe (1.00); sw indle (0.75);
trick (0.75); con (0.50); defraud (0.50);
fool (0.50); victimize (0.50); lie (to utter
an untruth, 0.43); bam boozle (to cheat,
0.25); circumvent (to gain an advantage
over, 0.25); pretend (to feign, 0.25);
mislead (0.23); deceive (0.19).
D U P L IC A T E (10) duplicate (to copy,
1.00); duplicate (to double, 1.00); du­
plicate (to repeat, 1.00); reproduce (to
m ake a second time, 0.88); model (to
imitate a model, 0.83); imitate (to copy,
0.75); double (to m ake or becom e dou­
ble, 0.67); im itate (to m im ic, 0.43);
reduplicate (0.33); forge (0.17).
D U ST (4) dust (1.00); clean (0.67); wipe
(0.60); mop (0.11).
D W A R F (2) d w arf (to cause to appear
small, 1.00); dw arf (to keep small, 1.00).
D W E L L (4) dwell (1.00); reside (0.90); re­
main (to stay, 0.83); camp (0.73).
D W IN D L E (7) dwindle (1.00); decrease
(to grow less, 0.74); w aste (to be con­
sum ed gradually, 0.73); w ear (to be
consum ed by wearing, 0.60); lessen (to
grow less, 0.50); contract (to diminish,
0.41); subside (0.25).
D Y E (8) dye (1.00); top (to apply top­
ping, 0.83); stain (to colour, 0.75); red­
den (to m ake red, 0.64); wash (to brush
with a liquid, 0.50); model (to imitate a
m odel, 0.42); colour (to im part colour
to, 0.34); mix (to blend, 0.06).
D Y N A M IT E (4) dynamite (1.00); blast (to
shatter by explosion, 0.67); destroy (to
bring to nothing, 0.40); raze (0.22).
D Y N A M IZ E (1) electrify (to provide elec­
tricity, 0.08).
EARMARK -1 2 0 -
E (to sound, 0.75); repeat (to say again,
E A R M A R K (5) earm ark (1.00); m ark (to
designate, 0.86); assign (to delegate to
a sp e cific p u rp o se , 0.8 5 ); allo t (to
assign, 0.40); tag (to fit with a tag, 0.25).
E A R N to get m oney by w orking (11)
earn (to deserve as rew ard, 1.00); earn
(to receive in p a y m en t, 1.00); average
(to do on an average, 0.93); succeed
(to attain success, 0.81); deserve (0.50);
gross (0.50); bring (to be w orth in sale,
0.42); acquire (to obtain, 0.40); obtain
(to gain possession, 0.35); gain (to win,
0.33); receive (to take into o ne’s charge,
0.30).
E A S E (9) ease (to relieve o f pain, 1.00);
ease (to m ove carefully, 1.00); ease (to
com fort, LOO); ease (to lessen pressure
or tension, LOO); encourage (to give
support, 0.90); relieve (to lessen; said
e sp e c ia lly o f p ain , 0.5 3 ); allay (to
soothe, 0.25); alleviate (0.25); help (to
improve, 0.25).
E A T (4) eat (to take as food, 1.00);eat (to
bother, 1.00); eat (to reduce gradually,
1.00); graze (to pasture, 0.38).
E A V E S D R O P (3) eavesdrop (LOO); hear
(to receive inform ation orally, 0.82);
hear (to perceive by ear, 0.33).
E B B (9) ebb (1.00); recede (to sink, 0.86);
contract (to dim inish, 0.68); die (to de­
cline as though death w ere inevitable ,
0.67); em pty (to becom e em pty, 0.67);
decrease (to grow less, 0.59); disappear
(0.08); fall (to pass quickly dow nw ard,
0.07); flow (to m ove in one direction,
0.05).
E B B U L A T E (1) seethe (0.25).
E C H O (12) echo (1.00); sound (to m ake
a noise, 0.97); reflect (to throw back,
EFFACE
0.94); return (to reflect, 0.75); vibrate
0.50); reverberate (0.50); answ er (to
reply, 0.30); roll (to produce a relatively
deep, continuous sound, 0.25); imitate
(to m im ic, 0.21); reproduce (to make a
second time, 0.18); resem ble (0.11).
E C L IP S E (4) hide (to conceal, 0.57); out­
shine (to obscure, 0.25); shade (to in­
tercept direct rays, 0.17); exceed (0.05).
E C O N O M IZ E (1) economize (1.00).
E D D Y (4) flow (to keep up a circular mo­
tion, 0.78); swirl (to roll or wave, 0.75);
bubble (0.30); roll (to revolve, 0.14).
E D G E to give an edge (5) edge (to trim,
1.00); line (to be in a line, 0.80); verge
(0.50); defeat (to w orst in sport or in
personal com bat, 0.48); define (to set
limits, 0.38).
E D IF Y (3) edify (1.00); teach (to act as a
teacher, 0.67); civilize (0.57).
E D IT (9) edit (to p rep a re fo r p u b lic a ­
tio n , 1.00); ed it (to su p e rv ise p u b li­
cation, 1.00); com pile (0.77); improve
(to m ake b etter, 0 .70); co n tra ct (to
cau se to dim in ish , 0.56); thin (0.56);
rew rite (0.50); p ro g ram (to w ork out
a se q u en c e to be p erfo rm ed , 0.44);
c o rrect (to m ake n eed ed corrections,
0.09).
E D U C A T E (8) educate (LOO); teach (to
act as a teacher, 0.87); sm arten (to
stimulate, 0.75); instinct (to teach, 0.67);
catechize (to instruct system atically,
0.25); edify (0.25); ground (to instruct
in essentials, 0.25); civilize (0.13).
E D U C E (1) educe (1.00).
E D U L C O R A T E (2) purify (0.18); clean
(0.13).
E F F A C E (6) efface ( LOO); cancel (to mark
out, 0.75); destroy (to bring to nothing,
EFFECT -12 1 -
0.52); erase (to obliterate, 0.50); w reck
(to bring to ruin, 0.33); expunge (0.25).
E FF E C T (27) effect (to bring about, 1.00);
effect (to achieve, 1.00); create (to
make, 0.88); begin (to initiate, 0.76);
breed (to cause, 0.75); do (to discharge
one’s responsibilities, 0.75); w ear (to
use as clothing or personal ornam ent,
0.70); produce (to cause, 0.67); achieve
(to finish an undertaking, 0.62); result
(0.61); earn (to receive in paym ent,
0.60); bring (to cause, 0.50); cause (to
bring about, 0.50); fulfill (0.50); induce
(to cause, 0.50); m ake (to cause, 0.50);
perform (to accomplish an action, 0.44);
vote (0.38); do (to cause, 0.33); manage
(to co n triv e, 0.33); obtain (to gain
possession, 0.26); execute (to can y out
instructions, 0.25); fight (to struggle for
an end, 0.25); w in (to reach, 0.25);
convince (0.21); contrive (to succeed
with difficulty, 0.15); complete (to make
entire, 0.05).
E FF E C T U A TE (3) produce (to create by
mental effort, 0.50); com plete (to make
entire, 0.47); achieve (to finish an un­
dertaking, 0.46).
E FFE M IN IZ E (1) castrate (0.15).
E FF E R V E SC E (3) effervesce (1.00); boil
(to seethe, 0.86); bubble (0.65).
E F F L O R E S C E (2) effloresce (1.00);
bloom (0.88).
E FFU SE (1) drain (to seep away, 0.40).
EJA CU LA TE (3) ejaculate (1.00); exclaim
(0.86); utter (0.21).
E JE C T (18) eject (to rem ove physically,
1.00); eject (to rem ove from a social or
economic p o sitio n , 1.00); em it (to dis­
charge, 0.97); elim inate (to rem ove,
0.95); oust (0.93); vom it (0.83); excrete
(0.80); dislodge (0.75); disgorge (0.67);
ELECTROPLATE
spit (0.57); discard (0.56); erupt (0.50);
jettison (0.50); retch (0.33); dump (0.27);
squirt (0.25); empty (to cause to become
empty, 0.24); launch (to send off, 0.17).
E L A B O R A T E (10) elaborate (1.00); de­
velop (to w ork out, 0.67); decorate
(0.51); com p licate (0.50); expatiate
(0.50); prepare (to m ake oneself ready,
0.43); develop (to improve, 0.41); exag­
gerate (0.29); com plete (to make entire,
0.21); amplify (0.20).
E L A P S E (1) elapse (1.00).
E L A T E (5) elate (1.00); satisfy (to make
content, 0.91); encourage (to raise the
spirits, 0.88); gladden (0.55); entertain
(to keep others am used, 0.10).
E L B O W (3) jostle (0.50); push (to press
against, 0.36); jam (to force o n e’s way,
0.33).
E L E C T (10) elect (1.00); fill (to supply
w ith an occupant, 0.75); nam e (to ap­
point, 0.75); cull (to choose, 0.33);
appoint (0.25); select (0.25); assign (to
delegate to a specific purpose, 0.19);
delegate (to give authority to another,
0.10); resolve (0.10); commission (0.07).
E L E C T IO N E E R (2) electioneer (1.00);
cam paign (to solicit votes, 0.80).
E L E C T R IF Y (3) electrify (to provide elec­
tricity, 1.00); electrify (to affect deeply,
1.00); surprise (to amaze, 0.47).
E L E C T R IZ E (1) electrify (to provide elec­
tricity, 0.46).
E L E C T R O C U T E (4) electrocute (1.00);
kill (to deprive o f life, 0.77); execute (to
put to death, 0.75); punish (0.46).
E L E C T R O L Y Z E (1) analyze (to subject
to analysis, 0.29).
E L E C T R O P L A T E (2) galvanize (to coat,
0.25); gild (to give the appearance o f
gold, 0.17).
ELECTROTYPE -1 2 2 -
E L E C T R O T Y P E (1) reproduce (to make
an exact copy, 0.25).
E L E V A T E (18) elevate (to lift bodily,
1.00); elevate (to promote, 1.00); elevate
(to exalt, 1.00); im prove (to m ake bet­
ter, 0.82); prom ote (to advance in rank,
0.80); enthrone (0.75); raise (to lift,
0.75); pum p (0.67); up (0.67); dig (to
stir the earth, 0.65); praise (to commend,
0.52); dignify (0.50); heighten (to raise,
0.50); lift (0.50); rear (0.33); advance (to
promote in rank or station, 0.25); civilize
(0.17); pry (to m ove with a lever, 0.08).
E L IC IT (6) elicit (1.00); evoke (to arouse,
0.75); discover (to find, 0.58); educe
(0.50); fetch (to draw forth, 0.50); excite
(to activate, 0.36).
E L ID E (3) elide (to delete, 1.00); elide (to
suppress, 1.00); elim inate (to rem ove,
0.28).
E L IM IN A T E (12) elim inate (to rem ove,
1.00); elim inate (to rem ove w aste m at­
ter, 1.00); excrete (0.87); concentrate (to
bring or com e together, 0.78); depose
(0.75); term inate (to abolish, 0.75);
am putate (0.71); relegate (to rem ove,
0.50); screen (to choose, 0.50); quiet
(to m a k e sile n t, 0 .3 5 ); d e p o p u la te
(0.10); kill (to deprive o f life, 0.09).
E L O N G A T E (3) elongate (1.00); lengthen
(to m ake longer, 0.71); stretch (to cause
to stretch, 0.71).
E L O P E (3) elope (1.00); leave (to go away,
0.62); escape (0.19).
ELU C ID A TE (18) elucidate (1.00); explain
( 0 .9 1 ) ; s o lv e ( 0 .8 2 ) ; a r g u e (to
endeavour to convince, 0.71); define
(to p rovide a nam e or descrip tio n ,
0.68); describe (0.67); unfold (to reveal,
0.64); sim plify (0.60); decipher (0.53);
answ er (to provide a solution, 0.50);
EMBARRASS
com m ent (to annotate, 0.50); exemplify
(0.50); illum inate (to explain, 0.50);
enlighten (to bring supposed spiritual
truth, 0.36); clarify (to explain, 0.25);
expound (to inteipret, 0.25); illumine (to
explain, 0.25); translate (to interpret,
0.25).
E L U D E (10) elude (1.00); shirk (0.75);
evade (to use trickery to avoid a sharp
issue, 0.73); escape (0.69); avoid (0.63);
circ u m v en t (to avoid, 0.50); dodge
(0.50); parry (to avoid, 0.50); duck (to
avoid, 0.25); retreat (to execute a forced
retirem ent in battle, 0.07).
E L U T R IA T E (1) clean (0.37).
E M A N A T E (11) emanate (to emit, 1.00);
em anate (to begin, 1.00); result (0.67);
drop (to fall in drops, 0.63); flow (to
issue forth, 0.62); arise (to result, 0.60);
rise (to begin, 0.50); sm ell (to give off
odour, 0.43); loom (to appear large or
im posing, 0.39); begin (to com e into
being or start functioning, 0.36); emit
(to discharge, 0.06).
EM A N CIPA TE (9) emancipate (1.00); free
(to lib e ra te , 0 .8 7 ); en fra n c h ise (to
liberate, 0.75); discharge (to release,
0.67); ransom (0.57); m anum it (0.50);
rescue (to free, 0.50); save (to remove
from danger, 0.36); release (0.08).
E M A S C U L A T E (5) emasculate (to steri­
lize, 1.00); emasculate (to weaken, 1.00);
c a s tr a te (0 .9 2 ); w e a k e n (to m ake
weaker, 0.60); cut (to castrate, 0.25).
E M B A L M (3) embalm (1.00); mummify
(0.67); preserve (to keep, 0.12).
E M B A R G O (2) forbid (0.89); disallow
(0.50).
E M B A R K (2) board (to go aboard, 0.67);
leave (to go away, 0.23).
E M B A R R A SS (11) embarrass (to hinder,
EMBATTLE
1.00); em barrass (to upset m entally,
1.0 0 );c o n fu s e (0 .7 5 ); ta rn is h (to
disgrace, 0.75); bother (to be disturb­
ing, 0.65); hinder (0.57); discom fit (to
confuse, 0.50); complicate (0.47); scan­
dalize (0.29); ham per (0.25); tangle
(0 .20).
E M B A T T L E to prepare for battle; to
fortify (1) embattle (1.00).
EM BED (6) embed (to put in, 1.00); embed
(to fix, 1.00); bed (0.75); em bow el (to
bury, 0.75); put (to dep o sit, 0.33);
fasten (to make something secure, 0.11).
E M B E L L IS H (14) embellish (1.00); trim
(to ad o rn , 0.8 0 ); e la b o ra te (0 .7 5 ); E M B R A C E (22) embrace (to clasp, 1.00);
em blazon (to decorate, 0.75); garnish
(0.75); illustrate (to adorn with illustra­
tions, 0.75); d ecorate (0.61); adorn
(0.50); em broider (to add adornm ent,
0.44); flatter (to be b ec o m in g to a
wearer, 0.38); beautify (to make beauti­
ful, 0.25); colour (to im part colour to,
0.19); exaggerate (0.18); becom e (to be
suitable, 0.06).
E M B E Z Z L E (4) em bezzle (1.00); steal
(0.79); pilfer (0.50); rob (0.35).
E M B IT T E R (8) em bitter (to sour, 1.00);
em bitter (to anger, 1.00); envenom (to
alienate, 0.75); disappoint (0.67); dis­
enchant (0.50); harden (to toughen,
0.50); anger (to arouse som eone to
anger, 0.27); disillusion (0.20).
E M B L A Z O N (5) em blazon (to decorate,
1.00); em blazon (to proclaim , 1.00); 0.25); exaggerate (0.21); decorate (0.15);
decorate (0.54); trim (to adorn, 0.20);
colour (to im part colour to, 0.09).
EM B O D Y (12) em body (to actualize,
1.00); em body (to organize, 1.00); mix
(to blend, 0.88); enlist (to enroll others,
0.73); com prise (0.63); concentrate (to
bring or com e together, 0.63); absorb
-123- EMBUS
(to take in by absorption, 0.57); unite
(to com e together, 0.31); include (to
contain, 0.29); exemplify (0.25); typify
(0.25); classify (0.16).
E M B O L D E N (2) em bolden (1.00); en­
courage (to raise the spirits, 0.92).
E M B O S O M (1) hug (0.33).
E M B O S S to carve in relief (5) emboss
(1.00); enchase (0.75); impress (to make
an im p re ssio n , 0.50); in lay (0.50);
decorate (0.17).
E M B O W E L (3) embowel (to bury, 1.00);
em bow el (to kill, 1.00); disembowel
(0.25).
em brace (to adopt, 1.00); caress (0.95);
hug (0.94); adopt (to take as one’s own,
0.92); com prise (0.84); hold (to have in
o n e’s grasp, 0.83); cover (to include,
0.75); encom pass (to include, 0.75);
include (to contain, 0.71); love (to
express love by caresses, 0.70); pet (to
make love, 0.67); welcome (0.67); seize
(to grasp, 0.65); choose (to select, 0.63);
circle (0.63); greet (0.59); obey (to act
in a c c o r d a n c e w ith a r e c o g n iz e d
principle, 0.36); contain (to include,
0.33); unite (to com e together, 0.28);
com prehend (to include, 0.25); cherish
(to hold dear, 0.21).
E M B R O ID E R (7) em broider (to add
adornm ent, 1.00); sew (0.40); dam (to
repair, 0.25); m agnify (to exaggerate,
trim (to adom , 0.10).
E M B R O IL (8) em broil (1.00); quarrel
(0.73); com plicate (0.67); disunite (to
alienate, 0.50); disorganize (0.45); dis­
turb (to upset m ental calm, 0.11); en­
tangle (0.06); confuse (0.02).
E M B U S (1) board (to go aboard, 0.50).
EMEND -124-
E M E N D (7) em end (to edit, 1.00); emend
(to correct, 1.00); repair (0.89); correct
(to m ake needed corrections, 0.82);
im prove (to m ake better, 0.64); reform
(to change into a new form , 0.41);
reconsider (0.33).
E M E R G E (8) em erge (1.00); appear (to
becom e visible, 0.91); loom (to appear
large or im posing, 0.89); result (0.83);
flow (to issue forth, 0.78); m aterialize
(to d e v e lo p , 0 .5 0 ); e sc a p e (0 .3 1 );
evolve (0.25).
E M IG R A T E (7) emigrate (1.00); migrate
(0.50); transm igrate (0.50); abandon (to
relinquish, 0.41); transplant (0.30); im ­
m igrate (0.25); leave (to go away, 0.08).
E M IT (12) emit (to discharge, 1.00); emit
(to express, 1.00); eject (to rem ove
physically, 0.79); radiate (to send forth
from a centre, 0.57); pour (to flow, 0.50);
ex claim (0.43); send (to b ro ad cast,
u s u a lly e le c tr o n ic a lly , 0 .4 0 );
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.39); shed (0.27); erupt (0.25); secrete
(to perspire, 0.25); dictate (to speak for
record, 0.10).
E M P A N E L (1) program (to schedule,
0.10).
E M P H A S IZ E (8) emphasize (1.00); inten­
sify (0.63); iterate (0.50); enforce (to re­
q u ire co m p lia n c e , 0 .4 0 ); o v e rsta te
(0.33); rem ind (to call the attention o f
another, 0.29); heighten (to increase,
0.25); explain (0.06).
E M P L A N E (1) leave (to go away, 0.19).
E M P L O Y (22) em ploy (to m ake use of,
1.00); em ploy (to obtain services for
pay, 1.00); exercise (to use, 0.91); use
(to m ake use of, 0.91); occupy (to ab­
sorb attention, 0.86); engage (to hire,
0.75); retain (to reserve services, 0.75);
ENACT
engage (to occupy, 0.67); spend (to
pass time, 0.67); utilize (0.67); apply (to
m ake use of, 0.60); consum e (to use,
0.50); ply (to use, 0.50); com m it (to
entrust, 0.41); com m ission (0.40); ex­
p end (to use, 0.33); exploit (0.33); en­
list (to enroll others, 0.27); absorb (to
occupy com pletely, 0.25); enroll (to
obtain for service, 0.25); sign (to hire,
0.25); treat (to deal w ith a person or
thing, 0.17).
E M P O W E R (1 2 ) e m p o w e r (1 .0 0 );
strengthen (0.80); com m ission (0.77);
w arrant (to authorize, 0.75); approve (to
give approval, 0.55); enable (0.55);
assign (to delegate to a specific pur­
pose, 0.52); entitle (to perm it, 0.50);
com m it (to entrust, 0.45); hire (to em­
ploy, 0.42); delegate (to give authority
to another, 0.35); allow (to perm it an
action, 0.04).
E M P T Y (11) em pty (to becom e empty,
1.00); em p ty (to cau se to becom e
empty, 1.00); dum p (0.91); drain (to
w ithdraw strength, 0.88); dig (to re­
m o v e by d ig g in g , 0 .7 0 ); w aste (to
squander, 0.59); excavate (0.33); free
(to disburden, 0.27); tap (to obtain by
m eans o f tapping, 0.25); w aste (to be
c o n su m ed g radually, 0.18); unload
(0.16).
E M U L A T E (5) emulate (1.00); rival (0.78);
imitate (to follow the example of, 0.50);
follow (to regulate o n e’s action, 0.40);
reflect (to throw back, 0.28).
E N A B L E (3) enable (1.00); crown (to em­
pow er with a crown, 0.75); commission
(0.17).
E N A C T (12) enact (to legislate, 1.00);
enact (to accom plish, 1.00); enact (to
act, 1.00); represent (to present as a
ENAMEL
true interpretation , 0.79); perform (to
present a performance, 0.77); dramatize
(to present a perform ance, 0.75); vote
(0.75); act (to take part in a play, 0.72);
interpret (to convey the m eaning o f
(art), 0.40); recite (to repeat formally,
0.40); command (to issue an order, 0.20);
achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.19).
ENAM EL (9) enamel (1.00); colour (to im­
part colour to, 0.75); varnish (0.59);
spread (to apply over a surface, 0.55);
incrust (0.50); decorate (0.46); glaze
(0.45); coat (0.25); plate (0.20).
EN A M O U R (1) enamour (1.00).
EN C A G E (2) encage (1.00); impound (to
imprison, 0.75).
ENCAM P (2) encamp (1.00); camp (0.82).
E N C A R M IN E (1) redden (to m ake red,
0.18).
ENCARN A D IN E (1) redden (to make red,
0.09).
EN CA SE (4) wrap (to conceal in a w rap­
per, 0.60); enfold (0.50); fram e (to en­
close in a frame, 0.43); cover (to wrap,
0.25).
ENCH A IN (5) enchain (to confine, 1.00);
enchain (to attract, 1.00); bind (to con­
strain with bonds, 0.66); trammel (0.34);
harness (0.21).
E N C H A N T (11) enchant (to put under a
spell, 1.00); enchant (to attract strongly,
1.00); ch a rm (to b e w itc h , 0 .9 2 );
fascinate (0.92); ravish (to charm, 0.79);
co n ju re (to p ra c tic e m a g ic, 0 .7 5 );
enrapture (0.75); lure (to entice, 0.75);
bew itch (to charm , 0.67); enthrall (to
charm, 0.25); appeal (to attract, 0.15).
E N C H A SE to set as a jew el (3) enchase
(1.00); emboss (0.25); engrave (to carve
upon, 0.25).
E N C IR C L E (20) encircle (1.00); circle
-125- ENCOMPASS
(0.93); fram e (to act as a frame, 0.93);
en w rea th e (0.92); orbit (to revolve
around another body, 0.80); surround
(to take a position on all sides, 0.78);
circum scribe (to trace a line around,
0.75); circum vent (to go around, 0.75);
encom pass (to surround, 0.75); girdle
(0.75); circuit (0.67); inclose (0.67);
attack (to fight o ffen siv ely (arm y),
0.65); com prise (0.58); wrap (to twine
or wind, 0.56); press (to embrace, 0.50);
defeat (to w orst in war, 0.47); restrict
(to hold w ithin lim its, 0.45); define (to
set lim its, 0.24); m easure (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.20).
E N C L O S E (23) enclose (to shut up or
shut in, 1.00); enclose (to encircle, 1.00);
drape (0.89); enslave (0.87); hold (to
have in o n e’s grasp, 0.72); com prise
(0.68); fram e (to enclose in a frame,
0.57); crate (0.50); girdle (0.50); grasp
(to clutch, 0.50); ring (to encircle, 0.50);
circle (0.44); fram e (to act as a frame,
0.43); w rap (to tw ine or wind, 0.33);
define (to set limits, 0.31); surround (to
be on all sides, 0.29); em bed (to put in,
0.27); enfo ld (0.25); pocket (0.25);
shelter (0.17); seize (to grasp, 0.15);
farm (to do farm work, 0.13); imprison
(0.08).
E N C O M P A S S (20) e n c o m p a s s (to
su rro u n d , 1.00); en co m p ass (to in ­
clude, 1.00); range (to traverse w ide
a re a s , 0 .9 4 ); s u rro u n d (to ta k e a
position on all sides, 0.89); reach (to
extend to, 0.80); enclose (to encircle,
0.75); envelop (0.75); infold (0.75); run
(to extend, 0.75); encircle (0.67); ring
(to encircle, 0.67); orbit (to revolve
aro u n d an o th e r body, 0.60); circle
( 0 .5 6 ) ; a c h ie v e (to f in is h an
ENCOUNTER
undertaking, 0.54); com prise (0.53);
define (to set limits, 0.52); circumscribe
(to trace a line around, 0.50); circum ­
vent (to go around, 0.50); circuit (0.33);
refer (to concern, 0.17).
E N C O U N T E R (10) encounter (to m eet
unexpectedly, 1.00); encounter (to meet
in conflict, 1.00); oppose (to fight,
0.93); touch (to com e into a contact
w ith, 0.67); fight (to engage in an en­
counter, 0.60); face (to confront con­
flict or trouble, 0.56); find (to happen
upon, 0.31); undergo (0.27); endure (to
sustain adversity, 0.19); com pete (0.16).
E N C O U R A G E (23) encourage (to give
support, 1.00); encourage (to raise the
spirits, 1.00); prom ote (to further, 0.92);
a p p ro v e (to g iv e a p p ro v a l, 0 .9 0 );
strengthen (0.89); com fort (to m ake
easy physically, 0.81); help (to aid,
0.79); invite (to ask politely, 0.76); re­
vive (to hearten, 0.76); boost (to pro ­
mote, 0.75); foster (to harbour, 0.75);
befriend (0.67); gladden (0.64); abet (to
excite, 0.50); advance (to p rom ote,
0.50); train (to direct grow th, 0.47);
b a c k (to fu rth e r, 0 .3 3 ); fo rtify (to
strengthen physically or em otionally,
0.33); advise (to give counsel, 0.28);
abet (to help, 0.25); goad (0.19); sup­
port (to uphold, 0.19); feed (0.16).
E N C R O A C H (7) encroach (1.00); en­
trench (to trespass, 0.75); im pinge (to
infringe upon, 0.75); trespass (to in­
trude, 0.75); overreach (to spread over,
0.50); overstep (0.50); m eddle (to inter­
fere in others’ affairs, 0.41).
E N C R U S T (5) line (to provide a lining,
0.87); dirty (0.84); decorate (0.20); plate
(0.13); harden (to m ake less pervious,
0.05).
-126- ENDORSE
E N C U M B E R (14) encumber (1.00); bur­
den (0 .9 6 ); h in d e r (0 .9 0 ); load (to
overload, 0.67); tax (to burden, 0.67);
trammel (0.66); charge (to enter a charge
account, 0.50); delay (to cause a delay,
0.39); overload (0.33); oppress (0.30);
overlay (to burden, 0.25); com plicate
(0.17); m eddle (to interfere in others’
affairs, 0.12); confuse (0.11).
E N D (21) end (to bring to a halt, 1.00);
end (to bring to a conclusion, 1.00);
end (to com e to an end, 1.00); end (to
die, 1.00); achieve (to finish an under­
taking, 0.95); abolish (0.76); lapse (to
becom e void, 0.75); verge (0.75); settle
(to finish, 0.67); hinder (0.51); climax
(to com e to a clim ax, 0.50); conclude
(to com e to an end, 0.50); eventuate
(to close, 0.50); finish (to bring to an
e n d , 0 .5 0 ); q u it (to c e a s e , 0.50);
te rm in ate (to finish, 0.50); stop (to
cease, 0.33); reach (to extend to, 0.27);
finish (to com e to an end, 0.25); result
(0.22); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.21).
E N D A N G E R (3) e n d a n g e r (1 .0 0 );
threaten (to im pend, 0.80); overhang
(to threaten, 0.67).
E N D E A R (1) endear (1.00).
ENDEAV O U R (10) endeavour (1.00); un­
dertak e (0.94); aim (to direct o n e’s
effort, 0.75); attempt (to try, 0.75); strive
(0.75); seek (to try, 0.67); direct (to
direct o n e ’s effort, 0.50); offer (to try,
0.50); strain (to exert, 0.50); dare (to be
courageous, 0.33).
E N D O R S E (16) end o rse (to inscribe
o n e ’s nam e, 1.00); endorse (to indicate
o n e ’s active support, 1.00); acknowl­
edge (to recognize the authority of,
0.90); com plim ent (to flatter, 0.89);
ENDOW
approve (to give approval, 0.81); praise
(to com mend, 0.76); sign (to authorize,
0.75); guarantee (to certify, 0.56); allow
(to perm it an action, 0.48); urge (to
present favourably, 0.47); defend (to
support an accused person, 0.33); help
(to aid, 0.29); countenance (0.25); au­
thorize (to approve, 0.20); advertise (to
solicit business, 0.07); recom m end (to
lend support or approval, 0.04).
E N D O W (10) endow (to give to, 1.00);
endow (to provide support for all times,
1.00); contribute (to give, 0.89); bless
(to give, 0.80); crown (to em power with
a crown, 0.79); give (to transfer, 0.78);
enable (0.73); distribute (to allot, 0.63);
found (0.33); underw rite (to support
financially, 0.30).
EN DU RE (11) endure (to continue, 1.00);
endure (to sustain adversity, 1.00);
resist (to w ithstand, 0.80); be (to have
being, 0.65); exist (to cany on life, 0.50);
face (to confront conflict or trouble,
0.40); hold (to be valid, 0.40); undergo
(0.36); fight (to struggle for an end,
0 .3 3 ); w e a th e r (to p a s s th r o u g h
adversity successfully, 0.33); lie (to be
situated, 0.20).
E N E R G IZ E (8) energize (1.00); excite (to
ac tiv a te , 0 .8 6 ); stre n g th e n (0 .7 6 );
vitalize (0.50); revive (to give new life,
0.26); quicken (to increase, 0.25); elec­
trify (to provide electricity, 0.15); ani­
mate (to give life to, 0.11).
ENERVATE (4) enervate (1.00); weaken
(to make weaker, 0.85); debilitate (0.75);
em asculate (to weaken, 0.50).
E N FE E B L E (5) enfeeble (LOO); weaken
(to make weaker, 0.30); soften (to make
soft, 0.29); dem oralize (to unnerve,
0.25); enervate (0.25).
-127- ENGAGE
E N F E T T E R (1) bind (to constrain with
bonds, 0.62).
E N FIL A D E (1) attack (to fight offensively
(army), 0.13).
E N F L A M E (1) heat (to make hot, 0.93).
E N F O L D (7) enfold (1.00); embrace (to
clasp, 0.75); cuddle (to embrace, 0.50);
infold (0.50); hug (0.39); press (to em ­
brace, 0.25); seize (to grasp, 0.20).
E N F O R C E (8) enforce (to add strength,
1.00); enforce (to require com pliance,
1.00); compel (0.75); force (to use force,
0.59); act (to perform an action, 0.50);
dispense (to administer, 0.50); perform
(to accom plish an action, 0.39); operate
(to produce an effect, 0.11).
E N F R A N C H IS E (3) enfranchise (to lib­
erate, 1.00); enfranchise (to empower,
1.00); free (to liberate, 0.42).
E N G A G E (33) engage (to hire, LOO);
engage (to engross, 1.00); engage (to
occupy, 1.00);engage (to attack, 1.00);
engage (to enm esh, especially gears,
1.00); hire (to employ, 0.96); enlist (to
enroll others, 0.95); occupy (to absorb
attention, 0.93); prom ise (to give one’s
w ord, 0.92); undertake (0.88); meet (to
encounter, 0.86); appeal (to attract, 0.85);
absorb (to occupy com pletely, 0.75);
em ploy (to obtain services for pay,
0.75); grapple (to fight hand to hand,
0.75); sign (to hire, 0.75); oppose (to
fight, 0.68); bury (to occupy, 0.60); fas­
cinate (0.51); im m erse (to engross,
0.50); play (to engage in sport, 0.50);
com m ission (0.43); enlist (to request
a s s is ta n c e , 0 .3 6 ); a tta c k (to fig h t
offensively (army), 0.35); rent (to obtain
use by paym ent, 0.33); contract (to
enter into an agreem ent, 0.27); partici­
pate (to engage in a contest, 0.25);
ENGENDER -128-
retain (to reserve services, 0.25); be­
troth (0.22); choose (to select, 0.20);
com m it (to entrust, 0.18); let (to award;
said especially o f contracts, 0.17); op­
erate (to be in operation, 0.17).
E N G E N D E R (6) engender (1.00); propa­
gate (to beget, 0.87); rep ro d u ce (to
multiply, 0.87); produce (to bear, 0.82);
proliferate (0.75); produce (to create by
mental effort, 0.58).
E N G IN E E R (5) engineer (1.00); manage
(to direct, 0.81); contrive (to succeed
w ith difficulty, 0.54); plan (to plot an
action in advance, 0.28); m asterm ind
(0.25).
E N G R A F T (1) graft (to jo in for growth,
0.80).
E N G R A V E (8) engrave (to carve upon,
1.00); engrave (to prepare a plate for
printing, 1.00); carve (to form by cut­
ting, 0.84); enchase (0.50); inscribe
(0.50); draw (to m ake a likeness by
draw ing, 0.35); copy (to reproduce,
0.11); bite (to cut or corrode, 0.06).
E N G R O S S (9) engross (to occupy o n e’s
tim e, 1.00); engross (to occupy o n e ’s
m ind, 1.00); m onopolize (0.93); bury
(to occupy, 0.80); occupy (to absorb
attention, 0.79); entertain (to keep oth­
ers am used, 0.71); enroll (to prepare a
roll, 0.67); absorb (to occupy co m ­
pletely, 0.50); com prise (0.11).
E N G U L F (7) engulf (1.00); swallow (0.82);
subm erge (to cause to sink, 0.50); sink
(to cause to sink, 0.40); cover (to send
dow n in plenty, 0.33); inundate (0.33);
suck (0.33).
E N H A N C E (10) enhance (1.00); becom e
(to be suitable, 0.94); flatter (to be
becom ing to a wearer, 0.88); decorate
(0.66); improve (to becom e better, 0.59);
ENLARGE
in c re a se (to add to, 0.49); rise (to
increase, 0.45); reclaim (to bring into
usable condition, 0.30); supplem ent
(0.15); overdo (to do too much, 0.13).
E N H E A R T E N (1) comfort (to make easy
physically, 0.46).
E N JO IN (9) enjoin (1.00); com m and (to
issue an order, 0.89); w arn (0.52); for­
bid (0.50); advise (to give counsel,
0.45); ask (to inquire, 0.41); demand (to
ask, 0.25); sum m on (to call, 0.22); will
(to exert on e’s will, 0.10).
E N JO Y (11) enjoy (to take pleasure in,
1.00); enjoy (to have the use of, 1.00);
savour (0.75); own (to possess, 0.73);
love (to possess a deep and abiding
interest, 0.67); relish (0.67); appreciate
(to be grateful, 0.50); rejoice (0.50);
bask (0.40); revel (to indulge oneself,
0.25); taste (to experience flavour, 0.25).
E N K IN D L E (8) enkindle (to ignite, 1.00);
enkindle (to stim ulate, 1.00); burn (to
subject to fire, 0.95); revive (to give new
life, 0.89); heat (to m ake hot, 0.85); fire
(to set on fire, 0.78); ignite (0.67); anger
(to arouse som eone to anger, 0.03).
E N L A R G E (27) enlarge (to increase,
1 .00 );en larg e (to cause to increase,
1.00); develop (to im prove, 0.95); in­
crease (to add to, 0.94); recite (to relate
in detail, 0.86); aggrandize (to increase,
0.75); au g m en t (to in crease, 0.75);
distend (0.75); rise (to increase, 0.75);
grow (to becom e larger, 0.70); improve
(to m ake better, 0.67); sw ell (0.64);
ex ag g erate (0.57); ex tend (to make
larger, 0.50); inflate (to distend, 0.50);
p u ff (to inflate, 0.50); thicken (to make
thicker, 0.50); advance (to raise, 0.33);
ram ble (to speak or w rite aimlessly,
0.29); w iden (to m ake wider, 0.29);
ENLIGHTEN
sp read (to extend, 0.28); ex p a tia te
(0.25); gain (to increase, 0.25); overdo
(to do too m uch, 0.20); em ph asize
(0 .1 5 ); stre n g th e n (0 .1 5 ); p ad (to
increase, 0.11).
E N L IG H T E N (8) enlighten (to provide
inform ation or understanding, 1.00);
enlighten (to bring supposed spiritual
truth, 1.00); civilize (0.96); notify (to
provide w ith inform ation, 0.88); com ­
municate (to impart information, 0.63);
teach (to act as a teacher, 0.63); train
(to educate, 0.25); familiarize (0.20).
EN LIST (8) enlist (to enroll others, 1.00);
enlist (to req u est assistan ce, 1.00);
enlist (to enroll oneself, 1.00); hire (to
em ploy, 0.79); align (to jo in , 0.67);
v o lu n te e r (to o ffe r o n e ’s se rv ic e s,
0.67); enroll (to prepare a roll, 0.33);
enroll (to register oneself, 0.33).
EN LIV EN (11) enliven (1.00); revive (to
give new life, 0.95); entertain (to keep
others am used, 0.84); exhilarate (0.75);
encourage (to raise the spirits, 0.64);
fire (to animate, 0.50); satisfy (to m ake
content, 0.34); strengthen (0.26); amuse
(0.25); perk (to cheer or refresh, 0.25);
colour (to im part colour to, 0.22).
E N M E SH (3) enm esh (1.00); m islead
(0.55); entangle (0.44).
EN N O B LE (5) ennoble (1.00); immortal­
ize (0.75); crow n (to em pow er w ith a
crown, 0.21); prom ote (to advance in
rank, 0.13); civilize (0.04).
ENPLA N E (1) board (to go aboard, 0.17).
EN QU IRE (1) enquire (1.00).
E N R A G E (5) enrage (1.00); infuriate
(0.50); anger (to arouse som eone to
anger, 0.45); displease (to anger, 0.25);
madden (0.25).
EN RA PTU RE (4) enrapture (1.00); fasci­
- 129- ENSUE
nate (0.86); charm (to bew itch, 0.58);
entrance (to enchant, 0.50).
E N R IC H (10) enrich (1.00); civilize (0.87);
d eco rate (0.76); endow (to give to,
0.75); improve (to become better, 0.65);
becom e (to be suitable, 0.63); develop
(to im prove, 0.55); contribute (to give,
0.54); flatter (to be b eco m in g to a
wearer, 0.25); supplement (0.08).
E N R O B E (1) don (0.33).
E N R O L L (12) enroll (to obtain for serv­
ice, 1.00); enroll (to prepare a roll, 1.00);
enroll (to register oneself, 1.00); join
(to enter the com pany of, 0.80); enter
(to jo in , 0 .6 7 ); m a tric u la te (0.67);
register (to record, 0.67); list (to enter
in a list, 0.59); record (to w rite down,
0.36); co nscrip t (0.33); poll (0.25);
assign (to delegate to a specific pur­
pose, 0.11).
E N S C O N C E (2) hide (to conceal, 0.81);
establish (to w ork or settle in a perm a­
nent place, 0.07).
E N S E P U L C H E R (1) bury (to inter, 0.33).
E N S H R IN E (6) enshrine (1.00); cherish
(to hold dear, 0.54); bury (to inter, 0.50);
fram e (to act as a frame, 0.50); bless (to
dedicate to God, 0.26); memorize (0.17).
E N S H R O U D (2) enshroud (1.00); cover
(to wrap, 0.50).
E N SL A V E (5) enslave (1.00); fascinate
(0.76); subject (0.59); enthrall (to over­
com e, 0.50); su b ju g ate (to subdue,
0.50).
E N SN A R E (9) ensnare (to capture, 1.00);
ensnare (to deceive, 1.00); entangle
(0.94); am b u sh (0.78); trap (0.75);
m islead (0.64); fascinate (0.59); entrap
(0.50); deceive (0.38).
E N SP H E R E (1) circle (0.41).
E N S U E (9) ensue (1.00); succeed (to
ENSURE
follow in tim e, 0.89); happen (to occur,
0.80); supervene (0.75); transpire (0.75);
result (0.72); follow (to be later in time,
0 .6 7 ); p o std a te (to su c ce ed , 0.5 0 );
follow (to result, 0.33).
E N S U R E (3) ensure (1.00); prom ise (to
ap p ear prom ising, 0.75); secure (to
protect, 0.33).
E N T A IL to im pose; to require; to lim it
the inheritance o f property (3) entail
(1.00); include (to contain, 0.57); require
(to dem and, 0.10).
E N T A N G L E (11) entangle (1.00); m ud­
dle (to confuse; said o f affairs, 0.82);
involve (0.80); hinder (0.65); m islead
(0 .5 0 ); d isu n ite (to alien a te , 0.25);
em broil (0.25); interlace (to w eave,
0.25); fasten (to m ake som ething se­
cure, 0.20); mat (0.20); confuse (0.13).
E N T E R (19) enter (to enter physically,
1.00); enter (to enter upon, 1.00); enter
(to jo in, 1.00); include (to place into or
among, 0.92); arrive (to com e to a place,
0.91); penetrate (to pierce, 0.87); list (to
enter in a list, 0.84); insert (to introduce,
0.75); penetrate (to perm eate, 0.75);
b e g in (to com e into b e in g or sta rt
fu n ctio n in g , 0.71); en list (to enroll
o n e s e lf, 0 .6 7 ); e n ro ll (to r e g is te r
oneself, 0.67); note (to record, 0.67);
program (to w ork out a sequence to be
perform ed, 0.63); enroll (to prepare a
roll, 0.61); reach (to arrive, 0.50); record
(to w rite dow n, 0.40); introduce (to
insert, 0.33); m atriculate (0.33).
E N T E R T A IN (11) entertain (to keep oth­
ers am used, 1.00); entertain (to act as
ho st or hostess, 1.00); entertain (to
consider, 1.00); treat (to pay for anoth­
e r ’s entertainm ent, 0.86); harbour (to
consider, 0.75); regale (to feast, 0.75);
-130- ENTRANCE
satisfy'(to m ake content, 0.69); cherish
(to hold dear, 0.63); listen (to receive
advice cordially, 0.50); accom m odate
(to provide lodging, 0.38); receive (to
make welcome, 0.25).
E N T H R A L L (13) enthrall (to overcome,
1.00); enthrall (to charm, 1.00); bewitch
(to fascinate, 0.75); entertain (to keep
others am used, 0.68); enslave (0.65);
charm (to bew itch, 0.50); ravish (to
charm , 0.43); satisfy (to m ake content,
0.38); subject (0.35); captivate (0.25);
enam our (0.25); enchant (to put under
a spell, 0.25); fascinate (0.10).
E N T H R O N E (2) enthrone (1.00); crown
(to em pow er with a crown, 0.42).
E N T IC E (16) entice (1.00); seduce (0.81);
attract (to allure, 0.75); bait (to lure,
0.75); invite (to ask politely, 0.72);
fascinate (0.63); court (to woo, 0.59);
en a m o u r (0.50); ench an t (to attract
strongly, 0.50); inveigle (0.50); appeal
(to attract, 0.46); tem pt (0.45); bribe
(0.42); accost (to solicit, 0.33); solicit
(to tem pt for sexual purposes, 0.33);
draw (to lure, 0.25).
E N T IT L E (5) entitle (to nam e, 1.00);
entitle (to perm it, 1.00); define (to pro­
vide a nam e or description , 0.93); des­
ignate (to specify, 0.60); nam e (to give
a name, 0.25).
E N T O M B (6) entom b (to bury the dead,
i .00); entomb (to conceal, 1.00); entomb
(to imprison, 1.00); bury (to inter, 0.67);
inter (0.50); hide (to conceal, 0.36).
E N T R A IN (3) entrain (1.00); send (to dis­
patch, 0.37); leave (to go away, 0.12).
E N T R A IN to put into rail with train (1)
board (to go aboard, 0.33).
E N T R A N C E (8) entrance (to enchant,
1.00); entrance (to put into a trance,
ENTRAP -131-
1.00); fascinate (0.96); hypnotize (to put
in a trance, 0.78); enchant (to attract
strongly, 0.75); charm (to bew itch,
0.33); conjure (to practice magic, 0.25);
hypnotize (to charm, 0.25).
E N T R A P (9) entrap (1.00); entangle
(0.88); defeat (to w orst in war, 0.83);
en snare (to capture, 0.75); enm esh
(0.50); hinder (0.45); am bush (0.44);
d ec eiv e (0 .4 3 ); c irc u m v e n t (to go
around, 0.25).
EN TREAT (19) entreat (1.00); beg (to ask
ea rn e stly or im p o rtu n a te ly , 0 .9 5 );
conjure (to appeal to, 0.75); crave (to
beg, 0.75); solicit (to beg, 0.75); w ish
(to express a desire, 0.75); urge (to in­
duce, 0.69); invite (to ask politely, 0.64);
court (to woo, 0.53); ask (to solicit,
0.50); call (to invoke, 0.50); request (to
solicit, 0.50); invoke (to call upon, 0.33);
pray (to call upon God, 0.33); sue (0.33);
woo (to court,fig., 0.29); abet (to excite,
0.25); beseech (0.25); implore (0.25).
E N T R E N C H (5) entrench (to surround,
1.00); entrench (to trespass, 1.00); es­
tablish (to w ork or settle in a perm a­
nent place, 0.73); fortify (to strengthen
against attack, 0.50); defend (to keep
off an enemy, often f ig ., 0.29).
E N T R U S T (13) delegate (to give duties
to another, 0.83); com m end (to present
with confidence, 0.75); trust (to place
in the p ro tectio n o f another, 0.75);
intrust (0.67); com m ission (0.63); con­
sign (to put in the charge of, 0.50); rel­
egate (to assign, 0.50); assign (to del­
egate to a specific purpose, 0.48); send
(to deliver, 0.36); lend (to m ake a loan,
0.33); charge (to com m and, 0.25); con­
fide (to com m it to the charge, 0.25);
deposit (to present m oney for safe­
ENVELOPE
keeping, 0.23).
E N T W IN E (9) entw ine (1.00); wind (to
wrap about, 0.80); enwreathe (0.75); in­
terw eave (0.75); mat (0.60); coil (0.53);
unite (to com e together, 0.47); curl (to
twist, 0.19); join (to unite, 0.08).
E N U M ER A TE (21) enumerate (1.00); cal­
culate (to reckon, 0.95); recite (to relate
in detail, 0.91); tabulate (0.87); narrate
(0.80); cite (to refer to as authority,
0.75); cou n t (0.63); item ize (0.50);
particularize (0.50); reckon (0.50); list
(to en ter in a list, 0.41); sco re (to
com pute the score, 0.38); balance (to
dem onstrate balance, 0.35); detail (to
m ake clear in detail, 0.35); adm it (to
confess, 0.33); number (0.33); value (to
set a price upon, 0.32); numerate (0.25);
add (to b rin g to g eth er, u su a lly by
m a th e m a tic s , 0 .2 2 ); e s tim a te (to
calculate probable costs, 0.08); record
(to w rite down, 0.04).
E N U N C IA T E (10) enunciate (to state for­
mally, 1.00); enunciate (to pronounce
distinctly, 1.00); articulate (to speak
c le a rly , 0 .7 5 ); e m p h a s iz e (0 .7 5 );
pronounce (to articulate, 0.75); utter
(0.64); sou n d (to pronounce, 0.50);
report (to m ake a sum m ary statement,
0.44); com municate (to impart informa­
tion, 0.41); declare (to speak form ally
and emphatically, 0.17).
E N V E L O P (11) envelop (1.00); wrap (to
conceal in a wrapper, 0.90); frame (to
act as a frame, 0.79); blanket (0.75);
overspread (0.75); sheathe (0.75); fold
(to enclose, 0.67); hug (0.56); muzzle
(to fasten a m uzzle upon, 0.25); define
(to set lim its, 0.21); hide (to conceal,
0 .02).
E N V E L O P E (3) cover (to wrap, 0.75); en­
ENVENOM -132-
fold (0.75); surround (to be on all sides,
0.14).
E N V E N O M (5) envenom (to poison,
1.00); envenom (to alienate, 1.00); sour
(0.36); harden (to toughen, 0.27); poi­
son (0.07).
E N V IR O N (1) surround (to be on all
sides, 0.57).
E N V IS A G E (4) envisage (to confront,
1.00); en v isag e (to im ag in e, 1.00);
im agine (to visualize mentally, 0.83);
dream (to have visions, usually during
sleep or fever, 0.20).
E N V IS IO N (3) imagine (to visualize men­
tally, 0.78); visualize (0.67); construct
(to erect mentally, 0.25).
E N V Y (3) envy (1.00); covet (0.33); wish
(to desire, 0.25).
E N W R A P (2) wrap (to conceal in a w rap­
per, 0.80); swaddle (0.50).
E N W R E A T H E (1) en wreathe (1.00).
E P IS T O L IZ E (1) correspond (to com m u­
nicate, usually by letter, 0.67).
E P IT O M IZ E (7) epitomize (1.00); brief (to
sum m arize, 0.75); contract (to cause to
diminish, 0.67); perorate (to summarize,
0.67); d escribe (0.63); decrease (to
m ake less, 0.09); com press (0.08).
E Q U A L (7) equal (1.00); rival (0.89);
m atch (to m eet in contest, 0.67); reach
(to extend to, 0.60); make (to total, 0.50);
offset (0.25); agree (0.23).
E Q U A L IZ E (6) equalize (1.00); match (to
find or m ake equals, 0.92); equal (0.85);
b alan ce (to place in balance, 0.76);
offset (0.75); level (to straighten, 0.25).
E Q U A T E (12) equate (to equalize, 1.00);
equate (to com pare, 1.00); equalize
(0.78); m atch (to find or m ake equals,
0.75); equal (0.62); average (to com pute
an average, 0.50); com pare (to liken,
ERASE
0 .50); co n n e ct (to asso ciate, 0.50);
correlate (to relate, 0.50); balance (to
p lace in balance, 0.30); balance (to
dem onstrate balance, 0.29); measure (to
apply a standard o f measurement, 0.23).
E Q U IL IB R A T E (1) balance (to place in
balance, 0.70).
E Q U IP (14) equip (to supply, 1.00); equip
(to array, 1.00); provide (to supply,
0.92); harness (0.83); mechanize (0.83);
furnish (to supply necessities, 0.67);
o u tfit (0 .6 7 ); ele c trify (to p ro v id e
electricity, 0.54); ply (to supply, 0.50);
com plete (to m ake entire, 0.42); prepare
(to m ake other persons or things ready,
0.33); train (to toughen oneself, 0.33);
satisfy (to fulfill, 0.24); clothe (0.17).
E Q U IP O IS E (2) balance (to offset, 0.75);
offset (0.56).
E Q U IV O C A T E (6) equivocate (1.00);
sim ulate (0.62); lie (to utter an untruth,
0.50); trim (to refuse to take a stand,
0.50); invent (to fabricate, 0.44); hesi­
tate (0.03).
E R A D IC A T E (15) eradicate (1.00); abol­
ish (0.95); destroy (to bring to noth­
ing, 0.89); cancel (to m ark out, 0.83);
elim in ate (to rem ove, 0.80); uproot
(0.80); overthrow (to abolish, 0.75);
dissolve (to destroy, 0.50); exterminate
(0.50); excise (0.33); break (to bring to
ruin or to an end , 0.25); erase (to
obliterate, 0.25); extract (to remove,
0.25); lighten (to m ake lighter, 0.18);
eject (to rem ove physically, 0.11).
E R A S E (12) erase (to obliterate, 1.00);
cancel (to m ark out, 0.92); eliminate (to
rem ove, 0.78); expunge (0.75); delete
(0.67); abolish (0.40); efface (0.33);
revoke (0.33); elide (to delete, 0.25);
clean (0.19); rub (to subject to friction,
ERECT -133-
0.18); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.12).
E R E C T (16) erect (to build, 1.00); erect
(to assemble, 1.00); erect (to raise, 1.00);
erect (to estab lish , 1.00); b u ild (to
co n stru c t, 0.9 6 ); a sse m b le (to put
together, 0.90); establish (to w ork or
settle in a perm anent place, 0.80); exalt
(to elevate, 0.75); fabricate (to con­
struct, 0.75); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.63); create (to m ake, 0.58);
construct (to build a physical structure,
0.50); fram e (to make, 0.50); m anufac­
ture (to m ake a product, 0.41); crow n
(to em pow er with a crown, 0.25); or­
ganize (to form an organization, 0.23).
E R O D E (4) erode (1.00); corrode (to de­
stroy, 0.75); etch (to rem ove metal with
acid, 0.75); bite (to cut or corrode, 0.41).
E RR (12) err (1.00); m istake (0.96); m is­
understand (0.93); sin (0.88); m isappre­
hend (0.75); misconduct (to m isbehave
oneself, 0.67); fault (to fail, 0.50);
m iscount (0.50); trespass (to tra n s­
gress, 0.50); botch (0.46); m iscalculate
(0.25); misbehave (0.20).
E R U C T (l) erupt (0.75).
E R U P T (10) erupt (1.00); explode (to
burst, 0.92); break (to blow up, 0.75);
emit (to discharge, 0.75); burst (to ex­
plode, 0.67); rage (to be out o f control,
0.57); b a c k fire (to ex p lo d e, 0 .50);
inflam e (to cause physical soreness,
0.43); irritate (to inflame, 0.43); bubble
(0.20).
ESCA LA TE (4) escalate (1.00); intensify
(0.81); increase (to add to, 0.60); climb
(to m ount, 0.29).
ESCAPE (7) escape (1.00); duck (to avoid,
0.50); flee (0.50); retreat (to execute a
forced retirem ent in battle, 0.47); dis­
ESTABLISH
appear (0.28); elude (0.25); em pty (to
becom e empty, 0.07).
E S C H E W to avoid; to shun; to abstain
(3) eschew (1.00); abstain (0.61); dis­
like (0.33).
E S C O R T (13) escort (1.00); accom pany
(to go with, 0.92); attend (to go with,
0.75); conduct (to guide, 0.75); convoy
(0.75); date (to court or be courted,
0.67); usher (0.67); lead (to conduct,
0.53); guide (to lead, 0.33); w alk (to
cause to m ove on foot, 0.29); squire
(0.25); treat (to pay for another’s enter­
tainm ent, 0.14); defend (to keep o ff an
enemy, often f ig ., 0.06).
E S P O U S E (9) espouse (to marry, 1.00);
espouse (to support, 1.00); prom ise (to
give o n e ’s w ord, 0.73); defend (to pro­
vide general protection, 0.68); embrace
(to ad o p t, 0 .6 7 ); m arry (to tak e a
spouse, 0.50); w ed (0.50); adopt (to
take as o n e ’s own, 0.23); choose (to
select, 0.03).
E S P Y (2) find (to happen upon, 0.85);
recognize (to know again, 0.50).
ESSAY (3) try (to endeavour, 0.89); ven­
ture (0.86); endeavour (0.25).
E S T A B L IS H (40) establish (to set up in
a form al m anner, 1.00);establish (to
w ork or settle in a perm anent place,
1.00); establish (to determ ine, LOO);
establish (to prove, 1.00); establish (to
m ake secure, 1.00); organize (to form
an organization, 0.96); verify (0.91); in­
stall (0.88); order (to put in order, 0.88);
constitute (to found, 0.75); control (to
verify, 0.75); convince (0.71); found
(0.67); settle (to prove, 0.67); vote
(0.63); define (to set limits, 0.59); enact
(to legislate, 0.58); locate (to determine
a location, 0.56); support (to uphold,
ESTEEM -134-
0.56); rank (to evaluate, 0.53); institute
(to o rg a n iz e , 0 .5 0 ); ra tify (0 .5 0 );
strengthen (0.41); pass (to enact, 0.33);
q u arte r (to p ro v id e living quarters,
0.33); raise (to erect, 0.33); situate
(0.33); reason (to discuss persuasively,
0.27); corroborate (0.25); em body (to
organize, 0.25); m ake (to enact, 0.25);
form (to give shape to a thing, 0.20);
begin (to initiate, 0.18); system atize
(0.18); crown (to em power with a crown,
0.17); plant (0.17); arrange (to m ake
arrangem ents, 0.15); approve (to give
approval, 0.06); argue (to endeavour
to convince, 0.06); prove (0.03).
E S T E E M (16) esteem (to attach a high
value to, 1.00); esteem (to consider,
1.00); adm ire (to have regard for, 0.96);
cherish (to hold dear, 0.88); appreciate
(to re c o g n iz e w o rth , 0 .8 6 ); re p u te
(0.75); value (to believe to be valuable,
0.75); worship (to adore, 0.75); honour
(to recognize w orth, 0.67); regard (to
hold in esteem , 0.50); trust (to believe
in, 0.50); like (to be fond of, 0.40); prize
(0.25); recom m end (to lend support or
ap p ro v a l, 0 .24); fav o u r (to h av e a
preference, 0.15); love (to be passion­
ately devoted, 0.13).
E S T IM A T E (13) estim ate (to m ake a
rough guess, 1.00); estim ate (to m ake
a considered prediction, 1.00); estimate
(to ca lcu late p ro b ab le costs, 1.00);
v a lu e (to set a p ric e u p o n , 0 .9 5 );
balance (to dem onstrate balance, 0.94);
rate (to rank, 0.86); program (to w ork
out a sequence to be perform ed, 0.69);
think (to exam ine w ith the mind, 0.46);
rank (to evaluate, 0.40); scale (to m eas­
ure, 0.38); set (to value, 0.33); distin­
guish (to m ake distinctions, 0.31); ci­
EVADE
pher (0.25); assume (to take for granted,
0.21).
E S T R A N G E (6) estrange (to alienate,
1.00); estrange (to w ithdraw , 1.00);
alienate (0.86); disaffect (0.75); disunite
(to a lie n a te , 0 .7 5 ); e n v e n o m (to
alienate, 0.50).
E T C H (7) etch (to remove metal with acid,
1.00); etch (to use etching as an artistic
m edium , 1.00); engrave (to prepare a
plate for printing, 0.94); carve (to form
by cu ttin g , 0.79); draw (to m ake a
likeness by draw ing, 0.78); bite (to cut
or corrode, 0.71); incise (to engrave,
0.50).
E T H E R IF Y (1) liberate (to free from
chem ical or physical restraint, 0.50).
E T H E R IZ E (1) deaden (to reduce life or
its evidence, 0.75).
E T H IC IZ E (1) civilize (0.35).
E T IO L A T E (3) blanch (0.33); bleach
(0.33); fade (to lose colour or light,
0.08).
E U L O G IZ E (8) eulogize (1.00); laud
(0.75); recom m end (to lend support or
approval, 0.64); adm ire (to have regard
for, 0.62); praise (to com m end, 0.62);
compliment (to flatter, 0.32); extol (0.20);
favour (to have a preference, 0.08).
E U N U C H IZ E (1) castrate (0.08).
E V A C U A T E (11) evacuate (to empty,
1.00); evacuate (to abandon, 1.00); re­
treat (to execute a forced retirem ent in
battle, 0.93); abandon (to relinquish,
0.70); dum p (0.45); excrete (0.40); re­
m ove (to m ove physically, 0.40); emit
(to discharge, 0.34); em pty (to cause
to becom e empty, 0.29); eject (to re­
m ove physically, 0.26); decam p (0.25).
E V A D E (12) evade (to use trickery to
avoid a sharp issue, 1.00); evade (to
EVALUATE -135-
avoid a m eeting, 1.00); avoid (0.88);
disobey (0.61); shun (0.60); escape
(0.56); abstain (0.33); refuse (0.32);
dodge (0.25); loaf (to do nothing useful,
0.18); re tre a t (to e x e cu te a fo rced
retirement in battle, 0.13); circle (0.07).
EVALUATE (9) evaluate (1.00); estimate
(to make a rough guess, 0.85); rate (to
rank, 0.79); value (to estim ate, 0.75);
estimate (to calculate probable costs,
0.69); value (to set a price upon, 0.53);
appraise (to estim ate, 0.50); think (to
examine w ith the m ind, 0.42); reckon
(0.25).
EVANESCE (4) evanesce (1.00); dissipate
(to vanish, 0.50); die (to cease existing,
0.30); disappear (0.24).
EVANGELIZE (1) evangelize (1.00).
E V A P O R A T E (1 3 ) e v a p o r a te (to
vaporize, 1.00); evaporate (to dehy­
drate, 1.00); evaporate (to disappear,
1.00); fade (to lose character, 0.75);
stiffen (to cause to becom e stiff, 0.29);
dessicate (to preserve, 0.25); drain (to
withdraw fluid, 0.25); evanesce (0.25);
die (to cease existing, 0.20); boil (to
continue at a boiling point, 0.17); pre­
serve (to keep, 0.15); contract (to di­
minish, 0.05); decrease (to grow less,
0.03).
EVEN (5) sm ooth (to rem ove uneven­
ness, 0.92); balance (to place in bal­
ance, 0.67); flatten (to m ake flat, 0.63);
m easure (to apply a standard o f m eas­
urement, 0.54); m atch (to find or m ake
equals, 0.42).
E V E N T U A T E (6) eventuate (to close,
1.00); eventuate (to occur, 1.00); coin­
cide (to h appen, 0.67); h ap p e n (to
occur, 0.67); begin (to initiate, 0.29);
form (to take form, 0.07).
EXACT
E V IC T (10) evict (1.00); eliminate (to re­
m ove, 0.85); oust (0.71); debar (to
exlude, 0.67); disinherit (0.67); eject (to
rem ove physically, 0.63); banish (to
rem ove com pletely, 0.50); depopulate
(0.50); dislodge (0.50); seclude (to iso­
late, 0.25).
E V ID E N C E (5) guarantee (to certify,
0.61); expose (to betray, 0.50); display
(to p re se n t fo r effect, 0.40); prove
(0.28); cite (to refer to as authority,
0.06).
E V IN C E (3) evince (1.00); guarantee (to
certify, 0.67); display (to present for ef­
fect, 0.32).
E V IS C E R A T E (3) eviscerate (1.00); dis­
embowel (0.75); embowel (to kill, 0.50).
E V O K E (6) evoke (to call forth, 1.00);
evoke (to arouse, 1.00); educe (0.75);
extract (to elicit, 0.75); enkindle (to
stimulate, 0.50); entail (0.25).
E V O L V E (11) evolve (1.00); change (to
m ake different, 0.79); grow (to change
slowly, 0.73); change (to becom e dif­
ferent, 0.69); develop (to grow, 0.50);
ripen (to grow, 0.50); build (to con­
struct, 0.46); develop (to w ork out,
0.33); m aterialize (to develop, 0.25);
m ature (to grow, 0.25); discover (to
find, 0.23).
E X A C E R B A T E (4) exacerbate (to irritate,
1.00); exacerbate (to aggravate, 1.00);
bother (to give trouble, 0.63); anger (to
arouse som eone to anger, 0.55).
E X A C T (12) fine (0.77); enforce (to re­
quire com pliance, 0.70); challenge (to
claim , 0.67); seize (to take by force,
0.61); com m and (to have control, 0.60);
blackm ail (0.50); require (to demand,
0.40); expect (to require, 0.33); inflict
(to im pose, 0.33); sip (0.33); command
EXAGGERATE -136-
(to issue an order, 0.30); force (to use
force, 0.25).
E X A G G ERA TE (10) exaggerate (1.00); in­
flate (to distend, 0.94); m isconstrue
(0.75); prevaricate (0.75); parody (0.69);
lie (to utter an untruth, 0.68); overdo
(to do too m uch, 0.40); exceed (0.37);
sim ulate (0.24); increase (to add to,
0.17).
EX A L T (19) exalt (to elevate, 1.00); exalt
(to praise, 1.00); dignify (0.75); glorify
(to w orship, 0.75); raise (to advance in
rank, 0.75); bless (to dedicate to God,
0.68); prom ote (to advance in rank,
0.6 7 ); w o rsh ip (to p erfo rm acts o f
w orship, 0.65); extol (0.60); love (to be
p a s s io n a t e ly d e v o te d , 0 .6 0 );
com plim ent (to flatter, 0.58); ennoble
(0.50); enthrone (0.50); crow n (to em ­
p ow er w ith a crow n, 0.38); inflate (to
distend, 0.31); raise (to lift, 0.31); rec­
om m end (to lend support or approval,
0.28); w orship (to adore, 0.25); overdo
(to do too m uch, 0.07).
E X A M IN E (20) examine (to inspect with
care, 1.00); exam ine (to test, 1.00);
analyze (to subject to analysis, 0.86);
see (to perceive w ith the eye, 0.82); ask
(to inquire, 0.77); audit (0.75); search
(0.71); spy (to act as a spy, 0.71); think
(to exam ine with the mind, 0.50); try (to
conduct a trial, 0.50); inventory (0.45);
an ato m ize (0.33); handle (to touch,
0 .2 5 ); o b s e rv e (to w a tc h , 0 .2 5 );
experiment (to investigate scientifically,
0.24); hunt (to try to find, 0.24); esti­
m ate (to calculate probable costs, 0.23);
plead (to discuss in court, 0.17); look
(to endeavour to see, 0.15); reason (to
seek a reasonable ex p la n a tio n , 0.08).
E X A S PE R A T E (7) exasperate (1.00); ag­
EXCTIE
gravate (to irritate, 0.75); exacerbate (to
irritate, 0.75); irritate (to bother, 0.50);
an g er (to arouse som eone to anger,
0.30); bother (to give trouble, 0.25);
disturb (to upset mental calm, 0.22).
EXCAVATE (8) excavate (1.00); mine (to
dig for m inerals, 0.88); dig (to stir the
earth, 0.76); rem ove (to m ove physi­
cally, 0.70); h o llo w (0.67); dig (to
rem ove by digging, 0.30); grab (0.25);
uproot (0.20).
E X C E E D (3) exceed (1.00); outdistance
(0.75); outperform (0.25).
E X C E L (16) excel (1.00); exceed (0.95);
surpass (0.80); outfight (0.75); outreach
(0.75); outw eigh (to exceed in impor­
ta n c e , 0 .7 5 ); p re p o n d e ra te (0.75);
outrank (0.67); outsell (0.67); pass (to
exceed, 0.67); outclass (0.50); top (to
e x c e e d , 0 .5 0 ); tr a n s c e n d (0 .3 3 );
o u tm a n e u v e r (0 .2 5 ); o u ts h in e (to
outdo, 0.25); outstrip (0.25).
E X C E P T (3) except (1.00); omit (to fail to
in c lu d e , 0 .9 2 ); bar (to o b stru ct by
refusal, 0.04).
E X C E R P T (6) exceipt (1.00); extract (to
cite, 0.75); choose (to select, 0.50);
quote (to repeat verbatim , 0.50); cite
(to refer to as authority, 0.31); refer (to
m ention, 0.13).
E X C H A N G E (5) exchange (to replace one
thing w ith another, 1.00); exchange (to
give and receive reciprocally, 1.00); sell
(to convey for a consideration, 0.58);
m arket (0.50); alternate (to take or do
by turns, 0.40).
E X C IS E to cut out (4) excise (1.00); edit
(to prepare for publication, 0.89); oper­
ate (to carry on a surgical procedure,
0.86); am putate (0.43).
E X C IT E (10) excite (to stir one mentally,
EXCLAIM -137-
1.00); excite (to activate, 1.00); galvanize
(to animate, 0.75); incite (0.75); disturb
(to upset m ental calm, 0.72); fascinate
(0.49); goad (0.41); anger (to arouse
som eone to anger, 0.36); m ove (to
arouse the em otions of, 0.31); anim ate
(to incite, 0.25).
EX CLA IM (3) exclaim (1.00); utter (0.68);
call (to raise the voice, 0.33).
EX CLU DE (16) exclude (to bar, 1.00); ex­
clude (to expel, 1.00); elim inate (to re­
move, 0.98); monopolize (0.80); except
(0.67); foreclose (to exclude, 0.67); bar
(to raise a physical obstruction, 0.55);
black- list (0.50); omit (to fail to include,
0.50); rem ove (to elim in ate, 0.50);
su sp e n d (to d e b a r, 0 .5 0 ); b a r (to
obstruct by refusal, 0.46); taboo (0.40);
hinder (0.33); paten t (0.22); forbid
(0.14).
EX COM M UNICATE (5) excommunicate
(1.00); banish (to condem n to exile,
0.75); dam n (to consign to hell, 0.36);
eject (to rem o v e fro m a so c ia l or
econom ic position , 0.25); dism iss (to
send away, 0.03).
E X C O R IA T E (6) excoriate (to rem ove
strips o f skin, bark, 1.00); excoriate (to
denounce, 1.00); skin (0.94); upbraid
(0.60); dam n (to consign to hell, 0.29);
flay (to rem ove sk in ,b ark ,h id e,etc .,
0.25).
EX CRETE (4) excrete (1.00); emit (to dis­
charge, 0.50); urinate (0.33); eject (to
remove physically, 0.32).
E X C R U C IA T E (1) hurt (to cause pain,
0.54).
EXCULPATE (8) exculpate (1.00); pardon
(to reduce punishm ent, 0.83); justify (to
give reaso n s for, 0.39); p ard o n (to
forgive, 0.25); defend (to support an
EXEMPUFY
accused person, 0.22); palliate (0.20);
ex c u se (0.1 3 ); fo rg iv e (to cease to
resent, 0.10).
EX C U SE (4) excuse (1.00); justify (to give
reasons for, 0.72); forgive (to cease to
resent, 0.70); condone (0.50).
E X E C R A T E (6) execrate (to curse, 1.00);
ex e c ra te (to d etest, 1.00); hate (to
detest, 0.90); curse (to sw ear at, 0.88);
dislike (0.48); upbraid (0.16).
E X E C U T E (32) execute (to carry out
instructions, 1.00); execute (to bring to
fruition, 1.00); execute (to put to death,
1.00); com plete (to m ake entire, 0.95);
act (to perform an action, 0.94); play
(to produce m usic, 0.91); achieve (to
finish an undertaking, 0.78); crucify (to
kill by cru cifix io n , 0.75); enact (to
accomplish, 0.75); kill (to deprive o f life,
0.73); m anage (to direct, 0.70); hang (to
kill by hanging, 0.67); perform (to ac­
complish an action, 0.61); punish (0.57);
enforce (to require com pliance, 0.53);
behead (0.50); discharge (to perform ,
0 .5 0 ); do (to d is c h a r g e o n e ’s
re s p o n s ib ilitie s , 0 .5 0 ); e le c tro c u te
(0.50); pro secu te (to p ursue, 0.50);
exercise (to use, 0.45); invent (to create
or discover, 0.39); etch (to use etching
as an artistic m edium , 0.33); make (to
perform , 0.33); manufacture (to make a
product, 0.32); decapitate (0.25); drama­
tize (to present a perform ance, 0.25);
render (to perform, especially a service,
0.25); shoot (to kill by shooting, 0.25);
contrive (to succeed w ith difficulty,
0.23); exercise (to move the body, 0.19);
p erfo rm (to p resen t a perform ance,
0.15).
E X E M P L IF Y (9) exemplify (1.00); illus­
trate (to make clear by illustration, 0.78);
EXEMPT
typify (0.75); instance (0.67); represent
(to serve as an equivalent, 0.55); refer
(to m e n tio n , 0 .2 7 ); p e r s o n if y (to
represent, 0.25); define (to provide a
nam e or description, 0.21); cite (to refer
to as authority, 0.13).
E X E M P T (3) exempt (1.00); excuse (0.54);
release (0.50).
E X E R C IS E (14) exercise (to m ove the
body, 1.00); exercise (to use, 1.00);
exercise (to train, 1.00); teach (to drill,
0.94); use (to m ake use of, 0.82); w ield
(0.79); practice (to seek im provem ent
through repetition, 0.70); ply (to prac­
tice, 0.67); w alk (to cause to m ove on
foot, 0.57); exert (0.50); train (to drill,
0.50); choose (to select, 0.37); take (to
apply, 0.33); obey (to act in accordance
w ith a recognized principle, 0.09).
E X E R T (10) exert (1.00); enforce (to re­
quire compliance, 0.87); try (to endeav­
our, 0.78); exercise (to use, 0.73); use
(to m ake use of, 0.73); take (to apply,
0.67); exercise (to move the body, 0.38);
sw eat (to w ork hard, 0.25); push (to
press against, 0.14); operate (to be in
operation, 0.03).
E X FO L IA T E (3) exfoliate (1.00); scale (to
peel, 0.67); shell (0.40).
E X H A L E (7) puff (to blow, 0.75); vapor­
ize (0.75); smell (to give off odour, 0.57);
blow (to send forth air rapidly, 0.33);
breathe (to blow gently, 0.25); em anate
(to emit, 0.25); emit (to discharge, 0.13).
E X H A U S T (30) exhaust (to consum e
strength, 1.00); exhaust (to use entirely,
1.00); drain (to w ith d raw stren g th ,
0.94); consum e (to destroy, 0.75); de­
flate (0.75); overtax (0.75); tire (to make
a person exhausted, 0.75); w eaken (to
m ake w eaker, 0.75); w eary (to m ake
-138- EXHILARATE
weary, 0.68); bleed (to drain, 0.67);
expend (to use, 0.67); spend (to expend,
0 .5 9 ); em p ty (to cau se to becom e
empty, 0.57); evacuate (to empty, 0.50);
m isspend (0.50); sap (0.50); w ear (to
consum e by w earing, 0.38); deplete
(0.33); im poverish (0.33); overwork
(0.33); em pty (to becom e empty, 0.27);
enfeeble (0.25); overdo (to overtax one­
se lf physically, 0.25); overexert (0.25);
ruin (to cause to b ecom e bankrupt,
0.20); deaden (to reduce life or its evi­
dence, 0.18); w aste (to squander, 0.18);
dry (to cause to becom e dry, 0.17);
scatter (to w aste, 0.11); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.02).
E X H E R E D A T E (1) disinherit (0.83).
E X H IB IT (17) exhibit (1.00); display (to
present for effect, 0.92); detail (to make
clear in detail, 0.88); develop (to reveal
slow ly, 0.85); dem onstrate (to present
for effect, 0.75); present (to display,
0.75); produce (to show, 0.75); show
(to display, 0.75); advertise (to make
p u b lic , 0 .7 1 ); p a ra d e (to m ak e an
ostentatious show, 0.67); expose (to
uncover, 0.65); advertise (to solicit
b u s in e s s , 0 .6 4 ); fe e l (to g iv e an
im p r e s s io n th ro u g h to u c h , 0.50);
m anifest (to display, 0.50); reveal (to
expose, 0.50); perform (to present a
p e r f o r m a n c e , 0 .3 8 ); p a r a d e (to
participate in a parade, 0.25).
E X H IL A R A T E (12) exhilarate (1.00); sat­
isfy (to m ake content, 0.75); inebriate
(0.67); intoxicate (to excite, 0.67); en­
courage (to raise the spirits, 0.60); renew
(to refresh, 0.55); rejuvenate (0.50);
en tertain (to act as host or hostess,
0.41); regenerate (0.33); revive (to give
new life, 0 .3 2 ); in v ig o ra te (0.25);
EXHORT -139-
refresh (to renew, 0.25).
E X H O R T (7) exhort (1.00); preach (0.90);
advise (to give counsel, 0.86); persuade
(to urge, 0.75); incite (0.61); w arn
(0.56); urge (to induce, 0.31).
E X H U M E (3) exhume (1.00); unearth (to
excavate, 0.75); dig (to rem ove by dig-
ging, 0.60).
EX ILE (12) exile (1.00); expatiate (0.75);
ostracize (0.75); deport (0.67); punish
(0.54); bar (to obstruct by refusal, 0.43);
depopulate (0.30); banish (to condem n
to exile, 0.25); proscribe (0.25); eliminate
(to rem ove, 0.20); dism iss (to send
away, 0.19); persecute (to oppress, es­
pecially for religious reasons, 0.04).
EXIST (7) exist (to have being, 1.00); exist
(to carry on life, 1.00); be (to have
being, 0.85); hold (to be valid, 0.80);
endure (to continue, 0.72); live (to have
life, 0.67); breathe (to live, 0.33).
EX IT (1) disappear (0.56).
E X O N E R A T E (7) ex o n e rate (1.00);
pardon (to reduce punishm ent, 0.92);
defend (to support an accused person,
0.72); exculpate (0.50); remit (to pardon,
0.50); forgive (to cease to resent, 0.20);
excuse (0.17).
E X O R C IS E (1) con ju re (to p ractice
magic, 0.50).
EXPAND (39) expand (1.00); grow (to be­
come larger, 0.93); lengthen (to m ake
longer, 0.93); develop (to im prove,
0.91); increase (to add to, 0.91); thin
(0.89); display (to present for effect,
0.88); swell (0.86); am plify (0.80); pad
(to increase, 0.78); radiate (to shed light
or heat, 0.78); enlarge (to increase,
0.75); exaggerate (0.75); fatten (to grow
fat, 0.75); inflate (to distend, 0.75);
liberalize (0.75); stretch (to becom e
EXPEDRE
longer, 0.75); deploy (0.71); inflate (to
fill with air or gas, 0.67); yawn (to open
w ide, 0.67); rise (to increase, 0.65);
thicken (to m ake thicker, 0.63); aug­
m ent (to increase, 0.50); broaden (0.50);
com e (to extend, 0.50); deepen (to grow
deeper, 0.50); diffuse (0.50); diversify
(0.50); gain (to increase, 0.50); spread
(to extend, 0.50); heave (to raise and
fall, 0.43); accum ulate (to increase,
0.33); baloon (0.33); boom (to increase
rapidly, 0.33); m agnify (to enlarge,
0.33); boost (to increase, 0.25); enlarge
(to cause to increase, 0.25); lengthen
(to grow longer, 0.25); prom ote (to
further, 0.18).
EXPATIATE (4) expatiate (1.00); recite (to
relate in detail, 0.95); develop (to work
out, 0.83); address (to speak to an as­
sembly, 0.18).
EXPATRIATE (5) expatriate (1.00); banish
(to condem n to exile, 0.94); eject (to
rem o v e from a so cial or econom ic
p o sitio n , 0.75); dism iss (to send away,
0.16); eliminate (to remove, 0.13).
E X P E C T (12) expect (to anticipate, 1.00);
expect (to require, 1.00); anticipate (to
foresee, 0.92); w ait (to await, 0.90);
enforce (to require com pliance, 0.77);
cost (to require in sacrifice, 0.75); abide
(to w ait for, 0.67); estim ate (to make a
considered prediction, 0.40); intend (to
propose, 0.43); aw ait (0.25); mean (to
have in mind, 0.25); require (to demand,
0 .20).
E X P E C T O R A T E (4) expectorate (1.00);
spit (0.86); eject (to remove physically,
0.42); emit (to discharge, 0.25).
E X P E D IT E (6) expedite (1.00); quicken
(to cause to hasten, 0.75); send (to dis­
patch, 0.53); push (to prom ote, 0.50);
EXPEL -140-
accelerate (0.25); ease (to m ove care­
fully, 0.08).
E X P E L (25) expel (to eject, 1.00); expel
(to dism iss, 1.00); discard (0.92); shoot
(to discharge, 0.80); banish (to rem ove
completely, 0.75); eliminate (to remove,
0.75); excom m unicate (0.75); extrude
(0.67); emit (to discharge, 0.66); punish
(0.60); dism iss (to send away, 0.59);
evict (0.50); ostracize (0.50); reject (to
discard, 0.50); oust (0.43); deport (0.33);
dispossess (to evict, 0.33); unseat (to
unsaddle, 0.33); excrete (0.27); relegate
(to rem ove, 0.25); em pty (to cause to
becom e empty, 0.19); disgrace (0.15);
ban ish (to condem n to exile, 0.13);
dum p (0.09); p ersecute (to oppress,
especially for religious reasons, 0.09).
EX PEN D (8) expend (to use, 1.00); expend
(to sp end, 1.00); sc a tte r (to w aste,
0.78); disburse (0.75); drain (to w ith­
draw strength, 0.65); emit (to discharge,
0.63); consum e (to destroy, 0.50); lose
(to suffer financially, 0.50).
E X P E R IE N C E (8) experience (1.00); suf­
fer (to feel pain, 0.82); undergo (0.73);
receive (to endure, 0.50); live (to enjoy
life, 0.40); share (to partake, 0.33);
en d u re (to su stain adversity, 0.29);
understand (to com prehend, 0.09).
E X P E R IM E N T (6) experiment (to inves­
tigate scientifically, 1.00); experim ent
(to put on trial, 1.00); venture (0.79),
examine (to test, 0.36); control (to verify,
0 .2 5 ); r e h e a r s e (to p r a c tic e a
performance, 0.25).
E X P IA T E (2) expiate (1.00); ram ble (to
speak or write aimlessly, 0.41).
E X P IR E (7) expire (to end, 1.00); expire
(to die, 1.00); die (to cease living, 0.89);
succum b (to die, 0.75); end (to die,
EXPLORE
0.67); depart (to die, 0.33); decease
(0.25).
E X P L A IN (17) explain (1.00); tell (to in­
form, 0.90); argue (to endeavour to con­
vince, 0.82); discuss (0.82); teach (to
act as a teacher, 0.80); prove (0.79);
tra n sla te (to in terp ret, 0.75); solve
(0.71); record (to indicate, 0.67); de­
velop (to reveal slowly, 0.65); under­
stand (to com prehend, 0.59); unfold (to
reveal, 0.55); read (to interpret, 0.50);
treat (to deal w ith a subject, 0.50); re­
cite (to report on a lesson, 0.33); reveal
(to divulge, 0.14); decipher (0.13).
E X P L IC A T E (8) explicate (1.00); explain
(0.94); expound (to interpret, 0.75); de­
velop (to reveal slowly, 0.50); translate
(to interpret, 0.50); show (to explain,
0.25); develop (to w ork out, 0.17);
unfold (to reveal, 0.09).
E X P L O D E (10) explode (to burst, 1.00);
e x p lo d e (to d iscred it, 1.00); refute
(0.85); sound (to m ake a noise, 0.72);
dynam ite (0.67); shoot (to discharge,
0.60); hit (to fire in tim e; said o f an
in te rn a l co m b u stio n m o to r), 0.50);
operate (to be in operation, 0.48); rage
(to be out o f control, 0.43); roar (0.24).
E X P L O IT (4) exploit (1.00); develop (to
im prove, 0.73); apply (to m ake use of,
0.20); hire (to employ, 0.04).
E X P L O R E (15) explore (1.00); feel (to ex­
am ine by touch, 0.91); search (0.86);
ransack (to search thoroughly, 0.85);
travel (to journey, 0.82); discover (to
find, 0.65); experim ent (to investigate
scientifically, 0.65); examine (to inspect
w ith care, 0.61); do (to travel, 0.50);
pioneer (0.50); plum b (0.50); range (to
trav e rse w ide areas, 0.44); hike (to
tram p, 0.33); seek (to look for, 0.33);
EXPORT
operate (to carry on a surgical proce­
dure, 0.14).
E X PO R T (2) export (1.00); ship (0.14).
EX PO SE (22) expose (to uncover, 1.00);
expose (to endeavour to attract atten­
tion, 1.00); expose (to open to danger,
1.00); expose (to betray, 1.00); oppose
(to hold a contrary opinion, 0.94); refute
(0.81); air (to expose to the air, 0.80);
advertise (to make public, 0.63); adm it
(to co n fe ss, 0 .62); c o n fu te (0 .6 2 );
detect (to identify a crim inal, 0.50);
discover (to make known, 0.50); imperil
(0.50); jeop ard ize (0.50); unfold (to
reveal, 0.36); w eather (to expose to the
weather, 0.23); ridicule (0.22); defeat (to
get the better o f another, 0.20); unwrap
(0.16); disprove (0.13); find (to happen
upon, 0.08); denounce (0.06).
EX PO ST U L A TE (5) expostulate (1.00);
rem onstrate (0.87); deprecate (0.25);
com plain (to express an objectio n ,
0.24); upbraid (0.18).
E X PO U N D (9) expound (to interpret,
1.00); expound (to set forth in detail,
1.00); teach (to act as a teacher, 0.77);
explain (0.76); annotate (0.50); read (to
interpret, 0.43); decipher (0.40); define
(to provide a nam e or d escription ,
0.29); lecture (to give a speech, 0.25).
EX PR ESS (25) express (to give utter­
ance, 1.00); express (to send by rapid
conveyor, 1.00); utter (0.89); draw (to
m ake a likeness by draw ing, 0.83);
notify (to provide w ith inform ation,
0.82); register (to show, 0.75); sign (to
indicate, 0.75); send (to dispatch, 0.74);
hasten (to m ake haste, 0.69); com m ent
(to make a rem ark, 0.68); dem onstrate
(to explain, 0.67); read (to interpret,
0.57); formulate (0.50); read (to contain
-141- EXTEND
w hen read, 0.43); dispatch (to send
s o m e th in g on its w ay, 0 .3 3 );
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.27); denote (0.25); expound (to set
forth in detail, 0.25); speak (to utter,
0.25); sym bolize (0.25); talk (to utter,
0.25); describe (0.22); m atter (to be o f
im portance, 0.22); m ean (to have as
m e an in g , 0 .22); en u n ciate (to p ro ­
nounce distinctly, 0.13).
E X P R O B R A T E (1) chasten (to punish,
0 .21 ).
E X P R O P R IA T E (2) expropriate (1.00);
seize (to take by force, 0.06).
E X P U N G E (6) expunge (1.00); erase (to
obliterate, 0.75); destroy (to bring to
nothing, 0.53); revoke (0.30); clean
(0.26); cancel (to mark out, 0.25).
EX PU R G A T E (2) expurgate (1.00); clean
(0.87).
E X S IC C A T E (2) dessicate (to dry, 0.75);
dry (to cause to becom e dry, 0.42).
E X T A S IZ E (1) entertain (to keep others
am used, 0.13).
E X T E M P O R IZ E (1) extemporize (1.00).
E X T E N D (27) extend (to m ake larger,
1.00); extend (to occupy space to a
given point, 1.00); increase (to add to,
0.97); arch (0.92); develop (to improve,
0 .8 6 ); lie (to b e s itu a te d , 0 .8 0 );
supplem ent (0.77); adm inister (to ten­
der, 0.75); enlarge (to cause to increase,
0.75); expand (0.75); overlay (to over­
lap, 0.75); ju t (0.67); project (to thrust
out, 0.67); stretch (to cause to stretch,
0.64); rise (to increase, 0.60); widen (to
m ake wider, 0.57); offer (to present,
0.54); strain (to stretch, 0.50); occupy
(to fill space, 0.36); drawl (0.33); ramble
(to go in v ario u s d irections, 0.31);
aggrandize (to increase, 0.25); deepen
EXTENUATE -142-
(to grow deeper, 0.25); elongate (0.25);
program (to w ork out a sequence to be
p e r f o rm e d , 0 .1 9 ); d e p lo y ( 0 .1 4 );
strengthen (0.13).
EX TE N U A TE (2) extenuate (1.00); gloze
(0.50).
E X T E R M IN ATE (17) exterminate (1.00);
d estro y (to bring to nothing, 0.96);
abolish (0.90); extirpate (0.75); kill (to
deprive o f existence, 0.75); m assacre
(0.67); ravage (0.59); annihilate (0.50);
elim inate (to rem ove, 0.50); eradicate
(0.50); overthrow (to abolish, 0.50); raze
(0.43); extinguish (to destroy, 0.33);
p u rg e (to elim inate, 0.33); unm ake
(0.25); kill (to deprive o f life, 0.20); eject
(to rem ove physically, 0.05).
E X T IN G U IS H (9) extinguish (to put out,
1.00); extinguish (to destroy, 1.00); die
(to cease existing, 0.80); subvert (0.62);
halt (to cause to cease, 0.58); ravage
(0.57); abolish (0.45); destroy (to bring
to nothing, 0.42); stifle (0.25).
E X T IR P A T E (4) extirpate (1.00); destroy
(to bring to nothing, 0.84); eradicate
(0.75); abolish (0.71).
E X T O L (11) extol (1.00); recom m end (to
lend support or approval, 0.88); adm ire
(to have regard for, 0.81); appreciate
(to recognize worth, 0.57); deify (0.50);
elevate (to exalt, 0.50); em blazon (to
p ro c la im , 0 .5 0 ); e u lo g iz e (0 .5 0 );
celebrate (to recognize an occasion,
0.3 1 ); w o rsh ip (to p erfo rm acts o f
w orship, 0.29); com plim ent (to con­
gratulate, 0.14).
E X T O R T (7) extort (1.00); blackm ail
(0.75); extract (to rem ove, 0.75); force
(to break open, 0.60); elicit (0.50); fine
(0.23); enforce (to require com pliance,
0.17).
EXUYIAIE
E X T R A C T (23) extract (to remove, 1.00);
extract (to elicit, 1.00); extract (to cite,
1.00);wring (0.86); liberate (to free from
chem ical or physical restraint, 0.80);
elicit (0.75); extort (0.75); excise (0.67);
w ren ch (0.67); u p root (0.60); distil
(0.50); sm elt (0.50); unscrew (0.50);
w innow (0.50); choose (to select, 0.47);
abstract (to take away, 0.25); educe
(0.25); excerpt (0.25); quote (to repeat
verb atim , 0.25); cite (to refer to as
authority, 0 .19); draw (to m ove an
object, 0.09); refer (to m ention, 0.07);
rem ove (to m ove physically, 0.05).
E X T R A D IT E (2) extradite (to deliver by
extradition, 1.00); banish (to condemn
to exile, 0.44).
E X T R IC A T E (8) extricate (1.00); free (to
liberate, 0.82); save (to rem ove from
danger, 0.82); ease (to m ove carefully,
0.77); loosen (to m ake loose, 0.75);
re s c u e (to fre e , 0 .7 0 ); e x tra c t (to
remove, 0.50); ransom (0.29).
E X T R U D E (3) extrude (1.00); protrude
(0.29); em it (to discharge, 0.09).
E X U B E R A T E (1) bristle (to display in
abundance, 0.25).
EX U D A T E (1) flow (to issue forth, 0.24).
E X U D E (15) exude (1.00); drain (to seep
away, 0.90); emanate (to emit, 0.75); dis­
charge (to em it, 0.50); issue (to emit,
0.50); ooze (0.50); pass (to emit, 0.50);
perspire (0.50); filter (to soak slowly,
0.46); shed (0.36); excrete (0.20); emit
(to discharge, 0.19); dump (0.18); sweat
(to perspire, 0.14); flow (to issue forth,
0.05).
E X U L T (5) boast (to brag, 0.75); rejoice
(0.75); brag (0.50); crow (to boast,
0.50); gloat (0.25).
E X U V IA T E (2) shed (0.64); skin (0.38).

EYE (1) see (to perceive w ith the eye,
0.59).
F evaporate (to disappear, 0.50); glimmer
F A B R IC A T E (2 1 ) f a b r ic a te (to
c o n s tru c t, 1.0 0 ) ;f a b r ic a te
m is re p re s e n t, 1.00); fa b ric a te (to
assemble, 1.00); m anufacture (to m ake
a product, 0.86); forge (0.83); com pose
(to create, 0.82); prefabricate (0.80);
build (to construct, 0.75); w eave (to
contrive, 0.75); im agine (to visualize
mentally, 0.67); m anufacture (to devise
from almost nothing, 0.67); prepare (to
make oneself ready, 0.57); m ake (to
m anufacture, 0.50); sim ulate (0.38);
construct (to build a physical structure,
0.25); erect (to build, 0.25); feign (0.25);
produce (to create by m ental effort,
0.25); corrupt (to render innacurate,
0.15); create (to make, 0.12); exaggerate
(0.07).
FACE (9) face (to confront conflict or
trouble, 1.00); face (to put a face on a
building, 1.00); face (to put facing on
goods, 1.00); face (to look out on, 1.00);
oppose (to fight, 0.63); veneer (0.38);
wad (0.33); com pete (0.26); endure (to
sustain adversity, 0.05).
FACET (1) cut (to sever, 0.16).
FACILITATE (3) facilitate (1.00); ease (to
move carefully, 0.38); lighten (to m ake
lighter, 0.29).
FA C T O R (1) represent (to act as a del­
egate, 0.50).
FADE (21) fade (to lose colour or light,
1.00); fade (to diminish in sound, 1.00);
fade (to lose character, 1.00); dam age
(to im pair the value of, 0.94); die (to
d e c lin e as th o u g h d e a th
inevitable , 0.94); decay (0.91); w ear
-143- FALL
(to be consum ed by w earing, 0.90);
disappear (0.84); languish (to weaken,
0.75); bleach (0.67); vanish (0.67);
(0.50); w eaken (to becom e weaker,
(to 0.36); dissolve (to fade away, 0.33);
decline (to becom e weaker, 0.25); sink
(to w eaken, 0.25); w hiten (to become
w hite, 0.25); w ilt (0.25); decrease (to
grow less, 0.24); w ither (0.22).
FA IL (14) fail (to be unsuccessful, 1.00);
fail (to prove unsatisfactory, 1.00); fail
(to grow less, 1.00); fail (to becom e
insolvent, 1.00); fail (to dism iss for
f a ilu re , 1 .0 0 ); d is a p p o in t (0 .9 6 );
m isbehave (0.80); decline (to becom e
weaker, 0.75); sell (to betray, 0.67);
w eak en (to b eco m e w eaker, 0.64);
languish (to w eaken, 0.50); sink (to
weaken, 0.50); sag (to lose vigour, 0.25);
decay (0.09).
F A IN T (4) faint (1.00); tire (to becom e
exhausted, 0.55); wilt (0.13); weaken (to
becom e weaker, 0.09).
F A K E (2) fake (1.00); invent (to fabri­
cate, 0.67).
F A L L (22) fall (to pass quickly dow n­
w ard, i 00); fall (to be overthrow n,
1.00); fall (to die in battle, 1.00); fall (to
occur, 1.00); overflow (to flow over the
top, or out at a vent, 0.96); drop (to fall
in drops, 0.92); run (to move, usually
rapidly, 0.91); give (to yield under
pressure, 0.79); parachute (0.75); re­
lapse (0.73); sink (to go downward,
0.73); faint (0.67); plunge (0.67); rain
(0.64); lose (to fail to win, 0.50); pitch
(to slo p e abruptly, 0.50); plum m et
(0.50); trip (to stum ble, 0.45); happen
w e re (to occur, 0.27); settle (to sink, 0.25);
sin (0.25); die (to cease living, 0.11).
FALSIFY
F A L S IF Y (17) falsify (1.00); lie (to utter
an untruth, 0.96); forge (0.94); corrupt
(to render innacurate, 0.92); exagger­
ate (0.82); m isinterpret (0.75); garble
(0.50); m isreport (0.50); m isrepresent
(0 .5 0 ); in v e n t (to fa b ric a te , 0 .3 3 );
perjure (0.33); im itate (to copy, 0.25);
m istranslate (0.25); prevaricate (0.25);
p re te n d (to feign, 0.06); ad u lterate
(0.03); slander (0.03).
F A L T E R (20) falter (1.00); hesitate
(0.97); w ave (to m ove back and forth,
0.95); stammer (0.89); lisp (0.83); totter
(to stagger, 0.83); fear (to anticipate
personal danger, 0.80); m ispronounce
(0.67); retard (to daw dle, 0.67); linger
(to go reluctantly, 0.64); d illy-dally
(0.50); recoil (0.50); stutter (0.50); fail
(to b e u n su c c e ssfu l, 0 .4 4 ); lag (to
m ove w ithout spirit, 0.42); fluctuate (to
hesitate, 0.25); sputter (0.25); vacillate
(to hesitate, 0.25); stum ble (to m ove in
a stum bling manner, 0.20); limp (0.08).
F A M IL IA R IZ E (4) fam iliarize (1.00);
p o p u larize (0.80); o rient (to adjust,
0.67); use (to m ake a practice o f (in
past), 0.22).
F A M IS H (2) famish (to kill, 1.00); starve
(to becom e weaker, die from hunger,
0.75).
FA N (3) blow (to send forth air rapidly,
0.67); air (to introduce air, 0.50); breathe
(to blow gently, 0.50).
FAN CY (13) dream (to entertain or delude
o n eself w ith im agined things, 0.89);
love (to be passionately devoted, 0.80);
dream (to have visions, usually during
sleep or fever, 0.60); choose (to select,
0.53); prefer (0.50); w ant (to desire,
0.50); cherish (to hold dear, 0.46); relish
(0.33); visualize (0.33); like (to enjoy,
-144- FATHER
0.25); im agine (to visualize mentally,
0.22); like (to be inclined, 0.17); assume
(to take for granted, 0.15).
FA N T A SIZ E (1) hallucinate (0.67).
F A R A D IZ E (1) electrify (to provide elec­
tricity, 0.23).
F A R E to go; to travel; to prosper (2) fare
(1.00); eat (to take as food, 0.13).
F A R M (2) farm (to do farm work, 1.00);
farm (to m anage farm property, 1.00).
F A R R O W (1) produce (to bear, 0.08).
F A S C IN A T E (5) fascinate (1.00); tempt
(0.91); appeal (to attract, 0.77); delight
(to give pleasure, 0.75); satisfy (to make
content, 0.25).
F A S H IO N (16) fashion (to mould, 1.00);
fashion (to adapt, 1.00); form (to give
shape to a thing, 0.86); invent (to cre­
ate or discover, 0.83); cut (to shape,
0.75); m anufacture (to m ake a product,
0.73); organize (to form an organization,
0.65); carve (to form by cutting, 0.58);
build (to construct, 0.54); create (to
make, 0.50); forge (0.50); whittle (to cut,
0.43); com pose (to give form, 0.33);
m ould (to give physical shape to, 0.33);
m odel (to form , 0.25); shape (to give
shape, 0.25).
FAST to abstain from food (2) fast (1.00);
abstain (0.22).
F A S T E N (10) fasten (to m ake something
secure, 1.00); fasten (to jo in two or
m ore things, 1.00); affix (0.75); append
(to a tta c h , 0 .7 5 ); stic k (to remain
fastened, 0.73); close (to shut, 0.70);
sew (0.70); join (to unite, 0.69); lash (to
tie up, 0.5 0 ); p ac k (to p rep a re for
transportation, 0.10).
FA T E (2) destine (to predestine, 0.75);
predeterm ine (0.50).
F A T H E R (5) beget (0.75); propagate (to
FATHOM -145-
beget, 0.67); adopt (to take as a son or
daughter, 0.55); reproduce (to m ulti­
ply, 0.47); nurse (0.24).
FATH O M (5) fathom (1.00); understand
(to com prehend, 0.94); plum b (0.75);
solve (0.47); exam ine (to inspect w ith
care, 0.22).
FA TIG U E (7) tire (to m ake a person ex­
hausted, 0.80); overexert (0.75); bore
(to weary, 0.67); weary (to make weary,
0.64); waste (to squander, 0.41); overdo
(to overtax o neself physically, 0.33);
wear (to consum e by w earing, 0.25).
FATTEN (4) fatten (to grow fat, 1.00); fat­
ten (to m ake fat, 1.00); prosper (0.69);
feed (0.45).
FAULT (5) fault (to fail, 1.00); fault (to
censure, 1.00); shift (to change posi­
tion, 0.57); depreciate (to lower in repu­
tation, 0.27); fail (to be unsuccessful,
0.13).
FAVOUR (20) favour (to have a prefer­
ence, 1.00); fa v o u r (to tre a t w ith
favoritism, 1.00); urge (to present fa­
vourably, 0.94); allow (to perm it an
action, 0.81); accom m odate (to render
a service, 0.72); approve (to give ap­
proval, 0.61); sustain (to defend, 0.60);
coddle (to pam per, 0.50); recom m end
(to lend support or approval, 0.48);
condescend (0.43); choose (to select,
0.40); patronize (to assum e a conde­
scending attitude, 0.40); prom ote (to
advance in rank, 0.40); consider (to
take into account, 0.33); justify (to give
reasons for, 0.33); turn (to incline, 0.33);
tend (to have a ten d en cy (tow ard),
0.29); p ro m o te (to fu rth e r, 0 .2 1 );
designate (to specify, 0.20); encourage
(to give support, 0.10).
FAWN to act slavishly (2) faw n (1.00);
FEUCHATE
grovel (0.88).
FAW N to bring forth young (1) produce
(to bear, 0.21).
FA ZE (1) faze (1.00).
F E A R (2) fear (to anticipate personal dan­
ger, 1.00); fear (to be apprehensive,
1.00 ).
F E A S T (6) feed (0.97); celebrate (to in­
dulge in celebration, 0.83); fete (0.75);
dine (0.50); glut (to eat to satiety, 0.36);
eat (to take as food, 0.30).
FEC U N D A TE (4) fertilize (to impregnate,
0.78); reproduce (to multiply, 0.60);
fructify (0.50); propagate (to beget,
0.07).
F E D E R A T E (2) federate (1.00); associate
(to form an organization, 0.29).
F E E D (11) feed (1.00); graze (to pasture,
0.88); fatten (to m ake fat, 0.86); nourish
(0.75); sup (0.75); consum e (to eat or
drink, 0.50); fuel (0.50); program (to
w ork out a sequence to be perform ed,
0 .50); eat (to take as food, 0.39);
entertain (to act as host or hostess,
0.35); nurse (0.06).
F E E L (10) feel (to examine by touch, 1.00);
feel (to ex p e rien c e, 1.00); feel (to
believe, 1.00); feel (to give an impres­
sion throug h touch, 1.00); taste (to
experience, 0.75); undergo (0.64); ven­
ture (0.50); endure (to sustain adver­
sity, 0.33); experience (0.33); discover
(to find, 0.16).
F E IG N (11) feign (1.00); dissemble (to pre­
tend, 0.75); fake (0.75); assume (to pre­
tend, 0.67); forge (0.61); simulate (0.57);
invent (to fabricate, 0.56); disguise
(0.41); act (to take part in a play, 0.39);
a ffe c t (to p re te n d , 0 .3 3 ); p o se (to
pretend, 0.33).
F EL IC IT A T E (3) felicitate (1.00); compli­
FELL - 146-
m ent (to congratulate, 0.93); congratu­
late (0.67).
F E L L (10) fell (1.00); cut (to sever, 0.89);
dow n (0.86); chop (0.67); raze (0.61);
flatten (to m ake flat, 0.44); destroy (to
bring to nothing, 0.36); hew (0.25); drop
(to cause or to perm it to fall, 0.20);
.dismantle (0.08).
F E L T (1) mat (0.70).
F E N C E (5) bar (to raise a physical ob­
struction, 0.80); entrench (to surround,
0.50); picket (to enclose, 0.50); compete
(0.47); simulate (0.43).
F E N D (2) fend (1.00); shield (0.25).
F E R M E N T (4) sour (0.82); brew (0.50);
spum e (0.50); bubble (0.25).
F E R R E T (2) ferret (1.00); hunt (to pur­
sue with intent to kill, 0.13).
F E R R Y (2) tow ( 0.50); c a n y (to trans­
port, 0.20).
F E R T IL IZ E (3) fertilize (to enrich land,
1.00); fertilize (to im pregnate, 1.00);
propagate (to beget, 0.53).
F E S T E R (4) fester (1.00); supp u rate
(0.75); matter (to form or discharge pus,
0.33); bubble (0.05).
FESTIV A L (1) fete (0,50).
F E S T O O N (4) festoon (1.00); enwreathe
(0.67); decorate (0.63); bedeck (0.50).
F E T C H (3) fetch (to draw forth, 1.00);
bring (to be w orth in sale, 0.83); pro­
duce (to bear, 0.58).
F E T E (2) fete (1.00); celebrate (to hon­
our, 0.67).
F E T T E R (11) fetter (to bind, 1.00); fetter
(to co n fin e , 1.00); h a rn e ss (0 .9 6 );
hinder (0.95); bind (to constrain with
bonds, 0.93); tram m el (0.80); hogtie
(0.67); hobble (to restrict, 0.50); shackle
(0.50); chain (to bind, 0.33); enslave
• (0.32).
FILE
F E U D (2) contest (to fight, 0.27); quarrel
(0.09).
F ID D L E (1) play (to produce music, 0.39).
F ID G E T (2) fidget (1.00); squinn (0.25).
F IE L D (1) field (1.00).
F IF E (1) whistle (to produce a shrill blast,
0.92).
F IG H T (8) fight (to struggle for an end,
1.00); fight (to engage in an encounter,
1.00); w ar (0.91); quarrel (0.82); argue
(to quarrel, 0.25); differ (to oppose,
0.25); squabble (0.25); act (to perform
an action, 0.22).
F IG U R E (19) figure (to com pute, 1.00);
figure (to estimate, 1.00); figure (to fig­
ure out, 1.00); program (to w ork out a
sequence to be perform ed, 0.81); cal­
c u late (to estim a te p ro b ab le costs,
0.75); add (to bring together, usually
by m athem atics, 0.67); loom (to appear
large or im posing, 0.67); total (to add,
0.67); value (to set a price upon, 0.63);
estim ate (to calculate, 0.62); estimate
(to m ake a rough guess, 0.55); calculate
(to reckon, 0.53); cipher (0.50); compute
(0.50); appraise (to estimate, 0.25); cast
(to com pute, 0.25); count (0.25); guess
(to attem pt an answ er on inadequate
evidence, 0.24); build (to construct, 0.18).
F IL C H (5) steal (0.95); poach (to steal,
0.75); rob (0.45); take (to steal, 0.25);
thieve (0.25).
F IL E to arrange in consecutive order (12)
file (to arrange in order, 1.00); record
(to write down, 0.76); group (0.75); sort
(0.75); order (to put in order, 0.71); list
(to enter in a list, 0.63); register (to
r e c o r d , 0 .3 3 ); s u s p e n d (to cease
temporarily, 0.30); distribute (to classify,
0.25); m arch (0.20); enroll (to prepare a
roll, 0.11); store (0.09).
FILE - 147-
F IL E to rub; to smooth or wear away with
a file (4) file (to use an abrasive, 1.00);
sharpen (to m ake keen, 0.67); grind (to
pulverize, 0.43); rub (to subject to fric­
tion, 0.14).
F IL IB U S T E R (2) hinder (0.29); delay (to
cause a delay, 0.20).
F IL L (26) fill (to pour to the capacity o f
the container, 1.00); fill (to occupy
avaliable space, 1.00); fill (to supply
w ith an occupant, 1.00); satisfy (to
fulfill, 0.88); interline (to put in an inter­
lining, 0.82); glut (to oversupply, 0.76);
answ er (to be sufficient, 0.75); feed
(0.74); plug (0.67); stand (to be situ­
ated, 0.67); occupy (to absorb atten­
tion, 0.57); spend (to pass tim e, 0.56);
assuage (to satisfy, 0.50); glut (to eat
to satiety, 0.50); pass (to spend tim e,
0.50); satiate (0.50); suit (to please,
0.50); line (to provide a lining, 0.40);
load (to place a load, 0.32); fatten (to
m ake fat, 0.29); engross (to occupy
o n e ’s tim e, 0.25); infest (to sw arm ,
0.25); o v erc ro w d (0 .2 5 ); p erm e ate
(0.25); satisfy (to m ake content, 0.22);
preserve (to keep, 0.04).
F IL L IP (3) fillip (to rap sharply, 1.00);
fillip (to stim ulate, 1.00); hasten (to
expedite, 0.77).
FIL M (4) film (1.00); photograph (0.88);
cut (to record electronically, 0.67);
record (to record electronically, 0.17).
FIL T E R (7) filter (to soak slowly, 1.00);
filter (to clean by filtering, 1.00); clarify
(to purify, 0.75); drain (to seep away,
0.70); drop (to fall in drops, 0.42); refine
(to purify, 0.25); purify (0.06).
FILTH (1) track (to dirty with tracks, 0.63).
FILTRATE (1) filter (to clean by filtering,
0.40).
FINISH
F IN A N C E (4) finance (1.00); underwrite
(to support financially, 0.90); support
(to provide for, 0.56); subsidize (0.50).
F IN D (11) find (to happen upon, 1.00);
find (to achieve, 1.00); find (to discover,
1.00); find (to reach a legal decision,
1.00); assume (to take for granted, 0.79);
locate (to determ ine a location, 0.78);
spot (to point out, 0.75); invent (to
create or discover, 0.61); unearth (to
disclose, 0.50); react (to feel in re­
sponse, 0.33); g ath er (to conclude,
0.25).
F IN E to cause to pay a fine (3) fine (1.00);
punish (0.69); mulct (to punish, 0.50).
FIN E S S E (1) maneuver (0.65).
F IN G E R (6) finger (to feel, 1.00); feel (to
e x a m in e by to u ch , 0 .9 6 ); play (to
produce music, 0.78); handle (to touch,
0.75); touch (to be in contact, 0.64);
exam ine (to inspect with care, 0.09).
F IN IS H (41) finish (to bring to an end,
1.00); finish (to develop a surface, 1.00);
finish (to com e to an end, 1.00); var­
nish (0.94); end (to bring to a halt,
0.88); stop (to cease, 0.87); achieve (to
finish an undertaking, 0.86); climax (to
bring to a climax, 0.75); com plete (to
b rin g to an end, 0.75); discontinue
(0.75); dispatch (to make an end, 0.75);
execute (to bring to fruition, 0.75); plane
(0.75); press (to sm ooth, usually by
heat and pressure, 0.75); term inate (to
com e to an end, 0.75); abolish (0.74);
culm inate (0.67); perform (to complete
an action, 0.67); shine (to cause to
shine, usually by polishing, 0.56); close
(to put a stop to, 0.50); do (to bring to
a close, 0.50); expire (to end, 0.50); go
(to end, 0.50); graduate (to receive a
FINK
degree, 0.50); operate (to produce an
effect, 0.44); edit (to prepare for publi­
cation, 0.39); file (to use an abrasive,
0.38); iron (0.33); develop (to improve,
0.32); decorate (0.29); form (to give
shape to a thing, 0.29); accom plish
(0.25); consum m ate (0.25); dispatch (to
kill deliberately, 0.25); polish (0.25);
whet (0.25); result (0.17); veneer (0.13);
perform (to accomplish an action, 0.11);
halt (to cause to cease, 0.07); destroy
(to bring to nothing, 0.05).
F IN K (1) abandon (to leave in trouble,
0 .21).
F IR E (22) fire (to set on fire, 1.00);fire (to
shoot, 1.00); fire (to dism iss, 1.00); fire
(to anim ate, 1.00); heat (to m ake hot,
0 .9 5 ); sh o o t (to d is c h a rg e , 0 .9 0 );
dismiss (to rem ove an em ployee, 0.77);
enkindle (to ignite, 0.75); inspire (to
stim ulate to creative activity, 0.75);
orbit (to put into orbit, 0.67); throw (to
hurl, 0.67); excite (to stir one mentally,
0.63); cure (to harden, 0.50); discharge
(to cause to fire, 0.33); start (to cause
to ignite, 0.33); fascinate (0.31); harden
(to m ake less pervious, 0.31); bum (to
subject to fire, 0.27); bake (to harden,
0 .2 5 ); m o tiv a te (0 .2 4 ); e x c ite (to
activate, 0.18); elim inate (to rem ove,
0.03).
F IR M (1) harden (to becom e less pen ­
etrable, 0.29).
F IS H to catch fish (3) fish (1.00); hunt
(to pursue w ith intent to kill, 0.43);
dredge (0.25).
F IT (16) fit (to be suitable in character,
1.00); fit (to be suitable in size and
shape, 1.00); fit (to make suitable, 1.00);
fit (to equip, 1.00); prepare (to m ake
oneself ready, 0.87); articulate (to join,
-148- 11X
0.80); qualify (to fulfill requirem ents,
0.75); adjust (to place or regulate parts,
0.73); provide (to supply, 0.62); meet
(to fu lfill, 0.50); teach (to act as a
teacher, 0.47); becom e (to be suitable,
0.25); fashion (to adapt, 0.25); furnish
(to equip w ith furniture, 0.25); organ­
ize (to put in order, 0.25); apply (to be
relevant, 0.17).
F IX (53) fix (to make finn, 1.00);fix (to pre­
pare a m eal, 1.00); fix (to put in order,
1.00); fix (to prearrange, 1.00); fix (to
decide, 1.00); fix (to harden, 1.00);
adjust (to place or regulate parts, 0.96);
faste n (to m ak e so m e th in g secure,
0.96); repair (0.96); cook (0.95); define
(to set limits, 0.83); heal (to cure, 0.79);
hard e n (to b eco m e less penetrable,
0.76); establish (to m ake secure, 0.75);
place (to put in order, 0.75); vamp (to
repair, 0.75); regulate (to adjust, 0.68);
paste (0.67); prepare (to m ake oneself
ready, 0.65); rate (to rank, 0.64); crown
(to em pow er w ith a crow n, 0.63); rank
(to ev a lu a te, 0.60); reso lv e (0.60);
prove (0.55); concentrate (to bring or
com e together, 0.54); em bed (to put in,
0.53); append (to attach, 0.50); bed
(0.50); ingrain (0.50); overhaul (0.50);
posit (to place, 0.50); set (to establish,
0.50); solidify (to harden, 0.50); order
(to put in order, 0.44); stiffen (to cause
to becom e stiff, 0.41); yoke (0.37);
correct (to m ake needed corrections,
0.36); organize (to form an organization,
0.35); force (to use force, 0.34); impose
(0.33); set (to fasten, 0.33); confine (to
set lim its, 0.25); line (to arrange in a
line, 0.25); m end (to repair, 0.25); put
(to establish, 0.25); rivet (0.25); form
(to give shape to a thing, 0.24); bind
FIZZ -149-
(to constrain w ith bonds, 0.21); glare
(to stare fiercely, 0.20); hang (to sus­
pend, 0.17); enact (to legislate, 0.16);
harden (to m ake less pervious, 0.12);
improve (to make better, 0.06).
F IZ Z (2) effervesce (0.75); hiss (to m ake
a hissing sound, 0.50).
FLA G to hang down; to flap (8) limp (0.85);
tire (to becom e exhausted, 0.82); weary
(to becom e weary, 0.78); w ilt (0.50);
suffer (to feel pain, 0.18); w eaken (to
becom e w eaker, 0.14); sleep (0.13);
loiter (0.10).
F L A G to place a flag; to inform by flag
signals (3) flag (1.00); signal (0.90);
whistle (to call with a w histle, 0.29).
FLA G to pave with stones (1) pave (0.83).
FLA G E LLA T E (3) flagellate (1.00); beat
(to thrash, 0.55); hurt (to cause pain,
0 .22).
F L A IL (5) thrash (to free grain or seed
from hulls, 0.78); hurt (to cause pain,
0.59); hit (to strike, 0.35); buffet (0.25);
beat (to thrash, 0.14).
FL A K E (5) flake (1.00); plate (0.67);
stratify (0.50); scale (to peel, 0.33); chip
(0.17).
FL A M E (7) flam e (1.00); rage (to give
vent to anger, 0.73); heat (to becom e
hot, 0.69); blaze (0.67); flash (to give
forth a light by flash, 0.55); light (to
become ignited, 0.50); bum (to oxidize,
0.38).
FLA N K (1) define (to set limits, 0.07).
FLAP (9) flap (1.00); flop (to be limp, 0.75);
flutter (0.75); hang (to be suspended,
0.73); w ave (to flutter, 0.42); shake (to
vibrate, 0.41); flop (to m ove w ith little
control, 0.35); beat (to pulsate, 0.34);
blow (to carry on the wind, 0.33).
FLA RE (5) flare (to flash, 1.00); flare (to
FUEE
erupt, 1.00); radiate (to shed light or
heat, 0.37); rage (to be out o f control,
0.29); bum (to oxidize, 0.13).
F L A S H to m ove (o f liquid or fire) (9)
flash (to give forth a light by flash,
1.00); flash (to m ove w ith a speed o f a
flash, 1.00); shine (to give forth light,
0.52); flap (0.50); flit (0.50); blaze (0.33);
reflect (to throw back an image, 0.33);
burn (to oxidize, 0.25); radiate (to shed
light or heat, 0.22).
FL A T T E N (9) flatten (to grow flat, 1.00);
flatten (to m ake flat, 1.00); smooth (to
rem ove unevenness, 0.77); spread (to
becom e spread, 0.60); roll (to smooth
with a roller, 0.57); deflate (0.50); harden
(to m ake less p erv io u s, 0.45); raze
(0.30); unfold (to unfurl, 0.23).
F L A T T E R (11) flatter (to praise unduly,
1.00); fla tte r (to be b eco m in g to a
wearer, 1.00); satisfy (to m ake content,
0.66); court (to seek favour, 0.50); laud
(0.50); w heedle (0.50); entertain (to
keep others amused, 0.26); cajole (0.25);
grovel (0.21); becom e (to be suitable,
0.13); praise (to com mend, 0.05).
F L A U N T (5) flaunt (1.00); flourish (to
w ave trium phantly, 0.50); display (to
present for effect, 0.44); boast (to brag,
0.40); parade (to m ake an ostentatious
show, 0.33).
FLA V O U R (1) flavour (1.00).
FLAY (10) flay (to remove skin,bark, hide,
etc., 1.00); flay (to criticize, 1.00); skin
(0.69); upbraid (0.58); peel (0.50); man­
gle (to mutilate, 0.45); excoriate (to de­
nounce, 0.25); excoriate (to rem ove
strips o f skin, bark, 0.25); pare (to peel,
0.25); unwrap (0.21).
F L E E (8) flee (1.00); escape (0.94); has­
ten (to m ake haste, 0.66); abscond
FUEECE -150-
(0.50); leave (to go away, 0.38); run (to
go sw iftly by physical effort, 0.38);
retreat (to execute a forced retirem ent
in battle, 0.27); elope (0.25).
F L E E C E (3) ruin (to cause to becom e
bankrupt, 0.40); deceive (0.14); steal
(0.13).
F L E E R (3) fleer (1.00); ridicule (0.43);
sneer (0.14).
F L E X (2) bend (to force out o f a straight
line, 0.73); give (to yield under p res­
sure, 0.21).
F L IC K to strike (1) je rk (to m ove an ob­
ject w ith a quick tug, 0.08).
F L IC K E R (11) flicker (to shine, 1.00);
flicker (to quiver, 1.00); blink (to w ink
rapidly, 0.50); tw inkle (0.50); beat (to
pulsate, 0.47); fade (to lose colour or
light, 0.33); radiate (to shed light or
heat, 0.30); glisten (0.25); play (to dis­
play light, erratic m ovem ent, 0.25);
flash (to give forth a light by flash,
0.05); shine (to give forth light, 0.05).
F L IN C H (9) flinch (1.00); recoil (0.79);
cringe (0.75); w ince (0.70); blen ch
(0.67); fear (to anticipate personal dan­
ger, 0.60); cow er (0.50); crouch (to
cower, 0.50); shrink (0.25).
F L IN G (17) fling (1.00); throw (to hurl,
0.93); flounce (0.75); dart (to m ove in
the m anner o f a dart, 0.59); blow (to
carry on the wind, 0.50); cast (to throw,
0.50); dash (to throw, 0.50); heave (to
throw, 0.50); hurl (0.50); pitch (to throw,
0.50); send (to project, 0.50); slam (to
throw w ith a slam, 0.50); toss (to throw
easily, 0.50); bow l (in cricket,to pitch,
0.25); deliver (to throw, 0.25); je rk (to
m ove an object with a tug, 0.23); down
(0.07).
F L IP (2) je rk (to m ove an object w ith a
FLOOR
quick tug, 0.46); yank (0.33).
F L IR T (3) flirt (to coquet, 1.00); philan­
der (0.33); wink (to close one eye, 0.17).
F L IT (5) flit (1.00); whisk (0.75); flash (to
m ove w ith a speed o f a flash, 0.50);
leave (to go away, 0.35); glide (to move
gently, 0.23).
F L IT C H to cut into flitches (1) cut (to
sever, 0.14).
F L O A T (13) float (1.00); glide (to move
gently, 0.92); drift (0.86); sail (to fly,
0.80); fly (to pass through the air, 0.77);
hover (0.75); swim (0.63); skim (to pass
lightly and sw iftly, 0.60); drive (to
m anage a propelled vehicle, 0.54); flow
(to m ove in one direction, 0.52); haunt
(to frequent as a spirit, 0.50); coast
(0.33); ride (to allow o n e s e lf to be
dom inated by circum stances, 0.33).
F L O C K to gather (individuals) together
(2) flock (1.00); collect (to com e to­
gether, 0.25).
F L O C K to stuff with flocks (1) infest (to
swarm, 0.06).
F L O G (11) flog (1.00); beat (to thrash,
0 .9 3 ); h u rt (to c a u se p a in , 0.82);
scourge (to w hip, 0.75); trounce (to
beat, 0.75); defeat (to w orst in sport or
in personal com bat, 0.66); flagellate
(0.50); persecute (to oppress, especially
for religious reasons, 0.43); damage (to
cause pain, 0.25); drub (0.25); punish
(0 . 11).
F L O O D (10) flood (1.00); glut (to over­
supply, 0.94); flow (to issu e forth,
0.92); gush (to em it copiously, 0.67);
pour (to rain heavily, 0.50); w ash (to
border upon, 0.33); drench (0.25); water
(0.25); infest (to swarm, 0.19); soak (to
drench, 0.07).
F L O O R (6) defeat (to w orst in sport or
FLOP
in personal com bat, 0.76); ground (to
bring to the ground, 0.67); drop (to
cause or to perm it to fall, 0.47); flatten
(to m ake flat, 0.38); shock (to disturb
o n e’s sense o f propriety, 0.23); pave
(0.17).
FLO P (7) flop (to move with little control,
1.00); flop (to fall w ithout restraint,
1.00); flop (to be limp, 1.00); hang (to
be suspended, 0.55); lop (to hang, 0.50);
pitch (to fall forw ard, 0.50); je rk (to
move an object with a quick tug, 0.38).
FLO U N C E to curl; to friz; to trim (1) wig­
gle (0.13).
F L O U N C E to go w ith agitating m otion
(2) flounce (1.00); flop (to m ove w ith
little control, 0.57).
FLO U N D ER (10) flounder (1.00); flop (to
m ove with little control, 0.83); w obble
(0.80); hesitate (0.77); slop (0.67); stum­
ble (to m ove in a stum bling m anner,
0.60); botch (0.50); w allow (0.50); fail
(to be u n su ccessfu l, 0.38); toss (to
m ove up and down, 0.36).
F L O U R IS H (14) flo u rish (to w av e
tr iu m p h a n tly , 1 .0 0 ); f lo u r is h (to
prosper, 1.00); prosper (0.85); rise (to
im prove on e’s station, 0.71); sw ing (to
cause to swing, 0.71); revive (to take
on new life, 0.64); th riv e (to grow
vigorously, 0.64); succeed (to attain
success, 0.62); thrive (to prosper, 0.50);
bloom (0.25); boast (to brag, 0.15);
grow (to become larger, 0.15); shake (to
cause to vibrate, 0.14); w ield (0.07).
FLO U T (5) flout (1.00); ridicule (0.52); up­
braid (0.49); sneer (0.38); gibe (0.25).
F L O W (1 3 ) flo w (to m o v e in o n e
direction, 1.00); flow (to issue forth,
1.00); flow (to keep up a circular motion,
1.00); w ave (to undulate, 0.77); w ave
-151- FLUTE
(to flutter, 0.75); em pty (to becom e
empty, 0.73); thaw (to melt, 0.63); grow
(to change slowly, 0.59); m ove (to be
in m otion, 0.50); spread (to becom e
spread, 0.40); m elt (to liquefy, 0.27);
crimp (to curl, 0.25); stream (0.25).
F L O W E R (7) flower (1.00); bloom (0.94);
produce (to bear, 0.89); effloresce (0.75);
grow (to change slowly, 0.68); prosper
(0.31); begin (to come into being or start
functioning, 0.14).
F L U C T U A T E (15) fluctuate (to oscillate,
1.00); flu ctu ate (to h esitate, 1.00);
w aver (0.91); hesitate (0.90); change (to
make different, 0.86); lick (to play over;
said o f flam es, 0.77); w ave (to move
b ac k and forth, 0.76); v acillate (to
hesitate, 0.75); vibrate (to quiver, 0.75);
sh a k e (to v ib ra te , 0 .5 3 ); b ea t (to
pulsate, 0.50); sw ing (to describe an
arc, 0.45); falter (0.33); range (to vary,
0.33); vary (to show changes, 0.33).
F L U ID IF Y (1) dissolve (to pass from a
solid to a liquid state, 0.36).
F L U R R Y (2) confuse (0.89); em barrass
(to upset mentally, 0.30).
F L U S H to m ake flush or level (7) blush
(0.80); colour (to take on colour, 0.80);
heat (to m ake hot, 0.68); heat (to be­
com e hot, 0.63); redden (to grow red,
0.57); redden (to m ake red, 0.27); clean
(0.09).
F L U S H to m ove suddenly (especially of
liquid) (1) rinse (0.50).
F L U S T E R (6) confuse (0.93); upset (to
disturb, 0.50); excite (to stir one m en­
tally, 0.34); straiten (to distress, 0.25);
em barrass (to upset mentally, 0.24);
disturb (to upset mental calm, 0.04).
F L U T E (1) w histle (to produce a shrill
blast, 0.77).
FLUTTER -152-
F L U T T E R (15) flutter (LOO); beat (to pul­
sate, 0.84); blow (to c a n y on the wind,
0.83); flap (0.75); flicker (to quiver, 0.75);
flit (0.75); thrill (to become excited, 0.70);
lick (to play over; said o f flam es, 0.69);
hover (0.50); vibrate (to quiver, 0.50);
w hisk (0.50); shake (to vibrate, 0.35);
flu ctu ate (to o scillate, 0 .25); te ete r
(0.18); fly (to pass through the air, 0.15).
F L U X (2) liquefy (0.25); dissolve (to pass
from a solid to a liquid state, 0.09).
FLY (20) fly (to pass through the air, 1.00);
fly (to m ove swiftly, 1.00); fly (to flee
from danger, 1.00); fly (to m anage a
plane in the air, 1.00); fly (to pass over
by flying, 1.00); escape (0.88); rocket
(0.86); hasten (to m ake haste, 0.77);
hurry (to m ove rapidly, 0.67); je t (to
travel by je t airplane, 0.67); race (to
m ove at great speed, 0.58); w ave (to
flutter, 0.58); elope (0.50); pass (to
elapse, 0.50); glide (to m ove gently,
0.38); retreat (to execute a forced re­
tirem ent in battle, 0.33); leave (to go
away, 0.27); m ove (to be in m otion,
0.25); travel (to journey, 0.07); dart (to
m ove in the m anner o f a dart, 0.06).
F O A L (1) produce (to bear, 0.32).
F O A M (5) bubble (0.90); rage (to give
vent to anger, 0.82); lather (0.75); effer­
vesce (0.50); spum e (0.25).
F O C A L IZ E (3) converge (0.40); centre
(0.35); concentrate (to bring or com e
together, 0.22).
F O C U S (6) focus (to draw tow ard a cen­
tre, 1.00); focus (to make an image clear,
1.00); centre (0.82); sharpen (to m ake
m ore exact, 0.75); adjust (to place or
regulate parts, 0.65); concentrate (to
bring or com e together, 0.46).
F O G to envelope w ith or as w ith fog; to
FOLLOW
m ystify; to perplex (2) confuse (0.55);
mist (0.25).
F O IL to prevent from carrying out (7)
halt (to cause to cease, 0.72); hinder
(0 .6 6 ); d e fe a t (to g et the b e tte r of
another, 0.51); frustrate (0.50); prevent
(0.44); disappoint (0.30); discom fit (to
defeat the plans of, 0.25).
F O L D to lay in folds (13) fold (to place
together or lay in folds, 1.00); com pli­
cate (0.93); roll (to make into aroll, 0.78);
loop (to be in the form o f a loop, 0.75);
cu rl (to tw ist, 0 .5 4 ); cru m p le (to
b ec o m e w rin k led , 0.50); ja ck k n ife
(0.50); w in d (to w rap about, 0.50);
w eav e (to co n stru ct by interlacing,
0.39); span (0.33); rum ple (0.25); turn
(to bend, 0.25); face (to put facing on
goods, 0.20).
F O L D to shut up in a fold (sheep) (1)
fold (to enclose, 1.00).
F O L IA T E (1) page (to m ark the pages,
0 .20).
F O L L O W (30) follow (to be later in time,
1.00); follow (to regulate o n e’s action,
1.00); follow (to be a follower, 1.00);
follow (to hunt, 1.00); follow (to ob­
serve, 1.00); follow (to understand,
1.00); follow (to result, 1.00); hunt (to
pursue w ith intent to kill, 0.96); resem­
ble (0.89); serve (to obey, 0.75); under­
stand (to com prehend, 0.74); w atch (to
h e attentive, 0.71); jo in (to enter the
com pany of, 0.70); accom pany (to go
with, 0.69); adhere (to serve, 0.67); heel
(0.67); result (0.44); track (to follow by
evidence, 0.43); court (to woo, 0.35);
align (to join , 0.33); happen (to occur,
0.33); pan (to sw ing; said o f a camera,
0 .3 3 ); p r a c tic e (to e m p lo y o n e ’s
professional skill, 0.33); reproduce (to
FOMENT
make a second time, 0.29); roll (to move
by rotation, or in rotating num bers,
0.29); grasp (to com prehend, 0.25);
postdate (to succeed, 0.25); reflect (to
throw back, 0.17); line (to be in a line,
0.10); spy (to act as a spy, 0.07).
FO M EN T (2) excite (to activate, 0.27); in­
cite (0.04).
FON D LE (13) fondle (1.00); paw (to han­
dle clum sily, 0.88); love (to express
love by caresses, 0.80); caress (0.79);
dandle (0.75); pet (to caress, 0.75); baby
(0.69); feel (to examine by touch, 0.57);
hold (to have in o n e’s grasp, 0.38); lick
(to pass the tongue over, 0.29); cuddle
(to em brace, 0.25); touch (to be in
contact, 0.23); cherish (to hold dear,
0.08).
F O O L (12) fool (1.00); deceive (0.81);
bluff (0.75); dupe (0.75); catch (to trick,
0 .6 7 ); d e lu d e (0 .2 5 ); k id ( 0 .2 5 );
overreach (to outwit, 0.25); trap (0.25);
trick (0.25); victimize (0.17); joke (0.08).
F O R A G E (5) forage (1.00); ransack (to
loot, 0.67); raid (0.48); graze (to pas­
ture, 0.44); ravage (0.22).
FORAY (1) ravage (0.2.0).
F O R B E A R (4) forbear (1.00); abstain
(0.89); spare (0.67); refrain (0.25).
FORBID (7) forbid (1.00); bar (to obstruct
by refusal, 0.89); com m and (to issue
an order, 0.70); taboo (0.67); w arn
(0.37); hinder (0.22); halt (to cause to
cease, 0.06).
F O R C E (1 6 ) fo rc e (to u se f o rc e ,
1.00);force (to break open, 1.00); force
(to rape, 1.00); force (to encourage
grow th, 1.00); force (to capture by
assault, 1.00); throw (to send forth,
0.75); urge (to drive, 0.67); penetrate
(to pierce, 0.65); drive (to urge on, 0.57);
-153- FOREWARN
goad (0.56); com m and (to have control,
0.47); seize (to take by force, 0.39);
extort (0.25); fight (to struggle for an
e n d , 0 .1 7 ); e n f o r c e (to re q u ir e
compliance, 0.13); incite (0.07).
F O R D (1) cross (to pass over, 0.50).
F O R E A R M (1) warn (0.70).
F O R E B O D E (2) forebode (1.00); foretell
(0.44).
F O R E C A S T (8) forecast (to foresee,
1.00); forecast (to predict, 1.00); antici­
pate (to foresee, 0.83); calculate (to
reckon, 0.79); portend (0.75); augur
(0.50); budget (to estimate expenditures
and income, 0.50); presage (0.50).
F O R E C L O S E (2) foreclose (to exclude,
1.00); foreclose (to hinder, 1.00).
F O R E D O O M (1) foredoom (1.00).
F O R E G O (1) forego (1.00).
F O R E JU D G E (1) prejudge (0.50).
F O R E K N O W (1) foretell (0.50).
F O R E O R D A IN (3) foreordain (1.00); or­
dain (to destine, 0.50); foredoom (0.25).
F O R E R U N (2) rank (to possess relative
evaluation, 0.71); precede (0.60).
F O R E S E E (5) prepare (to make oneself
ready, 0.96); foretell (0.63); hope (0.56);
will (an indication o f futurity, 0.29); ask
(to expect, 0.25).
F O R E S H A D O W (4) foreshadow (1.00);
foreordain (0.50); hint (0.23); foretell
(0.19).
F O R E S H O W (1) foretell (0.81).
F O R E S T A L L (5) forestall (to anticipate,
1.00); forestall (to hinder, 1.00); prevent
(0.91); obviate (0.50); hinder (0.26).
F O R E T E L L (1) foretell (1.00).
F O R E W A R N (6) forewarn (1.00); warn
(0.96); caution (0.75); forebode (0.75);
threaten (to warn o f punishment, 0.43);
advise (to give counsel, 0.10).
FORFEIT -154-
F O R F E IT (3) forfeit (1.00); sacrifice (to
give up as a m eans to an end, 0.89);
eliminate (to remove, 0.63).
F O R F E N D (1) forfend (1.00).
F O R G A T H E R (4) forgather (1.00); gather
(to com e together, 0.89); m eet (to go to
a place o f m eeting, 0.71); concentrate
(to bring or com e together, 0.29).
F O R G E (9) forge (1.00); copy (to repro­
duce, 0.78); com pose (to create, 0.55);
em bezzle (0.50); m anufacture (to m ake
a product, 0.50); m int (to print or press
money, 0.33); create (to m ake, 0.23);
build (to construct, 0.14); invent (to
create or discover, 0.11).
F O R G E T (7) forget (to lose memory, 1.00);
forget (to neglect accidentally, 1.00);
forget (to forget oneself, 1.00); shrug
(0.75); forgive (to cease to resent, 0.40);
lose (to bring about a loss, 0.33); leave
(to allow to remain, 0.25).
F O R G IV E (7) forgive (to cease to resent,
1.00); forgive (to absolve, 1.00); excuse
(0.92); melt (to relent, 0.50); spare (0.33);
exculpate (0.25); reprieve (to pardon,
0.25).
F O R G O (4) waive (0.92); sacrifice (to give
up as a m eans to an end, 0.78); yield
(to surrender, 0.15); abandon (to relin­
quish, 0.11).
F O R K (3) dig (to stir the earth, 0.71); ram ­
ble (to go in various directions, 0.54);
divide (to separate by parting, 0.04).
F O R M (19) form (to give shape to a
thing, 1.00);form (to give character to a
person, LOO); form (to com prise, 1.00);
form (to take form , 1.00); g enerate
(0.80); invent (to create or discover,
0 .7 8 ); c r e a te (to m a k e , 0 .7 7 );
m anufacture (to m ake a product, 0.77);
organize (to form an organization, 0.77);
FORTIFY
w eave (to contrive, 0.63); arch (0.46);
draw (to m ake a likeness by drawing,
0.43); round (to make round, 0.36); plan
(to plot an action in advance, 0.33);
influence (0.29); erect (to establish,
0.25); fabricate (to construct, 0.25);
fashion (to m old, 0.25); teach (to act as
a teacher, 0.23).
F O R M A L IZ E (3) define (to provide a
nam e or description , 0.75); order (to
put in order, 0.50); stylize (0.50).
F O R M U L A T E (13) form ulate (1.00);
tabulate (0.93); write (to com pose in
w ords, 0.83); organize (to form an or­
ganization, 0.81); build (to found, 0.75);
create (to conceive in the m ind, 0.75);
edit (to supervise publication, 0.73);
im agine (to visualize mentally, 0.61);
conceive (to form a concept or image
of, 0.50); dictate (to speak for record,
0.50); legalize (0.50); concoct (to make
by com bining ingredients, 0.25); enact
(to legislate, 0.05).
F O R N IC A T E (1) copulate (0.09).
F O R S A K E (11) forsake (to relinquish,
1.00); fo rsa k e (to ab a n d o n , 1.00);
abandon (to leave in trouble, 0.86);
desert (to abandon in tim e o f trouble,
0.75); leave (to abandon, 0.67); jilt
(0.50); renounce (to abandon, 0.50);
scrab (to discard, 0.50); defect (0.33);
m aroon (0.25); discard (0.12).
F O R S W E A R (5) forswear (1.00); revoke
(0.96); recant (0.48); lie (to utter an un­
truth, 0.46); abandon (to relinquish,
0.07).
F O R T IF Y (16) fortify (to strengthen
a g a in s t a tta c k , 1 .0 0 ); f o r tif y (to
strengthen physically or em otionally,
1.00); strengthen (0.91); energize (0.75);
entrench (to surround, 0.75); garrison
FORWARD -155-
(0.75); encourage (to give support,
0.59); co n so lid ate (to develop as a
defensible position, 0.50); enforce (to
add strength, 0.50); forfend (0.50); gird
(to support, 0.50); supplem ent (0.46);
confirm (to strengthen, 0.33); barricade
(0.25); man (0.25); encourage (to raise
the spirits, 0.08).
FORW ARD (6) promote (to further, 0.97);
send (to dispatch, 0.89); rem it (to send,
0 .6 7 ); e x p re s s (to s e n d b y r a p id
conveyor, 0.50); tran sm it (to send,
0 .50); en c o u rag e (to g iv e su p p o rt,
0.14).
F O S S IL IZ E (3) harden (to becom e less
penetrable, 0.53); ossify (0.33); harden
(to m ake less pervious, 0.29).
F O S T E R (14) foster (to harbour, 1.00);
foster (to support, 1.00); encourage (to
give support, 0.72); support (to uphold,
0.63); grow (to cultivate, 0.50); stim u­
late (0.50); civilize (0.43); prom ote (to
further, 0.39); baby (0.38); nurse (0.35);
feed (0.19); defend (to provide general
protection, 0.11); raise (to nurture, 0.10);
adopt (to take as a son or daughter,
0.09).
F O U L to be or becom e foul (4) foul (to
make dirty, 1.00); foul (to becom e dirty,
1.00); dirty (0.87); m uddle (to confuse;
said o f affairs, 0.76).
FO U N D to build a firm ground (7) found
(1.00); erect (to establish, 0.75); insti­
tute (to organize, 0.75); establish (to
set up in a formal manner, 0.50); intro­
duce (to institute, 0.50); organize (to
form an organization, 0.50); endow (to
provide support for all tim es, 0.33).
FO U N D to set out; to start; to hasten; to
depart; to travel; to journey (4) colo­
nize (0.78); originate (to bring about a
FREEZE
beginning, 0.25); pioneer (0.25); begin
(to initiate, 0.21).
F O U N D E R (4) trip (to stum ble, 0.55);
w reck (to shipw reck, 0.40); fail (to be
unsuccessful, 0.25); disappoint (0.22).
F R A C T U R E (5) disrupt (to break, 0.75);
sm ash (0.70); break (to start a rupture,
0.58); explode (to burst, 0.46); burst (to
break, 0.25).
F R A G M E N T (1) chip (0.80).
F R A M E (12) frame (to make, 1.00); frame
(to prepare a w ritten statem ent, 1.00);
fram e (to enclose in a frame, 1.00);
fram e (to act as a frame, 1.00); build
(to construct, 0.93); constitute (to make
up, 0.75); plot (to devise an intrigue,
0.75); form (to give shape to a thing,
0.71); forge (0.67); m anufacture (to
m ake a product, 0.55); system atize
(0.27); plan (to plot an action in ad­
vance, 0.11).
F R A T E R N IZ E (5) fraternize (1.00); con­
sort (to join, 0.75); hobnob (0.50); mix
(to associate, 0.50); jo in (to enter the
com pany of, 0.20).
F R A Y to rub; to ravel out; to clash; to
com e into collision (1) fray (1.00).
F R E E (16) free (to liberate, 1.00); free (to
disburden, 1.00); open (to m ake avail­
able, 0.75); unseal (0.75); unwrap (0.68);
excuse (0.67); exem pt (0.67); save (to
rem ove from danger, 0.64); relieve (to
lessen; said especially o f pain, 0.59);
vindicate (to clear, 0.50); open (to move
aside a prepared obstruction, 0.46);
ventilate (0.40); lighten (to ease, 0.25);
unzip (0.25); com fort (to m ake easy
physically, 0.08); unhitch (0.08).
F R E E Z E (13) freeze (to change to a solid
state, 1.00); freeze (to make cold, 1.00);
freeze (to discourage, 1.00); harden (to
FLUTTER -152-
F L U T T E R (15) flutter (1.00); beat (to pul­
sate, 0.84); blow (to c a n y on the wind,
0.83); flap (0.75); flicker (to quiver, 0.75);
flit (0.75); thrill (to become excited, 0.70);
lick (to play over; said o f flam es, 0.69);
h over (0.50); vibrate (to quiver, 0.50);
w hisk (0.50); shake (to vibrate, 0.35);
flu ctu ate (to o scillate, 0 .25); te ete r
(0.18); fly (to pass through the air, 0.15).
F L U X (2) liquefy (0.25); dissolve (to pass
from a solid to a liquid state, 0.09).
FLY (20) fly (to pass through the air, 1.00);
fly (to m ove swiftly, 1.00); fly (to flee
from danger, 1.00); fly (to m anage a
plane in the air, 1.00); fly (to pass over
by flying, 1.00); escape (0.88); rocket
(0.86); hasten (to m ake haste, 0.77);
hurry (to m ove rapidly, 0.67); je t (to
travel by je t airplane, 0.67); race (to
m ove at great speed, 0.58); w ave (to
flutter, 0.58); elope (0.50); pass (to
elapse, 0.50); glide (to m ove gently,
0.38); retreat (to execute a forced re­
tirem ent in battle, 0.33); leave (to go
away, 0.27); m ove (to be in m otion,
0.25); travel (to journey, 0.07); dart (to
m ove in the m anner o f a dart, 0.06).
F O A L (1) produce (to bear, 0.32).
F O A M (5) bubble (0.90); rage (to give
vent to anger, 0.82); lather (0.75); effer­
vesce (0.50); spum e (0.25).
F O C A L IZ E (3) converge (0.40); centre
(0.35); concentrate (to bring or com e
together, 0.22).
F O C U S (6) focus (to draw tow ard a cen­
tre, 1.00); focus (to make an image clear,
1.00); centre (0.82); sharpen (to m ake
m ore exact, 0.75); adjust (to place or
regulate parts, 0.65); concentrate (to
bring or com e together, 0.46).
F O G to envelope w ith or as w ith fog; to
FOLLOW
m ystify; to perplex (2) confuse (0.55);
mist (0.25).
F O IL to prevent from carrying out (7)
halt (to cause to cease, 0.72); hinder
(0 .6 6 ); d efe at (to g et the b e tte r of
another, 0.51); frustrate (0.50); prevent
(0.44); disappoint (0.30); discom fit (to
defeat the plans of, 0.25).
F O L D to lay in folds (13) fold (to place
together or lay in folds, 1.00); com pli­
cate (0.93); roll (to make into a roll, 0.78);
loop (to be in the fo n n o f a loop, 0.75);
cu rl (to tw ist, 0 .5 4 ); cru m p le (to
b ec o m e w rin k le d , 0.50); ja ck k n ife
(0.50); w in d (to w rap about, 0.50);
w eave (to co n stru c t by interlacing,
0.39); span (0.33); rum ple (0.25); turn
(to bend, 0.25); face (to put facing on
goods, 0.20).
F O L D to shut up in a fold (sheep) (1)
fold (to enclose, 1.00).
F O L IA T E (1) page (to m ark the pages,
0 .20).
F O L L O W (30) follow (to be later in time,
1.00); follow (to regulate o n e’s action,
1.00); follow (to be a follower, 1.00);
follow (to hunt, 1.00); follow (to ob­
serve, 1.00); follow (to understand,
1.00); follow (to result, 1.00); hunt (to
pursue w ith intent to kill, 0.96); resem­
ble (0.89); serve (to obey, 0.75); under­
stand (to com prehend, 0.74); w atch (to
b e attentive, 0.71); jo in (to enter the
com pany of, 0.70); accom pany (to go
with, 0.69); adhere (to serve, 0.67); heel
(0.67); result (0.44); track (to follow by
evidence, 0.43); court (to woo, 0.35);
align (to jo in , 0.33); happen (to occur,
0.33); pan (to sw ing; said o f a camera,
0 .3 3 ); p r a c tic e (to e m p lo y o n e ’s
professional skill, 0.33); reproduce (to
FOMENT
make a second time, 0.29); roll (to move
by rotation, or in rotating num bers,
0.29); grasp (to com prehend, 0.25);
postdate (to succeed, 0.25); reflect (to
throw back, 0.17); line (to be in a line,
0.10); spy (to act as a spy, 0.07).
F O M EN T (2) excite (to activate, 0.27); in­
cite (0.04).
FON D LE (13) fondle (1.00); paw (to han­
dle clum sily, 0.88); love (to express
love by caresses, 0.80); caress (0.79);
dandle (0.75); pet (to caress, 0.75); baby
(0.69); feel (to examine by touch, 0.57);
hold (to have in o n e’s grasp, 0.38); lick
(to pass the tongue over, 0.29); cuddle
(to em brace, 0.25); touch (to be in
contact, 0.23); cherish (to hold dear,
0.08).
F O O L (12) fool (1.00); deceive (0.81);
bluff (0.75); dupe (0.75); catch (to trick,
0 .6 7 ); d e lu d e (0 .2 5 ); k id ( 0 .2 5 );
overreach (to outwit, 0.25); trap (0.25);
trick (0.25); victimize (0.17); joke (0.08).
F O R A G E (5) forage (1.00); ransack (to
loot, 0.67); raid (0.48); graze (to p as­
ture, 0.44); ravage (0.22).
FORAY (1) ravage (0.2.0).
F O R B E A R (4) forbear (1.00); abstain
(0.89); spare (0.67); refrain (0.25).
FORBID (7) forbid (1.00); bar (to obstruct
by refusal, 0.89); com m and (to issue
an order, 0.70); taboo (0.67); w arn
(0.37); hinder (0.22); halt (to cause to
cease, 0.06).
F O R C E (1 6 ) fo rc e (to u se f o rc e ,
1.00);force (to break open, 1.00); force
(to rape, 1.00); force (to encourage
grow th, 1.00); force (to capture by
assault, 1.00); throw (to send forth,
0.75); urge (to drive, 0.67); penetrate
(to pierce, 0.65); drive (to urge on, 0.57);
-153- FOREWARN
goad (0.56); com mand (to have control,
0.47); seize (to take by force, 0.39);
extort (0.25); fight (to struggle for an
e n d , 0 .1 7 ); e n f o r c e (to re q u ir e
com pliance, 0.13); incite (0.07).
F O R D (1) cross (to pass over, 0.50).
F O R E A R M (1) warn (0.70).
F O R E B O D E (2) forebode (1.00); foretell
(0.44).
F O R E C A S T (8) forecast (to foresee,
1.00); forecast (to predict, 1.00); antici­
pate (to foresee, 0.83); calculate (to
reckon, 0.79); portend (0.75); augur
(0.50); budget (to estimate expenditures
and income, 0.50); presage (0.50).
F O R E C L O S E (2) foreclose (to exclude,
1.00); foreclose (to hinder, 1.00).
F O R E D O O M (1) foredoom (1.00).
F O R E G O (1) forego (1.00).
F O R E JU D G E (1) prejudge (0.50).
F O R E K N O W (1) foretell (0.50).
F O R E O R D A IN (3) foreordain (1.00); or­
dain (to destine, 0.50); foredoom (0.25).
F O R E R U N (2) rank (to possess relative
evaluation, 0.71); precede (0.60).
F O R E S E E (5) prepare (to make oneself
ready, 0.96); foretell (0.63); hope (0.56);
will (an indication o f futurity, 0.29); ask
(to expect, 0.25).
F O R E S H A D O W (4) foreshadow (1.00);
foreordain (0.50); hint (0.23); foretell
(0.19).
F O R E S H O W (1) foretell (0.81).
F O R E S T A L L (5) forestall (to anticipate,
1.00); forestall (to hinder, 1.00); prevent
(0.91); obviate (0.50); hinder (0.26).
F O R E T E L L (1) foretell (1.00).
F O R E W A R N (6) forewarn (1.00); warn
(0.96); caution (0.75); forebode (0.75);
threaten (to warn o f punishment, 0.43);
advise (to give counsel, 0.10).
FREIGHT
m ake less pervious, 0.74); deaden (to
reduce life or its evidence, 0.64); cool
(to becom e cool, 0.57); em balm (0.57);
thicken (to becom e thicker, 0.45); stiff
(to grow stiff, 0.38); preserve (to keep,
0 .3 5 ); b e n u m b (to d e a d e n , 0 .3 3 );
refrig erate (0.33); cool (to cause to
becom e cool, 0.08).
F R E IG H T (5) pack (to transport by us­
ing pack anim als, 0.75); introduce (to
bring in, 0.67); carry (to transport, 0.64);
load (to place a load, 0.53); truck (to
send by truck, 0.13).
F R E Q U E N T (1) attend (to go to, 0.80).
F R E S C O (2) colour (to im part colour to,
0.81); paint (to represent by painting,
0.13).
F R E S H E N (8) freshen (to sweeten, 1.00);
freshen (to activate, 1.00); revive (to
take on new life, 0.91); ventilate (0.80);
sw eeten (to m ake fresh, 0.78); air (to
introduce air, 0.75); invigorate (0.50);
renew (to refresh, 0.29).
F R E T to rub; to chafe; to conflict (20)
fret (to cause annoyance, 1.00); fret (to
suffer annoyance, 1.00); fret (to rub
painfully, 1.00); m ope (0.94); worry (to
indulge in worry, 0.90); m ourn (to la­
m en t, 0.86); b ro o d (to n u rse o n e ’s
troubles, 0.75); yearn (0.75); bother (to
take trouble, 0.67); anger (to arouse
som eone to anger, 0.61); rub (to sub­
je c t to friction, 0.55); com plain (to
express an objection, 0.50); pique (to
anger, 0.50); ruffle (to anger, 0.50); sim­
m er (to be angry, 0.50); hurt (to cause
pain, 0.47); rankle (0.36); fear (to be
apprehensive, 0.25);cry (to weep, 0.15);
rage (to give vent to anger, 0.09).
F R E T to exercise a slow destructive ac­
tion (3) ripple (0.75); fidget (0.27);
-156- FRUSTRATE
bubble (0.10).
F R IC A S S E E (2) cook (0.54); fry (0.33).
F R IG H T E N (6) frighten (to alarm, 1.00);
frighten (to drive off, because o f alarm,
1.00); haunt (to prey upon, 0.36); drive
(to urge on, 0.35); brow beat (0.25);
m olest (to disturb people, 0.20).
F R IL L (1) decorate (0.27).
F R IN G E (4) frame (to act as a frame, 0.86);
jo in (to adjoin, 0.75); edge (to trim,
0.50); line (to be in a line, 0.20).
F R IS K (5) frisk (1.00); play (to gambol,
0.91); prance (0.50); cavort (0.25); frolic
(0.25).
F R IT T E R (1) putter (0.50).
F R IZ Z L E to fry; to toast (3) frizzle (1.00);
fry (0.22); heat (to make hot, 0.03).
F R O C K (1) ordain (to invest with priestly
functions, 0.50).
F R O L IC (9) frolic (1.00); caper (0.75);
gam bol (0.75); revel (to play, 0.75);
jo k e (0.46); play (to gam bol, 0.36);
m asquerade (0.25); romp (0.25); trip (to
step lightly, 0.25).
F R O N T (4) front (1.00); face (to put a
face on a building, 0.85); dare (to defy,
0.73); face (to look out on, 0.67).
F R O S T (4) ice (to becom e covered with
ice, 0.75); ice (to cover with icing, 0.75);
chill (to reduce temperature, 0.67); cool
(to cause to becom e cool, 0.17).
F R O T H (2) bubble (0.95); effervesce
(0.25).
F R O W N (3) frown (1.00); m iff (to frown,
0.50); sulk (0.50).
F R U C T IF Y (3) fructify (1.00); produce (to
bear, 0.61); bloom (0.19).
F R U IT (1) result (0.50).
F R U S T R A T E (15) frustrate (1.00); defeat
(to get the b etter o f another, 0.78);
counteract (0.75); hinder (0.70); halt (to
FRY -157-
cause to cease, 0.66); disappoint (0.52);
discom fit (to defeat the plans of, 0.50);
prevent (0.50); tram m el (0.40); inhibit
(0.33); deaden (to reduce life or its
evidence, 0.29); tantalize (0.25); thwart
(0.25); confuse (0.20); bar (to obstruct
by refusal, 0.14).
FRY (3) fry (1.00); frizzle (0.25); heat (to
make hot, 0.05).
FUD D LE (2) fuddle (1.00); confuse (0.32).
FU EL (1) fuel (1.00).
F U L F IL L (20) fulfill (1.00); succeed (to
attain success, 0.83); achieve (to fin­
ish an undertaking, 0.76); accom plish
(0.75); discharge (to perform , 0.75); do
(to bring to a close, 0,75); perfect (0.75);
operate (to be in operation, 0.72); crown
(to m ake com plete or perfect, 0.67);
perform (to accomplish an action, 0.67);
complete (to make entire, 0.58); operate
(to produce an effect, 0.50); supply
(0.50); do (to execute com m ands or
instructions, 0.33); im plem ent (0.33);
answ er (to be sufficient, 0.25); clim ax
(to bring to a clim ax, 0.25); effect (to
achieve, 0.25); execute (to bring to frui­
tion, 0.25); obey (to act in accordance
with orders, 0.05).
FU L G U R A TE (1) radiate (to shed light or
heat, 0.11).
FU L M IN A T E (7) fulminate (to explode,
1.00); fulm inate (to intim idate, 1.00);
fulm inate (to denounce, 1.00); rage (to
give vent to anger, 0.41); snarl (0.33);
curse (to sw ear at, 0.31); threaten (to
warn o f punishm ent, 0.07).
FU M B L E (7) fumble (1.00); botch (0.71);
grope (0.67); bungle (0.50); m uff (0.50);
feel (to exam ine by touch, 0.43); m is­
manage (0.14).
F U M E (7) rage (to give vent to anger,
FURNISH
0.91); smoke (to give off smoke, 0.75);;
smoulder (0.75); boil (to be angry, 0.67);
rant (0.50); evap o rate (to vaporize,
0.29); sim m er (to be angry, 0.25).
F U M IG A T E (5) fumigate (1.00); sweeten
(to make fresh, 0.67); purify (0.59); deo­
dorize (0.50); disinfect (0.33).
F U N C T IO N (5) function (1.00); operate
(to be in operation, 0.97); practice (to
em ploy o n e’s professional skill, 0.67);
act (to perform an action, 0.61); hit (to
f ire in tim e ; s a id o f an in te rn a l
com bustion motor), 0.13).
FU N D (2) finance (0.50); underw rite (to
support financially, 0.20).
F U N K to kick (1) fail (to be unsuccess­
ful, 0.69).
F U R B IS H (4) furbish (to restore, 1.00);
furbish (to burnish, 1.00); polish (0.50);
decorate (0.49).
F U R L (1) furl (1.00).
F U R N IS H (31) furnish (to supply neces­
sities, 1.00); furnish (to equip with fur­
niture, 1.00); provide (to supply, 0.96);
order (to put in order, 0.94); administer
(to m inister, 0.88); contribute (to give,
0.82); yield (to produce, 0.78); equip
(to supply, 0.75); give (to provide,
0.75); purvey (0.75); render (to provide,
0.75); supply (0.75); produce (to bear,
0.68); lend (to m ake a loan, 0.67); fill
(to p o u r to th e c a p a c ity o f th e
container, 0.62); bait (to provide with
a lure, 0.60); afford (to produce, 0.50);
fit (to equip, 0.50); give (to produce,
0.50); prepare (to m ake o neself ready,
0 .4 8 ); a c c o m m o d a te (to re n d e r a
service, 0.47); satisfy (to fulfill, 0.47);
advance (to lend, 0.33); shine (to cause
to sh in e , u su a lly by p o lish , 0.33);
com plete (to m ake entire, 0.32); feed
FURROW
(0.29); arm (to equip, 0.25); cater (0.25);
harness (0.25); ply (to supply, 0.25);
stock (0.25).
F U R R O W (7) furrow (1.00); plough (to
use a plough, 0.78); ditch (to m ake a
ditch, 0.75); wrinkle (to form into w rin­
kles, 0.70); rake (to use a rake, 0.50);
cut (to cut into, 0.42); dent (0.06).
F U R T H E R (12) urge (to present favour­
ably, 0.88); advance (to prom ote, 0.75);
fight (to struggle for an end, 0.67); fa­
vour (to treat w ith favoritism , 0.60);
increase (to add to, 0.57); lobby (0.56);
cultivate (to encourage, 0.50); advocate
(to prom ote, 0.40); elevate (to prom ote,
0 .2 5 ); s u p p o rt (to u p h o ld , 0 .2 2 );
encourage (to give support, 0.17); help
(to aid, 0.04).
F U S E (16) m ix (to blend, 0.97); m erge
(0.94); com bine (to becom e one, 0.75);
unite (to bring together, 0.75); w eld
(0.75); m elt (to liquefy, 0.64); consoli­
date (to cause to unite, 0.57); coalesce
(0.50); incorporate (to include, 0.33);
interm ingle (0.33); join (to unite, 0.22);
excite (to activate, 0.14); alloy (to m ix
m etals, 0.13); heat (to m ake hot, 0.13);
thaw (to m elt, 0.13); unite (to com e
together, 0.11).
F U S IL L A D E (1) attack (to fight offen­
sively (army), 0.16).
FUSS (7) fuss (1.00); joggle (0.75); whim ­
p er (0.75); disturb (to upset m ental
calm , 0.61); com plain (to express an
objection, 0.45); bother (to take tro u ­
ble, 0.33); grumble (to com plain, 0.25).
G 0.13); prosper (0.08).
G A B to chatter; to prate (2) gab (1.00);
blab (to chatter, 0.25).
G A B B L E (9) gabble (1.00); cackle (0.80);
- 158- GAINSAY
rave (to babble, 0.67); sound (to make
a noise, 0.67); babble (0.33); drivel (to
ram ble, 0.33); blabber (0.25); splutter
(to stam m er, 0.25); cry (to call (not of
hum an creatures), 0.18).
G A D to w ander (2) gad (1.00); gallivant
(0.50).
G A G to keep from speaking; to suffocate
(9) gag (to forbid expression to, 1.00);
gag (to retch, 1.00); gag (to stop the
mouth, 1.00); m uzzle (to silence, 0.91);
choke (to be deprived o f air, 0.75); hush
(0.43); tram m el (0.26); restrain (to hold
in check, 0.15); hinder (0.13).
G A G E (1) gage (1.00).
G A G G L E (1) gobble (to m ake a sound
like a turkey, 0.75).
G A IN to obtain; to secure (27) gain (to
increase, 1.00); gain (to advance, 1.00);
gain (to w in, 1.00); gain (to achieve,
1.00); recover (to improve on e’s condi­
tion, 0.91); receive (to take into o n e’s
charge, 0.83); capture (to win, 0.75); get
(to obtain, 0.75); m ake (to acquire,
0.75); grow (to becom e larger, 0.74);
obtain (to gain possession, 0.62); profit
(to derive gain, 0.56); acquire (to re­
ceive, 0.50); buy (to acquire by pur­
chase, 0.50); get (to learn, 0.50); suc­
ceed (to attain success, 0.45); learn (to
acquire m entally, 0.38); seize (to take
by force, 0.36); take (to purchase, 0.33);
earn (to d eserv e as rew ard , 0.25);
procure (0.25); win (to obtain, 0.25);
accum ulate (to amass, 0.23); recruit (to
gather needed resources, 0.21); recover
(to regain health, 0.20); reap (to gain,
G A IN SA Y (7) gainsay (to deny, 1.00);
g ainsay (to contradict, 1.00); deny
(0.82); oppose (to hold a contrary opin­
GALL -159-
ion, 0.56); com plain (to express an
objection, 0.26); belie (to contradict,
0.25); refute (0.07).
G A L L to m ake sore by chafing or rub­
bing (6) gall (1.00); fret (to rub pain­
fully, 0.50); anger (to arouse som eone
to anger, 0.48); hurt (to cause pain,
0.35); rankle (0.21); disturb (to upset
mental calm, 0.17).
G A LL IV A N T (3) gallivant (1.00); stroll
(0.25); roam (to wander, 0.06).
G A LL O P (5) gallop (1.00); tramp (to tread
heavily, 0.70); run (to go sw iftly by
physical effort, 0.59); pace (to stride,
0.25); hasten (to m ake haste, 0.03).
G A LV A N IZE (4) galvanize (to animate,
1.00); galvanize (to coat, 1.00); galva­
nize (to startle, 1.00); electrify (to pro­
vide electricity, 0.31).
G A M B L E (6) gamble (to play for money,
1.00); gam ble (to take chances, 1.00);
bet (0.86); risk (0.75); chance (to take a
chance, 0.45); venture (0.36).
G A M BO L (6) gambol (1.00); romp (0.75);
caper (0.50); frolic (0.50); skip (0.50);
prance (0.25).
G A M E (3) gam ble (to play for money,
0.88); lay (to bet, 0.67); bet (0.21).
GAP (1) yaw n (to open wide, 0.33).
G A PE (9) gape (to stare, 1.00); gape (to
split, 1.00); yaw n (to open wide, 0.83);
ogle.(0.50); w onder (to m arvel, 0.50);
yawn (to give evidence o f drow siness,
0.50); gaze (0.25); pry (to endeavour to
discover, 0.20); look (to endeavour to
see, 0.05).
GARB (2) dress (to put on clothes, 0.70);
clothe (0.30).
G A R B L E (4) garble (1.00); ja m (to ob­
scure by jam m ing, 0.67); corrupt (to
render innacurate, 0.62); slur (to pro­
GATHER
nounce indistinctly, 0.60).
G A RD EN (3) farm (to do farm work, 0.81);
cultivate (to plant, 0.50); beautify (to
im prove the grounds, 0.25).
G A R G L E (1) gargle (1.00).
G A R L A N D (1) enwreathe (0.83).
G A R N E R (9) gam er (1.00); concentrate
(to bring or com e together, 0.71); har­
vest (0.71); gather (to harvest, 0.67);
glean (0.67); deposit (to present money
for safekeeping, 0.38); com pile (0.27);
am ass (0.25); thrash (to free grain or
seed from hulls, 0.11).
G A R N IS H (5) garnish (1.00); become (to
be suitable, 0.56); em broider (to add
adornment, 0.38); decorate (0.32); deck
(to decorate, 0.25).
G A R R IS O N (3) garrison (1.00); man
(0.75); defend (to keep off an enemy,
often fig. ,0.18).
G A R R O T E (4) garrote (1.00); kill (to de­
prive o f life, 0.84); choke (to deprive o f
air, 0.54); gag (to stop the mouth, 0.30).
G A S (1) deaden (to reduce life or its evi­
dence, 0.68).
G A SC O N A D E (1) boast (to brag, 0.20).
G A S H (6) cut (to cut into, 0.95); wound
(to hurt the body, 0.75); chip (0.60);
slash (0.50); break (to start a rupture,
0.26); divide (to separate by parting,
0 . 12).
G A SIFY (4) evaporate (to vaporize, 0.57);
heat (to becom e hot, 0.31); liberate (to
free from chemical or physical restraint,
0.30); heat (to m ake hot, 0.08).
G A S P (4) gasp (1.00); inhale (0.75);
breathe (to draw breath, 0.70); choke
(to be deprived o f air, 0.63).
G A T H E R (36) gather (to com e together,
1.00);gather (to bring together, 1.00);
gather (to conclude, 1.00); gather (to
GAUGE -160-
harvest, 1.00); gather (to choose, 1.00);
harvest (0.93); com pile (0.91); assum e
(to take for granted, 0.82); pack (to
prepare for transportation, 0.80); raise
(to collect or make available, 0.80); infer
(to conclude, 0.78); am ass (0.75); rake
(to use a rake, 0.70); heap (to am ass,
0.67); read (to understand by reading,
0.67); reason (to seek a rea so n ab le
explanation , 0.67); reap (to harvest,
0.60); collocate (0.50); suppurate (0.50);
obtain (to gain possession, 0.38); heap
(to place in a heap, 0.35); glean (0.33);
sum m on (to convene, 0.33); fold (to
place together or lay in folds, 0.31);
centre (0.29); save (to hoard, 0.29); hear
(to receive inform ation orally, 0.27);
accrue (0.25); believe (to assume, 0.25);
conclude (to deduce, 0.25); earn (to
receive in paym ent, 0.25); m obilize
(0.25); pile (to amass, 0.25); pleat (0.25);
p u ll (to m o v e b y p u llin g , 0 .2 5 );
assem ble (to bring together, 0.20).
G A U G E (5) gauge (1.00); measure (to ap­
ply a standard o f m easurem ent, 0.83);
forecast (to predict, 0.77); calculate (to
reckon, 0.68); sound (to m easure, 0.25).
G A U N T L E T (1) shoot (to discharge,
0.10).
G A W K (2) gaw k (1.00); stare (0.33).
G A Z E (11) gaze (1.00); look (to endeav­
our to see, 0.90); glare (to stare fiercely,
0.80); ogle (0.75); peer (0.75); see (to
p e rc e iv e w ith the eye, 0.6 8 ); stare
(0.67); gape (to stare, 0.50); pry (to
endeavour to discover, 0.40); regard
(to look at, 0.36); gaw k (0.25).
G E A R (3) gear (to regulate, 1.00); gear
(to prepare, 1.00); harness (0.33).
G E L D to castrate (3) em asculate (to steri­
lize, 0 .7 5 ); cut (to c a stra te , 0 .5 0 );
GET
castrate (0.46).
G E L L (2) congeal (to clot, 0.50); thicken
(to becom e thicker, 0.09).
G E N E R A L IZ E (3) generalize (to make
generally applicable, 1.00); generalize
(to speak in general term s, 1.00); rea­
son (to seek a reasonable explanation ,
0.50).
G E N E R A T E (15) generate (1.00); produce
(to bear, 0.84); germ inate (0.75); lay (to
bring forth, 0.75); m ultiply (to bring
fo rth y o u n g , 0 .7 5 ); r e p ro d u c e (to
m ultiply, 0.73); spaw n (0.67); yield (to
produce, 0.67); cause (to be the cause,
0.63); get (to beget, 0.50); begin (to
initiate, 0.38); create (to m ake, 0.38);
propagate (to beget, 0.33); beget (0.25);
proliferate (0.25).
G E N T R 1FY (1) renew (to refresh, 0.84).
G E N U F L E C T (1) kneel (0.80).
G E R M IN A T E (6) genninate (1.00); sprout
(0.80); fertilize (to im pregnate, 0.67);
take (to grow, 0.50); grow (to becom e
larger, 0.33); bloom (0.31).
G E S T IC U L A T E (1) gesticulate (1.00).
G E S T U R E (4) gesture (1.00); signal
(0.70); brandish (0.50); flourish (to wave
triumphantly, 0.38).
G E T (40) get (to obtain, 1.00); get (to
receive, 1.00); get (to becom e, 1.00);
get (to induce, 1.00); get (to catch,
1.00);get (to learn, 1.00); get (to pre­
pare, 1.00); get (to adjust, 1.00); get (to
beget, 1.00); get (to contract, said of
bodily disorders, 1.00); get (to remove,
1.00); get (to come, 1.00); reap (to gain,
0.94); succeed (to attain success, 0.93);
receive (to take into on e’s charge, 0.87);
earn (to receive in payment, 0.85); catch
(to contract a disease, 0.80); accept (to
receive, 0.75); acquire (to receive, 0.75);
GHETTOIZE -161-
buy (to acquire by purchase, 0.75);
le a rn (to a c q u ire m e n ta lly , 0 .7 5 );
procure (0.75); w in (to obtain, 0.75);
o b ta in (to g ain p o ss e s s io n , 0 .6 8 );
collect (to obtain specim ens, 0.67);
contract (to catch, said o f diseases,
0.67); gain (to win, 0.67); incur (0.67);
acquire (to obtain, 0.60); m ake (to ac­
quire, 0.50); take (to contract; said o f a
disease, 0.50); enlist (to request assist­
ance, 0.45); grow (to change slowly,
0.45); remember (to bear in mind, 0.43);
solve (0.41); catch (to com e to from
behind, 0.33); arrest (to seize legally,
0.25); bag (0.25); com e (to becom e,
0.25); find (to achieve, 0.25).
G H E T T O IZ E (1) dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.49).
G IB B E R (1) jabber (to m ake a chattering
sound, 0.75).
G IB BET (1) choke (to deprive o f air, 0.23).
G IB E (2) gibe (1.00); sneer (0.86).
G IG G L E (7) giggle (1.00); chuckle (0.75);
simper (0.75); snicker (0.75); titter (0.75);
laugh (0.59); cackle (0.20).
G ILD to cover w ith a layer o f gold (also
fig.) (7) gild (to give the appearance o f
gold, 1.00); gild (to adorn, 1.00); colour
(to im part colour to, 0.84); decorate
(0.71); plate (0.53); spread (to apply
over a surface, 0.25); em broider (to add
adornment, 0.06).
G IR D to surround; to encircle; to pre­
pare for action (8) gird (to encircle,
1.00); gird (to support, 1.00); circle
(0.59); surround (to be on all sides,
0.43); arm (to equip w ith w eapons,
0.33); encom pass (to surround, 0.25);
ring (to encircle, 0.25); define (to set
limits, 0.14).
G IR D L E (8) girdle (1.00); surround (to
GLANCE
be on all sides, 0.86); circle (0.85); gird
(to encircle, 0.75); ring (to encircle,
0.58); circu m scrib e (to trace a line
around, 0.25); define (to set limits, 0.17);
fram e (to act as a frame, 0.14).
G IV E (30) give (to transfer, 1.00); give
(to provide, 1.00); give (to produce,
LOO); give (to yield under pressure,
1.00); give (to allot, 1.00); give (to in­
flict, 1.00); give (to pass on, 1.00); give
(to give a speech, 1.00); give (to give a
play, 1.00); give (to adm inister, 1.00);
adm inister (to minister, 0.94); perform
(to present a perform ance, 0.92); dedi­
cate (to set apart for special use, 0.75);
produce (to bear, 0.74); provide (to
supply, 0.73); send (to deliver, 0.73);
spend (to expend, 0.68); do (to present
a play, etc., 0.67); subscribe (to give
financial support, 0.50); yaw n (to open
wide, 0.50); pay (to give payment, 0.46);
inflict (to deal, 0.33); m arry (to join in
w edlock, 0.33); soften (to becom e soft,
0 .31); ad m in ister (to tender, 0.25);
deliver (to speak formally, 0.25); devote
(0.25); provide (to yield, 0.25); tender
(0.25); carry (to transmit, 0.11).
G L A C IA T E (1) freeze (to change to a
solid state, 0.17).
G L A D D E N (10) gladden (LOO); comfort
(to m ake easy physically, 0.84); comfort
(to console, 0.67); satisfy (to m ake
content, 0.63); revive (to hearten, 0.41);
hum our (0.40); console (0.33); fascinate
(0.18); encourage (to raise the spirits,
0.12); entertain (to keep others amused,
0.06).
G L A N C E (8) glance (to look, 1.00); glance
(to ricochet, LOO); look (to endeavour
to see, 0.85); bounce (to rebound, 0.75);
peek (0.75); lick (to pass the tongue
GLARE -162-
over, 0.53); touch (to be in contact,
0.36); peep (to look cautiously, 0.25).
G L A R E (9) glare (to shine fiercely, 1.00);
glare (to stare fiercely, 1.00); glitter
(0.75); glower (0.75); shine (to give forth
light, 0.62); flash (to give forth a light
by flash, 0.50); radiate (to shed light or
heat, 0.48); frown (0.44); beam (to shine,
0.25).
G L A S S (1) glaze (0.91).
G L A Z E (6) glaze (1.00); enam el (0.67);
‘colour (to im part colour to, 0.53); coat
(0.50); sm ooth (to rem ove unevenness,
0.31); varnish (0.06).
G L E A M (9) gleam (1.00); glimmer (0.75);
gloss (0.75); glow (0.75); flash (to give
forth a light by flash, 0.73); shine (to
reflect light, 0.71); w ink (to tw inkle,
0.50); radiate (to shed light or heat,
0.44); shimmer (0.25).
G L E A N (8) glean (1.00); reap (to harvest,
0.70); reap (to gain, 0.69); obtain (to
gain possession, 0.50); com pile (0.36);
harvest (0.29); salvage (0.13); choose
(to select, 0.07).
G L ID E (15) glide (to m ove dow nw ard
gradually, 1.00); glide (to m ove gently,
1.00); slide (to m ove w ith a sliding
m otion, 0.88); m ove (to be in m otion,
0.86); flow (to m ove in one direction,
0.76); slip (0.75); skate (0.71); fly (to
pass through the air, 0.69); coast (0.67);
skid (0.50); sw im (0.50); fly (to m anage
a plane in the air, 0.42); slither (0.25);
roll (to flow, 0.29); sail (to fly, 0.20).
G L IM M E R (7) glim m er (1.00); flash (to
give forth a light by flash, 0.95); blink
(to tw inkle, 0.80); shine (to give forth
light, 0.67); gleam (0.50); scintillate
(0.50); radiate (to shed light or heat,
0.41).
GLOSS
G L IM P S E (4) peep (to look cautiously,
0.50); discover (to find, 0.48); glance
(to look, 0.25); peek (0.25).
G L IS T E N (6) glisten (1.00); shine (to re­
flect light, 0.86); flash (to give forth a
light by flash, 0.82); shim m er (0.75);
radiate (to shed light or heat, 0.56);
sparkle (0.50).
G L IT T E R (8) glitter (1.00); flash (to give
forth a light by flash, 0.86); shine (to
give forth light, 0.81); sparkle (0.75);
radiate (to shed light or heat, 0.59);
beam (to shine, 0.50); blink (to twinkle,
0.40); flicker (to shine, 0.25).
G L O A T (5) gloat (1.00); boast (to brag,
0.95); bluster (0.71); sw agger (to boast,
0.67); brag (0.25).
G L O O M to look sullen or displeased; to
frow n; to scowl; to low er (2) brood (to
n u rse o n e ’s tro u b le s, 0 .9 4 ); frown
(0 .11).
G L O R IF Y (21) glorify (to worship, 1.00);
b le s s (to d e d ic a te to G o d , 0.84);
w orship (to perform acts o f worship,
0.76); beatify (0.75); elevate (to exalt,
0.75); idolize (0.75); praise (to speak or
sing in w orship, 0.75); transfigure (to
exalt, 0.75); love (to be passionately
devoted, 0.67); canonize (0.58); exalt (to
praise, 0.50); idealize (0.50); sanctify
(0.50); admire (to have regard for, 0.46);
r e c o m m e n d (to le n d s u p p o r t or
approval, 0.32); com plim ent (to flatter,
0.26); adore (to worship, 0.25); embla­
zon (to proclaim, 0.25); ennoble (0.25);
flatter (to praise unduly, 0.25); toast (to
honour by drinking liquor, 0.17).
G L O R Y (1) glory (to praise, 1.00).
G L O S S to put a gloss upon (6) gloss
(1.00); colour (to impart colour to, 0.97);
spread (to apply over a surface, 0.60);
GLOSS -163-
enam el (0.50); varnish (0.24); sm ooth
(to rem ove unevenness, 0.15).
G L O S S to com m ent upon a w ord (1)
translate (to change into another lan­
guage, 0.10).
G L O W to be h e a te d to a p o in t o f
incandescense; to emit bright light and
heat w ithout flam e; to shine; to be hot
(13) glow (1.00); heat (to becom e hot,
0.94); shine (to give forth light, 0.57);
shine (to reflect light, 0.57); radiate (to
shed light or heat, 0.52); flare (to flash,
0.50); glare (to shine fiercely, 0.50);
shim m er (0.50); thrill (to becom e ex­
c ite d , 0 .5 0 ); b rig h te n (to b e c o m e
brighter, 0.40); flash (to give forth a
light by flash, 0.32); blush (0.20); col­
our (to take on colour, 0.20).
G L O W E R (5) glower (1.00); scowl (0.75);
glare (to stare fiercely, 0.70); sulk (0.33);
frown (0.22).
G L O Z E (2) gloze (1.00); palliate (0.25).
G L U E (4) glue (1.00); paste (0.83); fasten
(to m ake som ething secure, 0.30); as­
sem ble (to put together, 0.20).
G LU T to feed to repletion; to gratify (fig.)
(8) glut (to oversupply, 1.00); glut (to
eat to sa tie ty , 1 .0 0 );g o rg e (0 .6 7 );
ov ersell (0.67); q uench (to satisfy,
0.50); pall (0.25); weary (to make weary,
0.24); satisfy (to m ake content, 0.09).
G N AR (4) snarl (0.80); grumble (to growl,
0.79); g row l (to m ake a low, deep
sound, 0.50); bark (to em it a d o g ’s
characteristic sound, 0.27).
G N A R L (4) snarl (0.87); grum ble (to
growl, 0.86); growl (to make a low, deep
sound, 0.25); bark (to em it a d o g ’s
characteristic sound, 0.18).
GNAW (10) gnaw (1.00); bite (to seize or
sever w ith teeth, 0.89); hurt (to cause
GORE
pain, 0.77); graze (to pasture, 0.69);
m asticate (0.67); chew (0.53); corrode
(to destroy, 0.50); crunch (0.50); nibble
(0.50); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.38).
G O (27) go (to depart, 1.00); go (to
proceed, 1.00); go (to function, 1.00);
go (to fit or suit, 1.00); go (to extend,
1.00); go (to belo n g , 1.00); go (to
elapse, 1.00); go (to fail, 1.00); go (to
continue, 1.00); go (to appeal, 1.00);
go (to die, 1.00); go (to end, 1.00); go
(to endure, 1.00); leave (to go away,
0.96); m ove (to be in motion, 0.96);
retreat (to retire, 0.76); depart (to go
away, 0.75); w ork (to function, 0.75);
disappear (0.68); hit (to fire in time; said
o f an internal combustion motor), 0.63);
get (to become, 0.33); melt (to decrease,
0.33); roll (to function, 0.33); travel (to
m ove at a regular pace, 0.33); operate
(to be in operation, 0.28); m ake (to
move, 0.25); run (to function, 0.25).
G O A D (13) goad (1.00); anger (to arouse
som eone to anger, 0.88); spur (0.75);
drive (to cause to move, 0.73); m oti­
vate (0.65); incite (0.64); excite (to stir
one m entally, 0.56); bother (to give
trouble, 0.45); encourage (to raise the
spirits, 0.36); fillip (to stimulate, 0.25);
hasten (to expedite, 0.23); urge (to
drive, 0.20); enforce (to require compli­
ance, 0.10).
G O B B E T (1) chip (0.70).
G O B B L E to m ake a sound, about turkey
(1) gobble (to m ake a sound like a
turkey, 1.00).
G O G G L E to roll the eyes about; to turn
eyes (2) gape (to stare, 0.75); glare (to
stare fiercely, 0.40).
G O R E to pierce or stab deeply with a
GORGE
sh a rp w e a p o n (4) p u s h (to p re s s
against, 0.64); bunt (to butt, 0.50); butt
(to strike w ith the head, 0.36); penetrate
(to pierce, 0.26).
G O R G E (11) gorge (1.00); eat (to take as
food, 0.74); glut (to eat to satiety, 0.71);
feed (0.65); im bibe (to drink, 0.50); de­
vour (0.25); overeat (0.25); quench (to
satisfy, 0.25); surfeit (0.25); satisfy (to
m a k e c o n te n t, 0 .1 3 ); g lu t (to
oversupply, 0.06).
G O S S IP (7) gossip (1.00); chatter (0.75);
gab (0.75); ram ble (to speak or w rite
aimlessly, 0.71); babble (0.67); talk (to
converse, 0.55); gabble (0.50).
G O U G E (4) dent (0.76); undercut (to ex­
cavate, 0.25); cut (to cut into, 0.16); dig
(to stir the earth, 0.12).
G O V E R N (6) govern (1.00); officiate
(0.75); harness (0.63); restrain (to hold
in check, 0.54); direct (to decide the
course o f affairs, 0.50); run (to cause
to function, 0.25).
G O W N (1) clothe (0.61).
G R A B (11) grab (1.00); je rk (to m ove an
object w ith a quick tug, 0.85); obtain
(to g a in p o s s e s s io n , 0 .7 9 ); c lu tc h
(0.75); catch (to seize hold of, 0.73); nab
(to seize, 0.67); tackle (0.60); seize (to
grasp, 0.55); twitch (to pluck, 0.36); take
(to catch, 0.33); kidnap (0.27).
G R A C E (3) become (to be suitable, 0.50);
flatter (to be becom ing to a w earer,
0.50); decorate (0.34).
G R A D A T E (1) measure (to apply a stand­
ard o f m easurem ent, 0.49).
G R A D E (11) grade (1.00); measure (to ap­
ply a standard o f m easurem ent, 0.89);
rate (to rank, 0.71); sm ooth (to rem ove
unevenness, 0.69); sift (to put through
a sieve, 0.60); tabulate (0.60); adjust (to
-164- GRAPPLE
brin g to an agreem ent, 0.45); class
(0.25); rake (to use a rake, 0.20); classify
(0.07); change (to make different, 0.01).
G R A D U A T E (7) grad u ate (to give a
degree, 1.00); graduate (to receive a
d eg ree, 1.00); m easu re (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.86); pro­
m ote (to advance in rank, 0.73); ad­
vance (to prom ote in rank or station,
0.50); scale (to m easure, 0.13); change
(to m ake different, 0.03).
G R A F T to insert as a graft into another
tree (3) graft (to jo in for growth, 1.00);
splice (0.50); transplant (0.50). .
G R A N T (27) grant (to permit, 1.00); grant
(to ac ce p t as tru e, 1.00); g ran t (to
bestow , 1.00); give (to transfer, 0.96);
allow (to perm it an action, 0.89); con­
sider (to take into account, 0.89); pro­
vide (to supply, 0.88); adm it (to ac­
know ledge, 0.86); donate (0.75); em­
pow er (0.75); present (to give, 0.75);
aw ard (0.67); ow n (to acknow ledge,
0.67); trust (to give credit to, 0.56); send
(to d eliver, 0.55); b eq u eath (0.50);
concede (0.50); im part (to give, 0.50);
lend (to im part, 0.50); let (to award;
sa id e sp e c ia lly o f co n tracts, 0.50);
co n trib u te (to give, 0.46); o ffer (to
p re se n t, 0 .3 8 ); c o n d e sc e n d (0.29);
admit (to permit, 0.25); vote (0.25); bless
(to give, 0.20); com m and (to issue an
order, 0.16).
G R A N U L A T E (3) granulate (1.00); grind
(to pulverize, 0.74); harden (to make
less pervious, 0.64).
G R A P P L E (13) grapple (to fasten, 1.00);
grapple (to fight hand to hand, 1.00);
tackle (0.90); w restle (0.67); fasten (to
m ake som ething secure, 0.63); struggle
(0.50); fight (to engage in an encounter,
GRASP -165-
0.48); seize (to grasp, 0.45); unite (to
com e together, 0.42); feel (to exam ine
by touch, 0.30); titillate (0.25); join (to
unite, 0.17); com pete (0.05).
G R A SP (31) grasp (to clutch, 1.00); grasp
(to com prehend, 1.00); hold (to have in
o n e’s grasp, 0.97); understand (to com ­
p re h e n d , 0.9 1 ); ab so rb (to ta k e in
mentally, 0.75); assim ilate (to under­
stand, 0.75); com prehend (to under­
stand, 0.75); conceive (to understand,
0.75); retain (to hold, 0.67); clutch (0.50);
grab (0.50); grip (0.50); paw (to strike,
0 .5 0 ); s n a tc h ( 0 .5 0 ) ; ta k e (to
com prehend, 0.50); hug (0.44); feel (to
examine by touch, 0.35); clench (0.33);
snuggle (0.33); apprehend (to under­
stand, 0.25); keep (to hold, 0.25); p en­
etrate (to understand, 0.25); perceive
(to understand, 0.25); secure (to ob­
ta in , 0 .2 5 ); w a k e (to b e g in to
com prehend, 0.25); catch (to seize hold
of, 0.20); read (to understand by read­
ing, 0.17); pinch (to squeeze, 0.13); reach
(to extend a part o f the body to , 0.13);
twitch (to pluck, 0.09); fasten (to m ake
som ething secure, 0.02).
G R A T E to scrape; to file; to abrade; to
excoriate (9) grate (1.00); grind (to
pulverize, 0.83); rub (to subject to fric­
tion, 0.77); granulate (0.75); rasp (0.75);
hurt (to cause pain, 0.58); chafe (to rub,
0.50); creak (0.50); paw (to scrape with
the front foot, 0.13).
G R A T IF Y (1 4 ) g r a tif y ( 1 .0 0 ) ;
acco m m o d ate (to ren d e r a serv ice,
0.78); hum our (0.73); please (to give
pleasure, 0.67); entertain (to act as host
or hostess, 0.65); satisfy (to m ake con­
tent, 0.56); quiet (to m ake calm, 0.50);
pam per (0.45); entertain (to keep others
GRIEVE
am used, 0.42); allow (to perm it an ac­
tion, 0.33); regale (to feast, 0.25); sati­
ate (0.25); suit (to please, 0.25); feed
(0.06).
G R A V E to dig; to engrave; to portray (2)
engrave (to prepare a plate for print­
ing, 0.38); carve (to form by cutting,
0 .21 ).
G R A V EL (1) pave (0.50).
GRAVITATE (4) gravitate (1.00); descend
(to m ove lower, 0.84); drift (0.29); fall
(to pass quickly dow nw ard, 0.29).
G R A Z E to rub or touch lightly (8) graze
(to touch or to score lightly, 1.00);
touch (to be in contact, 0.91); rub (to
subject to friction, 0.68); lick (to pass
the tongue over, 0.65); caress (0.63);
shave (to rem o v e a shaving, 0.60);
brush (to touch lightly, 0.25); glance
(to ricochet, 0.25).
G R A Z E to feed on growing grass (3)
graze (to pasture, 1.00); farm (to do farm
work, 0.38); feed (0.10).
G R E A S E (2) grease (1.00); baste (to dress
m eat w ith fat, 0.50).
G R E E T to approach; to come up (7) greet
(1.00); com plim ent (to congratulate,
0 .7 1 ); n o d (to m a k e a n o d d in g
m ovem ent, 0.71); smack (to kiss, 0.67);
s m ile ( 0 .3 3 ) ; w a v e (to g iv e an
alternating movement, 0.29); salute (to
address, 0.17).
G R ID D L E to cook on a griddle (1) cook
(0.37).
G R IE V E (17) grieve (1.00); mourn (to la­
m ent, 0.91); m ope (0.88); brood (to
nurse o n e ’s troubles, 0.81); worry (to
indulge in worry, 0.70); bother (to be
disturbing, 0.53); lam ent (to express
sorrow, 0.50); pain (0.50); regret (to be
sorry for, 0.50); yearn (0.50); disturb (to
GRILL -166-
upset m ental calm, 0.48); suffer (to feel
pain, 0.45); com plain (to express an
o b je ctio n , 0.34); annoy (to be d is­
turbing, 0.25); bem oan (0.25); fret (to
suffer annoyance, 0.25); ciy (to w eep,
0 .20).
G R IL L to broil (5) grill (to broil, 1.00);
barbecue (0.75); sizzle (0.50); fry (0.44);
cook (0.20).
G R IL L to provoke; to annoy; to irritate
(I) grill (to question closely, 1.00).
G R IM A C E (3) frown (0.78); wince (0.40);
scowl (0.25).
G R IN to sm ile (5) grin (1.00); beam (to
smile, 0.75); simper (0.50); laugh (0.29);
smile (0.17).
G R IN D to reduce to sm all particles by
crushing betw een tw o hard surfaces
( I I ) grind (to pulverize, 1.00); grind
(to sharpen, 1.00); grind (to oppress,
LOO); sharpen (to m ake keen, 0.83);
m unch (0.75); rub (to subject to fric­
tion, 0.73); hurt (to cause pain, 0.52);
g rate (0.50); chew (0.33); m a ch in e
(0.33); file (to use an abrasive, 0.13).
G R IN D to set; to go down (3) strop (0.50);
adjust (to place or regulate parts, 0.35);
roll (to sm ooth w ith a roller, 0.14).
G R IP to grasp or seize firm ly w ith the
hand; to catch; to close tightly (13)
grip (1.00); hold (to have in one’s grasp,
0.93); seize (to grasp, 0.85); grasp (to
clutch, 0.75); fasten (to m ake som e
thing secure, 0.70); clench (0.67); keep
(to hold, 0.50); tw itch (to pluck, 0.45);
feel (to exam ine by touch, 0.26); clinch
(to attach, 0.25); clutch (0.25); em brace
(to clasp, 0.25); catch (to seize hold of,
0.07).
G R IP E to grip (1) hurt (to cause pain,
0.42).
GROW
G R O A N (5) groan (LOO); m oan (0.75);
sigh (0.50); m utter (to com plain, 0.25);
cry (to w eep, 0.10).
G R O O M (2) groom (1.00); dress (to make
ready for show or use, 0.67).
G R O P E (3) grope (LOO); venture (0.57);
feel (to exam ine by touch, 0.39).
G R O S S (2) gross (1.00); bring (to be
w orth in sale, 0.50).
G R O U N D (10) ground (to bring to the
ground, LOO); ground (to instruct in
essen tials, LOO); land (to bring an
airplane to earth, 0.80); teach (to drill,
0.71); fell (0.50); drop (to cause or to
permit to fall, 0.40); lower (0.40); flatten
(to m ake flat, 0.31); establish (to work
or settle in a perm anent place, 0.13);
turn (to pivot, 0.13).
G R O U P (14) group (LOO); paragraph
(0.83); assem b le (to bring together,
0.67); collate (to check, 0.50); distrib­
ute (to classify, 0.50); line (to arrange
in a line, 0.33); assort (0.25); cluster
(0.25); place (to put in order, 0.25);
sep arate (to classify, 0.25); classify
(0.22); gather (to com e together, 0.16);
heap (to place in a heap, 0.08); order
(to put in order, 0.03).
G R O U S E (1) hunt (to pursue with intent
to kill, 0.17).
G R O V E L (3) grovel (1.00); wallow (0.83);
fawn (0.73).
G R O W (21) grow (to becom e larger,
1.00); grow (to change slowly, 1.00);
grow (to cultivate, 1.00); grow (to begin,
LOO); rise (to increase, 0.95); stretch
(to becom e longer, 0.88); quicken (to
in c re a se , 0 .7 5 ); w id en (to becom e
wider, 0.75); quicken (to com e or bring
to life, 0.71); get (to becom e, 0.67);
change (to becom e different, 0.63);
GROWL -167-
swell (0.57); bloom (0.50); recover (to
improve one’s condition, 0.45); form (to
take form, 0.43); im prove (to becom e
better, 0.41); p rogress (to im prove,
0.33); liberalize (0.25); ram ble (to go in
various directions, 0.23); rise (to m ove
upward, 0.19); strengthen (0.02).
G R O W L (8) growl (to m ake a low, deep
sound, 1.00); snarl (0.93); m utter (to
make a low, m um bling sound, 0.50);
rum ble (0.50); bark (to em it a d o g ’s
characteristic sound, 0.45); bark (to
speak as though barking, 0.25); m ur­
mur (to mutter, 0.25); cry (to call (not o f
human creatures), 0.13).
G RUB (1) grub (to clear land, 1.00).
G R U D G E (3) grudge (1.00); envy (0.80);
begrudge (0.67).
G R U M B L E (10) grum ble (to com plain,
1.00); grum ble (to growl, 1.00); grum ­
ble (to m utter, 1.00); m utter (to com ­
plain, 0.75); snarl (0.73); com plain (to
express an objection, 0.61); m utter (to
speak as if to oneself, 0.50); m um ble
(0.40); mope (0.31); whine (0.23).
G RU N T (5) grunt (1.00); snort (0.80); cry
(to call (not o f hum an creatures), 0.76);
m utter (to speak as if to oneself, 0.67);
grumble (to growl, 0.57).
G U A R A N T E E (8) guarantee (to certify,
1.00); guarantee (to give security, 1.00);
guarantee (to prom ise, 1.00); vouch
(0.64); endorse (to indicate o ne’s active
support, 0.62); underw rite (to support
financially, 0.50); defend (to support an
accused person, 0.39); prom ise (to give
o ne’s w ord, 0.23).
G U A R D (12) guard (to protect, 1.00);
guard (to w atch over, 1.00); shelter
(0.72); secure (to protect, 0.67); accom ­
pany (to go w ith, 0.62); protect (0.50);
GULP
tend (to w atch over, 0.50); support (to
provide for, 0.33); lead (to conduct,
0.29); garrison (0.25); oppose (to fight,
0.25); treasure (0.20).
G U E S S (15) guess (to attem pt an answer
on inadequate evidence, 1.00); guess
(to m ake a choice, alm ost at hazard,
1.00); guess (to choose rightly on little
or no evidence, 1.00); prize (0.75);
understand (to suppose, 0.75); estimate
(to m ake a rough guess, 0.65); believe
(to assum e, 0.50); call (to estim ate,
0.50); figure (to estimate, 0.50); surmise
(0.50); think (to suppose, 0.50); assume
(to take for granted, 0.41); assess (to
estim ate, 0.25); hazard (0.25); forecast
(to predict, 0.08).
GUFFAW (1) laugh (0.82).
G U ID E (18) guide (to direct, 1.00); guide
(to lead, 1.00); lead (to conduct, 0.94);
advise (to give counsel, 0.90); command
(to have control, 0.82); pilot (0.75); point
(to direct, 0.75); prescribe (to give di­
rections, 0.75); ride (to control a beast
o f burden by riding , 0.75); take (to
lead, 0.75); restrain (to hold in check,
0.73); m anage (to direct, 0.62); teach
(to act as a teacher, 0.60); train (to di­
rect grow th, 0.59); accom pany (to go
w ith, 0.54); instruct (to teach, 0.33);
control (to direct, 0.25); direct (to show
the way, 0.25).
G U IL L O T IN E (3) decapitate (0.50); kill
(to deprive o f life, 0.39); behead (0.25).
G U IS E (1) clothe (0.13).
G U L L to dupe; to cheat (2) deceive (0.29);
mislead (0.18).
G U L P (9) gulp (1.00); drink (to swallow
liquid, 0.88); gasp (0.88); devour (0.75);
quaff (0.75); swallow (0.73); swill (0.67);
bite (to seize or sever with teeth, 0.56);
chew (0.47).
GUM - 168-
G U M to treat with gum (1) glue (0.50).
G U R G L E (6) gurgle (1.00); bubble (0.85);
boil (to seethe, 0.71); gobble (to m ake
a sound like a turkey, 0.50); m urm ur (to
m ake a low continuous sound, 0.33);
flow (to issue forth, 0.32).
G U S H (10) gush (to spout, 1.00); gush
(to em it copiously, 1.00); em it (to
discharge, 0.88); flow (to issue forth,
0.81); bubble (0.80); b abble (0.76);
prattle (0.75); stream (0.75); bleed (to
issue as blood, 0.67); overflow (to flow
over the top, or out at a vent, 0.38).
G U T (6) em bow el (to kill, 0.75); disem ­
bow el (0.50); eviscerate (0.50); ransack
(to loot, 0.42); d estroy (to b rin g to
nothing, 0.14); ravage (0.04).
G U T T E R (1) furrow (0.25).
G U Z Z L E (5) guzzle (1.00); drink (to con­
sum e alcoholic liquor, 0.33); drink (to
sw allow liquid, 0.25); im bibe (to drink,
0.25); quaff (0.25).
G Y P (1) gyp (1.00).
G Y R A T E (3) gyrate (1.00); w hirl (0.70);
turn (to pivot, 0.19).
G Y R E (3) turn (to pivot, 0.56); roll (to
revolve, 0.50); whirl (0.20).
H end (to bring to a halt, 0.71); rest (to be
H A B IT U A T E (7) harden (to toughen,
0.85); use (to m akea practice o f (in
past), 0.56); haunt (to frequent p ersist­
ently, 0.50); inure (0.50); patronize (to
trade with, 0.50); familiarize (0.40); teach
(to drill, 0.06).
H A C K (6) hack (1.00); chip (0.90); cough
(0.67); m aim (0.64); haggle (to mangle,
0.50); kill (to deprive o f life, 0.41).
H A C K L E to cut roughly; to m angle (3)
chip (0.57); clean (0.22); com b (0.21).
H A G G L E (2) haggle (to bargain, 1.00);
HAMPER
haggle (to m angle, 1.00).
H A IL to fall as hail in a show er (1) drop
(to fall in drops, 0.04).
H A IL to salute; to greet (8) hail (to salute,
1.00); hail (to call to, 1.00); hail (to
praise, 1.00); greet (0.71); salute (to
address,0.50); com plim ent (to congrat­
ulate, 0.43); w ave (to give an alternat­
ing m ovem ent, 0.14); adm ire (to have
regard for, 0.04).
H A L L O O (1) yell (0.67).
H A L L O W to m ake holy; to sanctify; to
purify (8) hallow (1.00); celebrate (to
recognize an occasion, 0.75); conse­
crate (to dedicate to God, 0.75); dedi­
cate (to co n secrate, 0.50); enshrine
(0.50); sign (to consecrate, 0.50); bless
(to dedicate to God, 0.47); sacrifice (to
offer to a deity, 0.29).
H A L L U C IN A T E (2) hallucinate (1.00);
dream (to have visions, usually during
sleep or fever, 0.80).
H A L T to lame (3) limp (0.92); weaken (to
becom e weaker, 0.50); hobble (to move
as though hobbled, 0.25).
H A L T to stop tem porarily (13) halt (to
cease, 1.00); halt (to cause to cease,
1.00); pause (0.80); checkm ate (0.75);
still, 0.67); prevent (0.63); defeat (to
w orst in war, 0.56); loiter (0.55); desist
(0.50); arrive (to com e to a place, 0.36);
suspend (to cease tem porarily, 0.15);
stammer (0.11).
H A L V E (3) halve (1.00); divide (to sepa­
rate by parting, 0.47); bisect (0.33).
H A M M E R (4) ham m er (1.00); drive (to
force w ith blow s, 0.73); hit (to strike,
0.68); beat (to strike repeatedly, 0.25).
H A M P E R (15) ham per (1.00); delay (to
cause a delay, 0.89); trammel (0.86); bur­
HAMSTRING
den (0 .8 1 ); fetter (to co n fin e, 0.75);
hinder (0.71); halt (to cause to cease,
0.67); tangle (0.67); encum ber (0.50);
stall (to delay, 0.50); opp ress (0.39);
bind (to co n strain w ith b onds, 0.38);
em b arrass (to hinder, 0.33); restra in
(to h o ld in check, 0.31); co m p lic ate
(0 .20 ).
H A M ST R IN G (5) hamstring (1.00); man­
gle (to mutilate, 0.64); damage (to impair
the value of, 0.46); hinder (0.30); m aim
(0.05).
HAND (1) hand (1.00).
H A N D C U F F (3) enchain (to confine,
0.50); bind (to constrain w ith bonds,
0.41); trammel (0.06).
H A N D IC A P (4) hinder (0.87); burden
(0 .6 9 ); o p p ress (0 .4 8 ); c o m p lic a te
(0.07).
H A N D L E (25) handle (to deal in, 1.00);
h an d le (to touch, 1.00); h an d le (to
direct, 1.00); handle (to do w hatever is
necessary, 1.00); wield (0.93); drive (to
manage a propelled vehicle, 0.88); field
(0.83); restrain (to hold in check, 0.81);
finger (to feel, 0.75); m anipulate (0.75);
paw (to handle clumsily, 0.75); feel (to
exam ine by touch, 0.74); caress (0.68);
m anage (to direct, 0.68); pay (to give
payment, 0.50); treat (to deal with a per­
son or thing, 0.50); use (to behave to­
ward, 0.50); dip (to transfer by m eans
o f a vessel, 0.47); hold (to have in on e’s
grasp, 0.41); collect (to arrange settle­
ment o f a debt, 0.40); conduct (to m an­
age, 0.33); truck (to traffic in, 0.33);
exercise (to use, 0.27); ease (to m ove
carefully, 0.15); ride (to control a beast
o f burden by riding ,0.13).
H A NG (14) hang (to suspend, 1.00); hang
(to be suspended, 1.00); hang (to kill
-169- HARDEN
by hanging , 1.00);hang (to depend,
1.00); kill (to deprive o f life, 0.82);
drape (0.78); lynch (0.75); fit (to be
suitable in size and shape, 0.67); paper
(0.67); crucify (to kill by crucifixion,
0.50); execute (to put to death, 0.50);
punish (0.49); festoon (0.25); die (to
cease living, 0.22).
H A P P E N (5) happen (to be by chance,
1.00); happen (to occur, 1.00); follow
(to result, 0.67); offer (to occur, 0.50);
result (0.39).
H A R A N G U E (3) address (to speak to an
assembly, 0.36); preach (0.30); declaim
(0.25).
H A R A S S (17) harass (to annoy an indi­
vidual, 1.00); harass (to m ake small,
persistent attacks, 1.00); persecute (to
oppress, especially for religious rea­
sons, 0.91); tire (to m ake a person
exhausted, 0.85); oppress (0.78); badger
(0.75); infest (to sw arm , 0.75); bother
(to g iv e tro u b le , 0 .7 0 ); d isa p p o in t
(0.70); haunt (to prey upon, 0.61); weary
(to m ake weary, 0.56); grind (to op­
press, 0.50); irk (0.50); pester (0.50);
abuse (to treat badly, 0.34); chafe (to
annoy, 0.25); disturb (to upset mental
calm, 0.24).
H A R B O U R (9) harbour (to protect, 1.00);
harbour (to consider, 1.00); harbour (to
keep h idden , 1.00); shelter (0.61);
cherish (to hold dear, 0.58); board (to
take care of, 0.50); cherish (to tend
solicitously, 0.50); hide (to conceal,
0.43); im agine (to visualize mentally,
0.33).
H A R D E N (12) harden (to make less per­
vious, 1.00); harden (to becom e less
penetrable, 1.00); harden (to toughen,
1.00); stiffen (to cause to becom e stiff,
HARK
0.94); unite (to com e together, 0.83);
form (to take form , 0.79); strengthen
(0.74); freeze (to change to a solid state,
0.67); tighten (to becom e tight, 0.67);
tem per (to toughen or harden, 0.58);
sear (to dry by searing, 0.50); w eather
(to expose to the w eather, 0.15).
H A R K (3) hark (1.00); hear (to perceive
by ear, 0.7-8); listen (to endeavour to
hear, 0.43).
H A R M (10) harm (1.00); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.92); injure (0.75); m ar (to dam ­
age slightly, 0.75); m istreat (0.75); hurt
(to cause pain, 0.72); lacerate (to injure,
0.50); m ishandle (0.50); corrupt (to
debase, 0.37); poison (0.21).
H A R M O N IZ E (17) harmonize (to render
harm onic, 1.00); harm onize (to accord
w ith one another, 1.00); agree (0.92);
fit (to be suitable in character, 0.79);
co n so rt (to be in agreem en t, 0.75);
coordinate (0.75); orchestrate (0.75);
m atch (to be alike, 0.67); attune (to
adjust, 0.50); cohere (to be logically
connected, 0.50); coincide (to corre­
spond, 0.50); organize (to put in order,
0.45); reconcile (to bring into harmony,
0.38); conform (0.31); go (to fit or suit,
0.25); follow (to regulate o n e’s action,
0.20); b alance (to place in balance,
0.15).
H A R N E S S (5) h a rn e ss (1 .0 0 ); y o k e
(0.68); restrain (to hold in check, 0.62);
gear (to prepare, 0.50); w ear (to use as
clothing or personal ornam ent, 0.10).
H A R R O W to break up (4) harrow (to
use a harrow on land, 1.00); plough (to
use a plough, 0.56); drag (to pulverize,
0.50); frighten (to alarm, 0.06).
H A R R O W to harry; to rob; to spoil (3)
harrow (to torment, 1.00); hurt (to cause
-170- HAUNT
pain, 0.67); haunt (to prey upon, 0.27).
H A R R Y (5) harry (to raid, 1.00); harry
(to harass, 1.00); harass (to m ake small,
persistent attacks, 0.50); ravage (0.33);
bother (to give trouble, 0.30).
H A R V E S T (2) harvest (1.00); profit (to
derive gain, 0.11).
H A S H (3) m ash (0.88); m ince (to chop,
0.50); m angle (to mutilate, 0.36).
H A S T E (2) scamper (0.25); race (to move
at great speed, 0.19).
H A S T E N (11) hasten (to m ake haste,
1.00); hasten (to expedite, 1.00); hurry
(to act hastily, 0.86); dart (to move
quickly, 0.75); scam per (0.75); drive (to
urge on, 0.74); bustle (0.67); rush (0.67);
run (to go sw iftly by physical effort,
0.66); race (to m ove at great speed,
0.65); send (to dispatch, 0.47).
H A T C H to bring forth young birds (6)
hatch (to bring forth, 1.00); hatch (to
plan, 1.00); incubate (0.75); reproduce
(to multiply, 0.53); set (to brood, 0.50);
produce (to bear, 0.11).
H A T C H to cut; to engrave or draw a
series o f lines (1) engrave (to prepare
a plate for printing, 0.13).
H A T C H E L to dress w ith h atchel; to
hackle (2) clean (0.30); comb (0.14).
H A T E (2) hate (to detest, 1.00); dislike
(0.62).
H A U L (10) haul (1.00); tow (0.88); yank
(0.78); drag (to pull an object, 0.75);
truck (to send by truck, 0.75); tug
(0.50); lure (to draw, 0.25); team (0.25);
carry (to tran sp o rt, 0.24); draw (to
m ove an object, 0.14).
H A U N T (4 ) h a u n t (to f re q u e n t
persistently, 1.00); haunt (to frequent
as a spirit, 1.00); haunt (to prey upon,
1.00); attend (to go to, 0.20).
HAVE -171-
HAVE (9) have (to be in possession of,
1.00); have (to bear, 1.00); have (to be
obliged; used w ith infinitive, 1.00);
have (to have sexual intercourse with,
1.00); own (to possess, 0.82); m onopo­
lize (0.53); must (0.25); reserve (to retain,
0.25); m aintain (to keep ready for use,
0 .21 ).
HAW K (2) peddle (0.75); hunt (to pur­
sue w ith intent to kill, 0.26).
H A ZA R D (12) hazard (1.00); gam ble (to
take chances, 0.75); chance (to take a
chance, 0.73); bet (0.64); com prom ise
(to dam age o n e’s honour, 0.50); risk
(0.50); speculate (to gam ble in busi­
ness, 0.50); undertake (0.31); im peril
(0.25); play (to gam ble, 0.25); venture
(0.21); dare (to be courageous, 0.11).
HEAD (3) head (1.00); command (to have
control, 0.63); precede (0.40).
H E A L (6) heal (to cure, 1.00); heal (to
recover, 1.00); knit (to grow together,
0.75); mend (to repair, 0.75); recover (to
regain health, 0.60); recuperate (0.50).
H EAP (5) heap (to place in a heap, 1.00);
heap (to am ass, 1.00); accum ulate (to
amass, 0.88); charge (to load, 0.50);
load (to place a load, 0.37).
H EA R (6) hear (to perceive by ear, 1.00);
hear (to receive inform ation orally,
1.00); try (to conduct a trial, 0.83); lis­
ten (to endeavour to hear, 0.29); learn
(to acquire mentally, 0.13); discover (to
find, 0.06).
H E A R K E N (4) hearken (1.00); hear (to
perceive by ear, 0.89); listen (to endeav­
our to hear, 0.57); hark (0.50).
H E A R T E N (9) hearten (1.00); fortify (to
strengthen physically or em otionally,
0.83); gladden (0.73); com fort (to con­
sole, 0.50); strengthen (0.43); brace (to
HEEL
encourage, 0.33); assure (to encourage,
0.25); encourage (to raise the spirits,
0.24); support (to uphold, 0.16).
H E A T (9) heat (to m ake hot, 1.00); heat
(to becom e hot, 1.00); radiate (to shed
light or heat, 0.89); toast (to brown
b rea d , 0 .8 3 ); ele c trify (to p ro v id e
electricity, 0.69); steam (to cook, 0.67);
warm (0.50); fix (to prepare a meal, 0.33);
bum (to subject to fire, 0.09).
H E A V E (14) heave (to raise laboriously,
1.00); heave (to raise and fall, 1.00);
heave (to throw, 1.00); raise (to lift,
0.63); beat (to pulsate, 0.55); dart (to
m ove in the m anner o f a dart, 0.53);
elevate (to lift bodily, 0.50); lob (0.50);
project (to throw, 0.50); surge (to swell,
0.50); toss (to m ove up and dow n,
0.50); throw (to hurl, 0.47); pry (to
m ove with a lever, 0.31); hurl (0.25).
H E C K L E (3) heckle (1.00); bother (to give
trouble, 0.65); upbraid (0.56).
H E C T O R to bully; to tease; to torm ent
(2) persecute (to oppress, especially
for religious reasons, 0.87); bluster
(0.18).
H E D G E (5) trim (to refuse to take a stand,
0.83); equiv o cate (0.75); tem porize
(0.75); defend (to keep o ff an enemy,
often f ig ., 0.35); hinder (0.25).
H E E D (11) heed (1.00); respect (to treat
w ith consideration, 0.80); entertain (to
consider, 0.75); follow (to observe,
0.67); m ind (to give o n e’s attention,
0.67); regard (to look at, 0.57); care (to
be careful, 0.50); m ind (to obey, 0.50);
note (to notice, 0.50); see (to perceive
w ith the eye, 0.45); see (to witness,
0 .20).
H E E L to m ove to heel; to furnish with a
heel (2) heel (1.00); hunt (to pursue
HEEL -172-
w ith intent to kill, 0.61).
H E E L to lay on her side, said o f a ship (1)
lean (to incline, 0.04).
H E IG H T E N (13) h eighten (to increase,
1.00); heighten (to raise, 1.00); becom e
(to be suitable, 0.75); enhance (0.75);
intensify (0.75); increase (to add to,
0.74); exaggerate (0.68); escalate (0.67);
boost (to increase, 0.50); exacerbate
(to aggravate, 0.50); rise (to increase,
0.50); crown (to empower with a crown,
0.29); develop (to im prove, 0.14).
H E L P (15) help (to aid, 1.00); help (to
assist in recovery, 1.00); help (to serve
at table, 1.00); help (to im prove, 1.00);
a c co m m o d ate (to ren d e r a se rv ic e,
0 .9 7 ); c o r r e c t (to m a k e n e e d e d
corrections, 0.91); encourage (to give
support, 0.83); rem edy (0.83); prom ote
(to further, 0.82); support (to uphold,
0.81); underw rite (to support fin an ­
cially, 0.80); soothe (0.47); com fort (to
console, 0.33); serve (to serve at table,
0.25); w ait (to attend at table, 0.22).
H E M to edge or border (a garm ent); to
decorate w ith a b order (2) face (to put
facing on goods, 0.70); jo in (to adjoin,
0.08).
H E M IS E C T (1) bisect (0.67).
H E N P E C K (1) henpeck (1.00).
H E R A L D (7) herald (1.00); advertise (to
m ake public, 0.92); em blazon (to pro ­
claim , 0.75); precede (0.70); notify (to
provide w ith inform ation, 0.58); p o r­
tend (0.25); greet (0.12).
H E R D to go in a herd (1) drive (to cause
to move, 0.87).
H E R M IT IZ E (1) hide (to keep o n eself
concealed, 0.67).
H E S IT A T E (9) hesitate (1.00); linger (to
go reluctantly, 0.82); dilly-dally (0.75);
HENDER
w aver (0.73); doubt (to entertain doubt,
0.60); stam m er (0.56); delay (to make a
delay, 0.50); retard (to daw dle, 0.33);
totter (to stagger, 0.08).
H E W (10) hew (1.00); carve (to form by
cutting, 0.95); chip (0.93); cut (to sever,
0.86); chisel (to work with a chisel, 0.50);
cleave (to split, 0.50); cut (to hit sharply,
0.50); build (to construct, 0.29); prepare
(to make oneself ready, 0.26); divide (to
separate by parting, 0.18).
H IB E R N A T E (4) hibernate (1.00); veg­
etate (to stagnate, 0.75); sleep (0.53);
hide (to keep o n eself concealed, 0.33).
H ID E to put or keep out o f sight (11) hide
(to conceal, 1.00); hide (to keep oneself
concealed, 1.00); palliate (0.90); shelter
(0.83); sub lim ate (to repress, 0.75);
sneak (0.55); fly (to flee from danger,
0.50); pock et (0.50); retreat (to retire,
0.38); envelop (0.25); evade (to use
trickery to avoid a sharp issue, 0.15).
H IE (2) race (to m ove at great speed,
0.52); hasten (to m ake haste, 0.49).
H IG H JA C K (1) hijack (0.75).
H IG H L IG H T (1) emphasize (0.90).
H IJ A C K (1) hijack (1.00).
H IK E (9) hike (to tramp, 1.00); tramp (to
w ander afoot, 0.80); trek (0.75); wander
(to stroll, 0.75); w alk (to m ove on foot,
0.70); exercise (to move the body, 0.69);
plod (0.50); prom enade (0.50); peram ­
bulate (to ramble, 0.25).
H IL L to heap (2) heap (to place in a heap,
0.54); bank (to heap earth or similar ma­
terial, 0.25).
H IN D E R (22) hinder (1.00); tram mel
(0.94); check (to slacken the pace, 0.90);
burden (0.85); trip (to cause to stumble,
0.80); interdict (0.75); stop (to prevent,
0 .7 5 ); fo rb id (0 .6 4 ); a n tic ip a te (to
HINGE -173-
forestall, 0.63); oppress (0.57); halt (to
cause to cease, 0.51); balk (to frustrate,
0.50); incapacitate (0.50); m olest (to
disturb people, 0.48); bother (to give
trouble, 0.38); slow (to cause to become
slower, 0.35); taboo (0.27); com m and
(to have control, 0.25); d w arf (to keep
sm all, 0.25); stall (to delay, 0.25);
com plicate (0.23); m eddle (to interfere
in others’ affairs, 0.18).
H IN G E (1) hinge (1.00).
H IN T (3) hint (1.00); w arn (0.67); com ­
municate (to impart information, 0.20).
H IR E (9) hire (to employ, 1.00); hire (to
let, 1.00); enlist (to enroll others, 0.91);
rent (to obtain use by paym ent, 0.83);
let (to rent, 0.50); take (to rent, 0.50);
borrow (to receive tem porarily, 0.43);
com m ission (0.23); assign (to delegate
to a specific purpose, 0.22).
HISS (7) hiss (to m ake a hissing sound,
1.00); hiss (to condem n, 1.00); w histle
(to produce a shrill blast, 0.62); upbraid
(0.53); splutter (to spit, 0.25); w hizz
(0 .2 2 ); cry (to call (not o f hu m an
creatures), 0.16).
H IT (17) hit (to astound, 1.00); hit (to
bump against, 1.00); hit (to fire in time;
said o f an internal com bustion m otor),
1.00); hit (to strike, 1.00); collide (to
come into violent contact, 0.75); dash
(to strike violently, 0.75); peck (0.50);
scourge (to whip, 0.50); stun (to render
unconscious, 0.50); attack (to assault
(of an individual), 0.40); beat (to thrash,
0.34); stab (0.27); thrash (to chastise,
0.25); operate (to be in operation, 0.21);
box (to fight for sport, 0.20); w ash (to
border upon, 0.17); thum p (0.11).
H IT C H (7) hitch (to harness, 1.00); hitch
(to move with a jerk, 1.00); fidget (0.36);
HOLD
bind (to constrain w ith bonds, 0.31);
consolidate (to cause to unite, 0.19);
yoke (0.16); limp (0.15).
H IT C H H IK E (1) hostel (0.50).
H O A R D (9) hoard (1.00); accumulate (to
amass, 0.96); pile (to amass, 0.75); con­
centrate (to bring or com e together,
0.73); deposit (to present m oney for
safekeeping, 0.54); am ass (0.50); hide
(to conceal, 0.29); harvest (0.14); ob­
tain (to gain possession, 0.03).
H O A X (4) defraud (0.75); deceive (0.57);
catch (to trick, 0.33); mislead (0.27).
H O B B L E (13) hobble (to restrict, 1.00);
hobble (to m ove as though hobbled,
1.00); hitch (to m ove with a jerk, 0.75);
shackle (0.75); shamble (0.75); trammel
(0.74); lag (to move without spirit, 0.25);
enslave (0.23); limp (0.23); com plicate
(0.13); hinder (0.08); bind (to constrain
w ith b o n d s , 0 .0 7 ); lin g e r (to go
reluctantly, 0.04).
H O B N O B (1) hobnob (1.00).
H O G (1) glut (to eat to satiety, 0.57).
H O G T IE (1) hogtie (1.00).
H O IS T (7) elevate (to lift bodily, 0.75);
lift (0.75); sling (to suspend, 0.75); raise
(to lift, 0.69); boost (to raise, 0.50);
heave (to raise laboriously, 0.50); pry
(to m ove w ith a lever, 0.38).
H O L D (55) hold (to have in o n e’s grasp,
1.00); hold (to have in o n e’s posses­
sion, 1.00); hold (to remain firm, 1.00);
hold (to adhere, 1.00); hold (to be valid,
1.00); hold (to believe, 1.00); hold (to
contain, 1.00); hold (to support; often
u s e d w ith u p , 1 .0 0 ); r e s is t (to
withstand, 0.95); dam (0.93); include (to
contain, 0.93); own (to possess, 0.91);
believe (to accept as true, 0.83); delay
(to cause a delay, 0.77); accept (to be­
HOLIDAY -174-
lieve, 0.75); detain (0.75); m easure (to
c o n ta in b y m e a s u r e m e n t, 0 .7 5 );
possess (0.75); shelve (to postpone,
0.75); truss (to support, 0.75); halt (to
cause to cease, 0.73); occupy (to fill
space, 0.71); read (to contain w hen
read, 0.71); consider (to regard, 0.70);
check (to halt, 0.67); contain (to restrict,
0.67); support (to uphold, 0.66); fasten
(to m ake som ething secure, 0.61); feel
(to believe, 0.60); enjoy (to have the
use of, 0.50); nail (to fasten w ith nails,
0.50); stand (to endure, 0.50); tag (to fit
w ith a tag, 0.50); com m and (to have
co n tro l, 0 .4 9 ); m o n o p o liz e (0 .4 7 );
restrain (to hold in check, 0.46); defend
(to keep off an enemy, often f ig ., 0.41);
love (to express love by caresses, 0.40);
imprison (0.38); ravish (to charm, 0.36);
receive (to take into one’s charge, 0.35);
field (0.33); have (to be in possession
of, 0.33); prolong (0.33); rest (to be still,
0.33); stand (to be situated, 0.33); take
(to consider, 0.33); think (to believe,
0.33); enslave (0.29); stick (to rem ain
fastened, 0.27); hope (0.25); refer (to
concern, 0.22); comprise (0.16); stop (to
halt, 0.10); be (to have being, 0.05).
H O LID A Y (2) summ er (0.33); fete (0.25).
H O L L O W (4) hollow (1.00); dent (0.94);
deepen (to cause to grow deeper, 0.50);
undercut (to excavate, 0.50).
H O M E ST E A D (1) farm (to do farm work,
0.31).
H O M O L O G A T E (1) approve (to give ap­
proval, 0.26).
H O N E to sharpen on a hone (4) hone
(1.00); w het (0.75); sharpen (to m ake
keen, 0.50); strop (0.25).
H O N K (1) honk (1.00).
H O N O U R (20) honour (to treat w ith re­
HOPE
spect, 1.00); honour (to recognize as
valid, 1.00); honour (to recognize worth,
1.00); adm ire (to have regard for, 0.92);
cherish (to hold dear, 0.83); bless (to
dedicate to God, 0.79); ennoble (0.75);
s ig n a liz e ( 0 .7 5 ) ; a p p r e c ia te (to
recognize worth, 0.71); com plim ent (to
c o n g ra tu la te , 0 .6 4 ); co m m em o rate
(0.50); glorify (to w orship, 0.50); wor­
ship (to adore, 0.50); celebrate (to rec­
ognize an occasion, 0.44); favour (to
have a preference, 0.38); hail (to salute,
0.25); lionize (0.25); raise (to advance
in rank, 0.25); solem nize (0.25); praise
(to com m end, 0.14).
H O O D (1) top (to apply topping, 0.58).
H O O D W IN K (4) hoodw ink (1.00); de­
ceive (0.33); mystify (0.25); pretend (to
feign, 0.19).
H O O K (11) hook (to curve in the shape
o f a hook, 1.00); hook (to catch on a
hook, 1.00); grapple (to fasten, 0.75);
je rk (to m ove an object w ith a quick
tug, 0.54); catch (to seize hold of, 0.47);
butt (to strike with the head, 0.43); hang
(to suspend, 0.33); ram (to strike head-
on, 0.25); draw (to m ove an object,
0.23); hitch (to harness, 0.13); arch
(0.08).
H O O T (4) hoot (1.00); cry (to call (not of
hum an creatures), 0.92); yelp (0.25); yell
(0 .21 ).
H O P to spring (9) hop (1.00); dance (to
m ove in a gay manner, 0.95); bounce
(to m o v e suddenly, 0.71); jitterb u g
(0.67); bounce (to rebound, 0.56); jump
(to leap across or up, 0.38); hitch (to
m ove w ith a jerk, 0.25); tram p (to tread
heavily, 0.10); step (0.07).
H O P E (2) hope (1.00); wish (to express a
desire, 0.92).
HORN -175-
H O R N (2) butt (to strike w ith the head,
0.29); bunt (to butt, 0.25).
H O R N IF Y (1) harden (to m ake less per­
vious, 0.81).
H O R R IF Y (5) horrify (1.00); shock (to
disturb o n e ’s sense o f propriety, 0.77);
appal (0.50); terrify (0.50); frighten (to
alarm, 0.32).
H O R S E W H IP (1) beat (to thrash, 0.52).
H O SP IT A L IZ E (1) quarantine (0.60).
H O S T to receiv e as a guest (3) host
(1.00); entertain (to act as host or host­
ess, 0.18); receive (to m ake w elcom e,
0.17).
H O S T E L (2) hostel (1.00); lodge (to b e­
come fixed, 0.33).
H O U N D (8) hound (1.00); hunt (to pur­
sue w ith intent to kill, 0.87); haunt (to
prey upon, 0.76); pursue (to chase,
0.71); drive (to cause to m ove, 0.47);
' obsess (0.25); spy (to act as a spy,
0.21); oppress (0.17).
H O U S E to receive or put into a house;
enter a house; to protect w ith a roof
(5) accom m odate (to provide lodging,
0 .8 8 ); d e fe n d (to p ro v id e g e n e ra l
p rotection, 0.37); cover (to protect,
0 .2 5 ); q u a r te r (to p r o v id e liv in g
quarters, 0.17); shelter (0.11).
H O U S E B R E A K (2) dom esticate (0.25);
steal (0.21).
H O V E R (8) hover (1.00); hesitate (0.68);
fly (to pass through the air, 0.62);
loiter (0.38); impend (to threaten, 0.25);
set (to brood, 0.25); loom (to appear
large or im posing, 0.17); hang (to be
suspended, 0.09).
H O W L (14) howl (1.00); cry (to call (not
o f h u m an cre atu res), 0.97); storm
(0.91); w hoop (0.90); bellow (0.75);
ejaculate (0.75); yelp (0.75); roar (0.71);
HUMOUR
b ark (to em it a d o g ’s characteristic
sound, 0.64); cry (to weep, 0.55); yell
(0.54); baw l (to m ake a bello w in g
sound, 0.50); bay (0.50); w histle (to
produce a shrill blast, 0.31).
H U D D L E (4) huddle (1.00); cuddle (to
nestle, 0.33); gather (to com e together,
0.21); concentrate (to bring or come
together, 0.02).
H U G (8) hug (1.00); love (to express love
by caresses, 0.50); hold (to have in
o n e’s grasp, 0.45); pet (to m ake love,
0.33); w elcom e (0.33); huddle (0.18);
stick (to rem ain fastened, 0.18); cherish
(to hold dear, 0.04).
H U L K to loom bulkily (1) loom (to ap­
pear large or imposing, 0.50).
H U L L (1) hull (1.00).
H U M to sound (8) hum (1.00); w hine
(0.85); purr (0.83); drone (to m ake a
c o n tin u o u s sound, 0.67); sound (to
m ake a noise, 0.64); buzz (0.50); zoom
(0.17); whizz (0.11).
H U M A N IZ E (2) humanize (1.00); civilize
(0.61).
H U M B L E (6) hum ble (1.00); chasten (to
punish, 0.96); humiliate (0.83); dampen
(to discourage, 0.75); disgrace (0.54);
m aster (to conquer, 0.25).
H U M B U G (1) deceive (0.10).
H U M ID IFY (1) moisten (0.46).
H U M IL IA T E (5) humiliate (1.00); chas­
ten (to punish, 0.92); sham e (0.75);
insult (0.65); humble (0.56).
H U M O U R (9) hum our (1.00); pam per
(0.55); gratify (0.50); satisfy (to make
content, 0.50); allow (to perm it an ac­
tion, 0.37); entertain (to keep others
amused, 0.35); accommodate (to render
a service, 0.22); baby (0.19); grovel
(0.17).
HUMP -176-
H U M P (1) arch (0.15).
H U N C H (4) hunch (1.00); bow (to bend,
0.62); squat (0.50); arch (0.31).
H U N G E R (1) languish (to want, 0.75).
H U N T (8) hunt (to pursue w ith intent to
kill, 1.00); hunt (to try to find, 1.00);
track (to follow by evidence, 0.86);
rout (0.76); spy (to act as a spy, 0.43);
explore (0.40); drive (to cause to move,
0.33); act (to perform an action, 0.03).
H U R D L E (4) hurdle (1.00); vault (0.75);
gallop (0.60); jum p (to leap across or
up, 0.15).
H U R L (13) hurl (1.00); emit (to discharge,
0.91); bow l (in cricket, to pitch, 0.75);
dash (to throw, 0.75); heave (to throw,
0.75); pitch (to throw, 0.75); sling (to
throw, 0.75); toss (to throw easily, 0.75);
deliver (to throw, 0.50); fire (to shoot,
0.33); cast (to throw, 0.25); send (to
project, 0.25); slam (to throw w ith a
slam, 0.25).
H U R R Y (17) hurry (to act hastily, 1.00);
hurry (to m ove rapidly, 1.00); hurry (to
urge others, 1.00); race (to m ove at great
speed, 0.94); run (to go sw iftly by
physical effort, 0.93); expedite (0.75);
hasten (to m ake haste, 0.74); hasten (to
expedite, 0.46); w hizz (0.44); drive (to
u rg e on, 0.43); q u ick en (to hasten,
0.33); dash (to sprint, 0.25); precipitate
(0.25); steam (to speed, 0.25); m ove (to
be in m otion, 0.21); step (0.20); trot
(0.14).
H U R T (17) hurt (to cause pain, 1.00); hurt
(to harm , 1.00); hurt (to distress, 1.00);
hurt (to give a feeling o f pain, 1.00);
abuse (to treat badly, 0.94); bother (to
be disturbing, 0.76); ply (to beat, 0.75);
w rong (0.75); stab (0.60); scar (0.54);
crack (to dam age, 0.50); disagree (to
HYPOTHESIZE
have uncom fortable effect, 0.50); maim
(0.41); corrupt (to debase, 0.35); rankle
(0.29); impair (to damage, 0.25); pommel
(0.25).
H U R T L E (7) hurtle (1.00); dart (to move
in the m anner o f a dart, 0.65); whizz
(0.56); crash (to fall with a crash, 0.50);
parachute (0.25); jerk (to m ove an ob­
je c t w ith a quick tug, 0.15); jum p (to
vibrate, 0.07).
H U SB A N D (4) econom ize (0.89); main­
tain (to keep ready for use, 0.42); retain
(to keep, 0.33); farm (to do farm work,
0.25).
H U S H to silence; to quiet (5) hush (1.00);
decrease (to m ake less, 0.82); fade (to
dim inish in sound, 0.75); m uzzle (to
silence, 0.18); hide (to conceal, 0.14).
H U S K to rem ove the husk o f corn (4)
hull (0.75); unw rap (0.32); skin (0.25);
shell (0.20).
H U S T L E (7) hustle (to hurry, 1.00); mob
(0.75); race (to m ove at great speed,
0.55); drive (to cause to m ove, 0.53);
hasten (to m ake haste, 0.46); bustle
(0.33); solicit (to tem pt for sexual pur­
poses, 0.17).
H Y B R ID IZ E (2) mix (to blend, 0.74); cross
(to mix breeds, 0.50).
H Y D R O L IZ E (1) analyze (to subject to
analysis, 0.43).
H Y P E R B O L IZ E (2) exaggerate (0.36);
overdo (to do too m uch, 0.33).
H Y P N O T IZ E (6) hypnotize (to put in a
trance, 1.00); hypnotize (to charm, 1.00);
entrance (to put into a trance, 0.75);
enchain (to attract, 0.50); transfix (to
fascinate, 0.25); ravish (to charm, 0.07).
H Y P O T H E S IZ E (6) postulate (to theo­
rize, 0.75); generalize (to m ake gener­
ally applicable, 0.60); assum e (to take
ICE
for granted, 0.44); guess (to attem pt an
answer on inadequate evidence, 0.41);
sp ecu late (to think, 0.30); th e o rize
(0.25).
I refuse to act, 0.50); shrug (0.50); shun
ICE (3) ice (to becom e covered with ice,
1.00); ice (to cover w ith icing, 1.00);
freeze (to change to a solid state, 0.33).
ID E A L IZ E (4) idealize (1.00); dream (to
e n te r ta in or d e lu d e o n e s e lf w ith
im agined things, 0.33); civilize (0.22);
decorate (0.05).
ID EA TE (1) think (to exam ine w ith the
mind, 0.92).
ID E N T IF Y (11) identify (1.00); class
(0.75); distinguish (to m ake distinc­
tions, 0.69); distinguish (to provide an
identification, 0.67); nam e (to give a
name, 0.56); mark (to make a mark, 0.50);
discover (to find, 0.45); characterize (to
distinguish, 0.25); detect (to find out,
0.25); enum erate (0.25); label (0.25).
ID EN TU RE (1) enslave (0.61).
ID LE (11) idle (1.00); loaf (to do nothing
useful, 0.94); spend (to pass time, 0.89);
lounge (0.67); dally (to trifle, 0.50); daw­
dle (0.50); drone (to loaf, 0.33); linger
(to go reluctantly, 0.25); piddle (0.25);
wait (to await, 0.20); loiter (0.03).
ID O L A T R IZE (1) canonize (0.25).
ID O L IZ E (5) idolize (1.00); love (to be
passionately devoted, 0.53); canonize
(0.33); cherish (to hold dear, 0.13);
admire (to have regard for, 0.12).
IG N IT E (5) ignite (1.00); fire (to set on
fire, 0.67); bum (to subject to fire, 0.64);
shoot (to d ischarge, 0.50); heat (to
becom e hot, 0.44).
IG N O R E (17) ignore (1.00); scorn (to
refuse as a m atter o f principle, 0.89);
-177- ILLUSTRATE
disobey (0.78); cancel (to annul, 0.75);
forget (to neglect accidentally, 0.75);
om it (to neglect, 0.75); snub (to slight,
0.75); disregard (0.67); rebuff (to reject,
0.62); elide (to suppress, 0.50); pass (to
(0.40); n eg lect (to fail to attend to
responsibilities, 0.38); neglect (to treat
with indifference, 0.31); disdain (0.25);
refuse (0.21).
IL L U M E (2) light (to provide light, 0.57);
illuminate (to make lighter, 0.25).
IL L U M IN A T E (13) illuminate (to deco­
rate, 1.00); illuminate (to explain, 1.00);
illu m in a te (to m ak e lighter, 1.00);
enlighten (to bring supposed spiritual
truth, 0.86); light (to provide light, 0.86);
explain (0.82); describe (0.78); irradiate
(0.75); radiate (to shed light or heat,
0.67); decorate (0.59); shine (to give
forth light, 0.33); illustrate (to adorn
w ith illu stratio n s, 0.25); co lour (to
im part colour to, 0.06).
IL L U M IN E (6) illumine (to explain, 1.00);
illum ine (to light up, 1.00); enlighten
(to b rin g su p p o se d sp iritu a l truth,
0.93); radiate (to shed light or heat,
0.93); light (to provide light, 0.71); shine
(to give forth light, 0.38).
IL L U S T R A T E (15) illustrate (to adorn
w ith illustrations, 1.00); illustrate (to
make clear by illustration, 1.00); explain
(0.88); com m ent (to annotate, 0.75);
display (to advertise, 0.75); exem plify
(0.75); illum inate (to decorate, 0.75);
define (to provide a name or description
, 0.61); elucidate (0.50); explicate (0.50);
describe (0.41); photograph (0.38); plan
(to arrange in a prelim inary way, 0.38);
dem onstrate (to explain, 0.33); teach (to
act as a teacher, 0.10).
IMAGINE -178-
IM A G IN E (14) imagine (to visualize men­
tally, 1.00); visualize (0.83); dream (to
e n te r ta in o r d e lu d e o n e s e lf w ith
im agined things, 0.78); doubt (to raise
a q u estion, 0.75); play (to pretend,
0.75); think (to suppose, 0.75); guess
(to attem pt an answ er on inadequate
, evidence, 0.65); think (to exam ine with
the mind, 0.58); feign (0.50); assume (to
take for granted, 0.32); trust (to hope,
0.25); com pose (to create, 0.18); guess
(to m ake a choice, alm ost at hazard,
0.17); p roduce (to create by m ental
effort, 0.17).
IM B E D (2) em bed (to put in, 0.93); insert
(to put in, 0.67).
IM B IB E (8) imbibe (to absorb, 1.00); im ­
bibe (to drink, 1.00); learn (to acquire
mentally, 0.81); carouse (0.67); engulf
(0.67); absorb (to take in by absorption,
0.29); drink (to sw allow liquid, 0.13);
swallow (0.09).
IM B R U E (1) soak (to drench, 0.50).
IM B U E (12) imbue (1.00); enclose (to shut
up or shut in, 0.86); instill (0.81); ingrain
(0.75); soak (to rem ain in liquid, 0.71);
indoctrinate (0.50); transfuse (0.50); in­
je c t (to include, 0.45); train (to direct
growth, 0.35); colour (to im part colour
to, 0.13); cook (0.10); teach (to act as a
teacher, 0.07).
IM IT A T E (13) im itate (to follow the
example of, 1.00); imitate (to mimic, 1.00);
im itate (to copy, 1.00); im itate (to
r e s e m b le , 1 .0 0 ); s im u la te (0 .8 6 );
represent (to serve as an equivalent,
0.82); pretend (to feign, 0.81); follow
(to regulate o n e ’s action, 0.80); forge
(0.39); adopt (to take as o n e ’s own,
0.38); em ulate (0.25); reflect (to throw
back, 0.22); illustrate (to m ake clear by
IMPANEL
• illustration, 0.11).
IM M E R G E (2) soak (to drench, 0.79);
merge (0.13).
IM M E R S E (11) im m erse (to put under
water, 1.00); immerse (to engross, 1.00);
baptize (to cleanse sacramentally, 0.86);
soak (to drench, 0.86); w ash (to bathe,
0.69); sink (to cause to sink, 0.50);
su b m e rg e (to go d o w n w ard , 0.50);
occupy (to absorb attention, 0.43); sink
(to go downw ard, 0.18); wallow (0.17);
flood (0.14).
IM M IG R A T E (4) immigrate (1.00); emi­
grate (0.50); colonize (0.33); migrate
(0.25).
IM M O L A T E (2) sacrifice (to offer to a
deity, 0.71); kill (to deprive of life, 0.68).
IM M O R T A L IZ E (1) immortalize (1.00).
IM M U N IZ E (3) inoculate (0.75); vaccinate
(0.75); nurse (0.65).
IM M U R E (4) enslave (0.81); imprison
(0.69); punish (0.63); entom b (to im­
prison, 0.25).
IM P A C T (1) em bed (to put in, 0.07).
IM PA IR (16) impair (to damage, 1.00); im­
p a ir (to w eak en , 1.00); d ead en (to
reduce life or its evidence, 0.93); abuse
(to treat badly, 0.88); underm ine (to
enfeeble, 0.75); destroy (to bring to
nothing, 0.62); m aim (0.55); cut (to
weaken, 0.50); corrupt (to debase, 0.43);
ravage (0.41); weaken (to make weaker,
0.40); disable (0.33); crack (to damage,
0 .2 5 ); a d u lte ra te (0 .2 3 ); w ea r (to
consum e by w earing, 0.13); w reck (to
bring to ruin, 0.13).
IM P A L E (3) impale (1.00); stick (to pen­
etrate w ith a point, 0.50); penetrate (to
pierce, 0.35).
IM P A N E L to em panel (1) list (to enter in
a list, 0.09).
IMPART -179-
IM PART (14) impart (to give, 1.00); impart
(to inform , 1.00); co m m u n icate (to
im part inform ation, 0.98); reveal (to
divulge, 0.86); give (to transfer, 0.85);
recite (to relate in detail, 0.77); divulge
(0.67); hint (0.64); instill (0.54); declare
(to adm it to o n e’s possessions, 0.46);
grant (to perm it, 0.25); tell (to inform ,
0.24); send (to deliver, 0.18); display
(to present for effect, 0.08).
IM P E A C H (6) im peach (1.00); depose
(0.50); dismiss (to remove an employee,
0.31); denounce (0.25); upbraid (0.13);
accuse (0.03).
IM PED E (27) impede (1.00); hinder (0.99);
tram m el (0.97); check (to slacken the
pace, 0.85); discourage (to restrain,
0 .8 3 ); fo re c lo s e (to h in d e r, 0 .7 5 );
ham per (0.75); delay (to cause a delay,
0 .7 3 ); in te rru p t (to h in d e r, 0 .6 7 );
prevent (0.59); curb (0.50); prohibit (to
hinder, 0.50); thw art (0.50); halt (to
cause to cease, 0.48); bother (to give
trouble, 0.35); bar (to hinder, 0.33);
com plicate (0.33); slow (to cause to be­
com e slower, 0.30); baffle (to hinder,
0.25); occlude (0.25); preclude (0.25);
retard (to hinder, 0.25); m eddle (to
interfere in oth ers’ affairs, 0.24); dam
(0.13); burden (0.12); bar (to raise a
physical obstruction, 0.10); oppose (to
fight, 0.05).
IM P E L (20) impel (to urge, 1.00); impel
(to press, 1.00); drive (to urge on, 0.96);
m otivate (0.94); incite (0.89); push (to
m ove by p u sh in g , 0.89); b eg in (to
initiate, 0.82); force (to use force, 0.81);
coerce (to force, 0.75); m ove (to set in
motion, 0.75); urge (to drive, 0.73); slide
(to cause to slide, 0.67); goad (0.59);
roll (to cause to roll, 0.57); enforce (to
IMPLICATE
require com pliance, 0.30); em bolden
(0.25); spur (0.25); throw (to send forth,
0.08); com m and (to have control, 0.07);
excite (to activate, 0.05).
IM P E N D (6) im pend (to threaten, 1.00);
im pend (to project, 1.00); overhang (to
hang over, 0.50); approach (to come near
in tim e, 0.38); hang (to be suspended,
0 .1 8 ); lo o m (to a p p e a r la rg e or
imposing, 0.06).
IM PE N E T R A T E (1) instill (0.08).
IM P E R IL (6) imperil (1.00); jeopardize
(0.75); endanger (0.67); threaten (to im­
pend, 0.60); expose (to open to danger,
0.50); com prom ise (to dam age on e’s
honour, 0.25).
IM PER SO N A T E (12) impersonate (1.00);
imitate (to mimic, 0.93); act (to take part
in a play, 0.89); mime (0.75); play (to act
in a play, 0.75); perform (to present a
perform ance, 0.54); enact (to act, 0.33);
present (to give a play, 0.33); ape (0.25);
echo (0.25); mimic (to imitate, 0.25); rep­
resent (to serve as an equivalent, 0.18).
IM P IN G E (3) impinge (to infringe upon,
1.00); im pinge (to hit, 1.00); crash (to
have a collision, 0.64).
IM P L A N T (16) implant (1.00); embed (to
put in, 0.67); train (to direct growth,
0.65); instill (0.58); inject (to include,
0.55); em bed (to fix, 0.50); fix (to make
firm , 0.50); inculcate (0.50); bury (to
embed, 0.33); bed (0.25); impregnate (to
infuse, 0.25); indoctrinate (0.25); infuse
(0.25); enclose (to shut up or shut in,
0.14); interject (0.07); teach (to act as a
teacher, 0.03).
IM P L E M E N T (4) implement (1.00); equip
(to supply, 0.25); fit (to equip, 0.25);
provide (to supply, 0.04).
IM PL IC A T E (9) implicate (to imply, 1.00);
IMPLORE - 180-
im plicate (to involve, 1.00); involve
(0.87); incrim inate (0.75); denounce
(0.72); entangle (0.63); accuse (0.44);
com plicate (0.43); include (to contain,
0.21).
IM P L O R E (11) implore (1.00); beg (to ask IM P O V E R IS H (4) impoverish (1.00); ruin
earnestly or im portunately, 0.89); urge
(to induce, 0.78); beseech (0.75); plead
(to beg, 0.75); pray (to call upon God,
0.67); entreat (0.60); grovel (0.54);
conjure (to appeal to, 0.50); im portune
(0.25); invite (to ask politely, 0.08).
IM P L Y (19) im ply (to indicate, 1.00);
imply (to mean, 1.00); imply (to assume,
1.00);hint (0.82); connote (0.75); denote
(0.75); foreshadow (0.75); insinuate (to
m ake an indirect hint, 0.75); present (to
suggest, 0.75); signify (0.75); suggest
(to bring to mind, 0.75); intimate (0.50);
m ean (to have as m eaning, 0.50); pur­
port (0.50); assum e (to take for granted,
0.47); matter (to be o f importance, 0.44);
im port (to signify, 0.33); prom pt (to
suggest, 0.33); be (to m ean, 0.25).
IM P O R T (8) im port (to bring in, 1.00);
import (to signify, 1.00); imply (to mean,
0.75); carry (to transport, 0.72); m ean
(to have as m eaning, 0.67); m atter (to
be o f im portance, 0.56); signify (0.50);
interject (0.21).
IM P O R T U N E (6) importune (1.00); pray
(to ask or beg, 0.75); beseech (0.50);
beg (to ask earnestly or im portunately,
0.47); court (to w oo, 0.47); invite (to
ask politely, 0.16).
IM P O S E (5) im pose (1.00); force (to use
force, 0.38); com m and (to issue an or­
der, 0.32); administer (to minister, 0.19);
challenge (to claim, 0.17).
IM P O U N D (10) im pound (to im prison,
1.00); impound (to seize, 1.00); imprison in, 0.29).
IMPRISON
(0 .6 2 ); se n te n c e (0 .5 6 ); confiscate
(0.50); enclose (to shut up or shut in,
0.50); jail (0.33); park (0.22); seize (to
take by force, 0.17); restrain (to hold in
check, 0.08).
(to cause to becom e bankrupt, 0.90);
w aste (to squander, 0.29); w eaken (to
make weaker, 0.15).
IM P R E C A T E (2) curse (to swear at, 0.81);
dam n (to sw ear at, 0.50).
IM P R E G N A T E (10) im pregnate (to
infuse, 1.00); im pregnate (to permeate,
1.00); impregnate (to beget, 1.00); breed
(to pro create, 0.75); fructify (0.75);
inject (to include, 0.64); instill (0.62);
reproduce (to multiply, 0.33); merge
(0.25); propagate (to beget, 0.13).
IM P R E S S to apply with pressure (5) im­
press (to m ake an im pression, 1.00);
print (to m ake an im pression, 0.75);
stam p (0.75); m ark (to m ake a mark,
0.55); inscribe (0.25).
IM P R E S S to take or seize authority (.10)
im press (to com m and respect, 1.00);
influence (0.91); affect (to have an ef­
fect upon, 0.75); dazzle (0.75); steal
(0.59); instill (0:38); em phasize (0.25);
inculcate (0.25); loom (to appear large
or imposing, 0.22); kidnap (0.09).
IM P R IN T (7) imprint (1.00); mark (to make
a mark, 0.86); dent (0.59); print (to make
an im pressio n , 0.50); stam p (0.50);
b ran d (0 .2 5 ); im p ress (to m ake an
impression, 0.25).
IM P R IS O N (6) imprison (1.00); enslave
(0.94); arrest (to seize legally, 0.75);
picket (to enclose, 0.75); persecute (to
oppress, especially for religious rea­
sons, 0.61); enclose (to shut up or shut
IMPROVE
IM PR O V E (21) improve (to make better,
1.00); improve (to becom e better, 1.00);
repair (0.85); revive (to take on new life,
0.82); recover (to regain health, 0.80);
correct (to m ake needed corrections,
0.77); em end (to edit, 0.75); proofread
(0.75); brighten (to becom e brighter,
0.60); reform (to change into a new form,
0.59); edify (0.50); furbish (to restore,
0.50); prom ote (to further, 0.50); revise
(0.47); adjust (to place or regulate parts,
0.42); rem odel (0.41); recruit (to gather
n ee d ed re so u rc e s, 0 .3 6 ); grow (to
change slowly, 0.32); cultivate (to edu­
cate, 0.25); reclaim (to reform , 0.25);
regulate (to adjust, 0.16).
IM PR O V ISE (5) improvise (1.00); extem­
porize (0.67); contrive (to invent, 0.50);
invent (to create or discover, 0.50); whis­
tle (to produce a tune by w histling,
0.14).
IM PU G N (6) im pugn (1.00); im peach
(0.73); denounce (0.63); censure (0.50);
d o u b t (to e n te r ta in d o u b t, 0 .4 0 );
upbraid (0.33).
IM P U T E (9) im pute (to attribute, 1.00);
impute (to charge, 1.00); attribute (0.71);
im plicate (to involve, 0.70); accuse
(0.63); attach (to attribute, 0.50); blam e
(to hold responsible for, 0.25); charge
(to accuse, 0.25); com plain (to express
an objection, 0.18).
IN A U G URA TE (9) inaugurate (1.00); be­
gin (to initiate, 0.91); crown (to empower
w ith a crow n, 0.67); start (to cause to
start, 0.67); open (to b eg in , 0.50);
commission (0.37); initiate (0.25); install
(0.25); introduce (to begin, 0.25).
IN C A N D E S C E (1) heat (to becom e hot,
0.81).
INCAPACITATE (10) incapacitate (1.00);
- 181 - INCLINE
m aim (0.82); disqualify (to disable,
0.75); disarm (to deprive o f weapons,
0.53); deaden (to reduce life or its
e v id e n c e , 0 .5 0 ); d e b ilita te (0 .2 5 );
indispose (to disqualify, 0.25); sterilize
(0.25); w eaken (to make weaker, 0.20);
dam age (to im pair the value of, 0.14).
IN C A R C E R A T E (10) incarcerate (1.00);
enslave (0.90); imprison (0.77); entomb
(to im prison, 0.75); jail (0.67); punish
(0.66); arrest (to seize legally, 0.58);
im pound (to im prison, 0.50); sentence
(0.44); confine (to imprison, 0.33).
IN C A R N A T E (1) substantiate (to actu­
alize, 0.25).
IN C E N S E to kindle; to set on fire (4)
incense (1.00); enrage (0.75); inflame
(to arouse em otions, 0.75); anger (to
arouse som eone to anger, 0.64).
IN C H (3) inch (1.00); worm (0.67); lag (to
m ove slowly, 0.30).
IN C IN E R A T E (4) incinerate (1.00); bum
(to su b je c t to fire, 0 .7 7 ); b urn (to
oxidize, 0.75); heat (to make hot, 0.23).
IN C IS E (9) incise (to cut, 1.00); incise (to
engrave, 1.00); cut (to cut into, 0.89);
chip (0.77); carve (to form by cutting,
0.68); engrave (to prepare a plate for
printing, 0.44); chisel (to w ork with a
chisel, 0.25); enchase (0.25); divide (to
separate by parting, 0.16).
IN C IT E (13) incite (1.00); enforce (to re­
quire com pliance, 0.90); drive (to urge
on, 0.83); m otivate (0.82); encourage
(to raise the spirits, 0.76); enkindle (to
stim ulate, 0.75); tem pt (0.73); urge (to
induce, 0.53); engender (0.50); start (to
arouse, 0.50); influence (0.49); excite (to
stir one mentally, 0.44); stimulate (0.25).
IN C L IN E (13) incline (to cause to lean or
bend, 1.00); incline (to lean, 1.00); incline
INCLOSE
(to tend toward, 1.00); dip (to fall, 0.83);
stoop (to bow or bend, 0.75); bow (to
bend, 0.54); tip (0.50); turn (to change
direction, 0.42); slant (0.33); bend (to
force out o f a straight line, 0.27); list
(to lean, 0.25); tend (to have a tendency
(tow ard), 0.14); persuade (to influence,
0.11).
IN C L O S E (4) inclose (1.00); restrict (to
hold w ithin limits, 0.59); ring (to encir­
cle, 0.42); close (to come together, 0.20).
IN C L U D E (5) include (to contain, 1.00);
include (to place into or am ong, 1.00);
comprise (0.79); refer (to concern, 0.56);
rank (to evaluate, 0.20).
IN C O M M O D E (3) incom m ode (1.00);
tram m el (0.51); hurt (to cause pain,
0.01).
IN C O N V E N IE N C E (3) discom m ode
(0.75); incom m ode (0.50); bother (to be
disturbing, 0.12).
IN C O R P O R A T E (19) incoiporate (to in­
clude, 1.00); incoiporate (to organize,
1.00); associate (to form an organiza­
tion, 0.86); enlist (to enroll others, 0.77);
classify (0.76); em body (to organize,
0.75); m ix (to blend, 0.68); include (to
place into or among, 0.67); seize (to take
b y fo rc e , 0 .6 4 ); c e n tra liz e (0 .5 0 );
include (to contain, 0.50); synthesize
(0.50); com prise (0.37); consolidate (to
cause to unite, 0.29); cover (to include,
0.25); encom pass (to include, 0.25);
refer (to concern, 0.11); accum ulate (to
am ass, 0.08); absorb (to take in by ab­
sorption, 0.07).
IN C R A S S A T E (1) harden (to m ake less
pervious, 0.24).
IN C R E A S E (24) increase (to add to,
1.00); increase (to grow, 1.00); grow (to
becom e larger, 0.96); strengthen (0.85);
- 182- INDENT
•recover (to im prove o n e ’s condition,
0 .82); accru e (0.75); sw ell (0.71);
c h a n g e (to m ak e d iffe re n t, 0.58);
p ro sp er (0.54); flourish (to prosper,
0.50); lengthen (to grow longer, 0.50);
liberalize (0.50); luxuriate (to flourish,
0.50); w iden (to m ake wider, 0.43);
stretch (to becom e longer, 0.38); sup­
plement (0.38); widen (to become wider,
0.38); p rom o te (to advance in rank,
0.33); thrive (to grow vigorously, 0.27);
broaden (0.25); exacerbate (to aggra­
vate, 0.25); fatten (to grow fat, 0.25);
spread (to extend, 0.22); im prove (to
becom e better, 0.18).
IN C R IM IN A T E (6) incriminate (1.00); ac­
cuse (0.72); denounce (0.69); involve
(0.60); censure (0.24); impeach (0.20).
IN C R U S T (3) incrust (1.00); glaze (0.82);
line (to provide a lining, 0.60).
IN C U B A T E (3) incubate (1.00); set (to
brood, 0.75); brood (to hatch, 0.50).
IN C U L C A T E (6) inculcate (1.00); indoc­
trin a te (0 .7 5 ); en lig h te n (to bring
supposed spiritual truth, 0.64); imbue
(0.50); teach (to act as a teacher, 0.37);
instill (0.19).
IN C U L PA T E (1) accuse (0.53).
IN C U R (4) incur (1.00); catch (to con­
tract a disease, 0.60); sicken (to con­
tra c t a d ise a se , 0 .5 0 ); co n tra ct (to
catch, said o f diseases, 0.33).
IN D E B T (1) accom m odate (to render a
service, 0.28).
IN D E M N IF Y (4) indem nify (to repay,
1.00); indem nify (to answ er for, 1.00);
refund (to return, 0.69); repay (to pay
back, 0.38).
IN D E N T to inlay; to sever (10) indent
(1.00); dent (0.82); impress (to make an
im pression, 0.75); nick (0.75); notch
INDEX -183-
(0.75); cut (to cut into, 0.63); pick (to
use a pointed instrum ent, 0.50); curl
(to tw ist, 0.46); hollow (0.33).print (to
make an impression, 0.25).
INDEX (9) index (1.00); file (to arrange in
order, 0.83); tabulate (0.73); order (to
put in order, 0.38); list (to enter in a list,
0 .3 4 ); c a ta lo g u e (0 .2 5 ); n am e (to
indicate by name, 0.25); classify (0.09);
enroll (to prepare a roll, 0.06).
INDICATE (26) indicate (to signify, 1.00);
indicate (to designate, 1.00); m ean (to
have as m eaning, 0.94); m anage (to
direct, 0.92); designate (to specify, 0.90);
adm it (to confess, 0.86); intend (to
mean, 0.75); purport (0.75); m ark (to
designate, 0.71); adm it (to acknow l­
edge, 0.69); prom pt (to suggest, 0.67);
testify (to dem onstrate, 0.67); read (to
co n tain w hen read, 0.57); refer (to
mention, 0.53); im ply (to m ean, 0.50);
jo t (0.50); hint (0.41); assign (to desig­
nate, 0.33); cite (to refer to as author­
ity, 0.25); connote (0.25); infer (to im ­
ply, 0.25); prefigure (0.25); underline (to
em phasize, 0.25); declare (to adm it to
o n e’s possessions, 0.23); em phasize
(0.10); signal (0.10).
IN D IC T to charge w ith an offence (12)
indict (1.00); denounce (0.84); accuse
(0.78); charge (to accuse, 0.75); sue
(0.73); im peach (0.60); blam e (to hold
responsible for, 0.50); pen (to w rite,
0.33); prosecute (to involve in a legal
action, 0.33); arraign (0.25); com plain
(to express an objection, 0.16); bring
(to initiate a legal action, 0.09).
IN D IS P O S E (2) indispose (to disqualify,
1.00); indispose (to discourage, 1.00);.
IN D IT E (1) w rite (to com pose in w ords,
0.50).
INDUCT
IN D IV ID U A L IZ E (3) define (to provide
a nam e or description, 0.79); distin­
g u ish (to m ak e d istin ctio n s, 0.63);
designate (to specify, 0.10).
IN D IV ID U A T E (1) define (to provide a
nam e or descrip tio n , 0.50).
IN D O C T R IN A T E (10) in d o c trin ate
(1.00); brainw ash (0.75); enlighten (to
bring supposed spiritual truth, 0.57);
ground (to instruct in essentials, 0.50);
im pregnate (to infuse, 0.50); propa­
gandize (0.50); predispose (to prepare,
0.33); teach (to act as a teacher, 0.33);
civilize (0.26); imbue (0.25).
IN D O R S E (2) indorse (1.00); endorse (to
inscribe o n e’s name, 0.57).
IN D U C E (28) induce (to prevail on, 1.00);
induce (to cause, 1.00); ease (to m ove
carefully, 0.92); invite (to ask politely,
0.88); tempt (0.82); convince (0.79); en­
gender (0.75); impel (to urge, 0.75);
b e g in (to in itia te , 0 .6 8 ); in fe r (to
conclude, 0.67); persuade (to influ­
ence, 0.67); satisfy (to convince, 0.67);
enlist (to request assistance, 0.64); drive
(to urge on, 0.61); excite (to activate,
0.55); m otivate (0.53); draw (to lure,
0.50); incite (0.50); lobby (0.50); seduce
(0.48); affect (to have an effect upon,
0 .2 5 ); a s su re (to c o n v in c e , 0 .2 5 );
instigate (0.25); spearhead (0.25); move
(to aro u se the em o tio n s of, 0.23);
generalize (to m ake generally applica­
ble, 0.20); influence (0.20); understand
(to com prehend, 0.12).
IN D U C T (6) induct (1.00); install (0.75);
receive (to m ake welcome, 0.75); enlist
(to enroll others, 0.59); enclose (to shut
up or shut in, 0.21); recruit (to raise
troops, 0.14).
INDULGE -184-
IN D U L G E (16) indulge (to humour, 1.00);
indulge (to tolerate, 1.00); indulge (to
tak e p art in, 1.00); h u m o u r (0.93);
pam per (0.82); gratify (0.75); revel (to
indulge oneself, 0.75); treat (to pay for
an o th er’s entertainm ent, 0.71); w aste
(to s q u a n d e r, 0 .7 1 ); p a tro n iz e (to
a s su m e a c o n d e s c e n d in g a ttitu d e ,
0.60); suffer (to perm it, 0.54); satisfy
(to m ake content, 0.53); entertain (to
keep o th e r s am u sed , 0 .2 9 );
ac co m m o d ate (to ren d e r a se rv ic e,
0.25); allow (to perm it an action, 0.22);
baby (0.13).
IND U RA TE (3) harden (to toughen, 0.88);
tem per (to toughen or harden, 0.32);
h arden (to m ake less pervious, 0.21).
IN D U ST R IA L IZ E (1) mechanize (0.50).
IN E B R IA T E (3) inebriate (1.00); befud­
dle (0.67); fuddle (0.43).
INFATUATE (1) infatuate (1.00).
IN F E C T (10) infect (1.00); poison (0.93);
adulterate (0.77); envenom (to poison,
0.75); corrupt (to debase, 0.63); con­
tam inate (0.50); infest (to contam inate,
0.50); taint (to pollute, 0.50); inflame (to
cause physical soreness, 0.29); dam age
(to im pair the value of, 0.02).
IN F E R (17) infer (to conclude, 1.00); infer
(to assume, 1.00); infer (to imply, 1.00);
reason (to seek a reasonable explana­
tion ,0.83); guess (to attem pt an answ er
on in ad eq u ate evidence, 0.82); hint
(0.77); gather (to conclude, 0.75); imply
(to assu m e, 0 .75); co n stru e (0.50);
ju d g e (to fo rm an o p in io n , 0 .5 0 );
present (to suggest, 0.50); suggest (to
bring to mind, 0.50); forecast (to predict,
0.31); m ention (0.31); intim ate (0.25);
u n d e rsta n d (to co m p re h en d , 0 .18);
assum e (to take for granted, 0.06).
INFLUENCE
IN F E S T to attack; to annoy; to assail (3)
infest (to contam inate, 1.00); infest (to
sw arm , 1.00); h au n t (to prey upon,
0.58).
IN F IL T R A T E (11) infiltrate (1.00); adul­
terate (0.80); attack (to fight offensively
(arm y), 0.74); instill (0.73); interject
(0.50); penetrate (to perm eate, 0.50);
soak (to drench, 0.43); insinuate (to
force a w ay into, 0.40); m ix (to blend,
0.38); enter (to enter physically, 0.15);
filter (to soak slowly, 0.15).
IN F L A M E (14) inflame (to irritate, 1.00);
in flam e (to arouse em otions, 1.00);
inflam e (to cause physical soreness,
1.00); inflame (to bum, 1.00); excite (to
stir one m entally, 0.94); heat (to make
hot, 0.90); light (to cause to ignite, 0.75);
fire (to set on fire, 0.56); enkindle (to
ignite, 0.50); stir (to excite, 0.50); strike
(to light, 0.50); fire (to anim ate, 0.25);
anger (to arouse som eone to anger,
0.12); rankle (0.07).
IN F L A T E (11) inflate (to fill w ith air or
gas, 1.00); inflate (to distend, 1.00); rise
(to sw ell; said u su ally o f dough or
batter, 0.75); blow (to give form by
inflation, 0.67); pad (to increase, 0.44);
stretch (to cause to stretch, 0.43); rise
(to increase, 0.35); swell (0.29); distend
(0.25); fill (to pour to the capacity of
the container, 0.08); stiffen (to cause
io becom e stiff, 0.06).
IN F L E C T (3) inflect (1.00); m odulate
(0.75); change (to make different, 0.73).
IN F L IC T (5) inflict (to deal, 1.00); inflict
(to impose, 1.00); visit (to afflict, 0.50);
force (to use force, 0.44); com m and (to
issue an order, 0.11).
IN F L U E N C E (12) influence (1.00); move
(to aro u se th e em o tio n s of, 0.92);
 INFOLD -185-
operate (to produce an effect, 0.89);
urge (to induce, 0.84); bias (0.75); in­
cite (0.54); com m and (to have control,
0.44); bribe (0.25); direct (to decide the
course o f affairs, 0.25); point (to direct,
0.25); win (to convince, 0.14); fascinate
(0.08).
INFOLD to envelope; to enclose (2) com­
plicate (0.90); com prise (0.32).
IN FO L D to shut up in a fold (1) infold
( 1.00).
INFORM (23) inform (1.00); communicate
(to impart inform ation, 0.95); notify (to
provide w ith inform ation, 0.91); hint
(0 .8 6 ); w arn (0 .7 8 ); e n lig h te n (to
provide inform ation or understanding,
0.75); report (to deliver inform ation,
0.75); alert (0.67); anim ate (to give life
to, 0.67); direct (to teach, 0.67); advise
(to give counsel, 0.41); declare (to
speak formally and emphatically, 0.41);
reveal (to divulge, 0.41); advise (to give
information, 0.33); undeceive (0.33); ac­
quaint (0.25); counsel (0.25); disabuse
(0.25); disadvantage (0.25); advertise
(to m ake public, 0.21); preach (0.20);
teach (to act as a teacher, 0.17); talk (to
converse, 0.15).
IN F R IG ID A T E (1) cool (to cause to be­
come cool, 0.25).
IN F R IN G E (10) infringe (1.00); encroach
(0.75); entrench (to trespass, 0.50); vio­
late (to transgress, 0.50); m eddle (to
in te rfe re in o th e r s ’ a ffa irs, 0 .4 7 );
oppose (to fight, 0.35); interrupt (to
b reak in on, 0.33); diso b ey (0.26);
trespass (to intrude, 0.25); transgress
(0.14).
IN FU RIA TE (5) infuriate (1.00); anger (to
arouse som eone to anger, 0.94); excite
(to stir one m entally, 0.72); enrage
INH1BIT
(0.50); madden (0.50).
IN F U S E (14) infuse (1.00); instill (0.96);
colour (to im part colour to, 0.94); in­
sinuate (to force a way into, 0.80); adul­
terate (0.66); train (to direct growth,
0.41); distil (0.38); interject (0.36); soak
(to rem ain in liquid, 0.29); transfuse
(0.25); m ash (0.24); inject (to include,
0.18); m ix (to blend, 0.15); enclose (to
shut up or shut in, 0.07).
IN G E S T (2) absorb (to take in by absorp­
tion, 0.86); imbibe (to drink, 0.75).
IN G R A IN (2) ingrain (1.00); interject
(0.71).
IN G R A TIA TE (2) ingratiate (1.00); insinu­
ate (to force a way into, 0.60).
IN G U R G IT A T E (2) absorb (to take in by
absorption, 0.64); swallow (0.18).
IN H A B IT (7) inhabit (1.00); dwell (0.86);
live (to dwell, 0.67); rem ain (to stay,
0.67); abide (to reside, 0.50); locate (to
take up resid en ce, 0.50); h aunt (to
frequent as a spirit, 0.25).
IN H A L E (6) inhale (1.00); breathe (to
draw breath, 0.80); w h iff (0.75); smell
(to use the sense o f smell, 0.57); smoke
(to use smoke, especially from tobacco,
0.33); sniff (0.25).
IN H E R E (1) b elo n g (to be p roperly
placed, 0.50).
IN H E R IT (4) inherit (1.00); receive (to
take into o n e’s charge, 0.78); obtain (to
gain possession, 0.21); recover (to im ­
prove o n e ’s condition, 0.18).
IN H IB IT (14) inhibit (1.00); taboo (0.93);
hinder (0.84); check (to bring under
control, 0.79); forbid (0.79); command
(to issue an order, 0.57); halt (to cause
to cease, 0.52); discourage (to restrain,
0.50); restrain (to hold in check, 0.50);
delay (to cause a delay, 0.45); detain
INHUME -186-
(0 .2 5 ); p rev e n t (0 .25); p ro h ib it (to
hinder, 0.25); abolish (0.14).
IN H U M E (3) bury (to inter, 0.83); entomb
(to bury the dead, 0.25); inter (0.25).
I N IT IA L (2) engrave (to carve upon,
0.50); underw rite (to subscribe, 0.50).
IN IT IA T E (13) initiate (1.00); receive (to
make welcome, 0.83); institute (to begin,
0.75); activate (0.50); inaugurate (0.50);
induct (0.50); undertake (0.44); begin
(to initiate, 0.41); enlist (to enroll others,
0.36); set (to start, 0.33); make (to cause,
0.25); open (to begin, 0.25); teach (to
act as a teacher, 0.20).
I N J E C T (10) inject (to vaccinate, 1.00);
inject (to include, LOO); instill (0.77);
in te rp o late (0.75); tran sfu se (0.75);
include (to place into or am ong, 0.42);
insert (to introduce, 0.25); interpose (to
insert, 0.25); insinuate (to force a w ay
into, 0.20); vaccinate (0.13).
IN JU R E (28) injure (1.00); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.96); poison (0.86); m angle (to
mutilate, 0.82); crack (to damage, 0.75);
harm (0.75); mutilate (to damage, 0.75);
ruin (to destroy, 0.75); hurt (to cause
pain, 0.71); maim (0.68); maltreat (0.67);
tram ple (0.67); bruise (0.50); debilitate
(0.50); hurt (to harm , 0.50); im pair (to
dam age, 0.50); m istreat (0.50); undo
(0.42); corrupt (to debase, 0.39); batter
(to damage, 0.25); cripple (0.25); deform
(0.25); disagree (to have uncom fortable
effect, 0.25); ham string (0.25); w ound
(to hurt the body, 0.25); deaden (to
reduce life or its evidence, 0.21); scar
(0.08); w reck (to bring to ruin, 0.07).
IN L A Y (3) inlay (LOO); insulate (0.50);
em bed (to put in, 0.20).
IN O C U L A T E (5) inoculate (1.00); vacci­
nate (0.88); inject (to vaccinate, 0.67);
INSINUAIE
instill (0.65); nurse (0.59).
IN Q U IR E (17) inquire (to ask about,
1.00); inquire (to seek into, 1.00); ques­
tion (to ask, 0.93); enquire (0.75); ask
(to inquire, 0.68); test (0.67); catechize
(to question, 0.50); reconnoitre (0.50);
seek (to find out, 0.50); hunt (to try to
find, 0.41); ch a llen g e (to question,
0.33); request (to ask, 0.33); scour (to
search, 0.33); solicit (to ask, 0.25); study
(to endeavour to learn, 0.20); pry (to
endeavour to discover, 0.07); meddle
(to interfere in o th ers’ affairs, 0.06).
IN S C R IB E (10) inscribe (1.00); write (to
set dow n in w riting, 0.89); address (to
provide directions for delivery, 0.80);
direct (to w rite directions on a letter or
package, 0.75); record (to w rite down,
0.68); enroll (to prepare a roll, 0.50); list
(to en ter in a list, 0.50); rep o rt (to
record, 0.50); enlist (to enroll others,
0.32); m ark (to make a mark, 0.09).
IN S C U L P (1) carve (to form by cutting,
0.53).
IN S E M IN A T E (3) propagate (to beget,
0.47); fertilize (to impregnate, 0.44); in­
still (0.04).
IN S E R T (19) insert (to put in, LOO);
insert (to introduce, 1.00); enclose (to
shut up or shut in, 0.93); inject (to
include, 0.91); em bed (to put in, 0.87);
p en etrate (to pierce, 0.83); interject
(0.79); set (to place, 0.75); list (to enter
in a list, 0.69); im plant (0.67); put (to
deposit, 0.67); ease (to m ove carefully,
0.54); interpolate (0.50); interpose (to
insert, 0.50); pack (to stow compactly,
0.23); include (to place into or among,
0.17); instill (0.12); enter (to enter physi­
cally, 0.08); record (to write down, 0.08).
IN S IN U A T E (10) insinuate (to m ake an
INSIST -187-
indirect hint, 1.00); insinuate (to force
a way into, 1.00); infer (to imply, 0.75);
im plicate (to imply, 0.67); hint (0.45);
doubt (to entertain doubt, 0.33); enter
(to enter physically, 0.23); instill (0.15);
interject (0.14); communicate (to impart
information, 0.12).
INSIST (8) claim (to assert, 0.75); declare
(to speak form ally and em phatically,
0.68); invite (to ask politely, 0.44);
enforce (to require com pliance, 0.43);
em phasize (0.35); w ill (to exert o n e’s
will, 0.30); force (to use force, 0.28);
affirm (0.25).
IN SPE C T (20) inspect (1.00); examine (to
in s p e c t w ith c a re , 0 .9 6 ); se e (to
perceive w ith the eye, 0.77); contem ­
plate (to look at, 0.76); reconnoitre
(0.75); overlook (to occupy a co m ­
m anding height, 0.57); nose (0.50);
observe (to w atch, 0.50); peer (0.50);
look (to endeavour to see, 0.40); inven­
tory (0.36); overfly (0.33); audit (0.25);
dissect (to examine, 0.25); patrol (0.25);
sam ple (0.25); survey (to exam ine or
summarize, 0.25); view (0.25); travel (to
journey, 0.21); m anage (to direct, 0.08).
IN S P IR E (18) inspire (to encourage,
1.00); inspire (to stim ulate to creative
activity, 1.00); abet (to excite, 0.75);
anim ate (to incite, 0.75); elate (0.75);
infuse (0.75); encourage (to raise the
spirits, 0.56); entertain (to keep others
am used, 0.52); assure (to encourage,
0.50); kindle (to excite, 0.50); predispose
(to stim ulate, 0.50); thrill (to excite,
0.50); instill (0.46); exhilarate (0.25);
prom pt (to instigate, 0.25); urge (to
induce, 0.22); incite (0.14); drive (to
urge on, 0.13).
IN S P IR IT (16) inspirit (1.00); encourage
INSTDLL
(to raise the spirits, 0.96); em bolden
(0.75); fire (to animate, 0.75); inspire (to
encourage, 0.75); revive (to hearten,
0.71); cheer (to hearten, 0.50); enlighten
(to b rin g su p p o se d sp iritu a l tru th ,
0.50); rally (to urge others to rally, 0.50);
entertain (to keep others amused, 0.48);
com fort (to m ake easy physically, 0.38);
goad (0.30); incite (0.29); hearten (0.25);
move (to arouse the em otions of, 0.08);
com fort (to console, 0.06).
IN SPISSA TE (3) stiff (to grow stiff, 0.31);
harden (to m ake less pervious, 0.07);
cook (0.05).
IN S T A L L to instate in an office, rank,
etc. w ith the custom ary cerem ony (8)
install (1.00); establish (to w ork or set­
tle in a perm anent place, 0.93); crown
(to em pow er w ith a crown, 0.83); or­
dain (to invest w ith priestly functions,
0.83); ordain (to establish, 0.75); put
(to establish, 0.75); receive (to m ake
welcome, 0.67); embed (to put in, 0.60).
IN S T A N C E (4) instance (1.00); cite (to
refer to as authority, 0.63); m ention
(0.38); refer (to mention, 0.20).
IN STA TE (1) organize (to form an organi­
zation, 0.27).
IN S T IG A T E (11) instigate (1.00); drive
(to urge on, 0.87); incite (0.82); m ove
(to arouse the em otions of, 0.69); en­
courage (to raise the spirits, 0.68); im ­
pel (to urge, 0.50); excite (to activate,
0.45); urge (to induce, 0.34); goad
(0.33); motivate (0.29); tempt (0.18).
IN S T IL L (9) instill (1.00); inculcate (0.75);
propagandize (0.75); brainwash (0.50);
com m unicate (to impart information,
0.44); teach (to act as a teacher, 0.40);
inject (to include, 0.36); ingrain (0.25);
mix (to blend, 0.24).
INSTITUTE
IN S T IT U T E (12) institute (to organize,
1.00); institute (to begin, 1.00); bring
(to in itia te a le g a l a c tio n , 0 .9 1 );
establish (to set up in a form al m anner,
0.75); begin (to initiate, 0.59); build (to
found, 0.50); erect (to establish, 0.50);
ordain (to establish, 0.50); standardize
(0.50); enact (to legislate, 0.21); sys­
tem atize (0.09); organize (to form an
organization, 0.04).
IN ST IT U T IO N A L IZ E (1) institutionalize
( 1.00).
IN S T R U C T (25) instruct (to teach, 1.00);
in stru ct (to order, 1 .00);instruct (to
inform, 1.00); teach (to act as a teacher,
0.97); m anage (to direct, 0.86); tell (to
inform, 0.86); catechize (to instruct sys­
tematically, 0.75); charge (to com mand,
0.75); command (to issue an order, 0.75);
dictate (to give p ere m p to ry orders,
0 .7 5 ); e d ify (0 .7 5 ); fo rm (to g iv e
character to a person, 0.75); inform
(0.75); train (to educate, 0.75); advise
(to give counsel, 0.72); control (to di­
rect, 0.50); educate (0.50); evangelize
(0.50); wish (to bid, 0.50); civilize (0.39);
direct (to teach, 0.33); b rief (to inform ,
0 .2 5 ); co a ch (0 .2 5 ); p ro p a g a n d iz e
( 0 .2 5 ) ; c o m m u n ic a te (to im p a r t
information, 0.08).
INSTRU M EN TALIZE (1) influence (0.23).
IN S U L A T E (5) insulate (1.00); separate
(to keep apart, 0.71); divide (to sepa­
rate by parting, 0.33); interline (to put
in an interlining, 0.27); quiet (to m ake
silent, 0.05).
IN S U L T (7) insult (1.00); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.98); shock (to disturb o n e ’s
sense o f propriety, 0.92); bother (to give
trouble, 0.73); defy (0.67); curse (to
sw ear at, 0.56); sneer (0.24).
-188- INTERCEDE
IN S U R E (8) insure (1.00); defend (to pro­
vide general protection, 0.58); promise
(to appear prom ising, 0.50); guarantee
(to certify, 0.39); warrant (to guarantee,
0.33); guaran tee (to prom ise, 0.25);
indemnify (to answer for, 0.25); promise
(to give o n e ’s word, 0.15).
IN T A G L IO (1) engrave (to prepare a plate
for printing, 0.56).
IN T E G R A T E (4) integrate (to unify, 1.00);
integrate (to abolish racial segregation,
1.00); synthesize (0.75); em body (to
organize, 0.50).
IN T E L L E C T U A L IZ E (1) rationalize (to
reason, 0.25).
IN T E N D (5) intend (to propose, 1.00);
intend (to destine for, 1.00); intend (to
m ean, 1.00); propose (to m ean, 0.50);
ordain (to destine, 0.25).
I N T E N S I F Y (1 8 ) in te n s ify (1 .0 0 );
strengthen (0.98); concentrate (to em­
ploy all one’s mental powers, 0.88); rise
(to increase, 0.85); excite (to activate,
0.77); centre (0.76); deepen (to grow
deeper, 0.75); com pound (to com pli­
cate, 0.67); exaggerate (0.64); change
(to m ake different, 0.56); aggrandize (to
increase, 0.50); m agnify (to exaggerate,
0.50); shaipen (to m ake m ore exact,
0.50); concentrate (to bring or come
together, 0.41); escalate (0.33); accent
(0 .2 5 ); in c re a se (to ad d to, 0.20);
develop (to im prove, 0.05).
IN T E R (3) inter (1.00); entom b (to bury
the dead, 0.50); hide (to conceal, 0.19).
IN T E R A C T (1) exchange (to give and re­
ceive reciprocally, 0.43).
IN T E R B R E E D (2) cross (to mix breeds,
0.75); mix (to blend, 0.71).
IN T E R C E D E (5) intercede (1.00); inter­
vene (to settle, 0.67); reconcile (to bring
INTERCEPT -189-
into harm ony, 0.46); arbitrate (0.42);
mediate (0.25).
IN T E R C E P T (7) intercept (1.00); absorb
(to take in by absorption, 0.79); halt (to
cause to cease, 0.60); anticipate (to
forestall, 0.50); hinder (0.48); seize (to
take by force, 0.14); prevent (0.13).
IN T E R C H A N G E (7) com m ute (to ex­
change reciprocally for som ething else,
0.75); substitute (to exchange, 0.75);
swap (0.75); transpose (0.75); exchange
(to rep lace one thing w ith another,
0.30); reciprocate (to vacillate, 0.25);
alternate (to take or do by turns, 0.20).
IN T E R C R O S S (2) intersect (to divide,
0.50); cross (to mix breeds, 0.25).
IN T E R D IC T (8) interdict (1.00); bar (to
obstruct by refusal, 0.96); taboo (0.87);
forbid (0.82); veto (0.75); prohibit (to
forbid, 0.67); com m and (to issue an
order, 0.59); quarantine (0.40).
IN T E R E S T (9) interest (1.00); appeal (to
attract, 0.92); enlist (to request assist­
ance, 0.91); entertain (to keep others
am used, 0.87); im m erse (to engross,
0.75); occupy (to absorb attention,
0.50); bury (to occupy, 0.40); engage
(to occupy, 0.33); fascinate (0.12).
IN T E R F E R E (10) interfere (to m eddle,
1.00); interfere (to prevent, 1.00); m ed­
dle (to interfere in others’ affairs, 0.82);
arbitrate (0.75); intrude (0.75); interrupt
(to break in on, 0.50); m ediate (0.50);
o b s tr u c t (to im p e d e w ith an
obstruction, 0.50); act (to perform an
action, 0.33); interpose (to break into,
0.25).
IN T E R F O L D (1) w eave (to construct by
interlacing, 0.35).
IN T E R F U SE (3) complicate (0.83); unite
(to com e together, 0.53); scram ble (to
INTERN
mix, 0,25).
IN T E R JE C T (6) inteiject (1.00); inject (to
include, 0.82); instill (0.69); thrust (to
jab, 0.50); com m ent (to m ake a remark,
0.42); include (to place into or among,
0.33).
IN T E R L A C E (6) interlace (to weave,
1.00); interlace (to mingle, 1.00); weave
(to co n stru c t by in terlacin g , 0.87);
enw reathe (0.50); engage (to enmesh,
especially gears, 0.25); jo in (to unite,
0. 11).
IN T E R L A R D (1) intersperse (0.25).
IN T E R L IN E to insert inner lining (3) in­
terline (to put in an interlining, 1.00);
line (to provide a lining, 0.93); wad
(0.50).
IN T E R L IN E to insert words between the
lines (1) interline (to write between the
lines, 1.00).
IN T E R L IN E A T E (1) underline (to make a
line under, 0.50).
IN T E R L IN K (1) w eave (to construct by
interlacing, 0.65).
IN T E R L O C K (2) engage (to enmesh, es­
pecially gears, 0.75); dovetail (0.33).
IN T E R L O P E (3) m eddle (to interfere in
o th e rs ’ affairs, 0 .7 1 ); in te rfe re (to
meddle, 0.25); intercept (0.13).
IN T E R M E D D L E (1) meddle (to interfere
in others’ affairs, 0.94).
IN T E R M IN G L E (3) intermingle (1.00);
knit (to com bine or jo in closely, 0.75);
mix (to blend, 0.50).
IN T E R M IT to leave off; to give over; to
discontinue; to suspend (3) interm it
(1.00); halt (to cause to cease, 0.93);
delay (to cause a delay, 0.18).
IN T E R M IX (3) adulterate (0.91); instill
(0.85); join (to unite, 0.50).
IN T E R N (2) enclose (to shut up or shut
INTERNATIONALIZE -190-
in, 0.79); imprison (0.31).
IN T E R N A T IO N A L IZ E (2) international­
ize (1.00); disarm (to reduce national
armaments, 0.13).
IN T E R P E L L A T E (1) interpellate (1.00).
IN T E R P E N E T R A T E (1) unite (to come
together, 0.58).
IN T E R P O L A T E (6) interpolate (1.00); in­
terline (to write between the lines, 0.75);
interject (0.64); insert (to introduce,
0.50); inject (to include, 0.27); include
(to place into or am ong, 0.25).
IN T E R P O S E (13) interpose (to break
into, 1.00); interpose (to insert, 1.00);
m eddle (to interfere in o th e rs’ affairs,
0.88); interject (0.86); intervene (to
m eddle, 0.67); interfere (to m eddle,
0.50); hinder (0.43); intercept (0.38); act
(to perform an action, 0.31); com m ent
(to m ake a rem ark, 0.26); contravene
(0.25); intrude (0.25); arbitrate (0.17).
IN T E R P R E T (20) interpret (to convey
the m eaning o f (art), 1.00); interpret (to
explain, 1.00); explain (0.97); decipher
(0.93); solve (0.76); clarify (to explain,
0.75); elucidate (0.75); fathom (0.75); il­
luminate (to explain, 0.75); illumine (to
explain, 0.75); translate (to change into
another language, 0.70); define (to pro­
vide a nam e or d escrip tio n , 0.64); treat
(to d e a l w ith a s u b je c t, 0 .6 0 );
u n d ersta n d (to co m p re h en d , 0 .56);
te a c h (to act as a te a c h e r, 0 .4 3 );
sim plify (0.40); annotate (0.25); expli­
cate (0.25); recite (to repeat form ally,
0.20); represent (to present as a true
in teip retatio n , 0.07).
IN T E R R E L A T E (1) complicate (0.53).
IN T E R R O G A T E (13) interrogate (1.00);
question (to ask, 0.86); ask (to inquire,
0.82); catechize (to question, 0.75); grill
INTERVIEW
(to question closely, 0.67); investigate
(0.67); exam ine (to test, 0.64); debrief
(0.50); interpellate (0.50); interview
(0.50); inquire (to ask about, 0.33);
crossexam ine (0.25); hunt (to try to
find, 0.18).
IN T E R R U P T (11) interrupt (to hinder,
1.00); interrupt (to break in on, 1.00);
m olest (to disturb people, 0.96); halt
(to cause to cease, 0.94); hinder (0.81);
suspend (to cease tem porarily, 0.75);
prevent (0.66); intrude (0.50); preclude
(0.50); end (to bring to a halt, 0.12);
pause (0.10).
IN T E R S C R IB E (1) interline (to write be­
tw een the lines, 0.50).
IN T E R S E C T (5) intersect (to divide,
1.00); intersect (to come together, 1.00);
cut (to cross, 0.67); divide (to separate
by parting, 0.63); cross (to lie across,
0.50).
IN T E R S P E R S E (3) intersperse (1.00); in­
terject (0.43); scatter (to cause to sepa­
rate, 0.38).
IN T E R T W IN E (6) intertwine (1.00); in­
terlace (to weave, 0.75); weave (to con­
struct by interlacing, 0.74); coil (0.60);
unite (to com e together, 0.44); mix (to
blend, 0.35). .
IN TERV A L (1) space (to interspace, 0.50).
IN T E R V E N E (10) intervene (to settle,
1.00); in te rv en e (to h ap p en , 1.00);
intervene (to m eddle, 1.00); intercede
(0.75); interfere (to meddle, 0.75); inter­
rupt (to break in on, 0.67); m eddle (to
in te rfe re in o th e r s ’ a ffa irs, 0.65);
arbitrate (0.50); inteipose (to break into,
0.50); separate (to keep apart, 0.14).
IN T E R V IE W (3) interview (1.00); talk (to
converse, 0.80); dictate (to speak for
record, 0.70).
INTERVOLVE
INTERVOLVE (1) coil (0.40).
IN T E R W E A V E (3) interw eave (1.00);
enwreathe (0.58); mix (to blend, 0.44).
INTIMATE (9) intimate (1.00); hint (0.95);
imply (to indicate, 0.67); rem ind (to
bring into the mem ory, 0.50); indicate
(to sig n ify , 0.2 5 ); m e n tio n (0 .2 5 );
present (to suggest, 0.25); suggest (to
bring to m ind, 0.25); m ean (to have as
meaning, 0.11).
IN T IM ID A T E (10) intim idate (1.00);
threaten (to warn o f punishm ent, 0.93);
frighten (to drive off, because o f alarm,
0.86); discourage (to dishearten, 0.76);
menace (0.75); frighten (to alarm, 0.61);
brow beat (0.50); faze (0.50); terrorize
(0.50); henpeck (0.25).
IN T O N E (3) intone (1.00); chant (0.75);
en u n ciate (to p ro n o u n ce distinctly,
0.50).
IN T O X IC A T E (4) intoxicate (to m ake
drunk, 1.00); intoxicate (to excite, 1.00);
fuddle (0.57); fascinate (0.35).
IN T R E N C H (2) intrench (to prepare for
attack , 1.00); in tre n c h (to p re p a re
trenches, 1.00).
IN T R IG U E (8) intrigue (1.00); tem pt
(0.77); m aneuver (0.76); interest (0.75);
scheme (0.75); collude (0.50); appeal (to
attract, 0.23); plan (to plot an action in
advance, 0.22).
IN T R O D U C E (29) introduce (to bring in,
1 .0 0 ); in tr o d u c e (to p r e s e n t,
1 .0 0 );in tro d u ce (to m ak e stran g e rs
acquainted, 1.00); introduce (to insti­
tute, 1.00); introduce (to insert, 1.00);
introduce (to begin, 1.00); interject
(0 .9 3 ); p re c e d e (0 .8 0 ); in a u g u ra te
(0.75); include (to place into or among,
0.75); inteipose (to insert, 0.75); preface
(0.75); inject (to include, 0.73); mention
-191- EWADE
(0.69); ad v an ce (to pro p o se, 0.67);
occasion (0.67); propose (to m ake a
suggestion, 0.62); im port (to bring in,
0.50); infuse (0.50); m ove (to propose
an action formally, 0.50); originate (to
bring about a beginning, 0.50); install
(0.38); broach (to mention, 0.33); begin
(to initiate, 0.26); interpolate (0.25); set
(to establish, 0.25); instill (0.23); refer
(to d irec t, 0 .2 0 ); rec eiv e (to m ake
welcome, 0.08).
IN T R U D E (11) intrude (1.00); molest (to
d istu rb p eo p le, 0.92); in terru p t (to
break in on, 0.83); enter (to enter physi­
cally, 0.77); interpose (to break into,
0.75); disrupt (to break, 0.50); impinge
(to infringe upon, 0.50); m eddle (to
interfere in others’ affairs, 0.35); inter­
vene (to m eddle, 0.33); pierce (0.33);
act (to perform an action, 0.28).
IN T R U S T (3) intrust (1.00); com m it (to
entrust, 0.73); invest (0.50).
IN U N C T (l) grease (0.36).
IN U N D A T E (11) inundate (1.00); flood
(0.86); overflow (to flow out upon,
0.75); cover (to send dow n in plenty,
0.67); surround (to take a position on
all sides, 0.67); glut (to oversupply,
0.59); drown (to cover with liquid, 0.50);
overw helm (to drown, 0.50); engulf
(0.33); irrigate (0.33); water (0.17).
IN U R E to bring to use (3) inure (1.00);
harden (to toughen, 0.81); train (to
toughen oneself, 0.67).
IN U R N (1) entom b (to bury the dead,
0.75).
INVADE (17) invade (to enter with armed
force, 1.00); invade (to encroach upon,
1.00); enter (to enter physically, 0.92);
obtain (to gain possession, 0.91); attack
(to fight o ffen siv ely (arm y), 0.87);
INVALIDATE
beset (0.75); land (to go ashore, 0.50);
overrun (to defeat, 0.50); overrun (to
infest, 0.50); trespass (to intrude, 0.50);
cam paign (to fight, 0.33); occupy (to
ta k e p o s s e s s io n , 0 .3 3 ); c h a rg e (to
attack, 0.25); encroach (0.25); entrench
(to trespass, 0.25); im pinge (to infringe
upon, 0.25); raid (0.22).
INVALIDATE (20) invalidate (1.00); annul
(0.75); cancel (to annul, 0.71); overrule
(to nullify, 0.67); disprove (0.63); refute
(0.63); eliminate (to remove, 0.60); dis­
qualify (to disable, 0.50); nullify (0.50);
reverse (to annul, 0.50); disarm (to de­
prive o f w eapons, 0.47); discharge (to
annul, 0.33); dissolve (to annul, 0.33);
rebut (0.33); abolish (0.29); confute
(0.29); counteract (0.25); w ithdraw (to
rem ove from use or circulation, 0.15);
hinder (0.10); defeat (to get the better
o f another, 0.05).
IN V E IG H (1) inveigh (1.00).
IN V E IG L E (9) inveigle (1.00); seduce
(0.86); urge (to induce, 0.56); persuade
(to influence, 0.44); satisfy (to co n ­
vince, 0.33); mislead (0.32); coax (0.25);
influence (0.09); tem pt (0.05).
IN V E N T (12) invent (to create or dis­
cover, 1.00); invent (to fabricate, 1.00);
discover (to find, 0.97); plan (to plot an
action in advance, 0.78); form (to give
shape to a thing, 0.73); forge (0.72);
im agine (to visualize mentally, 0.72);
d eterm in e (to d ecid e the co u rse o f
affairs, 0.50); think (to form in the mind,
0.50); lie (to utter an untruth, 0.11);
sim u late (0 .1 0 ); co rru p t (to ren d e r
innacurate, 0.08).
IN V E N T O R IZ E (1) enroll (to prepare a
roll, 0.94).
IN V E N T O R Y (3) inventory (1.00); item­
-192- ENVIGORATE
ize (0.75); list (to enter in a list, 0.44).
IN V E R T (10) invert (to upset, 1.00);
in v e rt (to rev erse, 1.00); invert (to
change, 1.00); exchange (to replace
one thing w ith another, 0.80); subvert
(0.57); capsize (0.33); reverse (to turn,
0.33); upset (to turn over, 0.31); turn
(to reverse, 0.25); change (to make dif­
ferent, 0.18).
IN V E S T (14) invest (1.00); deposit (to
present m oney for safekeeping, 0.92);
crown (to em power with a crown, 0.88);
create (to m ake, 0.85); enable (0.82);
com m it (to entrust, 0.59); install (0.50);
c lo th e (0 .3 5 ); c o m m issio n (0.33);
surround (to take a position on all sides,
0.33); grant (to bestow, 0.25); ordain
(to invest with priestly functions, 0.17);
delegate (to give authority to another,
0.15); give (to transfer, 0.11).
IN V E S T IG A T E (23) investigate (1.00);
hunt (to try to find, 0.94); experiment
(to in v e stig a te scien tifically , 0.88);
analyze (to subject to analysis, 0.79);
exam ine (to inspect w ith care, 0.78);
crossexam ine (0.75); delve (0.75); in­
quire (to seek into, 0.75); sift (to evalu­
ate, 0.75); probe (0.67); scan (to analyze,
0.67); seek (to look for, 0.67); inventory
(0 .6 4 ); e x p lo re (0 .6 0 ); d iss e c t (to
examine, 0.50); check (to determine ac­
curacy, 0.38); try (to test, 0.33); inspect
( 0 .2 5 ) ; tr a c e (to d is c o v e r by
investigation, 0.25); dig (to rem ove by
d ig g in g , 0 .2 0 ); ra n sa c k (to search
thoroughly, 0.15); question (to ask,
0.07); ask (to inquire, 0.05).
IN V IG O R A T E (14) invigorate (1.00);
strengthen (0.93); freshen (to activate,
0.75); perk (to cheer or refresh, 0.75);
refresh (to renew, 0.75); confirm (to
INVITE -193-
strengthen, 0.67); renew (to refresh,
0.58); energize (0.50); inspire (to en­
courage, 0.50); reanim ate (0.50); com ­
fort (to m ake easy physically, 0.43);
revive (to give new life, 0.21); stiffen
(to cause to becom e stiff, 0.18); fortify
(to strengthen physically or em otion­
ally, 0.17).
IN V IT E (7) invite (to ask guests, 1.00);
invite (to ask politely, 1.00); court (to
woo, 0.94); entertain (to act as host or
hostess, 0.88); appeal (to attract, 0.54);
fascinate (0.53); ask (to inquire, 0.23).
IN V O C A T E (1) pray (to call upon God,
0.17).
IN V O IC E (1) list (to enter in a list, 0.22).
IN V O K E (6) invoke (to call upon, 1.00);
invoke (to sum m on, 1.00); w orship (to
perform acts of worship, 0.88); summon
(to call, 0.83); evoke (to call forth, 0.50);
wish (to express a desire, 0.50).
IN V O LV E (18) involve (1.00); tangle
(0.93); entangle (0.75); touch (to relate
to, 0.75); com prise (0.74); com plicate
(0.73); refer (to concern, 0.72); include
(to contain, 0.64); apply (to be relevant,
0.58); accuse (0.56); m ean (to have as
meaning, 0.44); fold (to enclose, 0.33);
confuse (0.27); im m erse (to engross,
0.25); occupy (to absorb atten tio n ,
0.14); occupy (to fill space, 0.14); matter
(to be o f im portance, 0.11); disturb (to
upset mental calm, 0.09).
IR K (9) irk (1.00); weary (to make weary,
0.84); bother (to give trouble, 0.80); dis­
gust (0.50); gall (0.50); m o lest (to
disturb people, 0.40); disturb (to upset
m en tal calm , 0 .39); p la g u e (0.25);
em barrass (to upset mentally, 0.15).
IRO N (3) iron (1.00); smooth (to rem ove
unevenness, 0.54); mangle (to iron with
ISSUE
a pow der roller, 0.33).
IR R A D IA T E (8) irradiate (1.00); nurse
(0.71); illumine (to light up, 0.67); radi­
ate (to send forth from a centre, 0.64);
radiate (to shed light or heat, 0.63); il­
lum inate (to m ake lighter, 0.50); shine
(to give forth light, 0.24); light (to pro­
vide light, 0.14).
IR R IG A T E (3) irrigate (1.00); water (0.75);
dip (to put into a liquid, 0.70).
IR R IT A T E (33) irritate (to bother, 1.00);
irritate (to inflame, 1.00); excite (to acti­
vate, 0.95); b other (to give trouble,
0.83); ang er (to arouse som eone to
anger, 0.82); m olest (to disturb people,
0.76); bug (to annoy, 0.75); chafe (to
annoy, 0.75); distress (0.75); em bitter
(to anger, 0.75); peeve (0.75); pique (to
anger, 0.75); rile (0.75); roil (0.75); ruffle
(to anger, 0.75); incense (0.67); provoke
(to vex, 0.67); annoy (to molest, 0.50);
blister (0.50); rasp (0.50); torture (to
torment, 0.50); insult (0.45); disturb (to
u pset m en tal calm , 0.28); convulse
(0.25); gall (0.25); harass (to annoy an
individual, 0.25); nettle (0.25); perturb
(to annoy, 0.25); trouble (to disturb,
0.25); vex (to annoy, 0.25); torm ent
(to rm en t, 0 .20); ex cite (to stir one
mentally, 0.16); rankle (0.14).
IR R U P T (1) overflow (to flow over the
top, or out at a vent, 0.21).
IS O L A T E (9) isolate (1.00); separate (to
keep apart, 0.86); quarantine (0.80); seg­
regate (0.67); maroon (0.50); banish (to
condem n to exile, 0.31); divide (to
sep arate by p arting, 0.31); date (to
indicate historical tim e, 0.14); insulate
(0.13).
ISS U E (25) issue (to emerge, 1.00); issue
(to be a result of, 1.00); issue (to re­
ITALICIZE
lease, 1.00); issue (to distribute, 1.00);
issue (to emit, 1.00); result (0.94); print
(to r e p r o d u c e b y p r in tin g , 0 .8 3 );
distribute (to allot, 0.68); publish (to
print and distribute, 0.67); appear (to
b eco m e visible, 0.55); leave (to go
away, 0.50); supervene (0.50); adver­
tise (to m ake public, 0.47); em it (to
discharge, 0.47); loom (to appear large
or im posing, 0.44); happen (to occur,
0.40); spaw n (0.33); tric k le (0.33);
overflow (to flow over the top, or out
at a vent, 0.29); edit (to supervise p u b ­
lication, 0.27); pour (to flow, 0.25); rise
(to begin, 0.25); arise (to result, 0.20);
bubble (0.15); m int (to print or press
money, 0.11).
IT A L IC IZ E (4) italicize (1.00); underscore
(0.25); underline (to m ake a line under,
0.17); emphasize (0.05).
IT C H (3) itch (to have a tingling sensa­
tion, 1.00); itch (to have a strong desire,
1.00); tingle (0.33).
IT E M IZ E (4) itemize (1.00); detail (to make
clear in detail, 0.96); particularize (0.75);
report (to m ake a sum m ary statem ent,
0.11).
IT E R A T E (2) iterate (1.00); practice (to
seek im provem ent through repetition,
0.20).
J ja b b e r (to talk as though jabbering,
JA B (3) penetrate (to pierce, 0.78); poke
(0.75); hit (to strike, 0.55).
JA B B E R (10) ja b b er (to m ake a chatter­
ing sound, 1.00); ja b b e r (to talk as
though jabbering, 1.00); gabble (0.75);
yap (0.75); sound (to m ake a noise,
0.62); blab (to chatter, 0.50); gab (0.50);
prattle (0.50); rave (to babble, 0.33);
babble (0.24).
-194- JELLY
JA C K E T (1) clothe (0.48).
JA C K K N IF E (l)jackknife (1.00).
JA D E (2) tire (to becom e exhausted,
0.73); w eary (to m ake weary, 0.20).
J A IL (7) jail (1.00); im prison (0.92); in­
carcerate (0.75); enclose (to shut up or
shut in, 0.71); arrest (to seize legally,
0.67); sentence (0.33); enslave (0.26).
JA M to press; to squeeze (10) jam (to
com press, 1.00); jam (to force one’s
way, 1.00); jam (to obscure by jamming,
1.00); infest (to sw arm , 0.63); cram (to
stuff, 0.50); crow d (0.50); ram (to pack
forcibly, 0.50); pack (to stow compactly,
0 .3 1 ); fa ste n (to m a k e so m e th in g
secure, 0.26); bar (to raise a physical
obstruction, 0.25).
JA N G L E (4) jangle (1.00); sound (to make
a noise, 0.61); discuss (0.50); ring (to
give forth sound by ringing, 0.36).
JA P A N (3) colour (to im part colour to,
0.78); varnish (0.53); enamel (0.33).
J A R (6) ja r (to cause to tremble, 1.00); jar
(to create d isco rd an t sounds, 1.00);
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.59); shake
(to cause to vibrate, 0.29); excite (to
stir one m entally, 0.28); crash (to have
a collision, 0.18).
JA U N T (2) travel (to journey, 0.46); jour­
ney (0.33).
JA W to seize or devour with the jaw s (1)
0.25).
J E E R (9) jeer (1.00); sneer (0.90); ridicule
(0 .7 8 ); tau n t (0 .7 5 ); d erid e (0.50);
w hoop (0.30); p aro d y (0.25); scoff
(0.25); insult (0.10).
J E L L (3) je ll (1.00); harden (to become
less penetrable, 0.82); set (to become
firm, 0.75).
JE L L Y (1) stiff (to grow stiff, 0.94).
JEOPARDIZE -195-
JE O PA R D IZ E (5) jeopardize (1.00); com­
promise (to damage one’s honour, 0.75);
imperil (0.75); endanger (0.33); chance
(to take a chance, 0.18).
JE R K to strike with a w hip; to lash; to
sw itch (12) je rk (to undergo a spasm ,
1.00); jerk (to m ove an object w ith a
quick tug, 1.00); jounce (0.75); snatch
(0.75); flounce (0.50); draw (to m ove
an object, 0.45); jum p (to vibrate, 0.33);
w rench (0.33); tw eak (0.25); ja r (to
cause to tremble, 0.24); beat (to pulsate,
0.16); flop (to m ove with little control,
0.04).
JE S T (3) joke (0.92); banter (0.50); parody
(0.44).
JE T to encroach on or upon (1) overflow
(to flow over the top, or out at a vent,
0.67).
JE T to encroach; to em it (2) flow (to is­
sue forth, 0.89); emit (to discharge, 0.03).
JE T to strut; to sw agger (2) je t (to gush
out in a stream , 1.00); spurt (0.50).
JE T to travel by je t airplane (3) je t (to
travel by je t airplane, 1.00); travel (to
journey, 0.79); fly (to m anage a plane
in the air, 0.58).
JE T T IS O N (4) jettison (1.00); lighten (to
make lighter, 0.41); discard (0.36); aban­
don (to leave in trouble, 0.29).
JIB E (1) tack (to steer an oblique course,
0.70).
JIG (1) dance (to m ove rhythm ically,
0.62).
JIG G E R (1) dance (to move in a gay man­
ner, 0.50).
JIG G L E (8) jiggle (1.00); jum p (to vibrate,
0.93); ja r (to cause to trem ble, 0.65);
dance (to m ove in a gay m anner, 0.55);
fidget (0.55); yank (0.44); rock (0.43);
joggle (0.25).
JOSTLE
JIL T (1) jilt (1.00).
JIN G L E (5) jingle (1.00); tinkle (0.86); jan­
gle (0.75); clink (0.50); ring (to give forth
sound by ringing, 0.45).
J I T T E R (1) flop (to m ove with little con­
trol, 0.09).
JIT T E R B U G (1) jitterbug (1.00).
JO C K E Y (1) jockey (1.00).
J O G (5) jo g (1.00); trot (0.86); canter
(0.75); exercise (to m ove the body,
0.63); impel (to press, 0.36).
J O G G L E (3) jo g g le (1.00); shake (to
cause to vibrate, 0.64); fidget (0.45).
J O IN to put together (17) jo in (to unite,
1.00); jo in (to enter the com pany of,
1.00); jo in (to adjoin, 1.00); unite (to
com e together, 0.97); m erge (0.88);
yoke (0.79); conspire (to act together,
0.75); assem ble (to put together, 0.70);
stitch (0.67); erect (to assemble, 0.50);
register (to enlist or enroll, 0.50); cen­
tre (0.47); ease (to m ove carefully,
0.46); reunite (0.43); fabricate (to as­
semble, 0.33); associate (to relate, 0.20);
reach (to extend to, 0.13).
JO IN to im pose (a penance or a task)
upon a person (1) come (to extend, 0.75).
JO K E (2) jo k e (1.00); play (to gambol,
0.64).
JO L T (7) ja r (to cause to trem ble, 0.82);
kick (to give a blow with the foot, 0.60);
shake (to cause to vibrate, 0.57); rock
(0.48); excite (to stir one mentally, 0.25);
shock (to jar, 0.25); crash (to have a
collision, 0.09).
J O S T L E (8) jo stle (1.00); jam (to force
o n e ’s way, 0.89); hit (to bum p against,
0.86); crash (to have a collision, 0.73);
shove (0.67); push (to press against,
0.50); m eet (to encounter, 0.43); shoul­
der (0.33).
JOT
JO T (1) jo t (1.00).
JO U N C E (6) jou n ce (1.00); ju m p (to vi­
brate, 0.80); ja r (to cause to trem ble,
0.71); shake (to cause to vibrate, 0.50);
beat (to pulsate, 0.08); bounce (to re­
bound, 0.06).
JO U R N A L IZ E (1) record (to write down,
0.20).
JO U R N E Y (8) jo u rn ey (1.00); do (to
travel, 0.75); ride (to be transported,
0.67); roll (to travel, 0.67); march (0.60);
p a c k (to tr a n s p o r t by u s in g p a c k
animals, 0.50); take (to travel, 0.50); trek
(0.25).
J O U S T (2) com pete (0.63); fight (to
engage in an encounter, 0.08).
JU B IL A T E (1) celebrate (to indulge in
celebration, 0.17).
JU D G E (24) ju d g e (to pass judgem ent,
1.00); judge (to form an opinion, 1.00);
cen su re (0.95); rate (to rank, 0.93);
decide (0.88); choose (to select, 0.77);
assess (to estim ate, 0.75); condem n (to
blam e, 0.75); deem (0.75); rank (to
evaluate, 0.73); try (to conduct a trial,
0.67); estim ate (to m ake a rough guess,
0.60); exam ine (to test, 0.55); account
(0.50); deliberate (0.50); esteem (to
consider, 0.50); evaluate (0.50); value
(to set a price upon, 0.47); consider (to
reg a rd , 0 .30); e stim a te (to m a k e a
considered prediction, 0.27); hold (to
b eliev e, 0.25); assu m e (to take for
granted, 0.24); sentence (0.22); reckon
(0.13).
J U D G M E N T (1) condem n (to send to
punishm ent, 0.11).
JU G G L E (2) juggle (to keep in the air by
tossing, 1.00); ju g g le (to alter, usually
to deceive, 1.00).
JU M B L E (8) confound (to mix, 0.75); pi
-196- KEEP
(0.75); m ix (to confuse, 0.67); confuse
(0.66); m ud d le (to confuse; said of
affairs, 0.65); disorganize (0.58); muss
(0.33); litter (0.25).
JU M P (14) ju m p (to leap across or up,
1.00); ju m p (to leap down, 1.00); jump
(to pass over, 1.00); jum p (to vibrate,
1.00); dance (to m ove in a gay manner,
0.85); dive (0.79); bound (to move in
leaps, 0.75); gallop (0.73); ja r (to cause
to trem ble, 0.59); bounce (to rebound,
0.31); play (to gam bol, 0.27); vault
(0.25); hasten (to m ake haste, 0.09);
m ove (to be in motion, 0.07).
JU N K E T (1) travel (to journey, 0.39).
JU S T IF Y (14) justify (to vindicate, 1.00);
ju s tify (to g iv e rea so n s for, 1.00);
ju stify (to prove by the event, 1.00);
prove (0.97); defend (to support an
accused person, 0.89); excuse (0.88);
argue (to endeavour to convince, 0.76);
m erit (0.33); explain (0.30); exonerate
(0.25); palliate (0.10); reason (to discuss
persuasively, 0.09); pardon (to reduce
punishm ent, 0.08); recom m end (to lend
support or approval, 0.08).
JU T (4) jut (1.00); overhang (to hang over,
0.83); project (to thrust out, 0.50); hang
(to be suspended, 0.27).
JU X T A P O S E (2) jo in (to unite, 0.92);
com pare (to exam ine on a comparative
basis, 0.07).
K
K E E L H A U L (1) punish (0.26).
K E E N (2) ciy (to weep, 0.50); groan (0.25).
K E E P (33) keep (to hold, 1.00); keep (to
m a in ta in , 1.00); keep (to continue,
1.00); keep (to operate, 1.00); keep (to
tend, 1.00); keep (to remain, 1.00); keep
(to store, 1.00); keep (to prevent, used
KEN -197-
with from, 1.00); keep (to retain, LOO);
celebrate (to recognize an occasion,
0.94); m aintain (to keep ready for use,
0.89); delay (to cause a delay, 0.80);
cure (to preserve, 0.75); hold (to have
in one’s possession, 0.75); pickle (0.75);
reserve (to retain, 0.75); steal (0.74);
d e p o s it (to p r e s e n t m o n e y fo r
sa fe k ee p in g , 0 .69); o ccu p y (to fill
space, 0.57); detain (0.50); m aintain (to
support, 0.50); im prison (0.46); rescue
(to save, 0.42); can (to preserve, 0.33);
hoard (0.33); maintain (to uphold, 0.33);
save (to p re se rv e , 0.3 3 ); w ith h o ld
(0.33); defend (to provide general pro­
tection, 0.32); hold (to have in o n e’s
grasp, 0.31); observe (to commemorate,
0.25); choose (to select, 0.10); ow n (to
possess, 0.09).
KEN to know ; to bestow (2) know (to
possess inform ation, 0.63); understand
(to com prehend, 0.47).
K IC K (8) kick (to give a blow w ith the
foot, 1.00); hurt (to cause pain, 0.87);
twitch (to jerk, 0.67); attack (to assault
(of an individual), 0.60); dam age (to
cause pain, 0.50); trip (to cause to
stumble, 0.30); drive (to cause to move,
0.27); hit (to strike, 0.26).
KID to humbug; to deceive (2) kid (1.00);
banter (0.25).
K ID N A P (3) kidnap (1.00); steal (0.51);
attack (to assault (o f an individual),
0.27).
K IL L (14) kill (to deprive of life, 1.00);kill
(to deprive o f existence, 1.00);kill (to
cancel, 1.00); kill (to turn off, 1.00); kill
(to v eto, 1.00); d e p o p u la te (0.90);
poison (0.79); hunt (to pursue w ith
intent to kill, 0.74); eliminate (to remove,
0.45); spend (to pass tim e, 0.33); w ar
KNTT
(0.27); persecute (to oppress, especially
for religious reasons, 0.26); strangle (to
sm other, 0 .2 5 ); starv e (to cause to
starve, 0.20).
K IN D L E to bring forth; to give birth to
young (1) cause (to be the cause, 0.25).
K IN D L E to set fire; to ignite (13) kindle
(to start a fire, 1.00); kindle (to excite,
1.00); fire (to set on fire, 0.89); heat (to
m ake hot, 0.88); strike (to light, 0.75);
inflam e (to bum , 0.67); bum (to subject
to fire, 0.59); heat (to become hot, 0.50);
e x cite (to activ ate, 0.32); fascinate
(0.27); enkindle (to ignite, 0.25); light
(to cause to ignite, 0.25); brighten (to
becom e brighter, 0.20).
K IP P E R (2) kipper (1.00); preserve (to
keep, 0.23).
K IS S (5) kiss (1.00); cuddle (to embrace,
0.75); touch (to be in contact, 0.41); pet
(to caress, 0.25); thank (0.20).
K IT T E N (1) produce (to bear, 0.13).
K N E A D (6) knead (1.00); rub (to subject
to friction, 0.59); mix (to blend, 0.32);
beat (to mix, 0.25); form (to give shape
to a thing, 0.10); soften (to m ake soft,
0.06).
K N E E L (3) kneel (1.00); grovel (0.71);
fawn (0.36).
K N E L L (1) knell (1.00).
K N IF E (5) knife (to stab, 1.00); knife (to
injure in an underhanded way, 1.00);
kill (to deprive o f life, 0.70); penetrate
(to pierce, 0.09); stab (0.07).
K N IT (10) knit (to form by knitting, 1.00);
knit (to com bine or jo in closely, 1.00);
knit (to grow together, 1.00); weave (to
c o n s tr u c t b y in te r la c in g , 0 .9 6 );
em broider (to add adornm ent, 0.88);
splice (0.75); heal (to recover, 0.67);
contract (to dim inish, 0.55); dam (to
KNOCK -198-
repair, 0.50); m end (to get well, 0.33).
K N O C K (14) knock (1.00); hit (to strike,
0.97); drive (to force with blows, 0.87);
thum p (0.78); rap (to tap sharply, 0.75);
butt (to strike with the head, 0.71); sw at
(0.50); crash (to have a collision, 0.36);
punch (to hit, 0.33); beat (to thrash,
0.32); bump (to m ake a bum ping sound,
0.32); drop (to cause or to perm it to
fall, 0.27); pelt (0.25); rattle (to m ake a
rattling sound, 0.25).
K N O T (4) knot (1.00); distort (to change
shape, 0.64); tie (to tie a knot in, 0.50);
w eav e (to co n stru c t by interlacin g ,
0.48).
K N O W (13) know (to possess inform a­
tion, 1.00); know (to understand, 1.00);
know (to recognize, 1.00); tell (to
deduce, 0.89); understand (to com pre­
hend, 0.82); copulate (0.55); undergo
(0.55); read (to understand by reading,
0.50); feel (to experience, 0.36); seize
(to com prehend, 0.25); taste (to experi­
ence, 0.25); endure (to sustain adver­
sity, 0.24); feel (to believe, 0.20).
K O W T O W (2) grovel (0.58); bow (to
bend, 0.15).
L o f a vessel, 0.80); scoop (0.75); skim
L A B E L (11) label (1.00); define (to pro­
vide a nam e or d escrip tio n , 0.86); clas­
sify (0.69); mark (to m ake a mark, 0.64);
nam e (to give a nam e, 0.63); address
(to p ro v id e d irec tio n s for delivery,
0.60); direct (to w rite directions on a
letter or package, 0.50); m ark (to put
p rice s upon, 0.5 0 ); d istin g u ish (to
provide an identification, 0.33); entitle
(to nam e, 0.25); describe (0.19).
L A B O U R (9) labour (1.00); act (to per­
form an action, 0.69); serve (to w ork
LAMENT
for, 0.67); exercise (to m ove the body,
0.50); slog (0.50); toil (0.50); try (to
endeavour, 0.44); overplay (0.33); strain
(to exert, 0.25).
L A C E (5) lace (1.00); fasten (to make
som ething secure, 0.91); bind (to con­
strain with bonds, 0.59); entwine (0.50);
hurt (to cause pain, 0.29).
L A C E R A T E (9) lacerate (to tear, 1.00);
lacerate (to injure, 1.00); m angle (to
m utilate, 0.91); bite (to seize or sever
w ith teeth, 0.78); hurt (to cause pain,
0.68); torture (to injure, 0.50); tear (0.25);
dam age (to im pair the value of, 0.20);
cut (to cut into, 0.05).
L A C K (2) lack (1.00); need (0.75).
L A C Q U E R (4) enam el (0.83); varnish
(0.76); colour (to impart colour to, 0.72);
stain (to colour, 0.25).
L A D E (8) lade (to fill, 1.00); lade (to dip,
1.00); fill (to pour to the capacity of
the container, 0.77); charge (to load,
0.75); dip (to transfer by m eans o f a
vessel, 0.73); burden (0.62); em pty (to
cause to becom e empty, 0.43); load (to
place a load, 0.11).
L A D L E (4) em pty (to cause to become
empty, 0.86); dip (to transfer by means
(to re m o v e th e to p ; es p e c ia lly , to
rem ove cream, 0.40).
L A G to fall behind; to rem ain in the rear
(7) lag (to m ove slowly, 1.00); lag (to
m ove without spirit, 1.00); linger (to go
reluctantly, 0.89); loiter (0.76); drag (to
go slow ly, 0 .7 5 ); slow (to becom e
slower, 0.71); limp (0.62).
L A M B (1) produce (to bear, 0.29).
L A M B A S T E (3) lambaste (1.00); beat (to
thrash, 0.30); hurt (to cause pain, 0.20).
L A M E N T (15) lament (to express sorrow,
 LAMINATE
1.00); lament (to weep, 1.00); lament (to
regret, 1.00); grieve (0.80); bem oan
(0.75); complain (to express grief, 0.75);
cry (to weep, 0.75); regret (to be sorry
for, 0.70); sob (0.67); w eep (0.40); rue
(0.33); how l (0.25); sigh (0.25); w ail
(0.25); mope (0.19).
LA M IN A TE (4) lam inate (1.00); plate
(0.93); stratify (0.75); fold (to place to­
gether or lay in folds, 0.56).
L A M PO O N (4) lam poon (1.00); sneer
(0.52); scandalize (0.43); parody (0.19).
LA N C E (3) launch (to send off, 0.50);
knife (to stab, 0.33); tap (to puncture in
order to draw liquid, 0.09).
LAND (6) land (to bring a boat to shore,
1.00); land (to com e into port, 1.00);
land (to go ashore, 1.00); land (to bring
an airplane to earth, 1.00); arrive (to
come to a place, 0.82); perch (0.33).
L A N D S C A PE (2) beautify (to im prove
the grounds, 0.75); im prove (to m ake
better, 0.52).
L A N G U IS H (11) languish (to w eaken,
1.00); languish (to want, 1.00); m ourn
(to lament, 0.50); swoon (0.50); weaken
(to become weaker, 0.41); suffer (to feel
p a in , 0 .3 6 ); sic k e n (to c o n tra c t a
disease, 0.25); vegetate (to stagnate,
0.25); sleep (0.20); ebb (0.18); yearn
(0.17).
LA P to coil; to foil; to wrap (3) curl (to
twist, 0.58); coil (0.27); fold (to place
together or lay in folds, 0.19).
L A P ID IF Y (1) harden (to m ake less per­
vious, 0.02).
L A P S E (9) lapse (to fail slowly, 1.00);
lapse (to becom e void, 1.00); relapse
(0.91); mistake (0.83); die (to decline as
though death w ere inevitable , 0.56);
fall (to pass quickly dow nw ard, 0.36);
-199- LAUNCH
stop (to cease, 0.20); sin (0.13); m isbe­
have (0.10).
L A R D (1) baste (to dress m eat with fat,
0.83).
L A S H to fasten with cord (4) lash (to tie
up, 1.00); hitch (to harness, 0.50); hurt
(to cause pain, 0.18); bind (to constrain
w ith bonds, 0.10).
L A S H to m ove sw iftly and suddenly (2)
lash (to w hip, 1.00); beat (to thrash,
0.73).
L A ST to follow; to suffice; to stretch (10)
la st (to e n d u re , 1.00); la st (to be
sufficient, 1.00); endure (to continue,
0.83); stand (to endure, 0.75); run (to
continue, 0.67); be (to have being,
0.45); outlive (0.33); survive (to live on,
0.25); live (to persist in human memory,
0.20); resist (to w ithstand, 0.10).
L A T C H to fasten w ith a latch (1) latch
( 1.00).
LA TH E (1) machine (0.08).
L A T H E R (2) lather (1.00); perspire (0.25).
L A U D (11) laud (1.00); extol (0.80); ac­
claim (0.75); commend (to praise, 0.75);
eulogize (0.75); glory (to praise, 0.75);
r e c o m m e n d (to le n d s u p p o rt or
approval, 0.56); admire (to have regard
for, 0.54); w orship (to perform acts o f
w orship, 0.35); exalt (to praise, 0.25);
com plim ent (to flatter, 0.11).
L A U G H (3) laugh (1.00); joke (0.69); beam
(to smile, 0.50).
L A U N C H (13) launch (to initiate, 1.00);
launch (to send off, 1.00); dart (to move
in the m anner o f a dart, 0.76); advance
(to cause to m ove forward, 0.75); intro­
d u ce (to in stitu te , 0.75); b egin (to
initiate, 0.74); push (to m ove by push­
ing, 0.67); throw (to send forth, 0.33);
throw (to hurl, 0.27); institute (to or­
LAUNDER -2 0 0 -
ganize, 0.25); lob (0.25); slide (to cause
to slide, 0.25); undertake (0.06).
L A U N D E R (3) launder (1.00); cleanse (to
rem ove dirt from the surface, 0.75);
clean (0.72).
LA V E to w ash; to bathe (4) w ash (to
bathe, 0.81); w ash (to bo rd er upon,
0.67); dip (to put into a liquid, 0.35);
clean (0.31).
L A V IS H (4) lavish (1.00); w aste (to
squander, 0.94); scatter (to waste, 0.44);
m isspend (0.25).
LAY (9) lay (to knock down, 1.00); lay (to
place, 1.00); lay (to put in order, 1.00);
lay (to bring forth, 1.00); lay (to bet,
1.00); lay (to sm ooth out, 1.00); lay (to
w ork out, 1.00); com plain (to express
an objection, 0.13); place (to put in a
place, 0.06).
L A Y E R (2) plate (0.80); laminate (0.25).
L A Z E (4) lo a f (to do nothing useful,
0.65); lie (to be prostrate, 0.25); spend
(to pass tim e, 0.11); bask (0.10).
L E A C H to water; to w et (2) leach (1.00);
clean (0.02).
L E A D (16) lead (to conduct, 1.00); lead
(to exercise leadership, 1.00); lead (to
extend, 1.00); lead (to influence, 1.00);
lead (to play a first card, 1.00); m anage
(to direct, 0.97); train (to direct growth,
0.88); w alk (to cause to m ove on foot,
0.86); com m and (to have control, 0.81);
co n tro l (to d irect, 0 .7 5 ); in flu e n c e
(0 .7 1 ); te n d (to h a v e a te n d e n c y
(toward), 0.71); preside (0.50); reach (to
extend to, 0.47); accom pany (to go with,
0.38); precede (0.30).
L E A G U E (2) unite (to com e together,
0.36); fraternize (0.25).
L E A K (8) leak (to escape by leaking,
1.00); drop (to fall in drops, 0.75); seep
LEAVE
(0.67); trickle (0.67); overflow (to flow
over the top, or out at a vent, 0.54);
flow (to issue forth, 0.27); ooze (0.25);
em pty (to becom e empty, 0.20).
L E A N (8) lean (to incline, 1.00); bend (to
be forced out o f a straight line, 0.86);
bank (to tilt a curve, 0.80); careen (0.75);
tilt (to incline, 0.64); rest (to take one’s
rest, 0.58); loll (0.50); recline (0.50).
L E A P (16) leap(l.OO); vault(0.88);jum p
(to leap across or up, 0.85); dance (to
m ove in a gay m anner, 0.80); gallop
(0.80); dive (0.64); bounce (to rebound,
0.63); bounce (to m ove suddenly, 0.57);
run (to move, usually rapidly, 0.55); lick
(to play over; said o f flames, 0.54); hop
(0.50); pop (0.50); hasten (to make
haste, 0.29); frisk (0.25); skip (0.25);
m ove (to be in motion, 0.04).
L E A R N (11) learn (to acquire mentally,
1.00); learn (to find out, 1.00); remem­
ber (to bear in m ind, 0.71); ascertain
(0.67); h ear (to receiv e inform ation
orally, 0.64); absorb (to take in men­
tally, 0.50); assim ilate (to understand,
0.5 0 ); u n d e rsta n d (to co m prehend,
0.50); determ ine (to find out the facts,
0.33); establish (to determ ine, 0.33);
read (to understand by reading, 0.08).
L E A S E to glean; to gather; to collect (9)
lease (1.00); rent (to sell the use o f prop­
erty, 0.80); charter (to hire, 0.75); let (to
rent, 0.75); take (to rent, 0.75); hire (to
let, 0.67); farm (to do farm work, 0.63);
sublet (0.25); give (to transfer, 0.19).
L E A S H (2) bind (to constrain with bonds,
0.76); jo in (to unite, 0.44).
L EA V E to go away; to quit (22) leave (to
go aw ay, 1.00); leave (to abandon,
1.00); leave (to allow to rem ain, 1.00);
leave (to allow to fall to another, 1.00);
 LEAVEN
abandon (to relinquish, 0.96); em pty (to
become empty, 0.87); escape (0.81);
retreat (to execute a forced retirem ent
in battle, 0.80); allow (to perm it an
action, 0.67); fail (to be unsuccessful,
0.63); d isa p p e a r (0 .5 2 ); d e se rt (to
abandon in tim e o f tro u b le , 0 .50);
forsake (to ab andon, 0 .5 0 );q u it (to
resign, 0.50); sail (to embark, 0.50); park
(0.44); drop (to disco n tin u e, 0.33);
evacuate (to abandon, 0.25); let (to
perm it, 0.25); resign (to leave o n e ’s
em ploym ent, 0.25); secede (0.25); re­
treat (to retire, 0.05).
LEAVEN (2) leaven (to ferm ent, 1.00);
leaven (to influence, 1.00).
L E C T U R E (13) lecture (to give a speech,
1.00); lecture (to rebuke, 1.00); address
(to speak to an assembly, 0.91); upbraid
(0.87); speak (to deliver a speech, 0.75);
punish (0.74); teach (to act as a teacher,
0.73); direct (to address, 0.50); perorate
(to h aran g u e, 0.50); p reach (0.50);
censure (0.37); discourse (0.25); scold
(0.04).
L E E C H to apply leeches to m edicine (1)
bleed (to let blood, 0.50).
LEG A L IZ E (3) legalize (1.00); approve (to
give approval, 0.45); validate (0.25).
L EG ISLA TE (6) legislate (1.00); enact (to
legislate, 0.68); pass (to enact, 0.67);
govern (0.64); m ake (to enact, 0.50);
regulate (to control, 0.50).
LE N D to grant a tem porary possesion of
a thing (6) lend (to m ake a loan, 1.00);
lend (to impart, 1.00); trust (to place in
the protection o f another, 0.88); trust
(to give credit to, 0.78); rent (to sell the
use o f property, 0.60); invest (0.17).
LEND to arrive; to come (1) lend (to adapt
oneself, 1.00).
-20 1 - LET
L E N G T H E N (9) lengthen (to grow
longer, 1.00); lengthen (to make longer,
1.00); pad (to increase, 0.89); extend (to
m ake larger, 0.75); increase (to add to,
0.69); draw l (0.67); spread (to extend,
0.61); stretch (to cause to stretch, 0.36);
develop (to improve, 0.18).
L E S S E N (38) lessen (to grow less, 1.00);
lessen (to m ake less, 1.00); decrease
(to grow less, 0.97); weaken (to become
w eaker, 0.95); soften (to becom e soft,
0.85); w hittle (to reduce slowly, 0.83);
lighten (to make lighter, 0.82); abate (to
grow less, 0.75); dim inish (to make
less, 0.75); dock (to dim inish, 0.75);
fail (to grow less, 0.75); minimize (0.75);
sin k (to d ecrease, 0.75); ad u lterate
(0.74); cool (to becom e cool, 0.71);
extenuate (0.71); com m ercialize (to
cheapen, 0.67); reduce (to m ake less,
0.67); decrease (to make less, 0.65); cool
(to cause to becom e cool, 0.58); detract
(0.56); contract (to dim inish, 0.50);
depreciate (to becom e less in value or
qu an tity , 0.50); d eterio rate (0.50);
dwindle (0.50); mitigate (0.50); reprieve
(to alleviate, 0.50); taper (0.50); assuage
(to alleviate, 0.33); degenerate (0.33);
im p a ir (to w e a k e n , 0 .3 3 ); cu t (to
shorten, 0.25); mince (to minimize, 0.25);
save (to avoid, 0.25); understate (0.25);
ch e ck (to sla ck e n the p ace, 0.20);
recede (to sink, 0.14); decay (0.12).
L E T to allow to do som ething; to allow
to happen (11) let (to perm it, 1.00);let
(to aw ard; said especially o f contracts,
1.00); let (to rent, 1.00); adm it (to
perm it, 0.75); suffer (to permit, 0.69);
lease (0.67); rent (to sell the use o f
property, 0.40); cause (to be the cause,
0.38); enable (0.36); trust (to give credit
LETTER -2 0 2 -
to, 0.33); permit (0,25).
L E T T E R (2) print (to sim ulate printing,
0.67); w rite (to set dow n in w riting,
0.33).
L E V E L (24) level (to straighten, 1.00);
level (to dem olish, 1.00); sm ooth (to
rem ove unevenness, 0.85); balance (to
place in balance, 0.79); destroy (to bring
to nothing, 0.75); roll (to sm ooth w ith a
roller, 0.71); flatten (to m ake flat, 0.69);
aim (to point a w eapon, 0.67); flatten
(to grow flat, 0.67); dism antle (0.58);
equalize (0.56); face (to put a face on a
building, 0.54); m easure (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.51); m atch
(to find or m ake equals, 0.50); raze
(0.39); train (to aim, 0.33); decrease (to
make less, 0.26); direct (to aim a weapon,
0 .2 5 ); d ra g (to p u lv e r iz e , 0 .2 5 );
o b lite ra te (to destro y , 0.2 5 ); p la n e
(0.25); straighten (0.21); rake (to use a
rake, 0.10); subvert (0.05).
L E V E R (1) raise (to lift, 0.38).
L E V IG A T E (2) grind (to pulverize, 0.48);
pulverize (0.25).
L E V IT A T E (2) lighten (to m ake lighter,
0.65); rise (to m ove upw ard, 0.44).
L E V Y (3) fine (0.46); enlist (to enroll oth­
ers, 0.45); value (to set a price upon,
0.16).
L IB E L (7) insult (0.85); slander (0.77);
abuse (to hurt w ith w ords, 0.50); scan­
dalize (0.50); traduce (0.50); accuse
(0.25); sm ear (to slander, 0.25).
L IB E R A L IZ E (1) liberalize (1.00).
L IB E R A T E (17) liberate (to free from
bondage, 1.00); liberate (to free from
chem ical or physical restraint, 1.00);
release (0.92); rescue (to free, 0.80);
m anum it (0.75); unchain (0.75); deliver
(to free, 0.67); redeem (to save, 0.67);
UFT
save (to rem ove from danger, 0.55);
e m a n c ip a te (0 .5 0 ); d is c h a r g e (to
release, 0.33); exempt (0.33); pardon (to
red u ce pu n ish m en t, 0.33); extricate
(0.25); parole (0.25); unbind (to forgive,
0.25); ransom (0.14).
L IC E N S E (10) license (1.00); patent
(0.89); enfranchise (to empower, 0.75);
approve (to give approval, 0.65); del­
egate (to g ive au th o rity to another,
0.40); suffer (to perm it, 0.38); warrant
(to authorize, 0.25); enable (0.18); com­
m issio n (0.13); allow (to perm it an
action, 0.11).
L IC K (5) lick (to pass the tongue over,
1.00); lick (to play over; said o f flames,
1.00); touch (to be in contact, 0.55);
taste (to taste by the tongue, 0.29); de­
feat (to w orst in sport or in personal
combat, 0.28).
L IE to rest prone (6) lie (to assume a
p ro stra te p o sitio n , 1.00); lie (to be
prostrate, 1.00); lie (to be situated, 1.00);
spread (to becom e spread, 0.80); rest
(to take o n e ’s rest, 0.74); repose (to
recline, 0.50).
L IE to tell lies (4) lie (to utter an untruth,
1.00); evade (to use trickery to avoid a
sharp issue, 0.96); exaggerate (0.11);
sim ulate (0.05).
L IF T (16) lift (1.00); ease (to lessen pres­
sure or tension, 0.94); pry (to move
with a lever, 0.85); heave (to raise labo­
riously, 0.75); rear (0.67); steal (0.64);
operate (to be in operation, 0.55); climb
(to m ount, 0.43); rob (0.40); dip (to
transfer by m eans o f a vessel, 0.33);
ransack (to loot, 0.33); rise (to move
upw ard, 0.31); heighten (to raise, 0.25);
lug (0.25); rem ove (to m ove physically,
0.25); im prove (to m ake better, 0.24).
LIGHT
L IG H T to set fire; to becom e bright; to
shine (10) light (to provide light, 1.00);
light (to cause to ignite, 1.00); light (to
becom e ignited, 1.00); start (to cause
to ignite, 0.67); electrify (to provide
electricity, 0.62); kindle (to start a fire,
0.50); fire (to set on fire, 0.44); ignite
(0.33); start (to arouse, 0.25); burn (to
subject to fire, 0.23).
L IG H T to lighten; to descend (1) light
(to com e to rest from flight or travel,
1.00); descend (to m ove lower, 0.44);
dismount (0.33).
L IG H TEN to make less heavy (12) lighten
(to m ake lighter, 1.00); lighten (to ease,
1.00); alleviate (0.75); decrease (to grow
less, 0.65); un lo ad (0.53); ease (to
le ssen p re s s u re or te n sio n , 0 .5 0 );
relieve (to lessen; said especially o f
pain, 0.47); soothe (0.33); abate (to
make less, 0.25); leaven (to ferm ent,
0.25); comfort (to make easy physically,
0.24); decrease (to m ake less, 0.04).
L IG H T E N to shed light upon (6) brighten
(to become brighter, 0.80); illuminate (to
make lighter, 0.75); intensify (0.50); ir­
radiate (0.50); light (to provide light,
0.43); brighten (to make brighter, 0.25).
L IK E to be fond o f (5) like (to enjoy,
1.00); like (to be fond of, 1.00); like (to
be inclined, 1.00); favour (to have a
preference, 0.85); cherish (to hold dear,
0.50).
L IK E N (3) liken (1.00); match (to find or
make equals, 0.83); equate (to compare,
0.75).
L ILT (2) chirp (0.82); sing (to produce
vocal music, 0.09).
L IM E to impregnate (1) fertilize (to enrich
land, 0.56).
L IM IT (23) lim it (1.00); restrict (to hold
-203- LINK
within limits, 0.91); define (to set limits,
0.90); confine (to restrict, 0.75); confine
(to set lim its, 0.75); d eterm in e (to
define, 0.75); restrain (to restrict, 0.75);
scrim p (0.75); harness (0.67); frame (to
act as a fram e, 0.64); patent (0.56);
overspecialize (0.50); contract (to enter
into an agreement, 0.47); hinder (0.32);
decrease (to make less, 0.28); discipline
(to punish, 0.25); localize (0.25); stint
(0.25); prevent (0.19); restrain (to hold
in check, 0.12); com m and (to have
control, 0.11); delay (to cause a delay,
0.09); force (to use force, 0.03).
L IM N (3) draw (to m ake a likeness by
draw ing, 0.57); paint (to represent by
painting, 0.47); copy (to reproduce,
0.44).
L IM P to walk lamely; to halt (3) limp (1.00);
w eaken (to becom e weaker, 0.45); lag
(to m ove w ithout spirit, 0.17).
L IN E to tie w ith a line; string or cord (5)
line (to provide lines, 1.00); line (to be
in a line, 1.00); line (to arrange in a line,
1.00); m easure (to apply a standard o f
m easurem ent, 0.37); install (0.13).
L IN E to apply a second layer; to cover
on the inside (3) line (to provide a lin­
ing, 1.00); back (to equip w ith a back,
0.25); drape (0.22).
L IN G E R (11) linger (to go reluctantly,
1.00); linger (to go slowly, 1.00); loiter
(0.86); lag (to m ove slow ly, 0.80);
continue (to remain, 0.50); stay (0.50);
trail (to lag behind, 0.40); pass (to
elap se, 0.25); en d u re (to continue,
0.11); hesitate (0.10); rem ain (to stay,
0.08).
L IN K to couple or jo in w ith (12) link
(1.00); yoke (0.89); involve (0.73);
dovetail (0.67); associate (to relate,
LIONIZE -204-
0.60); com pare (to liken, 0.60); join (to
unite, 0.47); couple (0.33); implicate (to
involve, 0.30); bridge (0.25); com bine
(to bring together, 0.25); articulate (to
join, 0.20).
L IO N IZ E (2) lionize (1.00); celebrate (to
honour, 0.33).
L IQ U A T E (1) thaw (to melt, 0.25).
L IQ U E F Y (6) liquefy (1.00); dissolve (to
pass from a solid to a liquid state,
0.91); eat (to reduce gradually, 0.83);
thaw (to m elt, 0.75); heat (to becom e
hot, 0.38); heat (to m ake hot, 0.10).
L IQ U E S C E (1) dissolve (to pass from a
solid to a liquid state, 0.45).
L IQ U ID A T E (12) liquidate (to pay, 1.00);
liquidate (to change into money, 1.00);
liquidate (to abolish, 1.00); destroy
(to bring to nothing, 0.81); discharge
(to pay a debt, 0.75); obliterate (to de­
stroy, 0.75); purge (to elim inate, 0.67);
spend (to expend, 0.64); pay (to give
paym ent, 0.54); abandon (to leave in
trouble, 0.43); remove (to kill, 0.25); kill
(to deprive o f life, 0.11).
L IS P (1) lisp (1.00).
L IS T to register (12) list (to enter in a
list, 1.00); record (to w rite down, 0.84);
enum erate (0.75); inscribe (0.75); enlist
(to enroll others, 0.50); file (to arrange
in order, 0.33); program (to schedule,
0.30); inventory (0.27); jo t (0.25); report
(to m ake a sum m ary statem ent, 0.22);
nam e (to indicate by nam e, 0.17); rank
(to evaluate, 0.13).
L IS T o f a ship: to careen (3) list (to lean,
1.00); lean (to incline, 0.74); sink (to in­
cline, 0.25).
L IS T to put a border; to lim it (2) list (to
cultivate w ith a lister, 1.00); plough (to
use a plough, 0.22).
LOB
L IS T E N (4) listen (to endeavour to hear,
1.00); listen (to receive advice cordially,
1.00); w atch (to be attentive, 0.43);
eavesdrop (0.25).
L IT E R A L IZ E (1) define (to provide a
nam e or description , 0.43).
L IT H O G R A P H (2) engrave (to prepare
a plate for printing, 0.75); draw (to make
a likeness by draw ing, 0.26).
L IT IG A T E (3) litigate (1.00); sue (0.53);
accuse (0.50).
L IT T E R (2) litter (1.00); disorganize
(0.88).
L IV E (11) live (to have life, 1.00);live (to
enjoy life, 1.00); live (to dwell, 1.00);
live (to gain subsistence, 1.00); live
(to persist in hum an memory, 1.00); be
(to have being, 0.95); dwell (0.93); exist
(to have being, 0.50); germ inate (0.50);
remain (to stay, 0.42); establish (to work
or settle in a perm anent place, 0.20).
L IX IV IA T E (1) clean (0.78).
L O A D (7) load (to place a load, 1.00);
load (to o v erlo a d , 1.00); load (to
charge; said esp ecially o f firearm s,
1.00); arm (to equip with weapons,
0 .8 3 ); b u r d e n ( 0 .7 3 ) ; g lu t (to
oversupply, 0.71); corrupt (to debase,
0.57).
L O A F to spend tim e idly (5) lo af (to do
nothing useful, 1.00); lo af (to travel at
an easy pace, LOO); daw dle (0.75);
piddle (0.75); repose (to rest, 0.50).
L O A N (4) loan (1.00); advance (to lend,
0.67); trust (to give credit to, 0.67);
invest (0.33).
L O A T H E (7) loathe (1.00); hate (to de­
test, 0.80); execrate (to detest, 0.75);
detest (0.50); dislike (0.43); abhor (0.25);
abom inate (0.25).
L O B (2) lob (1.00); throw (to hurl, 0.40).
LOBBY -205-
LOBBY (2) lobby (1.00); cam paign (to
solicit votes, 0.10).
L O C A L IZ E (2) localize (1.00); concen­
trate (to bring or com e together, 0.61).
LO CA TE (12) locate (to determ ine a lo­
cation, 1.00); locate (to take up resi­
dence, 1.00); place (to put in a place,
0.94); settle (to establish residence,
0.80); colonize (0.67); situate (0.67);
camp (0.55); deposit (to lay down, 0.50);
order (to put in order, 0.41); position
(0.33); orient (to direct, 0.25); plant (0.08).
L O C K (12) lock (1.00); fasten (to m ake
som ething secure, 0.98); latch (0.67);
set (to fasten, 0.67); shut (0.67); hold
(to support; often used w ith up, 0.55);
close (to put a stopper into, 0.54); bar
(to close, 0.50); snap (0.25); jo in (to
unite, 0.19); hug (0.11); close (to shut,
0.10).
LODGE (10) lodge (to become fixed, 1.00);
board (to take care of, 0.83); quarter (to
provide living quarters, 0.83); dw ell
(0.71); reside (0.60); settle (to establish
residence, 0.60); place (to put in a place,
0.39); cam p (0.27); accom m odate (to
provide lodging, 0.25); shelter (0.06).
L O G (1) record (to write down, 0.64).
L O IT E R (6) loiter (1.00); trail (to lag be­
hind, 0.80); loaf (to travel at an easy
pace, 0.75); lag (to m ove slowly, 0.70);
slow (to becom e slower, 0.57); continue
(to remain, 0.25).
L O L L (7) loll (1.00); bask (0.90); repose
(to rest, 0.75); lo a f (to do nothing use­
ful, 0.59); lie (to be prostrate, 0.50); loiter
(0.48); linger (to go reluctantly, 0.18).
L O N G to yearn (3) long (1.00); lust (0.67);
desire (to w ant sexually, 0.50).
L O O K (6) look (to appear, 1.00); look (to
endeavour to see, 1.00); point (to face,
LOP
0.75); appear (to seem , 0.67); seem
(0.50); strike (to seem, 0.50).
L O O M to m ove up and down (5) loom
(to appear, 1.00); loom (to appear large
or im posing, 1.00); approach (to come
near in tim e, 0.75); appear (to becom e
visible, 0.45); menace (0.25).
L O O P to form a loop (12) loop (to form
a loop, 1.00); loop (to be in the form o f
a loop, 1.00); circle (0.81); coil (0.80);
curl (to twist, 0.69); round (to make
round, 0.57); w ind (to meander, 0.55);
rin g (to en c ircle , 0.33); w eave (to
construct by interlacing, 0.22); turn (to
change direction, 0.17); bend (to force
out o f a straight line, 0.08); turn (to
pivot, 0.06).
L O O S E (6) free (to liberate, 0.79); disen­
gage (0.75); liberate (to free from bond­
age, 0.67); release (0.58); unwind (to
undo, 0.50); d ivide (to separate by
parting, 0.29).
L O O S E N (13) loosen (to m ake loose,
1.00); loosen (to becom e loose, 1.00);
thrash (to free grain or seed from hulls,
0.89); thaw (to unbend, 0.80); free (to
liberate, 0.76); slacken (0.75); drop (to
cause or to perm it to fall, 0.67); unhitch
(0.54); untie (0.40); open (to move aside
a prepared obstruction, 0.38); unfurl
(0.25); release (0.17); unfold (to unfurl,
0.15).
L O O T (7) loot (LOO); steal (0.87); thieve
(0.75); raid (0.57); pillage (0.50); rob
(0.05); ravage (0.02).
L O P to cut o ff tw igs (4) lop (to cut off;
said esp ec ially o f b ran ch es, 1.00);
prune (0.75); truncate (0.75); trim (to
cut o ff excess, 0.73).
L O P to hang loosely (1) lop (to hang,
LOO).
LOPE -206-
L O P E (3) run (to go sw iftly by physical
effort, 0.52); canter (0.50); gallop (0.40).
L O R D (1) com m and (to have control,
0.30).
L O S E to perish (11) lose (to bring about
a loss, 1.00); lose (to incur loss, 1.00);
lose (to fail to w in, 1.00); lose (to suf­
fer financially, 1.00); w eaken (to b e­
come weaker, 0.91); spill (0.75); displace
(to put in the w rong place, 0.50); m olt
(0.50); w aste (to use w ithout result,
0.50); co n tra ct (to d im in ish , 0.45);
miscarry (0.33).
L O U N G E (12) lounge (1.00); lo af (to do
nothing useful, 0.82); bask (0.80); loll
(0.75); rest (to take o n e ’s rest, 0.68);
d rone (to loaf, 0.67); lag (to m ove
w ithout spirit, 0.58); daw dle (0.25);
recline (0.25); repose (to rest, 0.25);
slouch (0.25); sprawl (0.25).
L O V E (6) love (to be passionately de­
voted, 1.00); love (to express love by
ca resse s, 1.00); love (to p o sse ss a
deep and abiding interest, 1.00); hug
(0.78); live (to enjoy life, 0.20); sym ­
pathize (0.14).
L O W E R (21) lower (1.00); depreciate (to
low er in reputation, 0.93); dip (to put
into a liquid, 0.90); corrupt (to debase,
0.89); hum ble (0.76); belittle (0.75);
recede (to sink, 0.71); frow n (0.67);
decrease (to m ake less, 0.63); fall (to
pass quickly dow nw ard, 0.61); drop (to
cause or to permit to fall, 0.60); decrease
(to g row le ss, 0 .5 6 ); d is c o u n t (to
deduct, 0.54); abate (to make less, 0.50);
glare (to stare fiercely, 0.50); soften (to
m ake soft, 0.41); hum iliate (0.38); de­
m ote (0.33); dow ngrade (0.25); sulk
(0.17); sink (to cause to sink, 0.10).
L U B R IC A T E (3) lubricate (1.00); grease
LURE
(0.82); oil (0.67).
L U G (3) lug (1.00); draw (to move an ob­
ject, 0.59); tow (0.38).
L U L L to sing lullaby (3) lull (1.00); pacify
(to quiet, 0.25); quiet (to make calm,
0.25).
L U M B E R to encum ber (1) load (to place
a load, 0.74).
L U M B E R to m ove in a clum sy or blun­
dering m anner (1) linger (to go reluc­
tantly, 0.50).
L U M IN E S C E (1) shine (to give forth
light, 0.10).
L U M P to m ass; to pile up (2) heap (to
place in ah eap , 0.85); clot (0.25).
L U N C H (3) lunch (1.00); dine (0.75); eat
(to take as food, 0.43).
L U N G E to deliver a straight forward blow
(2) lunge (1.00); reach (to extend a part
o f the body to, 0.88).
L U N G E to put (a horse) through his
paces by the use o f the lunge; to make
a horse go round the lunge (1) jump
(to leap across or up, 0.54).
L U R C H to remain in or about a place fur­
tively or secretly, especially with evil
design (3) lurch (1.00); trip (to stum ­
ble, 0.73); lunge (0.50).
L U R C H o f a ship: to make a lurch to lean
suddenly over on one side; move sud­
denly and unsteadily (6) heave (to raise
and fall, 0.81); totter (to be near falling,
0.69); jum p (to leap across or up, 0.62);
w ave (to m ove back and forth, 0.48);
c ra sh (to fall w ith a crash , 0.43);
stum ble (to m ove in a stum bling man­
ner, 0.40).
L U R E (13) lure (to draw, 1.00); lure (to
entice, 1.00); tempt (0.95); decoy (0.75);
entice (0.75); magnetize (0.75); fascinate
LURK -207-
(0.69); seduce (0.52); attract (to allure,
0.50); bribe (0.50); mislead (0.41); invite
(to ask politely, 0.28); trepan (0.25).
L U R K (7) lurk (1.00); prowl (0.50); sneak
(0 .3 6 ); sku lk (0.25); slink (0.25);
am bush (0.22); hide (to keep oneself
concealed, 0.11).
LU ST (1) lust (1.00).
L U S T R E to throw light upon; to render
attractive (1) varnish (0.35).
L U X U R IA T E (4) luxuriate (to indulge,
1.00); luxuriate (to flourish, 1.00); bask
(0.60); grow (to becom e larger, 0.11).
LY NCH (3) lynch (1.00); kill (to deprive
o f life, 0.80); hang (to kill by hanging,
0.33).
M M A IN STA Y (1) support (to hold up from
M A C A D A M IZ E (2) smooth (to rem ove
unevenness, 0.62); pave (0.33).
M A CER A TE (2) mash (0.59); soak (to re­
main in liquid, 0.57).
M A CH IN A TE (1) maneuver (0.82).
M A C H IN E (2) machine (1.00); manufac­
ture (to m ake a product, 0.14).
M A D D E N (7) m adden (1.00); anger (to
arouse som eone to anger, 0.91); haunt
(to prey upon, 0.79); excite (to stir one
m entally, 0.69); deran g e (to upset,
0.43); enrage (0.25); inflame (to irritate,
0.25).
M A G N E T IZ E (5) magnetize (1.00); hyp­
notize (to charm , 0.75); electrify (to
provide electricity ,,0.38); ravish (to
charm, 0.14); draw (to m ove an object,
0.05).
M A G N IF Y (21) m agnify (to enlarge,
1.00); m agnify (to exaggerate, 1.00);
overdo (to do too m uch, 0.93); exag­
gerate (0.79); overvalue (0.75); develop
(to im prove, 0.68); advance (to raise,
MAENTAIN
0.67); overrate (0.67); increase (to add
to, 0.66); prom ote (to advance in rank,
0 .5 3 ); e n h a n c e (0 .5 0 ); in fla te (to
distend, 0.44); am plify (0.40); recom ­
m end (to lend support or approval,
0.36); stretch (to cause to stretch, 0.29);
augm ent (to increase, 0.25); exalt (to
elevate, 0.25); redouble (0.25); worship
(to perform acts o f worship, 0.24); com­
pliment (to flatter, 0.21); intensify (0.06).
M A IL to send by post (2) mail (1.00); send
(to dispatch, 0.63).
M A IM (6) maim (1.00); mangle (to muti­
late, 0.73); scar (0.46); destroy (to bring
to nothing, 0.25); lacerate (to injure,
0.25); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0 .22).
beneath, 0.43).
M A IN T A IN (28) m aintain (to uphold,
1 .0 0 ); m a in ta in (to a s s e rt, 1.00);
m aintain (to keep ready for use, 1.00);
m aintain (to continue, 1.00); maintain
(to support, 1.00); support (to uphold,
0.97); resist (to withstand, 0.85); defend
(to provide general protection, 0.84);
d e c la re (to s p e a k fo rm a lly an d
em phatically, 0.78); continue (to per­
sist, 0.75); fight (to struggle for an end,
0.75); service (0.75); stabilize (to sup­
port, 0.75); sustain (to nourish, 0.75);
go (to continue, 0.67); justify (to give
reasons for, 0.61); help (to aid, 0.58);
feed (0.52); retain (to reserve services,
0.50); support (to continue, 0.50); say
(0.41); em phasize (0.30); sw ear (to
declare, 0.25); vouch (0.23); occupy (to
fill space, 0.21); defend (to support an
accused person, 0.17); approve (to give
approval, 0.16); m anage (to direct,
0.14).
MAKE -208-
M A K E (46) make (to m anufacture, 1.00);
m ake (to total, 1.00); m ake (to create,
1.00); m ake (to acquire, 1.00); m ake (to
force, 1.00); make (to reach, 1.00); make
(to cause, 1.00); make (to appoint, 1.00);
m ake (to offer, 1.00); m ake (to w age,
1.00); m ake (to enact, 1.00); m ake (to
prepare, 1.00); m ake (to perform , 1.00);
m ake (to move, 1.00); m anufacture (to
m ake a product, 0.95); form (to give
shape to a thing, 0.90); perform (to
accom plish an action, 0.89); begin (to
initiate, 0.88); force (to use force, 0.84);
let (to aw ard; said especially o f con­
tracts, 0.83); build (t© construct, 0.82);
construct (to build a physical structure,
0.75); contrive (to invent, 0.75); get (to
prepare, 0.75); catch (to reach in tim e
to board, 0.67); com pose (to give form,
0.67); m ould (to give physical shape
to, 0.67); net (0.67); provoke (to cause,
0.67); average (to do on an average,
0.64); generate (0.60); w age (0.60);
forge (0.56); fabricate (to construct,
0.50); w eave (to contrive, 0.50); urge
(to drive, 0.33); enfo rce (to require
com pliance, 0.27); com plete (to m ake
entire, 0.26); cause (to bring about,
0.25); clear (to profit, 0.25); cut (to
shape, 0.25); effect (to bring about,
0.25); induce (to cause, 0.25); drive (to
urge on, 0.17); organize (to form an
organization, 0.15); invent (to create or
discover, 0.06).
M A L E D IC T (1) curse (to swear at, 0.50).
M A L IG N (10) malign (1.00); abuse (to hurt
w ith words, 0.75); dam age (to slander,
0.75); scandalize (0.71); revile (0.50); de­
preciate (to lower in reputation, 0.33); de­
fame (0.25); smirch (to degrade, 0.25); lie
(to utter an untruth, 0.14); slander (0.07).
MANDUCATE
M A L IN G E R (3) loaf (to do nothing use­
ful, 0.53); avoid (0.50); shirk (0.25).
M A L T R E A T (11) maltreat (1.00); hurt (to
harm, 0.75); abuse (to treat badly, 0.74);
dam age (to im pair the value of, 0.69);
m isuse (0.67); oppress (0.61); corrupt
(to debase, 0.22); p ersecu te (to op­
press, especially for religious reasons,
0.17); rape (0.10); beat (to thrash, 0.07);
m olest (to disturb people, 0.04).
M A M B O (1) dance (to m ove rhythm i­
cally, 0.46).
M A N (2) m an (1.00); prepare (to make
oneself ready, 0.22).
M A N A C L E (2) bind (to constrain with
bonds, 0.69); trammel (0.20).
M A N A G E (27) m anage (to direct, 1.00);
m anage (to contrive, 1.00); m anage (to
get along, 1.00); tend (to w atch over,
0.93); contrive (to succeed w ith diffi­
culty, 0.92); drive (to m anage a pro­
pelled vehicle, 0.92); ride (to control a
beast o f burden by riding , 0.88); order
(to put in order, 0.82); dom inate (0.78);
e c o n o m iz e (0 .7 8 ); o v ersh a d o w (to
dom inate, 0.67); treat (to deal with a
person or thing, 0.67); collect (to ar­
range settlem ent o f a debt, 0.60); mo­
nopolize (0.60); maneuver (0.59); com­
m and (to have control, 0.54); lead (to
exercise leadership, 0.50); afford (to be
in a position to buy, 0.43); jockey (0.33);
m aintain (to keep ready for use, 0.32);
arrange (to m ake arrangem ents, 0.25);
can (to be able, 0.25); handle (to direct,
0.25); overru le (to rule, 0.25); pilot
(0.25); w ork (to handle successfully,
0.25); achieve (to finish an undertak­
ing, 0.16).
M A N D U C A TE (1) chew (0.20).
MANEUVER -209-
M A N EU V ER (8) maneuver (1.00); jockey
(0.67); act (to perform an action, 0.47);
ease (to m ove carefully, 0.23); contrive
(to succeed with difficulty, 0.08); fly (to
manage a plane in the air, 0.08); exercise
(to m ove the body, 0.06); urge (to
induce, 0.06).
M A N G L E to hack; to cut; to spoil by
gross blundering (9) m angle (to m uti­
late, 1.00); maim (0.91); wreck (to bring
to ruin, 0.67); dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.63); cripple (0.50); truncate
(0.50); hack (0.25); kill (to deprive o f
life, 0.16); bite (to seize or sever w ith
teeth, 0.06).
M A N G L E to press sm ooth w ith a m an­
gle (3) m angle (to iron w ith a pow der
roller, 1.00); iron (0.67); p ress (to
sm ooth, usually by heat and pressure,
0.50).
M A N H A N D L E (2) m anhandle (1.00);
abuse (to treat badly, 0.32).
M A N ICURE (1) manicure (1.00).
M A N IF E S T (14) m anifest (to display,
1.00); m anifest (to evidence, 1.00);
evince (0.75); explain (0.70); display (to
present for effect, 0.64); declare (to
adm it to o n e’s possessions, 0.62); list
(to enter in a list, 0.53); dem onstrate
(to present for effect, 0.50); show (to
display, 0.50); exhibit (0.25); expose (to
betray, 0.25); present (to display, 0.25);
register (to show, 0.25); prove (0.14).
M A N IF O L D (1) m ultiply (to em ploy
m u ltip lic a tio n as an a r ith m e tic a l
process, 0.56).
M A N IPU L A T E (11) m anipulate (1.00);
w ield (0.86); treat (to deal w ith a sub­
ject, 0.80); handle (to do w hatever is
necessary, 0.75); operate (to keep in
operation, 0.75); feel (to exam ine by
MARINATE
touch, 0.70); em ploy (to m ake use of,
0.50); contrive (to succeed with diffi­
culty, 0.46); m anage (to direct, 0.38);
finger (to feel, 0.25); fly (to m anage a
plane in the air, 0.17).
M A N T L E (2) clothe (0.52); blush (0.40).
M A N U F A C T U R E (4) m anufacture (to
m ake a product, 1.00); m anufacture (to
devise fro m alm ost no th in g , 1.00);
build (to construct, 0.79); w eave (to
contrive, 0.25).
M A N U M IT (5) m anum it (1.00); ransom
(0.50); free (to liberate, 0.26); enfran­
chise (to liberate, 0.25); rescue (to free,
0.10).
M A N U R E (1) fertilize (to enrich land,
0.89).
M A P (6) map (1.00); chart (0.75); plan (to
arrange in a preliminary way, 0.63); plan
(to plot an action in advance, 0.44);
draw (to m ake a likeness by drawing,
0.09); m easure (to apply a standard o f
measurem ent, 0.03).
M A R (13) mar (to dam age slightly, 1.00);
m ar (to impair, 1.00); undo (0.92); botch
(0.88); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.68); cheapen (0.64); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.56); disfigure (0.50); score (to
dam ag e, 0.50); co rru p t (to debase,
0.41); maim (0.27); cut (to cut into, 0.26);
destroy (to bring to nothing, 0.23).
M A R A U D (6) maraud (1.00); ransack (to
loot, 0.63); destroy (to bring to noth­
ing, 0.56); raid (0.39); ravage (0.29);
despoil (0.25).
M A R C H to go (7) march (1.00); tramp (to
tread heavily, 0.90); w alk (to m ove on
foot, 0.87); move (to be in motion, 0.46);
step (0.33); stride (0.33); flow (to move
in one direction, 0.19).
M A R IN A T E (3) souse (to preserve, 0.50);
MARK -2 1 0 -
kipper (0.33); preserve (to keep, 0.19).
M A R K (27) m ark (to m ake a mark, 1.00);
m ark (to designate, 1.00); m ark (to
distinguish, 1.00); m ark (to note care­
fully, 1.00); m ark (to put prices upon,
1.00); m easure (to apply a standard o f
m easurem ent, 0.91); regard (to look at,
0.79); u n derscore (0.75); record (to
w rite down, 0.72); define (to set limits,
0.69); nam e (to indicate by name, 0.67);
notice (to observe, 0.67); underline (to
m ake a line under, 0.67); w atch (to be
attentive, 0.57); see (to perceive w ith
the eye, 0.55); cut (to cut into, 0.53);
dent (0.53); characterize (to distinguish,
0.50); label (0.50); sound (to m easure,
0.50); underline (to em phasize, 0.50);
enroll (to prepare a roll, 0.44); date (to
indicate historical tim e, 0.43); address
(to p ro v id e d irec tio n s for delivery,
0.40); blister (0.25); score (to dam age,
0.25); look (to endeavour to see, 0.10).
M A R K E T (6) market (1.00); sell (to con­
vey for a consideration, 0.92); m erchan­
dise (0.75); com m ercialize (to adapt to
bu sin ess, 0.50); h andle (to deal in,
0.33); grow (to cultivate, 0.10).
M A R O O N (3) m aroon (1.00); abandon
(to leave in trouble, 0.36); elim inate (to
remove, 0.10).
M A R R Y (8) marry (to take a spouse, 1.00);
m a rry (to jo in in w e d lo c k , 1.00);
espouse (to marry, 0.75); m erge (0.63);
settle (to take up sedentary life, 0.50);
jo in (to unite, 0.39); m atch (to find or
m ake equals, 0.17); unite (to com e to ­
gether, 0.06).
M A R S H A L (5) m arshal (1.00); em battle
(0.75); line (to arrange in a line, 0.75);
m uster (0.67); order (to put in order,
0.09).
MASTERMIND
M A R T Y R (1) hurt (to cause pain, 0.57).
M A R T Y R IZ E (1) hurt (to cause pain,
0.44).
M A R V E L (2) marvel (1.00); puzzle (to
wonder, 0.50).
M A S H to beat into soft mass (5) mash
(1.00); poach (to blend, 0.75); crush (to
bruise severely, 0.50); m unch (0.42);
soften (to m ake soft, 0.12).
M A S K to cover face with a mask (6) mask
(1.00); disguise (0.95); hide (to conceal,
0.86); masquerade (0.75); cover (to hide,
0.25); screen (to hide, 0.25).
M A SQ U E R A D E (1) masquerade (1.00).
M A SS to form or gather into mass; to
collect; to arrange (6) concentrate (to
bring or com e together, 0.95); consoli­
date (to cause to unite, 0.90); park (0.89);
huddle (0.64); heap (to place in a heap,
0.46); load (to place a load, 0.21).
M A S S A C R E (5) massacre (1.00); kill (to
deprive o f life, 0.89); depopulate (0.80);
b u tc h e r (to k ill in h u m a n ly , 0.25);
slaughter (0.25).
M A S S A G E (4) m assage (1.00); rub (to
subject to friction, 0.50); caress (0.42);
touch (to be in contact, 0.14).
M A S T E R (15) master (to conquer, 1.00);
m aster (to becom e proficient, 1.00);
defeat (to get the b etter o f another,
0.98); com m and (to have control, 0.86);
s u b je c t ( 0 .8 2 ) ; u n d e r s ta n d (to
com prehend, 0.71); learn (to acquire
m entally, 0.63); rem em ber (to bear in
m ind, 0.57); control (to hold in check,
0.50); figure (to figure out, 0.50); over­
p o w e r ( 0 .5 0 ); s u c c e e d (to attain
success, 0.40); enthrall (to overcome,
0.25); overcom e (0.25); subjugate (to
subdue, 0.25).
M A S T E R M IN D (3) m asterm ind (1.00);
MASTHEAD -21 1 -
manage (to direct, 0.84); engineer (0.25).
M A STH EA D (1) punish (0.29).
M A ST IC A TE (9) masticate (1.00); chew
(0.67); m unch (0.67); eat (to take as
food, 0.65); m ash (0.65); bite (to seize
or sever with teeth, 0.39); crunch (0.25);
gnaw (0.25); graze (to pasture, 0.13).
MAT to cover w ith m ats (2) m at (1.00);
frame (to enclose in a frame, 0.14).
M A TCH to pair; to assort; to regard (25)
m atch (to find or m ake equals, 1.00);
match (to be alike, 1.00); match (to meet
in contest, 1.00); equal (0.92); reflect
(to throw back, 0.78); com m easure
(0.75); com pare (to stand in relation­
ship to another, 0.75); parallel (0.75);
agree (0.69); becom e (to be suitable,
0.69); equalize (0.67); follow (to regu­
late one’s action, 0.67); resemble (0.67);
rival (0.67); m eet (to encounter, 0.57);
collate (to com pare, 0.50); gear (to
regulate, 0.50); pair (0.50); com pare (to
lik en , 0 .4 0 ); fit (to be su ita b le in
character, 0.37); correspond (to be alike,
0.33); coincide (to correspond, 0.25);
balance (to place in balance, 0.24);
revenge (0.22); classify (0.04).
M A TE to equal; to rival (5) copulate
(0.36); cover (to copulate, said o f ani­
mals, 0.25); m arry (to take a spouse,
0.25); m atch (to find or m ake equals,
0.25); yoke (0.05).
M A T E R IA L IZ E (7) m aterialize (to be­
com e matter, 1.00); m aterialize (to de­
velop, 1.00); em body (to actualize,
0.25); p ersonify (to em body, 0.25);
appear (to becom e visible, 0.18); form
(to take form, 0.14); haunt (to frequent
as a spirit, 0.13).
M A T R IC U L A TE (4) matriculate (1.00);
enroll (to prepare a roll, 0.72); record
MEANDER
(to write down, 0.52); pass (to complete
a course successf., 0.50).
M A T T E R (2) matter (to be of importance,
1.00); m atter (to form or discharge pus,
1.00 ).
M A T U R E (10) mature (to come to matu­
rity, 1.00); mature (to grow, 1.00); come
(to becom e, 0.75); develop (to grow,
0.75); change (to becom e different,
0.44); becom e (to com e to be, 0.25);
form (to take form , 0.21); grow (to
b e c o m e larger, 0 .1 9 ); im p ro v e (to
becom e better, 0.06); grow (to change
slowly, 0.05).
M A U L (7) maul (1.00); hurt (to cause pain,
0.73); drive (to force with blows, 0.53);
m a nhandle (0.50); b atter (to strike,
0.25); paw (to handle clumsily, 0.13);
beat (to thrash, 0.09).
M A U N D E R to grum ble, to m utter; to
m ove or act in a dream y m anner (6)
m aunder (to digress, 1.00); maunder (to
mumble, 1.00); babble (0.71); ramble (to
speak or write aimlessly, 0.47); digress
(0.25); mumble (0.20).
M A X IM IZ E (1) inflate (to distend, 0.19).
MAY (3) may (to grant permission, 1.00);
m ay (to concede possibility, 1.00); can
(to be able, 0.50).
M E A N to purpose; to design (4) mean
(to have as m eaning, 1.00); mean (to
have in m ind, 1.00); intend (to destine
for, 0.67); design (to intend, 0.50).
M E A N D E R (11) meander (to turn, 1.00);
m eander (to wander, 1.00); ram ble (to
sp e a k or w rite a im le s sly , 0 .7 6 );
g allivant (0.75); cruise (0.50); rove
(0.50); roam (to wander, 0.44); bend (to
be forced out o f a straight line, 0.36);
curl (to twist, 0.35); w alk (to move on
foot, 0.13); m urm ur (to m ake a low
MEASURE
continuous sound, 0.08).
M E A S U R E (11) m easure (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 1.00); m eas­
ure (to contain by m easurem ent, 1.00);
estim ate (to calculate probable costs,
0.92); w eigh (to take the w eight of,
0.75); date (to indicate historical tim e,
0.57); average (to do on an average,
0.50); numerate (0.50); examine (to test,
0.45); com pare (to exam ine on a com ­
p a ra tiv e basis, 0.36); assay (0 .33);
com pute (0.25).
M E C H A N IZ E (1) mechanize (1.00).
M E D D L E (3) m eddle (to interfere in oth­
e rs’ affairs, 1.00); m eddle (to handle
o th ers’ things, 1.00); m olest (to disturb
objects, 0.50).
M E D IA T E (6) m ediate (1.00); decide
(0.65); negotiate (to make arrangements
for, 0 .59); re c o n c ile (to b rin g into
harm ony, 0.54); intervene (to settle,
0.33); arbitrate (0.25).
M E D IC A TE (2) nurse (0.76); heal (to cure,
0.46).
M E D IT A T E (8) meditate (to muse, 1.00);
meditate (to think over, 1.00); speculate
(to think, 0.80); ponder (0.75); m ull
(0.50); m use (0.50); intercede (0.25);
think (to exam ine with the m ind, 0.13).
M E E K E N (1) humble (0.12).
M E E T (29) meet (to come together, 1.00);
m eet (to go to a place o f meeting, 1.00);
m eet (to touch, 1.00);m eet (to fulfill,
1.00); m eet (to encounter, 1.00); unite
(to com e together, 0.94); close (to come
together, 0.90); dare (to defy, 0.87);
reunite (0.86); face (to confront conflict
o r tro u b le , 0 .8 4 ); g a th e r (to com e
together, 0.84); touch (to com e into a
contact w ith, 0.83); crash (to have a
collision, 0.82); converge (0.80); fight
-2 1 2 - MENACE
(to en g a g e in an en co u n ter, 0.76);
assem b le (to com e together, 0.75);
d e fra y (0 .7 5 ); in te r s e c t (to com e
together, 0.75); oppose (to fight, 0.73);
encounter (to m eet unexpectedly, 0.67);
c o n g r e g a te ( 0 .5 0 ) ; e n v is a g e (to
confront, 0.50); centre (0.41); cover (to
suffice, 0.33); m atch (to m eet in con­
test, 0.33); pay (to give paym ent, 0.29);
satisfy (to fulfill, 0.18); fit (to be suit­
able in character, 0.11); equal (0.08).
M E L D to speak or show forth (1) meld
( 1.00).
M E L IO R A T E (4) meliorate (1.00); heal (to
cure, 0.64); im prove (to m ake better,
0 .5 8 ); ea se (to le sse n p re ssu re or
tension, 0.06).
M E L L O W (7) soften (to make soft, 0.88);
change (to becom e different, 0.50); ma­
ture (to grow, 0.50); smooth (to mollify,
0.50); grow (to change slowly, 0.27);
age (to m a tu re, 0.25); im p ro v e (to
becom e better, 0.12).
M E L T to becom e liquefied by heat (10)
m elt (to liquefy, 1.00); m elt (to relent,
1.00); melt (to decrease, 1.00); dissolve
(to pass from a solid to a liquid state,
0.82); eat (to reduce gradually, 0.75);
soften (to becom e soft, 0.54); distort
(to change shape, 0.43); ebb (0.36); heat
(to m ake hot, 0.35); smelt (0.25).
M E M O R IA L IZ E (4) celebrate (to recog­
nize an occasion, 0.56); memorize (0.50);
com m em orate (0.25); rem em ber (to
recall, 0.25).
M E M O R IZ E (4) memorize (1.00); remem­
ber (to bear in m ind, 0.86); teach (to
drill, 0.18); learn (to acquire mentally,
0.06).
M E N A C E (7) menace (1.00); loom (to ap­
pear large or im posing, 0.94); threaten
MEND
(to w a rn o f p u n is h m e n t, 0 .8 6 );
fulminate (to intimidate, 0.75); im pend
(to th r e a te n , 0 .7 5 ); o v e rh a n g (to
threaten, 0.33); glare (to stare fiercely,
0.30).
M END (21) m end (to repair, 1.00); m end
(to im prove, 1.00); m end (to reform ,
1.00); mend (to get well, 1.00); improve
(to m ake better, 0.97); darn (to repair,
0.75); solder (0.75); reform (to change
o n e ’s conduct for the better, 0.60);
amend (0.50); fix (to put in order, 0.50);
knit (to grow together, 0.50); patch
(0.50); reclaim (to reform , 0.50); vam p
(to repair, 0.50); adjust (to place or
regulate parts, 0.46); correct (to m ake
needed corrections, 0.45); reform (to
change into a new form, 0.44); repair
(0.44); recover (to regain health, 0.40);
heal (to recover, 0.33); rep la ce (to
supply an equivalent, 0.27).
M EN D IC A TE (1) beg (to ask alms, 0.75).
M E N T IO N (12) m ention (1.00); cite (to
refer to as authority, 0.88); notify (to
provide with inform ation, 0.73); notice
(to publish a notice, 0.67); enum erate
(0.50); remark (0.50); comment (to make
a remark, 0.47); recite (to relate in detail,
0.32); detail (to m ake clear in detail,
0.31); observe (to com m ent, 0.25);
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.10); tell (to inform, 0.05).
M E O W (1) cry (to call (not o f human crea­
tures), 0.68).
M ER C H A N D ISE (3) merchandise (1.00);
bargain (to trade, 0.33); sell (to convey
for a consideration, 0.17).
M E R G E (9) merge (1.00); mix (to blend,
0.94); soak (to drench, 0.71); unite (to
com e together, 0.67); com bine (to be­
com e one, 0.50); m eld (0.50); pool
-213- MIGRA3E
(0.50); melt (to liquefy, 0.45); syndicate
(0.25).
M E R IT (3) m erit (1.00); deserve (0.75);
earn (to deserve as rew ard, 0.50).
M E S H (6) m esh (1.00); w eave (to con­
struct by interlacing, 0.57); engage (to
enm esh, especially gears, 0.50); go (to
belong, 0.50); braid (0.25); splice (0.25).
M E S M E R IZ E (6) mesmerize (1.00); hyp­
notize (to put in a trance, 0.89); entrance
(to put into a trance, 0.50); enchain (to
attract, 0.25); ravish (to charm, 0.21);
charm (to bewitch, 0.08).
M E S S (1) m uddle (to confuse; said o f
affairs, 0.47).
M E T A M O R P H O S E (4) metamorphose
(1.00); change (to becom e different,
0.75); m aterialize (to becom e matter,
0.33); change (to m ake different, 0.10).
M E T A S T A S IZ E (2) m ove (to be in
m otion, 0.54); filter (to soak slowly,
0.23).
M E T E to ascertain dim ension or quan­
tity (2) mete (1.00); measure (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.66).
M E T H O D IZ E (6) regulate (to adjust,
0.89); organize (to put in order, 0.75);
order (to put in order, 0.74); adjust (to
bring to an agreem ent, 0.25); readjust
(0.25); tabulate (0.13).
M E W L (1) whine (0.46).
M E Z Z O T IN T (1) engrave (to prepare a
plate for printing, 0.25).
M IC R O F IL M (1) photograph (0.25).
M ICR O W A V E (1) cook (0.02).
M IC T U R A T E (1) urinate (0.67).
M IF F (2) m iff (to annoy, 1.00); m iff (to
frown, 1.00).
M IG R A T E (9) m igrate (1.00); emigrate
(0.75); im m igrate (0.75); transm igrate
(0.75); travel (to journey, 0.64); trek
MILDEW -2 1 4 -
(0.50); colonize (0.44); leave (to go
away, 0.31); scatter (to becom e sepa­
rated, 0.20).
M IL D E W (4) mildew (1.00); decay (0.65);
m ould (to decay through the action o f
m ould, 0.50); dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.28).
M IL K (1) drain (to withdraw fluid, 0.63).
M IL L to thicken clothe by fulling (2) grind
(to pulverize, 0.87); m anufacture (to
m ake a product, 0.09).
M IM E (6) m im e (1.00); m ock (to mimic,
0.75); im itate (to m im ic, 0.71); parody
(0.56); im personate (0.40); pantom im e
(0 .20).
M IM E O G R A P H (1) reproduce (to make
an exact copy, 0.63).
M IM IC (17) mimic (to imitate, 1.00); mimic
(to mock, 1.00); parody (0.94); ridicule
(0.83); im personate (0.80); pretend (to
make believe, 0.80); satirize (0.75); copy
(to im itate, 0.67); act (to take part in a
play, 0.56); ape (0.50); echo (0.50); mime
(0.50); follow (to regulate o n e’s action,
0.47); caricature (0.25); p o rtray (to
im itate, 0.25); interpret (to convey the
m eaning o f (art), 0.10); adopt (to take
as o n e’s own, 0.08).
M IM IC R Y (1) pantomime (0.60).
M IN C E (3) m ince (to chop, 1.00); m ince
(to minimize, 1.00); step (0.13).
M IN D (10) mind (to be careful, 1.00); mind
(to give o n e’s attention, 1.00); m ind (to
obey, 1.00); m ind (to object to, 1.00);
m ind (to rem em ber, 1.00); regard (to
look at, 0.50); see (to perceive with the
eye, 0.41); dislike (0.24); w atch (to be
a tte n tiv e , 0 .2 1 ); o b e y (to a c t in
accordance w ith orders, 0.14).
M IN E (4) mine (to dig for minerals, 1.00);
dig (to stir the earth, 0.82); pan (to
MISAPPREHEND
obtain gold, 0.33); defend (to keep off
an enemy, often f ig ., 0.24).
M IN E R A L IZ E (2) harden (to m ake less
p erv io u s, 0 .88); p etrify (to harden,
0.75).
M IN G L E (10) mingle (1.00); cross (to mix
breeds, 0.88); intermingle (0.67); mix (to
blend, 0.62); confuse (0.61); adulterate
(0.60); blend (0.50); poach (to blend,
0.50); com mingle (0.25); unite (to come
together, 0.03).
M IN IM IZ E (8) minimize (1.00); weaken (to
m ake weaker, 0.90); dw arf (to cause to
appear small, 0.80); dow ngrade (0.75);
d e c r e a s e (to m a k e le s s , 0 .5 1 );
understate (0.50); undervalue (0.50);
underestim ate (0.17).
M IN IS T E R (7) m inister (1.00); nurse
(0.88); give (to adm inister, 0.67); pro­
vide (to supply, 0.50); visit (to call upon
the sick, 0.50); m anage (to direct, 0.46);
render (to provide, 0.25).
M IN T to coin (3) m int (to print or press
money, 1.00); m int (to invent a word,
etc., 1.00); coin (to invent a w ord, etc.,
0.50).
M IR R O R (8) imitate (to mimic, 0.86); re­
flect (to throw back an image, 0.83); fol­
low (to regulate o n e’s action, 0.60); re­
sem ble (0.33); return (to reflect, 0.25);
rep ro d u ce (to m ake a second tim e,
0.24); represent (to present as a true
interpretation , 0.21); shine (to reflect
light, 0.14).
M IS A P P L Y (5) misapply (1.00); miscon­
duct (to m ism anage, 0.75); m isunder­
stand (0.47); botch (0.42); waste (to use
w ithout result, 0.25).
M IS A P P R E H E N D (4) m isapprehend
(1.00); m istake (0.50); m isunderstand
(0.20); misjudge (to make a wrong judg­
MISAPPROPRIATE -215-
ment, usually o f a person, 0.17).
M IS A P P R O P R IA T E (3) misappropriate
(1.00); take (to steal, 0.75); steal (0.23).
M ISA R R A N G E (1) m uddle (to confuse;
said o f affairs, 0.94).
M ISB E H A V E (3) m isbehave (1.00); sin
(0.38); disobey (0.13).
M ISBELIEV E (2) misbelieve (1.00); doubt
(to entertain doubt, 0.13).
M ISCALCULATE (8) miscalculate (1.00);
underestimate (0.92); misjudge (to make
an inaccurate estimate, 0.78); misunder­
stand (0.60); m isprize (0.50); botch
(0.25); m iscount (0.25); m isinterpret
(0.25).
M IS C A L L (3) m iscall (1.00); m isnam e
(0.80); misterm(0.50).
M IS C A R R Y (6) m iscarry (1.00); fail (to
be unsuccessful, 0.94); underestim ate
(0.83); m uff (0.75); abort (to fail, 0.67);
disappoint (0.41).
M IS C O M P R E H E N D (1) misunderstand
(0.73).
M ISC O M PU T E (1) botch (0.13).
M IS C O N C E IV E (3) m isu n d e rsta n d
(0.87); misjudge (to make an inaccurate
estimate, 0.67); mistake (0.46).
M IS C O N D U C T (3) m isconduct (to m is­
behave oneself, 1.00); m isconduct (to
mismanage, 1.00); mismanage (0.29).
M IS C O N JE C T U R E (1) botch (0.33).
M ISC O N S T R U E (7) misconstrue (1.00);
m is ju d g e (to m a k e an in a c c u ra te
estim ate, 0.44); m isunderstand (0.40);
m istake (0.29); distort (to alter the
m eaning, 0.25); botch (0.21); m isnam e
(0 . 10).
M ISC O U N T (2) miscount (1.00); miscal­
culate (0.50).
M ISD A TE (2) m isdate (1.00); antedate
(0.50).
MISLAY
M ISD EN O M IN A TE (1) misname (0.30).
M I S D I R E C T (3) m is d ire c t (1 .0 0 );
m isapply (0.75); m isconduct (to m is­
manage, 0.25).
M IS D O (1) misbehave (0.30).
M IS D O U B T (1) d oubt (to en tertain
doubt, 0.27).
M IS E M P L O Y (4) m isem ploy (1.00);
abuse (to treat badly, 0.80); m ishandle
(0.25); w aste (to use w ithout result,
0.13).
M IS E S T IM A T E (2) m iscount (0.75);
botch (0.08).
M IS F IR E (1) misfire (1.00).
M IS G IV E (1) doubt (to entertain doubt,
0 .20).
M IS G U ID E (1) lie (to utter an untruth,
0.82).
M ISH A N D L E (6) mishandle (1.00); fum­
ble (0.75); botch (0.58); misconduct (to
mismanage, 0.50); abuse (to treat badly,
0.46); bungle (0.25).
M ISID E N T IFY (1) misname (0.40).
M IS IN F O R M (4) misinform (1.00); con­
fuse (0.82); lie (to utter an untruth,
0.71); misdirect (0.50).
M IS IN S T R U C T (1) lie (to utter an un­
truth, 0.79).
M IS IN T E R P R E T (5) misinterpret (1.00);
m isu n d e rsta n d (0 .8 0 ); m istran slate
(0.75); distort (to alter the meaning,
0.50); mistake (0.33).
M IS JU D G E (7) m isjudge (to make a
w rong judgm ent, usually o f a person,
1.00); m isjudge (to make an inaccurate
estim ate, 1.00); err (0.67); m isunder­
stand (0.67); m istak e (0.54); botch
(0.38); exaggerate (0.32).
M IS L A B E L (2) misterm (0.75); misname
(0.50).
MISLAY (5) mislay (1.00); misplace (0.94);
MISLEAD
displace (to put in the w rong place,
0.75); lose (to bring about a loss, 0.67);
disorganize (0.52).
M IS L E A D (15) m islead (1.00); deceive
(0.95); lie (to utter an untruth, 0.86); con­
fuse (0.84); beguile (to deceive, 0.75);
ensnare (to deceive, 0.75); m isinform
(0.67); pretend (to feign, 0.56); b lu ff
(0.50); subtilize (0.50); blind (to deceive,
0.25); con (0.25); fool (0.25); disappoint
(0.11); trip (to cause to stum ble, 0.10).
M IS L IK E (2) m islike (1.00); hate (to de­
test, 0.05).
M IS M A N A G E (3) m ism anage (1.00);
botch (0.29); fum ble (0.25).
M IS M A T C H (1) contrast (to provide a
contrast, 0.33).
M IS N A M E (2) m isnam e (1.00); m iscall
(0.25).
M IS P L A C E (2) misplace (1.00); disorgan­
ize (0.48).
M IS P R IZ E (2) m isprize (1.00); underes­
timate (0.33).
M IS P R O N O U N C E (3) m ispronounce
(1.00); lisp (0.67); slur (to pronounce
indistinctly, 0.20).
M IS Q U O T E (5) m isquote (1.00); garble
(0.75); exaggerate (0.43); m isreport
(0.25); misstate (0.25).
M IS R E C K O N (2) m isunderstand (0.53);
botch (0.17).
M IS R E M E M B E R (1) forget (to lose
memory, 0.50).
M IS R E P O R T (2) misreport (1.00); exag­
gerate (0.39).
M IS R E P R E S E N T (12) m isre p re sen t
(1.00); invent (to fabricate, 0.89); exag­
g e r a te ( 0 .8 6 ); c o r r u p t (to r e n d e r
innacurate, 0.85); sim ulate (0.71); belie
(to m is le a d , 0 .6 7 ); m a lig n (0 .5 0 );
m isstate (0.50); lie (to utter an untruth,
-216- MISTREAT
0.29); falsify (0.25); m isquote (0.25);
mislead (0.09).
M IS S to fail; to pass by; to overlook (16)
m iss (to feel a want, 1.00); miss (to fail
to catch, 1.00); miss (to fail to hit, 1.00);
m iss (to fail to use, 1.00); m isjudge (to
m ake an inaccurate estimate, 0.89); fail
(to be u n su ccessfu l, 0.88); m istake
(0.79); overlook (to fail to see, 0.67);
m ourn (to lament, 0.59); neglect (to fail
to atten d to resp o n sib ilities , 0.54);
m isfire (0.50); abort (to fail, 0.33); lose
(to incur loss, 0.33); lose (to fail to win,
0.25); need (0.25); overleap (to omit,
0.25).
M IS S H A P E (1) contort (0.50).
M IS S P E A K (2) lie (to utter an untruth,
0.57); m ispronounce (0.33).
M IS S P E N D (3) m isspend (1.00); waste
(to squander, 0.24); spend (to expend,
0.14).
M IS S T A T E (5) m isstate (1.00); corrupt
(to render innacurate, 0.77); lie (to ut­
ter an untruth, 0.61); m isinform (0.33);
invent (to fabricate, 0.22).
M IS S T Y L E (1) misname (0.20).
M IS T to be m isty; to cover w ith mist (5)
mist (1.00); mizzle (0.88); rain (0.36); ice
(to becom e covered w ith ice, 0.25);
m oisten (0.08).
M IST A K E (1) mistake (1.00).
M IS T E A C H (1) lie (to utter an untruth,
0.75).
M IS T E R M (3) m isterm (1.00); miscall
(0.75); misname (0.60).
M IS T H IN K (1) misjudge (to make an in­
accurate estim ate, 0.56).
M IS T IT L E (3) m isnam e (0.70); miscall
(0.50); misterm (0.25).
M IST R A N SL A T E (1) mistranslate (1.00).
M IS T R E A T (8) mistreat (1.00); mishan-
MISTRUST -217-
die (0.75); abuse (to treat badly, 0.72);
torment (torm ent, 0.60); m isuse (0.33);
m anhandle (0.25); m isem ploy (0.25);
corrupt (to debase, 0.17).
M IST R U ST (6) mistrust (1.00); doubt (to
entertain doubt, 0.87); distrust (0.75);
d is c o u n t (to d is r e g a r d , 0 .2 5 );
m isbelieve (0.25); suspect (to doubt
someone, 0.25).
M ISU N D ER STA N D (2) m isunderstand
(1.00); mistake (0.42).
M ISUSE (9) misuse (1.00); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.82); spend (to pass time, 0.78);
misemploy (0.75); overuse (0.50); waste
(to use w ithout result, 0.38); dissipate
(to squander, 0.33); corrupt (to debase,
0.15); m olest (to disturb people, 0.08).
M IT IG A T E (21) m itigate (1.00); tem per
(to soften or qualify, 0.88); com fort (to
make easy physically, 0.86); cool (to
cause to becom e cool, 0.83); ease (to
re lie v e o f p a in , 0 .8 3 ); m in c e (to
m inim ize, 0.75); m odify (to m oderate,
0.75); lighten (to m ake lighter, 0.71);
assuage (to alleviate, 0.67); palliate
(0.65); reconcile (to bring into harmony,
0.62); alleviate (0.50); excuse (0.50);
vaccinate (0.38); decrease (to m ake less,
0.33); ex ten u ate (0.29); reliev e (to
lessen; said especially o f pain, 0.29);
com m ute (to exchange for som ething
less severe, 0.25); sm ooth (to m ollify,
0.25); soothe (0.20); rem edy (0.06).
M IX (17) mix (to blend, 1.00); m ix (to
confuse, 1.00); mix (to associate, 1.00);
adulterate (0.94); alloy (to m ix m etals,
0.88); knead (0.78); dilute (0.75); inte­
grate (to unify, 0.75); jo in (to unite,
0.75); m uddle (to confuse; said o f af­
fairs, 0.71); confuse (0.63); convulse
(0.63); unite (to com e together, 0.61);
MODERATE
consolidate (to cause to unite, 0.38);
misplace (0.31); pi (0.25); mistake (0.04).
M IZ Z L E to rain in fine drops (3) mizzle
(1.00); rain (0.27); storm (0.27).
M O A N (14) m oan (1.00); groan (0.75);
m u rm ur (to m ake a low continuous
sound, 0.75); sough (0.75); wail (0.75);
cry (to w eep, 0.60); w eep (0.60); hum
(0.53); m utter (to complain, 0.50); com­
plain (to express an objection, 0.42);
w hine (0.38); m ourn (to cry, 0.25);
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.13); regret
(to be sorry for, 0.10).
M O B to attack in a mob or disorderly
crowd (3) mob (1.00); lynch (0.50); pack
(to fill by entering, 0.25).
M O B IL IZ E (4) mobilize (1.00); enlist (to
enroll others, 0.64); embattle (0.50); as­
sem ble (to bring together, 0.47).
M O C K (20) mock (to ridicule, 1.00); mock
(to m im ic, 1.00); m ock (to dare, 1.00);
sneer (0.97); ridicule (0.96); flout (0.75);
s c o ff (0.75); insult (0.60); disgrace
(0.58); excite (to stir one mentally, 0.50);
fleer (0.50); satirize (0.50); taunt (0.50);
depress (to bring to a low er state, 0.48);
profane (0.44); je e r (0.33); stultify (to
ridicule, 0.33); parody (0.31); deride
(0.25); dare (to defy, 0.20).
M O D E L (12) m odel (to form, 1.00);
model (to imitate a model, 1.00); model
(to serve as a m odel, 1.00); m odel (to
dem onstrate, 1.00); form (to give shape
to a thing, 0.94); fashion (to mould,
0.75); build (to construct, 0.61); draw
(to m ake a likeness by draw ing, 0.48);
drape (0.44); carve (to form by cutting,
0.37); w hittle (to cut, 0.14); assemble
(to put together, 0.10).
M O D E R A T E (17) m oderate (to become
less, 1.00); m oderate (to m ake less,
MODERNIZE -2 1 8 -
1.00); cool (to become cool, 0.86); check
(to slacken the pace, 0.80); slow (to
cause to becom e slower, 0.80); cool (to
cause to becom e cool, 0.67); tem per (to
soften or qualify, 0.63); decrease (to
grow less, 0.53); soften (to becom e soft,
0.46); quiet (to make calm, 0.43); palliate
(0.30); change (to make different, 0.28);
allay (to lessen, 0.25); m itigate (0.25);
change (to becom e different, 0.19);
negotiate (to m ake arrangem ents for,
0.18); restrict (to hold w ithin lim its,
0.18).
M O D E R N IZ E (7) modernize (1.00); over­
haul (0.75); update (0.67); change (to
m ake different, 0.31); reconstruct (0.22);
renew (to refresh, 0.13); rem odel (0.12).
M O D IF Y (22) m odify (to alter, 1.00);
m odify (to change, 1.00); m odify (to
m o d erate, 1.00); decrease (to grow
less, 0.85); change (to becom e differ­
ent, 0.81); differ (to be unlike, 0.80);
adapt (to alter or adjust, 0.75); differ­
entiate (to change, 0.75); soften (to
m ake soft, 0.71); reverse (to alter, 0.67);
in flu en ce (0.63); in vert (to change,
0.50); m oderate (to becom e less, 0.50);
retouch (0.50); vary (to m ake changes,
0.50); change (to m ake different, 0.49);
condition (0.33); decrease (to m ake less,
0 .3 2 ); lobby (0.25); tra n sfig u re (to
transform , 0.25); discount (to deduct,
0.23); restrict (to hold w ithin lim its,
0.14).
M O D U LA T E (3) modulate (1.00); change
(to m ake different, 0.87); enunciate (to
pronounce distinctly, 0.63).
M O D U L E (1) travel (to journey, 0.68).
M O IS T E N (5) m oisten (1.00); soften (to
m ake soft, 0.76); baste (to dress m eat
w ith fat, 0.67); dip (to put into a liquid,
MOPE
0.45); w ater (0.33).
M O IS T U R IZ E (1) moisten (0.81).
M O L E S T (13) molest (to disturb objects,
1.00); m olest (to disturb people, 1.00);
b o th e r (to give tro u b le, 0.85); rape
(0 .7 5 ); m e d d le (to h a n d le o th e rs ’
things, 0.71); abuse (to treat badly, 0.66);
attack (to assault (o f an individual),
0.53); deflow er (0.50); disturb (to upset
mental calm, 0.50); assail (0.33); haunt
(to prey upon, 0.30); defile (to rape,
0.25); discom m ode (0.25).
M O L L IF Y (10) mollify (to quiet one who
is angry, 1.00); mollify (to lessen, 1.00);
soften (to m ake soft, 0.94); decrease
(to make less, 0.88); soothe (0.87); allay
(to soothe, 0.75); quiet (to m ake calm,
0.68); tem per (to soften or qualify, 0.38);
a s s u a g e (to ca lm , 0 .2 5 ); th aw (to
unbend, 0.20).
M O LL Y C O D D L E (2) mollycoddle (1.00);
baby (0.06).
M O L T (2) m olt (1.00); shed (0.73).
M O N IT O R (3) m onitor (1.00); check (to
determ ine accuracy, 0.75); listen (to en­
deavour to hear, 0.14).
M O N K E Y (1) monkey (1.00).
M O N O L O G IZ E (1) soliloquize (0.75).
M O N O P O L IZ E (3) m onopolize (1.00);
occupy (to absorb attention, 0.64); pat­
ent (0.44).
M O O (1) cry (to call (not o f hum an crea­
tures), 0.61).
M O O R (3) anchor (to drop an anchor,
0.67); bind (to constrain w ith bonds,
0.45); hitch (to harness, 0.38).
M O P to rub; to wipe (4) mop (1.00); clean
(0.65); w ipe (0.50); soak (to absorb,
0.25).
M O P E (2) m ope (1.00); brood (to nurse
o n e ’s troubles, 0.63).
MORALIZE -2 1 9 -
M O R A L IZ E (2) m oralize (1.00); preach
(0.70).
M O R TA R (1) Qement (0.75).
M O R T G A G E (1) guarantee (to give se­
curity, 0.43).
M O R T IF Y (9) m ortify (1.00); hum ble
(0.92); hum iliate (0.88); depress (to
bring to a low er state, 0.61); rankle
(0.50); sham e (0.50); bother (to give
trouble, 0.48); mum m ify (0.33); em bar­
rass (to upset mentally, 0.27).
M O R T IS E to fasten or jo in securely (1)
fasten (to make something secure, 0.24).
M O T H E R to be the mother (2) adopt (to
take as a son or daughter, 0.45); nurse
(0.29).
M O T IO N (6) w ave (to give an alternat­
ing m ovem ent, 0.86); gesture (0.80);
signal (0.60); beckon (0.50); gesticulate
(0.50); summ on (to call, 0.50).
M OTIVATE (6) motivate (1.00); begin (to
initiate, 0.47); tem pt (0.27); inspire (to
stim ulate to creative activity, 0.25);
incite (0.21); influence (0.06).
M O T O R (3) m otor (1.00); travel (to jour­
ney, 0.54); ride (to be transported, 0.50).
M O T O R IZ E (1) mechanize (0.33).
M O T T L E (2) variegate (0.25); spatter
(0 .12).
M O U L D to mix; to knead; to blend (24)
mould (to give physical shape to, 1.00);
m ould (to determ ine a course o f ac­
tion, 1.00); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.98); m int (to print or press
money, 0.78); train (to direct growth,
0.76); shape (to give shape, 0.75); spin
(to m ake by spinning, 0.75); organize
(to form an organization, 0.69); m anu­
facture (to make a product, 0.64); carve
(to form by cutting, 0.63); contour
(0.50); model (to form, 0.50); transform
MOVE
(0.50); teach (to drill, 0.47); assemble
(to put together, 0.40); work (to fashion,
0.33); influence (0.31); bend (to influ­
ence, 0.25); build (to construct, 0.25);
incise (to engrave, 0.25); m anipulate
(0 .2 5 ); co p y (to rep ro d u ce , 0.17);
tem per (to toughen or harden, 0.16);
round (to m ake round, 0.07).
M O U L D to allow to becom e mouldy (4)
m ould (to decay through the action o f
m ould, 1.00); m ildew (0.75); decay
(0.68); dirty (0.03).
M O U L D E R (3) decay (0.82); mould (to
decay through the action o f mould,
0.75); die (to decline as though death
were inev itab le, 0.22).
M O U N D (1) heap (to place in a heap,
0.23).
M O U N T (21) mount (to rise, 1.00); mount
(to climb, 1.00); rise (to move upward,
0.88); fram e (to enclose in a frame,
0.86); board (to go aboard, 0.83); rise
(to increase, 0.80); build (to increase,
0.75); surge (to rise, 0.75); begin (to
initiate, 0.71); arise (to ascend, 0.67);
ascend (to climb, 0.67); grow (to become
larger, 0.52); bestride (0.50); clam ber
(0.50); tower (0.50); straddle (0.40); tack
(to fasten lightly, 0.38); scale (to climb,
0.25); raise (to lift, 0.19); vault (0.13);
strengthen (0.11).
M O U R N (5) m ourn (to lament, 1.00);
m ourn (to cry, 1.00); regret (to be sorry
for, 0.90); deplore (0.50); yearn (0.42).
M O U T H (5) babble (0.81); bite (to seize
or sever w ith teeth, 0.61); m aunder (to
mumble, 0.50); play (to produce music,
0.48); blow (to play a wind instrument,
0.25).
M O V E (48) move (to be in motion, 1.00);
m ove (to set in motion, 1.00); move (to
MURDER -221-
M U R D E R (13) murder (to kill unlawfully,
1.00); kill (to deprive o f life, 0.93); slay
(0.80); destroy (to kill, 0.75); poison
(0.71); dispatch (to kill deliberately,
0.50); rem ove (to kill, 0.50); shoot (to
kill by shooting, 0.50); slaughter (0.50);
elim in ate (to rem o v e, 0.43); lynch
(0.25); snipe (0.25); war (0.09).
M U R M U R (13) m urm ur (to m ake a low
continuous sound, 1.00); m urm ur (to
mutter, 1.00); sound (to m ake a noise,
0.87); m utter (to speak as if to oneself,
0.83); hum (0.80); grum ble (to mutter,
0.75); babble (0.62); groan (0.50); gur­
gle (0.50); whine (0.31); mumble (0.30);
w hisper (0.25); rustle (0.08).
MUSE (6) muse (1.00); think (to examine
with the mind, 0.88); speculate (to think,
0.70); m editate (to m use, 0.55); brood
(to n u rs e o n e ’s tr o u b le s , 0 .3 8 );
contem plate (to consider, 0.33).
M U S H R O O M to elevate (1) thrive (to
grow vigorously, 0.55). .
MUSS to make untidy; to smear; to mess
(3) m uss (1.00); derange (to disarrange,
0.50); misplace (0.13).
MUST (1) must (1.00).
M UST to grow m ouldy (2) decay (0.62);
mildew (0.25).
M U ST E R to show ; to collect; to enlist
(10) m uster (1.00); assem ble (to bring
together, 0.73); accum ulate (to am ass,
0.69); recruit (to raise troops, 0.43);
concentrate (to bring or com e together,
0.37); convoke (0.33); m eet (to go to a
place o f m eeting, 0.29); call (to bring a
body o f people together, 0.25); com ­
pile (0.05); enlist (to enroll others, 0.05).
MUTATE (2) change (to m ake different,
0.92); vary (to show changes, 0.08).
M U TE to deaden the sound o f (3) m ute
NAG
(1.00); quiet (to make silent, 0.70); muffle
(0.50).
M U T IL A T E (11) mutilate (to maim, 1.00);
mutilate (to damage, 1.00); maim (0.95);
dam age (to im pair the value of, 0.78);
botch (0.75); castrate (0.69); destroy (to
bring to nothing, 0.29); deface (0.25);
disfigure (0.25); emasculate (to sterilize,
0.25); m angle (to mutilate, 0.05).
M U T IN Y (3) revolt (to rebel, 0.67); rebel
(to e n d e a v o u r to o v e rth ro w a
governm ent, 0.56); oppose (to fight,
0.45).
M U T T E R to make a low mumbling sound
(11) m utter (to m ake a low, m um bling
sound, 1.00); m utter (to speak as if to
oneself, 1.00); m utter (to com plain,
1.00); m um ble (0.90); m aunder (to
mumble, 0.75); utter (0.75); snarl (0.67);
grumble (to growl, 0.50); whisper (0.50);
ja b b e r (to m ake a chattering sound,
0.25); purr (0.17).
M U Z Z L E (8) muzzle (to fasten a muzzle
upon, 1.00); m uzzle (to silence, 1.00);
gag (to stop the m outh, 0.80); hinder
(0.74); restrain (to hold in check, 0.58);
bind (to constrain w ith bonds, 0.34);
disarm (to deprive o f w eapons, 0.33);
trammel (0.29).
M Y S T IF Y to make uncertain or confused
(3) mystify (1.00); evade (to use trickery
to avoid a sharp issue, 0.46); confuse
(0.04).
N
N A B to catch; to take into custody (1)
nab (to seize, 1.00).
N A G (10) nag (1.00); yam m er (0.75);
abuse (to treat badly, 0.64); com plain
(to express an objection, 0.53); bait (to
to rm en t, 0.50); rem o n strate (0.47);
MOW -220-
arouse the em otions of, 1.00); m ove
(to propose an action form ally, 1.00);
m arch (0.95); im pel (to press, 0.93);
carry (to transport, 0.92); propose (to
m ake a suggestion, 0.86); leave (to go
away, 0.85); draw (to m ove an object,
0.82); excite (to stir one mentally, 0.81);
persuade (to influence, 0.78); arouse
(0.75); m igrate (0.75); proceed (0.75);
run (to function, 0.75); stir (to m ix by
stirring, 0.75); take (to transport, 0.75);
flow (to m ove in one direction, 0.71);
m aneuver (0.71); rock (0.71); breathe
(to live, 0.67); shovel (0.67); sw erve
(0.67); excite (to activate, 0.64); reach
(to extend a part o f the body to, 0.63);
m otivate (0.59); pry (to m ove w ith a
lever, 0.54); agitate (0.50); decam p
(0.50); drag (to pull an object, 0.50);
propel (0.50); transport (0.50); urge (to
induce, 0.50); shift (to change position,
0.43); operate (to be in operation, 0.41);
advise (to give counsel, 0.38); sw im
(0.38); tempt (0.32); step (0.27); convey
(to transport, 0.25); skid (0.25); slip
(0.25); transm igrate (0.25); shake (to
cause to vibrate, 0.21); be (to have
b e in g , 0 .2 0 ); u n d e r ta k e ( 0 .1 9 ) ;
com m and (to have control, 0.04).
M O W to cut down (grass) (5) mow (1.00);
cut (to sever, 0.84); reap (to harvest,
0.80); trim (to cut o ff excess, 0.36);
harvest (0.07).
M U D D L E (12) m uddle (to confuse; said
o f affairs, 1.00); m uddle (to confuse;
said usually o f people, 1.00); fuddle
(0.86); bemuse (0.75); complicate (0.57);
d is o r g a n iz e (0 .5 5 ); b o tc h (0 .5 4 );
o b f u s c a te (0 .5 0 ); c o n fu s e (0 .4 1 );
b efuddle (0.33); intoxicate (to m ake
drunk, 0.33); adulterate (0.26).
MUNCH
M U D D Y (1) track (to dirty w ith tracks,
0 .88).
M U F F to make a muddle o f (1) m uff (1.00).
M U F F L E (8) muffle (1.00); quiet (to make
silent, 0.80); w rap (to tw ine or wind,
0.78); gag (to stop the m outh, 0.70);
hush (0.57); m uzzle (to fasten a muzzle
upon, 0.38); deaden (to soften, 0.33);
disguise (0.05).
M U L C H (1) fertilize (to enrich land, 0.33).
M U L C T (3) m ulct (to cheat someone,
1.00); mulct (to punish, 1.00); fine (0.85).
M U L L to dull; to stupefy (1) mull (1.00).
M U L L to m ake (w ine, etc.) into a hot
drink (4) cook (0.93); heat (to make hot,
0.60); sw eeten (to m ake sw eet, 0.33);
brew (0.25).
M U L T IG R A P H (1) reproduce (to make
an exact copy, 0.56).
M U L T IP L Y (13) m ultiply (to increase,
1.00); m ultiply (to bring forth young,
1.00); m u ltip ly (to em p lo y m u lti­
plication as an arithm etical process,
1.00); com plicate (0.87); strengthen
(0.83); d u p lic ate (to d ouble, 0.50);
double (to m ake or becom e double,
0.33); grow (to become larger, 0.30); rise
(to increase, 0.30); calculate (to reckon,
0.26); increase (to add to, 0.23); widen
(to becom e wider, 0.13); reproduce (to
multiply, 0.07).
M U M B L E (4) mumble (1.00); murmur (to
mutter, 0.75); grumble (to mutter, 0.50);
slur (to pronounce indistinctly, 0.40).
M U M M IF Y (4) mummify (1.00); bury (to
inter, 0.17); em balm (0.14); preserve (to
keep, 0.08).
M U N C H (7) munch (1.00); chew (0.80);
crunch (0.75); sup (0.50); graze (to pas­
ture, 0.25); nip (0.25); bite (to seize or
sever w ith teeth, 0.22).
NEIGH - 223 -
arrangem ents for, 1.00); negotiate (to
transfer, 1.00); treat (to deal with a per­
son or thing, 0.83); contrive (to suc­
ceed with difficulty, 0.69); parley (0.50);
underbid (0.50); consult (0.30); give (to
transfer, 0.30); achieve (to finish an
undertaking, 0.11); arbitrate (0.08).
N E IG H (3) neigh (1.00); w hinny (0.86);
bray (0.25).
N E IG H B O U R (1) join (to adjoin, 0.92).
N ERV E (1) strengthen (0.59).
N E R V E R A C K (1) harrow (to torm ent,
0.25).
N EST (1) camp (0.64).
N E ST L E (3) caress (0.53); huddle (0.36);
hug (0.28).
N ET to cover w ith a net (4) fish (0.67);
w eave (to co n stru c t by interlacing,
0.52); dredge (0.50); knit (to form by
knitting, 0.14).
N E T to gain as a net sum ; to am ount (5)
net (1.00); bring (to be w orth in sale,
0.67); clear (to profit, 0.50); earn (to
receive in paym ent, 0.45); average (to
do on an average, 0.07).
N E T T L E (6) nettle (1.00); rankle (0.57);
anger (to arouse som eone to anger,
0.39); pique (to anger, 0.25); ruffle (to
anger, 0.25); haunt (to prey upon, 0.09).
N EU TR A LIZE (14) neutralize (1.00); bal­
ance (to place in balance, 0.85); cancel
(to annul, 0.79); defeat (to get the better
of another, 0.68); hinder (0.61); compen­
sate (to offset, 0.50); counteract (0.50);
oppose (to hold a contrary opinion,
0.47); offset (0.44); check (to bring
under control, 0.36); disarm (to reduce
national armaments, 0.25); fade (to lose
colour or light, 0.25); negate (to nullify,
0.25); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.15).
NOMINATE
N IB B L E (7) nibble (1.00); nip (0.75); bite
(to seize or sever with teeth, 0.72); graze
(to pasture, 0.63); chew (0.60); bite (to
take bait, 0.33); masticate (0.33).
N IC K (6) nick (1.00); cut (to cut into, 0.68);
notch (0.50); dent (0.24); mark (to make
a mark, 0.23); chip (0.13).
N IC K E L (1) plate (0.47).
N IC K E R (3) neigh (0.75); whinny (0.71);
cry (to call (not o f hum an creatures),
0.63).
N IC K N A M E (4) misname (0.90); denomi­
nate (0.25); name (to give a name, 0.19);
define (to provide a nam e or descrip­
tion, 0.07).
N IC T A T E (1) w ink (to close one eye,
0.50).
N IC T IT A T E (1) w ink (to close one eye,
0.33).
N IG R IF Y (3) blacken (to become black,
0.67); blacken (to m ake black, 0.33);
shade (to m ake darker, 0.33).
N IP (8) nip (1.00); pinch (to squeeze,
0.88); bite (to seize or sever with teeth,
0.83); peck (0.83); nibble (0.75); freeze
(to m ake cold, 0.50); hurt (to cause pain,
0.48); snip (0.25).
N IT E (1) understand (to com prehend,
0.38).
N O B B L E (1) w ave (to m ove back and
forth, 0.24).
N O D (8) nod (to m ake a nodding m ove­
m ent, 1.00); nod (to becom e sleepy or
inattentive, 1.00); lean (to incline, 0.61);
greet (0.53); incline (to lean, 0.50);
signal (0.40); sleep (0.33); rest (to take
o n e ’s rest, 0.05).
N O M IN A TE (5) nominate (1.00); delegate
(to give authority to another, 0.70);
assign (to delegate to a specific pur­
pose, 0.63); nam e (to appoint, 0.50);
NAIL
b o th er (to give trouble, 0.33); carp
(0.33); needle (0.13); scold (0.07).
N A IL (6) nail (to ham m er, 1.00); nail (to
fasten w ith nails, 1.00); rivet (0.75);
spike (0.67); fasten (to m ake som ething
secure, 0.50); tack (to fasten lightly,
0.50).
N A M E (18) nam e (to give a nam e, 1.00);
nam e (to indicate by nam e, 1.00); nam e
(to a p p o in t, 1.00); sp e c ify (0 .8 6 );
delegate (to give authority to another,
0.80); designate (to specify, 0.80); make
(to appoint, 0.75); assign (to delegate
to a specific purpose, 0.59); attach (to
assign, 0.50); elect (0.50); fill (to supply
w ith an o c c u p a n t, 0 .5 0 ); p o in t (to
indicate, 0.50); adopt (to take as a son
or daughter, 0.36); toast (to honour by
d rin k in g liquor, 0.33); co m m issio n
(0.30); classify (0.24); describe (0.15);
cast (to select actors for a play, 0.14).
N A P to sleep lightly (4) doze (0.75); sleep
(0.67); nod (to becom e sleepy or inat­
tentive, 0.50); rest (to take o n e’s rest,
0. 11).
N A PA LM (1) bomb (0.43).
N A R C O T IZ E (2) drug (0.50); hypnotize
(to put in a trance, 0.44).
N A R R A T E (8) narrate (1.00); report (to
deliver inform ation, 0.81); detail (to
m ake clear in detail, 0.73); describe
(0.52); admit (to confess, 0.38); confess
(to recount o n e’s evil actions, 0.33);
recite (to relate in detail, 0.27); com ­
m unicate (to impart inform ation, 0.24).
N A R R O W (6) taper (0.75); restrict (to
hold w ithin lim its, 0.68); contract (to
cause to dim inish, 0.33); decrease (to
grow less, 0.32); com press (0.29); con­
centrate (to bring or com e together,
0.20).
- 222 - NEGOTIATE
N A T U R A L IZ E (2) change (to make
different, 0.21); adopt (to take as a son
or daughter, 0.18).
N A U SEA TE (8) nauseate (1.00); disagree
(to have uncom fortable effect, 0.75);
repel (to cause aversion, 0.75); disgust
(0.64); sicken (to offend, 0.50); hate (to
detest, 0.35); revolt (to repel, 0.25);
w eary (to m ake weary, 0.04).
N A V IG A T E (4) navigate (1.00); fly (to
m anage a plane in the air, 0.83); sail (to
trav el by sa ilin g , 0.40); pad d le (to
propel by paddling, 0.17).
N E A R (3) approach (to com e near in
space, 0.75); approach (to com e near
in time, 0.50); rival (0.44).
N EA TEN (1) clean (0.17).
N E C E S S IT A T E (11) necessitate (1.00);
require (to dem and, 0.80); constrain
(0.75); take (to require, 0.67); force (to
use force, 0.66); bind (to obligate, 0.50);
cost (to require in sacrifice, 0.50); entail
(0.50); enforce (to require compliance,
0.37); dem and (to require, 0.25); begin
(to initiate, 0.03).
N E E D (2) need (1.00); wish (to express a
desire, 0.08).
N E E D L E (2) needle (1.00); goad (0.37).
N E G A T E (7) negate (to nullify, 1.00);
n e g a te (to co n tra d ict, 1.00); deny
(0.71); disclaim (to deny, 0.50); refute
(0.48); confute (0.43); offset (0.13).
N E G L E C T (8) n eg lect (to treat with
indifference, 1.00); neglect (to fail to
a tte n d to r e s p o n s ib ilitie s , 1.00);
disobey (0.87); w aive (0.69); fail (to be
unsuccessful, 0.56); forget (to neglect
accidentally, 0.50); overlook (to fail to
see, 0.33); shun (0.20).
N E G O T IA T E (10) negotiate (to make
NONPLUS -224-
commission (0.27).
N O N P L U S (4) nonplus (1.00); confuse
(0.30); surprise (to amaze, 0.21); defeat
(to get the better o f another, 0.12).
N O O S E (1) choke (to deprive o f air, 0.31).
N O R M A L IZ E (3) order (to put in order,
0.56); type (to classify, 0.50); standard­
ize (0.25).
N O S E (3) nose (1.00); m eddle (to handle
o th ers’ things, 0.14); pry (to endeav­
our to discover, 0.13).
N O SE D IV E (1) plummet (0.25).
N O T A R IZ E (2) notarize (1.00); endorse
(to inscribe o n e’s nam e, 0.14).
N O T C H (5) notch (1.00); cut (to cut into,
0.74); chip (0.50); nick (0.50); dent (0.35).
N O T E to observe; to write; to m ark care­
fully; to perceive (13) note (to notice,
1.00); note (to record, 1.00); list (to enter
in a list, 0.81); record (to w rite dow n,
0.80); observe (to com ment, 0.75); take
(to record, 0.67); perceive (to see, 0.50);
respect (to treat w ith consideration,
0.50); show (to indicate, 0.50); nam e (to
indicate by nam e, 0.42); com m ent (to
make a remark, 0.32); regard (to look at,
0.29); rem ind (to call the attention o f
another, 0.14).
N O T IC E (18) notice (to observe, 1.00);
notice (to publish a notice, 1.00); m en­
tion (0.94); regard (to look at, 0.86); see
(to witness, 0.80); com m ent (to m ake a
remark, 0.79); hearken (0.75); w ake (to
b e g in to c o m p re h e n d , 0 .7 5 );
contem plate (to look at, 0.71); respect
(to treat with consideration, 0.70); find
(to happen upon, 0.62); refer (to m en­
tion, 0.60); heed (0.50); see (to perceive
w ith the eye, 0.32); d istin g u ish (to
discern, 0.25); perceive (to see, 0.25);
talk (to converse, 0.20); recognize (to
NUMBER
know again, 0.07).
N O T IF Y (9) notify (to provide with in­
formation, 1.00); notify (to warn, 1.00);
advertise (to m ake public, 0.82); reveal
(to divulge, 0.36); notice (to publish a
notice, 0.33); m ention (0.19); report (to
deliver inform ation, 0.19); tell (to in­
form , 0.19); declare (to adm it to one’s
possessions, 0.08).
N O U R IS H (11) n o u rish (1.00); feed
(0.90); nurture (0.67); comfort (to make
easy physically, 0.65); raise (to nurture,
0 .6 0 ); in d u lg e (to h u m o u r, 0.50);
pro m o te (to further, 0.37); help (to
assist in recovery, 0.33); fo ster (to
support, 0.25); suckle (0.25); defend (to
provide general protection, 0.16).
N U D G E (4) nudge (1.00); jo stle (0.75);
touch (to be in contact, 0.73); wake (to
w aken another, 0.13).
N U L L IF Y (19) nullify (1.00); cancel (to
annul, 0.83); abort (to cancel, 0.75);
quash (to revoke, 0.75); reverse (to
annul, 0.75); defeat (to get the better of
another, 0.71); abolish (0.69); hinder
(0.69); elide (to delete, 0.50); kill (to
cancel, 0.50); balance (to place in bal­
ance, 0.45); w ithdraw (to rem ove from
use or circulation, 0.35); revoke (0.26);
invalidate (0.25); destroy (to bring to
nothing, 0.18); divorce (0.17); jum p (to
pass over, 0.14); recant (0.09); deny
(0.07).
N U M B (5) num b (1.00); deaden (to re­
duce life or its evidence, 0.57); stupefy
(to stun, 0.50); drug (0.38); harden (to
toughen, 0.23).
N U M B E R (12) num ber (1.00); page (to
m ark the pages, 0.80); cast (to com ­
pute, 0.75); estim ate (to m ake a rough
guess, 0.75); num erate (0.75); calculate
NUMERATE
(to reckon, 0.58); cite (to refer to as
authority, 0.56); classify (0.56); count
(0.50); figure (to compute, 0.50); itemize
(0.25); adm it (to confess, 0.05).
NUMERATE (1) numerate (1.00).
NURSE (13) nurse (1.00); raise (to nur­
ture, 0.80); suckle (0.75); grow (to cul­
tivate, 0.60); feed (0.55); baby (0.50);
foster (to support, 0.50); ease (to re­
lieve o f pain, 0.39); sustain (to nour­
ish, 0.25); treat (to assist tow ard a cure,
0.25); train (to direct grow th, 0.18);
support (to provide for, 0.11); tend (to
watch over, 0.07).
N U RTU RE (14) nurture (1.00); grow (to
cultivate, 0.80); cherish (to tend solici­
tously, 0.75); cultivate (to educate,
0.75); foster (to harbour, 0.50); suckle
(0.50); sustain (to nourish, 0.50); nurse
(0.41); im agine (to visualize mentally,
0.39); prom ote (to further, 0.34); feed
(0.26); regale (to satisfy, 0.25); train (to
direct growth, 0.24); teach (to act as a
teacher, 0.13).
N U Z Z L E to b rin g n ose to w ard s the
ground; to push nose into som ething
(3) nuzzle (1.00); caress (0.74); dandle
(0.25).
O 1.00); obliterate (to erase, 1.00); abolish
O BEY (7) obey (to act in accordance
w ith orders, 1.00); obey (to act in
a c c o r d a n c e w ith a r e c o g n iz e d
principle, 1.00); defer (to yield, 0.71);
prostrate (to subm it, 0.67); fall (to be
overthrow n, 0.33); follow (to regulate
one’s action, 0.33); conform (0.06).
O BFU SCA TE (2) obfuscate (1.00); con­
fuse (0.05).
O B JE C T (13) object (1.00); oppose (to
hold a contrary opinion, 0.97); cram p
-225- OBSCURE
(to restrain, 0.75); disobey (0.52); dep­
recate (0.50); differ (to oppose, 0.50);
disagree (to differ, 0.50); com plain (to
express an objection, 0.39); quarrel
(0.36); fuss (0.25); protest (0.25); whim­
per (0.25); m ind (to be careful, 0.20).
O B JE C T IF Y (1) objectify (1.00).
O B JU R G A T E (3) curse (to sw ear at,
0.94); scold (0.22); chasten (to punish,
0.17).
O B LIG A TE (5) obligate (1.00); require (to
demand, 0.70); force (to use force, 0.69);
b u rd e n (0 .6 5 ); co st (to re q u ire in
sacrifice, 0.25).
O B L IG E (18) oblige (to accom m odate,
1.00); oblige (to require, 1.00); require
(to dem and, 0.90); accom m odate (to
render a service, 0.88); favour (to treat
with favoritism, 0.80); bind (to obligate,
0.75); dem and (to require, 0.75); force
(to use force, 0.75); condescend (0.57);
enforce (to require com pliance, 0.47);
appear (to p resen t o n eself publicly,
0.33); indulge (to tolerate, 0.33); enlist
(to request assistance, 0.27); hum our
(0.27); urge (to drive, 0.27); necessitate
(0.25); allow (to permit an action, 0.19);
com m and (to have control, 0.16).
O B L IT E R A T E (12) obliterate (to destroy,
(0.88); efface (0.67); destroy (to bring
to nothing, 0.47); annihilate (0.25); de­
m olish (0.25); elim inate (to rem ove,
0.25); cancel (to mark out, 0.17); revoke
(0.15); w ipe (0.10); defeat (to worst in
war, 0.03).
O B S C U R E (14) obscure (to dim, 1.00);
o b sc u re (to co n ceal, 1.00); befog
(0.75); obfu scate (0.75); puzzle (to
perplex, 0.75); shade (to m ake darker,
0.75); blur (to dim, 0.67); com plicate
OBSERVE
(0.63); becloud (0.60); disguise (0.45);
b le ar (0.25); su b lim ate (to rep ress,
0.25); hide (to conceal, 0.10); confuse
(0.07).
O B S E R V E (31) observe (to notice, 1.00);
observe (to w atch, 1.00); observe (to
c o m m e n t, 1 .0 0 ); o b s e rv e (to
commemorate, 1.00); observe (to abide
by, 1.00); com m ent (to m ake a rem ark,
0.95); see (to perceive w ith the eye,
0.95); regard (to look at, 0.93); w atch
(to be attentive, 0.93); celebrate (to
recognize an occasion, 0.88); follow (to
regulate o n e ’s action, 0.87); guard (to
w atch over, 0.87); spy (to act as a spy,
0.86); satisfy (to fulfill, 0.76); perceive
(to see, 0.75); view (0.75); discover (to
find, 0.71); adhere (to conform to, 0.67);
behold (0.67); w itness (0.67); feel (to
experience, 0.64); see (to witness, 0.60);
find (to happen upon, 0.54); m onitor
(0 .5 0 ); ta k e (to e x p e rie n c e , 0.3 3 );
contem plate (to look at, 0.29); hearken
(0.25); look (to endeavour to see, 0.25);
rem ark (0.25); talk (to converse, 0.25);
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.05).
O B SE SS (3) obsess (1.00); haunt (to prey
upon, 0.97); unbalance (to derange,
0.25).
O B S T R U C T (28) obstruct (to im pede
w ith an obstruction, 1.00); obstruct (to
p la ce an o b stru ctio n , 1.00); h in d e r
(0.98); discourage (to restrain, 0.92);
tram m el (0.91); dam (0.80); barricade
(0.75); check (to slacken the pace, 0.75);
prohibit (to hinder, 0.75); tangle (0.73);
b ar (to hinder, 0.67); em barrass (to
hinder, 0.67); forbid (0.61); gag (to stop
the mouth, 0.60); halt (to cause to cease,
0.55); baffle (to hinder, 0.50); foreclose
-226- OCCUPY
(to hinder, 0.50); plug (0.50); stop (to
prevent, 0.50); delay (to cause a delay,
0.48); prevent (0.38); clog (0.33); inter­
ru p t (to hin d er, 0.33); p ro h ib it (to
forbid, 0.33); m eddle (to interfere in
others’ affairs, 0.29); cramp (to restrain,
0.25); disrupt (to break, 0.25); encumber
(0.25).
O B TA IN (16) obtain (to gain possession,
1.00); earn (to receive in payment, 0.95);
hire (to em ploy, 0.88); succeed (to
a tta in su c ce ss, 0 .7 4 ); ex tra d ite (to
deliver by extradition, 0.67); purchase
(0.67); resist (to w ithstand, 0.60); en­
lis t (to re q u e s t a s s is ta n c e , 0 .5 5 );
achieve (to reach a goal, 0.50); derive
(to receive paym ent, 0.50); enroll (to
obtain for service, 0.50); realize (to re­
ceive, 0.50); be (to have being, 0.25);
reap (to gain, 0.19); borrow (to receive
tem porarily, 0.14); pan (to obtain gold,
0.11).
O B T R U D E (3) meddle (to interfere in oth­
ers ’ affairs, 0.76); protrude (0.57); in­
terrupt (to break in on, 0.17).
O B V IA T E '(3 ) obviate (1.00); prevent
(0.94); hinder (0.58).
O C C A S IO N (7) occasion (1.00); begin
(to initiate, 0.85); entail (0.75); create
(to m ake, 0.73); breed (to cause, 0.50);
cause (to be the cause, 0.50); produce
(to cause, 0.33).
O C C L U D E (2) occlude (1.00); close (to
put a stopper into, 0.85).
O C C U P Y (1 8 ) o c c u p y (to take
p o sse ssio n , 1.00); o ccu p y (to fill
space, 1.00); occupy (to absorb atten­
tion, 1.00); obtain (to gain possession,
0.97); seize (to take by force, 0.92);
reside (0.80); capture (to seize with
arm ed force, 0.75); hire (to employ,
OCCUR
0.75); inhabit (0.67); ow n (to possess,
0 .6 4 ); d isa rm (to re d u c e n a tio n a l
arm am ents, 0.63); distract (to divert
s o m e o n e ’s a tte n tio n fro m , 0 .6 0 );
en tertain (to act as host or hostess,
0.53); possess (0.50); ca n y (to capture,
0.25); get (to catch, 0.25); overrun (to
defeat, 0.25); field (0.17).
O C C U R (12) occur (1.00); break (to hap­
pen, 0.67); intervene (to happen, 0.67);
r e s is t (to w ith sta n d , 0 .5 5 ); be (to
h ap p en, 0.50); befall (0.50); ensue
(0.50); transpire (0.50); chance (to hap­
pen, 0.33); result (0.33); begin (to come
into being or start functioning, 0.29);
supervene (0.25).
O F F E N D (18) offend (1.00); abuse (to
treat badly, 0.84); insult (0.80); disgust
(0.79); disoblige (to insult, 0.75); out­
rage (0.75); sin (0.75); trespass (to trans­
g r e s s , 0 .7 5 ); tr a n s g r e s s (0 .7 1 ) ;
scan d alize (0.64); shock (to disturb
o n e’s sense o f propriety, 0.62); m isbe­
have (0.50); nauseate (0.50); repel (to
cause aversion, 0.50); revolt (to repel,
0.50); m iff (to annoy, 0.25); anger (to
arouse som eone to anger, 0.15); excite
(to stir one mentally, 0.13).
O F F E R (15) offer (to present, 1.00); offer
(to propose, 1.00); offer (to try, 1.00);
offer (to occur, 1.00); propose (to make
a suggestion, 0.90); bid (to propose a
price for purchase, 0.80); perform (to
p r e s e n t a p e r f o r m a n c e , 0 .6 2 );
u n d ertake (0.56); pro d u ce (to bear,
0.53); adm inister (to m inister, 0.38);
volunteer (to m ake a proposal, 0.33);
besto w (0 .25); su b m it (to su g g est,
0.25); bless (to dedicate to God, 0.21);
dip (to transfer by m eans o f a vessel,
0.07).
-227- OPEN
O FF IC IA T E (4) officiate (1.00); act (to per­
form an action, 0.64); manage (to direct,
0.54); com m and (to have control, 0.09).
O F F L O A D (1) unload (0.84).
O F F S E T (3) offset (1.00); hinder (0.62);
cancel (to annul, 0.17).
O G L E (2) ogle (1.00); gawk (0.50).
O IL (4) oil (1.00); grease (0.91); lubricate
(0.75); pom ade (0.33).
OM-IT (10) omit (to fail to include, 1.00);
om it (to neglect, 1.00); elide (to sup­
press, 0.75); m istake (0.71); forget (to
neglect accidentally, 0.63); leave (to
allow to rem ain, 0.50); contract (to
cause to diminish, 0.44); pass (to refuse
to act, 0.25); suspend (to debar, 0.25);
cancel (to m ark out, 0.08).
O O Z E to pass through the pores (11)
ooze (1.00); drop (to fall in drops, 0.71);
drain (to seep away, 0.60); leak (to
escape by leaking, 0.50); filter (to soak
slowly, 0.38); mizzle (0.25); murmur (to
m ake a low continuous sound, 0.25);
em it (to discharge, 0.22); flow (to issue
forth, 0.22); trickle (0.22); drool (to
slobber, 0.20).
O P E N (26) open (to begin, 1.00); open
(to m ove aside a prepared obstruction,
1.00); open (to make an opening, 1.00);
open (to m ake available, 1.00); open (to
expose to fuller view, 1.00); spread (to
extend, 0.94); deploy (0.86); air (to
in tro d u c e air, 0 .8 3 ); b lo o m (0.81);
display (to present for effect, 0.80);
flower (0.75); initiate (0.75); unsheathe
(0.75); uncork (0.67); widen (to become
wider, 0.63); begin (to initiate, 0.53);
expose (to uncover, 0.53); bid (to offer
a com m itm ent at cards, 0.50); effloresce
(0.50); give (to yield under pressure,
0 .5 0 ); in tro d u c e (to b eg in , 0 .5 0 );
OPERATE -228-
unbutton (0.50); enter (to enter upon,
0.33); unfold (to unfurl, 0.31); institute
(to begin, 0.25); stretch (to becom e
longer, 0.13).
O P E R A T E (18) operate (to keep in op­
eration, 1.00);operate (to be in opera­
tio n , 1.00); op erate (to p ro d u c e an
effect, 1.00); operate (to carry on a sur­
gical procedure, 1.00); act (to perform
an action, 0.92); play (to produce music,
0.87); em ploy (to m ake use of, 0.75);
pedal (0.75); farm (to do farm w ork,
0.69); exercise (to use, 0.55); fly (to
m anage a plane in the air, 0.50); handle
(to do w hatever is necessary, 0.50);
treat (to assist tow ard a cure, 0.38);
dissect (to anatom ize, 0.25); navigate
(0.25); w ield (0.21); hold (to be valid,
0.20); perform (to accomplish an action,
0.17).
O P IN E (5) guess (to attem pt an answ er
on in a d eq u a te evid en ce, 0.47); say
(0.35); assum e (to take for granted,
0.26); comment (to make a remark, 0.11);
advise (to give counsel, 0.03).
O P P O S E (25) oppose (to hold a contrary
opinion, 1.00); oppose (to fight, 1.00);
balance (to place in balance, 0.94); face
(to confront conflict or trouble, 0.92);
com pete (0.79); hinder (0.76); refute
(0.74); debate (0.73); forbid (0.71); dare
(to defy, 0.67); run (to com pete, 0.67);
co m p lain (to exp ress an o b je ctio n ,
0.66); tram m el (0.57); fight (to engage
in an encounter, 0.56); com bat (0.50);
com pare (to exam ine on a com parative
basis, 0.50); interfere (to prevent, 0.50);
n egate (to contradict, 0.50); outface
(0.50); repel (to throw back, 0.50);
rebuff (to reject, 0.38); rebel (to endeav­
our to overthrow a governm ent, 0.28);
ORDER
disagree (to differ, 0.25); argue (to en­
deavour to convince, 0.24); halt (to
cause to cease, 0.04).
O P P R E S S (11) oppress (1.00); sadden
(0.83); enslave (0.71); overload (0.67);
persecute (to oppress, especially for
religious reasons, 0.65); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.60); squelch (0.50); w rong
(0.50); com mand (to have control, 0.40);
burden (0.04); depress (to bring to a
low er state, 0.04).
O P P U G N (2) upbraid (0.24); confute
( 0 . 10).
O P T (1) opt (LOO).
O R A T E (2) address (to speak to an as­
sem bly, 0.64); dictate (to speak for
record, 0.20).
O R B IT (3) o rb it (to rev o lv e around
another body, 1.00); orbit (to put into
orbit, 1.00); travel (to journey, 0.71).
O R C H E S T R A T E (4) orchestrate (1.00);
score (to com pose a m usical accom pa­
niment, 0.75); compose (to create, 0.64);
harm onize (to render harmonic, 0.38).
O R D A IN (12) ordain (to establish, 1.00);
ordain (to destine, 1.00); ordain (to
invest w ith priestly functions, 1.00);
enact (to legislate, 0.84); consecrate (to
set apart, 0.75); com m ission (0.70);
bless (to dedicate to God, 0.53); enjoin
(0 .5 0 ); sig n (to c o n se c ra te , 0.25);
delegate (to give authority to another,
0.20); command (to issue an order, 0.18);
a s s ig n (to d e le g a te to a sp e c ific
purpose, 0.15).
O R D E R (31) order (to give a command,
LOO); order (to authorize a purchase,
1.00); order (to put in order, LOO);
com m and (to issue an order, 0.98); clas­
sify (0.96); straighten (0.93); will (to
exert one’s will, 0.80); enact (to legislate,
ORDINATE
0.79); tell (to inform, 0.76); arrange (to
put in order, 0.75); constitute (to enact,
0.75); direct (to command, 0.75); enjoin
(0.75); get (to adjust, 0.75); m arshal
(0.75); regiment (0.75); rule (to regulate,
0.75); wish (to bid, 0.75); heap (to place
in aheap, 0.73); systematize (0.73); park
(0.67); requisition (0.67); ask (to inquire,
0.59); force (to use force, 0.53); call (to
d em an d , 0 .5 0 ); p re sc rib e (to g iv e
directions, 0.50); summon (to call, 0.39);
buy (to acquire by purchase, 0.38);
w ish (to express a desire, 0.33); train
(to d ire c t g ro w th , 0 .2 9 ); c ite (to
summon, 0.25).
O RD IN A TE (1) command (to issue an or­
der, 0.41).
O R G A N IZ E (9) organize (to put in order,
1.00); organize (to form an organization,
1.00); classify (0.89); gear (to prepare,
0.75); plan (to arrange in a prelim inary
way, 0.75); lay (to put in order, 0.50);
arrange (to m ake arrangem ents, 0.40);
adjust (to bring to an agreem ent, 0.30);
coordinate (0.25).
O R IE N T (2) orient (to adjust, 1.00); orient
(to direct, 1.00).
O R IG IN A T E (21) originate (to have a
beginning, 1.00); originate (to bring
about a beginning, 1.00); invent (to
create or discover, 0.94); produce (to
create by m ental effort, 0.92); cause (to
be the cause, 0.88); grow (to begin,
0.75); make (to create, 0.75); spearhead
(0 .7 5 ); p ro p a g a te (to b eg e t, 0.7 3 );
launch (to initiate, 0.67); develop (to
begin, 0.50); begin (to com e into being
or start functioning, 0.50); create (to
make, 0.46); arise (to result, 0.40); com ­
m ence (0.33); design (to conceive,
0.33); issue (to be a result of, 0.33); start
-229- OSTRACIZE
(to cause to start, 0.33); em anate (to
begin, 0.25); inaugurate (0.25); begin
(to initiate, 0.24).
O R N A M E N T (13) decorate (0.90); trim
(to adorn, 0.90); beautify (to make beau­
tiful, 0.75); deck (to decorate, 0.75);
em broider (to add adornm ent, 0.56);
embellish (0.50); emblazon (to decorate,
0.50); illum inate (to decorate, 0.50);
becom e (to be suitable, 0.38); dress (to
make ready for show or use, 0.33); paint
(to protect or d ecorate by painting,
0.30); adorn (0.25); bedeck (0.25).
O S C IL L A T E (10) oscillate (to swing,
1.00); o scillate (to fluctuate, 1.00);
w ave (to m ove back and forth, 0.86);
alternate (to fluctuate, 0.73); sway (to
fluctu ate, 0.50); und u late (to sway,
0.50); beat (to pulsate, 0.45); hesitate
(0.32); rock (0.19); sw ing (to describe
an arc, 0.18).
O SC U L A T E (1) kiss (0.50).
O S M O S E (4) filter (to soak slowly, 0.85);
absorb (to take in by absorption, 0.43);
assim ilate (to absorb, 0.33); drain (to
seep away, 0.30).
O SSIFY (5) ossify (1.00); stiffen (to cause
to b ec o m e stiff, 0.65); th ick en (to
becom e thicker, 0.64); harden (to make
less pervious, 0.60); harden (to become
less penetrable, 0.59).
O S T R A C IZ E (15) o strac iz e (1.00);
banish (to condem n to exile, 0.88);
abandon (to leave in trouble, 0.79);
blackball (0.67); exile (0.67); bar (to ob­
struct by refusal, 0.57); boycott (0.50);
eje c t (to rem o v e from a so cial or
econom ic position , 0.50); expatriate
(0 .5 0 ); s e c lu d e (to iso la te , 0 .50);
d e n o u n c e (0 .4 7 ); d ism iss (to send
away, 0.31); depopulate (0.20); censure
OUGHT -230-
(0.11); eliminate (to remove, 0.05).
O U G H T (2) m ust (0.75); have (to be
obliged; used w ith infinitive, 0.50).
O U S T (9) oust (1.00); elim inate (to re­
m ove, 0.88); eject (to rem ove p h y si­
cally, 0.68); dethrone (0.50); depopu­
late (0.40); evict (0.25); excommunicate
(0.25); expel (to dismiss, 0.25); disinherit
(0.17).
O U T (1) flow (to issue forth, 0.73).
O U T A R G U E (1) defeat (to get the better
o f another, 0.32).
O U T B ID (1) underbid (0.25).
O U TB RA V E (1) dare (to defy, 0.07).
O U T B R A Z E N (1) dare (to defy, 0.13).
O U T C L A S S (1) outclass (1.00).
O U T D IS T A N C E (4) outdistance (1.00);
exceed (0.68); outfly (0.50); succeed (to
attain success, 0.17).
O U TD O (9) exceed (0.89); outclass (0.75);
su ip ass (0.60); o u tm aneuver (0.50);
outstrip (0.50); preponderate (0.50);
o u tsm a rt (0 .3 3 ); d efe at (to get the
better o f another, 0.27); halt (to cause
to cease, 0.13).
O U T FA C E (1) outface (1.00).
O U T F IG H T (1) outfight (1.00).
O U T F IT (12) outfit (1.00); harness (0.79);
fit (to equip, 0.75); prepare (to m ake
other persons or things ready, 0.67);
provide (to supply, 0.65); arm (to equip,
0.50); equip (to supply, 0.50); costum e
(0.33); dress (to provide w ith clothes,
0.33); supply (0.25); trim (to prepare for
sa ilin g , 0 .2 5 ); arm (to eq u ip w ith
weapons, 0.17).
O U T F L A N K (3) outflank (1.00); defeat
(to worst in war, 0.50); oppose (to fight,
0.13).
O U TFLY (1) outfly (1.00).
O U T G R O W (1) outgrow (1.00).
OUTMANEUVER
O U T G U E S S (3) outguess (1.00); out­
sm art (0.67); outthink (0.67).
O U T H IT (1) defeat (to w orst in sport or
in personal com bat, 0.62).
O U T J U M P (1) defeat (to w orst in sport
or in personal com bat, 0.55).
O U T L A S T (6) outlast (1.00); survive (to
live on, 0.75); outlive (0.67); outw ear
(to survive, 0.33); rem ain (to be left,
0.33); endure (to continue, 0.22).
O U T L A W (8) outlaw (1.00); ban (0.67);
banish (to condem n to exile, 0.50);
proscribe (0.50); forbid (0.43); bar (to
obstruct by refusal, 0.36); exile (0.33);
dism iss (to send away, 0.09).
O U T L IN E (24) outline (to draw, 1.00);
outline (to plan, 1.00); plan (to arrange
in a prelim inary way, 0.94); define (to
set lim its, 0.86); paint (to represent by
painting, 0.80); draft (to m ake a rough
plan, 0.75); epitomize (0.75); map (0.75);
sketch (to plan, 0.75); plan (to plot an
action in advance, 0.72); fram e (to act
as a fram e, 0.71); line (to be in a line,
0.70); design (to plan in a prelim inary
way, 0.67); draw (to m ake a likeness by
draw ing, 0.65); plot (to determ ine a
course, 0.60); chart (0.50); circumscribe
(to limit, 0.50); plot (to plan, 0.50); trace
(to draw, 0.50); represent (to present
as a true interp retatio n , 0.43); form (to
give shape to a thing, 0.41); describe
(0.26); estimate (to m ake a rough guess,
0.25); line (to provide lines, 0.25).
O U T L IV E (5) outlive (1.00); survive (to
live on, 0.88); outlast (0.75); remain (to
be left, 0.67); endure (to continue, 0.06).
O U T M A N E U V E R (6) o utm aneuver
(1.00); defeat (to w orst in war, 0.39);
outguess (0.33); rout (0.29); outflank
(0.25); succeed (to attain success, 0.02).
OUTMODE -231-
O U T M O D E (1) supersede (0.67).
O U TPA CE (1) exceed (0.47).
O U T P E R F O R M (1) outperform (1.00).
O U T P L A N (1) outthink (0.33).
O U T PL A Y (3) outplay (1.00); defeat (to
w orst in sport or in personal com bat,
0.90); upset (to beat, 0.50).
O U T R A G E to go to excess (12) outrage
(1.00); rape (0.85); shock (to disturb
o n e ’s sense o f propriety, 0.85); violate
(to transgress, 0.83); insult (0.75); per­
secute (to oppress, especially for reli­
gious reasons, 0.70); disturb (to upset
mental calm, 0.52); flout (0.50); hurt (to
distress, 0.50); abuse (to treat badly,
0.48); offend (0.25); corrupt (to debase,
0 .20).
O U T R A N K (2) outrank (1.00); rank (to
possess relative evaluation, 0.29).
O U T R E A C H e x c e e d ,s u r p a s s (2)
outreach (1.00); overreach (to exceed,
0.50).
O U T R U N (4) outrun (1.00); defeat (to
w orst in sport or in personal com bat,
0.59); exceed (0.53); outw eigh (to ex­
ceed in importance, 0.25).
O U T S E L L (1) outsell (1.00).
O U T S H IN E (2) outshine (to obscure,
1.00); outshine (to outdo, 1.00).
O U T S L IC K (1) defeat (to w orst in sport
or in personal com bat, 0.14).
O U T S M A R T (2) outsm art (1.00); over­
reach (to outwit, 0.75).
O UTSPAN (1) camp (0.18).
OUTSTAY (1) outstay (1.00).
O U T S T R IP (2) outstrip (1.00); exceed
(0.16).
O U T T H IN K (1) outthink (1.00).
O U TV IE (1) exceed (0.11).
O U T V O T E (1) outvote (1.00).
O U TW A IT (1) outstay (0.50).
OVERCOME
O U T W E A R (4) outw ear (to survive,
1.00); outw ear (to exhaust, 1.00); sur­
vive (to live on, 0.63); outlast (0.50).
O U T W E IG H (2) outweigh (to exceed in
importance, 1.00); outweigh (to exceed
in weigh, 1.00).
O U T W IT (11) outw it (1.00); deceive
(0.86); circum vent (to gain an advan­
tage over, 0.75); outm aneuver (0.75);
mislead (0.68); hinder (0.67); trick (0.50);
defeat (to get the better o f another,
0.49); hoodw ink (0.25); halt (to cause
to cease, 0 .1 8 ); su c ce ed (to attain
success, 0.05).
O V E R (1) win (to convince, 0.86).
O V E R A C T (3) overact (1.00); overreach
(to exceed, 0.75); overshoot (0.25).
O V ER A W E (4) silence (0.75); impress (to
com m and respect, 0.25); intim idate
(0.25); discourage (to dishearten, 0.24).
O V ER B A L A N C E (4) overbalance (to ex­
ceed, 1.00); o v erb alan ce (to upset,
1.00); outw eigh (to exceed in weigh,
0.67); upset (to turn over, 0.38).
O V E R B E A R (1) command (to have con­
trol, 0.67).
O V E R B R IM (1) overflow (to flow over
the top, or out at a vent, 0.04).
O V E R B U R D E N (3) tire (to make a per­
so n e x h a u ste d , 0 .5 5 ); o v e rc h a rg e
(0.40); abuse (to treat badly, 0.22).
O V E R C A S T (1) becloud (0.20).
O V E R C H A R G E (2) overcharge (1.00);
burden (0.27).
O V E R C L O U D (1) shade (to becom e
darker, 0.33).
O V E R C O L O U R (1) exaggerate (0.46).
O V E R C O M E (31) overcom e (1.00);
defeat (to worst in war, 0.97); rout (0.94);
beat (to w orst, 0.75); bury' (to defeat,
0.75); outplay (0.75); overthrow (to
OVERCOMPENSATE -232-
defeat, 0.75); overw helm (to defeat,
0.75); suppress (0.73); confute (0.71);
subjugate (to conquer, 0.67); w eather
(to p ass th ro u g h ad v ersity su c c e ss­
fully, 0.67); w o rst (0.67); carry (to
ca p tu re , 0.5 0 ); c o n q u e r (to d efe at,
0.50); recover (to regain health, 0.50);
re d u c e (to d efe at, 0.5 0 ); su rm o u n t
(0.50); vanquish (0.50); w in (to gain a
victory, 0.50); humble (0.48); best (0.33);
succeed (to attain success, 0.33); w in
(to co n v in ce, 0.29); co v er (to send
dow n in plenty, 0.25); force (to capture
by assault, 0.25); hurdle (0.20); trounce
(to defeat, 0.20); seize (to take by force,
0.19); convince (0.14); revive (to take
on new life, 0.09).
O V E R C O M P E N S A T E (2) overcompen­
sate (1.00); overpay (0.86).
O V E R C R O W D (1) overcrowd (1.00).
O V E R D A T E (2) antedate (0.33); postdate
(to anticipate, 0.33).
O V E R D E V E L O P (1) overexpand (0.67).
O V E R D O (10) overdo (to do too m uch,
1.00); overdo (to overtax oneself physi­
cally, 1.00); exceed (0.84); overplay
(0.67); overw ork (0.67); exaggerate
(0.50); luxuriate (to indulge, 0.50);
overact (0.50); overshoot (0.50); over­
reach (to exceed, 0.25).
O V ER D R A W (3) exaggerate (0.93); lie (to
utter an untruth, 0.32); fail (to becom e
insolvent, 0.17).
O V E R D R IV E (2) overdo (to overtax one­
se lf physically, 0.58); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.24).
O V E R E A T (2) overeat (1.00); glut (to eat
to satiety, 0.64).
O V E R E M P H A S IZ E (3) overem phasize
(1.00); overstress (0.50); ov erv alu e
(0.25).
OVERHEAR
O V E R E S T IM A T E (9) o v erestim ate
(1.00); exaggerate (0.96); overdo (to do
too m uch, 0.80); m istake (0.63); over­
value (0.50); m isjudge (to m ake an
in a ccu rate estim ate, 0.33); overrate
(0.33); inflate (to distend, 0.13); m isun­
derstand (0.13).
O V E R E X C E E D (1) overpay (0.29).
O V E R E X C IT E (1) overestimate (0.50).
O V E R E X E R T (2) overexert (1.00); work
(to labour, 0.64).
O V E R E X PA N D (1) overexpand (1.00).
O V E R E X T E N D (1) overexpand (0.33).
O V E R F E E D (1) overfeed (1.00).
O V E R F IL L (4) overfill (1.00); overfeed
(0.75); overstock (0.75); saturate (0.75).
O V E R F L O W (11) overflow (to flow over
the top, or out at a vent, 1.00); overflow
(to flow out upon, 1.00); fill (to occupy
avaliable space, 0.78); rage (to be out
o f control, 0.71); teem (0.71); abound
(0.67); flood (0.57); flow (to issue forth,
0.57); im pregnate (to perm eate, 0.33);
d row n (to co v er w ith liquid, 0.25);
cover (to send dow n in plenty, 0.17).
O V E R FL Y (1) overfly (1.00).
O V E R H A N G (4) overhang (to hang over,
1.00); o verh an g (to threaten, 1.00);
hang (to be suspended, 0.91); impend
(to project, 0.67).
O V E R H A U L (8) overhaul (1.00); ransack
(to search thoroughly, 0.69); catch (to
com e to from behind, 0.67); overtake
(0.50); renew (to refresh, 0.42); adjust
(to p la c e or re g u la te p a rts, 0 .3 8 );
reconstruct (0.33); revise (0.07).
O V E R H E A R (6) overhear (1.00); hear (to
receive information orally, 0.91); eaves­
drop (0.75); listen (to endeavour to
hear, 0 .7 1 ); bu g (to in stall h id d en
m icrophones, 0.33); hear (to perceive
by ear, 0.11).
OVERHEAT -233 -
O V E R H E A T (1) overheat (1.00).
O V E R IM B U R S E (1) oveipay (0.57).
O V E R IN D U L G E (3) overeat (0.75); sur­
feit (0.50); pam per (0.27).
O V E R L A B O U R (1) overdo (to overtax
oneself physically, 0.92).
O V E R L A D E (1) overdo (to ov ertax
oneself physically, 0.67).
O V E R L A P (2) overreach (to spread over,
0.25); fold (to place together or lay in
folds, 0.13).
O VERLAY (17) overlay (to burden, 1.00);
overlay (to overlap, 1.00); veneer (0.88);
overreach (to spread over, 0.75); spread
(to apply over a surface, 0.75); cover
(to place as a covering, 0.71); glaze
(0.64); plate (0.60); gild (to adorn, 0.50);
gild (to give the appearance o f gold,
0.50); laminate (0.50); hide (to conceal,
0.40); line (to provide a lining, 0.33);
face (to put facing on goods, 0.30);
burden (0.23); upholster (0.15); fold (to
place together or lay in folds, 0.06).
O V E R L E A P (2) overleap (to jum p over,
1.00); overleap (to omit, 1.00).
O V E R L O A D (10) overload (1.00); over­
do (to overtax oneself physically, 0.75);
overlay (to burden, 0.75); overw eigh
(0 .6 7 ); g lu t (to o v ersu p p ly , 0 .5 3 );
overfill (0.50); oppress (0.43); tax (to
burden, 0.33); overstock (0.25); burden
(0.08).
O V E R L O O K (15) overlook (to occupy
a com m anding height, 1.00); overlook
(to ignore deliberately, 1.00); overlook
(to fail to see, 1.00); forget (to neglect
accidentally, 0.88); neglect (to treat with
in d ifferen ce, 0.81); m istake (0.75);
e x c u se (0 .6 3 ); m ism a n a g e (0 .5 7 );
overleap (to om it, 0.50); pardon (to
forgive, 0.50); guard (to w atch over,
OVERRULE
0.33); ignore (0.33); condone (0.25);
om it (to neglect, 0.25); slight (0.25).
O V E R M A S T E R (1) rout (0.41).
O V E R M A T C H (2) rout (0.35); defeat (to
get the better o f another, 0.15).
O V ER PA SS (1) cross (to pass over, 0.33).
O V ER PA Y (1) overpay (1.00).
O V E R PL A Y (2) overplay (1.00); overdo
(to do too m uch, 0.53).
O V E R P O W E R (12) overpow er (1.00);
defeat (to w orst in sport or in personal
com bat, 0.93); suppress (0.82); fasci­
nate (0.80); seize (to take by force, 0.72);
d efeat (to get the better o f another,
0.61); rout (0.47); choke (to deprive o f
air, 0.38); dow n (0.29); overthrow (to
defeat, 0.25); upset (to beat, 0.25);
oppose (to fight, 0.03).
O V E R P R A IS E (1) flatter (to praise un­
duly, 0.75).
O V E R P R IC E (1) overestimate (0.75).
O V E R P R O M O T E (1) oversell (0.33).
O V E R R A T E (3) overrate (1.00); overes­
tim ate (0.63); overdo (to do too much,
0.47).
O V E R R E A C H (7) overreach (to exceed,
1.00); overreach (to outwit, 1.00); over­
reach (to spread over, 1.00); overshoot
(0.75); mislead (0.73); overdo (to do too
much, 0.73); hinder (0.47).
O V ER R E C O M PE N SE (1) oveipay (0.71).
O V E R R E D U C E (1) oversimplify (0.67).
O V E R R ID E (7) override (to thwart, 1.00);
co m m an d (to h av e co n tro l, 0 .89);
hum ble (0.44); halt (to cause to cease,
0.37); overrule (to nullify, 0.33); pre­
vent (0.09); bar (to obstruct by refusal,
0.07).
O V E R R U L E (3) overrule (to nullify, 1.00);
overrule (to rule, 1.00); com m and (to
have control, 0.95).
OVERRUN -234-
O V E R R U N (9) overrun (to defeat, 1.00);
overrun (to infest, 1.00); ravage (0.96);
infest (to swarm, 0.94); defeat (to w orst
in war, 0.78); seize (to take by force,
0.75); overthrow (to defeat, 0.50); top
(to exceed, 0.17); haunt (to prey upon,
0.15).
O V E R S E E (9) oversee (1.00); m anage (to
direct, 0.95); supervise (0.75); govern
(0.55); guide (to direct, 0.50); head
(0.50); su p e rin ten d (0.50); tend (to
watch over, 0.36); guard (to watch over,
0.07).
O V E R S E L L (1) oversell (1.00).
O V E R S E T (1) upset (to turn over, 0.54).
O V E R S E T T L E (1) overpay (0.14).
O V E R S H A D O W (6) overshadow (to
d o m in a te , 1 .0 0 ); o v e rs h a d o w (to
shade, 1.00); loom (to appear large or
im posing, 0.83); d w a rf (to cause to
appear sm all, 0.60); shade (to intercept
d ire c t ray s, 0.3 3 ); sh a d e (to m a k e
darker, 0.25).
O V E R S H O O T (2) overshoot (1.00); miss
(to fail to hit, 0.67).
O V E R SIM P L IF Y (I) oversimplify (1.00).
O V E R S P E C IA L IZ E (1) overspecialize
( 1.00).
O V E R S P R E A D (6) overspread (1.00);
ravage (0.84); spread (to apply over a
surface, 0.70); fill (to occupy avaliable
space, 0.44); upholster (0.31); cover (to
send dow n in plenty, 0.08).
O V E R ST A T E (6) overstate (1.00); exag­
gerate (0.89); m agnify (to exaggerate,
0.75); dram atize (to exaggerate, 0.67);
m isq u o te (0.50); overdo (to do too
much, 0.27).
O V ER STA Y (1) overstay (1.00).
O V E R S T E P (3) overstep (1.00); exceed
(0.58); transgress (0.57).
OVERTURN
O V E R S T O C K (2) overstock (1.00); glut
(to oversupply, 0.82).
O V E R S T R A IN (4) tire (to make a person
exhausted, 0.60); work (to labour, 0.45);
overdo (to overtax o n eself physically,
0.42); abuse (to treat badly, 0.30).
O V E R S T R E S S (1) overstress (1.00).
O V E R S T U F F (1) weary (to make weary,
0.16).
O V E R T A K E (4) overtake (1.00); catch (to
com e to from behind, 0.83); gain (to ad­
vance, 0.33); reach (to extend to, 0.20).
O V E R T A S K (1) burden (0.50).
O V E R T A X (5) overtax (1.00); tire (to
m ake a person exhausted, 0.90); over­
charge (0.80); exceed (0.79); abuse (to
treat badly, 0.26).
O V E R T H R O W (23) o v e rth ro w (to
defeat, 1.00); overthrow (to abolish,
1.00); subvert (0.90); destroy (to bring
to nothing, 0.88); rout (0.88); refute
(0.78); raze (0.74); ravage (0.69); repulse
(to throw back, 0.67); overw helm (to
defeat, 0.50); ruin (to destroy, 0.50); trip
(to c a u se to stu m b le, 0 .5 0 ); down
(0.43); halt (to cause to cease, 0.42);
disprove (0.38); undo (0.33); overturn
(0 .2 5 ); ab o lish (0 .2 4 ); d iso rg an ize
(0.21); sm ash (0.20); rebel (to endeav­
our to overthrow a governm ent, 0.17);
upset (to turn over, 0.08); cancel (to
annul, 0.04).
O V E R T IR E (1) overdo (to overtax one­
self physically, 0.17).
O V E R T O P (4) overtop (1.00); loom (to
appear large or im posing, 0.28); over­
hang (to hang over, 0.17); overflow (to
flow over the top, or out at a vent,
0.08).
O V E R T U R N (18) overturn (1.00); sub­
vert (0.95); crash (to fall with a crash,
OVERUSE
0.93); upset (to turn over, 0.92); cap­
size (0.67); invert (to upset, 0.67); de­
stroy (to bring to nothing, 0.64); rebel
(to endeavour to overthrow a govern­
ment, 0.61); unbalance (to upset, 0.50);
raze (0.35); abolish (0.26); halt (to cause
to cease, 0.25); overbalance (to upset,
0.25); sm ash (0.25); confute (0.24);
defeat (to get the better o f another,
0.24); disorganize (0.18); down (0.14).
O V E R U SE (1) overuse (1.00).
OVERVALUE (3) overvalue (1.00); over­
estim a te (0 .88); o v erd o (to do too
much, 0.60).
O V E R W E IG H (2) overweigh (1.00); out­
w eigh (to exceed in weigh, 0.33).
O V E R W H E L M (25) overw helm (to
defeat, 1.00); overw helm (to drown,
1.00); overw helm (to astonish, 1.00);
b u rd en (0.88); glut (to oversupply,
0.88); seize (to take by force, 0.78);
confute (0.76); overcom e (0.75); over­
pow er (0.75); overrun (to defeat, 0.75);
surprise (to am aze, 0.68); crush (to
defeat utterly, 0.67); ravage (0.67); de­
feat (to w orst in war, 0.64); outvote
(0.50); throw (to force to the ground,
0 .5 0 ); fa sc in a te (0 .4 3 ); in fest (to
sw arm , 0.38); attack (to assault (o f an
individual), 0.33); w in (to gain a vic­
tory, 0.33); sink (to cause to sink, 0.30);
capture (to seize w ith arm ed force,
0.25); overrun (to infest, 0.25); take (to
captivate, 0.25); tram ple (0.17).
O V E R W O R K (6) o v erw o rk (1 .0 0 );
overdo (to overtax oneself physically,
0.83); weary (to make weary, 0.72); tire
(to m ake a person exhausted, 0.70);
w ork (to labour, 0.55); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.28).
O V ER Y IEL D (1) oveipay (0.43).
-235- PACK
O W N (7) own (to possess, 1.00); own
(to acknow ledge, 1.00); admit (to con­
fess, 0.90); confess (to admit, 0.50);
occupy (to fill space, 0.50); obey (to
act in accordance w ith a recognized
principle, 0.45); maintain (to keep ready
for use, 0.16).
O X ID A T E (1) heat (to make hot, 0.43).
O X ID IZ E (4) rust (0.83); bite (to cut or
corrode, 0.47); heat (to make hot, 0.38);
flame (0.33).
O X Y G E N A T E (2) ventilate (0.20); air (to
introduce air, 0.17).
P
P A C E (9) pace (to stride, 1.00); pace (to
m easure by pacing, 1.00); step (0.93);
w alk (to m ove on foot, 0.91); hasten
(to m ake haste, 0.51); run (to go swiftly
by physical effort, 0.41); canter (0.25);
prom enade (0.25); gallop (0.13).
P A C IF Y (18) pacify (to mollify, 1.00);
pacify (to quiet, 1.00); reconcile (to
bring into harmony, 0.77); assuage (to
calm , 0.75); decrease (to m ake less,
0.75); placate (0.75); tem per (to soften
or qualify, 0.75); quiet (to m ake calm,
0.71); allay (to soothe, 0.50); tranquilize
(0.50); soothe (0.40); disarm (to reduce
n atio n al arm am en ts, 0.38); becalm
(0.25); calm (0.25); conciliate (0.25);
ease (to com fort, 0.25); settle (to quiet,
0 .2 5 ); ease (to le ssen p re ssu re or
tension, 0.11).
P A C K to package (12) pack (to prepare
for transportation, 1.00); pack (to stow
compactly, 1.00); pack (to fill by enter­
ing, 1.00); pack (to transport by using
pack anim als, 1.00); fill (to pour to the
capacity o f the container, 0.92); inter­
line (to put in an interlining, 0.91);
PACKAGE -236-
butcher (to slaughter for consum ption,
0.78); infest (to swarm, 0.56); com press
(0.42); cake (0.25); lade (to fill, 0.25);
ja m (to force o n e’s way, 0.11).
P A C K A G E (2) box (to enclose in a box,
0.50); sack (0.50).
P A C T (1) contract (to enter into an agree­
ment, 0.87).
PAD to stuff; to fill out; to furnish (8)
pad (to thicken, 1.00); pad (to increase,
1.00); upholster (0.92); w ad (0.83);
interline (to put in an interlining, 0.55);
line (to provide a lining, 0.53); stu ff
(0.50); rewrite (0.33).
P A D D L E to w alk in m ud (5) paddle (to
propel by paddling, 1.00); paddle (to
beat, usually rather lightly, 1.00); wade
(0.50); punish (0.17); sw im (0.13).
P A G E to put num bers upon pages (1)
page (to m ark the pages, 1.00).
P A G IN A T E (1) page (to m ark the pages,
0.40).
PAIN (13) pain (1.00); hurt (to cause pain,
0.92); w eary (to becom e w eary, 0.89);
rankle (0.71); ache (0.67); bother (to be
disturbing, 0.59); hurt (to give a feeling
o f pain, 0.40); tire (to m ake a person
exhausted, 0.40); irritate (to inflam e,
0.29); disturb (to upset m ental calm,
0.26); visit (to afflict, 0.25); w ound (to
hurt the feelings, 0.25); tw itch (to jerk,
0.11).
P A IN T (15) paint (to represent by p aint­
ing, 1.00); paint (to protect or decorate
by p ain tin g , 1.00); v arn ish (0.88);
decorate (0.83); w ash (to brush w ith a
liquid, 0.83); w hitew ash (to cover w ith
a lim e w ash, 0.80); redecorate (0.76);
sketch (to draw, 0.75); m b (to apply by
rubbing, 0.54); outline (to draw, 0.50);
spread (to apply over a surface, 0.50);
PAN
describe (0.44); narrate (0.30); copy (to
reproduce, 0.28); enamel (0.17).
P A IR to m ake a pair (2) pair (1.00); match
(to find or m ake equals, 0.67).
PA LA V ER (1) babble (0.19).
PA L E to dim; to grow pale (3) pale (1.00);
w hiten (to becom e w hite, 0.50); fade
(to lose colour or light, 0.42).
P A L L to becom e dim ; to becom e taste­
less (3) pall (1.00); tire (to becom e
exhausted, 0.64); disgust (0.14).
PA L L IA T E (10) palliate (1.00); forgive (to
cease to resen t, 0.80); decrease (to
m ake less, 0.79); ju stify (to give rea­
sons for, 0.78); sm ooth (to mollify,
0.75); soften (to m ake soft, 0.65); ex­
tenuate (0.43); ease (to relieve o f pain,
0.22); quiet (to m ake calm, 0.14); rem ­
edy (0.11).
P A L M (2) feel (to exam ine by touch,
0.83); hold (to have in o n e ’s grasp,
0.17).
PA LPA TE (1) titillate (0.50).
PA L P IT A T E (12) palpitate (1.00); oscil­
late (to sw ing, 0.75); beat (to pulsate,
0.74); shake (to vibrate, 0.65); heave
(to raise and fall, 0.52); tw itch (to jerk,
0.44); thrill (to becom e excited, 0.30);
sw ing (to describe an arc, 0.27); pant
(0.25); throb (0.25); lick (to play over;
said o f flam es, 0.15); w ave (to move
back and forth, 0.05).
P A L T E R (1) lie (to utter an untruth, 0.07).
P A M P E R (6) pam per (1.00); baby (0.94);
h u m o u r (0.87); m o llycoddle (0.75);
ac co m m o d ate (to ren d e r a service,
0.19); grovel (0.13).
PAN to w ash gold in a pan (3) pan (to
obtain gold, 1.00); pan (to swing; said
o f a camera, 1.00); mine (to dig for min­
erals, 0.63).
PANEGYRIZE -237-
P A N E G Y R IZ E (2) adm ire (to have re­
gard for, 0.58); com plim ent (to con­
gratulate, 0.21).
PANEL (1) line (to provide a lining, 0.67).
PANIC (3) scare (0.75); frighten (to alarm,
0.45); stampede (0.25).
PANT (8) pant (1.00); blow (to send forth
air rapidly, 0.75); gasp (0.75); breathe
(to draw breath, 0.60); thrill (to becom e
excited, 0.60); heave (to raise and fall,
0.57); puff (to blow, 0.50); wheeze (0.33).
PA N TO M IM E (3) pantomime (1.00); ges­
ticulate (0.75); gesture (0.40).
PA PE R (2) paper (1.00); board (to cover,
0.25).
PA R A C H U TE (1) parachute (1.00).
PA R A D E (6) parade (to participate in a
parade, 1.00); parade (to m ake an os­
te n tatio u s show , 1.00); d isp lay (to
present for effect, 0.68); advertise (to
m ake public, 0.34); dem onstrate (to
present for effect, 0.25); march (0.25).
PA R A G R A PH (1) paragraph (1.00).
P A R A L L E L (10) parallel (1.00); resem ­
ble (0.78); com pare (to exam ine on a
com parative basis, 0.71); liken (0.67);
fit (to be suitable in character, 0.53);
com m easure (0.50); balance (to place
in balance, 0.42); im itate (to resem ble,
0.33); join (to adjoin, 0.25); compare (to
liken, 0.10).
PARALYZE (5) deaden (to reduce life or
its e v id e n c e , 0 .7 9 ); n u m b (0 .7 5 );
benum b (to deaden, 0.67); disqualify
(to disable, 0.25); harden (to toughen,
0.08).
PA R A P H R A SE (7) copy (to reproduce,
0.89); plagiarize (0.67); interpret (to ex­
plain, 0.50); render (to translate, 0.50);
tra n s la te (to c h a n g e in to a n o th e r
language, 0.50); explain (0.48); read (to
PARRY
interpret, 0.21).
P A R B O IL (4) parboil (1.00); boil (to con­
tinue at a boiling point, 0.33); cook
(0.29); scald (0.25).
P A R C H (10) parch (1.00); cook (0.68);
shrivel (0.67); dehydrate (0.50); scorch
(0.50); dry (to cause to becom e dry,
0.33); incinerate (0.33); dessicate (to
dry, 0.25); evaporate (to dehydrate,
0.25); toast (to brow n bread, 0.17).
P A R D O N (1 2 ) p a rd o n (to re d u c e
punishm ent, 1.00); pardon (to forgive,
1.00);excuse (0.96); forgive (to cease
to re se n t, 0 .9 0 ); c o n d o n e (0 .7 5 );
absolve (0.67); forgive (to absolve,
0.50); parole (0.50); pity (to be merciful
to, 0.50); free (to liberate, 0.47); shrive
(to ab so lv e, 0 .25); ju s tify (to give
reasons for, 0.17).
P A R E (10) pare (to peel, 1.00); pare (to
trim , 1.00); w hittle (to cut, 0.86); peel
(0.83); skin (0.75); unm ask (0.75); de­
crease (to make less, 0.39); flake (0.25);
shave (to rem ove a shaving, 0.20);
w hittle (to reduce slowly, 0.17).
P A R E N T H E SIZ E (1) inteiject (0.57).
PA R K (1) park (1.00).
P A R L E Y to speak; to talk; to converse
(6) parley (1.00); negotiate (to make ar­
rangem ents for, 0.71); consult (0.70);
talk (to converse, 0.40); confer (to hold
a conference, 0.25); discuss (0.18).
P A R L E Y horse racing term (1) arbitrate
(0.67).
P A R O D Y (5) parody (1.00); act (to take
part in a play, 0.44); lam poon (0.25);
m odel (to im itate a m odel, 0.17); ridi­
cule (0.13).
P A R O L E (1) parole (1.00).
P A R Q U E T (1) inlay (0.25).
PA R R Y (7) parry (to avoid, 1.00); parry
PARSE -238-
(to w ard off, 1.00); fend (0.75); answ er
(to m ove in response, 0.53); confute
(0.48); refute (0.33); defeat (to w orst in
war, 0.25).
PA RSE (2) examine (to inspect with care,
0.17); analyze (to subject to analysis,
0.07).
P A R T (15) part (to put apart, 1.00); part
(to depart, 1.00); divide (to separate
by parting, 0.98); sever (0.83); gape (to
split, 0.75); spread (to separate, 0.75);
subdivide (0.75); leave (to go away,
0.73); retire (to draw away, 0.67); share
(to divide, 0.60); estrange (to withdraw,
0.50); sunder (0.50); separate (to cause
to part, 0.25); yawn (to open wide, 0.17);
alienate (0.14).
PA R T A K E (3) partake (1.00); participate
(to take part in, 0.67); touch (to be in
contact, 0.05).
P A R T IC IP A T E (6) participate (to take
part in, 1.00); participate (to engage in
a contest, 1.00); compete (0.84); partake
(0.75); play (to engage in sport, 0.75);
share (to partake, 0.67).
PA R TIC U LA RIZE (5) particularize (1.00);
detail (to make clear in detail, 0.92); de­
scribe (0.74); specify (0.29); unfold (to
reveal, 0.18).
P A R T IT IO N (2) share (to divide, 0.50);
subdivide (0.25).
PASS (37) pass (to m ove past, 1.00);pass
(to elapse, 1.00); pass (to com plete a
co u rse successfully, 1.00); pass (to
hand to others, 1.00); pass (to enact,
1.00); pass (to becom e enacted, 1.00);
pass (to refuse to act, 1.00); pass (to
exceed, 1.00); pass (to spend tim e,
1.00); pass (to p ro n o u n ce form ally,
1.00); pass (to proceed, 1.00); pass (to
emit, 1.00); happen (to occur, 0.93);
PATINATE
contrive (to succeed w ith difficulty,
0.85); grow (to change slowly, 0.77);
render (to state formally, 0.75); cross
(to pass over, 0.67); deliver (to transfer,
0.67); legislate (0.67); m ove (to be in
m otion, 0.64); enact (to legislate, 0.63);
exceed (0.63); flow (to m ove in one
direction, 0.57); step (0.53); honour (to
recognize as valid, 0.50); return (to
speak formally, 0.50); shovel (0.50); de­
clare (to speak form ally and em phat­
ically , 0 .3 7 ); cut (to c ro ss, 0.33);
defecate (0.33); elim inate (to remove
w aste m atter, 0.33); excrete (0.33);
overleap (to jum p over, 0.33); allow (to
permit an action, 0.26); flit (0.25); qualify
(to fulfill requirem ents, 0.25); approve
(to give approval, 0.03).
P A S T E (3) paste (1.00); glue (0.75); tack
(to fasten lightly, 0.75).
P A S T E U R IZ E (1) sterilize (0.13).
PA STU R E (2) feed (0.13); farm (to do farm
work, 0.06).
PAT (13) pat (to strike lightly, 1.00); pat
(to strike lightly and affectionately,
1.00); touch (to be in contact, 0.82);
chuck (to caress, 0.75); tap (to strike
lightly, 0.75); paw (to handle clumsily,
0.50); slap (0.50); mop (0.44); beat (to
thrash, 0.36); dab (0.25); fillip (to rap
sharply, 0.25); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.16); caress (0.11).
P A T C H (8) patch (1.00); repair (0.70);
m end (to repair, 0.50); rebuild (to re­
pair, 0.50); solder (0.50); vam p (to re­
pair, 0.25); replace (to supply an equiva­
lent, 0.18); paste (0.17).
P A T E N T (2) patent (1.00); m onopolize
(0.07).
PA T E R (1) sound (to m ake a noise, 0.33).
P A T IN A TE (1) w eather (to expose to the
weather, 0.31).
PATROL -239-
P A T R O L (7) patrol (1.00); w atch (to
guard, 0.75); guard (to w atch over,
0.73); m arch (0.45); peram bulate (to
inspect, 0.25); police (0.25); w alk (to
m ove on foot, 0.04).
PA T R O N IZ E (8) patronize (to trade with,
1.00); patronize (to assum e a conde­
scending attitude, 1.00); prom ote (to
further, 0.84); trade (to do business,
0.75); help (to aid, 0.71); defend (to
provide general protection, 0.53); stoop
(to condescend, 0.33); trust (to give
credit to, 0.22).
P A T T E R (5) patter (1.00); rustle (0.54);
babble (0.10); rain (0.09); storm (0.09).
PA T T E R N (4) form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.96); em broider (to add adorn­
ment, 0.63); order (to put in order, 0.53);
carve (to form by cutting, 0.11).
PA U PE R IZ E (1) ruin (to cause to become
bankrupt, 0.50).
PAU SE (12) pause (1.00); stop (to halt,
0.90); hesitate (0.84); rest (to be still,
0.83); halt (to cease, 0.67); w ait (to
aw ait, 0.60); stam m er (0.44); loiter
(0.34); p rocrastinate (0.33); forbear
(0.25); rem ain (to stay, 0.25); w aver
(0.18).
PAVE (2) pave (1.00); spread (to apply
over a surface, 0.20).
PAW (5) paw (to handle clumsily, 1.00);
paw (to scrape w ith the front foot,
1.00); paw (to strike, 1.00); touch (to be
in contact, 0.59); feel (to exam ine by
touch, 0.48).
PAWN (3) paw n (1.00); pledge (to give
security, 0.50); guarantee (to give se­
curity, 0.29).
PAY (7) pay (to give paym ent, 1.00); pay
(to produce a profit, 1.00); pay (to re­
taliate, 1.00); settle (to satisfy a claim ,
PEEVE
0.83); underw rite (to support finan­
cially, 0.70); expend (to spend, 0.50);
spend (to expend, 0.41).
P E A C H (1) enlighten (to bring supposed
spiritual truth, 0.29).
P E A K (1) peak (1.00).
P E A L to sound forth, to resound (4) peal
(1.00); thunder (0.91); knell (0.75); ring
(to give forth sound by ringing, 0.73).
P E C K (2) peck (1.00); dab (0.50).
P E C U L A T E (2) steal (0.33); rob (0.25).
P E D A L (2) pedal (1.00); play (to produce
music, 0.74).
P E D D L E (5) peddle (1.00); truck (to traf­
fic in, 0.67); canvass (to sell from door
to door, 0.50); vend (0.50); sell (to
convey for a consideration, 0.33).
P E E K (5) peek (1.00); peep (to look cau­
tiously, 0.75); blink (to squint, 0.67);
squint (0.67); pry (to endeavour to dis­
cover, 0.53).
P E E L (7) peel (1.00); flake (0.83); skin
(0.81); flay (to rem ove skin, bark, hide,
etc., 0.75); unw rap (0.37); exfoliate
(0.25); hull (0.25).
P E E P to look through (6) peep (to look
cautiously, 1.00); pry (to endeavour to
discover, 0.67); glance (to look, 0.50);
peek (0.50); blink (to squint, 0.33);
squint (0.33).
P E E P to utter (4) peep (to make a peeping
sound, 1.00); cheep (0.75); squeak
(0.50); twitter (0.43).
P E E R to look narrowly; to search (6) peer
(1.00); pry (to endeavour to discover,
0.60); contem plate (to look at, 0.59);
ransack (to search thoroughly, 0.46);
spy (to act as a spy, 0.36); gape (to
stare, 0.25).
P E E V E (1) peeve (1.00).
PEG -24 0 -
P E G (1) peg (1.00).
P E JO R A T E (1) decay (0.32).
P E L T (3) pelt (1.00); hit (to strike, 0.39);
snow (0.33).
P E N to fasten; to m ake fast (2) pen (to
enclose, 1.00); stable (0.67).
P E N to w rite dow n with a pen (2) pen (to
write, 1.00); write (to compose in words,
0.58).
P E N A L IZ E (6) penalize (1.00); fine (0.92);
m ulct (to punish, 0.75); punish (0.71);
scourge (to punish, 0.25); chasten (to
punish, 0.08).
P E N C IL (1) draw (to m ake a likeness by
drawing, 0.70).
P E N E T R A T E (14) penetrate (to pierce,
1.00); penetrate (to perm eate, 1.00);
penetrate (to understand, 1.00); enter
(to enter physically, 0.85); filter (to soak
s lo w ly , 0 .7 7 ); o p e n (to m a k e an
opening, 0.67); invade (to enter w ith
arm ed force, 0.50); percolate (0.40);
probe (0.33); fathom (0.25); infiltrate
(0.25); contem plate (to look at, 0.12);
descend (to m ove lower, 0.08); under­
stand (to com prehend, 0.06).
P E N S IO N (1) dism iss (to rem ove an em ­
ployee, 0.62).
P E O P L E (1) colonize (0.56).
P E P P E R (2) salt (to scatter thickly, 0.75);
flavour (0.40).
PEPSIN A TE (1) leaven (to ferment, 0.50).
P E R A M B U L A T E (3) peram bulate (to
ram ble, 1.00); peram bulate (to inspect,
1.00); w alk (to m ove on foot, 0.17).
P E R C E IV E (26) perceive (to see, 1.00);
perceive (to understand, 1.00); feel (to
experience, 0.82); understand (to com ­
prehend, 0.79); apprehend (to under­
stand, 0.75); grasp (to com prehend,
0.75); know (to recognize, 0.75); see (to
PERFORATE
understand, 0.75); seize (to com pre­
hend, 0.75); observe (to notice, 0.67);
tell (to deduce, 0.67); discover (to find,
0.52); penetrate (to understand, 0.50);
see (to perceive w ith the eye, 0.50);
taste (to exp erien ce, 0.50); find (to
happen upon, 0.46); discern (to descry,
0.33); read (to understand by reading,
0.33); read (to interpret, 0.29); smell (to
use the sense o f sm ell, 0.29); imagine
(to v is u a liz e m e n ta lly , 0 .2 8 );
com prehend (to understand, 0.25); con­
ceive (to understand, 0.25); note (to
notice, 0.25); take (to com prehend,
0.25); recognize (to know again, 0.14).
P E R C H to alight or rest as a bird (3) perch
(1.00); light (to come to rest from flight
or travel, 0.91); sit (to assum e a sitting
posture, 0.33).
P E R C O L A T E (11) percolate (1.00); drop
(to fall in drops, 0.67); boil (to seethe,
0.57); bub b le (0.55); filter (to soak
slowly, 0.54); cook (0.51); drain (to seep
away, 0.50); soak (to drench, 0.36); flow
(to keep up a circular motion, 0.33);
leach (0.25); flow (to issue forth, 0.08).
P E R E G R IN A T E (2) peregrinate (1.00);
roam (to wander, 0.19).
P E R F E C T (12) perfect (1.00); complete
(to m ake entire, 0.84); achieve (to fin­
ish an undertaking, 0.70); realize (to
bring to fulfillment, 0.67); consummate
(0.50); prepare (to m ake oneself ready,
0.39); actu alize (0.33); develop (to
im prove, 0.27); finish (to bring to an
end, 0.25); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.25); term inate (to finish, 0.25);
decorate (0.07).
P E R F O R A T E (8) perforate (1.00); pen­
etrate (to pierce, 0.91); tap (to punc­
ture in order to draw liquid, 0.91); cut
PERFORM -241 -
(to penetrate, 0.50); puncture (0.50);
bore (to pierce by rotary motion, 0.25);
burst (to puncture, 0.25); dent (0.18).
P E R F O R M (25) perform (to accomplish
an action, 1.00); perform (to present a
perform ance, 1.00); perform (to com ­
plete an action, 1.00); play (to produce
music, 0.96); act (to take part in a play,
0.94); achieve (to finish an undertaking,
0.81); average (to do on an average,
0.79); behave (to act, 0.75); function
(0.75); satisfy (to fulfill, 0.71); interpret
(to convey the m eaning o f (art), 0.70);
create (to m ake, 0.69); com plete (to
make entire, 0.68); do (to act, 0.67); obey
(to act in accordance with orders, 0.67);
tend (to watch over, 0.64); prefabricate
(0.60); earn (to receive in paym ent,
0.55); accom plish (0.50); render (to
in terp ret, said esp ecially o f m usic,
0.50); display (to present for effect,
0.48); dispatch (to m ake an end, 0.25);
enact (to accom plish , 0.25); go (to
function, 0.25); slog (0.25).
P E R F U M E (1) sm ell (to give o ff odour,
0 .86).
P E R IS H (7) perish (1.00); depart (to die,
0.67); die (to cease living, 0.67); decease
(0.50); disappear (0.36); expire (to die,
0.33); starve (to becom e weaker, die
from hunger, 0.25).
P E R JU R E (1) perjure (1.00).
P E R K (2) perk (to be refreshed, 1.00);
perk (to cheer or refresh, 1.00).
PER M A N E N T (1) wave (to set hair, 0.50).
P E R M E A T E (10) permeate (1.00); haunt
(to frequent as a spirit, 0.88); infiltrate
(0.75); filter (to soak slow ly, 0.69);
percolate (0.60); belong (to be properly
placed, 0.36); pervade (0.33); soak (to
drench, 0.29); fill (to occupy avaliable
PERSEVERE
space, 0.11); occupy (to fill space,
0.07).
P E R M IT (10) permit (1.00); allow (to per­
m it an action, 0.96); endure (to sustain
adversity, 0.81); authorize (to allow,
0.75); license (0.75); tolerate (to allow,
0.67); receive (to make welcome, 0.50);
enable (0.27); charter (to license, 0.25);
empower (0.25).
P E R O R A T E (2) perorate (to harangue,
1.00); perorate (to summarize, 1.00).
P E R P E T R A T E (2) perpetrate (1.00); act
(to perform an action, 0.78).
P E R P E T U A T E (1) perpetuate (1.00).
P E R P L E X (20) perplex (1.00); embarrass
(to upset m entally, 0.97); disturb (to
upset m ental calm, 0.91); bother (to
give troub le, 0.90); confuse (0.79);
baffle (to confuse, 0.75); daze (0.75);
m ystify (0.75); perturb (to confuse,
0.75); straiten (to distress, 0.75); de­
range (to upset, 0.71); confound (to
confuse, 0.50); displease (to leave a
person dissatisfied, 0.50); amaze (0.40);
com plicate (0.30); discom fit (to con­
fuse, 0.25); disconcert (0.25); distract
(to c o n fu s e , 0 .2 5 ); ta n g le (0 .1 3 );
surprise (to amaze, 0.05).
P E R S E C U T E (4) persecute (to oppress,
especially for religious reasons, 1.00);
p e rse c u te (to to rm e n t p ersisten tly ,
1.00); grind (to oppress, 0.75); abuse
(to treat badly, 0.68).
P E R S E V E R E (13) persevere (1.00); fight
(to struggle for an end, 0.92); continue
(to persist, 0.88); act (to perform an
action, 0.75); persist (0.75); go (to
endure, 0.67); p u rsu e (to continue,
0.67); m ain tain (to continue, 0.50);
survive (to live on, 0.38); abide (to re­
main, 0.33); hold (to remain firm, 0.33);
PERSIST
ru n (to c o n tin u e , 0 .3 3 ); r e s is t (to
w ithstand, 0.15).
P E R S IS T (10) persist (1.00); endure (to
continue, 0.94); fight (to struggle for
an end, 0.83); persevere (0.75); act (to
perform an action, 0.72); resist (to w ith­
stand, 0.65); survive (to live on, 0.50);
go (to continue, 0.33); go (to endure,
0.33); last (to endure, 0.33).
P E R S O N A T E (2) act (to take part in a
play, 0.83); imitate (to mimic, 0.50).
P E R S O N IF Y (6) personify (to imperson­
ate, 1.00); personify (to embody, 1.00);
personify (to represent, 1.00); enact (to
act, 0.67); embody (to actualize, 0.50); rep­
resent (to serve as an equivalent, 0.09).
P E R S P IR E (6) perspire (1.00); sw eat (to
p ersp ire, 0.86); em it (to disch arg e,
0.44); swelter (0.25); excrete (0.13); heat
(to becom e hot, 0.13).
P E R S U A D E (17) persuade (to influence,
1.00); persuade (to urge, 1.00); con­
vince (0.86); enlighten (to bring sup­
posed spiritual truth, 0.79); coax (0.75);
induce (to prevail on, 0.75); sw ay (to
influence, 0.75); win (to convince, 0.71);
get (to induce, 0.67); incite (0.57); as­
sure (to convince, 0.50); bend (to in­
fluence, 0.50); invite (to ask politely,
0.48); show (to convince, 0.33); invei­
gle (0.25); advise (to give counsel,
0.14); influence (0.11).
PER T A IN (3) apply (to be relevant, 0.92);
belong (to be properly placed, 0.86);
refer (to concern, 0.44).
P E R T U R B (14) perturb (to annoy, 1.00);
perturb (to confuse, 1.00); discom pose
(0.75); disconcert (0.75); disturb (to
upset m ental calm , 0.59); m uddle (to
confuse; said usually o f people, 0.50);
disorganize (0.36); em barrass (to u p ­
-242- PET
set mentally, 0.33); dissatisfy (0.25);
upset (to disturb, 0.25); m olest (to dis­
turb people, 0.24); frighten (to alarm,
0.23); confuse (0.18); bother (to be
disturbing, 0.06).
P E R U S E (5) peruse (to inspect, 1.00); pe­
ruse (to read, 1.00); read (to understand
by reading, 0.83); brow se (0.60); learn
(to acquire mentally, 0.56).
P ER V A D E (8) pervade (1.00); fill (to oc­
cupy avaliable space, 0.89); percolate
(0.80); haunt (to frequent as a spirit,
0.75); perm eate (0.75); im pregnate (to
perm eate, 0.67); occupy (to fill space,
0.64); infiltrate (0.50).
P E R V E R T (19) pervert (1.00); corrupt (to
d ebase, 0.98); w rench (0.87); bribe
(0.83); dam age (to debase, 0.75); de­
base (0.75); deprave (0.75); distort (to
alter the m eaning, 0.75); bend (to force
out o f a straight line, 0.69); bastardize
(0.60); colour (to m isrepresent, 0.50);
abuse (to treat badly, 0.44); poison
(0.43); lie (to utter an untruth, 0.36);
subvert (0.33); dem oralize (to corrupt,
0.25); m isconstrue (0.25); warp (0.25);
dam age (to im pair the value of, 0.12).
P E S T E R (15) pester (1.00); bother (to
give trouble, 0.88); rankle (0.79); annoy
(to m olest, 0.75); perturb (to annoy,
0 .7 5 ); h au n t (to p rey upon, 0.55);
m olest (to disturb people, 0.52); harry
(to harass, 0.50); m iff (to annoy, 0.50);
nettle (0.50); badger (0.25); bug (to
annoy, 0.25); heckle (0.25); irritate (to
bother, 0.25); nag (0.25).
P E S T L E (1) grind (to pulverize, 0.30).
P E T (13) pet (to caress, 1.00); pet (to
m ake love, 1.00); caress (0.89); baby
(0.81); touch (to be in contact, 0.77);
fondle (0.67); pam per (0.64); humour
PETITION - 243 -
(0.60); dandle (0.50); pat (to strike lightly
and affectionately , 0.50); cherish (to
hold dear, 0.38); dote (0.33); love (to
express love by caresses, 0.30).
P E T IT IO N (13) petition (1.00); address
(to com municate in a formal way, 0.80);
apply (to m ake a request, 0.75); suppli­
cate (0.75); sum m on (to call, 0.61);
invite (to ask politely, 0.52); pray (to
ask or beg, 0.50); pray (to call upon
God, 0.50); question (to ask, 0.50); beg
(to ask ea rn estly or im p o rtu n ately ,
0.42); ask (to inquire, 0.27); appeal (to
ask another seriously, 0.25); sue (0.20).
P E T R IF Y (11) petrify (to harden, 1.00);
petrify (to frighten, 1.00); thicken (to
becom e thicker, 0.73); stiffen (to cause
to b e c o m e stiff, 0 .7 1 ); h a rd e n (to
becom e less penetrable, 0.65); harden
(to m ake less pervious, 0.57); frighten
(to alarm, 0.48); surprise (to amaze, 0.42);
horrify (0.25); tem per (to toughen or
harden, 0.21); weather (to expose to the
weather, 0.08).
P E T T IF O G (1) evade (to use trickery to
avoid a sharp issue, 0.04).
P H IL A N D E R (3) philander (1.00); flirt (to
coquet, 0.67); court (to woo, 0.18).
P H IL O S O P H IZ E (2) philosophize (1.00);
generalize (to speak in general term s,
0.17).
P H L E B O T O M IZ E (1) bleed (to let blood,
0.25).
P H O N A T E (2) pronounce (to articulate,
0.50); utter (0.46).
P H O N E (3) telephone (0.60); com m uni­
cate (to im part inform ation, 0.54); dial
(to telephone, 0.25).
P H O S P H O R E S C E (1) flash (to give forth
alig h t by flash, 0.23).
P H O T O G R A M (1) photograph (0.13).
PICTORIALIZE
P H O T O G R A P H (3) photograph (1.00);
rep ro d u ce (to m ake an exact copy,
0.94); record (to record electronically,
0.50).
P H O T O S T A T (1) reproduce (to make an
exact copy, 0.88).
P H Y S IC (1) heal (to cure, 0.07).
P I (2) pi (1.00); m uddle (to confuse; said
o f affairs, 0.18).
P IC K to fix; to stick; to pitch; to hurl; to
throw (1) peck (0.67).
P IC K to pierce; to cleanse; to choose
(21) pick (to choose, 1.00); pick (to
gather, 1.00); pick (to deprive, espe­
cially by pecking or plucking, 1.00);
pick (to use a pointed instrument, 1.00);
adopt (to take as a son or daughter,
0.91); gather (to choose, 0.75); pull (to
m ove by pulling, 0.75); catch (to seize
hold of, 0.67); guess (to choose rightly
on little or no evidence, 0.67); favour
(to have a p referen ce, 0.54); clean
(0.50); select (0.50); cast (to select
actors for a play, 0.43); harvest (0.43);
obtain (to gain possession, 0.32); reap
(to harv est, 0.30); hire (to em ploy,
0.25); opt (0.25); strum (0.25); decide
(0.06); earn (to receive in paym ent,
0.05).
P IC K E T (7) picket (to strike, 1.00); picket
(to enclose, 1.00); strike (to refuse to
w ork, 0.71); guard (to watch over,
0.67); enclose (to shut up or shut in,
0.64); tether (0.50); w atch (to guard,
0.50).
P IC K L E to put in or fill with pickle (6)
pickle (1.00); souse (to preserve, 0.75);
kipper (0.67); preserve (to keep, 0.58);
com (0.25); cure (to preserve, 0.25).
P IC T O R IA L IZ E (1) imagine (to visual­
ize mentally, 0.11).
PICTURE -244-
P IC T U R E (14) picture (to depict, 1.00);
picture (to im agine, 1.00); illustrate (to
m ake clear by illustration, 0.89); im ag­
ine (to visualize m entally, 0.89); de­
scribe (0.81); delineate (0.75); depict
(0.75); paint (to represent by painting,
0.73); com municate (to impart inform a­
tion, 0.58); copy (to reproduce, 0.50);
narrate (0.45); dream (to entertain or
delude o n eself w ith im agined things,
0.44); recite (to relate in detail, 0.14);
represent (to present as a true inter­
p re ta tio n , 0.14).
P ID D L E (1) piddle (1.00).
P IE C E (1) sew (0.20).
P IE R C E (22) pierce (1.00); glare (to stare
fiercely, 0.90); stab (0.87); tap (to punc­
ture in order to draw liquid, 0.82); burst
(to puncture, 0.75); cut (to penetrate,
0.75); drill (to bore, 0.75); hurt (to cause
pain, 0.75); p rick (0.75); pu n ch (to
perforate, 0.75); thrust (to jab , 0.58);
b roach (to penetrate, 0.50); open (to
m ake an opening, 0.50); transfix (to
im pale, 0.50); scar (0.38); dam age (to
impair the value of, 0.29); impale (0.25);
puncture (0.25); stick (to penetrate with
a point, 0.25); em bed (to put in, 0.13);
freeze (to make cold, 0.13); contemplate
(to look at, 0.06).
P IG E O N H O L E (3) classify (0.93); sus­
p end (to cease tem porarily, 0.55); file
(to arrange in order, 0.17).
P IG M E N T (1) colour (to im part colour
to, 0.59).
P IL E to heap (8) pile (to am ass, 1.00);
p ile (to place one upon another, 1.00);
heap (to place in a heap, 0.96); bank (to
heap earth or sim ilar m aterial, 0.50);
stack (0.50); load (to place a load,
0.42); accum ulate (to am ass, 0.38);
PIPE
burden (0.31).
P IL F E R (6) pilfer (1.00); rob (0.55); forage
(0.50); poach (to steal, 0.50); embezzle
(0.25); ransack (to loot, 0.21).
P IL L A G E (11) pillage (1.00); ravage
(0.98); ransack (to loot, 0.96); destroy
(to bring to nothing, 0.90); harry (to
raid, 0.67); despoil (0.50); devastate
(0.25); m araud (0.25); rob (0.15); raid
(0.09); steal (0.08).
P IL L A R (1) reinforce (0.33).
P IL L O W (2) upholster (0.69); rest (to
take o n e’s rest, 0.42).
P IL O T (7) pilot (1.00); fly (to m anage a
plane in the air, 0.92); lead (to conduct,
0.76); navigate (0.75); m anage (to di­
rect, 0.51); land (to bring a boat to shore,
0.50); take (to lead, 0.25).
P IN (8) pin (1.00); tack (to fasten lightly,
0.88); hook (to catch on a hook, 0.75);
bind (to constrain w ith bonds, 0.55);
faste n (to m ak e so m e th in g secure,
0.52); clasp (0.50); spike (0.33); wave
(to set hair, 0.33).
P IN C H (9) pinch (to squeeze, 1.00); scar
(0.77); scrim p (0.50); squeeze (0.50);
hurt (to cause pain, 0.37); tighten (to
m ake tight, 0.17); feel (to exam ine by
touch, 0.13); economize (0.11); seize (to
grasp, 0.10).
P IN E (4) m ope (0.56); languish (to want,
0.50); m ourn (to lam ent, 0.36); yearn
(0.25).
P IN F E A T H E R (1) pick (to deprive, espe­
cially by pecking or plucking, 0.20).
P IN I O N (4) b in d (to co n stra in w ith
bonds, 0.90); enchain (to confine, 0.75);
tram mel (0.23); hinder (0.21).
P IO N E E R (2) pioneer (1.00); colonize
(0.11).
P IP E to draw through pipes (1) face (to
PIPE -245-
put facing on goods, 0.50).
P IP E to play on a pipe; to w histle (6)
whistle (to produce a shrill blast, 0.85);
blow (to play a wind instrument, 0.75);
play (to produce m usic, 0.57); cry (to
call (not o f hum an creatures), 0.39);
chirp (0.18); squeak (0.13).
P IQ U E to prick the feelings (6) pique (to
anger, 1.00); pique (to excite, 1.00); dis­
gust (0.43); fascinate (0.24); disturb (to
upset m ental calm , 0.20); anger (to
arouse som eone to anger, 0.09).
P IR A T E (2) raid (0.43); ravage (0.12).
P IR O U E T T E (2) dance (to m ove rhyth­
mically, 0.31); roll (to revolve, 0.07).
P IT (1) dent (0.41).
P IT C H to fix; to adorn; to throw (20)
pitch (to throw, 1.00); pitch (to fall
forward, 1.00); pitch (to slope abruptly,
1.00); heave (to raise and fall, 0.86);
m easure (to apply a standard o f m eas­
urem ent, 0.77); cast (to throw, 0.75);
deliver (to throw, 0.75); list (to lean,
0.75); project (to throw, 0.75); stum ble
(to trip, 0.75); throw (to hurl, 0.73);
crash (to fall w ith a crash, 0.71); toss
(to m ove up and dow n, 0.64); bank (to
tilt a curve, 0.60); descend (to m ove
lower, 0.56); dart (to m ove in the m an­
ner o f a dart, 0.47); trip (to stum ble,
0.36); beat (to pulsate, 0.32); fall (to
pass quickly dow nw ard, 0.32); lean (to
incline, 0.17).
P IT Y (3) pity (to feel pity for, 1.00); pity
(to be m erciful to, 1.00); sym pathize
(0.57).
P IV O T (3) pivot (1.00); roll (to revolve,
0.86); sw ing (to describe an arc, 0.82).
P L A C A R D (2) placard (1.00); advertise
(to m ake public, 0.37).
P L A C A T E (5) placate (1.00); conciliate
PLAN
(0.75); arbitrate (0.58); pacify (to mollify,
0.25); hum our (0.13).
P L A C E (14) place (to put in a place, 1.00);
place (to put in order, 1.00); load (to
place a load, 0.95); rank (to evaluate,
0.93); list (to enter in a list, 0.78); sta­
tion (0.75); install (0.63); recognize (to
know again, 0.57); lean (to incline,
0.48); establish (to w ork or settle in a
perm anent place, 0.47); order (to put in
order, 0.26); enlist (to enroll others,
0.23); locate (to determ ine a location,
0.22); line (to arrange in a line, 0.17).
P L A C E R (1) pan (to obtain gold, 0.44).
P L A G IA R IZ E (2) plagiarize (1.00); steal
(0.26).
P LA G U E (9) plague (1.00); bother (to give
trouble, 0.98); oppress (0.91); haunt (to
prey upon, 0.67); molest (to disturb peo­
ple, 0.64); disturb (to upset m ental
c a lm , 0 .6 3 ); e m b a rra s s (to u p se t
m entally, 0.58); bug (to annoy, 0.50);
vex (to annoy, 0.50).
P L A IT (6) m at (0.90); fold (to place to­
gether or lay in folds, 0.88); braid (0.50);
crease (0.25); enw reathe (0.17); weave
(to construct by interlacing, 0.09).
P L A N (16) plan (to plot an action in ad­
vance, 1.00); plan (to arrange in a pre­
lim inary way, 1.00); plan (to have in
mind, 1.00); systematize (0.91); arrange
(to m ake arrangem ents, 0.90); intend
(to propose, 0.86); form (to give shape
to a thing, 0.80); concoct (to m ake up,
0.60); purpose (0.50); estimate (to make
a ro u g h g u ess, 0 .3 5 ); estim ate (to
calculate probable costs, 0.31); intro­
duce (to in stitu te, 0.25); invent (to
c re a te or d isc o v er, 0 .2 2 ); p lo t (to
determ ine a course, 0.20); create (to
make, 0.15); order (to put in order, 0.06).
PLANE -246-
P L A N E (4) plane (1.00); m achine (0.75);
form (to give shape to a thing, 0.51);
trim (to cut o ff excess, 0.18).
P L A N K (1) board (to cover, 0.75).
PL A N T (11) plant (1.00); colonize (0.89);
em bed (to fix, 0.75); fix (to m ake firm,
0.75); em bed (to put in, 0.73); erect (to
raise, 0.67); establish (to w ork or settle
in a perm anent place, 0.60); beautify
(to im prove the grounds, 0.50); place
(to put in a place, 0.44); sow (0.38);
grow (to cultivate, 0.30).
P L A S H to splash (3) plash (1.00); splash
(0.29); drop (to fall in drops, 0.13).
P L A S T E R (9) p laster (1.00); cem ent
(0.50); daub (0.50); redecorate (0.35);
paper (0.33); spread (to apply over a
surface, 0.30); face (to put a face on a
building, 0.15); rub (to apply by rub­
bing, 0.15); dress (to give medical treat­
ment, 0.11).
P LA TE (6) plate (1.00); galvanize (to coat,
0.75); gild (to give the appearance o f
gold, 0.67); spread (to apply over a
surface, 0.65); veneer (0.63); incrust
(0.25).
P L A T IN IZ E (1) plate (0.07).
PLA Y (24) play (to am use oneself, 1.00);
play (to gambol, 1.00); play (to produce
m usic, 1.00); play (to display light,
erratic m ovem ent, 1.00); play (to act in
a play, 1.00); play (to engage in sport,
1.00); play (to pretend, 1.00); play (to
gam ble, 1.00); interpret (to convey the
m eaning o f (art), 0.80); participate (to
engage in a contest, 0.75); render (to
in terp ret, said e sp ec ially o f m usic,
0.75); lick (to pass the tongue over,
0.71); perform (to present a perform ­
ance, 0.69); joke (0.62); field (0.50); gam­
ble (to play for money, 0.50); trip (to
PLEDGE
step lightly, 0.50); bet (0.43); produce
(to present a perform ance, 0.33); dally
(to flirt, 0.25); pretend (to make believe,
0.20); com pete (0.11); sound (to make
a noise, 0.11); ring (to cause to sound,
0.09).
PLA Y A CT (1) simulate (0.14).
P L A Y O U T (1) end (to bring to a halt,
0.18).
P L E A D (17) plead (to beg, 1.00); plead
(to enter a plea, 1.00); plead (to discuss
in court, 1.00); argue (to endeavour to
convince, 0.94); defend (to support an
accused person, 0.94); justify (to give
reaso n s for, 0.94); urge (to induce,
0 .9 1 ); b e g (to a sk e a r n e s tly or
importunately, 0.58); importune (0.50);
answ er (to m ove in response, 0.41);
discuss (0.27); sue (0.27); crave (to
beg, 0.25); pray (to ask or beg, 0.25);
court (to w oo, 0.24); address (to com ­
m unicate in a formal way, 0.20); en­
treat (0.20).
P L E A S E (20) please (to give pleasure,
1.00); please (to desire, 1.00); enter­
tain (to keep others am used, 0.90); rav­
ish (to charm , 0.86); satisfy (to make
c o n te n t, 0 .8 4 ); g la d d e n (0 .8 2 );
ac co m m o d ate (to ren d er a service,
0.75); enam our (0.75); fascinate (0.75);
quiet (to m ake calm, 0.75); compliment
(to flatter, 0.68); hum our (0.67); charm
(to entertain, 0.50); intrigue (0.50); re­
gale (to satisfy, 0.50); court (to seek
favour, 0.25); delight (to give pleasure,
0.25); interest (0.25); pam per (0.18);
revive (to hearten, 0.18).
P L E A T (2) pleat (-1.00); crim p (to fold,
0.75).
P L E D G E (12) pledge (to give security,
1.00); pledge (to prom ise, 1.00); guar­
PLIGHT -247-
antee (to give security, 0.86); contract
(to enter into an agreem ent, 0.80); b e­
troth (0.78); assure (to prom ise, 0.75);
borrow (to receive tem porarily, 0.71);
toast (to honour by drinking liquor,
0.67); prom ise (to give o n e ’s w ord,
0.50); pawn (0.33); covenant (0.25); hire
(to employ, 0.21).
P L IG H T (1) promise (to give one’s word,
0.96).
P L O D (5) plod (1.00); lag (to m ove with­
out spirit, 0.92); linger (to go reluc­
tantly, 0.75); trudge (0.75); crawl (to
m ove slowly, 0.50).
P L O P (3) plop (1.00); bum p (to m ake a
bum ping sound, 0.55); drip (0.25).
P L O T (12) plot (to devise an intrigue,
1.00); plo t (to plan, 1.00); p lo t (to
determ ine a course, 1.00); m aneuver
(0.94); conspire (to plan secretly, 0.75);
form (to give shape to a thing, 0.67);
m ould (to determ ine a course o f action,
0.50); plan (to plot an action in advance,
0.39); collude (0.25); determ ine (to
decide the course o f affairs, 0.25); hatch
(to plan, 0.25); prem editate (0.25).
PLO U G H (1) plough (to use a plough, 1.00).
P L U C K (8) pick (to deprive, especially
by pecking or plucking, 0.80); pick (to
gather, 0.75); jerk (to m ove an object
w ith a quick tug, 0.69); catch (to seize
hold of, 0.53); harvest (0.50); strum
(0.50); seize (to grasp, 0.35); reap (to
harvest, 0.20).
PLU G (3) plug (1.00); bar (to raise a physi­
cal obstruction, 0.35); plod (0.25).
PLU M B (3) plumb (1.00); measure (to ap­
ply a standard o f m easurem ent, 0.63);
dive (0.29).
P L U M M E T (6) plum m et (1.00); dive
(0.57); jum p (to leap down, 0.50); para­
POACH
chute (0.50); swoop (0.50); fly (to pass
through the air, 0.31).
P L U M P to fall; to drop; to sink (2) drop
(to cause or to permit to fall, 0.53); drop
(to fall in drops, 0.08).
P L U M P to make plump (2) fatten (to make
fat, 0.57); swell (0.14).
P L U N D E R to rob (14) plunder (1.00); de­
stroy (to bring to nothing, 0.93); ran­
sack (to loot, 0.92); despoil (0.75); loot
(0.75); m araud (0.75); m isappropriate
(0.75); pillage (0.75); rob (0.75); ravage
(0.45); forage (0.25); spoil (to ruin, 0.25);
raid (0.13); steal (0.10).
P L U N G E (22) plunge (1.00); dip (to put
into a liquid, 0.95); dive (0.93); hasten
(to m ake haste, 0.83); dart (to m ove in
the m anner o f a dart, 0.82); crash (to
fall with a crash, 0.79); duck (to immerse
quickly, 0.75); pitch (to fall forward,
0.75); plum m et (0.75); fall (to pass
quickly dow nw ard, 0.71); imm erse (to
put under w ater, 0.71); descend (to
move lower, 0.68); drown (to lower into
a liquid, 0.50); tumble (0.50); dip (to fall,
0.44); gam ble (to play for money, 0.38);
topple (topple, 0.33); trip (to stumble,
0.27); dash (to break against, 0.25); jump
(to leap dow n, 0.25); settle (to cause to
sink, 0.25); swoop (0.25).
P L U N K (2) play (to produce music, 0.65);
bump (to make a bumping sound, 0.50).
PLY to apply; to use; to w ork bustly at
(6) ply (to use, 1.00); ply (to practice,
1.00); ply (to supply, 1.00); ply (to
beat, 1.00); knead (0.67); wield (0.29).
PLY to bend; to bow (2) invite (to ask
politely, 0.36); weave (to construct by
interlacing, 0.30).
P O A C H to push or stir anything; to steal
(5) poach (to steal, 1.00); poach (to
POACH -248-
blend, 1.00); ransack (to loot, 0.46);
steal (0.36); hunt (to pursue w ith in­
tent to kill, 0.22).
P O A C H to boil an egg (2) cook (0.63);
coddle (to cook gently, 0.25).
P O C K E T (5) pocket (1.00); receive (to
take into o n e’s charge, 0.39); take (to
seize, 0.33); sack (0.25); obtain (to gain
possession, 0.15).
P O E T IZ E (2) poetize (1.00); com pose (to
create, 0.09).
P O IN T to agree; to fix; to determ ine in
tim e or space (8) point (to indicate,
1.00); point (to direct, 1.00); point (to
face, 1.00); intensify (0.88); steer (0.67);
ten d (to have a te n d en cy (to w ard ),
0.57); refer (to concern, 0.28); show (to
indicate, 0.25).
P O IN T to prick w ith som ething sharp;
to m ake sharp (4) point (to sharpen,
1.00); hone (0.75); protrude (0.71); m ark
(to m ake a mark, 0.27).
P O IS E (2) balance (to place in balance,
0.97); juggle (to keep in the air by toss­
ing, 0.33).
P O IS O N (2) poison (1.00); kill (to deprive
o f life, 0.57).
P O K E (7) poke (1.00); thrust (to jab, 0.92);
nudge (0.75); dub (to hit, 0.50); putter
(0.25); im pel (to press, 0.21); feel (to
exam ine by touch, 0.09).
P O L IC E (3) police (1.00); guard (to watch
over, 0.60); watch (to guard, 0.25).
P O L IS H (24) polish (1.00); clean (0.81);
improve (to m ake better, 0.79); brighten
(to m ake brighter, 0.75); b u ff (0.75); fin­
ish (to develop a surface, 0.75); furbish
(to burnish, 0.75); w ax (to apply w ax,
0.75); civilize (0.70); burnish (0.67);
shine (to cause to shine, usually by
polish, 0.67); face (to put a face on a
PONDER
b u ild in g , 0 .6 2 ); rub (to su b je ct to
fric tio n , 0.45); ed it (to p rep are for
pub licatio n , 0.43); m anicure (0.43);
d ecorate (0.41); sm ooth (to rem ove
un ev e n n ess, 0.38); d evelop (to im ­
prove, 0.36); mop (0.33); varnish (0.29);
glaze (0.27); gloss (0.25); sm arten (to
beau tify , 0 .2 5 ); ad ju st (to p lace or
regulate parts, 0.23).
P O L K A (1) dance (to move rhythmically,
0.23).
P O L L (5) poll (1.00); enroll (to prepare a
roll, 0.56); program (to schedule, 0.50);
decide (0.18); list (to enter in a list,
0.13).
P O L L A R D (1) top (to rem ove the top,
0.38).
P O L L E N (1) pollinate (0.67).
P O L L IN A T E (3) pollinate (1.00); fertilize
(to im pregnate, 0.56); fructify (0.25).
P O L L U T E (11) pollute (1.00); dirty (0.89);
contam inate (0.75); infest (to contam i­
nate, 0.75); corrupt (to debase, 0.70);
defile (to corrupt, 0.50); foul (to make
dirty, 0.50); adulterate (0.49); dam age
(to im pair the value of, 0.48); abuse (to
treat badly, 0.36); envenom (to poison,
0.25).
P O M A D E (2) pom ade (1.00); grease
(0.27).
P O M M E L (6) pommel (1.00); defeat (to
w orst in sport or in personal combat,
0.72); cudgel (0.50); trounce (to beat,
0.50); beat (to thrash, 0.48); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.30).
P O N D E R (16) ponder (1.00); meditate (to
m use, 0.91); think (to exam ine with the
m ind, 0.83); concentrate (to em ploy all
o n e ’s m ental pow ers, 0.75); deliberate
(0.75); muse (0.75); philosophize (0.75);
PONTIFICATE -249-
rum inate (to ponder, 0.75); w eigh (to
c o n s id e r , 0 .7 5 ); c o n te m p la te (to
consider, 0.67); hesitate (0.58); brood
(to nurse o n e’s troubles, 0.50); doubt
(to raise a q u estio n , 0.50); toy (to
consider, 0.50); debate (0.27); m ull
(0.25).
P O N T IF IC A T E (2) address (to speak to
an assembly, 0.55); moralize (0.25).
P O O L (1) pool (1.00).
P O P to strike; to rap; to knock (1) pop
( 1.00).
P O P U L A R IZ E (2) popularize (1.00); de­
fine (to provide a nam e or description ,
0.46).
P O P U L A T E to people; to inhabit (2)
reside (0.50); m ultiply (to bring forth
young, 0.25).
P O R T A G E (1) carry (to transport, 0.28).
P O R T E N D to foreshadow; to foretell (5)
portend (1.00); forebode (0.50); m en­
ace (0.50); forecast (to predict, 0.38);
foretell (0.25).
P O R T IO N (2) m easure (to apply a stand­
ard o f m easurem ent, 0.29); w ait (to
attend at table, 0.11).
P O R T R A Y (23) portray (to represent,
1.00); portray (to im itate, 1.00); paint
(to r e p r e s e n t by p a in tin g , 0 .9 3 );
describe (0.89); picture (to im agine,
0.75); im personate (0.60); copy (to re­
produce, 0.56); delineate (0.50); narrate
(0.50); recount (0.50); illustrate (to make
clear by illustration, 0.44); pretend (to
m ake believe, 0.40); draw (to m ake a
likeness by draw ing, 0.39); detail (to
m ake clear in detail, 0.38); reproduce
(to m ake an exact copy, 0.38); repre­
sent (to present as a true interpretation,
0.36); act (to take part in a play, 0.33);
do (to act, 0.33); interpret (to convey
POSTPONE
the m eaning o f (art), 0.30); characterize
(to describe, 0.25); depict (0.25); picture
(to depict, 0.25); recite (to relate in
detail, 0.05).
P O S E to lay dow n; to put forth (2) pose
(to assum e a pose for a picture, 1.00);
pose (to pretend, 1.00).
P O S IT (3) posit (to place, 1.00); posit (to
state, 1.00); assume (to take for granted,
0.91).
P O S IT IO N (2) position (1.00); locate (to
determ ine a location, 0.67).
P O S S E S S (10) possess (1.00); haunt (to
prey upon, 0.88); boast (to have to
o n e ’s credit, 0.67); charm (to bewitch,
0.67); have (to be in possession of,
0.67); obsess (0.50); reserve (to retain,
0.50); succeed (to attain success, 0.36);
ho ld (to h av e in o n e ’s p o sse ssio n ,
0.25); u n d ersta n d (to co m p reh en d ,
0.03).
P O S T to fasten a notice; to send (7) race
(to m ove at great speed, 0.71); ride (to
control a beast o f burden by riding ,
0.63); hasten (to make haste, 0.57); mail
( 0 .5 0 ) ;s e n d (to d is p a tc h , 0 .3 2 );
advertise (to m ake public, 0.29); record
(to w rite down, 0.24).
P O S T to place; to station (2) list (to en­
ter in a list, 0.72); disgrace (0.04).
P O S T D A T E (5) postdate (to anticipate,
1.00); postdate (to succeed, 1.00); fol­
low (to be later in time, 0.33); misdate
(0.33); succeed (to follow in time, 0.33).
P O S T F IX (1) subjoin (0.50).
P O S T P O N E (15) postpone (1.00); delay
(to cause a delay, 0.98); suspend (to
cease temporarily, 0.95); slow (to cause
to become slower, 0.90); protract (0.75);
reprieve (to pardon, 0.75); retard (to
hinder, 0.75); stall (to delay, 0.75); table
POSTULATE -250-
(0.67); hinder (0.54); w aive (0.54);
adjourn (0.50); dissolve (to dism iss,
0.50); end (to bring to a halt, 0.35);
n e g le c t (to f a il to a tte n d to
resp o nsibilities, 0.08).
P O S T U L A T E (6) postulate (to theorize,
1.00); postulate (to im plore, 1.00); as­
sum e (to take for granted, 0.59); gener­
alize (to speak in general term s, 0.33);
prem ise (to assum e, 0.25); believe (to
accept as true, 0.17).
P O S T U R E (2) posture (1.00); pose (to
assum e a pose for a picture, 0.25).
P O T to dig pits (1) plant (0.75).
P O T to put up and preserve (1) preserve
(to keep, 0.54).
P O T T E R (5) loiter (0.69); tinker (0.67);
lo a f (to do nothing useful, 0.47); m u d ­
dle (to confuse; said o f affairs, 0.35);
linger (to go reluctantly, 0.32).
P O U L T IC E (1) ease (to relieve o f pain,
0.11).
P O U N C E to m ove forw ard suddenly (2)
pounce (1.00); seize (to take by force,
0 .86).
P O U N D to break dow n; to crush (15)
pound (1.00); beat (to pulsate, 0.97);
thump (0.89); bum p (to make a bumping
sound, 0.86); m aul (0.75); defeat (to
w orst in sport or in personal com bat,
0.69); tramp (to tread heavily, 0.60); nail
(to hammer, 0.50); pommel (0.50); mash
(0.47); grind (to pulverize, 0.35); beai
(to thrash, 0.25); club (0.25); play (to
produce m usic, 0.13); drive (to m anage
a propelled vehicle, 0.04).
P O U R (16) pour (to flow, 1.00); pour (to
allow to flow, 1.00); pour (to rain heav­
ily, 1.00); rain (0.91); overflow (to flow
over the top, or out at a vent, 0.88);
cover (to send dow n in plenty, 0.83);
PRATE
fun (to m ove, usually rapidly, 0.82);
em pty (to becom e empty, 0.80); gulp
(0.75); gush (to spout, 0.75); drain (to
empty, 0.67); em pty (to cause to be­
com e empty, 0.67); storm (0.64); swal­
low (0.55); teem (0.43); spout (0.25).
P O U T (2) sulk (0.67); frown (0.56).
P O W D E R to m ix; to season (4) grind (to
pulverize, 0.91); crush (to break into
s m a ll p ie c e s , 0 .2 5 ); d u s t (0 .2 5 );
granulate (0.25).
P O W E R (1) electrify (to provide electric­
ity, 0.77).
P R A C T I C E (1 4 ) p ra c tic e (to seek
im provem ent through repetition, 1.00);
practice (to em ploy o n e’s professional
skill, 1.00); use (to m ake a practice of
(in past), 0.89); exercise (to use, 0.82);
drill (to train, 0.75); train (to drill, 0.75);
use (to m ak e use of, 0.45); act (to
perform an action, 0.42); teach (to drill,
0.41); apply (to m ake use of, 0.40);
adhere (to serve, 0.33); establish (to
w ork or settle in a perm anent place,
0.27); obey (to act in accordance with
a recognized principle, 0.27); exercise
(to m ove the body, 0.13).
P R A IS E (11) praise (to com mend, 1.00);
praise (to speak or sing in worship,
1.00); adm ire (to have regard for, 0.85);
recom m en d (to lend support or ap­
proval, 0.72); w orship (to perform acts
o f w orship, 0.71); favour (to have a
preference, 0.62); felicitate (0.50); ap­
preciate (to recognize w orth, 0.43);
encourage (to raise the spirits, 0.40);
thank (0.40); endorse (to indicate one’s
active support, 0.15).
P R A N C E (3) prance (1.00); cavort (0.75);
sw agger (to strut, 0.25).
P R A T E (5) drivel (to ram ble, 0.67); jab ­
PRATTLE -251-
ber (to talk as though jabbering, 0.50);
babble (0.43); clack (to talk heedlessly,
0.25); gossip (0.17).
P R A T T L E (9) p rattle (1.00); gossip
(0.83); blab (to chatter, 0.75); tattle
(0.67); blabber (0.50); chat (0.50); bab­
ble (0.48); sound (to m ake a noise,
0.31); chatter (0.25).
PRAY (7) pray (to ask or beg, 1.00); pray
(to call upon God, 1.00); hope (0.81);
invite (to ask politely, 0.60); sue (0.40);
shrive (to confess, 0.25); ravage (0.24).
P R E A C H (2) preach (1.00); advise (to
give counsel, 0.24).
P R E A SS E M B L E (1) prefabricate (0.20).
P R E C E D E (5) precede (1.00); lead (to
conduct, 0.88); rank (to possess rela­
tive evaluation, 0.43); preface (0.25);
anticipate (to forestall, 0.13).
P R E C IP IT A T E (6) precipitate (1.00);
harden (to m ake less pervious, 0.83);
distil (0.63); drop (to fall in drops, 0.54);
excite (to activate, 0.50); stiffen (to
cause to becom e stiff, 0.35).
PR E C L U D E (13) preclude (1.00); prevent
(0.97); hinder (0.85); anticipate (to fore­
stall, 0.75); disqualify (to debar, 0.75);
forbid (0.75); obviate (0.75); om it (to
fail to include, 0.75); bar (to obstruct
by refusal, 0.50); quiet (to m ake silent,
0.45); halt (to cause to cease, 0.43);
foreclose (to hinder, 0.25); forestall (to
hinder, 0.25).
P R E C O N T R A C T (1) betroth (0.44).
P R E D A T E (2) antedate (0.83); m isdate
(0.67).
P R E D E S T IN E (3) foreordain (0.75); pre­
determine (0.67); foredoom (0.50).
P R E D E T E R M IN E (2) p red eterm in e
(1.00); forecast (to predict, 0.54).
PR E D IC A TE (4) predicate (1.00); assume
PREMEDITATE
(to take for granted, 0.85); guess (to
a tte m p t an a n s w e r on in a d e q u a te
evidence, 0.35); vouch (0.32).
P R E D IC T (12) predict (1.00); foretell
(0.94); aug u r (0.75); divine (0.75);
prophesy (0.75); estim ate (to make a
considered prediction, 0.73); outguess
(0.67); anticipate (to foresee, 0.58);
budget (to estim ate tim e or rations or
distance, etc., 0.50); portend (0.50);
w arn (0.33); presage (0.25).
P R E D IS P O S E (2) predispose (to prepare,
1.00); predispose (to stimulate, 1.00).
P R E D O M IN A T E (5) predominate (1.00);
p r e v a il ( 0 .7 5 ); o u tr e a c h (0 .5 0 );
com m and (to have control, 0.42); pre­
ponderate (0.25).
P R E E M P T (1) preempt (1.00).
P R E E N to trim feathers; to smooth (1)
preen (1.00).
PR E FA B R IC A TE (1) prefabricate (1.00).
P R E F A C E (2) preface (1.00); precede
(0.90).
P R E F E R (15) prefer (1.00); favour (to
have a preference, 0.92); choose (to
select, 0.87); bring (to initiate a legal
action, 0.73); turn (to incline, 0.67); wish
(to express a desire, 0.67); incline (to
tend toward, 0.50); promote (to advance
in rank, 0.47); choose (to like, 0.33); like
(to be inclined, 0.33); take (to choose,
0.33); will (to wish, 0.33); designate (to
specify, 0.30); dignify (0.25); love (to
be passionately devoted, 0.20).
P R E F IG U R E (1) prefigure (1.00).
P R E JU D G E (2) prejudge (1.00); misjudge
(to m ake a w rong judgm ent, usually of
a person, 0.67).
P R E J U D IC E (2) bias (0.50); influence
(0.43).
PR E M E D IT A T E (1) premeditate (1.00).
PREMISE
P R E M IS E (3) p rem ise (to introduce,
1 .0 0 ); p re m is e (to a s su m e , 1.00);
assum e (to take for granted, 0.12).
P R E M O N IS H (1) forewarn (0.75).
P R E O R D A IN (1) preordain (1.00).
P R E P A R E (20) prepare (to make oneself
ready, 1.00); prepare (to m ake other
persons or things ready, 1.00); prepare
(to cook and serve, 1.00); cook (0.98);
p la n (to plo t an actio n in advance,
0.94); pack (to prepare for transporta­
tio n , 0 .9 0 ); o rg a n iz e (to fo rm an
organization, 0.88); w arn (0.85); train
(to toughen oneself, 0.83); hatch (to
plan, 0.75); fix (to prepare a meal, 0.67);
teach (to drill, 0.65); concoct (to m ake
b y c o m b in in g in g r e d ie n ts , 0 .5 0 );
mobilize (0.50); open (to make available,
0.50); teach (to act as a teacher, 0.50);
arrange (to m ake arrangem ents, 0.45);
fertilize (to enrich land, 0.44); list (to
cultivate w ith a lister, 0.25); advise (to
give counsel, 0.07).
PR E PA Y (2) advance (to pay, 0.50); pay
(to give paym ent, 0.25).
P R E P O N D E R A T E to w eigh m ore (2)
preponderate (1.00); prevail (0.50).
P R E P R IN T (1) plan (to arrange in a pre ­
liminary way, 0.06).
P R E S A G E (4) p re sa g e (1 .0 0 ); fo re ­
shadow (0.50); forecast (to predict,
0.46); foretell (0.06).
P R E S C R IB E (12) prescribe (to give di­
rections, 1.00); prescribe (to give m edi­
cal direction, 1.00); advise (to give
counsel, 0.93); com m and (to issue an
order, 0.80); recom m end (to m ake a
suggestion or prescription, 0.75); as­
sign (to delegate to a specific purpose,
0.67); treat (to assist tow ard a cure,
0.63); edit (to supervise publication,
-252- PRESERVE
0.45); restrain (to hold in check, 0.38);
com m and (to have control, 0.33); warn
(0.22); define (to provide a nam e or
d escrip tio n , 0.11),
P R E S E N T (34) present (to display, 1.00);
present (to suggest, 1.00); present (to
subm it, 1.00); present (to give, 1.00);
present (to give a play, 1.00); expose
(to uncover, 0.88); perform (to present
a perform ance, 0.85); give (to transfer,
0.81); contribute (to give, 0.75); deliver
(to speak formally, 0.75); plead (to enter
a plea, 0.75); give (to give a play, 0.67);
p ro d u ce (to p resen t a perform ance,
0.67); render (to give, 0.67); argue (to
endeavour to convince, 0.65); display
(to present for effect, 0.56); produce
(to bear, 0.55); bestow (0.50); exhibit
(0.50); expound (to set forth in detail,
0.50); give (to give a speech, 0.50);
in tr o d u c e (to m a k e s tra n g e rs ac ­
quainted, 0.50); play (to act in a play,
0.50); produce (to show, 0.50); tender
(0 .5 0 ); d isc u ss (0 .4 5 ); p ro v id e (to
supply, 0.31); confer (to grant as a gift,
0.25); lend (to impart, 0.25); impart (to
give, 0.25); open (to m ake available,
0.25); show (to display, 0.25); submit
(to offer, 0.25); unroll (0.25).
P R E S E R V E (16) preserv e (to guard,
1.00); preserve (to m aintain, 1.00);
preserve (to keep, 1.00); m aintain (to
keep ready for use, 0.95); rescue (to
save, 0.92); em balm (0.86); defend (to
provide general protection, 0.74); keep
(to m aintain, 0.67); retain (to keep,
0.67); perpetuate (0.50); record (to write
dow n, 0.44); sh elter (0.33); protect
(0.25); se rv ic e (0.25); stab ilize (to
su p p o rt, 0.25); su p p o rt (to uphold,
0.06).
PRESIDE -253-
P R E S ID E (3) preside (1.00); act (to p er­
form an action, 0.58); m anage (to di­
rect, 0.32).
PR E SS to exert pressure (31) press (to
subject to pressure, 1.00); press (to
smooth, usually by heat and pressure,
1.00); press (to em brace, 1.00); force
(to use force, 0.91); roll (to smooth with
a roller, 0.86); iron (0.83); infest (to
sw arm , 0 .8 1 ); b lo c k (to sh a p e by
b lo c k in g , 0 .7 5 ); c ru s h (to b ru is e
severely, 0.75); pressure (0.75); hasten
(to m ake haste, 0.71); goad (0.67); feel
(to exam ine by touch, 0.65); urge (to
induce, 0.59); drive (to urge on, 0.52);
hold (to have in o n e’s grasp, 0.52); hug
(0.50); precipitate (0.50); urge (to drive,
0.47); jam (to force o n e’s way, 0.44);
lobby (0.44); invite (to ask politely,
0.40); w eigh (to have w eight, 0.38);
e n f o r c e (to r e q u ir e c o m p lia n c e ,
0 .3 3 );b e g (to a s k e a r n e s tly or
importunately, 0.32); m assage (0.25);
pinch (to squeeze, 0.25); hasten (to
expedite, 0.15); pack (to stow com ­
pactly, 0.15); distil (0.13); propose (to
make a suggestion, 0.10); munch (0.08).
P R E S S U R E (2) pressure (1.00); lobby
(0.38).
PR E SU M E (14) presum e (1.00); assume
(to take for granted, 0.94); guess (to
attem pt an answ er on inadequate evi­
dence, 0.88); misjudge (to make a wrong
judgm ent, usually o f a person, 0.83);
conclude (to deduce, 0.75); presuppose
(0.75); suspect (to suppose, 0.75); trust
(to hope, 0.75); hope (0.63); infer (to
assume, 0.50); guess (to make a choice,
alm o st at h az ard , 0 .33); im p ly (to
assume, 0.25); prejudge (0.25); think (to
suppose, 0.25).
PRICK
P R E S U P P O S E (7) presuppose (1.00);
prejudge (0.75); prem ise (to assume,
0.75); assume (to take for granted, 0.71);
im ply (to assum e, 0.50); m isjudge (to
m ake a w rong judgm ent, usually o f a
person, 0.33); infer (to assume, 0.25).
P R E T E N D (11) pretend (to feign, 1.00);
pretend (to m ake believe, 1.00); sim u­
late (0.95); disguise (0.77); act (to take
part in a play, 0.61); kid (0.50); claim (to
assert, 0.25); m im e (0.25); profess
(0.25); evade (to use trickery to avoid
a sharp issue, 0.12); im itate (to mimic,
0.07).
PR E V A IL (14) prevail (1.00); win (to gain
a victory, 0.83); live (to persist in human
memory, 0.80); take (to win, 0.75); carry
(to win, 0.67); predominate (0.50); reign
(0.50); rem ain (to endure, 0.50); endure
(to continue, 0.44); be (to have being,
0.40); lie (to be situated, 0.40); command
(to have control, 0.35); succeed (to
attain success, 0.26); conquer (to win,
0.25).
PREV A R IC A TE (7) prevaricate (1.00); lie
(to utter an untruth, 0.93); evade (to
use trickery to avoid a sharp issue,
0.92); perjure (0.67); sim ulate (0.67);
fa b r ic a te (to m is re p re s e n t, 0 .3 3 );
equivocate (0.25).
P R E V E N T (10) prevent (1.00); preclude
(0.75); vaccinate (0.63); taboo (0.60);
delay (to cause a delay, 0.55); bar (to
obstruct by refusal, 0.54); forbid (0.54);
block (to im pede, 0.50); forestall (to
hinder, 0.50); ban (0.33).
P R IC E (3) price (1.00); appraise (to set a
price on, 0.50); value (to set a price
upon, 0.05).
P R IC K (15) prick (1.00); goad (0.89);
puncture (0.75); stick (to penetrate with
PRICKLE
a point, 0.75); sting (0.75); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.65); burst (to puncture,
0.50); itch (to have a tingling sensa­
tion, 0.50); spur (0.50); stab (0.47); incite
(0.46); open (to make an opening, 0.33);
in o c u la te ( 0 .2 5 ) ; s c r a tc h ( 0 .2 5 ) ;
penetrate (to pierce, 0.17).
P R IC K L E (4) prickle (1.00); itch (to have
a tingling sensation, 0.67); tingle (0.67);
sting (0.50).
P R IM E to com e at shorter intervals (1)
brief (to inform, 0.75).
P R IM E to fill; to charge; to load (3) pre­
pare (to m ake oneself ready, 0.70); load
(to charge; said especially o f firearm s,
0.67); teach (to drill, 0.35).
P R IM P (1) preen (0.25).
P R IN T (11) print (to make an impression,
1.00); print (to reproduce by printing,
1.00); print (to sim ulate printing, 1.00);
m ark (to m ake a m ark, 0.77); im print
(0.75); communicate (to impart informa­
tion, 0.73); reproduce (to m ake an exact
copy, 0.69); m odel (to im itate a m odel,
0.50); m anufacture (to m ake a product,
0.45); w rite (to set dow n in w riting,
0.44); advertise (to m ake public, 0.42).
P R IO R IT IZ E (1) program (to work out a
sequence to be perform ed, 0.31).
PRIV A TEER (1) hijack (0.50).
P R IV IL E G E (2) allow (to permit an action,
0.63); license (0.25).
P R IZ E (15) prize (1.00); treasure (0.80);
cherish (to hold dear, 0.75); endear
(0.75); esteem (to attach a high value
to, 0.75); know (to possess information,
0.75); pry (to m ove w ith a lever, 0.62);
like (to be fond of, 0.60); value (to
believe to be valuable, 0.50); love (to
be passionately devoted, 0.47); adore
(to love, 0 .2 5 ); fa v o u r (to h av e a
-254- PROCLAIM
•preference, 0.23); recom m end (to lend
support or approval, 0.16); adm ire (to
have regard for, 0.15); raise (to lift, 0.06).
P R O B A T E (1) fail (to dismiss for failure,
0.25).
P R O B E (14) probe (1.00); experiment (to
investigate scientifically, 0.82); analyze
(to study carefully, 0.75); hunt (to try
to find, 0.71); exam ine (to inspect with
care, 0.70); inquire (to ask about, 0.67);
criticize (to make a considered criticism,
0.50); inspect (0.50); delve (0.25); sift
(to evaluate, 0.25); ransack (to search
thoroughly, 0.23); contem plate (to look
at, 0.18); oppose (to hold a contrary
opinion, 0.15); question (to ask, 0.14).
P R O C E E D (14) proceed (1.00); march
(0.85); arise (to result, 0.80); m ake (to
m ove, 0.75); issue (to em erge, 0.50);
progress (to m ove forw ard, 0.50); hap­
pen (to occur, 0.47); m ove (to be in
m otion, 0.39); advance (to m ove for­
w ard physically, 0.33); pursue (to con­
tinue, 0.33); operate (to be in opera­
tio n , 0 .3 1 ); go (to p ro ce ed , 0.25);
le n g th e n (to m a k e lo n g e r, 0 .1 4 );
m aneuver (0.06).
P R O C E S S to m arch in procession (1)
enjoy (to have the use of, 0.25).
P R O C E S S to treat by a specific proce­
dure (4) process (1.00); preserve (to
keep, 0.88); em balm (0.71); program (to
w ork out a sequence to be perform ed,
0.38).
P R O C L A IM (22) proclaim (1.00); adver­
tise (to m ake public, 0.95); announce
(0.75); declaim (0.75); decree (0.75);
h era ld (0.75); p ro n o u n ce (to speak
fo rm a lly , 0 .7 5 ); rep o rt (to m ake a
sum m ary statem ent, 0.67); notify (to
provide w ith inform ation, 0.64); admit
PROCRASTINATE
(to confess, 0.57); enunciate (to state
formally, 0.50); enact (to legislate, 0.47);
narrate (0.40); celebrate (to recognize
an occasion, 0.38); declare (to speak
fo rm a lly and em p h a tic a lly , 0 .3 2 );
b r o a d c a s t (to a n n o u n c e , 0 .2 5 );
com m and (to issue an order, 0.25);
prom ulgate (0.25); publish (to m ake
know n, 0.25); spread (to m ake know n,
0.25); communicate (to impart inform a­
tion, 0.14); utter (0.14).
P R O C R A S T IN A T E (9) procrastinate
(1.00); neglect (to fail to attend to re­
sponsibilities , 0.85); loiter (0.66); sus­
pend (to cease tem porarily, 0.65); lin­
ger (to go reluctantly, 0.46); delay (to
cause a delay, 0.30); protract (0.25);
slow (to becom e slower, 0.14); lag (to
move slowly, 0.10).
PR O C R E A T E (6) reproduce (to multiply,
0.93); im pregnate (to beget, 0.75); pro­
duce (to create by m ental effort, 0.75);
proliferate (0.50); get (to beget, 0.25);
fertilize (to impregnate, 0.22).
P R O C U R E (18) procure (1.00); lobby
(0.94); reap (to gain, 0.81); earn (to re­
ceive in paym ent, 0.80); cater (0.75);
enlist (to request assistance, 0.73); ob­
tain (to gain possession, 0.71); take (to
purchase, 0.67); buy (to acquire by
purchase, 0.63); receive (to take into
o n e ’s charge, 0.61); get (to obtain,
0.50); raise (to collect or m ake avail­
able, 0.40); provide (to supply, 0.38);
accum ulate (to am ass, 0.31); derive (to
receiv e paym ent, 0.25); em ploy (to
obtain services for pay, 0.25); acquire
(to obtain, 0.20); hire (to employ, 0.08).
P R O D (7) prod (1.00); goad (0.96); drive
(to cause to m ove, 0.80); im pel (to
press, 0.71); rem ind (to call the atten­
-255- PROFESS
tion o f another, 0.57); w ake (to waken
another, 0.38); urge (to drive, 0.13).
P R O D IG A L IZ E (1) spend (to expend,
0.05).
P R O D U C E (39) produce (to bear, 1.00);
produce (to create by m ental effort,
1 .0 0 ); p r o d u c e (to c a u se , 1 .0 0 );
produce (to show, 1.00); produce (to
make, 1.00); produce (to present a per­
formance, 1.00); create (to make, 0.96);
m anufacture (to m ake a product, 0.82);
begin (to initiate, 0.79); bring (to be
w orth in sale, 0.75); bring (to cause,
0.75); cause (to bring about, 0.75);
effect (to bring about, 0.75); form (to
give shape to a thing, 0.75); get (to
beget, 0.75); induce (to cause, 0.75);
lengthen (to grow longer, 0.75); do (to
cause, 0.67); result (0.56); achieve (to
finish an undertaking, 0.51); dramatize
(to p re s e n t a p e rfo rm a n c e , 0 .5 0 );
m ultiply (to bring forth young, 0.50);
reap (to harvest, 0.50); spin (to make
by spinning, 0.50); develop (to reveal
s lo w ly , 0 .4 5 ); d ig (to re m o v e by
digging, 0.40); grow (to cultivate, 0.40);
do (to present a play, etc., 0.33); forge
(0 .33); give (to give a play, 0.33);
provoke (to cause, 0.33); propagate (to
beget, 0.27); recover (to improve one’s
condition, 0.27); breed (to cause, 0.25);
m ake (to m anufacture, 0.25); build (to
construct, 0.21); farm (to do farm work,
0.19); perform (to present a perform ­
ance, 0.08); detail (to m ake clear in
detail, 0.04).
P R O F A N E (4) profane (1.00); violate (to
rape, 0.60); abuse (to treat badly, 0.42);
curse (to swear, 0.29).
P R O F E S S (8) profess (1.00); teach (to
act as a teacher, 0.83); avow (0.75); pose
PROFFER -256-
(to pretend, 0.67); p rom ise (to give
o n e’s w ord, 0.58); adm it (to acknow l­
edge, 0.34); vouch (0.27); declare (to
speak formally and emphatically, 0.15).
P R O F F E R (12) offer (to present, 0.92);
propose (to m ake a suggestion, 0.76);
m ake (to offer, 0.75); tender (0.75);
provide (to supply, 0.69); adm inister (to
tender, 0.50); contribute (to give, 0.50);
give (to provide, 0.50); subm it (to offer,
0 .5 0 ); b id (to p ro p o se a p ric e fo r
p u rch ase, 0.40); p resen t (to subm it,
0.33); adm inister (to minister, 0.31).
P R O F IL E (1) draw (to m ake a likeness
by drawing, 0.22).
P R O F IT (10) profit (to be o f benefit,
1.00); profit (to derive gain, 1.00); pro­
m ote (to further, 0.87); succeed (to at­
tain success, 0.69); benefit (0.50); earn
(to r e c e iv e in p a y m e n t, 0 .5 0 );
acco m m o d ate (to re n d e r a serv ice,
0.34); improve (to becom e better, 0.29);
reap (to gain, 0.25); accum ulate (to
amass, 0.04).
P R O G E N E R A T E (1) reproduce (to m ul­
tiply, 0.27).
P R O G N O S T IC A T E (7) forecast (to pre­
dict, 0.92); foretell (0.75); anticipate (to
foresee, 0.67); predict (0.50); prophesy
(0.50); augur (0.25); divine (0.25).
P R O G R A M (2) program (to schedule,
1.00); program (to w ork out a sequence
to be perform ed, 1.00).
P R O G R E S S (20) p ro g ress (to m ove
forw ard, 1.00); progress (to im prove,
1.00); improve (to becom e better, 0.76);
advance (to m ove forw ard physically,
0.67); flow (to m ove in one direction,
0.67); gain (to advance, 0.67); m ake (to
reach, 0.67); travel (to m ove at a regular
pace, 0.67); grow (to change slowly,
PROMISE
0.55); approach (to com e near in space,
0.50); augm ent (to grow, 0.50); go (to
proceed, 0.50); increase (to grow, 0.50);
pass (to proceed, 0.50); proceed (0.50);
m ove (to be in m otion, 0.43); continue
(to p ersist, 0.38); o p erate (to be in
operation, 0.38); rise (to im prove one’s
station, 0.14); m arch (0.05).
P R O H IB IT (13) prohibit (to forbid, 1.00);
prohibit (to hinder, 1.00); forbid (0.96);
taboo (0.80); com m and (to issue an
order, 0.61); om it (to fail to include,
0.58); abolish (0.50); debar (to prevent,
0.50); interdict (0.50); kill (to veto, 0.50);
veto (0.50); hinder (0.28); halt (to cause
to cease, 0.16).
P R O J E C T (11) project (to thrust out,
1.00); project (to throw, 1.00); invent
(to create or discover, 0.72); plan (to
plot an action in advance, 0.67); throw
(to send forth, 0.67); organize (to form
an organization, 0.62); arrange (to make
arrangements, 0.60); systematize (0.55);
protrude (0.43); extrude (0.33); orbit (to
put into orbit, 0.33).
P R O L IF E R A T E (2) proliferate (1.00); pro­
duce (to bear, 0.37).
P R O L O N G (7) prolong (1.00); elongate
(0.75); lengthen (to m ake longer, 0.50);
delay (to cause a delay, 0.41); extend
(to m ake larger, 0.25); shelve (to post­
pone, 0.25); increase (to add to, 0.09).
P R O L O N G A T E (1) lengthen (to make
longer, 0.57).
P R O M E N A D E (4) prom enade (1.00);
ram ble (to saunter, 0.50); walk (to move
on foot, 0.48); march (0.30).
P R O M IS E (8) prom ise (to give one’s
w ord, 1.00); prom ise (to appear prom ­
ising, 1.00); com m it (to entrust, 0.82);
undertake (0.81); covenant (0.75); be­
PROMOTE
troth (0.56); hire (to em ploy, 0.46);
subscribe (to give financial support,
0.25).
P R O M O T E (18) prom ote (to further,
1.00); prom ote (to advance in rank,
1.00); develop (to im prove, 0.82); ad­
vertise (to solicit business, 0.79); fa­
cilitate (0.75); continue (to p ersist,
0.50); display (to advertise, 0.50); exalt
(to elevate, 0.50); support (to uphold,
0.50); favour (to treat w ith favoritism ,
0.40); help (to aid, 0.33); im prove (to
m ake better, 0.33); urge (to present
fav o u rab ly , 0.29); ex p e d ite (0.25);
m erchandise (0.25); quicken (to cause
to hasten, 0.25); operate (to produce
an effect, 0.22); lobby (0.19).
P R O M P T (14) prom pt (to instigate,
1.00); prompt (to suggest, 1.00); prompt
(to help, 1.00); goad (0.85); instigate
(0.75); rem ind (to call the attention o f
another, 0.71); advise (to give counsel,
0.55); hint (0.50); m otivate (0.47); urge
(to induce, 0.38); persuade (to urge,
0.25); incite (0.18); w arn (0.11); drive
(to urge on, 0.09).
P R O M U L G A T E (9) prom ulgate (1.00);
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.83); advertise (to m ake public, 0.79);
declare (to speak formally and em phati­
cally, 0.51); publish (to m ake know n,
0 .5 0 ); re p o rt (to m ak e a su m m ary
statement, 0.33); publicize (0.25); notify
(to provide w ith inform ation, 0.21);
display (to present for effect, 0.04).
P R O N O U N C E (17) pronounce (to speak
formally, LOO); pronounce (to articu­
late, 1.00); utter (0.96); declare (to speak
fo rm a lly and e m p h a tic a lly , 0 .9 3 );
em phasize (0.80); state (0.75); talk (to
utter, 0.75); comment (to make a remark,
-257- PROPHESY
0.63); say (0.59); articulate (to speak
clearly, 0.50); claim (to assert, 0.50); emit
(to express, 0.50); speak (to utter, 0.50);
decree (0.25); posit (to state, 0.25);
c o n d e m n (to se n d to p u n ish m e n t,
0 .2 2 ); c o m m u n ic a te (to im p a rt
information, 0.02).
P R O O F (1) proofread (0.25).
P R O O F R E A D (2) proofread (1.00); edit
(to prepare for publication, 0.14).
P R O P (9) support (to hold up from be­
neath, 0.93); b olster (0.75); buttress
(0.75); brace (to give support, 0.67);
hold (to support; often used with up,
0.64); stiffen (to cause to becom e stiff,
0.53); help (to aid, 0.50); receive (to
support, 0.25); uphold (to hold up,
0.25).
P R O P A G A N D IZ E (4) p ro p ag an d ize
(1.00); prom ote (to further, 0.61); instill
(0.35); advertise (to make public, 0.16).
P R O P A G A T E (9) propagate (to beget,
1.00); propagate (to spread, 1.00); pro­
duce (to bear, 0.95); rep ro d u ce (to
multiply, 0.67); sow (0.63); disseminate
(0.50); graft (to jo in for growth, 0.40);
fertilize (to impregnate, 0.33); advertise
(to m ake public, 0.26).
P R O P E L (14) propel (1.00); throw (to
send forth, 0.92); drive (to urge on, 0.91);
launch (to send off, 0.83); urge (to
drive, 0.80); m otivate (0.76); send (to
project, 0.75); im pel (to press, 0.57);
advance (to cause to m ove forward,
0.50); slide (to cause to slide, 0.50); roll
(to cause to roll, 0.43); m ove (to set in
m otion, 0.25); project (to throw, 0.25);
goad (0.07).
P R O P H E S Y (9) prophesy (1.00); foretell
(0.88); forecast (to predict, 0.85); an­
ticipate (to foresee, 0.75); predict (0.75);
PROPITIATE -258-
e s tim a te (to m a k e a c o n s id e r e d
p r e d ic tio n , 0 .6 0 ); d iv in e ( 0 .5 0 ) ;
forebode (0.25); forecast (to foresee,
0.25).
P R O P IT IA T E (4) propitiate (1.00); m edi­
ate (0.75); reconcile (to bring into har­
mony, 0.69); satisfy (to m ake content,
0.44).
P R O P O R T IO N (1) ration (0.75).
P R O P O S E (19) propose (to m ake a sug­
gestion, 1.00); propose (to m ean, 1.00);
plot (to determ ine a course, 0.80); urge
(to present favourably, 0.76); ask (to
invite, 0.75); plan (to have in m ind,
0.75); prem editate (0.75); approach (to
approach personally, 0.71); m ean (to
have in m ind, 0.50); subscribe (to sug­
gest, 0.50); resolve (0.40); invite (to ask
politely, 0.32); try (to endeavour, 0.28);
aim (to d ire c t o n e ’s effo rt, 0 .2 5 );
purpose (0.25); woo (to m ake love to,
0.25); w ill (an indication o f futurity,
0.14); court (to woo, 0.06); m anage (to
direct, 0.03).
P R O P O S IT IO N (2) proposition (1.00);
solicit (to tem pt for sexual puiposes,
0.83).
P R O P O U N D (2) propose (to m ake a sug-
g e s tio n , 0 .6 7 ); d e c la re (to s p e a k
formally and emphatically, 0.54).
P R O R A T E (2) prorate (1.00); distribute
(to allot, 0.11).
P R O R O G U E (4) adjourn (0.75); suspend
(to cease tem porarily, 0.60); delay (to
cause a delay, 0.32); w aive (0.08).
P R O S C R IB E (7) proscribe (1.00); com ­
m and (to issue an order, 0.82); taboo
(0.73); banish (to condem n to exile,
0.69); dam n (to consign to hell, 0.50);
c o n d e m n (to se n d to p u n is h m e n t,
0.44); forbid (0.04).
PROTEST
P R O S E (1) ramble (to speak or write aim­
lessly, 0.18).
P R O S E C U T E (9) prosecute (to pursue,
1.00); prosecute (to involve in a legal
action, 1.00); sue (0.93); plead (to dis­
cuss in court, 0.67); denounce (0.56);
w age (0.40); act (to perform an action,
0.39); accuse (0.31); litigate (0.25).
P R O S E L Y T IZ E (2) evangelize (0.75);
convert (to alter convictions, 0.17).
P R O S P E R (7) prosper (1.00); succeed
(to attain success, 0.90); rise (to im­
prove o n e ’s station, 0.86); boom (to
increase rapidly, 0.67); fare (0.67); bloom
(0.56); profit (to derive gain, 0.22).
P R O S T IT U T E (3) abuse (to treat badly,
0.40); betray (to seduce and abandon,
0.25); seduce (0.19).
P R O S T R A T E (8) prostrate (to submit,
1.00); prostrate (to overthrow, 1.00);
discourage (to dishearten, 0.65); ravage
(0.55); flatten (to make flat, 0.50); ground
(to bring to the ground, 0.33); grovel
(0.08); tire (to make a person exhausted,
0.05),
PR O T E C T < 18) protect (1.00); defend (to
keep o ff an enemy, often fig. , 0.94);
insulate (0.88); forfend (0.75); preserve
(to guard, 0.75); shield (0.75); wrap (to
conceal in a wrapper, 0.70); galvanize
(to coat, 0.50); garrison (0.50); man
(0.50); shelter (0.50); lead (to conduct,
0.35); hide (to conceal, 0.33); top (to
ap p ly to p p in g , 0 .3 3 ); en tre n ch (to
surround, 0.25); insure (0.25); rescue
(to save, 0.25); vaccinate (0.25).
P R O T E S T (10) protest (1.00); rem on­
strate (0.93); discard (0.84); oppose (to
fight, 0.78); oppose (to hold a contrary
opinion, 0.74); object (0.67); refuse
(0.53); grum ble (to com plain, 0.50);
PROTRACT -259-
co m p lain (to express an objectio n ,
0.47); vouch (0.41).
P R O T R A C T (6) protract (1.00); delay (to
cause a delay, 0.75); lengthen (to m ake
longer, 0.64); ram ble (to speak or w rite
aimlessly, 0.35); suspend (to cease tem ­
porarily, 0.35); increase (to add to, 0.11).
P R O T R U D E (5) protrude (1.00); project
(to th ru st out, 0.83); b u lg e (0 .33);
im pend (to project, 0.33); pop (0.25).
P R O V E (12) prove (1.00); convince
(0.93); expose (to uncover, 0.82); as­
sure (to convince, 0.75); balance (to
dem onstrate balance, 0.71); vindicate
(to justify, 0.67); verify (0.64); experi­
ment (to investigate scientifically, 0.53);
reason (to discuss persuasively, 0.36);
fare (0.33); guarantee (to certify, 0.28);
involve (0.20).
P R O V ID E (13) provide (to supply, 1.00);
provide (to yield, 1.00); afford (to p ro­
duce, 0.75); accom m odate (to render a
service, 0.63); satisfy (to fulfill, 0.53);
arrange (to m ake arrangem ents, 0.50);
endow (to give to, 0.50); produce (to
bear, 0.50); accumulate (to amass, 0.42);
feed (0.42); bless (to give, 0.40); nurture
(0.33); prepare (to m ake oneself ready,
0.04).
P R O V IS IO N (3) feed (0.39); replenish
(0.25); provide (to supply, 0.12).
P R O V O K E (33) provoke (to vex, 1.00);
provoke (to incite, 1.00); provoke (to
cause, 1.00); incite (0.79); bother (to
give trouble, 0.78); cause (to be the
cause, 0.75); irritate (to bother, 0.75);
m iff (to annoy, 0.75); prod (0.75); stir
(to excite, 0.75); vex (to annoy, 0.75);
tem pt (0.68); affront (0.50); displease
(to anger, 0.50); evoke (to arouse, 0.50);
ho u n d (0.50); p ro m p t (to instigate,
PUBLISH
0.50); rile (0.50); goad (0.48); excite (to
stir one mentally, 0.47); fascinate (0.41);
disturb (to upset mental calm, 0.33);
insult (0.30); drive (to urge on, 0.26);
aggravate (to irritate, 0.25); exacerbate
(to irritate, 0.25); exasperate (0.25);
infuriate (0.25); overestim ate (0.25);
pester (0.25); rouse (to stimulate, 0.25);
anger (to arouse som eone to anger,
0.21); motivate (0.18).
P R O W L (7) prow l (1.00); hide (to keep
o n eself concealed, 0.78); skulk (0.75);
slink (0.75); sneak (0.45); march (0.40);
roam (to wander, 0.38).
P R U N E to cut or lop branches (9) prune
(1.00); trim (to cut off excess, 0.91); top
(to rem ove the top, 0.88); cut (to sever,
0.81); dock (to clip, 0.75); lop (to cut
off; said especially o f b ran c h es, 0.50);
decrease (to m ake less, 0.37); truncate
(0.25); train (to direct growth, 0.12).
PRY (10) pry (to move with a lever, 1.00);
piy (to endeavour to discover, 1.00);
m eddle (to interfere in others’ affairs,
0.59); m eddle (to handle others’ things,
0.57); contem plate (to look at, 0.53);
m onkey (0.50); ransack (to search thor­
oughly, 0.38); spy (to act as a spy,
0.29); nose (0.25); raise (to lift, 0.13).
P S Y C H O L O G IZ E (1) hypnotize (to put
in a trance, 0.22).
P U B L IC IZ E (8) publicize (1.00); adver­
tise (to m ake public, 0.97); broadcast
(to announce, 0.75); placard (0.75);
com m unicate (to im part information,
0.71); herald (0.50); advertise (to so­
licit business, 0.36); display (to adver­
tise, 0.25).
P U B L IS H (13) p ublish (to print and
d istrib u te , 1.00); p u b lish (to m ake
know n, 1.00); notify (to provide with
PUCKER -260-
inform ation, 0.85); edit (to supervise
publication, 0.82); reveal (to divulge,
0 .8 2 ); re p o rt (to m ak e a su m m ary
s ta te m e n t, 0 .7 8 ); b a r e ( 0 .7 5 ) ;
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.75); prom ulgate (0.75); spread (to
m ake know n, 0.75); announce (0.50);
unfold (to reveal, 0.45); disclose (to
divulge, 0.33).
P U C K E R (3) pucker (1.00); w rinkle (to
form into w rinkles, 0.60); fold (to place
together or lay in folds, 0.38).
P U F F (15) p uff (to flatter, 1.00); p u ff (to
inflate, 1.00); p u ff (to blow, 1.00); blow
(to send forth air rapidly, 0.92); breathe
(to blow gently, 0.75); sm oke (to use
sm oke, especially from tobacco, 0.67);
w heeze (0.67); gasp (0.63); drag (to
smoke, 0.50); snort (0.40); swell (0.36);
tire (to becom e exhausted, 0.36); vaunt
(0.25); heave (to raise and fall, 0.14);
boast (to brag, 0.05).
P U K E (1) puke (1.00).
P U L L (18) pull (to exert force, 1.00); pull
(to m ove by pulling, 1.00); pull (to
incline, 1.00); draw (to m ove an object,
0.95); tw itch (to pluck, 0.91); yank
(0.89); exercise (to m ove the body,
0.81); attract (to draw, 0.75); haul (0.75);
team (0.75); tow (0.75); tug (0.75); pry
(to m ove w ith a lever, 0.69); lure (to
draw , 0.50); p ick (to gather, 0.50);
w rench (0.47); ring (to cause to sound.
0.36); w eigh (to have weight, 0.25).
P U L L U L A T E (1) grow (to become larger,
0.81).
PU L SA T E (4) pulsate (1.00); undulate (to
sway, 0.75); w ave (to m ove back and
forth, 0.71); throb (0.50).
P U L S E (3) w ave (to flutter, 0.83); palpi­
tate (0.75); beat (to pulsate, 0.42).
PURCHASE
P U L V E R IZ E (8) pulverize (1.00); weather
(to expose to the w eather, 0.54); crush
(to b rea k into sm all p ieces, 0.50);
granulate (0.50); roll (to smooth with a
roller, 0.29); pound (0.25); defeat (to
w orst in sport or in personal combat,
0.10); mash (0.06).
P U M P (3) pum p (1.00); operate (to be in
o p e ra tio n , 0 .5 9 ); p la y (to pro d u ce
music, 0.43).
P U N to m ake puns (1) jo k e (0.31).
P U N C H (19) punch (to hit, 1.00); punch
(to perforate, 1.00); hit (to strike, 0.84);
drive (to force w ith blow s, 0.80); spat
(0.75); attack (to assault (o f an indi­
vidual), 0.67); m int (to print or press
money, 0.67); bum p (to m ake a bum p­
ing sound, 0.64); penetrate (to pierce,
0.61); box (to fight for sport, 0.60); cuff
(0.50); poke (0.50); strike (to hit, 0.50);
hurt (to cause pain, 0.38); crash (to have
a collision , 0.27); ring (to cause to
sound, 0.27); pat (to strike lightly, 0.25);
beat (to thrash, 0.20); thrust (to jab,
0.17).
P U N C T U A T E (2) halt (to cause to cease,
0.91); emphasize (0.50).
P U N C T U R E (11) puncture (1.00); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.86); penetrate (to pierce,
0.57); prick (0.50); punch (to perforate,
0.50); break (to start a rupture, 0.42);
stab (0.33); broach (to penetrate, 0.25);
cut (to penetrate, 0.25); drill (to bore,
0.25); open (to m ake an opening, 0.17).
P U N IS H (7) punish (1.00); beat (to thrash,
0.98); hit (to strike, 0.81); lam baste
(0.75); batter (to strike, 0.50); pay (to
retaliate, 0.50); hurt (to cause pain, 0.32).
P U N T to kick (the ball) (1) kick (to give a
blow w ith the foot, 0.40).
P U R C H A S E (5) purchase (1.00); buy (to
PURGE -261-
acquire by purchase, 0.88); obtain (to
gain possession, 0.29); trade (to do
business, 0.25); recover (to im prove
o n e’s condition, 0.09).
P U R G E (13) purge (to cleanse, 1.00);
purge (to eliminate, 1.00); clean (0.96);
excuse (0.58); apologize (0.57); emit (to
discharge, 0.53); cleanse (to free from
sin or its effects, 0.50); leach (0.50);
shrive (to absolve, 0.50); em pty (to
b e c o m e em pty, 0 .4 0 ); c le a n s e (to
rem ove im purities from w ithin, 0.25);
heal (to cure, 0.21); purify (0.12).
P U R IF Y (16) purify (1.00); clean (0.94);
sw eeten (to m ake fresh, 0.89); filter (to
clean by filtering, 0.80); expurgate
(0.75); im prove (to m ake better, 0.73);
baptize (to cleanse sacramentally, 0.71);
disinfect (0.67); heal (to cure, 0.57);
d e c o n ta m in a te ( 0 .5 0 ) ; p u rg e (to
cleanse, 0.50); strain (to filter, 0.50);
liberate (to free from chemical or physi­
cal restraint, 0.40); air (to introduce air,
0.25); distil (0.25); freshen (to sweeten,
0.25).
P U R L to em broider (1) knit (to form by
knitting, 0.57).
P U R L to whirl (5) murmur (to make a low
continuous sound, 0.92); chirp (0.73);
rustle (0.62); gurgle (0.25);drop (to fall
in drops, 0.17).
PU R L O IN (5) steal (0.82); rob (0.50); take
(to steal, 0.50); seize (to take by force,
0.08); ransack (to loot, 0.04).
P U R P O R T (4) purport (1.00); insinuate
(to m ake an indirect hint, 0.25); signify
(0.25); mean (to have as meaning, 0.06).
P U R P O S E (6) purpose (1.00); propose
(to m ean, 0.75); intend (to propose,
0.71); resolve (0.50); plan (to have in
mind, 0.25); intend (to destine for, 0.17).
PUT
P U R R (4) purr (1.00); croon (0.33); sing
(to p ro d u ce a so u n d su g g e stiv e o f
singing, 0.25); hum (0.07).
P U R S E (1) pucker (0.25).
P U R S U E (13) pursue (to chase, 1.00);
p u rsu e (to seek , 1.00); p u rsu e (to
continue, 1.00); race (to m ove at great
speed, 0.87); track (to follow by evi­
dence, 0.71); w oo (to court,fig., 0.71);
persist (0.50); court (to woo, 0.41);
bother (to give trouble, 0.40); ply (to
practice, 0.33); persevere (0.25); wage
(0.20); act (to perform an action, 0.08).
P U R V E Y (2) purvey (1.00); provide (to
supply, 0.23).
P U S H (24) push (to press against, 1.00);
push (to m ove by pushing, 1.00); push
(to prom ote, 1.00); pry (to m ove with a
lever, 0.92); impel (to press, 0.86); thrust
(to jab, 0.83); roll (to cause to roll, 0.71);
h u rry (to u rg e o th e rs, 0 .67); goad
(0.63); advocate (to prom ote, 0.60);
s c ra m b le (to clim b h astily , 0 .50);
prom ote (to further, 0.47); trip (to cause
to stum ble, 0.40); urge (to drive, 0.40);
hasten (to expedite, 0.38); hustle (to
hurry, 0.33); m eet (to encounter, 0.29);
attack (to fig h t o ffen siv ely (arm y),
0.26); dub (to hit, 0.25); hurtle (0.25);
ja m (to com press, 0.25); slam (to shut
with a slam, 0.25); com m and (to have
c o n tro l, 0 .2 1 ); re m o v e (to m o v e
physically, 0.20).
P U T to place (12) put (to place, 1.00);
put (to establish, 1.00); put (to deposit,
1.00); store (0.91); rank (to evaluate,
0.87); lay (to place, 0.75); position
(0.67); place (to put in a place, 0.50);
raise (to ask, 0.33); deposit (to lay
down, 0.25); keep (to store, 0.25); read
(to interpret, 0.07).
PUTREFY -262-
P U T R E F Y (5) putrefy (1.00); decay
(0.53); fester (0.50); stagnate (0.25);
suppurate (0.25).
P U T R E S C E (2) decay (0.50); putrefy
(0.50).
P U T T E R to potter (4) putter (1.00); dab­
ble (0.25); dally (to trifle, 0.25); linger
(to go reluctantly, 0.07).
P U Z Z L E (16) puzzle (to perplex, 1.00);
puzzle (to wonder, 1.00); em barrass (to
upset m entally, 0.91); confuse (0.80);
bam boozle (to perplex, 0.75); beat (to
peiplex, 0.75); confound (to confuse,
0.75); overw helm (to astonish, 0.75);
peiplex (0.75); fuddle (0.71); baffle (to
confuse, 0.50); daze (0.50); distract (to
confuse, 0.50); defeat (to get the better
o f another, 0.46); dum bfound (0.25);
bewilder (0.20).
Q
Q U A C K to utter d u ck ’s characteristic
sound (5) honk (0.71); croak (to give a
hoarse call, 0.50); cackle (0.30); cry (to
call (not o f hum an creatures), 0.24);
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.03).
Q U A D R I L L E (1) d a n c e (to m o v e
rhythmically, 0.08).
Q U A F F (3) q u aff (1.00); drink (to sw al­
low liquid, 0.63); guzzle (0.50).
Q U A IL to fail; to faint; to give w ay (9)
quail (1.00); w ince (0.60); retreat (to
retire, 0.57); cringe (0.50); fear (to
a n tic ip a te p erso n a l dan g er, 0.47);
blench (0.33); cow er (0.25); crouch (to
cower, 0.25); recoil (0.07).
Q U A K E (9) quake (1.00); shake (to vi­
brate, 0.82); je rk (to undergo a spasm ,
0.63); totter (to be near falling, 0.62);
beat (to pulsate, 0.61); shudder (0.50);
fear (to an ticip ate p erso n al danger,
QUAVER
0.40); rock (0.38); wobble (0.27).
Q U A L IF Y (14) qualify (to limit, 1.00);
qualify (to fulfill requirem ents, 1.00);
prepare (to m ake o n eself ready, 0.78);
decrease (to m ake less, 0.70); teach (to
drill, 0.53); slow (to cause to becom e
slow er, 0.50); soften (to m ake soft,
0.47); satisfy (to fulfill, 0.41); differ (to
be unlike, 0.40); entitle (to permit, 0.25);
m ark (to distinguish, 0.25); train (to
to u g h e n o n e s e lf, 0 .1 7 ); e x te n u a te
(0.14); restrict (to hold w ithin limits,
0.05).
Q U A R A N T IN E (2) quarantine (1.00); se­
clude (to isolate, 0.75).
Q U A R R E L (5) quarrel (1.00); contest (to
fight, 0.47); dispute (0.25); fight (to en­
gage in an encounter, 0.20); snarl (0.13).
Q U A R R Y to extract from a quarry (1)
m ine (to dig for minerals, 0.13).
Q U A R T E R (11) quarter (to divide into
quarters, 1.00); quarter (to provide liv­
ing quarters, 1.00); accom m odate (to
p ro v id e lo d g in g , 0 .7 5 ); d issect (to
anatomize, 0.50); encamp (0.50); put (to
establish, 0.50); divide (to separate by
parting, 0.45); cam p (0.36); cut (to
sever, 0.35); place (to put in a place,
0.33); kill (to deprive o f life, 0.27).
Q U A S H (12) quash (to crush, 1.00); quash
(to revoke, 1.00); destroy (to bring to
nothing, 0.78); abolish (0.48); revoke
(0.48); suppress (0.36); nullify (0.25);
refute (0.15); confute (0.14); answer (to
m ove in response, 0.12); halt (to cause
to cease, 0.12); w ithdraw (to remove
from use or circulation, 0.10).
Q U A V E R (12) quaver (1.00); trill (0.90);
w obble (0.87); fear (to anticipate per­
sonal danger, 0.67); chiip (0.64); whis­
tle (to produce a tune by whistling,
QUELL -263 -
0.43); beat (to pulsate, 0.37); dodder
(0.25); w arble (0.25); w ave (to m ove
back and forth, 0.14); rock (0.10); sound
(to m ake a noise, 0.10).
Q U E L L (10) quell (to allay, 1.00); quell
(to subdue, 1.00); decrease (to m ake
less, 0.91); destroy (to bring to noth­
ing, 0.77); defeat (to get the better o f
another, 0.66); silence (0.50); tranquilize
(0.25); halt (to cause to cease, 0.19);
suppress (0.18); quiet (to m ake silent,
0 . 10).
Q U E N C H (4) quench (to satisfy, 1.00);
quench (to smother, 1.00); douse (to
put out, 0.67); extinguish (to put out,
0.57).
Q U E R Y (8) ask (to inquire, 0.91); exam ­
ine (to test, 0.82); question (to ask,
0.79); seek (to find out, 0.75); doubt (to
raise a question, 0.63); solicit (to ask,
0 .5 0 ); w o n d er (to q u estio n , 0 .50);
enquire (0.25).
Q U E S T (2) question (to ask, 0.71); travel
(to journey, 0.32).
Q U E S T IO N (18) question (to ask, 1.00);
question (to doubt, 1.00); exam ine (to
test, 0.91); ask (to inquire, 0.86); im ­
pugn (0.83); discount (to disregard,
0.75); discredit (to doubt, 0.75); poll
(0.75); debate (0.67); quiz (0.67); en­
quire (0.50); needle (0.38); contest (to
oppose, 0.33); test (0.33); oppose (to
hold a contrary opinion, 0.18); hunt (to
try to find, 0.12); plead (to discuss in
court, 0.08); impeach (0.07).
Q U EU E (1) line (to arrange in a line, 0.83).
Q U IB B L E (4) quibble (1.00); subtilize
(0.75); cavil (0.67); evade (to use trick­
ery to avoid a sharp issue, 0.62).
Q U IC K E N (13) quicken (to hasten, 1.00);
q u ick en (to cause to hasten, 1.00);
QUITCLAEM
quicken (to increase, 1.00); quicken (to
com e or bring to life, 1.00); accelerate
(0.75); force (to encourage growth,
0.75); hasten (to expedite, 0.62); inspire
(to stim ulate to creative activity, 0.50);
m ove (to arouse the emotions of, 0.38);
o v e r e s tim a te (0 .3 8 ); a d v a n c e (to
accelerate, 0.33); enliven (0.25); animate
(to give life to, 0.22).
Q U IE T (10) quiet (to m ake calm, 1.00);
quiet (to m ake silent, 1.00); soothe
(0.93); discourage (to restrain, 0.67);
appease (to calm, 0.50); fade (to dimin­
ish in sound, 0.50); slow (to become
slower, 0.43); decrease (to grow less,
0.35); ease (to lessen pressure or ten­
sion, 0.22); lick (to pass the tongue over,
0.06).
Q U IL T to pad; to lie; to cover with mate
(4) embroider (to add adornment, 0.81);
line (to provide a lining, 0.47); interline
(to put in an interlining, 0.45); wad (0.25).
Q U IP (1) joke (0.85).
Q U IT (23) quit (to abandon, 1.00); quit
(to cease, 1.00); quit (to leave, 1.00);
quit (to resign, 1.00); end (to bring to a
halt, 0.82); leave (to go away, 0.77);
forego (0.75); resign (to leave on e’s
em ploym ent, 0.75); drop (to discon­
tinue, 0.67); go (to depart, 0.67); relin­
quish (0.67); vacate (to abandon, 0.67);
yield (to surrender, 0.54); depart (to go
away, 0.50); dissociate (to disperse,
0.33); surrender (to accept defeat, 0.33);
strike (to refuse to work, 0.29); desert
(to abandon in tim e o f trouble, 0.25);
em igrate (0.25); expire (to end, 0.25);
forsake (to abandon, 0.25); renounce
(to abandon, 0.25); requite (0.10).
Q U IT C L A IM (1) abandon (to relinquish,
0.15).
QUIVER -264-
Q U IV E R to shake; to trem ble (18) quiver
(1.00); shake (to vibrate, 0.88); thrill (to
becom e excited, 0.80); shudder (0.75);
trem ble (0.75); beat (to pulsate, 0.68);
ju m p (to vibrate, 0.60); w obble (0.60);
jerk (to undergo a spasm, 0.50); pulsate
(0 .5 0 ); rage (to g ive v en t to anger,
0.45); flop (to m ove w ith little control,
0.39); shiver (0.33); lick (to play over;
said o f flam es, 0.31); te ete r (0.27);
q uaver (0.25); rock (0.14); w ave (to
m ove back and forth, 0.10).
Q U IZ to question; to interrogate (5) quiz
(1.00); debrief (0.75); needle (0.63); cat­
echize (to question, 0.25); question (to
ask, 0.21).
Q U IZ to m ake fun o f (1) ridicule (0.65).
Q U O T E (8) quote (to repeat verbatim ,
1.00); quote (to state a price, 1.00); cite
(to refer to as authority, 0.94); excerpt
(0.75); refer (to m ention, 0.67); recite
(to relate in detail, 0.64); extract (to cite,
0.50); m ention (0.50).
R R A IN (3) rain (1.00); cover (to send down
R A C E to run a race; to com pete (7) race
(to m ove at great speed, 1.00); race (to
com pete, 1.00); dash (to sprint, 0.75);
scurry (0.75); w hizz (0.67); run (to go
sw iftly by physical effort, 0.21); skate
(0.14).
R A C K to affect w ith pain (3) strain (to
stretch, 0.75); hurt (to cause pain, 0.51);
p ersecute (to oppress, especially for
religious reasons, 0.48).
R A C K to move with the gait called a rack
(3) trot (0.43); haunt (to prey upon,
0.18); gallop (0.07).
RA D IA TE (11) radiate (to send forth from
a centre, 1.00); radiate (to shed light or
RAISE
heat, 1.00); shine (to give forth light,
0.95); beam (to shine, 0.75); diverge (to
m ove in different directions from the
sam e source, 0.75); em anate (to emit,
0.50); glare (to shine fiercely, 0.25);
glow (0.25); thrive (to grow vigorously,
0.18); spread (to extend, 0.11); flash (to
give forth a light by flash, 0.09).
R A D IO (3) broadcast (to transm it elec­
tronically, 0.54); com m unicate (to im ­
part inform ation, 0.49); report (to de­
liver inform ation, 0.31).
R A D IO G R A P H (1) broadcast (to trans­
m it electronically, 0.69).
R A F T (1) drive (to m anage a propelled
vehicle, 0.50).
R A G E (3) rage (to give vent to anger,
1.00); rage (to be out o f control, 1.00);
bum (to oxidize, 0.63).
R A ID (5) raid (1.00); attack (to fight of­
fensively (army), 0.71); harass (to make
sm all, persistent attacks, 0.25); bomb
(0.14); ravage (0.14).
R A IL to utter abusive language (3) scold
(0.30); rant (0.25); rave (to rage, 0.25).
in plenty, 0.75); storm (0.36).
R A IS E to set upright; to get up (32) raise
(to lift, 1.00); raise (to nurture, 1.00);
raise (to collect or make available, 1.00);
raise (to erect, 1.00); raise (to ask, 1.00);
r a is e (to a d v a n c e in ra n k , 1.00);
intensify (0.94); prom ote (to advance
in rank, 0.93); grow (to cultivate, 0.90);
b u ild (to co n stru c t, 0.89); ease (to
lessen pressure or tension, 0.83); pry
(to m ove w ith a lever, 0.77); advance
(to prom ote in rank or station, 0.75);
b o o s t (to in c re a se , 0 .7 5 ); em b o ss
(0.75); leaven (to ferment, 0.75); increase
(to add to, 0.51); collect (to obtain
RAKE -265-
funds, 0.50); erect (to build, 0.50);
redouble (0.50); rouse (to waken, 0.50);
sling (to suspend, 0.50); rem ove (to
m ove physically, 0.45); m ultiply (to
em ploy m ultiplication as an arithm eti­
cal process, 0.44); organize (to form an
organization, 0.42); crown (to em power
w ith a crow n, 0.33); adopt (to take as a
son or daughter, 0.27); im prove (to
make better, 0.27); frame (to make, 0.25);
in flate (to distend, 0.25); begin (to
initiate, 0.12); rise (to increase, 0.10).
R A K E to scrape aw ay; to cover (7) rake
(to use a rake, 1.00); rake (to sw eep
w ith gunfire, 1.00); paw (to scrape
with the front foot, 0.75); tilt (to incline,
0.45); cut (to cut into, 0.37); clean (0.33);
upbraid (0.04).
R A K E to m ove with speed (2) raid (0.74);
shoot (to discharge, 0.20).
R A L L Y to reassem ble; to becom e better
(10) rally (to return to the attack, 1.00);
rally (to urge others to rally, 1.00); rally
(to regain strength, 1.00); assem ble (to
bring together, 0.93); recover (to regain
health, 0.90); gather (to com e together,
0.74); improve (to becom e better, 0.35);
strengthen (0.30); encourage (to raise
th e s p ir its , 0 .2 8 ); b a la n c e (to
dem onstrate balance, 0.18).
R A LLY to treat with ridicule (2) ridicule
(0.39); sneer (0.10).
R A M (13) ram (to strike head-on, 1.00);
ram (to pack forcibly, 1.00); butt (to
strike w ith the head, 0.93); slide (to
cause to slide, 0.75); stuff (0.75); drive
(to force w ith blow s, 0.67); push (to
press against, 0.57); pack (to stow com ­
pactly, 0.46); fill (to pour to the capac­
ity o f the container, 0.31); beat (to
thrash, 0.27); thrust (to jab, 0.25); catch
RANKLE
(to com e to from behind, 0.17); plug
(0.17).
R A M B L E (15) ram ble (to go in various
directions, 1.00); ram ble (to saunter,
1.00); ram ble (to speak or w rite aim ­
lessly, 1.00); roam (to wander, 0.94); gad
(0.75); straggle (0.75); stroll (0.75); walk
(to m ove on foot, 0.52); peregrinate
(0.50); range (to traverse w ide areas,
0.50); saunter (0.50); w ander (to stroll,
0.50); tram p (to w ander afoot, 0.40);
w ind (to meander, 0.27); loiter (0.07).
R A M P A G E (1) rage (to give vent to
anger, 0.23).
R A N C H to conduct a ranch (1) farm (to
do farm work, 0.50).
R A N G E to place in a row; to arrange (14)
range (to vary, 1.00); range (to traverse
w ide areas, 1.00); range (to place in
order, 1.00); roam (to wander, 0.88);
classify (0.64); indent (0.50); line (to
arrange in a line, 0.50); space (to group,
0.50); stretch (to occupy space, 0.50);
organize (to put in order, 0.40); shelve
(to arrange, 0.33); order (to put in order,
0.18); vary (to show changes, 0.17);
march (0.15).
R A N K to arrange; to divide; to place (11)
ra n k (to e v a lu a te , 1.00); ran k (to
p o sse ss relativ e ev alu atio n , 1.00);
heap (to place in a heap, 0.77); pile (to
place one upon another, 0.75); line (to
be in a line, 0.60); m easure (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.57); class
(0.50); classify (0.44); regim ent (0.25);
estimate (to m ake a rough guess, 0.20);
line (to arrange in a line, 0.08).
R A N K L E (4) rankle (1.00); fester (0.75);
anger (to arouse som eone to anger,
0.58); die (to decline as though death
were inevitab le, 0.17).
RANSACK -266-
R A N S A C K (10) ra n s a c k (to se a rc h
thoroughly, 1.00); ran sa ck (to loot,
1.00); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.92); pry (to endeavour to discover,
0.80); hunt (to try to find, 0.59); examine
(to inspect w ith care, 0.39); ravage
(0.31); raid (0.30); search (0.29); steal
(0.03).
R A N S O M (4) ransom (1.00); rescue (to
free, 0.40); free (to liberate, 0.37); save
(to rem ove from danger, 0.27).
R A N T (8) rant (1.00); babble (0.95); rage
(to give vent to anger, 0.95); bluster
(0.94); expatiate (0.75); yap (0.50);
address (to speak to an assembly, 0.27);
act (to take part in a play, 0.06).
R A P to strike; to punish (10) rap (to tap
sharply, 1.00); bum p (to m ake a bum p­
ing sound, 0.73); thum p (0.67); knock
(0.50); beat (to thrash, 0.43); paddle (to
beat, usually rather lightly, 0.25); tap
(to strike lightly, 0.25); hit (to strike,
0.23); peck (0.17); drive (to cause to
move, 0.13).
R A P E to rape; to tran sp o rt (10) rape
(1.00); seize (to take by force, 0.94);
ransack (to loot, 0.83); ruin (to destroy
chastity, 0.75); attack (to assault (o f
an individual), 0.73); abduct (0.67); kid­
nap (0.55); maraud (0.50); ravage (0.18);
seduce (0.10).
R A R E F Y (3) refine (to purify, 0.75); thin
(0.33); purify (0.29).
R A S P to rub as if w ith a rasp (11) rasp
(1.00); file (to use an abrasive, 0.75);
grate (0.75); rub (to subject to friction,
0.64); grind (to pulverize, 0.57); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.56); com b (0.50); creak
(0.25); paw (to scrape w ith the front
foot, 0.25); scrape (0.25); clean (0.20).
RA T E to divide; to calculate (8) rate (to
RAVAGE
' rank, 1.00); estim ate (to m ake a rough
guess, 0.95); calculate (to reckon, 0.84);
value (to set a price upon, 0.68); grade
(0.67); set (to value, 0.67); classify
(0.53); rank (to evaluate, 0.07).
R A T E to scold; to elide (1) scold (0.37).
R A T IFY (9) ratify (1.00); approve (to give
approval, 0.97); endorse (to indicate
o n e ’s active support, 0.69); authorize
(to approve, 0.60); enact (to legislate,
0.53); substantiate (to prove, 0.50); urge
(to p r e s e n t f a v o u r a b ly , 0 .4 1 );
a c k n o w le d g e (to r e c o g n iz e th e
authority of, 0.30); adopt (to vote ac­
ceptance, 0.25).
R A T IO C IN A T E (1) discuss (0.05).
R A T IO N (3) ration (1.00); distribute (to
allot, 0.26); provide (to supply, 0.08).
R A T IO N A L IZ E (7) rationalize (to reason,
1.00); rationalize (to justify, 1.00); urge
(to present favourably, 0.65); excuse
(0.46); justify (to give reasons for, 0.44);
reason (to seek a reasonable explana­
tio n , 0.33 ); d efen d (to su p p o rt an
accused person, 0.06).
R A T T L E (15) rattle (to m ake a rattling
sound, 1.00); disturb (to upset mental
calm , 0.89); sound (to m ake a noise,
0.82); clatter (0.75); ja b b er (to talk as
th o u g h ja b b e rin g , 0 .7 5 ); ju m p (to
vibrate, 0.67); clack (to m ake a rattling
noise, 0.50); clack (to talk heedlessly,
0.50); drive (to m anage a propelled
vehicle, 0.29); bang (to m ake a noise,
0.25); confuse (0.25); jin g le (0.25);
patter (0.25); bump (to make a bumping
sound, 0.14); ja r (to cause to tremble,
0.12).
RA V A G E (8) ravage (1.00); devastate
(0.75); overrun (to infest, 0.75); dam­
age (to im pair the value of, 0.62); muti­
RAVE
late (to dam age, 0.25); ransack (to loot,
0 .2 5 ); ab o lish (0 .0 7 ); c o rru p t (to
debase, 0.02).
RAVE to be m ad (6) rave (to rage, 1.00);
rave (to babble, 1.00); babble (0.90);
b luster (0.88); rage (to give vent to
anger, 0.86); rant (0.75).
RAVEL to becom e confiised (2) ravel
(1.00); entangle (0.25).
RAVEN (1) glut (to eat to satiety, 0.29).
RA V ISH (12) ravish (to charm , 1.00);
ravish (to rape, 1.00); fascinate (0.88);
ransack (to loot, 0.88); kidnap (0.82);
defile (to rape, 0.75); deflow er (0.75);
rape (0.70); destroy (to bring to noth­
ing, 0.59); assault (to rape, 0.25); ruin
(to destroy chastity, 0.25); violate (to
rape, 0.20).
R A Z E (9) raze (1.00); destroy (to bring to
nothing, 0.95); flatten (to m ake flat,
0.75); w reck (to bring to ruin, 0.53);
ravage (0.49); dynamite (0.33); disman­
tle (0.17); sm ash (0.15); abolish (0.05).
R E A C H to extend (25) reach (to extend
to, 1.00); reach (to extend a part o f the
body to, 1.00); reach (to arrive, 1.00);
reach (to give an object to another,
1.00); obtain (to gain possession, 0.94);
range (to traverse w ide areas, 0.88);
com m unicate (to be in com munication,
0.86); succeed (to attain success, 0.86);
lengthen (to m ake longer, 0.79); m eet
(to touch, 0.75); spread (to extend,
0.72); com e (to arrive, 0.67); cover (to
suffice, 0.67); recover (to improve one’s
condition, 0.55); catch (to come to from
behind, 0.50); contact (0.50); pass (to
m ove past, 0.50); touch (to com e into a
contact w ith, 0.50); w ash (to border
upon, 0.50); m ake (to reach, 0.33);
average (to do on an average, 0.29);
-267- REAFFIRM
arrive (to com e to a place, 0.27); fly (to
pass over by flying, 0.25); gain (to
achieve, 0.25); report (to present one­
self, 0.25).
REACQUBRE (3) recover (to obtain again,
0.40); recapture (0.25); regain (0.25).
R E A C T (5) react (to act in response, 1.00);
react (to feel in response, 1.00); operate
(to produce an effect, 0.94); answer (to
m ove in response, 0.76); return (to put
or send som ething back, 0.33).
R EA CTIV A TE (1) strengthen (0.72).
R E A D (15) re a d (to u n d e rsta n d by
reading, 1.00); read (to interpret, 1.00);
read (to co n tain w hen read, 1.00);
decipher (0.87); study (to endeavour
to learn, 0.80); cram (to study hurriedly,
0.75); recite (to repeat formally, 0.70);
learn (to acquire mentally, 0.69); explain
(0.55); deliver (to speak formally, 0.50);
ta lk (to co n v erse, 0.35); d irect (to
address, 0.25); give (to give a speech,
0 .25); u n d ersta n d (to com prehend,
0.24); interpret (to convey the meaning
o f (art), 0.20).
R E AD A P T (2) remodel (0.65); transplant
(0.20).
R E A D JU S T (9) readjust (1.00); remodel
(0.76); adjust (to place or regulate parts,
0.62); re-educate (0.50); regulate (to ad­
just, 0.37); balance (to place in balance,
0.33); adapt (to alter or adjust, 0.25);
suit (to adapt, 0.25); change (to make
different, 0.15).
R E A D O R N (1) redecorate (0.24).
REA D Y (4) groom (0.50); load (to charge;
said especially o f firearms, 0.33); wait
(to atten d at tab le, 0.33); gear (to
prepare, 0.25).
R E A F F IR M (1) declare (to speak formally
and emphatically, 0.27).
REALIZE -268-
R E A L I Z E (26) re a liz e (to b rin g to
fulfillment, 1.00); realize (to understand,
1.00); realize (to receive, 1.00); cash
(0.83); profit (to derive gain, 0.78);
achieve (to reach a goal, 0.75); clear (to
p r o f it, 0 .7 5 ); e a rn (to r e c e iv e in
p ay m en t, 0.75); co m plete (to m ake
entire, 0.74); adm it (to acknow ledge,
0.72); represent (to present as a true
in terp retation, 0.71); a c tu a liz e (0.67);
im plem ent (0.67); succeed (to attain
success, 0.67); rec o v er (to im prove
o n e ’s condition, 0.64); reap (to gain,
0.63); envisage (to imagine, 0.50); gain
(to achieve, 0.50); perfect (0.50); sub­
stantiate (to actualize, 0.50); achieve (to
finish an undertaking, 0.49); u nder­
stand (to com prehend, 0.29); follow (to
understand, 0.25); recognize (to ac­
know ledge, 0.25); obtain (to gain p os­
session, 0.09); perform (to accom plish
an action, 0.06).
R E A M to enlarge; to w iden (2) bore (to
pierce by rotary m otion, 0.50); p en­
etrate (to pierce, 0.43).
REA N IM A T E (7) reanimate (1.00); revive
(to give new life, 0.58); comfort (to make
e a sy p h y sic a lly , 0 .5 7 ); stre n g th e n
(0.54); vitalize (0.25); heal (to cure,
0.18); rec ru it (to g ath er n ee d ed re ­
sources, 0.07).
R E A P (10) reap (to harvest, 1.00); reap
(to gain, 1.00); cut (to sever, 0.78); re­
ceive (to take into o n e ’s charge, 0.65);
succeed (to attain success, 0.55); gar­
ner (0.50); obtain (to gain possession,
0.47); gather (to harvest, 0.33); m ow
(0.33); take (to collect, 0.33).
R E A P P E A R (4) return (to go back, 0.92);
reenter (0.67); recur (0.33); repeat (to
happen again, 0.33).
REASSURE
R E A P P O R T IO N (1) reapportion (1.00).
R E A R (10) rear (1.00); train (to direct
grow th, 0.94); raise (to nurture, 0.90);
build (to construct, 0.86); teach (to drill,
0.76); create (to make, 0.62); teach (to
act as a teacher, 0.53); form (to give
character to a person, 0.50); raise (to
lift, 0.25); rise (to m ove upward, 0.13).
R E A R R A N G E (11) rearrange (1.00); re­
consider (0.87); reform (to change into
a n e w form, 0.81); rem odel (0.59); edit
(to prepare for publication, 0.54); invert
(to reverse, 0.50); reverse (to exchange,
0.50); redecorate (0.41); exchange (to
replace one thing w ith another, 0.40);
shuffle (to m ix cards, 0.33); sw itch
(0.25).
R E A S O N (11) reason (to think logically,
1.00); reaso n (to seek a reasonable
explanation , 1.00); reason (to discuss
persuasively, 1.00); estim ate (to make
a considered prediction, 0.53); con­
c lu d e (to d ed u c e, 0 .5 0 ); arg u e (to
endeavour to convince, 0.47); debate
(0.47); infer (to conclude, 0.44); deduce
(0.25); fig u re (to figure out, 0.25);
forecast (to predict, 0.23).
R E A S S E M B L E (3) rally (to return to the
attack, 0.80); reunite (0.71); recall (to
sum m on again, 0.33).
R E A S S E R T (1) declare (to speak formally
and emphatically, 0.24).
R E A S SU M E (1) resume (0.86).
R E A S S U R E (8) reassure (1.00); assure
(to encourag e, 0.75); encourage (to
give support, 0.52); certify (to give
assurance, 0.50); comfort (to make easy
physically, 0.32); declare (to speak
fo rm a lly and e m p h a tic a lly , 0.22);
guarantee (to certify, 0.22); comfort (to
console, 0.17).
REAWAKE -269-
R E A W A K E (1) revive (to take on new
life, 0.45).
REAW AKEN (2) renew (to refresh, 0.95);
rep ro d u ce (to m ake a second tim e,
0.53).
R E B A T E to bring back; to subtract; to
reduce (1) discount (to deduct, 0.38).
R E B E L (4) rebel (to endeavour to over­
throw a governm ent, 1.00); rebel (to
object, 1.00); oppose (to fight, 0.53);
transgress (0.43).
R E B O U N D (8) rebound (1.00); glance (to
ricochet, 0.67); backfire (to go awry,
0.50); jum p (to vibrate, 0.47); ricochet
(0.33); return (to go back, 0.32); reecho
(0.25); reflect (to throw back, 0.06).
R E B U F F (9) rebuff (to reject, 1.00); cen­
sure (0.84); repel (to throw back, 0.83);
refuse (0.79); neglect (to treat w ith in­
difference, 0.50); deny (0.43); parry (to
w ard off, 0.33); check (to bring under
control, 0.14); act (to perform an ac­
tion, 0.11).
R E B U IL D (10) rebuild (to repair, 1.00);
rebuild (to restore, 1.00); reconstruct
(0.94); renew (to refresh, 0.76); reorgan­
ize (0.75); restore (to rebuild in a form
supposed to be original, 0.75); heal (to
cure, 0.36); reform (to change into a new
form, 0.31); remodel (0.24); repair (0.04).
R E B U K E (15) rebuke (1.00); censure
(0.82); scold (0.78); chide (0.75); parry
(to w ard off, 0.67); upbraid (0.67);
blam e (to censure, 0.50); condem n (to
blam e, 0.50); reb u ff (to reject, 0.43);
chasten (to punish, 0.33); denounce
(0.31); adm onish (to reprim and, 0.25);
berate (0.25); castigate (0.25); flay (to
criticize, 0.25).
R E B U T (8) rebut (1.00); refute (0.89); dis­
prove (0.75); answ er (to m ove in re­
RECEDE
sponse, 0.59); confute (0.57); deny
(0.50); defeat (to get the better o f an­
other, 0.22); justify (to give reasons for,
0.06).
R E C A L L (15) recall (to call in mind, 1.00);
recall (to remove from office, 1.00); recall
(to sum m on again, 1.00); revoke (0.89);
retain (to rem em ber, 0.75); rem inisce
(0.67); hint (0.59); recollect (0.50); think
(to rem em ber, 0.50); cancel (to annul,
0.38); dismiss (to remove an employee,
0.38); recognize (to know again, 0.36);
mind (to remember, 0.33); retrace (0.33);
sum m on (to call, 0.06).
R E C A N T to w ithdraw (5) recant (1.00);
cancel (to annul, 0.96); revoke (0.93);
deny (0.54); vitiate (to cancel, 0.50).
R E C A P IT U L A T E (9) recapitulate (1.00);
com pile (0.68); b rief (to summ arize,
0.50); rehearse (to repeat, 0.50); resume
(0.29); continue (to resume, 0.25); detail
(to make clear in detail, 0.15); repeat (to
say again, 0.08); decrease (to make less,
0.07).
R E C A P T U R E (6) recapture (1.00); regain
(0.75); rescue (to save, 0.67); recover
(to obtain again, 0.53); seize (to take
by force, 0.31); redeem (to recover
through a paym ent, 0.25).
R E C A S T (5) rewrite (0.83); revolutionize
(0 .7 5 ); re p e a t (to do ag ain , 0.38);
change (to m ake different, 0.35); re­
model (0.29).
R E C E D E (12) recede (to go backward,
1.00); recede (to sink, 1.00); retreat (to
retire, 0.95); ebb (0.91); dip (to fall, 0.78);
subside (0.75); step (0.73); give (to yield
under pressure, 0.57); retire (to draw
away, 0.56); die (to cease existing,
0.50); contract (to diminish, 0.32); fall
(to pass quickly downward, 0.18).
RECEIVE -270-
R E C E IV E (21) receive (to take into one’s
charge, 1.00); receive (to endure, 1.00);
receive (to support, 1.00); receive (to
m ake welcom e, 1.00); entertain (to act
as h o st or h o ste ss, 0.94); learn (to
acquire mentally, 0.88); feel (to expe­
rience, 0.73); host (0.67); salute (to
recognize w ith respect, 0.60); accom ­
modate (to provide lodging, 0.50); admit
(to grant entrance, 0.50); succeed (to
attain success, 0.43); average (to do
on an average, 0.36); greet (0.35); in­
herit (0.33); usher (0.33); get (to learn,
0.25); obtain (to gain possession, 0.24);
catch (to contract a disease, 0.20); col­
lect (to arrange settlem ent o f a debt,
0.20); reap (to gain, 0.06).
R E C E S S to reced e; to w ith d raw (1)
achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.24).
R E C H A R G E (1) recharge (1.00).
R E C H E C K (1) reconsider (0.80).
R E C H E W (1) rum inate (to regurgitate,
0.75).
R E C IP R O C A T E (9) reciprocate (to ex­
change, 1.00); reciprocate (to vacillate,
1.00); exchange (to give and receive re­
ciprocally, 0.86); react (to act in re­
sponse, 0.86); repeat (to do again, 0.69);
repay (to retaliate, 0.50); correlate (to
interact, 0.33); adm it (to acknow ledge,
0.14); revenge (0.11).
R E C IT E (16) recite (to repeat formally,
1.00); recite (to report on a lesson, 1.00);
recite (to relate in detail, 1.00); narrate
(0.95); quote (to repeat verbatim, 0.75);
detail (to m ake clear in detail, 0.58);
relate (to tell, 0.50); tell (to inform, 0.48);
cite (to refer to as authority, 0.44); repeat
(to say again, 0.42); discuss (0.36);
practice (to seek im provem ent through
RECOGNIZE
repetition, 0.30); perorate (to harangue,
0.25); com m unicate (to im part infor­
m ation, 0.15); utter (0.11); adm it (to
confess, 0.10).
R E C K O N (16) reckon (1.00); value (to
set a price upon, 0.89); program (to
w ork out a sequence to be perform ed,
0.88); estim ate (to m ake a considered
prediction, 0.87); compute (0.75); count
(0 .7 5 ); fig u re (to co m p u te, 0 .7 5 );
estim ate (to m ake a rough guess, 0.70);
score (to com pute the score, 0.63);
assess (to estim a te, 0.50); cast (to
com pute, 0.50); account (0.25); guess
(to attem pt an answ er on inadequate
evidence, 0.12); add (to bring together,
usually by m athem atics, 0.11); infer (to
conclude, 0.11); balance (to dem on­
strate balance, 0.06).
R E C L A IM (10) reclaim (to bring into us­
able condition, 1.00); reclaim (to reform,
1.00); redeem (to recover through a pay­
m ent, 0.88); challenge (to claim, 0.83);
civilize (0.83); recover (to obtain again,
0.67); save (to assure an afterlife, 0.67);
correct (to m ake needed corrections,
0.50); retrieve (0.33); reform (to change
into a new form, 0.28).
R E C L A S S IF Y (1) reinstate (0.50).
R E C L IN E (6) recline (1.00); lie (to assume
a prostrate position, 0.80); rest (to take
o n e’s rest, 0.53); relax (0.50); unwind
(to relax, 0.50); loll (0.25).
R E C O D IF Y (1) renew (to refresh, 0.39).
R E C O G N IZ E (25) recognize (to know
again, 1.00); recognize (to acknow l­
edge, 1.00); recognize (to acknowledge
the legality o f a governm ent, 1.00);
discover (to find, 0.81); allow (to grant
a request or assertion, 0.75); realize (to
RECOIL -271-
understand, 0.75); rem em ber (to recall,
0.75); salute (to address, 0.67); greet
(0.65); u nderstand (to com prehend,
0.62); detect (to find out, 0.50); hail (to
p r a is e , 0 .5 0 ); k n o w (to p o s s e s s
inform ation, 0.50); consider (to take
into account, 0.44); tell (to deduce,
0.44); approve (to give approval, 0.42);
a d m it (to a c k n o w le d g e , 0 .4 1 );
acknow ledge (to recognize the author­
ity of, 0.40); respect (to treat w ith con­
sideration, 0.40); observe (to notice,
0.33); ow n (to acknow ledge, 0.33);
entertain (to consider, 0.25); retain (to
rem em ber, 0.25); spot (to point out,
0 .2 5 ); n o d (to m a k e a n o d d in g
movement, 0.07).
R E C O IL to cause to retreat; to retire (10)
recoil (1.00); bounce (to rebound, 0.88);
turn (to reverse, 0.88); meander (to turn,
0.75); backfire (to go awry, 0.67); retreat
(to retire, 0.67); hesitate (0.42); bound
(to rebound, 0.25); cringe (0.25); return
(to go back, 0.20).
R E C O L L E C T to bring back to one’s mind
(8) recollect (1.00); rem em ber (to recall,
0.88); recognize (to know again, 0.79);
think (to remember, 0.75); m ind (to re­
member, 0.67); recall (to call to m ind,
0 .6 7 ); re ta in (to rem e m b er, 0 .5 0 );
reminisce (0.33).
R E C O M M E N C E (3) resume (0.71); con­
tinue (to resume, 0.50); renew (to repeat,
0.25).
R E C O M M E N D to advise (14) recom ­
m end (to lend support or approval,
1.00); recom m end (to m ake a sugges­
tion or prescription, 1.00); advise (to
give counsel, 0.97); praise (to com ­
mend, 0.95); approve (to favour, 0.75);
urge (to present favourably, 0.53); pro­
RECONSTITUTE
pose (to m ake a suggestion, 0.43); ap­
prove (to give approval, 0.35); endorse
(to indicate o n e’s active support, 0.31);
m anage (to direct, 0.30); suggest (to
m ake a suggestion, 0.25); warn (0.15);
defend (to support an accused person,
0.11); support (to uphold, 0.03).
R E C O M P E N S E (10) pay (to give pay­
ment, 0.92); com pensate (to pay, 0.75);
repay (to pay back, 0.75); requite (0.70);
offset (0.63); rem unerate (0.50); return
(to repay, 0.50); return (to put or send
som ething back, 0.25); right (to repair
an injustice, 0.25); refund (to return,
0.19).
R E C O N C E IV E (1) renew (to refresh,
0.47).
R E C O N C IL E (11) reconcile (to adjust,
1.00); reconcile (to bring into harmony,
1.00); arbitrate (0.83); readjust (0.75);
obey (to act in accordance with a rec­
o gnized prin cip le, 0.73); adjust (to
bring to an agreem ent, 0.70); quiet (to
m ake calm , 0.54); settle (to satisfy a
claim, 0.50); rationalize (to justify, 0.33);
reg u la te (to adjust, 0.32); conform
(0.19).
R E C O N D IT IO N (8) reconstruct (0.78);
redecorate (0.65); reclaim (to bring into
usable condition, 0.60); revive (to give
n ew life , 0 .4 7 ); c h a n g e (to m ake
different, 0.45); renew (to refresh, 0.45);
transplant (0.40); revamp (0.25).
R E C O N N O IT R E (4) reconnoitre (1.00);
pry (to endeavour to discover, 0.73);
exam ine (to inspect w ith care, 0.57);
range (to traverse w ide areas, 0.25).
R E C O N S ID E R (3) reconsider (1.00); re­
vise (0.93); return (to go back, 0.76).
R E C O N S T IT U T E (4) replace (to supply
an equivalent, 0.82); renew (to refresh,
RECONSTRUCT -272-
0.74); reconstruct (0.72); reform (to
change into a new form , 0.06).
R E C O N S T R U C T (10) reconstruct (1.00);
reform (to change into a new form ,
0.84); rem odel (0.71); rearrange (0.57);
build (to construct, 0.36); change (to
m ake different, 0.30); alter (to change
for a purpose, 0.25); transform (0.25);
repeat (to do again, 0.19); correct (to
m ake needed corrections, 0.18).
R E C O N V E N E (2) recall (to sum m on
again, 0.67); reunite (0.57).
R E C O N V E R T (1) change (to m ake dif­
ferent, 0.42).
R E C O O K (1) reheat (0.50).
R E C O R D (13) record (to w rite dow n,
1.00); record (to indicate, 1.00); record
(to record electronically, 1.00); w rite
(to com pose in words, 0.92); m em orize
(0.83); schedule (0.75); film (0.67);
catalogue (0.50); file (to arrange in order,
0.50); register (to indicate, 0.50); enlist
(to enroll others, 0.41); list (to enter in
a list, 0.38); dictate (to speak for record,
0.30).
R E C O U N T to relate; to narrate (11) re­
count (1.00); report (to deliver infor­
m ation, 0.88); relate (to tell, 0.75);
narrate (0.70); cite (to refer to as au­
thority, 0.50); rehearse (to tell, 0.50); tell
(to n arrate , 0.3 3 ); d escrib e (0 .3 0 );
develop (to reveal slowly, 0.25); reciic
(to relate in detail, 0.23); detail (to m ake
clear in detail, 0.19).
R E C O U N T to count again (1) reproduce
(to m ake a second tim e, 0.76).
R E C O U P (6) recoup (1.00); pay (to give
p ay m en t, 0.75); re c o v e r (to o b tain
again, 0.60); refund (to return, 0.56);
recru it (to gather need ed resources,
RECTIFY
0.50); redeem (to recover through a
paym ent, 0.13).
R E C O V E R (19) recover (to obtain again,
1 .0 0 ); re c o v e r (to im p ro v e o n e ’s
condition, 1.00); recover (to regain
health, 1.00); obtain (to gain posses­
sion, 0.85); rescue (to save, 0.83); sal­
vage (0.75); revive (to take on new life,
0.73); ransom (0.71); mend (to get well,
0.67); recru it (to g ath er needed re­
sources, 0.57); succeed (to attain suc­
cess, 0.50); strengthen (0.46); profit (to
derive gain, 0.44); return (to go back,
0.40); reap (to gain, 0.38); find (to dis­
cover, 0.25); restore (to recreate, 0.25);
find (to happen upon, 0.15); renew (to
refresh, 0.08).
R E C R E A T E to create anew (3) reproduce
(to m ake a second tim e, 0.82); regen­
erate (0.67); renew (to refresh, 0.24).
R E C R E A T E to refresh; to give consola­
tion (1) en tertain (to act as host or
hostess, 0.71);
R E C R IM IN A T E (4) upbraid (0.78); ac­
cuse (0.47); scold (0.41); remonstrate
(0.33).
R E C R U IT (4) recruit (to raise troops,
1.00); recru it (to g ath er needed re­
sources, 1.00); enroll (to obtain for
service, 0.75); enlist (to enroll others,
0.68).
R E C T IF Y (13) rectify (1.00); straighten
(0.79); reform (to change into a new
form , 0.69); em end (to correct, 0.67);
correct (to m ake needed corrections,
0.64); adjust (to place or regulate parts,
0.58); remedy (0.50); reform (to correct
evils, 0.45); repair (0.30); regulate (to
adjust, 0.26); redress (0.25); improve (to
m ake better, 0.21); settle (to satisfy a
claim, 0.17).
RECUPERATE -273 -
R E C U P E R A T E (7) recuperate (1.00); re­
c ru it (to g a th e r n e e d e d re so u rc e s,
0.64); rest (to take o n e ’s rest, 0.63);
b reathe (to pause, 0.50); perk (to be
r e f re s h e d , 0 .3 3 ); ra lly (to re g a in
stren g th , 0 .33); re c o v e r (to re g a in
health, 0.10).
R E C U R (6) recur (1.00); return (to go
back, 0.96); repeat (to do again, 0.81);
repeat (to happen again, 0.67); happen
(to occur, 0.53); appear (to becom e
visible, 0.27).
RECURV E (1) round (to make round, 0.29).
R E C Y C L E (1) recycle (1.00).
R E D A C T (1) em end (to edit, 0.50).
R E D D E N (7) redden (to grow red, 1.00);
redden (to m ake red, 1.00); irritate (to
inflame, 0.86); inflame (to cause physi­
cal soreness, 0.71); blush (0.60); col­
our (to take on colour, 0.60); glow (0.50).
R E D D L E (1) redden (to make red, 0.45).
R E D E C O R A T E (4) redecorate (1.00); re­
m odel (0.53); face (to put a face on a
building, 0.46); decorate (0.10).
R E D E E M (1 7 ) re d e e m (to re c o v e r
through a paym ent, 1.00); redeem (to
save, 1.00); recover (to obtain again,
0.93); refund (to put financial obliga­
tions on a new basis, 0.85); discount
(to deduct, 0.77); rescue (to save, 0.75);
shrive (to absolve, 0.75); reform (to
change into a new form, 0.72); reclaim
(to bring into usable condition, 0.70);
receive (to take into one’s charge, 0.43);
free (to liberate, 0.34); refund (to return,
0.31); salvage (0.25); save (to rem ove
from danger, 0.18); buy (to acquire by
purchase, 0.13); reinstate (0.10); re­
place (to supply an equivalent, 0.09).
R ED ESIG N (2) redo (0.75); renew (to re­
fresh, 0.16).
REDUCE
R E D IR E C T (2) divert (to deflect, 0.67);
turn (to divert, 0.07).
R E D IS C O V E R (1) recover (to obtain
again, 0.27).
R E D IS T R IB U T E (1) reapportion (0.86).
R E D IS T R IC T (1) reapportion (0.71).
R E D IV ID E (1) subdivide (0.50).
R E D O (7) redo (1.00); repeat (to do again,
0.94); duplicate (to repeat, 0.75); renew
(to refresh, 0.63); reproduce (to make a
second tim e, 0.59); disguise (0.14);
change (to m ake different, 0.11).
R E D O U B L E to double again (4) redou­
ble (1.00); heighten (to increase, 0.50);
intensify (0.31); increase (to add to,
0.03).
R E D O U B L E to double; to resound (1)
rally (to return to the attack, 0.40).
R E D R A F T (1) revise (0.80).
R E D R E S S to raise again; to restore; to
re-establish (5) redress (1.00); rectify
(0.75); correct (to make needed correc­
tio n s, 0 .55 ); rep la ce (to su p p ly an
equivalent, 0.45); refund (to return,
0.13).
R E D U C E (57) reduce (to make less, 1.00);
reduce (to defeat, 1.00); reduce (to
hum ble, 1.00); decrease (to m ake less,
0.98); depress (to bring to a lower state,
0.96); w eaken (to m ake weaker, 0.95);
discount (to deduct, 0.92); corrupt (to
debase, 0.87); extenuate (0.86); con­
centrate (to bring or com e together,
0.80); abate (to m ake less, 0.75); allay
(to lessen, 0.75); commute (to exchange
fo r so m e th in g less se v ere, 0.75);
qualify (to limit, 0.75); quell (to allay,
0.75); slow (to cause to become slower,
0.75); adulterate (0.71); subject (0.71);
check (to slacken the pace, 0.70); elimi­
REDUPLICATE
nate (to rem ove, 0.68); diet (0.67);
lessen (to m ake less, 0.67); m odel (to
imitate a model, 0.67); undersell (0.67);
change (to m ake different, 0.66); raze
(0.65); hum ble (0.60); ruin (to cause to
b eco m e b an k ru p t, 0.60); defeat (to
w orst in war, 0.53); com press (0.50);
dilute (0.50); dim inish (to m ake less,
0.50); mute (0.50); slenderize (0.50); train
(to toughen oneself, 0.50); disgrace
(0.46); cool (to becom e cool, 0.43);
m ash (0.41); lighten (to m ake lighter,
0.35); bleed (to drain, 0.33); sacrifice
(to sell at a loss, 0.33); cheapen (0.27);
etch (to rem ove m etal w ith acid, 0.25);
minimize (0.25); moderate (to make less,
0 .2 5 ); m u n c h (0 .2 5 ); p ric e (0 .2 5 );
slacken (0.25); taper (0.25); halt (to
cause to cease, 0.24); restrict (to hold
within limits, 0.23); thin (0.22); drain (to
w ithdraw strength, 0.12); succeed (to
attain success, 0.12); chip (0.07); cook
(0.07); m anufacture (to make a product,
0.05).
R E D U PLIC A TE (3) reduplicate (1.00); re­
peat (to do again, 0.31); copy (to re­
produce, 0.06).
R E E C H O (5) reecho (1.00); reflect (to
throw back, 0.89); repeat (to say again,
0.33); reproduce (to m ake a second
time, 0.12); roar (0.06).
R E E D IT (1) review (to correct, 0.25).
R E -ED U C A TE (1) re-educate (1.00).
R E E F to reduce an extent o f a sail (1)
slow (to cause to becom e slower, 0.05).
R E E K (2) smoke (to give off smoke, 0.50);
heat (to becom e hot, 0.06).
R E E L to w hirl round or about (13) reel
(1.00); rock (0.86); heave (to raise and
fall, 0.71); roll (to revolve, 0.57); bend
(to be forced out o f a straight line, 0.50);
-274- REFINE
• totter (to stagger, 0.50); retreat (to retire,
0.48); shake (to vibrate, 0.47); w aver
(0.45); teeter (0.36); wave (to move back
a n d fo rth , 0 .1 9 ); d a n c e (to m o v e
rhythm ically, 0.15); beat (to pulsate,
0.05).
R E -E L E C T (1) reinstate (0.80).
R E -E M E R G E (1) reenter (0.33).
R E -E N A C T (2) reproduce (to make a sec­
ond tim e, 0.65); rehearse (to repeat,
0.25).
R E E N T E R (3) reenter (1.00); return (to
go back, 0.72); enter (to enter physi­
cally, 0.69).
R E -E R E C T (2) restore (to reinstate, 0.33);
repeat (to do again, 0.13).
R E -E S T A B L IS H (8) re-establish (1.00);
replace (to supply an equivalent, 0.91);
renew (to refresh, 0.89); restore (to
recreate, 0.75); reconstruct (0.61); re­
turn (to put or send som ething back,
0.50); reopen (0.33); rehabilitate (0.25).
RE-EVA LU A TE (1) reconsider (0.93).
R E -E X A M IN E (6) re-examine (1.00); re­
turn (to go back, 0.68); reconsider (0.67);
revise (0.67); reread (0.50); review (to
inspect, 0.33).
R E F A S H IO N (6) reconstruct (0.50); re­
model (0.47); repeat (to do again, 0.44);
revolutionize (0.25); reform (to change
into anew form, 0.19); improve (to make
better, 0.15).
R E F E R (5) refer (to concern, 1.00); refer
(to mention, 1.00); refer (to direct, 1.00);
apply (to be relevant, 0.25); belong (to
be properly placed, 0.21).
R E F E R E E (1) negotiate (to make arrange­
ments for, 0.06).
R E F IN E (21) refine (to purify, 1.00); refine
(to improve, 1.00); groom (0.88); civi­
lize (0.78); improve (to make better, 0.76);
REFINISH
purify (0.76); chasten (to purify, 0.75);
cleanse (to rem ove im purities from
w ithin, 0.75); sm elt (0.75); strain (to
filter, 0.75); develop (to improve, 0.59);
explain (0.58); clarify (to purify, 0.50);
cultivate (to educate, 0.50); filter (to
clean by filtering, 0.50); sensitize
(0.50); sublimate (to purify, 0.50); better
(0.25); hum anize (0.25); clean (0.11);
com plete (to m ake entire, 0.11).
R E F IN IS H (3) face (to put a face on a
building, 0.92); renew (to refresh, 0.68);
varnish (0.12).
R E F IR E (1) relight (0.33).
R E F L E C T (24) reflect (to throw back,
1.00); reflect (to throw back an im age,
1.00); reflect (to contem plate, 1.00);
reflect (to discredit, 1.00); mull (0.75);
re a s o n (to th in k lo g ic a lly , 0 .7 5 );
rebound (0.75); ricochet (0.67); think
(to examine with the mind, 0.63); specu­
late (to think, 0.60); follow (to regulate
o n e ’s action, 0.53); sound (to m ake a
noise, 0.52); consider (to regard, 0.50);
pause (0.50); m editate (to m use, 0.36);
rep ro d u ce (to m ake a second tim e,
0.35); m use (0.25); reverberate (0.25);
comment (to make a remark, 0.21); flash
(to give forth a light by flash, 0.18);
visualize (0.17); imitate (to mimic, 0.14);
brood (to nurse o n e ’s troubles, 0.13);
radiate (to shed light or heat, 0.04).
R E F O R M to become better (7) reform (to
correct evils, 1.00); reform (to change
o n e ’s conduct for the better, 1.00);
repair (0.74); rectify (0.50); reclaim (to
b rin g into u sab le co n d itio n , 0.40);
correct (to m ake needed corrections,
0.32); improve (to make better, 0.30).
R E F O R M to form again (4) reform (to
change into a new form , 1.00); repeat
-275- REFUSE
(to do again, 0.50); change (to make
different, 0.38); change (to becom e
different, 0.25).
R E FR A IN (5) refrain (1.00); abstain (0.94);
stop (to cease, 0.53); forbear (0.50); miss
(to fail to use, 0.33).
R E F R E S H (16) refresh (to renew, 1.00);
refresh (to revive, 1.00); redecorate
(0.88); revive (to give new life, 0.84);
encourage (to raise the spirits, 0.72);
restore (to bring back to health, 0.67);
repair (0.52); replenish (0.50); strength­
en (0.48); air (to introduce air, 0.42);
comfort (to make easy physically, 0.41);
u p d ate (0.33); fresh en (to activate,
0.25); groom (0.25); rejuvenate (0.25);
com fort (to console, 0.11).
R E F R IG E R A T E (6) refrigerate (1.00);
freeze (to m ake cold, 0.75); congeal (to
solidify as by freezing or curdling,
0.50); chill (to reduce tem perature,
0.33); cool (to cause to becom e cool,
0.33); preserve (to keep, 0.31).
R E F U N D (8) refund (to return, 1.00);
refund (to put financial obligations on
a new basis, 1.00); replace (to supply
an equivalent, 0.73); pay (to give pay­
m ent, 0.71); repay (to pay b ack , 0.63);
return (to repay, 0.25); return (to put or
send something back, 0.17); underwrite
(to support financially, 0.10).
R E F U R B ISH (8) refurbish (1.00); redeco­
rate (0.94); rem odel (0.82); furbish (to
restore, 0.75); renew (to refresh, 0.66);
repair (0.63); rebuild (to restore, 0.50);
modernize (0.33).
R E F U R N IS H (2) remodel (0.88); redeco­
rate (0.29).
R E FU SE (7) refuse (1.00); rebuff (to reject,
0.95); bar (to obstruct by refusal, 0.79);
REFUTE
disobey (0.74); abstain (0.56); dissent
(0.50); kill (to veto, 0.25).
R E F U T E (15) refute (1.00); answ er (to
m ove in response, 0.88); debate (0.87);
convince (0.64); cancel (to annul, 0.58);
attack (to assail with, 0.50); explode (to
discredit, 0.50); gainsay (to deny, 0.50);
in v alid ate (0.50); defeat (to get the
better o f another, 0.29); controvert (to
argue against, 0.25); negate (to contra­
dict, 0.25); quiet (to m ake silent, 0.25);
co m p lain (to ex press an o b je ctio n ,
0 .0 5 ); o p p o se (to h o ld a c o n tra ry
opinion, 0.03).
R E G A IN (10) regain (1.00); recapture
(0.75); redeem (to recover through a
paym ent, 0.75); retrieve (0.67); ransom
(0.64); salvage (0.63); recoup (0.50);
return (to go back, 0.36); recover (to
obtain again, 0.33); recruit (to gather
n eeded resources, 0.14).
R E G A L E (4) regale (to satisfy, 1.00);
regale (to feast, 1.00); feed (0.94); en­
tertain (to act as host or hostess, 0.76).
R E G A R D (25) regard (to look at, 1.00);
regard (to have an attitude, 1.00); regard
(to hold in esteem , 1.00); contem plate
(to look at, 0.94); refer (to concern,
0.94); rank (to evaluate, 0.80); hold (to
believe, 0.75); respect (to esteem, 0.67);
take (to consider, 0.67); assum e (to take
for granted, 0.56); concern (to have
reference to, 0.50); repute (0.50); revere
(0.50); touch (to relate to, 0.50); w atch
(to be attentive, 0.50); look (to endeav­
our to see, 0.45); belong (to be properly
placed, 0.43); apply (to be relevant,
0.42); believe (to accept as true, 0.42);
see (to w itn e ss, 0.4 0 ); care (to be
concerned, 0.33); estim ate (to m ake a
considered prediction, 0.33); follow (to
-276- REGRESS
observe, 0.33); harbour (to consider,
0.25); consider (to take into account,
0.11).
R E G E N E R A T E (17) regenerate (1.00); re­
new (to refresh, 0.92); im prove (to be­
come better, 0.88); reclaim (to bring into
usab le co n d itio n , 0.80); change (to
make different, 0.72); heal (to cure, 0.71);
convert (to alter convictions, 0.67);
m end (to refo rm , 0.67); m o d ern ize
(0.67); baptize (to cleanse sacram en­
tally, 0.57); reform (to change o n e’ s
conduct for the better, 0.40); reform (to
correct evils, 0.36); save (to assure an
afterlife, 0.33); reorganize (0.25); reform
(to chan g e into a new form , 0.22);
im prove (to m ake better, 0.12); revive
(to give new life, 0.11).
R E G IM E N T (4) regiment (1.00); classify
(0 .27); d ic tate (to give p erem p to ry
orders, 0.25); order (to put in order, 0.24).
R E G IS T E R (22) register (to record, 1.00);
register (to indicate, 1.00); register (to
show, 1.00); register (to enlist or enroll,
1.00); record (to write down, 0.96); enroll
(to prepare a roll, 0.83); indem nify (to
answ er for, 0.75); insure (0.75); show
(to indicate, 0.75); list (to enter in a list,
0.56); enlist (to enroll others, 0.55); join
(to enter the com pany of, 0.50); poll
(0.50); schedule (0.50); tally (to record,
0.50); tape (to record, 0.50); w eigh (to
have w eight, 0.50); file (to arrange in
order, 0.42); p ro g ram (to schedule,
0.40); m ark (to note carefully, 0.33);
tabulate (0.33); take (to record, 0.33).
R E G R E S S (6) regress (1.00); relapse
(0.45); fall (to pass quickly downward,
0.39); sink (to go dow nw ard, 0.36);
retire (to draw away, 0.33); retreat (to
retire, 0.33).
REGRET -277-
R E G R E T (10) regret (to be sorry for, 1.00);
regret (to disapprove of, 1.00); dislike
(0.81); lament (to express sorrow, 0.75);
m o u rn (to lam ent, 0.73); apologize
(0.71); grieve (0.40); sorrow (0.25);
m ope (0.13); refuse (0.11).
R E G U L A R IZ E (1) order (to put in order,
0.59).
R E G U L A T E (24) regulate (to adjust,
1.00); regulate (to control, 1.00); order
(to put in order, 0.91); adjust (to place
or regulate parts, 0.81); restrain (to hold
in check, 0.77); adm inister (to minister,
0.75); direct (to decide the course o f
affairs, 0.75); standardize (0.75); syn­
dicate (0.75); slow (to cause to becom e
slower, 0.70); influence (0.60); arrange
(to put in order, 0.50); coordinate (0.50);
organize (to put in order, 0.50); use (to
m ake a practice o f (in past), 0.44);
manage (to direct, 0.43); edit (to supervise
publication, 0.36); adjust (to bring to an
agreement, 0.35); bank (to cover a fire
for the night, 0.33); measure (to apply a
standard o f measurement, 0.31); align (to
adjust, 0.25); reconcile (to adjust, 0.25);
form (to give shape to a thing, 0.22);
com m and (to have control, 0.02).
R E G U R G IT A T E (3) vomit (0.33); rum i­
nate (to regurgitate, 0.25); flow (to issue
forth, 0.19).
R E H A B IL IT A T E (9) rehabilitate (1.00);
renew (to refresh, 0.87); reform (to
change into a new form , 0.63); re ­
establish (0.50); renovate (0.33); heal
(to cure, 0.29); re-educate (0.25); re­
store (to rebuild in a form supposed to
be original, 0.25); im prove (to m ake
better, 0.18).
R E H A SH (2) rehash (1.00); repeat (to do
again, 0.75).
REINSTALL
R E H E A R S E (13) rehearse (to tell, 1.00);
rehearse (to repeat, 1.00); rehearse (to
practice a perform ance, 1.00); narrate
(0 .9 0 ); p e rfo rm (to acco m p lish an
action, 0.7 8 ); drill (to train, 0.50);
experim ent (to put on trial, 0.50); prac­
tice (to seek im provem ent through rep­
etition, 0.50); cite (to refer to as au­
thority, 0.38); teach (to drill, 0.29); act
(to take part in a play, 0.28); repeat (to
say again, 0.25); talk (to converse,
0.10).
R E H E A T (2) reheat (1.00); heat (to make
hot, 0.28).
R E H IR E (1) reinstate (0.20).
R E IF Y (2) su b stan tiate (to actualize,
0.75); m aterialize (to becom e matter,
0.67).
R E IG N (3) reign (1.00); govern (0.73);
com m and (to have control, 0.68).
REBLLUMINE (1) relight (0.67).
R E IM B U R SE (8) reimburse (1.00); refund
(to return, 0.94); repay (to pay back,
0.88); return (to repay, 0.75); replace (to
supply an equivalent, 0.64); indemnify
(to repay, 0.25); liquidate (to pay, 0.25);
pay (to give paym ent, 0.04).
R E IM P R E S S (1) reproduce (to make an
exact copy, 0.13).
R E I N F O R C E (11) rein fo rce (1.00);
thicken (to m ake thicker, 0.88); enforce
(to add strength, 0.75); redouble (0.75);
supplem ent (0.62); w ad (0.58); bolster
(0.50); increase (to add to, 0.43); en­
courage (to give support, 0.31); top (to
apply topping, 0.25); intensify (0.13).
R E IN Q U IR E (1) reconsider (0.73).
R E IN S P E C T (2) retrace (0.67); return (to
go back, 0.64).
R E IN S T A L L (2) reinstate (0.90); restore
(to reinstate, 0.67).
REINSTATE -278-
R E IN S T A T E (4) reinstate (1.00); return
(to put or send som ething back, 0.42);
replace (to put back in the sam e place,
0.33); redeem (to recover through a
paym ent, 0.31).
R E IN S T R U C T (1) re-educate (0.75).
R E IN T E G R A T E (2) m aterialize (to be­
com e m atter, 0.17); renew (to refresh,
0.03).
R E IN V E S T (1) reinstate (0.60).
R E IN V IG O R A T E (3) renew (to refresh,
0.82); rejuvenate (0.75); heal (to cure,
0.43).
R E IS S U E (3) repeat (to say again, 0.75);
print (to reproduce by printing, 0.67);
publish (to print and distribute, 0.50).
R E IT E R A T E (7) reiterate (1.00); repeat (to
say again, 0.92); reecho (0.50); renew
(to repeat, 0.50); em phasize (0.45); re­
capitulate (0.33); rehash (0.33).
R E J E C T (22) reject (to refuse, 1.00);
reject (to discard, 1.00); discard (0.96);
dism iss (to send away, 0.94); eject (to
rem ove physically, 0.84); om it (to fail
to in c lu d e , 0 .8 3 ); d is d a in (0 .7 5 );
overleap (to omit, 0.75); scrab (to dis­
card, 0.75); suspend (to debar, 0.75);
refuse (0.68); exclude (to bar, 0.67);
w aive (0.62); abandon (to leave in trou­
ble, 0.57); scorn (to refuse as a m atter
o f principle, 0.44); bar (to obstruct by
refusal, 0.39); deny (0.36); oppose (to
h old a contrary opinion, 0.35); except
(0.33); disclaim (to disown, 0.25); hate
(to detest, 0.20); rebuff (to reject, 0.19).
R E J O I C E (9) rejoice (1.00); satisfy (to
m ake content, 0.81); gloat (0.75); en­
tertain (to keep others am used, 0.55);
celebrate (to indulge in celebration,
0.50); play (to am use oneself, 0.25);
revel (to play, 0.25); fascinate (0.16);
RELAX
revive (to hearten, 0.06).
R E J O I N to com e to g eth er (3) rejoin
(1.00); jo in (to enter the com pany of,
0.60); reunite (0.29).
R E J O IN to answ er a p lain tiff’s applica­
tion (5) answ er (to reply, 0.70); reply
(0.50); respond (0.50); retort (0.33);
answ er (to m ove in response, 0.24).
R E JU V E N A T E (7) rejuvenate (1.00); re­
vamp (0.75); repair (0.67); heal (to cure,
0.50); revive (to give new life, 0.42);
strengthen (0.35); renew (to refresh,
0. 11).
R E K IN D L E (2) burn (to subject to fire,
0.73); fire (to set on fire, 0.22).
R E L A P S E (4) relapse (1.00); weaken (to
becom e w eaker, 0.82); regress (0.50);
fall (to pass quickly dow nw ard, 0.14).
R E L A T E (25) relate (to tell, 1.00); relate
(to connect, 1.00); com pare (to liken,
0.90); refer (to concern, 0.89); say
(0.82); detail (to m ake clear in detail,
0.77); cohere (to be logically connected,
0 .7 5 ); c o lla te (to co m p a re , 0 .7 5 );
connect (to associate, 0.75); confess
(to recount o n e’s evil actions, 0.67);
belong (to be properly placed, 0.57);
inform (0.50); fit (to be suitable in
character, 0.47); involve (0.47); recite
(to relate in detail, 0.45); resemble (0.44);
a d m it (to co n fe ss, 0 .4 3 ); d escrib e
(0 .3 3 ); eq u a te (to co m p are, 0.25);
rehearse (to tell, 0.25); im plicate (to
involve, 0.20); com m unicate (to impart
inform ation, 0.17); report (to deliver
inform ation, 0.13); use (to make use of,
0.09); narrate (0.05).
R E L A X (20) relax (1.00); quiet (to make
calm , 0.89); divert (to am use, 0.75);
w eaken (to becom e weaker, 0.73); bask
(0.70); loosen (to becom e loose, 0.67);
RELAY -279-
soothe (0.67); spraw l (0.50); unbend
(0.50); give (to yield under pressure,
0.43); thaw (to unbend, 0.40); rest (to
take o n e ’s rest, 0.37); lo af (to do noth­
ing useful, 0.35); slow (to b ecom e
slower, 0.29); ease (to lessen pressure
or tension, 0.28); relent (0.25); unclench
(0 .2 5 ) ; e n te r ta in (to k e e p o th e rs
am used, 0.19); soften (to becom e soft,
0.15); sleep (0.07).
R E L A Y to let go (5) relay (1.00); broad­
cast (to transm it electronically, 0.85);
send (to broadcast, usually electroni­
cally, 0.80); carry (to transm it, 0.22);
carry (to transport, 0.04).
R E L E A S E (23) release (1.00); free (to lib­
erate, 0.97); drop (to cause or to perm it
to fall, 0.93); ransom (0.93); unfold (to
unfurl, 0.85); emancipate (0.75); unbind
(to forgive, 0.75); excuse (0.71); ease
(to lessen pressure or tension, 0.67);
rescue (to free, 0.60); enfranchise (to
liberate, 0.50); loosen (to m ake loose,
0.50); unclench (0.50); save (to remove
fro m d an g e r, 0 .4 5 ); d is c h a rg e (to
unload, 0.33); empty (to becom e empty,
0.33); liberate (to free from bondage,
0.33); unhitch (0.31); allow (to perm it
an action, 0.30); forgive (to absolve,
0.25); manumit (0.25); remit (to pardon,
0.25); comfort (to make easy physically,
0.14).
R E L E G A T E (9) relegate (to assign, 1.00);
relegate (to rem ove, 1.00); com m it (to
entrust, 0.86); refer (to direct, 0.80);
dism iss (to send away, 0.53); elim inate
(to rem ove, 0.35); delegate (to give
du ties to another, 0.33); b anish (to
co n d em n to exile, 0.19); assign (to
delegate to a specific purpose, 0.07).
R E L E N T to soften; to relinquish (5) re­
RELLSH
lent (1.00); thaw (to unbend, 0.60);
forgive (to cease to resent, 0.30); yield
(to surrender, 0.23); soften (to becom e
soft, 0.08).
R E L IE V E (14) relieve (to replace, 1.00);
relieve (to lessen; said especially o f
pain, 1.00); encourage (to give support,
0.86); clear (to free from uncertainty,
0.67); free (to disburden, 0.64); free (to
liberate, 0.63); rem em ber (to recall,
0.63); alternate (to take or do by turns,
0.60); revive (to hearten, 0.53); rid (0.50);
rem edy (0.44); discharge (to dismiss,
0.33); ease (to relieve o f pain, 0.33);
unload (0.26).
R E L IG H T (3) relight (1.00); bum (to sub­
je ct to fire, 0.86); fire (to set on fire,
0.11).
R E L IN Q U ISH (25) relinquish (LOO); drop
(to cause or to perm it to fall, 0.80);
refund (to return, 0.75); renounce (to
abandon, 0.75); dismiss (to send away,
0.72); abdicate (0.67); outgrow (0.67);
reach (to give an object to another,
0.67); sacrifice (to give up as a means
to an end, 0.67); stop (to cease, 0.67);
vacate (to leave a residence, 0.67);
yield (to surrender, 0.62); end (to bring
to a halt, 0.53); forego (0.50); eliminate
(to rem ove, 0.38); w aive (0.38); forfeit
(0.33); pass (to hand to others, 0.33);
re tire (to c e ase ac tiv e life, 0.33);
unburden (to unload, 0.33); discard
(0.32); give (to transfer, 0.26); quit (to
abandon, 0.25); subm it (to surrender,
0.25); retreat (to retire, 0.24).
R E L IS H (9) relish (1.00); live (to enjoy
life, 0.80); like (to enjoy, 0.75); taste (to
experience flavour, 0.75); enjoy (to take
pleasure in, 0.50); savour (0.50); take
(to enjoy, 0.50); love (to possess a deep
RELIVE -280-
and abiding interest, 0.33); bask (0.30).
R E L IV E (1) reproduce (to m ake a sec­
ond time, 0.47).
R E L O C A T E (1) carry (to transport, 0.08).
R E M A IN (19) rem ain (to stay, 1.00); re­
m ain (to endure, 1.00); rem ain (to be
left, 1.00);occupy (to fill space, 0.93);
resist (to w ithstand, 0.90); endure (to
co n tin u e, 0.89); be (to h av e being,
0.80); last (to endure, 0.67); live (to gain
subsistence, 0.67); sit (to lie, 0.67); live
(to persist in hum an m em ory, 0.60);
linger (to go slowly, 0.50); persevere
(0.50); reside (0.40); wait (to await, 0.30);
dwell (0.29); outlast (0.25); continue (to
persist, 0.13); survive (to live on, 0.13).
R E M A K E (10) rem ake (1.00); repeat (to
do again, 0.88); renew (to refresh, 0.71);
renovate (0.67); duplicate (to repeat,
0.50); turn (to transform , 0.50); change
(to m ake different, 0.46); reproduce (to
m ake a second tim e, 0.41); reconstruct
(0.06); reform (to change into a new
form, 0.03).
R E M A N (1) strengthen (0.50).
R E M A N D (1) delay (to cause a delay,
0.34).
R E M A R K (13) rem ark (1.00); com m ent
(to make a remark, 0.89); descant (0.75);
note (to notice, 0.75); acknow ledge (to
answer, 0.67); say (0.65); observe (to
comment, 0.50); talk (to converse, 0.45);
nam e (to indicate by name, 0.33); notice
(to observe, 0.33); m ark (to designate,
0 .2 9 ); c o m m u n ic a te (to im p a r t
inform ation, 0.22); answ er (to reply,
0 . 10).
R E M A R R Y (1) reunite (0.14).
R E M E D Y (7) rem edy (1.00); correct (to
m ake needed corrections, 0.73); heal (to
cure, 0.68); mend (to improve, 0.50); re­
REMOVE
form (to change into a new form, 0.50);
reform (to correct evils, 0.27); com fort
(to m ake easy physically, 0.16).
R E M E M B E R (4) rem em ber (to recall,
1.00); rem em ber (to bear in mind, 1.00);
com plim ent (to congratulate, 0.86); rec­
ognize (to know again, 0.29).
R E M IN D (4) rem ind (to bring into the
m em ory, 1.00); rem ind (to call the at­
tention o f another, 1.00); w arn (0.74);
hint (0.68).
R E M IN IS C E (3) reminisce (1.00); think
(to rem em ber, 0.25); rem em ber (to re­
call, 0.13).
R E M IT (9) remit (to send, 1.00); remit (to
pardon, 1.00); refund (to return, 0.88);
pardon (to reduce punishm ent, 0.58);
give (to transfer, 0.52); forgive (to cease
to resent, 0.50); indem nify (to repay,
0.50); deliver (to transfer, 0.33); excuse
(0.25).
R E M O D E L (12) remodel (1.00); reform
(to change into a new form, 0.94); re­
construct (0.89); alter (to change for a
purpose, 0.75); redecorate (0.59); revo­
lu tio n iz e (0 .5 0 ); c h a n g e (to m ake
different, 0.41); face (to put a face on a
building, 0.38); correct (to m ake needed
corrections, 0.27); modify (to alter, 0.25);
renew (to refresh, 0.21); reclaim (to
bring into usable condition, 0.20).
R E M O N S T R A T E (6) remonstrate (1.00);
co m p lain (to ex p ress an o b jection,
0.97); rebel (to object, 0.75); expostu­
late (0.67); w arn (0.30); censure (0.16).
R E M O U L D (1) change (to m ake differ­
ent, 0.32).
R E M O V E (3 4 ) r e m o v e (to m o v e
physically, 1.00); rem ove (to eliminate,
1.00); rem ove (to kill, 1.00); remove (to
dism iss, 1.00); excrete (0.93); discount
REMUNERATE -281-
(to d e d u c t, 0 .8 5 ); e a se (to m o v e
carefully, 0.85); abolish (0.83); w aive
(0.77); rescind (0.75); evict (0.75); leach
(0.75); exchange (to replace one thing
with another, 0.70); m isplace (0.69);
dism iss (to send aw ay, 0.63); steal
(0.62); retreat (to execute a forced re­
tirem en t in battle, 0.60); tran sp lan t
(0.60); carry (to transport, 0.60); oust
(0.57); shift (to cause to shift, 0.50);
unseal (0.50); cancel (to annul, 0.50);
lighten (to m ake lighter, 0.47); uproot
(0.40); w ash (to erode, 0.40); drain (to
w ithdraw fluid, 0.38); revoke (0.37);
jum p (to pass over, 0.29); cashier (0.25);
kidnap (0.18); am putate (0.14); kill (to
deprive o f life, 0.07); drain (to withdraw
strength, 0.06).
REMUNERATE (6) remunerate (1.00); re­
quite (0.90); pay (to give paym ent,
0.83); compensate (to pay, 0.50); reward
(0.25); refund (to return, 0.06).
REND (11) rend (1.00); rip (0.86); break
(to start a rupture, 0.79); tear (0.75);
m angle (to m utilate, 0.68); divide (to
separate by parting, 0.57); pull (to move
by pulling, 0.50); split (0.50); sever
(0.33); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.31); chew (0.27).
R EN D ER (22) render (to give, 1.00);
render (to perform , especially a serv­
ice, 1.00); render (to interpret, said
especially o f m usic, 1.00); render (to
provide, 1.00); render (to state formally,
1.00); re n d e r (to tra n s la te , 1.00);
represent (to present as a true inter­
pretation , 0.93); interpret (to convey
the m eaning o f (art), 0.90); read (to in­
terpret, 0.86); declare (to speak formally
and em phatically, 0.83); do (to trans­
late, 0.75); provide (to yield, 0.75);
RENOVATE
unravel (to solve, 0.75); melt (to liquefy,
0.73); return (to put or send som ething
back, 0.67); produce (to bear, 0.63);
recite (to repeat formally, 0.60); explain
(0 .4 5 ); p ro v id e (to su p p ly , 0 .4 2 );
tr a n s la te (to c h a n g e in to a n o th e r
language, 0.40); decipher (0.33); inter­
pret (to explain, 0.25).
RENEGOTIATE (1) refund (to put finan­
cial obligations on a new basis, 0.23).
R EN EW (19) renew (to refresh, 1.00); re­
new (to repeat, 1.00); renew (to replace,
1.00); heal (to cure, 0.93); redecorate
(0.82); revive (to give new life, 0.79);
continue (to resume, 0.75); improve (to
becom e better, 0.71); maintain (to keep
ready for use, 0.68); rally (to return to
the attack, 0.60); rem edy (0.56); repair
(0.48); return (to go back, 0.48); resume
(0.43); overhaul (0.25); repeat (to do
again, 0.25); sw eeten (to m ake fresh,
0 .2 2 ); r e f u n d (to p u t fin a n c ia l
obligations on a new basis, 0.15); re­
form (to change into a new form, 0.13).
R EN O U N C E (17) renounce (to abandon,
1.00); renounce (to repudiate, 1.00); ab­
stain (0.83); discard (0.76); forsake (to
relinquish, 0.75); recant (0.74); revoke
( 0 .7 4 ) ; f o rs w e a r (0 .5 0 ); q u it (to
abandon, 0.50); abandon (to relinquish,
0.48); sacrifice (to give up as a means
to an end, 0.44); rebel (to endeavour to
overthrow a governm ent, 0.39); vacate
(to abandon, 0.33); deny (0.32); reject
(to refuse, 0.25); repudiate (to disown,
0.25); scorn (to refuse as a m atter o f
principle, 0.11).
RENOVATE (15) renovate (1.00); remodel
(0.94); heal (to cure, 0.82); decorate
(0.78); refu rb ish (0.67); redecorate
(0.53); alter (to change for a purpose,
RENT -2 8 2 -
0.50); reorganize (0.50); change (to
make different, 0.37); reconstruct (0.28);
adjust (to place or regulate parts, 0.27);
furbish (to restore, 0.25); reform (to
change into a new form , 0.16); repair
(0.11); renew (to refresh, 0.05).
R E N T to pay rent; to provide revenue;
to hire out (5) rent (to obtain use by
paym ent, 1.00); rent (to sell the use o f
property, 1.00); accom m odate (to pro­
vide lodging, 0.63); borrow (to receive
temporarily, 0.57); dwell (0.14).
R E O B T A IN (1) recapture (0.50).
R E O C C U P Y (1) resume (0.57).
R E O C C U R (2) return (to go back, 0.88);
repeat (to happen again, 0.83).
R E O P E N (4) reopen (1.00); open (to move
aside a prepared obstruction, 0.54); ap­
peal (to carry a case to a higher court,
0.33); go (to appeal, 0.33).
R E O R G A N IZ E (7) reorganize (1.00); re­
form (to change into a new form, 0.97);
change (to make different, 0.61); recon­
struct (0.44); im prove (to m ake better,
0.36); organize (to put in order, 0.15);
correct (to m ake needed corrections,
0.14).
R E O R IE N T (1) transplant (0.80).
R E P A IN T (1) remodel (0.06).
R E P A IR to set in order; to restore; to
cure (11) repair (1.00); reform (to change
into anew form, 0.88); maintain (to keep
ready for use, 0.79); heal (to cure, 0.75);
m odify (to alter, 0.75); adjust (to place
of regulate parts, 0.69); right (to repair
an injustice, 0.63); recruit (to gather
needed resources, 0.43); paste (0.33);
knit (to grow together, 0.25); rem odel
(0.18).
REPA Y (14) repay (to pay back, 1.00);
repay (to retaliate, 1.00); refund (to
REPEL
return, 0.81); requite (0.80); pay (to
retaliate, 0.75); satisfy (to pay, 0.75);
reim burse (0.67); pay (to give payment,
0.58); revenge (0.56); replace (to sup­
ply an equivalent, 0.55); liquidate (to
pay, 0.50); reward (0.50); retaliate (0.25);
return (to put or send som ething back,
0.08).
R E P E A L (19) repeal (1.00); withdraw (to
rem ove from use or circulation, 0.80);
negate (to nullify, 0.75); nullify (0.75);
reform (to correct evils, 0.73); dissolve
(to annul, 0.67); abolish (0.60); eliminate
(to rem ove, 0.55); ab ro g ate (0.50);
annul (0.50); quash (to revoke, 0.50);
repudiate (to disavow, 0.50); cancel (to
annul, 0.46); discard (0.28); retire (to
rem ove, 0.25); reverse (to annul, 0.25);
rev o k e (0.1 9 ); d estro y (to b rin g to
nothing, 0.10); recant (0.04).
R E P E A T (20) repeat (to do again, 1.00);
repeat (to happen again, 1.00); repeat
(to say again, 1.00); reproduce (to make
a se c o n d tim e, 0 .9 4 ); m u ltip ly (to
em ploy m ultiplication as an arithmeti­
cal process, 0.89); return (to go back,
0.84); reflect (to throw back, 0.83); cite
(to refer to as authority, 0.81); echo
(0.75); declare (to speak form ally and
em phatically, 0.71); renew (to refresh,
0.61); affirm (0.50); resist (to withstand,
0.50); em phasize (0.40); practice (to
seek im provem ent through repetition,
0.40); im itate (to m im ic, 0.29); gossip
(0.25); teach (to drill, 0.24); happen (to
occur, 0.20); narrate (0.10).
R E P E L (19) repel (to throw back, 1.00);
repel (to cause aversion, 1.00); repel
(to reject, 1.00); disgust (0.93); rebuff
(to reject, 0.90); dism iss (to send away,
0.88); refuse (0.84); sicken (to offend,
REPENT -283-
0.75); back (to push backw ard, 0.67);
frighten (to drive off, because o f alarm,
0.57); fend (0.50); repulse (to rebuff,
0.50); hinder (0.35); dispel (to drive off,
0.33); defeat (to w orst in war, 0.31);
oppose (to fight, 0.28); confront (0.25);
disaffect (0.25); resist (to w ithstand,
0.05).
R E P E N T (2) shrive (to confess, 0.75); re­
gret (to be sorry for, 0.40).
R E P E R C U S S (3) reflect (to throw back,
0.33); rebound (0.25); return (to go
back, 0.24).
R E P H R A SE (1) explain (0.18).
R E P IN E (5) brood (to nurse o n e’s trou­
bles, 0.88); m ope (0.44); regret (to be
sorry for, 0.30); lament (to regret, 0.25);
mourn (to lament, 0.18).
R E P L A C E (18) replace (to supply an
equivalent, 1.00); replace (to take the
place of, 1.00); replace (to put back in
the sam e place, 1.00); change (to m ake
different, 0.93); exchange (to replace
one thing with another, 0.85); return (to
put or send som ething back, 0.83);
su b stitu te (to tak e p la c e of, 0.80);
renew (to refresh, 0.79); displace (to
rem ove, 0.75); postdate (to succeed,
0.75); rearrange (0.71); discharge (to
dism iss, 0.67); restore (to give back,
0.50); succeed (to follow in time, 0.44);
rec o n stru ct (0.39); rein state (0.30);
substitute (to exchange, 0.25); unseat
(to oust, 0.25).
R E PL A N (1) reconsider (0.20).
R E PL E N ISH (10) replenish (1.00); recruit
(to gather needed resources, 0.86); pro­
vide (to supply, 0.85); lade (to fill, 0.75);
ply (to supply, 0.75); stock (0.75); fill
(to p o u r to th e c a p a c ity o f th e
container, 0.69); bank (to cover a fire
REPOSSESS
for the night, 0.50); revam p (0.50);
renew (to refresh, 0.37).
R E P L E V I N (2) red eem (to reco v er
through a paym ent, 0.19); recover (to
obtain again, 0.13).
R E P L E V Y (2) redeem (to recover through
a paym ent, 0.63); recover (to obtain
again, 0.07).
R E P L Y (11) reply (1.00); answ er (to re­
ply, 0.90); respond (0.75); return (to
answer, 0.75); retort (0.67); react (to act
in response, 0.43); reflect (to throw
back, 0.39); correspond (to com m uni­
cate, usually by letter, 0.33); say (0.18);
add (to m ake a further rem ark, 0.14);
com m unicate (to be in communication,
0.14).
R E P O P U L A T E (1) reproduce (to multi­
ply, 0.13).
R E P O R T (16) report (to deliver informa­
tion, 1.00); report (to m ake a summary
statem en t, 1.00); rep o rt (to present
oneself, 1.00); report (to record, 1.00);
recite (to relate in detail, 0.82); detail
(to m ake clear in detail, 0.81); arrive (to
com e to a place, 0.73); advise (to give
inform ation, 0.67); edit (to prepare for
publication, 0.61); describe (0.59); tell
(to inform , 0.52); circulate (to send
about, 0.50); gossip (0.50); notify (to
provide with information, 0.45); record
(to w rite down, 0.32); reveal (to di­
vulge, 0.05).
R E P O S E to rest o neself (6) repose (to
recline, 1.00); repose (to rest, 1.00); rest
(to take o n e ’s rest, 0.79); relax (0.75);
lie (to assum e a p ro strate position,
0.60); lounge (0.33).
R E P O S S E S S (2) rec o v er (to obtain
again, 0.47); redeem (to recover through
a paym ent, 0.06).
REPREHEND
R E P R E H E N D (5) upbraid (0.82); impeach
(0 .4 7 ); ce n su re (0 .4 2 ); c h a ste n (to
punish, 0.42); denounce (0.16).
R E P R E S E N T (17) represent (to act as a
delegate, 1.00); represent (to present
as a true interpretation , 1.00); repre­
sent (to serve as an equivalent, 1.00);
copy (to reproduce, 0.94); act (to take
part in a play, 0.78); illustrate (to m ake
clear by illustration, 0.67); pretend (to
m ake believe, 0.60); model (to imitate a
model, 0.58); define (to provide a nam e
or description, 0.54); display (to present
for effect, 0.52); personify (to im per­
sonate, 0.50); declare (to adm it to o n e’s
possessions, 0.38); play (to act in a play,
0.25); im personate (0.20); plan (to ar­
range in a prelim inary way, 0.19); tell
(to inform , 0.14); reproduce (to m ake a
second time, 0.06).
R E P R E S S (24) repress (1.00); discour­
age (to dishearten, 0.94); check (to
bring under control, 0.86); deaden (to
reduce life or its evidence, 0.86); p re­
vent (0.69); inhibit (0.67); restrain (to
hold in check, 0.65); hinder (0.59); m uz­
zle (to silence, 0.55); w ith d raw (to
rem ove from use or circulation, 0.55);
halt (to cause to cease, 0.54); delay (to
cause a delay, 0.52); coerce (to hold
back, 0.50); confine (to restrain, 0.50);
com m and (to have control, 0.37); quiet
(to m ake silent, 0.30); suppress (0.27);
control (to hold in check, 0.25); fetter
(to c o n fin e , 0 .2 5 ); g ag (to fo rb id
expression to, 0.25); quash (to crush,
0 .2 5 ); stran g le (to su p p ress, 0.25);
stultify (to prevent, 0.25); discourage
(to restrain, 0.08).
R E P R IE V E (7) reprieve (to pardon, 1.00);
reprieve (to alleviate, 1.00); free (to lib­
-284- REPRODUCE
e r a te , 0 .6 1 ); p a r d o n (to re d u c e
punishm ent, 0.50); excuse (0.29); pity
(to be merciful to, 0.25); ransom (0.21).
R E P R IM A N D (15) reprimand (1.00); cen­
sure (0.87); snub (to rebuke, 0.75); up­
braid (0.73); scold (0.63); berate (0.50);
castigate (0.50); chide (0.50); lecture (to
rebuke, 0.50); rebuke (0.50); impeach
(0.40); chasten (to punish, 0.29); correct
(to administer correction, 0.25); criticize
(to m ake adverse com m ents, 0.25);
denounce (0.19).
R E P R IN T (5) reprint (1.00); publish (to
print and distribute, 0.83); transcribe
(0.75); print (to reproduce by printing,
0.50); rep ro d u ce (to m ake an exact
copy, 0.44).
R E P R O A C H (15) reproach (1.00); up­
braid (0.98); censure (0.79); reprimand
(0.75); com plain (to express an objec­
tion, 0.68); abuse (to treat badly, 0.50);
inveigh (0.50); reflect (to discredit,
0.50); snub (to rebuke, 0.50); chasten
(to punish, 0.46); denounce (0.44); dis­
credit (to bring into disrepute, 0.33);
revile (0.25); tax (to accuse, 0.20); ac­
cuse (0.06).
R E P R O B A T E (4) upbraid (0.36); con­
dem n (to send to punishm ent, 0.33);
im peach (0.33); scold (0.15).
R E P R O D U C E (18) reproduce (to make
an exact copy, 1.00); reproduce (to make
a second tim e, 1.00); reproduce (to
m ultiply, 1.00); represent (to serve as
an equivalent, 0.73); duplicate (to copy,
0.67); reconstruct (0.67); photograph
(0.50); reflect (to throw back an image,
0.50); xerox (0.50); reflect (to throw
back, 0.44); produce (to bear, 0.34);
reprint (0.33); im pregnate (to beget,
0.2 5 ); p o rtra y (to rep rese n t, 0.25);
REPROVE -285-
propagate (to beget, 0.20); revive (to
give new life, 0.16); forge (0.11); w rite
(to set dow n in writing, 0.11).
R E P R O V E (20) reprove (1.00); censure
(0.89); punish (0.77); upbraid (0.76); ad­
m onish (to reprim and, 0.75); flay (to
criticize, 0.75); rebuke (0.75); scold
(0.70); chasten (to punish, 0.63); criti­
cize (to make adverse com ments, 0.50);
reb u ff (to reject, 0.48); warn (0.44); tax
(to accuse, 0.40); attack (to assail with,
0 .2 5 ); c o n d e m n (to b la m e , 0 .2 5 );
d is a p p r o v e (to c o n d e m n , 0 .2 5 );
dispraise (0.25); mulct (to punish, 0.25);
denounce (0.13); accuse (0.09).
R E P U B L IS H (2) repeat (to say again,
0.67); reprint (0.67).
R E P U D IA T E (26) repudiate (to disown,
1.00); rep u d ia te (to refu se, 1.00);
repudiate (to disavow, 1.00); cancel (to
annul, 0.88); discard (0.88); dism iss (to
send away, 0.84); disclaim (to deny,
0.75); disow n (0.75); reject (to refuse,
0.75); bar (to obstruct by refusal, 0.71);
reb u ff (to reject, 0.71); revoke (0.70);
deny (0.68); om it (to fail to include,
0.67); refute (0.56); scorn (to refuse as
a m atter o f principle, 0.56); belie (to
contradict, 0.50); recant (0.39); black­
ball (0.33); contradict (to deny, 0.33);
fail (to becom e insolvent, 0.33); w ith­
draw (to rem ove from use or circula­
tion, 0.30); disavow (0.25); gainsay (to
deny, 0.25); oppose (to hold a contrary
opinion, 0.24); abolish (0.10).
R E P U G N (1) oppose (to hold a contrary
opinion, 0.21).
R E P U L S E (11) repulse (to throw back,
1.00); repulse (to rebuff, 1.00); defeat
(to w orst in war, 0.58); turn (to repel,
0.50); check (to bring under control,
REQUITE
0.43); hinder (0.37); back (to push back­
w ard, 0.33); reb u ff (to reject, 0.29);
nauseate (0.25); rout (0.18); repel (to
throw back, 0.17).
R E P U T E (3) repute (1.00); value (to set a
price upon , 0.42); ad m ire (to have
regard for, 0.27).
R E Q U E S T (24) request (to ask, 1.00); re­
quest (to solicit, 1.00); ask (to inquire,
0.95); sum m on (to call, 0.94); invite (to
ask politely, 0.92); wish (to express a
desire, 0.83); ask (to solicit, 0.75); bid
(to invite, 0.75); solicit (to ask, 0.75);
invoke (to call upon, 0.67); petition
(0.67); quote (to state a price, 0.67); urge
(to in d u c e , 0 .6 3 ); a p p r o a c h (to
approach personally, 0.57); appeal (to
ask another seriously, 0.50); call (to
invite, 0.50); postulate (to implore, 0.50);
w ill (to exert o n e’s will, 0.40); beg (to
ask earnestly or im portunately, 0.37);
requisition (0.33); invite (to ask guests,
0.25); order (to authorize a purchase,
0.25); m anage (to direct, 0.19); lobby
(0.13).
R E Q U IR E (13) require (to need, 1.00);
require (to dem and, 1.00); w ant (to
desire, 0.83); crave (to long for, 0.75);
cost (to require in money, 0.67); enforce
(to require com pliance, 0.63); force (to
use force, 0.63); charge (to ask a price,
0.50); need (0.50); w ant (to lack, 0.50);
com m and (to issue an order, 0.34); lack
(0.33); com mand (to have control, 0.18).
R E Q U IS IT IO N (4) requisition (1.00); re­
quire (to demand, 0.60); ask (to inquire,
0.50); beg (to ask earnestly or importu­
nately, 0.26).
R E Q U IT E (9) requite (1.00); retaliate
(0.75); offset (0.69); pay (to give pay­
m ent, 0.67); revenge (0.67); avenge
REREAD -286-
(0.33); com pensate (to pay, 0.25); pay
(to retaliate, 0.25); repay (to pay back,
0.25).
R E R E A D (1) reread (1.00).
R E SC IN D (7) rescind (1.00); withdraw (to
rem ove from use or circulation, 0.90);
recant (0.57); cancel (to annul, 0.54);
abolish (0.52); retire (to rem ove, 0.50);
revoke (0.41).
R E S C U E (10) rescue (to save, 1.00);
rescue (to free, 1.00); reclaim (to bring
into usable condition, 0.90); ransom
(0.86); free (to liberate, 0.84); recover
(to obtain again, 0.73); save (to rem ove
from danger, 0.73); salvage (0.50); re­
lease (0.42); pardon (to reduce punish­
ment, 0.17).
R E S E A R C H (1) experim ent (to investi­
gate scientifically, 0.47).
R E S E A T (1) return (to put or send som e­
thing back, 0.58).
R E S E C T IO N (1) reapportion (0.57).
R E S E M B L E (5) resemble (1.00); look (to
appear, 0.50); appear (to seem , 0.33);
seem (0.25); rival (0.22).
R E S E N T (3) dislike (0.76); begrudge
(0.33); hate (to detest, 0.25).
R E S E R V E (12) reserve (to retain, 1.00);
enlist (to enroll others, 0.82); appropri­
ate (to provide money, 0.80); hide (to
conceal, 0.74); withhold (0.67); maintain
(to keep ready for use, 0.58); destine
(to intend, 0.50); earm ark (0.50); intend
(to d e s tin e fo r, 0 .5 0 ); o r d e r (to
au th o rize a p u rch a se, 0 .50); w aiv e
(0.46); ow n (to possess, 0.27).
R E S E T to replace (3) transplant (0.90);
rearrange (0.86); exchange (to replace
one thing w ith another, 0.05).
R E S E T T L E (1) depopulate (0.60).
R E S H A P E (3) block (to shape by block­
RESORT
ing, 0.50); remodel (0.35); repair (0.07).
R E S ID E (5) reside (1.00); belong (to be
properly placed, 0.93); occupy (to fill
space, 0.79); remain (to stay, 0.75); settle
(to establish residence, 0.40).
R E S IG N (9) resign (to leave o n e’s em­
ploym ent, 1.00); resign (to relinquish,
1.00); yield (to surrender, 0.77); retire
(to cease active life, 0.67); deliver (to
surrender, 0.50); subm it (to surrender,
0.50); surrender (to relinquish posses­
sion, 0.50); retreat (to retire, 0.29); fall
(to be overthrow n, 0.22).
R E S IS T (17) resist (to w ithstand, 1.00);
oppose (to fight, 0.98); rebel (to endeav­
our to overthrow a governm ent, 0.89);
fight (to engage in an encounter, 0.84);
hinder (0.77); defend (to keep o ff an
enemy, often fig ., 0.71); hold (to remain
firm, 0.67); repel (to throw back, 0.67);
disobey (0.43); defy (0.33); repulse (to
throw back, 0.33); revolt (to rebel, 0.33);
com bat (0.25); fend (0.25); strike (to
refuse to w ork, 0.14); oppose (to hold
a contrary opinion, 0.12); reb u ff (to
reject, 0.10).
R E S O L V E (12) resolve (1.00); reform (to
change o n e ’s conduct for the better,
0.80); conclude (to determ ine, 0.75);
reclaim (to reform , 0.75); solve (0.65);
achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.35);
settle (to satisfy a claim , 0.33); think
(to e x a m in e w ith th e m in d , 0.33);
choose (to select, 0.30); unravel (to
solve, 0.25); explain (0.12); arrange (to
m ake arrangements, 0.05).
R E S O N A T E (1) reflect (to throw back,
0.67).
R E S O R T (2) m eet (to go to a place of
m eeting, 0.86); g ath er (to com e to­
gether, 0.32).
RESOUND
R E S O U N D (12) resound (1.00); sound
(to m ake a noise, 0.95); ring (to give
forth sound by ringing, 0.91); reverber­
ate (0.75); rumble (0.75); thunder (0.64);
reflect (to throw back, 0.50); sing (to
p r o d u c e a s o u n d s u g g e s tiv e o f
singing, 0.50); vibrate (to sound, 0.50);
roll (to produce a relatively deep, con­
tinuous sound, 0.38); peal (0.33); roar
(0 . 12).
R E S P E C T (6) respect (to esteem, 1.00);
respect (to treat w ith consideration,
1.00); admire (to have regard for, 0.77);
regard (to hold in esteem, 0.75); esteem
(to attach a high value to, 0.50); revere
(0.25).
R E S P IR E (1) breathe (to draw breath,
0.90).
R E SPO N D (13) respond (1.00); obey (to
act in accordance w ith orders, 0.86);
answ er (to reply, 0.80); hit (to fire in
time; said o f an internal com bustion
motor, 0.75); react (to act in response,
0.71); feel (to experience, 0.55); return
(to answer, 0.50); plead (to discuss in
court, 0.42); nod (to m ake a nodding
m o v e m e n t, 0 .2 9 ); b id (to o ffe r a
com m itm ent at cards, 0.25); say (0.24);
act (to perform an action, 0.17); fit (to
be suitable in character, 0.16).
R E ST to repose (6) rest (to take o n e ’s
rest, 1.00); light (to com e to rest from
flight or travel, 0.73); sleep (0.73); be
(to have being, 0.70); retire (to go to
bed, 0.50); sit (to lie, 0.33).
RE ST to stop; to check; to arrest (5) rest
(to be still, 1.00); pause (0.70); stop (to
halt, 0.50); halt (to cease, 0.33); rem ain
(to stay, 0.17).
R E ST A M P (1) reproduce (to m ake an
exact copy, 0.06).
-287- RESTRAIN
R E S T A R T (1) recycle (0.50).
R E S T A T E to state over again (6) repeat
(to say again, 0.83); reiterate (0.75); re­
capitulate (0.67); explain (0.21); read (to
interpret, 0.14); decrease (to m ake less,
0.05).
R E S T IT U T E (1) return (to put or send
som ething back, 0.75).
R E S T O R E (32) restore (to give back,
1.00); restore (to recreate, 1.00); restore
(to rebuild in a form supposed to be
original, 1.00); restore (to reinstate,
1.00); restore (to bring back to health,
1.00); heal (to cure, 0.96); recruit (to
gather needed resources, 0.93); return
(to put or send som ething back, 0.92);
reanim ate (0.75); rehabilitate (0.75);
redecorate (0.71); replace (to put back
in the sam e place, 0.67); free (to liber­
ate, 0.58); reconstruct (0.56); renew (to
refresh, 0.53); strengthen (0.52); cure
(to heal, 0.50); recharge (0.50); right (to
rep a ir an in ju stice, 0.50); rein state
(0.40); redeem (to recover through a
payment, 0.38); refund (to return, 0.38);
salvage (0.38); reform (to change into
a new form , 0.34); refresh (to revive,
0.33); re fu rb ish (0.33); resu sc ita te
(0.33); cleanse (to free from sin or its
effects, 0.25); b alan ce (to p lace in
balance, 0.21); encourage (to raise the
spirits, 0.20); com fort (to make, easy
physically, 0.11); revive (to give new
life, 0.05).
R E S T R A IN (27) restrain (to hold in
check, 1.00); restrain (to restrict, 1.00);
decrease (to m ake less, 0.93); forbid
(0.86); m uzzle (to silence, 0.82); arrest
(to stop, 0.75); stint (0.75); enslave
(0.74); tram m el (0.71); hold (to have in
o n e’s grasp, 0.69); chasten (to punish,
RESTRICT
0.67); command (to issue an order, 0.66);
oppose (to fight, 0.60); com m and (to
have control, 0.58); check (to slacken
the pace, 0.55); quiet (to m ake silent,
0 .5 5 ); m o d ify (to m o d e ra te, 0.50);
qualify (to limit, 0.50); bind (to constrain
w ith bonds, 0.48); ride (to control a
b e a st o f b u rd e n by rid in g , 0 .2 5 );
suspend (to cease tem porarily, 0.25);
b a r (to o b stru c t by re fu sa l, 0 .2 1 );
quarantine (0.20); quiet (to m ake calm,
0.18); tem per (to soften or qualify, 0.13);
subject (0.06); delay (to cause a delay,
0.05).
R E S T R I C T (23) restrict (to restrain,
1.00); restrict (to hold w ithin lim its,
1.00); halt (to cause to cease, 0.76);
bound (to set limits, 0.75); circum scribe
(to lim it, 0.75); coerce (to hold back,
0.75); debar (to prevent, 0.75); enslave
(0.68); m uzzle (to silence, 0.64); dam
(0.53); bind (to constrain w ith bonds,
0.52); arrest (to stop, 0.50); cram p (to
restrain, 0.50); obligate (0.50); delay (to
cau se a delay, 0.43); fo rb id (0.36);
dedicate (to set apart for special use,
0.33); oversim plify (0.33); restrain (to
h old in check, 0.23); prevent (0.22);
tram m el (0.17); taboo (0.13); force (to
use force, 0.06).
R E S T Y L E (1) change (to make different,
0.69).
R E S U B S C R IB E (1) refund (to put finan­
cial obligations on a new basis, 0.54).
R E S U L T (5) result (1.00); ensue (0.75);
e v e n tu a te (to c lo se , 0 .7 5 ); e v o lv e
(0 .7 5 ); su c ce ed (to fo llo w in tim e,
0. 11).
R E S U M E (4) resume (1.00); renew (to re­
peat, 0.75); renew (to replace, 0.75); re­
cover (to obtain again, 0.20).
- 288- RETELL
R E S U R R E C T (1) revive (to give new life,
0.37).
R E SU SC IT A T E (6) resuscitate (1.00); re­
fresh (to revive, 0.67); revive (to give
new life, 0.53); renew (to refresh, 0.50);
reanim ate (0.25); heal (to cure, 0.14).
R E T A IL (4) retail (1.00); handle (to deal
in, 0.67); report (to deliver information,
0.56); sell (to convey for a considera­
tion, 0.25).
R E T A IN (16) retain (to hold, 1.00); retain
(to k e e p , 1.00); reta in (to reserv e
services, 1.00); retain (to rem em ber
1.00); enlist (to enroll others, 0.86); keep
(to hold, 0.75); hire (to employ, 0.54);
h o ld (to h av e in o n e ’s p o ssessio n ,
0.50); rescue (to save, 0.50); defend (to
keep o ff an enemy, often fig. , 0.47);
resist (to withstand, 0.40); hold (to have
in o n e ’s grasp, 0.34); m em orize (0.33);
remember (to bear in mind, 0.29); engage
(to hire, 0.25); own (to possess, 0.18).
R E T A K E (1) seize (to take by force, 0.58).
R E T A L IA T E (7) retaliate (1.00); revenge
(0.89); answ er (to m ove in response,
0.82); avenge (0.67); reciprocate (to
exchange, 0.50); requite (0.30); oppose
(to fight, 0.08).
R E T A R D (13) retard (to daw dle, 1.00);
retard (to hinder, 1.00); hinder (0.96);
delay (to cause a delay, 0.93); curb
(0.75); slow (to cause to becom e slower,
0.65); dam (0.60); trammel (0.60); dwarf
(to keep sm all, 0.50); slacken (0.50);
p re v e n t (0 .4 1 ); su sp e n d (to cease
tem porarily, 0.40); deaden (to reduce
life or its evidence, 0.11).
R E T C H to hawk; to phlegm; to vomit (3)
retch (1.00); vom it (0.67); puke (0.50).
R E T E L L (5) rehearse (to repeat, 0.75);
reiterate (0.50); relate (to tell, 0.25);
RETHINK -289-
recite (to relate in detail, 0.18); repeat
(to say again, 0.17).
R E T H IN K (1) redo (0.50).
R E T IC U L A T E (1) weave (to construct by
interlacing, 0.26).
R E T IR E (14) 1.00); retire (to draw away,
retire (to go to bed, 1.00); retire (to
cease active life, 1.00); retire (to remove,
1.00); dem obilize (0.75); ebb (0.73);
retreat (to execute a forced retirem ent
in battle, 0.67); disappear (0.64); leave
(to go away, 0.58); evade (to avoid a
m eeting, 0.50); resign (to leave o n e’s
e m p lo y m e n t, 0 .5 0 ); w ith d ra w (to
rem ove from use or circulation, 0.50);
lie (to assum e a p ro strate p osition,
0.20); return (to go back, 0.08).
R E T O R T to m ake return o f (5) retort
(1.00); reply (0.75); answ er (to reply,
0.60); revenge (0.33); return (to answer,
0.25).
R E T O U C H (4) retouch (1.00); touch (to
tinge, 0.67); correct (to m ake needed
corrections, 0.59); w ash (to brush w ith
a liquid, 0.17).
R E T R A C E to trace back (4) retrace
(1.00); turn (to reverse, 0.69); recon­
sider (0.40); return (to go back, 0.16).
R E T R A C T to w ithdraw ; to revoke (13)
retract (to draw in, 1.00); retract (to
disavow, 1.00); recant (0.96); revoke
(0.85); retreat (to retire, 0.81); repudi­
ate (to disavow, 0.75); disclaim (to dis­
own, 0.50); negate (to nullify, 0.50);
secede (0.50); cancel (to annul, 0.33);
apologize (0.29); disow n (0.25); w ith­
draw (to rem ove from use or circula­
tion, 0.20).
R E T R E A D (2) repair (0.59); im prove (to
m ake better, 0.09).
R E T R E A T (7) retreat (to execute a forced
RETURN
retirem ent in battle, 1.00); retreat (to re­
tire, 1.00); give (to yield underpressure,
0.93); disappear (0.92); fly (to flee from
danger, 0.75); retire (to draw away,
0.44); return (to go back, 0.04).
R E T R E N C H to protect by; to furnish
with (1) retrench (1.00).
R E T R E N C H to cut short (2) decrease (to
m ake less, 0.42); economize (0.33).
R E T R IE V E (9) retrieve (1.00); salvage
(0.88); redeem (to recover through a
p ay m en t, 0 .8 1 ); rec o v er (to o btain
again, 0.80); regain (0.50); succeed (to
attain success, 0.48); obtain (to gain
possession, 0.44); reap (to gain, 0.31);
rescue (to save, 0.17).
R E T R O C E D E to go back; to retire (1)
retreat (to retire, 0.19).
R E T R O G R A D E (2) retreat (to retire,
0.90); die (to decline as though death
w ere inev itab le, 0.50).
R E T R O G R E S S (1) relapse (0.82).
R E T R O V E R T (1) relapse (0.18).
R E T R Y (1) appeal (to carry a case to a
higher court, 0.83).
R E T U R N (28) return (to go back, 1.00);
return (to put or send som ething back,
1.00); return (to answer, 1.00); return
(to rep a y , 1 .00); re tu rn (to sp eak
fo rm a lly , 1.00); re tu rn (to reflec t,
1.00);answ er (to m ove in response,
0 .9 4 ); y ie ld (to p r o d u c e , 0 .8 9 );
indem nify (to repay, 0.75); reflect (to
throw back, 0.72); reinstate (0.70); recur
(0.67); produce (to bear, 0.66); repeat
(to do again, 0.63); bring (to be worth
in sale, 0.58); pay (to produce a profit,
0 .5 0 ); re p a y (to pay back, 0.50);
retaliate (0.50); revenge (0.44); hand
(0.33); give (to produce, 0.25); recipro­
cate (to exchange, 0.25); reply (0.25);
REUNITE
answer (to reply, 0.20); reflect (to throw
back an image, 0.17); repeat (to happen
again, 0.17); resum e (0.14); turn (to re­
verse, 0.13).
R E U N IT E (4) reunite (1.00); gather (to
come together, 0.42); assemble (to bring
together, 0.27); reconcile (to bring into
harmony, 0.08).
R E U T T E R (1) repeat (to say again, 0.58).
REV A LU E (1) devalue (0.75).
R EV A M P (11) revamp (1.00); reconstruct
(0.83); better (0.50); redecorate (0.47);
im prove (to m ake better, 0.45); change
(to m ake different, 0.34); repair (0.33);
redo (0.25); renew (to refresh, 0.18);
rearrange (0.14); transplant (0.10).
R E V E A L (24) reveal (to expose, 1.00);
reveal (to divulge, 1.00); declare (to
adm it to o n e’s possessions, 0.85); ex­
pose (to uncover, 0.76); instruct (to
inform , 0.75); show (to explain, 0.75);
unearth (to disclose, 0.75); enlighten
(to b rin g su p p o se d sp iritu a l tru th ,
0.71); decipher (0.67); explain (0.67); tell
(to inform , 0.67); advertise (to m ake
public, 0.66); com m unicate (to im part
in fo rm atio n , 0.64); ex hum e (0.63);
evince (0.50); unm ask (0.50); notify (to
provide w ith inform ation, 0.42); un­
cover (0.38); unsheathe (0.25); adm it
(to confess, 0.24); detail (to m ake clear
in detail, 0.23); narrate (0.20); display
(to present for effect, 0.12); declare (to
speak formally and emphatically, 0.10).
R E V E L (12) revel (to play, 1.00); revel
(to in d u lg e oneself, 1.00); p la y (to
am use oneself, 0.75); bask (0.50); gloat
(0.50); indulge (to take part in, 0.50);
m asquerade (0.50); rollick (0.50); joke
(0.38); carouse (0.33); celebrate (to
-290- REVIEW
indulge in celebration, 0.33); rejoice
(0.25).
R E V E N G E (2) revenge (1.00); requite
(0 .20).
R E V E R B E R A T E (12) reverberate (1.00);
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.93); ring (to
give forth sound by ringing, 0.82);
reecho (0.75); roll (to produce a rela­
tively deep, continuous sound, 0.63);
reflect (to throw back, 0.61); thunder
(0.55); boom (to m ake a loud noise,
0.50); return (to go back, 0.28); resound
(0.25); vibrate (to sound, 0.25); roar (0.18).
R E V E R E (6) revere (1.00); venerate (0.75);
cherish (to hold dear, 0.71); adm ire (to
have regard for, 0.69); adore (to wor­
ship, 0.50); worship (to perform acts of
w orship, 0.41).
R E V E R E N C E (5) w orship (to perform
acts o f w orship, 0.59); venerate (0.50);
adm ire (to have regard for, 0.42); praise
(to speak or sing in w orship, 0.25);
grovel (0.04).
R E V E R S E (17) reverse (to turn, 1.00);
reverse (to alter, 1.00); reverse (to
annul, 1.00); rev erse (to exchange,
1.00); overturn (0.75); override (to
thw art, 0.67); exchange (to replace one
thing w ith another, 0.65); upset (to turn
over, 0.62); abolish (0.55); differ (to be
unlike, 0.50); revert (0.50); transpose
(0.50); oppose (to hold a contrary opin­
ion, 0.44); retreat (to retire, 0.43); with­
draw (to rem ove from use or circula­
tion, 0.25); change (to m ake different,
0.17); subvert (0.10).
R E V E R T (5) revert (1.00); return (to go
back, 0.80); relap se (0.55); regress
(0.25); repeat (to do again, 0.06).
R E V IE W (15) review (to correct, 1.00);
review (to inspect, 1.00); check (to de­
REVILE -291 -
term ine accuracy, 0.88); sum m arize
(0.75); inventory (0.55); canvass (to
pass rapidly in review, 0.50); re-exam -
ine (0.50); discuss (0.41); exam ine (to
inspect w ith care, 0.35); investigate
(0.33); cram (to study hurriedly, 0.25);
correct (to m ake needed corrections,
0.23); treat (to deal with a subject, 0.20);
appeal (to carry a case to a higher court,
0.17); reconsider (0.13).
R E V IL E (15) revile (1.00); insult (0.95);
attack (to assail w ith, 0.75); dam n (to
sw ear at, 0.75); execrate (to curse,
0.75); scandalize (0.75); profane (0.67);
upbraid (0.64); curse (to swear at, 0.63);
slander (0.60); denounce (0.53); vilify
(0.50); blasphem e (0.33); scold (0.33);
depreciate (to lower in reputation, 0.23).
R E V IS E (17) revise (1.00); edit (to pre­
pare for publication, 0.96); reform (to
change into anew form, 0.91); improve
(to m ake better, 0.88); adapt (to alter or
adjust, 0.50); redress (0.50); rem ake
(0.50); review (to correct, 0.50); suit (to
adapt, 0.50); reco n sid er (0.47); ex ­
change (to replace one thing w ith an­
other, 0.45); am end (0.25); em end (to
edit, 0.25); reto u c h (0.25); rem edy
(0.22); change (to make different, 0.14);
correct (to m ake needed corrections,
0.05).
R E V IS IT (4) revisit (1.00); attend (to go
to, 0.40); visit (to live w ith for a short
time, 0.33); return (to go back, 0.12).
R E V IT A L IZ E (3) encourage (to raise the
spirits, 0.16); quicken (to com e or bring
to life, 0.14); com fort (to m ake easy
physically, 0.05).
R E V IV E (18) revive (to give new life,
1.00); revive (to take on new life, 1.00);
revive (to hearten, 1.00); renew (to
REVOLVE
refresh, 0.97); com fort (to m ake easy
p hysically, 0.76); recru it (to gather
needed resources, 0.71); reproduce
(to m ake a second time, 0.71); perk (to
be refreshed, 0.67); reopen (0.67); repair
(0.56); rem em ber (to recall, 0.50); re­
store (to recreate, 0.50); return (to go
back, 0.44); recall (to call to mind, 0.33);
sw eeten (to m ake fresh, 0.33); heal (to
cure, 0.32); recover (to regain health,
0.30); stiffen (to cause to becom e stiff,
0 . 12).
R E V IV IF Y (6) revive (to give new life,
0.68); animate (to give life to, 0.44); heal
(to cure, 0.25); air (to introduce air,
0.08); encourage (to raise the spirits,
0.04); com fort (to m ake easy physi­
cally, 0.03).
R E V O K E (12) revoke (1.00); withdraw (to
rem ove from use or circulation, 0.95);
recant (0.83); abolish (0.81); abrogate
(0.75); disclaim (to disown, 0.75); retire
(to rem ove, 0.75); deny (0.57); annul
(0.25); quash (to revoke, 0.25); repudi­
ate (to disavow, 0.25); cancel (to annul,
0.08).
R EV O LT (11) revolt (to rebel, 1.00); revolt
(to repel, 1.00); disgust (0.86); rebel (to
endeavour to overthrow a government,
0.83); shock (to disturb o n e’s sense o f
propriety, 0.69); oppose (to fight, 0.50);
riot (0.50); disobey (0.39); turn (to
nauseate, 0.33); repel (to cause aver­
sion, 0.25); sicken (to offend, 0.25).
R E V O L U T IO N IZ E (3) revolutionize
(1.00); change (to make different, 0.68);
reform (to change into a new form, 0.25).
R E V O L V E (13) revolve (1.00); turn (to
pivot, 0.94); operate (to be in opera­
tion, 0.83); spin (to whirl, 0.75); trundle
(0.75); sw ing (to describe an arc, 0.55);
REWARD
retu rn (to go back, 0.52); repeat (to
happen again, 0.50); m editate (to m use,
0.45); whirl (0.30); gyrate (0.25); rotate
(0.25); orbit (to revolve around another
body, 0.20).
R E W A R D (7) rew ard (1.00); pay (to give
paym ent, 0.88); bribe (0.75); requite
( 0 .5 0 ) ; r e f u n d (to r e tu r n , 0 .4 4 );
rem unerate (0.25); right (to repair an
injustice, 0.13).
R E W A R M (1) reheat (0.75).
R E W A R N (1) reiterate (0.25).
R E W E IG H (1) reconsider (0.07).
R E W O R K (7) repeat (to do again, 0.56);
revise (0.53); rearrange (0.29); recon­
sider (0.27); duplicate (to repeat, 0.25);
reconstruct (0.17); reform (to change
into a new form, 0.09).
R E W R IT E (4) rewrite (1.00); revise (0.87);
edit (to prepare for publication, 0.86);
w rite (to com pose in w ords, 0.25).
R H A P S O D IZ E (1) idealize (0.25).
R H Y M E (1) m easure (to apply a stand­
ard o f m easurem ent, 0.40).
R IB B O N (1) swath (0.25).
R I C K to stack; to form (hay) into a rick
(1) stack (0.75).
R IC O C H E T (7) ricochet (1.00); bounce
(to rebound, 0.94); bound (to rebound,
0.50); rebound (0.50); backfire (to go
awry, 0.33); impinge (to hit, 0.33); jum p
(to vibrate, 0.20).
R ID (3) rid (1.00); clear (to free from ob­
stacles, 0.50); dism iss (to send away,
0.44).
R ID D L E to sift (1) tap (to puncture in
order to draw liquid, 0.27).
R ID E (10) ride (to allow o n eself to be
d om inated by circum stances, 1.00);
ride (to be transported, 1.00); ride (to
control a beast o f burden by riding,
-292 - RIOT
1.00); bestnde (0.75); drift (0.71); strad­
dle (0.60); hunt (to pursue w ith intent
to kill, 0.35); m ove (to be in motion,
0.29); trot (0.29); motor (0.25).
R ID G E (2) dent (0.12); plough (to use a
plough, 0.11).
R ID IC U L E (5) ridicule (1.00); depreciate
(to low er in reputation, 0.80); m isprize
(0.75); sneer (0.48); insult (0.15).
R IF L E to plunder (4) ransack (to loot,
0.71); steal (0.49); loot (0.25); ruffle (to
disarrange, 0.25).
R IG to make ready (2) trim (to prepare for
sailing, 0.50); provide (to supply, 0.15).
R IG H T (5) right (to make upright, 1.00);
right (to repair an injustice, 1.00); ease
(to m ove carefully, 0.62); remedy (0.61);
repair (0.26).
R IL E (3) rile (1.00); rankle (0.64); anger
(to arouse som eone to anger, 0.06).
R IM to furnish with a rim border (4) ring
(to encircle, 0.83); line (to be in a line,
0.50); define (to set limits, 0.28); join
(to adjoin, 0.17).
R IN G to give out a sound (8) ring (to call
by rin g in g , 1.00); ring (to cause to
sound, 1.00); ring (to give forth sound
by ringing, 1.00); dial (to telephone,
0.75); sound (to m ake a noise, 0.75);
tinkle (0.43); telephone (0.40); summon
(to call, 0.17).
R IN G to m ake a circle (4) ring (to encir­
cle, 1.00); circle (0.70); orbit (to revolve
around another body, 0.40); loop (to
be in the form o f a loop, 0.25).
R IN SE (7) rinse (1.00); clean (0.61); mois­
ten (0.58); gargle (0.50); dam pen (to
w et, 0.25); w ash (to bathe, 0.25); dip
(to put into a liquid, 0.10).
R IO T (2) riot (1.00); rebel (to endeavour
to overthrow a governm ent, 0.50).
RIP -293-
R IP to cut; to pull; to tear anything from
something else (4) rip (1.00); rend (0.75);
cut (to sever, 0.51); lacerate (to tear,
0.50).
R IP E N (7) ripen (to grow, 1.00); age (to
m ature, 0.75); m ature (to grow, 0.75);
m ature (to com e to m aturity, 0.67);
change (to become different, 0.56); work
(to ferm ent, 0.33); grow (to change
slowly, 0.14).
R IP P L E to form small waves; to form rip­
ples (8) beat (to pulsate, 0.87); m urm ur
(to make a low continuous sound, 0.83);
gurgle (0.75); flow (to keep up a circular
m otion, 0.67); flutter (0.50); curl (to
tw ist, 0.31); undulate (to surge, 0.25);
w ave (to undulate, 0.15).
R IP P L E to scratch; to break up slightly
(3) ripple (1.00); rustle (0.46); lick (to
pass the tongue over, 0.35).
R IS E (30) rise (to m ove upw ard, 1.00);
rise (to get out o f bed, 1.00); rise (to
increase, 1.00); rise (to begin, 1.00); rise
(to improve one’s station, 1.00); rise (to
stand, 1.00); rise (to swell; said usually
o f d o ugh or batter, 1.00); rebel (to
endeavour to overthrow a government,
0.94); appear (to becom e visible, 0.82);
b eg in (to com e into b e in g or sta rt
functioning, 0.79); result (0.78); pros­
per (0.77); augm ent (to grow, 0.75);
increase (to grow, 0.75); pitch (to slope
abruptly, 0.75); arise (to get up, 0.67);
em erge (0.67); haunt (to frequent as a
spirit, 0.63); w ake (to becom e aw ake,
0.60); clim b (to m ount, 0.57); form (to
take form , 0.57); quicken (to com e or
bring to life, 0.57); loom (to appear,
0.50); originate (to have a beginning,
0.50); stand (to be in a upright posi­
tion, 0.50); start (to begin, 0.50); thrive
ROAST
(to grow vigorously, 0.45); soar (0.25);
stren g th en (0.09); grow (to becom e
larger, 0.07).
R IS K (9) risk (1.00); speculate (to gam ­
ble in business, 0.75); try (to endeav­
our, 0.61); chance (to take a chance,
0.55); face (to confront conflict or trou­
ble, 0.52); brave (0.50); play (to gam ­
ble, 0.50); bet (0.29); gam ble (to take
chances, 0.25).
R IT U A L IZ E (1) celebrate (to recognize
an occasion, 0.13).
RIV A L (6) rival (1.00); equal (0.77); out­
rank (0.33); com pare (to stand in rela­
tionship to another, 0.25); play (to en­
gage in sport, 0.25); vie (0.25).
R IV E to tear or pull (5) sliver (0.75); break
(to start a rupture, 0.74); cut (to sever,
0.57); rip (0.43); splinter (0.25).
R IV E T (3) rivet (1.00); fasten (to make
som ething secure, 0.43); bury (to oc­
cupy, 0.20).
R O A D B L O C K (1) bar (to raise a physi­
cal obstruction, 0.05).
R O A M (9) roam (to wander, 1.00); travel
(to journey , 0.86); ram ble (to go in
various directions, 0.77); saunter (0.75);
m eander (to wander, 0.67); stray (0.60);
walk (to m ove on foot, 0.26); ramble (to
saunter, 0.25); range (to traverse wide
areas, 0.13).
R O A R (12) roar (1.00); storm (0.82); bawl
(to m ake a bellow ing sound, 0.75);
boom (to m ake a loud noise, 0.75); cry
(to call (not o f hum an creatures), 0.74);
yell (0.71); rage (to give vent to anger,
0.59); shout (0.50); laugh (0.47); sound
(to m ake a noise, 0.38); grumble (to
growl, 0.29); rage (to be out o f control,
0.14).
R O A S T (9) roast (1.00); bake (to cook,
ROB -294-
0.75); grill (to broil, 0.75); scorch (0.75);
heat (to m ake hot, 0.50); broil (0.25);
b u m (to subject to fire, 0.18); cook
(0.17); parody (0.13).
R O B (8) rob (1.00); steal (0.85); pilfer
(0.75); deceive (0.71); thieve (0.50);
pillage (0.25); ravage (0.16); ransack (to
loot, 0.13).
R O B E (2) clothe (0.87); dress (to put on
clothes, 0.50).
R O C K to m ove gently (7) rock (1.00);
heave (to raise and fall, 0.95); shake (to
cause to vibrate, 0.86); totter (to be near
falling, 0.85); totter (to stagger, 0.42);
ja r (to cause to trem ble, 0.29); toss (to
m ove up and dow n, 0.29).
R O C K E T (3) rocket (1.00); travel (to jour­
ney, 0.75); rise (to m ove upw ard, 0.50).
R O IL to stir; to disorder; to irritate (1)
roil (1.00).
R O IS T E R (1) bluster (0.41).
R O L L to revolve; to turn over (32) roll
(to m ove by rotation, or in rotating
num bers, 1.00); roll (to cause to roll,
1.00); roll (to revolve, 1.00);roll (to make
into a roll, 1.00);roll (to sm ooth w ith a
roller, 1.00); roll (to flow, 1.00); roll (to
produce a relatively deep, continuous
sound, 1.00); roll (to travel, 1.00); roll
(to function, 1.00);reel (0.90); w ave (to
undulate, 0.85); turn (to pivot, 0.81);
heave (to raise and fall, 0.76); operate
(to be in operation, 0.66); rock (0.62);
m ove (to be in m otion, 0.57); toss (to
m ove up and dow n, 0.57); bow l (to
play at bowls, 0.50); curl (to twist, 0.50);
iron (0.50); trill (0.50); thunder (0.45);
beat (to pulsate, 0.39); lean (to incline,
0.39); furl (0.33); totter (to stagger, 0.33);
flow (to m ove in one direction, 0.29);
press (to sm ooth, usually by heat and
ROUGE
p ressu re, 0.25); drive (to m anage a
propelled vehicle, 0.21); w ave (to set
hail*, 0.17); circle (0.15); chirp (0.09).
R O L L IC K (1) rollick (1.00).
R O M A N C E (1) exaggerate (0.25).
R O M A N T IC IZ E (1) idealize (0.75).
R O M P (4) romp (1.00); frisk (0.75); play
(to gam bol, 0.45); gambol (0.25).
R O O F (1) top (to apply topping, 0.75).
R O O K to cheat (1) rook (1.00).
R O O M to install; to accom m odate (2)
board (to take care of, 0.67); abide (to
lodge, 0.50).
R O O S T (2) light (to com e to rest from
flight or travel, 0.82); perch (0.67).
R O O T to take root; to have basis (4)
em bed (to put in, 0.80); establish (to
w ork or settle in a perm anent place,
0.53); im plant (0.33); insert (to put in,
0.33).
R O P E to tie; to bind; to fasten with a
rope (1) tape (to fasten, 0.40).
R O T (16) rot (1.00); decay (0.88); dam ­
age (to im pair the value of, 0.85); cor­
ro d e (to d eterio rate , 0.75); putrefy
(0.75); d eco m p o se (0.67); spoil (to
decay, 0.67); bite (to cut or corrode,
0.59); disintegrate (to decay, 0.50); stag­
nate (0.50); die (to decline as though
death were inevitable, 0.44); rust (0.33);
fester (0.25); sink (to deteriorate, 0.25);
taint (to pollute, 0.25); dirty (0.08).
R O T A T E (13) rotate (1.00); whirl (0.90);
turn (to pivot, 0.88); roll (to m ove by
rotation, or in rotating num bers, 0.86);
dial (to turn, 0.75); sw ing (to describe
an arc, 0.73); return (to go back, 0.56);
gyrate (0.50); revolve (0.50); trundle
(0.50); twirl (0.50); pivot (0.25); spin (to
whirl, 0.25).
R O U G E (2) redden (to m ake red, 0.82);
ROUGH -295-
colour (to impart colour to, 0.03).
R O U G H to shape rough (1) prepare (to
m ake oneself ready, 0.30).
R O U G H -C A S T (1) cast (to form in a
mould, 0.50).
R O U G H E N (3) coarsen (0.75); harden (to
toughen, 0.58); chap (0.33).
RO U N D to make round; to turn (6) round
(to m ake round, 1.00); round (to turn,
1.00); circle (0.96); arch (0.85); bend (to
force out o f a straight line, 0.81); turn
(to pivot, 0.38).
R O U S E to raise; to aw aken (18) rouse
(to w aken, 1.00); rouse (to stim ulate,
1.00); incite (0.93); hearten (0.75); start
(to arouse, 0.75); w ake (to w aken an­
other, 0.75); bestir (0.67); aw ake (to
aw aken another, 0.50); freshen (to acti­
vate, 0.50); pique (to excite, 0.50);
provoke (to incite, 0.50); entertain (to
act as host or hostess, 0.47); revive (to
take on new life, 0.36); thrill (to excite,
0.25); tem pt (0.23); aw aken (to arouse
another, 0.20); m ove (to arouse the
em otions of, 0.15); drive (to urge on,
0.04).
R O U T to put (an army) to rout; to com ­
pel to flee in disorder (4) rout (1.00);
defeat (to w orst in war, 0.86); dism iss
(to send away, 0.41); halt (to cause to
cease, 0.15).
R O U T E (1) channel (0.75).
R O V E to shoot; to w ander; to guess (8)
rove (1.00); stray (0.80); roam (to w an­
der, 0.75); peregrinate (0.25); prow l
(0.25); travel (to journey, 0.25); walk (to
m ove on foot, 0.22); range (to traverse
w ide areas, 0.06).
R O W to m ake wool into roves (1) swath
(0.50).
R O W E L to use spur rowels; to prick with
RUIN
a row el (1) goad (0.74).
RU B (13) rub (to subject to friction, 1.00);
rub (to apply by rubbing, 1.00); wipe
(0.90); touch (to be in contact, 0.86);
tickle (to stim ulate by a light touch,
0.83); scrub (0.75); mop (0.67); paw (to
scrape w ith the front foot, 0.63); caress
(0.47); grind (to sharpen, 0.33); graze
(to touch or to score lightly, 0.25); pat
(to strike lightly and affectionately ,
0.25); scour (to cleanse, 0.25).
R U B R IC A T E (1) redden (to make red,
0.36).
R U C K to squat; to crouch; to cow er (1)
heap (to place in a heap, 0.38).
R U C K L E to m ake a rattling sound (1)
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.44).
R U D D L E (1) redden (to make red, 0.55).
RU E (4) rue (1.00); mourn (to lament, 0.77);
regret (to be sorry for, 0.60); lament (to
regret, 0.50).
R U F F L E to contend or struggle with (5)
ruffle (to anger, 1.00); bristle (to show
sudden anger, 0.75); anger (to arouse
som eone to anger, 0.33); m uddle (to
confuse; said usually o f people, 0.25);
disturb (to upset mental calm, 0.02).
R U F F L E to disturb the sm ooth surface;
to roughen (6) ruffle (to disarrange,
1.00); roll (to produce a relatively deep,
continuous sound, 0.88); pleat (0.75);
muss (0.56); fold (to place together or
lay in folds, 0.50); discom pose (0.25).
R U IN (23) ruin (to destroy, 1.00); ruin (to
cause to becom e bankrupt, 1.00); ruin
(to destroy chastity, 1.00); destroy (to
bring to nothing, 0.99); dam age (to
im pair the value of, 0.98); cheapen
(0.91); w reck (to bring to ruin, 0.87);
botch (0.83 ); raze (0.83); level (to
dem olish, 0.75); pervert (0.75); undo
RULE
(0.75); unm ake (0.75); subvert (0.71);
abuse (to treat badly, 0.58); kill (to
deprive o f existence, 0.50); underm ine
(to enfeeble, 0.50); ravage (0.47); dis­
m antle (0.42); blight (0.25); prostrate (to
overthrow, 0.25); rape (0.25); w aste (to
squander, 0.12).
R U L E (13) rule (to govern, 1.00); rule (to
regulate, 1.00); com m and (to have con­
trol, 0.98); m easure (to apply a stand­
ard o f m easurem ent, 0.97); dom inate
(0 .8 9 ); re g u la te (to co n tro l, 0 .7 5 );
so u n d (to m easure, 0.75); influence
(0.57); com m and (to issue an order,
0.50); m aster (to conquer, 0.50); sub­
je c t (0.41); overshadow (to dom inate,
0.33); predom inate (0.25).
R U M B L E (10) rumble (1.00); muss (0.89);
m utter (to m ake a low, m um bling sound,
0.75); thunder (0.73); sound (to m ake a
noise, 0.66); mum ble (0.50); m urm ur (to
m utter, 0.50); resound (0.50); grum ble
(to growl, 0.43); roar (0.41).
R U M IN A T E (12) ruminate (to regurgitate,
1.00); rum inate (to ponder, 1.00); m edi­
tate (to muse, 0.64); eat (to take as food,
0.61); m unch (0.58); brood (to nurse
o n e ’s tro u b les, 0.56); v o m it (0.50);
concentrate (to em ploy all o n e’s m ental
pow ers, 0.38); think (to exam ine w ith
the m ind, 0.29); bite (to seize or sever
w ith teeth, 0.11); chew (0.07); graze (to
pasture, 0.06).
R U M M A G E (3) rummage (1.00); ransack
(to search thoroughly, 0.92); search
(0.57).
R U M O U R (1) gossip (0.58).
R U M P L E (6) rum ple (1.00); w rinkle (to
form into w rinkles, 0.90); crum ple (to
w rinkle, 0.75); ruffle (to disarrange,
-296- RUSH
0.75); crease (0.50); crumple (to become
wrinkled, 0.25).
R U N (37) run (to m ove, usually rapidly,
1.00); run (to go sw iftly by physical
effort, 1.00); run (to function, 1.00); run
(to cause to function, 1.00); run (to
extend, 1.00); run (to continue, 1.00);
run (to com pete, 1.00); gallop (0.93);
overflow (to flow over the top, or out
at a vent, 0.92); race (to m ove at great
speed, 0.90); m ove (to be in motion,
0.89); operate (to be in operation, 0.86);
drive (to m anage a propelled vehicle,
0.83); zip (0.75); roll (to flow, 0.71);
cam paign (to solicit votes, 0.70); com ­
m and (to have control, 0.70); flow (to
m ove in one direction, 0.62); em pty (to
becom e empty, 0.60); farm (to do farm
w ork, 0.56); dissolve (to pass from a
solid to a liquid state, 0.55); retreat (to
retire, 0.52); flow (to issue forth, 0.51);
function (0.50); go (to function, 0.50);
keep (to operate, 0.50); stream (0.50); thaw
(to melt, 0.50); w ork (to function, 0.50);
hunt (to pursue with intent to kill, 0.39);
hit (to fire in time; said o f an internal
combustion motor, 0.38); behave (to act,
0.25); canvass (to seek votes, 0.25); flee
(0.25); melt (to liquefy, 0.18); trickle (0.11);
drool (to slobber, 0.10).
R U P T U R E (4) rupture (1.00); divide (to
separate by parting, 0.82); explode (to
burst, 0.54); burst (to explode, 0.33).
R U S H to drive back or down; to force
out o f place by violent impact (23) rush
(1.00); hasten (to make haste, 0.97); run
(to go sw iftly by physical effort, 0.97);
flow (to issue forth, 0.84); blow (to move
rapidly (said o f air), 0.75); steam (to
speed, 0.75); fly (to move swiftly, 0.67);
hustle (to hurry, 0.67); sprint (0.67);
RUST -297-
z o o m (0 .6 7 ); d riv e (to m a n a g e a
propelled vehicle, 0.63); hurry (to act
hastily, 0.57); stampede (0.50); flow (to
m ove in one direction, 0.43); race (to
m ove at great speed, 0.39); p lunge
(0.33); dart (to m ove quickly, 0.25);
overflow (to flow over the top, or out
at a vent, 0.25); scoot (0.25); scurry
(0.25); shoot (to m ove rapidly, 0.25);
zip (0.25); send (to dispatch, 0.21).
R U S T said o f m etals: to undergo oxida­
tion (7) rust (1.00); bite (to cut or cor­
rode, 0.53); discolour (0.50); eat (to
reduce gradually, 0.42); dam age (to
im pair the value of, 0.25); m ould (to
decay through the action o f m ould,
0.25); redden (to grow red, 0.14).
R U S T IC A T E (3) banish (to condem n to
ex ile, 0 .81); hide (to keep o n e s e lf
concealed, 0.22); retire (to draw away,
0. 11).
R U S T L E (2) rustle (1.00); ransack (to
loot, 0.38).
s
S A B E R (3) cut (to sever, 0.22); stab
(0 .1 3 ); attack (to fig h t o ffe n siv e ly
(army), 0.06).
SA B O T A G E (2) sabotage (1.00); destroy
(to bring to nothing, 0.11).
S A C K to plunder (7) devastate (0.50);
steal (0.46); ravage (0.39); raid (0.35);
harry (to raid, 0.33); tackle (0.30); rob
(0.10).
S A C K to put into a sack (1) sack (1.00).
S A C R IF IC E (8) sacrifice (to offer to a
deity, 1.00); sacrifice (to give up as a
m eans to an end, 1.00); sacrifice (to
sell at a loss, 1.00); forfeit (0.67); kill
(to deprive o f life, 0.66); undercharge
(0.50); bless (to dedicate to God, 0.16);
SALUTE
contribute (to give, 0.04).
SA D D E N (2) sadden (1.00); depress (to
bring to a low er state, 0.57).
SA D D LE (3) harness (0.92); load (to over­
load, 0.33); oppress (0.26).
S A F E G U A R D (8) defend (to provide
general protection, 0.95); charge (to
take charge of, 0.50); patent (0.33);
rescue (to save, 0.33); shelter (0.28);
guard (to protect, 0.25); lead (to con­
duct, 0.24); oppose (to fight, 0.23).
S A G (6) sag (to sink, 1.00); sag (to lose
vigour, 1.00); lean (to incline, 0.87);
distort (to change shape, 0.86); decline
(to sink slowly, 0.75); give (to yield
under pressure, 0.36).
S A IL to travel on w ater (9) sail (to em ­
bark, 1.00); sail (to travel by sailing,
1.00); sail (to fly, 1.00); drift (0.57); fly
(to pass through the air, 0.54); steam
(to speed, 0.50); skim (to pass lightly
and swiftly, 0.40); travel (to journey,
0.18); ride (to be transported, 0.17).
S A IL to dance; to issue forth (2) soar
(0.50); run (to move, usually rapidly,
0.09).
S A IN T (1) canonize (0.92).
S A L A A M (2) nod (to m ake a nodding
m ovem ent, 0.64); bow (to bend, 0.08).
S A L IV A T E (2) drool (to slobber, 0.60);
slobber (0.50).
SA L L Y to set out boldly (2) hurry (to act
hastily, 0.29); leave (to go away, 0.15).
SA LT (7) salt (to flavour with salt, 1.00);
salt (to scatter thickly, 1.00); preserve
(to keep, 0.62); flavour (0.60); com
(0.50); cure (to preserve, 0.50); butcher
(to slaughter for consum ption, 0.22).
S A L U T E (8) salute (to address, 1.00); sa­
lute (to recognize with respect, 1.00);
greet (0.82); kiss (0.75); compliment (to
SALVAGE
congratulate, 0.50); accost (to greet,
0.25); cheer (to support w ith cheers,
0.25); felicitate (0.25).
SALVAGE (4) salvage (1.00); recover (to
obtain again, 0.87); rescue (to save,
0.58); obtain (to gain possession, 0.18).
SA L V E to anoint (a w ound) (2) com fort
(to m ake easy physically, 0.49); heal (to
cure, 0.11).
SA M B A (1) dance (to move rhythmically,
0.54).
S A M P L E (4) sample (1.00); taste (to taste
by the tongue, 0.43); experim ent (to put
on trial, 0.25); exam ine (to inspect w ith
care, 0.04).
S A N C T IF Y (12) sanctify (1.00); worship
(to p erfo rm acts o f w orship, 0.94);
canonize (0.75); dedicate (to conse­
crate, 0.75); celebrate (to recognize an
occasion, 0.69); beatify (0.50); conse­
crate (to dedicate to God, 0.50); hallow
(0.50); honour (to treat w ith respect,
0 .5 0 ); so le m n iz e (0 .5 0 ); b le ss (to
dedicate to God, 0.32); enshrine (0.25).
S A N C T IO N (27) sanction (1.00); recom ­
m en d (to lend supp o rt or approval,
0.96); allow (to perm it an action, 0.93);
enable (0.91); enact (to legislate, 0.89);
com plim ent (to flatter, 0.84); authorize
(to approve, 0.80); endorse (to indicate
on e’s active support, 0.77); confirm (to
ratify, 0.75); perm it (0.75); ratify (0.75);
crown (to em power with a crown, 0.71);
praise (to com m end, 0.71); encourage
(to give support, 0.69); favour (to have
a p re fe re n c e , 0 .6 9 ); re c o g n iz e (to
a c k n o w le d g e th e le g a lity o f a
governm ent, 0.67); approve (to give
approval, 0.58); charter (to license,
0.50); com m end (to recom m end, 0.50);
validate (0.50); w arrant (to authorize,
-298- SAUNTER
0 .5 0 ); s u f f e r (to p e r m it, 0 .3 1 );
enfranchise (to em power, 0.25); help
(to aid, 0.25); legalize (0.25); urge (to
present favourably, 0.24); enforce (to
require com pliance, 0.23).
SA N D (1) sm ooth (to rem ove uneven­
ness, 0.08).
SA N D B A G (1) hurt (to cause pain, 0.09).
SA P to rem ove sap from w ood (4) sap
(1.00); drain (to w ithdraw strength,
0,59); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.45); w eaken (to make weaker, 0.35).
SA T E (2) fill (to pour to the capacity of
the container, 0.38); satisfy (to make
content, 0.19).
S A T IA T E (6) satiate (1.00); cloy (0.75);
pall (0.75); surfeit (0.75); overfeed (0.50);
satisfy (to m ake content, 0.03).
S A T IR IZ E (5) satirize (1.00); lampoon
(0.75); caricature (0.50); ridicule (0.17);
sneer (0.07).
S A T IS F Y (17) satisfy (to m ake content,
1.00); satisfy (to pay, 1.00); satisfy (to
fulfill, 1.00); satisfy (to convince, 1.00);
quiet (to m ake calm, 0.79); feed (0.77);
com plim ent (to flatter, 0.63); convince
(0 .5 7 ); tre a t (to p ay fo r a n o th e r ’s
e n te rta in m e n t, 0 .5 7 ); p e rsu a d e (to
influence, 0.56); answ er (to be suffi­
cient, 0.50); fill (to pour to the capacity
o f the container, 0.46); requite (0.40);
entertain (to keep others amused, 0.39);
p lease (to give pleasure, 0.33); dis­
charge (to pay a debt, 0.25); pay (to
give paym ent, 0.08).
S A T U R A T E (7) saturate (1.00); moisten
(0.88); drench (0.50); perm eate (0.50);
glut (to oversupply, 0.29); soak (to
drench, 0.14); mix (to blend, 0.12).
S A U N T E R (12) saunter (1.00); linger (to
go reluctantly, 0.93); amble (0.75); wend
SAUTE -299-
(0.67); w alk (to m ove on foot, 0.65);
m arch (0.50); stroll (0.50); sw agger (to
strut, 0.50); lag (to m ove slowly, 0.40);
lo af (to travel at an easy pace, 0.25);
roam (to w ander, 0.25); w ander (to
stroll, 0.25).
SAU TE (4) fry (0.89); grill (to broil, 0.50);
cook (0.39); brown (0.25).
S A U T E R (l) loiter (0.97).
SAVE (15) save (to rem ove from danger,
1.00); save (to assure an afterlife, 1.00);
save (to hoard, 1.00); save (to pre­
serve, 1.00); save (to avoid, 1.00); free
(to liberate, 0.89); preserve (to keep,
0.85); retrench (0.75); convert (to alter
convictions, 0.50); m aintain (to keep
ready for use, 0.47); deliver (to free,
0.33); preserve (to guard, 0.25); enlight­
en (to bring supposed spiritual truth,
0.21); ransom (0.07); obtain (to gain
possession, 0.06).
SAV O U R (4) savour (1.00); live (to en­
joy life, 0.60); like (to enjoy, 0.50); taste
(to recognize by flavour, 0.50).
SAW (1) play (to produce m usic, 0.26).
SAY (7) say (1.00); assert (to say posi­
tively, 0.50); pronounce (to speak for­
mally, 0.50); answ er (to reply, 0.40);
com m ent (to m ake a rem ark, 0.37);
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.36); utter (0.36).
SCAB (1) flake (0.42).
S C A L D (5) scald (1.00); cook (0.76);
blister (0.75); heat (to m ake hot, 0.70);
clean (0.69).
S C A L E to ascend; to clim b (9) scale (to
climb, 1.00); climb (to mount, 0.86); hur­
dle (0.80); rise (to m ove upward, 0.75);
climb (to ascend, 0.67); mount (to climb,
0.50); shin (0.50); ascend (to clim b,
0.33); clamber (0.25).
SCARIFY
S C A L E to rem ove the scales (5) scale
(to peel, 1.00); flake (0.92); exfoliate
(0.75); plate (0.73); stratify (0.25).
S C A L E to w eigh (3) scale (to measure,
1.00); m easure (to apply a standard of
m easurem ent, 0.60); weigh (to take the
w eight of, 0.50).
S C A L L O P (1) curl (to twist, 0.62).
S C A L P to cut o ff the scalp; to peel (3)
pare (to peel, 0.75); skin (0.63); flay (to
rem ove skin, bark, hide, etc., 0.50).
S C A M P E R (6) scamper (1.00); dance (to
m ove in a gay manner, 0.65); hasten (to
m ake haste, 0.54); scurry (0.50); race
(to m ove at great speed, 0.23); run (to
go sw iftly by physical effort, 0.07).
SC A N (17) scan (to analyze, 1.00); scan
(to glance at, 1.00); contemplate (to look
at, 0.82); look (to endeavour to see,
0.80); read (to understand by reading,
0.75); exam ine (to inspect with care,
0.74); peruse (to read, 0.67); peram bu­
late (to inspect, 0.50); proofread (0.50);
skim (to read swiftly, 0.50); survey (to
exam ine or sum m arize, 0.50); browse
(0.40); ransack (to search thoroughly,
0.31); analyze (to study carefully, 0.25);
think (to exam ine with the mind, 0.25);
revise (0.20); see (to perceive with the
eye, 0.18).
S C A N D A L IZ E to make a public scandal
(4) scandalize (1.00); disgust (0.36);
malign (0.25); slander (0.23).
S C A R ( l) scar (1.00).
S C A R E (7) scare (1.00); frighten (to
alarm, 0.97); intimidate (0.75); threaten
(to w arn o f punishm ent, 0.64); dis­
courage (to dishearten, 0.53); bother
(to give trouble, 0.28); molest (to dis­
turb people, 0.12).
S C A R IF Y (2) scratch (0.50); cut (to cut
into, 0.11).
SCATHE -300-
SC A T H E (1) dam age (to impair the value
of, 0.60).
S C A T T E R (21) scatter (to becom e sepa­
rated, 1.00); scatter (to cause to sepa­
rate, 1.00); scatter (to seed, 1.00); scat­
ter (to w aste, 1.00); disorganize (0.91);
w aste (to squander, 0 .8 8 ); d isb a n d
(0.86); rout (0.82); raze (0.78); litter
(0.75); seed (0.75); spray (0.75); w in­
now (0.75); spatter (0.73); defeat (to
w orst in war, 0.61); ravage (0.61); sow
(0.50); spill (0.50); diso rd er (0.25);
m isplace (0.25); shed (0.18).
S C E N T (5) sm ell (to use the sense o f
sm ell, 0.86); sm ell (to give o ff odour,
0.71); sniff (0.50); w hiff (0.25); breathe
(to draw breath, 0.20).
S C E P T IC IZ E (1) doubt (to raise a ques­
tion, 0.13).
S C H E D U L E (3) schedule (1.00); enroll (to
prepare a roll, 0.89); list (to enter in a
list, 0.88).
S C H E M E (12) scheme (1.00); plan (to plot
an action in advance, 0.89); m aneuver
(0.88); organize (to form an organiza­
tion, 0.85); arrange (to m ake arrange­
m ents, 0.70); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.69); conspire (to plan secretly,
0.50); hatch (to plan, 0.50); estim ate (to
m ake a rough guess, 0.30); m ould (to
determine a course o f action, 0.25); plot
(to devise an intrigue, 0.25); concoct
(to m ake up, 0.20).
S C H O O L to educate at school (1) teach
(to drill, 0.59).
SCIN T IL LA T E (5) scintillate (1.00); shine
(to give forth light, 0.86); flash (to give
forth a light by flash, 0.77); shine (to
reflect light, 0.43); radiate (to shed light
or heat, 0.19).
S C IS S O R (1) cut (to sever, 0.19).
SCORE
S C O F F to m ock (5) sco ff (1.00); sneer
(0.93); gibe (0.75); je e r (0.67); fleer
(0.25).
S C O L D (11) scold (1.00); upbraid (0.96);
chastise (0.75); inveigh (0.75); lecture
(to re b u k e , 0 .7 5 ); p en a liz e (0.75);
censure (0.74); remonstrate (0.53); rage
(to give vent to anger, 0.27); denounce
(0.22); chasten (to punish, 0.04).
S C O N C E to inflict fines at the U niver­
sity (1) fine (0.08).
S C O O P (5) scoop (1.00); dip (to transfer
by m eans o f a vessel, 0.93); lade (to
dip, 0.75); bail (to dip, 0.67); skim (to
rem ove the top; especially, to remove
cream, 0.60).
S C O O T (3) sco o t (1 .0 0 ); run (to go
sw iftly by physical effort, 0.72); hurry
(to act hastily, 0.43).
S C O R C H to heat; to dry up (11) scorch
(1.00); char (0.75); sear (to cook by sear­
ing, 0.75); cook (0.66); brow n (0.50);
bum (to subject to fire, 0.45); race (to
m ove at great speed, 0.45); inflam e (to
bum , 0.33); dry (to cause to become
dry, 0.25); singe (0.25); heat (to make
hot, 0.15).
S C O R C H to slash w ith a knife (1) dam­
age (to im pair the value of, 0.89).
S C O R E (12) score (to compute the score,
1.00); score (to damage, 1.00); score (to
com pose a m usical accom panim ent,
1 .0 0 ); c o m p o s e (to c re a te , 0.91);
s u c c e e d (to a tta in su c c e ss, 0.76);
poetize (0.75); cut (to cut into, 0.58);
orchestrate (0.50); earn (to receive in
p a y m e n t, 0 .3 5 ); ch a rg e (to enter a
charge account, 0.25); average (to do
on an average, 0.14); m ark (to make a
mark, 0.14).
SCORN -3 0 1 -
S C O R N (14) scorn (to treat with scorn,
1.00); scorn (to refuse as a m atter o f
principle, 1.00); neglect (to treat w ith
indifference, 0.88); deride (0.75); de­
spise (0.75); hate (to detest, 0.75); refuse
(0.74); sneer (0.72); profane (0.56);
disdain (0.50); m ock (to ridicule, 0.50);
ridicule (0.48); depress (to bring to a
lower state, 0.35); dislike (0.19).
S C O T C H to block or wedge a wheel, etc.
(1) scotch (1.00).
S C O T C H to m ake an incision (1) cut (to
cut into, 0.21).
S C O U R to cleanse or polish (9) scour
(to cleanse, 1.00); shine (to cause to
shine, usually by polishing, 0.89); rub
(to subject to friction, 0.82); clean (0.74);
bathe (to cleanse oneself w ith liquid,
0.50); scrape (0.50); w ash (to launder,
0.40); w ash (to bathe, 0.38); scrub
(0.25).
S C O U R to m ove about hastily (5) scour
(to search, 1.00); ransack (to search
thoroughly, 0.77); range (to traverse
w ide areas, 0.38); hunt (to try to find,
0.29); roam (to wander, 0.13).
S C O U R to divulge; to disclose (1) ask
(to inquire, 0.09).
S C O U R G E (8) scourge (to whip, 1.00);
scourge (to punish, 1.00); beat (to
thrash, 0.77); lash (to whip, 0.50); per­
secute (to oppress, especially for reli­
gious reasons, 0.30); w hip (0.25); hurt
(to cause pain, 0.23); chasten (to pun­
ish, 0.13).
S C O U T to play the spy; to skulk (2) spy
(to act as a spy, 0.93); precede (0.20).
S C O W L (6) scow l (1.00); frow n (0.89);
sulk (0.83); m iff (to frown, 0.75); glare
(to stare fiercely, 0.60); glow er (0.50).
SCRA B (1) scrab (to discard, 1.00).
SC R E E C H
S C R A B B L E (1) scribble (0.25).
S C R A M B L E (8) scramble (to mix, 1.00);
scram ble (to clim b hastily, 1.00); run
(to go sw iftly by physical effort, 0.76);
shin (0.75); scuttle (to hurry, 0.50); jam
(to obscure by jam m ing, 0.33); race (to
m ove at great speed, 0.10); disorganize
(0.03).
S C R A P to fight; to box; to scrim m age
(1) spar (0.67).
S C R A P E (15) scrape (1.00); rub (to sub­
je c t to friction, 0.95); clean (0.76);
scratch (0.75); comb (0.64); file (to use
an abrasive, 0.63); rake (to use a rake,
0.60); hit (to bum p against, 0.57); grind
(to pulverize, 0.52); graze (to touch or
to score lightly, 0.50); w ound (to hurt
the body, 0.50); chafe (to rub, 0.25);
play (to produce music, 0.22); carve (to
form by cutting, 0.16); trim (to cut off
excess, 0.09).
S C R A T C H (15) scratch (1.00); paw (to
scrape w ith the front foot, 0.88); rake
(to use a rake, 0.80); dam age (to impair
the value of, 0.77); engrave (to carve
upon, 0.75); deface (0.50); scrawl (0.50);
scribble (0.50); cut (to cut into, 0.47);
claw (0.33); dent (0.29); mar (to damage
slightly, 0.25); mutilate (to maim, 0.25);
rasp (0.25); strike (to light, 0.25).
S C R A W L to w rite or draw in an untidy
m an n er (3) scraw l (1.00); scribble
(0.75); w rite (to set dow n in writing,
0.67).
S C R E A M (10) scream (1.00); yell (0.92);
cry (to call (not o f hum an creatures),
0.89); screech (0.75); rage (to give vent
to anger, 0.64); whoop (0.60); caterwaul
(0.50); cry (to raise the voice, 0.50);
shout (0.25); squeak (0.25).
S C R E E C H (10) screech (1.00); cry (to call
SCREEN
(n o t o f h u m a n c r e a tu r e s ) , 0 .8 7 );
caterw aul (0.75); shout (0.75); squeak
(0.75); shriek (0.67); scream (0.50); yell
(0.50); yelp (0.50); squeal (0.25).
S C R E E N (19) screen (to hide, 1.00);
screen (to choose, 1.00); palliate (0.95);
shelter (0.94); shade (to intercept di­
rect rays, 0.83); sift (to put through a
sieve, 0.80); hide (to conceal, 0.79);
defend (to keep o ff an enemy, often
fig. , 0.76); conceal (0.75); cover (to
hide, 0.75); disguise (0.73); cover (to
p ro tec t, 0.50); entom b (to con ceal,
0.50); top (to apply topping, 0.42); ob­
scure (to dim, 0.25); shadow (to shade,
0.25); strain (to filter, 0.25); evade (to
use trickery to avoid a sharp issue,
0.23); shade (to m ake darker, 0.17).
S C R E W (3) screw (1.00); fasten (to make
som ething secure, 0.41); w ind (to twist,
0.33).
S C R IB B L E to w rite hastily or carelessly
(4) scribble (1.00); jo t (0.75); scraw l
(0.75); w rite (to com pose in w ords,
0.08).
S C R IM P (3) scrim p (1.00); econom ize
(0.44); retrench (0.25).
S C R IT C H (1) squeak (0.63).
S C R O L L (1) coil (0.93).
S C R U B to clean by rubbing (10) scrub
(1.00); scour (to cleanse, 0.75); w ash
(to launder, 0.70); lather (0.50); clean
(0.44); w ash (to bathe, 0.31); rub (to
su b ject to frictio n , 0.27); b ath e (to
cle a n se o n e s e lf w ith liq u id , 0 .25);
cleanse (to rem ove dirt from the sur­
face, 0.25); swab (0.25).
S C R U N C H (1) chew (0.13).
S C R U P L E (3) hesitate (0.65); doubt (to
entertain doubt, 0.53); m istrust (0.25).
S C R U T IN IZ E (19) scrutinize (1.00); ex­
-302- SCUTTLE
am ine (to inspect w ith care, 0.83);
w atch (to be attentive, 0.79); dissect
(to exam ine, 0.75); inspect (0.75); ob­
serve (to w atch, 0.75); spy (to act as a
spy, 0.64); concentrate (to em ploy all
one’s mental powers, 0.63); look (to en­
d e a v o u r to see, 0 .5 0 ); p e ru s e (to
inspect, 0.50); sift (to evaluate, 0.50);
contem plate (to look at, 0.41); criticize
(to m ake a considered criticism , 0.25);
peer (0.25); see (to perceive with the
eye, 0.23); experim ent (to investigate
scientifically, 0.18); search (0.14); revise
(0.13); ransack (to search thoroughly,
0.08).
S C U D to run or m ove briskly (3) race (to
m ove at great speed, 0.48); dart (to
m ove in the m anner o f a dart, 0.18); run
(to m ove, usually rapidly, 0.18).
S C U F F (1) shuffle (to m ove with a shuf­
fling gait, 0.33).
S C U F F L E to struggle confusedly (2)
contest (to fight, 0.33); w restle (0.33).
S C U F F L E to scarify the surface (of land)
w ith a thrust hoe (1) shuffle (to move
w ith a shuffling gait, 0.67).
S C U L L (1) paddle (to propel by paddling,
0.83).
S C U L P T U R E (5) carve (to form by cut­
ting, 0.74); work (to fashion, 0.67); build
(to construct, 0.57); copy (to repro­
duce, 0.22); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.18).
S C U R R Y (4) scurry (1.00); hasten (to
m ake haste, 0.89); run (to go swiftly by
physical effort, 0.83); scuttle (to hurry,
0.75).
S C U T T L E to cut a hole in the vessel (4)
scuttle (to destroy, 1.00); sink (to cause
to sink, 0.80); destroy (to bring to noth­
ing, 0.70); wreck (to shipwreck, 0.20).
SCUTTLE -303-
S C U T T L E to run with quick hurried steps
(4) scuttle (to hurry, 1.00); hasten (to
make haste, 0.40); race (to m ove at great
speed, 0.29); run (to go sw iftly by
physical effort, 0.03).
S C Y T H E (2) cut (to sever, 0.76); m ow
(0.67).
S E A L to m ark by a seal; to place a seal
upon a docum ent (10) close (to shut,
0.80); approve (to give approval, 0.71);
clog (0.67); shut (0.33); bar (to raise a
p h y sical obstruction, 0.30); bar (to
close, 0.25); underw rite (to subscribe,
0.25); close (to put a stopper into, 0.15);
achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.05);
mark (to make a mark, 0.05).
SEA M to sew (1) sew (0.80).
SEA R (13) sear (to cook by searing, 1.00);
sear (to dry by searing, 1.00); cook
(0.83); fry (0.78); broil (0.75); cauterize
(0.67); bite (to cut or corrode, 0.65);
b um (to subject to fire, 0.55); harden
(to toughen, 0.54); barbecue (0.50);
char (0.50); singe (0.50); heat (to m ake
hot, 0.20).
S E A R C E (1) sift (to put through a sieve,
0 .20).
S E A R C H (15) search (1.00); pry (to en­
d eav o ur to discover, 0.93); explore
(0.80); experim ent (to investigate sci­
entifically, 0.76); forage (0.75); nose
(0.75); question (to ask, 0.57); spy (to
act as a spy, 0.57); delve (0.50); rum ­
m age (0.50); paw (to scrape w ith the
front foot, 0.38); hunt (to try to find,
0.35); ferret (0.33); range (to traverse
w ide areas, 0.31); plumb (0.25).
SEA SO N (7) flavour (0.80); harden (to
toughen, 0.77); preserve (to keep, 0.65);
keep (to retain, 0.50); salt (to flavour
w ith salt, 0.50); baste (to dress m eat
SECURE
with fat, 0.17); mix (to blend, 0.03).
S EA T (1) put (to place, 0.50).
S E C E D E (5) secede (1.00); oppose (to
fight, 0.48); rebel (to endeavour to
overthrow a governm ent, 0.44); aban­
don (to relinquish, 0.30); retire (to draw
away, 0.22).
S E C L U D E (6) seclude (to isolate, 1.00);
seclude (to hide, 1.00); separate (to keep
apart, 0.43); isolate (0.25); secrete (to
hide, 0.25); hide (to conceal, 0.24).
S E C O N D to support; to assist (11) de­
fend (to support an accused person,
0.78); vindicate (to defend, 0.67); rec­
om m end (to lend support or approval,
0.52); support (to defend, 0.50); ap­
prove (to give approval, 0.29); promote
(to further, 0.29); defend (to provide
general protection, 0.26); subscribe (to
give personal support, 0.25); support
(to uphold, 0.09); help (to aid, 0.08);
encourage (to give support, 0.03).
S E C R E T E to keep secret (5) secrete (to
hide, 1.00); hide (to conceal, 0.52);
conceal (0.50); bury (to cover, 0.33);
em bow el (to bury, 0.25).
S E C R E T E to produce by m eans o f se­
cretion (6) secrete (to perspire, 1.00);
em it (to discharge, 0.84); exude (0.75);
p ersp ire (0.75); sw eat (to perspire,
0.71); excrete (0.53).
S E C T IO N (2) paragraph (0.67); divide (to
separate by parting, 0.65).
S E C U R E (52) secure (to fasten, 1.00); se­
cure (to obtain, 1.00); secure (to pro­
tect, 1.00); defend (to provide general
protection, 0.89); hire (to employ, 0.83);
s u c c e e d (to a tta in su c c e ss, 0.79);
patent (0.78); fasten (to make som e­
thing secure, 0.76); appropriate (to
seize, 0.75); bind (to hold together or
SEDATE -304-
in place, 0.75); ensure (0.75); guard (to
protect, 0.75); nail (to fasten w ith nails,
0.75); order (to authorize a purchase,
0.75); tether (0.75); batten (0.67); ob­
tain (to gain possession, 0.56); anchor
(to m ake fast, 0.50); clinch (to attach,
0.50); establish (to m ake secure, 0.50);
gird (to encircle, 0.50); guarantee (to
certify, 0.50); procure (0.50); stabilize
(to fix, 0.50); hold (to have in o n e’s
grasp, 0.48); reap (to gain, 0.44); seize
(to take by force, 0.44); arrest (to seize
legally, 0.42); shelter (0.39); harbour (to
protect, 0.33); plug (0.33); organize (to
form an organization, 0.31); bind (to
constrain w ith bonds, 0.28); chain (to
fasten, 0.25); collect (to obtain funds,
0.25); em bed (to fix, 0.25); extract (to
elicit, 0.25); fix (to m ake firm , 0.25);
forfend (0.25); hook (to catch on a hook,
0.25); make (to acquire, 0.25); peg (0.25);
posit (to place, 0.25); take (to acquire,
0.25); pan (to obtain gold, 0.22); earn
(to receive in paym ent, 0.20); harness
(0.13); prom ise (to give o n e ’s w ord,
0 .1 2 ); yo k e (0.11); en slav e (0.06);
m aintain (to keep ready for use, 0.05);
receive (to take into o n e’s charge, 0.04).
SED A TE (1) ease (to relieve o f pain, 0.67).
SED U C E (10) seduce (1.00); tempt (0.86);
attack (to assault (o f an individual),
0.80); influence (0.80); ravish (to rape,
0.75); disarm (to persuade, 0.67); have
(to have sexual intercourse w ith ,0.67);
fascinate (0.65); trap (0.50); rape (0.15).
S E E (13) see (to perceive w ith the eye,
1.00); see (to understand, 1.00); see (to
w itness, 1.00); w atch (to be attentive,
0.86); w itness (0.83); glance (to look,
0.75); read (to understand by reading,
0.58); seize (to comprehend, 0.50); wake
SEGMENT
(to b e g in to c o m p re h e n d , 0 .5 0 );
understand (to com prehend, 0.44); rec­
ognize (to know again, 0.21); regard (to
look at, 0.21); distinguish (to m ake
distinctions, 0.13).
S E E D (7) seed (1.00); sow (0.88); list (to
cultivate with a lister, 0.50); plant (0.50);
spatter (0.27); cultivate (to plant, 0.25);
distribute (to scatter, 0.25).
S E E K (14) seek (to look for, 1.00); seek
(to try, 1.00); seek (to find out, 1.00);
jo in (to enter the com pany of, 0.90);
pry (to endeavour to discover, 0.87);
pursue (to chase, 0.86); desire (to re­
quest, 0.67); ferret (0.67); scour (to
search, 0.67); question (to ask, 0.64);
follow (to hunt, 0.50); chase (0.25); try
(to endeavour, 0.22); explore (0.20).
S E E M to be suitable; to have semblance
(1) seem (1.00).
S E E M to reconcile; to ratify (2) do (to
conduct oneself, 0.67); act (to conduct
oneself, 0.50).
S E E P (7) seep (1.00); filter (to soak slowly,
0.92); ooze (0.75); trickle (0.56); drop
(to fall in drops, 0.50); bubble (0.40);
penetrate (to perm eate, 0.25).
SEE SA W (6) teeter (0.91); shuttle (0.67);
w aver (0.64); alternate (to fluctuate,
0.55); totter (to be near falling, 0.46);
w ave (to m ove back and forth, 0.29).
S E E T H E (11) seethe (1.00); sim m er (to
be angry, 0.75); sim m er (to boil, 0.75);
heat (to becom e hot, 0.56); boil (to
subject to boiling, 0.50); heat (to make
hot, 0.45); rage (to give vent to anger,
0.36); hiss (to m ake a hissing sound,
0.25); m iff (to frown, 0.25); stew (to boil,
0.25); cook (0.24).
S E G M E N T (1) divide (to separate by
parting, 0.53).
SEGREGATE -305-
S EG R EG A T E (8) segregate (1.00); bar (to
obstruct by refusal, 0.64); discrim inate
(to be (ra cia lly ) p re ju d ic e d , 0.50);
classify (0.40); sequester (to set apart,
0.33); separate (to keep apart, 0.29);
com pare (to exam ine on a com parative
basis, 0.21); divide (to separate by part­
ing, 0.06).
SEIN E (1) fish (0.78).
S E IZ E (23) seize (to grasp, 1.00); seize
(to take by force, 1.00); seize (to com ­
prehend, 1.00); rape (0.90); understand
(to com prehend, 0.88); tackle (0.80);
adopt (to take as o n e ’s ow n, 0.77);
assum e (to take, 0.75); capture (to take
into legal custody, 0.75); hug (0.61);
ransack (to loot, 0.58); dow n (0.57);
apprehend (to arrest, 0.50); bag (0.50);
preem pt (0.50); sequester (to take over,
0.50); receive (to take into one’s charge,
0.48); abduct (0.33); arrest (to seize le­
gally, 0.33); fine (0.31); twitch (to pluck,
0.27); reach (to extend a part o f the
body to, 0.25); ravage (0.10).
S E L E C T (24) select (1.00); appoint (0.75);
designate (to appoint, 0.75); draft (to
select for military service, 0.75); screen
(to choose, 0.75); adopt (to take as a
son or daughter, 0.73); edit (to prepare
for publication, 0.71); recruit (to raise
troops, 0.71); cull (to choose, 0.67);
pick (to choose, 0.67); take (to choose,
0.67); delegate (to give authority to
another, 0.65); assign (to delegate to a
specific purpose, 0.56); excerpt (0.50);
m ak e (to ap p o in t, 0.50); guess (to
choose rightly on little or no evidence,
0.33); hire (to employ, 0.29); elect (0.25);
extract (to cite, 0.25); gather (to choose,
0.25); nam e (to appoint, 0.25); distin­
gu ish (to m ake d istin ctio n s, 0.19);
SEPARATE
decide (0.12); com mission (0.03).
S E L L (5) sell (to convey for a considera­
tion, 1.00); sell (to betray, 1.00); liqui­
date (to ch an g e into m oney, 0.75);
transfer (to assign, 0.50); give (to trans­
fer, 0.41).
S E M A P H O R E (1) signal (0.50).
SEN D (11) send (to dispatch, 1.00);send
(to deliver, 1.00); send (to project, 1.00);
send (to broadcast, usually electroni­
cally, 1.00); com m ission (0.97); ship
(0.86); drive (to m anage a propelled
vehicle, 0.79); channel (0.50); discharge
(to remove, 0.50); sling (to throw, 0.50);
com m it (to entrust, 0.32).
SEN SE (9) feel (to experience, 0.91); taste
(to recognize by flavour, 0.75); take (to
experience, 0.67); understand (to com­
preh en d , 0.65); p erceiv e (to under­
stand, 0.50); feel (to believe, 0.40);
ab so rb (to tak e in m entally, 0.25);
a s s im ila te (to u n d e rs ta n d , 0 .2 5 );
discover (to find, 0.19).
S E N S IT IZ E (1) sensitize (1.00).
S E N T E N C E (7) sentence (1.00); punish
(0.83); condem n (to send to punish­
ment, 0.78); convict (0.75); jail (0.50);
dam n (to consign to hell, 0.21); judge
(to pass judgem ent, 0.20).
SEPA RA TE (42) separate (to cause to part,
1.00); separate (to keep apart, 1.00); sepa­
rate (to part company, 1.00); separate (to
classify, 1.00); cut (to sever, 0.97); disin­
tegrate (to break up, 0.92); retire (to draw
away, 0.89); divorce (0.83); contrast (to
indicate a contrast, 0.75); detach (0.75);
disconnect (0.75); disjoin (0.75); estrange
(to withdraw, 0.75); part (to put apart,
0.75); sunder (0.75); unwind (to undo,
0.75); analyze (to subject to analysis,
0.71); liberate (to free from chemical or
SEQUESTER -306-
p h y s ic a l r e s tra in t, 0 .7 0 ); d is p e rs e
(0.67); sequester (to set apart, 0.67);
am putate (0.57); pan (to obtain gold,
0.56); thrash (to free grain or seed from
hulls, 0.56); ab stract (to take aw ay,
0.50); dissolve (to disintegrate, 0.50);
distinguish (to m ake distinctions, 0.50);
diverge (to m ove in different directions
from the sam e source, 0.50); alienate
(0.43); choose (to select, 0.43); insulate
(0.38); d ifferen tiate (to distin g u ish ,
0.33); discrim inate (to differentiate,
0.33); pick (to choose, 0.33); compare (to
exam ine on a com parative basis, 0.29);
cut (to divide, 0.25); disunite (to discon­
nect, 0.25); scatter (to cause to separate,
0.25); skim (to remove the top; especially,
to remove cream, 0.20); filter (to clean by
filtering, 0.10); rem ove (to m ove physi­
cally, 0.10); m angle (to mutilate, 0.09);
break (to start a rupture, 0.05).
S E Q U E S T E R (6) sequester (to set apart,
1.00); sequester (to take over, 1.00);
sequester (to seclude, 1.00); separate
(to keep apart, 0.57); com m andeer (to
seize for public use, 0.50); banish (to
condem n to exile, 0.38).
SEQ U E ST R A T E (1) fine (0.38).
S E R M O N IZ E (2) moralize (0.75); address
(to speak to an assem bly, 0.09).
S E R V E (28) serve (to fulfill an obliga­
tion, 1.00); serve (to w ork for, 1.00);
serve (to help, 1.00); serve (to serve at
tab le, 1.00); se rv e (to obey, 1.00);
operate (to be in operation, 0.90); w ait
(to attend at table, 0.89); accom m odate
(to ren d e r a se rv ic e, 0.81); b en e fit
(0.75); last (to be sufficient, 0.75); rep­
resent (to act as a delegate, 0.75); fol­
low (to be a follow er, 0.67); copulate
SET
(0.64); act ( to perform an action, 0.56);
do (to suffice, 0.50); purvey (0.50);
bring (to initiate a legal action, 0.45);
obey (to act in accordance with orders,
0.43); appease (to satisfy, 0.33); enlist
(to enroll oneself, 0.33); satisfy (to
fulfill, 0.29); aid (0.25); assist (to assist,
0.25); suffice (0.25); work (to function,
0.25); obey (to act in accordance with
a recognized principle, 0.18); tend (to
watch over, 0.14); feed (0.03).
S E R V IC E (3) service (1.00); fuel (0.25);
adjust (to place or regulate parts, 0.04).
S E T (44) set (to place, 1.00); set (to
establish, 1.00); set (to becom e firm,
1.00); set (to value, 1.00); set (to fasten,
1.00); set (to start, 1.00); set (to brood,
1.00); b ro o d (to hatch, 0.83); plant
(0.83); balance (to place in balance,
0.82); bait (to provide with a lure, 0.80);
congeal (to solidify as by freezing or
curdling, 0.75); crimp (to curl, 0.75); jell
(0.75); posit (to place, 0.75); put (to
place, 0.75); solidify (to harden, 0.75);
form (to take form, 0.71); com pose (to
prepare for printing, 0.67); establish (to
w ork or settle in a perm anent place,
0.67); w ave (to set hair, 0.67); define
(to set limits, 0.66); heal (to cure, 0.61);
adjust (to place or regulate parts, 0.50);
clot (0.50); fix (to harden, 0.50); harmo­
nize (to render harm onic, 0.50); scatter
(to seed, 0.50); stiff (to grow stiff, 0.50);
turn (to point, 0.50); w ait (to attend at
table, 0.44); fasten (to make something
secure, 0.37); com m and (to issue an
order, 0.36); harden (to becom e less
penetrable, 0.35); operate (to carry on
a surgical procedure, 0.29); thicken (to
becom e thicker, 0.27); hone (0.25); lay
SETTLE -307-
(to place, 0.25); preordain (0.25); place
(to put in a place, 0.17); enact (to legis­
la te, 0 .1 1 ); te m p e r (to to u g h e n or
harden, 0.11); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.08); regulate (to adjust, 0.05).
S E T T L E (67) settle (to prove, 1.00);settle
(to f in is h , 1 .0 0 ) ;s e ttle (to sin k ,
1.00);settle (to cause to sink, 1.00);
settle (to quiet, 1.00); settle (to establish
residence, 1.00); settle (to take up sed­
entary life, 1.00); settle (to satisfy a
claim , 1 .0 0 );a d ju st (to b rin g to an
agreement, 0.95); decide (0.94); descend
(to m ove low er, 0.92); fall (to pass
quickly downward, 0.86); collect (to ar­
ran g e se ttle m e n t o f a deb t, 0 .8 0 );
resolve (0.80); define (to set limits,
0.79); repair (0.78); dispose (0.75); end
(to bring to a conclusion, 0.75); liqui­
date (to pay, 0.75); secure (to fasten,
0.75); place (to put in a place, 0.72);
h ard en (to b ecom e less p en etrab le,
0.71); redeem (to recover through a
paym ent, 0.69); decrease (to grow less,
0 .68); determ ine (to resolve, 0.67);
droop (0.67); accom m odate (to render
a service, 0.66); achieve (to finish an
undertaking, 0.65); form (to take form,
0.64); pay (to give payment, 0.63); regu­
late (to adjust, 0.63); prepare (to m ake
o n e s e lf re a d y , 0 .6 1 ); b a la n c e (to
d em o nstrate balance, 0.59); end (to
bring to a halt, 0.59); prove (0.59); dis­
charge (to pay a debt, 0.50); fix (to
decide, 0.50); quarter (to provide liv­
ing quarters, 0.50); negotiate (to m ake
arrangem ents for, 0.47); order (to put
in order, 0.47); rank (to evaluate, 0.47);
stop (to cease, 0.47); dw ell (0.43); es­
tablish (to w ork or settle in a perm a­
nent place, 0.40); depress (to bring to a
SHADE
low er level, 0.33); spend (to expend,
0.32); organize (to put in order, 0.30);
verify (0.27); rest (to take o n e’s rest,
0.26); abide (to reside, 0.25); conclude
(to determ ine, 0.25); confirm (to ratify,
0.25); decline (to sink slowly, 0.25);
defray (0.25); encam p (0.25); plant
(0.25); put (to place, 0.25); land (to bring
an airplane to earth, 0.20); spread (to
becom e spread, 0.20); dip (to fall, 0.17);
cover (to place as a covering, 0.14);
conform (0.13); light (to com e to rest
from flight or travel, 0.09); sink (to go
dow nw ard, 0.09); crow n (to em power
with a crown, 0.04); form (to give shape
to a thing, 0.04); give (to transfer, 0.04).
S E V E R (16) sever (1.00); amputate (0.86);
divide (to separate by parting, 0.84);
cleave (to split, 0.75); shear (0.75);
u n c o u p le (0 .7 5 ); b rea k (to start a
rupture, 0.63); cut (to divide, 0.50); rend
(0 .5 0 ); sp re a d (to se p arate , 0.50);
segregate (0.33); crack (to cause to
crack, 0.25); part (to put apart, 0.25);
slash (0.25); disintegrate (to break up,
0.15); scatter (to cause to separate,
0.06).
S E W to fasten; to attach; to jo in (4) sew
(1.00); w eave (to construct by interlac­
ing, 0.91); repair (0.37); tack (to fasten
lightly, 0.25).
S H A C K L E to p u t a sh a ck le on (9)
shackle (1.00); bind (to constrain with
bonds, 0.97); tram m el (0.83); hinder
(0.82); chain (to bind, 0.67); fetter (to
bind, 0.67); hogtie (0.33); hobble (to
restrict, 0.25); enslave (0.03).
S H A D E (9) shade (to intercept direct
rays, 1.00); shade (to make darker, 1.00);
shade (to become darker, 1.00); hide (to
c o n c e a l, 0 .6 0 ); c h a n g e (to m ak e
SHADOW -308-
different, 0.55); m easure (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.46); defeat
(to w o rs t in s p o rt o r in p e r s o n a l
com bat, 0.45); colour (to im part colour
to, 0.38); paint (to represent by pain t­
ing, 0.33).
S H A D O W (12) shadow (to shade, 1.00);
shadow (to follow secretly, 1.00); loom
(to appear large or im posing, 0.78);
obscure (to dim, 0.75); overshadow (to
shade, 0.75); shade (to m ake darker,
0.58); hunt (to pursue w ith intent to
kill, 0.57); blind (to obscure, 0.50);
darken (to m ake darker, 0.50); shade (to
intercept direct rays, 0.50); hide (to
conceal, 0.38); pursue (to chase, 0.29).
S H A K E (24) shake (to vibrate, 1.00);
shake (to cause to vibrate, 1.00); ja r
(to cause to trem ble, 0.94); w obble
(0.93); totter (to be near falling, 0.92);
disturb (to upset mental calm, 0.85); wag
(0.83); pan (to obtain gold, 0.78); bran­
dish (0.75); jiggle (0.75); shock (to jar,
0.75); wave (to flutter, 0.67); wield (0.64);
beat (to pulsate, 0.63); flourish (to w ave
trium phantly, 0.63); trill (0.60); rock
(0.57); jum p (to vibrate, 0.53); perk (to
cheer or refresh, 0.50); rage (to give
vent to anger, 0.50); flop (to m ove w ith
little control, 0.48); call (to arouse, 0.25);
w ake (to w aken another, 0.25); w iggle
(0.25).
S H A L L (2) will (an indication o f futurity,
0.86); m ay (to concede possibility, 0.50).
SH A M (4) pretend (to feign, 0.69); sim u­
late (0.52); dissemble (to pretend, 0.50);
m aneuver (0.12).
S H A M B L E to go w ith an aw kw ard gait
(3) sham ble (1.00); loiter (0.59); lag (to
m ove w ithout spirit, 0.08).
SH A M E (8) shame (1.00); hum ble (0.96);
SHATTER
disgrace (0.92); m ortify (0.75); soil (to
disgrace, 0.75); sully (to defame, 0.75);
hum iliate (0.67); em barrass (to upset
mentally, 0.06).
S H A M P O O (1) clean (0.15).
SH A N G H A I (2) steal (0.54); kidnap (0.36).
S H A P E (23) shape (to give shape, 1.00);
shape (to take shape, 1.00); machine
(0.83); cast (to form in a m ould, 0.75);
contour (0.75); m odel (to form, 0.75);
chip (0.73); whittle (to cut, 0.57); knead
(0 .5 6 ); p la n (to p lo t an a c tio n in
advance, 0.56); train (to direct growth,
0.53); change (to make different, 0.52);
fashion (to m ould, 0.50); m anipulate
(0.50); round (to m ake round, 0.43);
carve (to form by cutting, 0.42); arch
(0.38); m anufacture (to make a product,
0.36); create (to make, 0.27); influence
(0.26); spin (to make by spinning, 0.25);
m anicure (0.14); plan (to arrange in a
prelim inary way, 0.13).
S H A R E to apportion as share (7) share
(to divide, 1.00); share (to partake, 1.00);
share (to give, 1.00); contribute (to
give, 0.93); distribute (to allot, 0.84);
participate (to take part in, 0.83); recip­
rocate (to vacillate, 0.75).
S H A R P E N (10) sharpen (to m ake keen,
1.00); sharpen (to m ake m ore exact,
1.00); heighten (to increase, 0.75); in­
tensify (0.69); increase (to add to, 0.54);
exercise (to use, 0.36); adjust (to place
or reg u la te p arts, 0.31); strengthen
(0.28); file (to use an abrasive, 0.25);
sensitize (0.25).
S H A R P S H O O T (1) shoot (to discharge,
0.30).
S H A T T E R (12) shatter (1.00); smash
(0.90); open (to m ake an opening, 0.83);
crash (to b re a k into p ie ce s, 0.75);
SHAVE -309-
ravage (0.63); explode (to burst, 0.62);
b last (to ruin, 0.60); destroy (to bring
to nothing, 0.51); break (to fall apart,
0.50); dash (to break against, 0.50);
splinter (0.50); break (to blow up, 0.25).
SHA V E (9) shave (to rem ove a shaving,
1.00); shave (to rem ove hair, 1.00); trim
(to cut o ff excess, 0.82); w hittle (to
reduce slowly, 0.50); decrease (to m ake
less, 0.40); whittle (to cut, 0.29); shear
(0.25); undergo (0.18); cut (to sever, 0.08).
S H E A R (7) shear (1.00); shave (to remove
a shaving, 0.80); shingle (0.75); cut (to
sever, 0.70); trim (to cut o ff excess,
0.45); top (to rem ove the top, 0.13);
chip (0.03).
SH E A T H E (7) sheathe (1.00); muzzle (to
fasten a muzzle upon, 0.75); overspread
(0.50); w rap (to conceal in a w rapper,
0.50); swaddle (0.25); line (to provide a
lining, 0.20); w ad (0.17).
S H E D to set apart (11) shed (1.00); radi­
ate (to send forth from a centre, 0.93);
drop (to cause or to perm it to fall, 0.87);
em it (to discharge, 0.69); flake (0.67);
scatter (to cause to separate, 0.50);
dism iss (to send away, 0.47); discard
(0.44); skin (0.44); em pty (to cause to
becom e empty, 0.38); rid (0.25).
S H E D to ro o f over (1) overflow (to flow
over the top, or out at a vent, 0.79).
S H E E R to turn aside (2) tack (to steer an
oblique course, 0.50); veer (0.23).
S H E L L (5) shell (1.00); bomb (0.86); raid
(0 .8 3 ); attack (to fig h t o ffe n siv e ly
(army), 0.61); war (0.36).
S H E L L A C (1) varnish (0.82).
S H E L T E R (7) shelter (1.00); defend (to
keep o ff an enemy, often fig. , 0.82);
harbour (to protect, 0.67); quarter (to
provide living quarters, 0.67); shade (to
SHIFT
intercept direct rays, 0.67); wrap (to
conceal in a wrapper, 0.20); hide (to
conceal, 0.05).
S H E L V E to p o stp o n e ; to d efeat (4)
shelve (to postpone, 1.00); suspend (to
cease temporarily, 0.50); defer (to post­
pone, 0.33); w aive (0.23).
S H E L V E to slope gradually (1) shelve
(to arrange, 1.00).
S H E P H E R D (3) com mand (to have con­
trol, 0.14); guard (to watch over, 0.13);
lead (to conduct, 0.06).
S H IE L D (9) shield (1.00); defend (to keep
off an enemy, often f i g ., 0.88); cover
(to protect, 0.75); protect (0.75); hide
(to conceal, 0.62); guard (to protect,
0.50); preserve (to guard, 0.50); shelter
(0.44); oppose (to fight, 0.18).
S H IF T (30) shift (to change position,
1.00); shift (to cause to shift, 1.00); shift
(to put in gear, 1.00); becom e (to come
to be, 0.75); m ove (to be in motion,
0.68); reverse (to turn, 0.67); grow (to
change slow ly, 0.64); evade (to use
trickery to avoid a sharp issue, 0.58);
turn (to reverse, 0.56); change (to make
different, 0.51); exchange (to replace
one thing w ith another, 0.50); slip
(0.50); switch (0.50); w ander (to speak
- or think incoherently, 0.50); rearrange
(0.43); carry (to transport, 0.40); turn
(to divert, 0.40); contrive (to succeed
w ith difficulty, 0.38); alternate (to fluc­
tuate, 0.36); rem ove (to m ove physi­
cally, 0.35); push (to m ove by pushing,
0.33); shovel (0.33); tack (to steer an
oblique course, 0.30); tilt (to incline,
0.27); reverse (to exchange, 0.25); tip
(0.25); transfer (to carry, 0.25); hesitate
(0.19); m aneuver (0.18); lighten (to
m ake lighter, 0.12).
SHIMMER -310-
S H IM M E R (11) shim m er (1.00); gleam
(0.75); twinkle (0.75); glisten (0.50); glit­
ter (0.50); gloss (0.50); shine (to give
forth light, 0.43); flash (to give forth a
light by flash, 0.41); glimmer (0.25); blink
(to tw inkle, 0.20); radiate (to shed light
or heat, 0.15).
S H IM M Y (3) wiggle (0.38); waggle (0.33);
wag (0.17).
S H IN (1) shin (1.00).
S H IN E (8) shine (to give forth light,
1.00); shine (to reflect light, 1.00); shine
(to cause to shine, usually by polish­
ing, 1.00); w ash (to bathe, 0.75); reflect
(to throw back an im age, 0.67); rub (to
subject to friction, 0.41); flash (to give
forth a light by flash, 0.36); thrive (to
grow vigorously, 0.09).
S H IN G L E to cover ro o f (1) face (to put a
face on a building, 0.23).
S H IN G L E to subject to pressure (1) shin­
gle (1.00).
S H IP (4) ship (1.00); truck (to send by
truck, 0.88); send (to dispatch, 0.68);
express (to send by rapid conveyor,
0.25).
S H IP W R E C K (1) defeat (to worst in war,
0.17).
S H IR K (5) shirk (1.00); recoil (0.57); idle
(0.33); loaf (to do nothing useful, 0.24);
disobey (0.17).
S H IV E R to trem ble (11) shiver (1.00);
twitch (to jerk, 0.89); tingle (0.83); shake
(to vibrate, 0.76); beat (to pulsate, 0.66);
trem ble (0.50); tw inge (0.50); je rk (to
undergo a spasm , 0.38); quiver (0.25);
shudder (0.25); thrill (to become excited,
0.10).
S H IV E R to break or split into small frag­
ments (8) break (to fall apart, 0.75); shat­
ter (0.75); sm ash (0.75); splinter (0.75);
SHORTEN
break (to shatter, 0.67); crash (to break
into pieces, 0.50); grind (to pulverize,
0.13); chip (0.10).
S H O C K to collide; to clash together (13)
shock (to disturb o n e ’s se lf control,
1.00); shock (to disturb o n e’s sense o f
propriety, 1.00); shock (to jar, 1.00);
asto n ish (0 .7 5 ); elec trify (to affect
deeply, 0.75); terrify (0.75); frighten (to
alarm, 0.74); surprise (to amaze, 0.74);
scandalize (0.61); astound (0.50); gal­
vanize (to startle, 0.50); startle (0.50);
disgust (0.29).
S H O C K to arrange (sheaves) in a shock
. (1) heap (to place in a heap, 0.04).
S H O O T (20) shoot (to discharge, 1.00);
shoot (to m ove rapidly, 1.00); shoot (to
kill by shooting, 1.00); dart (to m ove in
the m anner o f a dart, 0.94); lick (to play
over; said o f flam es, 0.92); em it (to
discharge, 0.78); hunt (to pursue with
intent to kill, 0.70); kill (to deprive o f
life, 0.64); sprout (0.60); inoculate (0.50);
snipe (0.50); drive (to force with blows,
0.33); drop (to cause or to perm it to
fall, 0.33); inject (to vaccinate, 0.33);
overflow (to flow over the top, or out
at a vent, 0.33); flash (to m ove with a
speed o f a flash, 0.25); sling (to throw,
0.25); w ar (0.18); run (to go sw iftly by
physical effort, 0.17); race (to m ove at
great speed, 0.03).
S H O P (1) trade (to do business, 0.50).
S H O R E to prop; to support with a prop
(1) support (to hold up from beneath,
0.57).
S H O R T E N (12) shorten (1.00); abbrevi­
ate (0.80); curtail (0.75); syncopate
(0.75); restrict (to hold w ithin limits,
0.73); decrease (to m ake less, 0.53);
SHOULD -311-
confine (to restrict, 0.50); com press
(0.38); hinder (0.31); abridge (0.25);
dock (to clip, 0.25); summ arize (0.25).
S H O U L D (4) have (to be obliged; used
with infinitive, 0.75); will (an indication
o f futurity, 0.57); m ust (0.50); m ay (to
concede possibility, 0.25).
S H O U L D E R (9) shoulder (1.00); push (to
press against, 0.43); hold (to support;
o ften used w ith up, 0.36); b ear (to
support w eight, 0.33); shove (0.33);
carry (to support w eight, 0.25); jostle
(0.25); support (to hold up from be­
neath, 0.21); undertake (0.13).
S H O U T (17) shout (1.00); sound (to make
a noise, 0.92); roar (0.88); yell (0.88);
cry (to raise the voice, 0.75); squeal
(0.75); utter (0.71); call (to raise the
voice, 0.67); cheer (to support w ith
cheers, 0.50); screech (0.50); w hoop
(0.50); rage (to give vent to anger,
0.32); exclaim (0.29); baw l (to m ake a
bellow ing sound, 0.25); bellow (0.25);
laugh (0.12); com m unicate (to im part
information, 0.07).
S H O V E (13) shove (1.00); slide (to cause
to slide, 0.92); push (to press against,
0.86); boost (to raise, 0.75); thrust (to
jab, 0.75); shoulder (0.67); raise (to lift,
0.56); rock (0.52); impel (to press, 0.29);
prod (0.25); trip (to cause to stum ble,
0.20); m eet (to encounter, 0.14); drive
(to cause to move, 0.07).
S H O V E L to take up and rem ove w ith a
shovel (4) shovel (1.00); dip (to trans­
fer by m eans o f a vessel, 0.87); exca­
vate (0.67); scoop (0.50).
S H O W (34) show (to display, 1.00); show
(to e x p la in , 1 .0 0 ); sh o w (to
dem onstrate, 1.00); show (to convince,
1.00); show (to grant, 1.00); show (to
SHRIMP
indicate, 1.00); display (to present for
effect, 0.96); detail (to m ake clear in
detail, 0.85); m anage (to direct, 0.78);
exhibit (0.75); expose (to betray, 0.75);
m anifest (to display, 0.75); point (to
indicate, 0.75); reveal (to expose, 0.75);
prove (0.72); advertise (to make public,
0.68); dem onstrate (to prove, 0.67); ex­
pose (to endeavour to attract attention,
0.67); m odel (to dem onstrate, 0.67);
w eigh (to have weight, 0.63); loom (to
appear large or im posing, 0.61); argue
(to e n d e a v o u r to co n v in ce , 0.59);
advertise (to solicit business, 0.57);
teach (to act as a teacher, 0.57); advise
(to give counsel, 0.52); direct (to show
the way, 0.50); indicate (to designate,
0.50); present (to display, 0.50); perform
(to p re s e n t a p e rfo rm a n c e , 0 .4 6 );
instance (0.33); record (to indicate,
0.33); testify (to dem onstrate, 0.33);
e v in c e (0 .2 5 ); ap p e a r (to b eco m e
visible, 0.09).
S H O W E R (11) bedew (0.75); mist (0.75);
rain (0.55); cover (to send dow n in
plenty, 0.50); drizzle (0.50); mizzle (0.50);
wash (to bathe, 0.50); overflow (to flow
over the top, or out at a vent, 0.42);
spatter (0.38); m oisten (0.35); snow
(0 .22).
S H R E D (3) shred (1.00); fray (0.67); rip
(0.14).
S H R IE K (9) shriek (1.00); scream (0.75);
cry (to call (not o f hum an creatures),
0.71); w hoop (0.70); laugh (0.53); yell
(0.46); whistle (to produce a shrill blast,
0.38); screech (0.25); sound (to make a
noise, 0.15).
S H R IL L (2) sound (to make a noise, 0.48);
yell (0.42).
S H R IM P (1) fish (0.44).
SHRINK -312-
S H R IN K (16) shrink (LOO); contract (to
dim inish, 0.86); recoil (0.86); w ither
(0.78); quail (0.75); recede (to go back­
w ard, 0.67); give (to yield under p res­
sure, 0.64); retreat (to retire, 0.62); fear
(to anticipate personal danger, 0.53);
quake (0.50); w ear (to be consum ed by
w earing, 0.50); w ince (0.50); decrease
(to grow less, 0.47); com press (0.33);
shrivel (0.33); hesitate (0.16).
S H R IV E (3) shrive (to absolve, 1.00);
shrive (to confess, 1.00); excuse (0.04).
S H R IV E L (9) shrivel (1.00); contract (to
dim inish, 0.95); w ither (0.89); crum ple
(to becom e w rinkled, 0.75); com press
(0.54); decrease (to grow less, 0.44);
decay (0.38); w ilt (0.38); scorch (0.25).
S H R O U D to clothe (5) hide (to conceal,
0.98); dissemble (to disguise, 0.75); dis­
guise (0.64); wind (to wrap about, 0.60);
w rap (to conceal in a w rapper, 0.40).
S H R U G (2) shrug (1.00); jerk (to undergo
a spasm , 0.88).
S H U C K to rem ove shuck from com (4)
shell (0.60); hull (0.50); unw rap (0.26);
skin (0.19).
S H U D D E R (4) shudder (1.00); twitch (to
je rk , 0.78); shake (to vibrate, 0.71);
quiver (0.50).
S H U F F L E (15) shuffle (to m ove w ith a
shuffling gait, 1.00); shuffle (to mix cards,
1.00); evade (to use trickery to avoid a
sharp issue, 0.81); m isplace (0.81); limp
(0.77); juggle (to alter, usually to deceive,
0.75); loiter (0.72); exchange (to replace
one thing with another, 0.55); lag (to
move without spirit, 0.50); flop (to m ove
with little control, 0.43); linger (to go re­
luctantly, 0.39); d iso rg an ize (0.33);
shamble (0.25); w obble (0.13); alternate
(to fluctuate, 0.09).
SIEVE
S H U N (14) shun (LOO); fear (to antici­
pate person al danger, 0.93); evade (to
use tric k ery to avoid a sharp issue,
0.85); avoid (0.75); parry (to avoid,
0.75); eschew (0.67); elude (0.50); es­
cape (0.50); hate (to detest, 0.40); ab­
stain (0.39); refuse (0.37); dislike (0.29);
circum vent (to avoid, 0.25); scorn (to
refuse as a m atter o f principle, 0.22).
S H U N T (4) avert (to turn away, 0.33); del­
egate (to give duties to another, 0.17);
turn (to divert, 0.13); tack (to steer an
oblique course, 0.10).
S H U T (4) shut (1.00); close (to put a stop­
per into, 0.92); bar (to close, 0.75); end
(to bring to a halt, 0.65).
S H U T T E R (2) fasten (to make something
secure, 0.65); close (to shut, 0.30).
S H U T T L E (1) shuttle (LOO).
S H Y to take a sudden fright or aversion
(3) deviate (0.60); w ince (0.20); fear (to
anticipate personal danger, 0.07).
S IB IL A T E (1) hiss (to m ake a hissing
sound, 0.75).
S IC (1) incite (0.68).
S IC K E N (11) sicken (to contract a dis­
ease, LOO); sicken (to offend, 1.00);
nauseate (0.75); revolt (to repel, 0.75);
gag (to retch, 0.67); turn (to nauseate,
0.67); disgust (0.57); w eary (to become
weary, 0.11); suffer (to feel pain, 0.09);
w eary (to m ake weary, 0.08); decay
(0.06).
S IC K L E (1) cut (to sever, 0.73).
S ID E T R A C K (2) turn (to divert, 0.80);
avert (to turn away, 0.67).
S ID L E to saunter (2) sidle (LOO); worm
(0.33).
S IE V E (2) filter (to clean by filtering, 0.60);
w innow (0.25).
SIFT -313-
SIFT (10) sift (to evaluate, 1.00); sift (to
put through a sieve, 1.00); hunt (to try
to find, 0.88); filter (to clean by filter­
ing, 0.70); examine (to inspect with care,
0.65); dust (0.50); thrash (to free grain
or seed from hulls, 0.33); screen (to
c h o o se , 0 .2 5 ); dig (to re m o v e by
digging, 0.10); distinguish (to m ake
distinctions, 0.06).
S IG H (6) sigh (1.00); m ourn (to lam ent,
0.64); purr (0.50); sough (0.50); breathe
(to draw breath, 0.30); rustle (0.15).
S IG H T (4) direct (to aim a weapon, 0.75);
recognize (to know again, 0.71); aim (to
point a weapon, 0.22); discover (to find,
0.13).
SIG N to m ark; to put a seal; to fix (20)
sign (to authorize, 1.00); sign (to indi­
cate, 1.00); sign (to consecrate, 1.00);
sign (to hire, 1.00); endorse (to inscribe
on e’s nam e, 0.86); nod (to m ake a nod­
d ing m o v em en t, 0.86); p a n to m im e
(0.80); w rite (to set dow n in w riting,
0.78); approve (to give approval, 0.77);
in d o rse (0.75); u n d erw rite (to su b ­
scribe, 0.75); let (to aw ard; said espe­
cially o f contacts, 0.67); mark (to make
a m ark, 0.59); check (to m ark, 0.50);
notarize (0.50); sum m on (to call, 0.44);
bless (to call the blessing o f G od upon,
0.33); volunteer (to offer o n e ’s serv­
ices, 0.33); beckon (0.25); achieve (to
finish an undertaking, 0.08).
S IG N A L (14) signal (1.00); warn (0.93);
w histle (to call w ith a w histle, 0.86);
nod (to m ake a nodding m ovem ent,
0.79); beckon (0.75); flag (0.67); hail (to
call to, 0.67); gesture (0.60); sum m on
(to call, 0.56); honk (0.43); w ave (to
give an alternating m ovem ent, 0.43);
SIMPLIFY
alert (0.33); gesticulate (0.25); sign (to
indicate, 0.25).
S IG N A L IZ E (7) signalize (1.00); distin­
guish (to bestow honour upon, 0.67);
m ark (to designate, 0.57); m ark (to dis­
tinguish, 0.50); transfigure (to exalt,
0.25); gesture (0.20 ); celebrate (to rec­
ognize an occasion, 0.19).
S IG N IF Y (15) signify (1.00); name (to in­
dicate by nam e, 0.83); m ean (to have
as m eaning, 0.78); be (to m ean, 0.75);
m atter (to be o f im portance, 0.67); de­
note (0.50); intend (to m ean, 0.50);
prefigure (0.50); sign (to indicate, 0.50);
sym bolize (0.50); m ark (to designate,
0.43); represent (to serve as an equiv­
alent, 0.36); hint (0.27); express (to give
utterance, 0.25); imply (to mean, 0.25).
S IL E N C E (12) silence (1.00); hush (0.86);
quiet (to m ake silent, 0.85); gag (to
forbid expression to, 0.75); mute (0.75);
confute (0.67); humble (0.64); pacify (to
quiet, 0.50); quell (to subdue, 0.33);
throttle (0.25); defeat (to get the better
o f another, 0.17); hinder (0.11).
S IL H O U E T T E (1) draw (to make a like­
ness by draw ing, 0.17).
S IL V E R (2) whiten (to make white, 0.40);
plate (0.27).
S IM M E R (10) sim m er (to boil, 1.00);
sim m er (to be angry, 1.00); cook (0.85);
coddle (to cook gently, 0.75); seethe
(0.75); stew (to boil, 0.75); boil (to
continue at a boiling point, 0.67); parboil
(0.67); swelter (0.50); bubble (0.45).
S IM P E R to sm ile; to smirk; to whimper
(3) sim per (1.00); grin (0.50); smile
(0.50).
S IM P L IF Y (3) simplify (1.00); facilitate
(0.25); adulterate (0.06).
SIMULATE -314-
SIM U L A TE (13) simulate (1.00); pretend
(to feign, 0.88); invent (to fabricate,
0.78); counterfeit (to pretend, 0.75);
feign (0.75); act (to take part in a play,
0.67); imitate (to resemble, 0.67); imitate
(to m im ic, 0.57); fake (0.50); m im ic (to
imitate, 0.50); portray (to imitate, 0.50);
dissem ble (to pretend, 0.25); disguise
(0.09).
S IM U L C A S T (1) broadcast (to transm it
electronically, 0.15).
SIN (3) sin (1.00); misbehave (0.90); trans­
gress (0.86).
S IN G to produce vocal m usic (9) sing
(to produce vocal m usic, 1.00); sing (to
produce a sound suggestive o f sing­
ing, 1.00); sing (to w rite poetry, 1.00);
w hine (0.92); sound (to m ake a noise,
0.90); twitter (0.86); poetize (0.50); purr
(0.33); w orship (to p erfo rm acts o f
worship, 0.12).
S IN G E (6) singe (1.00); fry (0.67); bum
(to subject to fire, 0.50); cauterize (0.33);
char (0.25); heat (to m ake hot, 0.18).
S IN K (32) sink (to go dow nw ard, 1.00);
sink (to cause to sink, 1.00); sink (to
incline, 1.00); sink (to w eaken, 1.00);
sin k (to d eterio rate, 1.00); sink (to
decrease, 1.00); fall (to pass quickly
downward, 0.96); lean (to incline, 0.83);
die (to decline as though death w ere
inevitable , 0.72); decrease (to grow
less, 0.71); dent (0.71); m ope (0.69):
bury (to embed, 0.67); weary (to becom e
weary, 0.67); descend (to m ove lower,
0 .64); ebb (0.64); disap p ear (0.60);
w reck (to shipw reck, 0.60); decline (to
become weaker, 0.50); dip (to fall, 0.50);
dive (0.50); drill (to bore, 0.50); subside
(0.50); em bed (to put in, 0.40); drop (to
fall in drops, 0.38); droop (0.33); tire (to
SKETCH
becom e exhausted, 0.27); fade (to di­
m inish in sound, 0.25); fail (to grow
less, 0.25); slum p (to decline, 0.25);
defeat (to w orst in war, 0.19); decay
(0.18).
SIN U A TE (1) coil (0.33).
S IP (4) sip (1.00); taste (to taste by the
tongue, 0.86); drink (to sw allow liquid,
0.50); touch (to be in contact, 0.09).
S IP H O N (1) draw (to m ove an object,
0.18).
S IR E (4) propagate (to beget, 0.60); be­
get (0.50); breed (to procreate, 0.25);
reproduce (to multiply, 0.20).
S IT (8) sit (to assum e a sitting posture,
1.00); sit (to lie, 1.00); sit (to hold an
assem blage, 1.00); pose (to assum e a
pose for a picture, 0.75); posture (0.75);
m o d el (to serv e as a m odel, 0.50);
bestride (0.25); brood (to hatch, 0.17).
S IT U A T E (2) situate (1.00); place (to put
in a place, 0.11).
S IZ E to regulate; to control; to state the
size (2) scale (to m easure, 0.50); clas­
sify (0.02).
S IZ E to cover; to sm ear; to prepare; to
treat (2) varn ish (0.65); sift (to put
through a sieve, 0.30).
S IZ Z L E (4) sizzle (1.00); frizzle (0.75);
w ash (to launder, 0.20); fry (0.11).
S K A T E (2) skate (1.00); slide (to move
w ith a sliding m otion, 0.75).
S K E T C H (14) sketch (to draw, 1.00);
sketch (to plan, 1.00); draw (to m ake a
likeness by draw ing, 0.96); paint (to
represent by painting, 0.87); plan (to
arrange in a prelim inary way, 0.81);
m odel (to im itate a m odel, 0.75); out­
line (to draw, 0.75); picture (to depict,
0.75); plot (to plan, 0.75); trace (to draw,
0.75); copy (to reproduce, 0.33); design
SKID -315-
(to plan in a prelim inary way, 0.33);
outline (to plan, 0.33); draft (to m ake a
rough plan, 0.25).
SK ID to run or go quickly (3) skid (1.00);
skate (0.29); slide (to m ove w ith a
sliding motion, 0.25).
S K IM (16) skim (to pass lightly and
swiftly, 1.00); skim (to rem ove the top;
especially, to remove cream, 1.00); skim
(to read swiftly, 1.00); remove (to move
physically, 0.90); browse (0.80); race (to
m ove at great speed, 0.68); slide (to
m ove with a sliding motion, 0.63); glide
(to m ove gently, 0.62); skate (0.57);
g lan ce (to rico ch et, 0.42); read (to
understand by reading, 0.42); sail (to
fly, 0.40); shave (to rem ove a shaving,
0.40); peruse (to read, 0.33); hasten (to
m ake haste, 0.17); dart (to m ove in the
m anner o f a dart, 0.12).
S K IM P (3) scrim p (0.25); econom ize
(0.22); neglect (to fail to attend to re­
sponsibilities , 0.15).
S K IN (2) skin (1.00); defeat (to w orst in
sport or in personal com bat, 0.38).
S K IP to spring; to leap (16) skip (1.00);
glance (to ricochet, 0.92); dance (to
m ove in a gay manner, 0.90); trip (to
step lightly, 0.75); hasten (to m ake
haste, 0.63); jum p (to pass over, 0.57);
glide (to m ove gently, 0.54); bounce (to
rebound, 0.50); frisk (0.50); neglect (to
fail to attend to responsibilities , 0.46);
jitterbug (0.33); jum p (to leap across or
up, 0.31); jum p (to vibrate, 0.27); elide
(to suppress, 0.25); play (to gam bol,
0.18); forget (to neglect accidentally,
0.13).
S K IR M IS H (2) oppose (to fight, 0.70);
fight (to engage in an encounter, 0.28).
S K IR T (3) jo in (to adjoin, 0.33); line (to
SLAP
be in a line, 0.30); circuit (0.17).
S K IT T E R to hurry about (2) run (to go
sw iftly by physical effort, 0.79); dance
(to m ove in a gay manner, 0.60).
S K IV E to split or cut into slices (1) cut
(to sever, 0.43).
S K U L K (4) skulk (LOO); sneak (0.91); hide
(to k eep o n e s e lf co n c ea le d , 0.44);
am bush (0.33).
S K Y R O C K E T (1) rocket (0.43).
S L A C K (2) idle (0.67); loaf (to do noth­
ing useful, 0.29).
S L A C K E N (9) slacken (1.00); slow (to
becom e slower, 0.86); delay (to cause a
delay, 0.82); check (to slacken the pace,
0.65); decrease (to grow less, 0.62);
loosen (to becom e loose, 0.33); loiter
(0.24); lag (to move slowly, 0.20); quiet
(to make calm, 0.07).
S L A K E to appease (1) quench (to sat­
isfy, 0.75).
SLA M (8) slam (to shut with a slam, 1.00);
slam (to throw with a slam, 1.00); close
(to shut, 0.90); bum p (to m ake a bump­
ing sound, 0.59); bang (to beat, 0.50);
clap (to strike, 0.25); sound (to make a
noise, 0.21); ja r (to cause to tremble,
0.18).
S L A N D E R (6) slander (LOO); affront
(0.75); scandalize (0.68); slur (to dis­
credit, 0.33); depreciate (to lower in
reputation, 0.30); accuse (0.28).
S L A N T (10) slant (1.00); lean (to incline,
0.91); tilt (to incline, 0.91); repose (to
recline, 0.75); sink (to incline, 0.75); tip
(0.75); list (to lean, 0.50); incline (to
cause to lean or bend, 0.25); stoop (to
bow or bend, 0.25); dip (to fall, 0.22).
S L A P to sm ack; to hit (14) slap (LOO);
hit (to strike, 0.87); hurt (to cause pain,
0.85); buffet (0.75); cuff (0.75); smack
SLASH -316-
(to hit smartly, 0.75); beat (to thrash,
0.70); bum p (to m ake a bum ping sound,
0.68); clap (to strike, 0.50); fillip (to rap
sharply, 0.50); thum p (0.44); paw (to
handle clumsily, 0.25); spat (0.25); sw at
(0.25).
S L A S H (12) slash (1.00); chip (0.97); cut
(to cu t in to , 0 .8 4 ); b ite (to cu t or
corrode, 0.82); lacerate (to tear, 0.75);
scar (0.69); hew (0.50); undersell (0.50);
decrease (to m ake less, 0.47); break (to
s ta rt a ru p tu re , 0 .3 2 ); m a n g le (to
m utilate, 0.27); divide (to separate by
parting, 0.14).
S L A T E to p la n th a t so m e th in g w ill
happen (3) program (to schedule, 0.90);
enroll (to prepare a roll, 0.17); list (to
enter in a list, 0.06).
S L A U G H T E R (8) slaughter (1.00); kill (to
deprive o f life, 0.95); butcher (to kill in­
humanly, 0.75); depopulate (0.70); slay
(0.60); defeat (to w orst in war, 0.44);
assassinate (0.33); destroy (to kill, 0.25).
SLAVE (4) w ork (to labour, 0.82); grease
(0.64); sw eat (to w ork hard, 0.50); toil
(0.25).
S L A V E R (2) drool (to slobber, 0.70);
drivel (to drool, 0.25).
SLA Y (7) slay (1.00); kill (to deprive o f
life, 0.98); m urder (to kill unlaw fully,
0 .7 5 ); sla u g h te r (0.75); a ssassin ate
(0.67); butcher (to kill inhumanly, 0.50);
m angle (to m utilate, 0.50).
S L E E P (3) sleep (1.00); rest (to take one’s
rest, 0.95); snore (0.25).
S L E E T (1) snow (0.11).
S L E N D E R IZ E (1) slenderize (1.00).
S L IC E to cut into slices (9) cut (to sever,
0.95); cut (to cut into, 0.79); carve (to
cut, 0.75); slit (0.50); snip (0.50); chip
(0.33); flake (0.33); mangle (to mutilate,
SLIT
0.23); break (to start a rupture, 0.16).
S L ID E (14) slide (to m ove with a sliding
m otion, 1.00); slide (to cause to slide,
1.00); descend (to m ove lower, 0.96);
flow (to m ove in one direction, 0.86);
skate (0.86); glide (to m ove gently,
0.85); glance (to ricochet, 0.83); swoop
( 0 .7 5 ) ; tr ip (to s tu m b le , 0 .6 4 );
syncopate (0.50); glide (to m ove down­
w ard gradually, 0.43); ease (to move
carefully, 0.31); drive (to m anage a pro­
pelled vehicle, 0.17); dip (to fall, 0.06).
S L IG H T (9) slight (1.00); neglect (to treat
w ith indifference, 0.94); sneer (0.76);
overlook (to ignore deliberately, 0.67);
rebuff (to reject, 0.57); omit (to neglect,
0.50); forget (to neglect accidentally,
0.38); underestim ate (0.25); depreciate
(to low er in reputation, 0.10).
S L IN G to secure with a sling (1) sling (to
suspend, 1.00).
S L IN G to th ro w stones (3) sling (to
throw, 1.00); throw (to hurl, 0.60); fling
(0.50).
S L IN K (5) slink (1.00); sneak (0.82); prowl
(0.75); slither (0.75); skulk (0.50).
S L IP to escape; to pass easily; to fall; to
fail (17) slip (1.00); mistake (0.88); swim
(0.88); shift (to change position, 0.86);
trip (to stumble, 0.82); flow (to move in
one direction, 0.81); descend (to move
lower, 0.80); lapse (to fail slowly, 0.75);
skid (0.75); glide (to m ove downward
gradually, 0.71); dip (to fall, 0.61); fail
(to be unsuccessful, 0.50); slide (to
m ove with a sliding motion, 0.50); skate
(0.43); enter (to enter physically, 0.38);
fall (to pass quickly dow nw ard, 0.21);
crash (to fall w ith a crash, 0.14).
S L IT (8) slit (1.00); hew (0.75); slash
(0.75); cut (to sever, 0.62); perforate
SLITHER -317-
(0.50); m angle (to mutilate, 0.41); nick
(0.25); open (to make an opening, 0.25).
S L IT H E R (4) slither (1.00); creep (0.67);
crawl (to move like an insect, 0.33); jum p
(to vibrate, 0.13).
S L IV E R (4) sliver (1.00); flake (0.75); chip
(0.47); cut (to sever, 0.41).
S L O B B E R (4) slobber (1.00); drivel (to
drool, 0.75); expectorate (0.67); spit
(0.29).
S L O G (1) slog (1.00).
S L O P to spill or splash (liquid); dash or
lay on carelessly (3) slop (1.00); dip (to
put into a liquid, 0.30); em it (to dis­
charge, 0.16).
S L O P E (7) lean (to incline, 0.96); dip (to
fall, 0.94); pull (to incline, 0.67); tilt (to
incline, 0.55); descend (to m ove lower,
0.52); fall (to pass quickly dow nw ard,
0.25); bank (to tilt a curve, 0.20).
S L O S H to s p la s h a b o u t; to m o v e
aimlessly (4) slop (0.89); dip (to put into
a liquid, 0.80); flow (to keep up a circular
m otion, 0.11); heave (to raise and fall,
0 . 10).
S L O U C H (5) slouch (1.00); sprawl (0.75);
lag (to move without spirit, 0.67); linger
(to go reluctantly, 0.43); tilt (to incline,
0.36).
S L O U G H (5) discard (0.80); unlo ad
(0.63); skin (0.56); shed (0.55); loiter
(0.14).
SL O W (5) slow (to become slower, 1.00);
slow (to cause to becom e slower, 1.00);
deaden (to reduce life or its evidence,
0.82); dam (0.67); delay (to cause a
delay, 0.11).
S L U G to strike (1) box (to fight for sport,
0.40).
S L U M B E R (3) sleep (0.93); rest (to take
o n e’s rest, 0.89); doze (0.25).
SMEAR
S L U M P to sink into a bog; to fall (10)
slum p (to decline, 1.00); slum p (to fall,
1.00); lop (to hang, 0.75); distort (to
ch ange shape, 0.71); fall (to die in
battle, 0.67); flop (to fall w ithout re­
straint, 0.50); sink (to go downw ard,
0.27); descend (to m ove lower, 0.24);
decay (0.15); dip (to fall, 0.11).
S L U R to slip off; to cheat; to cozen (3)
slur (to discredit, 1.00); neglect (to fail
to atten d to resp o n sib ilities, 0.23);
d e p re c ia te (to lo w er in rep u tatio n ,
0.03).
S L U R to sm ear (2) slur (to pronounce
indistinctly, 1.00); accuse (0.16).
S M A C K to open the lips; to kiss; to strike
(5) sm ack (to hit smartly, 1.00); smack
(to k iss , 1 .0 0 ); b u m p (to m ak e a
bum ping sound, 0.82); butt (to strike
with the head, 0.64); hit (to strike, 0.42).
S M A R T (4) sm art (1.00); bite (to cut or
corrode, 0.76); suffer (to feel pain, 0.64);
twinge (0.25).
S M A R T E N (2) sm arten (to beautify,
1.00); sm arten (to stimulate, 1.00).
S M A S H to kick (18) smash (1.00); break
(to shatter, 0.83); damage (to impair the
value of, 0.83); flatten (to m ake flat,
0.81); crush (to break into small pieces,
0.75); defeat (to worst in war, 0.72); rav­
age (0.65); crash (to fall w ith a crash,
0.64); w reck (to bring to ruin, 0.60);
m ash (0.53); batter (to dam age, 0.50);
open (to make an opening, 0.42); munch
(0.33); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.27); collide (to com e into violent
contact, 0.25); crash (to make a crashing
sound, 0.25); sound (to m ake a noise,
0.20); raze (0.09).
S M E A R (14) sm ear (to spread, 1.00);
smear (to slander, 1.00); smear (to dirty,
SMELL -318-
1.00); spread (to apply over a surface,
0.85); bedaub (0.75); daub (0.75); dirty
(0.74); grease (0.73); rub (to apply by
rubbing, 0.46); oil (0.33); smirch (to soil,
0.25); tarnish (to stain, 0.25); w ax (to
apply w ax, 0.25); defeat (to w orst in
sport or in personal com bat, 0.03).
S M E L L (4) smell (to give off odour, 1.00);
sm ell (to use the sense o f sm ell, 1.00);
inhale (0.50); discover (to find, 0.10).
S M E L T (2) sm elt (1.00); heat (to m ake
hot, 0.73).
S M IL E (3) sm ile (1.00); chuckle (0.50);
laugh (0.24).
S M IR C H (4) smirch (to soil, 1.00); smirch
(to degrade, 1.00); blot (to disgrace,
0.50); slander (0.30).
S M IR K to smile; to simper (4) grin (0.75);
smile (0.67); beam (to smile, 0.25); laugh
(0.18).
S M IT C H (l) dirty (0.58).
S M IT E (7) sm ite (1.00); beat (to thrash,
0.82); hit (to strike, 0.77); drive (to force
w ith blow s, 0.40); hurt (to cause pain,
0.25); paw (to strike, 0.25); p unish
(0.23).
S M O K E (5) sm oke (to give o ff sm oke,
1.00); sm oke (to use sm oke,especially
fro m to b a c c o , 1.00); d irty (0 .5 5 );
preserve (to keep, 0.42); butcher (to
slaughter for consum ption, 0.33).
S M O U L D E R (1) smoulder (1.00).
S M O O C H (1) sm ack (to kiss, 0.33).
S M O O T H (1 7 ) sm o o th (to re m o v e
unevenness, 1.00); sm ooth (to mollify,
1.00); rub (to subject to friction, 0.91);
curry (to groom , 0.75); m angle (to iron
w ith a pow der roller, 0.67); brush (to
touch lightly, 0.50); file (to use an abra­
sive, 0.50); hone (0.50); plane (0.50);
w ax (to apply wax, 0.50); quiet (to m ake
SNAP
calm, 0.39); comb (0.36); flatten (to grow
flat, 0.33); flatten (to m ake flat, 0.25);
touch (to be in contact, 0.18); iron
(0.17); decrease (to grow less, 0.15).
S M O T H E R (12) sm other (1.00); extin­
guish (to put out, 0.86); quiet (to m ake
silent, 0.75); stifle (0.75); kill (to deprive
o f life, 0.52); suffocate (0.50); deaden
(to reduce life or its evidence, 0.39);
sm oke (to give o ff smoke, 0.38); choke
(to be deprived o f air, 0.25); oppress
(0.22); hinder (0.19); choke (to deprive
o f air, 0.15).
S M O U L D E R (2) smoulder (1.00); smoke
(to give o ff sm oke, 0.25).
S M U D G E to soil; to stain; to blacken; to
m ake a m ess (7) blot (to stain, 0.75);
dam age (to im pair the value of, 0.75);
sm irch (to soil, 0.75); dirty (0.63); blur
(to stain, 0.50); tarnish (to stain, 0.50);
sm oke (to give o ff smoke, 0.13).
S M U G G L E to convey goods clandes­
tinely into or out o f a country (2) hide
(to co n ceal, 0.48); p o ach (to steal,
0.25).
S M U G G L E to cuddle; to fondle; to ca­
ress (1) caress (0.58).
S M U T C H (1) dirty (0.61).
S N A C K (1) nibble (0.25).
S N A G to be caught, pierced or damaged
(3) catch (to seize hold of, 0.80); jerk
(to m ove an object w ith a quick tug,
0.62); seize (to grasp, 0.40).
S N A K E (2) w ind (to m eander, 0.73);
w eave (to m ove in and out, 0.67).
SN A P (10) snap (1.00); bite (to seize or
sever w ith teeth, 0.94); bark (to speak
as though barking, 0.75); grum ble (to
growl, 0.71); bite (to be given to biting,
0.50); click (to m ake a clicking sound,
0.50); nip (0.50); snarl (0.40); break (to
SNAPSHOT -319-
start a rupture, 0.37); eat (to take as
food, 0.04).
S N A P S H O T (1) photograph (0.75).
SN A R E (4) catch (to seize hold of, 0.60);
hunt (to pursue with intent to kill, 0.48);
enm esh (0.25); ensnare (to capture,
0.25).
S N A R L to catch; to entangle (6) com pli­
cate (0.77); entangle (0.56); confuse
(0.45); mat (0.30); m uddle (to confuse;
said o f affairs, 0.24); m istake (0.08).
SN A R L o f dogs: to growl (7) snarl (1.00);
grumble (to growl, 0.93); growl (to make
a low, deep sound, 0.75); cry (to call
(not o f hum an creatures), 0.55); bark
(to speak as though barking, 0.50); bark
(to em it a d o g ’s characteristic sound,
0.36); m utter (to make a low, mumbling
sound, 0.25).
SNA TCH (7) snatch (1.00); catch (to seize
hold of, 0.93); je rk (to m ove an object
with a quick tug, 0.92); twitch (to pluck,
0.73); seize (to take by force, 0.67);
clinch (to lay hold of, 0.50); seize (to
grasp, 0.25).
S N E A K (4) sneak (1.00); hide (to keep
oneself concealed, 0.89); grovel (0.79);
enter (to enter physically, 0.31).
S N E E R (2) sneer (1.00); gibe (0.50).
S N IC K (1) chip (0.53).
S N IC K E R (6) snicker (1.00); laugh (0.76);
titter (0.50); cackle (0.40); giggle (0.25);
simper (0.25).
S N IF F (5) sn iff (1.00); sm ell (to use the
sense o f sm ell, 0.71); w h iff (0.50); in­
hale (0.25); breathe (to draw breath,
0 . 10).
S N IF F L E (2) snivel (to cry, 0.50); gasp
(0.25).
SN IG G E R (4) laugh (0.71); chuckle (0.25);
snicker (0.25); cackle (0.10).
SOAK
S N IP (5) snip (1.00); chip (0.83); clip
(0.67); cut (to sever, 0.46); trim (to cut
off excess, 0.27).
S N IP E (1) snipe (1.00).
S N IV E L (6) snivel (to cry, 1.00); snivel
(to complain, 1.00); cry (to weep, 0.85);
grovel (0.38); sob (0.33); whine (0.15).
S N O O K E R (1) defeat (to w orst in sport
or in personal com bat, 0.17).
S N O O P (3) m eddle (to interfere in oth­
ers’ affairs, 0.53); pry (to endeavour to
disco v er, 0.47); m ed d le (to handle
oth ers’ things, 0.29).
S N O O Z E (1) sleep (0.60).
S N O R E (3) snore (1.00); snort (0.60);
sleep (0.40).
S N O R T (7) snort (1.00); grunt (0.75);
snore (0.75); chortle (0.50); breathe (to
draw breath, 0.40); sound (to make a
noise, 0.16); gasp (0.13).
S N O W (2) snow (1.00); drop (to fall in
drops, 0.21).
SN U B (10) snub (to slight, 1.00); snub
(to rebuke, 1.00); rebuff (to reject, 0.81);
slight (0.50); hum iliate (0.46); humble
(0.40); oppose (to fight, 0.38); repulse
(to rebuff, 0.25); patronize (to assume
a condescending attitude, 0.20); check
(to bring under control, 0.07).
S N U FF to inhale (2) sniff (0.75); smell (to
use the sense o f smell, 0.43).
S N U F F L E (1) grumble (to growl, 0.14).
S N U G G L E (5) snuggle (1.00); cuddle (to
nestle, 0.67); n uzzle (0.25); huddle
(0.09); hug (0.06).
S O A K (8) soak (to absorb, 1.00); soak
(to drench, 1.00); soak (to rem ain in
liquid, 1.00); clean (0.93); water (0.67);
wash (to bathe, 0.56); wash (to launder,
0.30); im m erse (to put under water,
0.29).
SOAP -320-
S O A P (5) bathe (to cleanse o n eself w ith
liquid, 0.75); w ash (to launder, 0.50);
w ash (to bathe, 0.44); lather (0.25);
clean (0.24).
S O A R (9) soar (1.00); fly (to pass through
the air, 0.85); skim (to pass lightly and
swiftly, 0.80); rise (to m ove upw ard,
0.63); sail (to fly, 0.60); ascend (to rise,
0.33); clim b (to ascend, 0.33); rocket
(0.14); glide (to m ove gently, 0.08).
S O B to catch a breath (5) sob (1.00); cry
(to weep, 0.95); lam ent (to weep, 0.75);
m ourn (to cry, 0.75); bawl (to cry, 0.33).
S O B E R (2) decrease (to m ake less, 0.77);
quiet (to make calm, 0.11).
S O C IA L IZ E (1) equalize (0.11).
S O C K (2) hit (to strike, 0.90); bat (0.25).
S O F T E N (17) soften (to becom e soft,
1.00); so ften (to m ak e so ft, 1.00);
w ea k en (to b ec o m e w eaker, 0.77);
em asculate (to w eaken, 0.75); relent
(0.75); dissolve (to pass from a solid to
a liquid state, 0.64); ease (to lessen
p ressure or tension, 0.61); quiet (to
m ake calm , 0.46); soak (to rem ain in
liquid, 0.43); relieve (to lessen; said es­
pecially o f pain, 0.41); palliate (0.40);
decrease (to grow less, 0.38); m elt (to
liquefy, 0.36); appease (to calm , 0.25);
comfort (to make easy physically, 0.22);
munch (0.17); hum our (0.07).
S O G (1) m oisten (0.69).
S O IL to pollute; to m ake dirty (11) soil
(to dirty, 1.00); soil (to disgrace, 1.00);
dirty (0.97); foul (to become dirty, 0.86);
b egrim e (0.75); sm ear (to dirty, 0.75);
tarnish (to stain, 0.75); pollute (0.50);
tra c k (to d irty w ith tra c k s, 0.5 0 );
bedaub (0.25); blot (to stain, 0.25).
S O IL to supply w ith fertilizer (1) spatter
(0.85).
SOLLDIFY
S O JO U R N (6) visit (to live w ith for a
short time, 0.67); remain (to stay, 0.58);
dwell (0.57); abide (to lodge, 0.25); stay
(0.25); reside (0.10).
S O L A C E (5) solace (1.00); encourage (to
g iv e s u p p o r t, 0 .9 7 ); c o m fo rt (to
console, 0.89); revive (to hearten, 0.65);
entertain (to keep others amused, 0.23).
S O L D E R (3) solder (1.00); assemble (to
put together, 0.50); fasten (to make
som ething secure, 0.39).
S O L E M N IZ E (4) solemnize (1.00); com­
m e m o rate (0.75); observe (to com ­
memorate, 0.50); celebrate (to recognize
an occasion, 0.25).
S O L IC IT (19) solicit (to ask, 1.00); so­
licit (to beg, 1.00); solicit (to tem pt for
sexual purposes, 1.00); collect (to ob­
tain funds, 0.75); court (to woo, 0.71);
beg (to ask earnestly or importunately,
0.68); invite (to ask politely, 0.68); sue
(0.67); lobby (0.63); question (to ask,
0.43); w oo (to court,fig., 0.43); bill (to
request paym ent, 0.33); desire (to re­
quest, 0.33); bid (to invite, 0.25); plead
(to beg, 0.25); seek (to find out, 0.25);
urge (to induce, 0.25); w ish (to express
a desire, 0.25); cam paign (to solicit
votes, 0.20).
S O L ID IF Y (16) solidify (to harden, 1.00);
h ard e n (to b eco m e less penetrable,
0.94); harden (to m ake less pervious,
0.90); unite (to com e together, 0.86);
congeal (to clot, 0.75); fix (to harden,
0.75); consolidate (to cause to unite,
0.71); stiff (to grow stiff, 0.69); thicken
(to becom e thicker, 0.55); cake (0.50);
consolidate (to becom e united, 0.50);
freeze (to change to a solid state, 0.50);
set (to becom e firm, 0.50); tem per (to
toughen or harden, 0.42); congeal (to
SOLILOQUIZE -321-
so lid ify as by freezing or curdling,
0.25); petrify (to harden, 0.25).
S O L IL O Q U IZ E (2) soliloquize (1.00); re­
cite (to repeat formally, 0.10).
SO LV E (5) solve (1.00); rem edy (0.89);
answ er (to provide a solution, 0.75);
achieve (to finish an undertaking, 0.32);
explain (0.03).
S O O T (1) foul (to becom e dirty, 0.29).
S O O T H E (19) soothe (1.00); com fort (to
m ake easy physically, 0.92); relieve (to
lessen; said especially o f pain, 0.82);
appease (to calm, 0.75); becalm (0.75);
ease (to comfort, 0.75); mollify (to quiet
one who is angry, 0.75); pacify (to quiet,
0.75); compliment (to flatter, 0.53); calm
(0.50); solace (0.50); hypnotize (to put
in a trance, 0.33); revive (to hearten,
0 .2 9 ); co n d o le (0 .25); re p rie v e (to
alleviate, 0.25); lick (to pass the tongue
over, 0.24); love (to express love by ca­
resses, 0.20); ease (to relieve o f pain,
0.17); quiet (to m ake calm, 0.04).
S O P (2) m oisten (0.65); soak (to absorb,
0.50).
S O R R O W (5) s o i t o w (1.00); m ourn (to
lam ent, 0.82); cry (to w eep, 0.25); la­
m ent (to express sorrow, 0.25); grieve
(0 .20).
S O R T (6) so rt (1.00); asso rt (0 .75);
choose (to select, 0.73); adjust (to bring
to an agreem ent, 0.55); sift (to put
through a sieve, 0.50); classify (0.11).
S O U G H to m ake a rushing sound (2)
sough (1.00); rustle (0.23).
SOUND to emit sound (6) sound (to make
a noise, 1.00); sound (to pronounce,
1.00); sound (to seem, 1.00); return (to
reflect, 0.50); play (to produce m usic,
0.35); voice (0.25).
SOUND to penetrate; to pierce (3) sound
SPARE
(to m easure, 1.00); measure (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.80); ran­
sack (to search thoroughly, 0.62).
S O U R (3) sour (1.00); w ork (to ferment,
0.67); em bitter (to sour, 0.33).
S O U S E to pickle meat, etc. (6) souse (to
preserve, 1.00); souse (to soak, 1.00);
preserve (to keep, 0.81); dip (to put
in to a liq u id , 0 .5 0 ); w a te r (0 .5 8 );
im m erse (to put under water, 0.07).
S O W to plant seeds (5) sow (1.00); plant
(0.92); disseminate (0.75); distribute (to
scatter, 0.50); scatter (to waste, 0.33).
SPA C E (5) space (to group, 1.00); space
(to intersp ace, 1.00); m arch (0.80);
order (to put in order, 0.76); shelve (to
arrange, 0.67).
SPA D E (1) dig (to stir the earth, 0.88).
SPA N to grasp; to seize; to m easure (6)
span (1.00); reach (to extend to, 0.87);
bridge (0.50); lead (to extend, 0.33);
com prise (0.26); cross (to pass over,
0.17).
SPAN to harness or yoke (oxen), (1) join
(to unite, 0.53).
SPA N C EL (1) trammel (0.77).
S P A N G L E (3) decorate (0.56); spatter
(0.35); trim (to adorn, 0.30).
S P A N K to slap; to sm ack (8) spank
(1.00); beat (to thrash, 0.80); paddle (to
beat, usually rather lightly, 0.75); smack
(to hit smartly, 0.50); hurt (to cause
pain, 0.34); chastise (0.25); slap (0.25);
punish (0.20).
S PA R to dart; to strike rapidly (4) spar
(1.00); box (to fight for sport, 0.80);
com pete (0.53); fight (to engage in an
encounter, 0.32).
S PA R E (7) spare (1.00); pity (to be m er­
ciful to, 0.75); save (to avoid, 0.75);
abstain (0.44); sacrifice (to give up as a
SPARK
means to an end, 0.33); respect (to treat
w ith consideration, 0.30); favour (to
treat with favoritism, 0.20).
S P A R K to em it spark; to com e forth (2)
operate (to be in operation, 0.52); light
(to cause to ignite, 0.50).
S P A R K L E to issue in sparkles (12) spar­
kle (1.00); flash (to give forth a light by
flash, 0.91); shine (to give forth light,
0.76); flicker (to shine, 0.75); glisten
(0.75); w ink (to twinkle, 0.75); blink (to
tw inkle, 0.60); radiate (to shed light or
heat, 0.26); gleam (0.25); glitter (0.25);
scintillate (0.25); twinkle (0.25).
SPA T to dispute; to start up sharply or
actively (1) spat (1.00).
S P A T T E R (9) spatter (1.00); begrim e
(0.50); variegate (0.50); spread (to ap­
ply over a surface, 0.45); dirty (0.32);
spot (to stain, 0.25); track (to dirty with
tracks, 0.25); slop (0.11); w ater (0.08).
SPAW N (2) spaw n (1.00); produce (to
bear, 0.03).
SPAY (1) castrate (0.54).
S P E A K (18) speak (to utter, 1.00); speak
(to c o m m u n ic a te , 1.00); sp e ak (to
deliver a speech, 1.00); dictate (to speak
for record, 0.90); say (0.88); salute (to
address, 0.83); parley (0.75); perorate
(to harangue, 0.75); rem ark (0.75); talk
(to converse, 0.75); tell (to inform, 0.57);
utter (0.57); declaim (0.50); lecture (to
give a speech, 0.50); talk (to lecture,
0.50); air (to speak publicly, 0.25); emit
(to express, 0.25); soliloquize (0.25).
S P E A R to pierce w ith a spear (5) im pale
(0 .7 5 ); tra n s fix (to im p a le , 0 .7 5 );
bayonet (0.50); penetrate (to pierce,
0.39); tap (to puncture in order to draw
liquid, 0.36).
S PE A R H E A D (1) spearhead (1.00).
-322- SPEED
S P E C IA L IZ E (2) specialize (to study in­
tensively, 1.00); detail (to m ake clear in
detail, 0.46).
S P E C IF Y (11) specify (1.00); nam e (to
indicate by name, 0.92); mention (0.88);
distinguish (to make distinctions, 0.75);
label (0.75); describe (0.70); assign (to
d e s ig n a te , 0 .6 7 ); d is c rim in a te (to
differentiate, 0.67); nom inate (0.33);
particularize (0.25); define (to provide
a nam e or d escrip tio n , 0.18).
S P E C K (1) spatter (0.54).
S P E C K L E (1) spatter (0.50).
S P E C U L A T E (21) speculate (to think,
1.00); speculate (to gam ble in business,
1.00); reflect (to contem plate, 0.75);
theorize (0.75); guess (to attem pt an
answ er on inadequate evidence, 0.71);
ban k (to o p erate a bank, 0.50); bet
(0.50); conjecture (0.50); generalize (to
speak in general term s, 0.50); venture
(0 .4 3 ); e x p e rim e n t (to in v e stig a te
scientifically, 0.35); brood (to nurse
o n e’s troubles, 0.25); conceive (to form
a concept or im age of, 0.25); gamble
(to play for money, 0.25); m editate (to
think over, 0.25); postulate (to theorize,
0 .2 5 ); su sp e c t (to su p p o se , 0.25);
assu m e (to take for g ranted, 0.18);
chance (to take a chance, 0.09); think
(to exam ine with the mind, 0.08); try (to
endeavour, 0.06).
S P E E D (16) race (to move at great speed,
0.97); w hizz (0.89); dart (to move in the
m anner o f a dart, 0.88); zoom (0.83);
flash (to m ove w ith a speed o f a flash,
0.75); quicken (to hasten, 0.67); dart (to
m ove quickly, 0.50); dash (to sprint,
0.50); scam p er (0.50); scoot (0.50);
prom ote (to further, 0.42); run (to go
sw iftly by physical effort, 0.34); rush
SPEEK -323-
(0.33); drive (to m anage a propelled
vehicle, 0.25); w hisk (0.25); hurry (to
act hastily, 0.14).
S P E E K (1) dirty (0.37).
S P E L L to fascinate (2) bewitch (to charm,
0.33); cause (to be the cause, 0.13).
S P E L L to read letter by letter (2) m ean
(to have as m eaning, 0.89); decipher
(0.80).
S PE N D to pay out or aw ay (8) spend (to
expend, 1.00); spend (to pass tim e,
1.00); scatter (to w aste, 0.89); invest
(0.83); w aste (to squander, 0.76); waste
(to use w ithout result, 0.75); outw ear
(to exhaust, 0.67); squander (0.50).
S P E R M A T IZ E (1) propagate (to beget,
0.40).
S P E W (9) spew (1.00); splutter (to spit,
0.75); retch (0.67); rum inate (to regur­
gitate, 0.50); flow (to issue forth, 0.46);
disgorge (0.33); expectorate (0.33); emit
(to discharge, 0.31); gush (to spout,
0.25).
S P IC E (1) flavour (0.20).
S P IK E (4) spike (1.00); impale (0.50); nail
(to ham m er, 0.25); tap (to puncture in
order to draw liquid, 0.18).
S P IL L (7) spill (1.00); pour (to allow to
flow, 0.67); flow (to issue forth, 0.54);
raze (0.48); w aste (to squander, 0.35);
eat (to reduce gradually, 0.33); slop
(0.33).
S P IN (16) spin (to m ake by spinning,
1.00); spin (to whirl, 1.00); knit (to form
by knitting, 0.86); w eave (to construct
by interlacing, 0.83); whirl (0.80); drive
(to m anage a propelled vehicle, 0.75);
gyrate (0.75); revolve (0.75); turn (to
pivot, 0.75); twirl (0.75); roll (to revolve,
0.71); operate (to be in operation, 0.62);
run (to m ove, usually rapidly, 0.45);
SPLIT
round (to turn, 0.25); trundle (0.25); flop
(to m ove w ith little control, 0.13).
S P IR A L (7) curl (to twist, 0.85); bend (to
force out o f a straight line, 0.65); roll
(to revolve, 0.64); dip (to fall, 0.56);
circle (0.33); glide (to move downward
gradually, 0.14); roll (to m ake into a
roll, 0.11).
S P IR E to curl; to twist (1) coil (0.13).
S PIR IT U A L IZ E (1) civilize (0.65).
S P IT to put on a spit; to pierce (1) knife
(to stab, 0.67).
S P IT to sputter; to eject saliva (7) spit
(1.00); drool (to slobber, 0.50); spew
(0.50); squirt (0.50); emit (to discharge,
0.28); rain (0.18); storm (0.18).
S P IT E (1) bother (to give trouble, 0.75).
S P L A S H to bespatter wet or soil (14)
splash (1.00); spatter (0.96); dash (to
break against, 0.75); slop (0.56); douse
(to im m erse in water, 0.50); advertise
(to solicit business, 0.43); dip (to put
into a liquid, 0.40); douse (to put out,
0.33); pour (to allow to flow, 0.33);
m oisten (0.31); drop (to fall in drops,
0.25); w et (0.25); dirty (0.24); flow (to
issue forth, 0.16).
S P L A T T E R (3) splash (0.71); moisten
(0.27); plash (0.25).
S P L IC E (5) splice (1.00); yoke (0.63); in­
terject (0.29); graft (to jo in for growth,
0 .2 0 ); w e a v e (to c o n s tru c t by
interlacing, 0.17).
S P L IN T E R (8) splinter (1.00); smash
(0.65); chip (0.63); sliver (0.50); break
(to fall apart, 0.38); crash (to break into
pieces, 0.25); break (to shatter, 0.17);
divide (to separate by parting, 0.10).
S P L IT (22) split (1.00); break (to start a
rupture, 0.89); cut (to divide, 0.75);
divide (to separate by parting, 0.73);
SPLURGE -324-
rip (0.71); halve (0.67); sever (0.67); cut
(to sever, 0.59); burst (to break, 0.50);
crack (to cause to crack, 0.50); shatter
(0.50); tear (0.50); destroy (to bring to
nothing, 0.49); w reck (to bring to ruin,
0.40); explode (to burst, 0.38); chip
(0.37); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.34); cleave (to split, 0.25); crack (to
becom e cracked, 0.25); incise (to cut,
0.25); slit (0.25); sunder (0.25).
S P L U R G E (1) w aste (to squander, 0.82).
S P L U T T E R (6) splutter (to spit, 1.00);
splutter (to stammer, 1.00); rage (to give
vent to anger, 0.77); spit (0.71); rave
(to rage, 0.50); grumble (to growl, 0.21).
S P O IL (30) spoil (to decay, 1.00); spoil
(to ruin, 1.00); decay (0.97); w reck (to
b rin g to ru in , 0 .9 3 ); b o tc h (0 .9 2 );
p am per (0.91); cheapen (0.82); baby
(0.75); im pair (to dam age, 0.75); rot
(0.75); sink (to deteriorate, 0.75); taint
(to pollute, 0.75); vitiate (to violate,
0 .7 5 ); d e fe a t (to g et th e b e tte r o f
another, 0.73); sour (0.73); corrupt (to
debase, 0.59); abuse (to treat badly,
0.54); blight (0.50); mildew (0.50); m ol­
lycoddle (0.50); ransack (to loot, 0.50);
dirty (0.39); ravage (0.35); h u m o u r
(0.33); m aim (0.32); hurt (to harm, 0.25);
infect (0.25); soil (to dirty, 0.25); hinder
(0.16); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.09).
S P O L IA T E (2) destroy (to bring to noth­
ing, 0.66); ravage (0.08).
S P O N G E (6) sponge (to clean, 1.00);
clean (0.59); dry (to cause to becom e
dry, 0.58); grovel (0.46); w ash (to bathe,
0.13); moisten (0.04).
S P O N S O R (2) support (to provide for,
0.78); advertise (to solicit business,
0.14).
SPREAD
S P O O N to lift or transfer by means o f a
spoon (2) dip (to transfer by m eans o f
a vessel, 0.60); lade (to dip, 0.25).
S P O O N to m ove rapidly (1) woo (to make
love to, 0.38).
S P O O R (1) hunt (to try to find, 0.47).
S P O R T (3) play (to gambol, 0.82); rollick
(0.75); joke (0.54).
S P O T (10) spot (to stain, 1.00); spot (to
point out, 1.00); spatter (0.92); dirty
(0.76); stain (to soil, 0.75); foul (to
becom e dirty, 0.71); sm ear (to dirty,
0.50); touch (to tinge, 0.33); discover
(to find, 0.32); sully (to soil, 0.25).
S P O U T (9) spout (1.00); flow (to issue
forth, 0.86); je t (to gush out in a stream,
0.75); spurt (0.75); overflow (to flow
over the top, or out at a vent, 0.71);
eject (to rem ove physically, 0.53); drib­
ble (0.50); play (to display light, erratic
m ovem ent, 0.50); act (to take part in a
play, 0.11).
S P R A IN (2) w rench (0.60); strain (to
w rench, 0.50).
S P R A W L (5) spraw l (1.00); lie (to be
prostrate, 0.75); recline (0.75); crash (to
fall with a crash, 0.36); trip (to stumble,
0.18).
SPR A Y to diffuse in m inute drops (10)
spray (1.00); water (0.83); drizzle (0.75);
splutter (to spit, 0.50); overflow (to flow
over the top, or out at a vent, 0.46);
spread (to apply over a surface, 0.40);
springle (0.25); sprinkle (0.25); spatter
(0.19); moisten (0.12).
S PR E A D (34) spread (to distribute, 1.00);
spread (to becom e spread, 1.00); spread
(to extend, 1.00); spread (to apply over
a surface, 1.00); spread (to separate,
1.00); spread (to m ake know n, 1.00);
radiate (to send forth from a centre,
SPRING -325-
0.79); broadcast (to disperse, 0.75);
diffuse (0.75); dissipate (to dispel, 0.75);
distribute (to scatter, 0.75); spew (0.75);
strew (0.75); display (to present for
effect, 0.72); rise (to increase, 0.70);
fertilize (to enrich land, 0.67); stretch
(to becom e longer, 0.63); ram ble (to go
in various directions, 0.62); detail (to
m ake clear in detail, 0.54); advertise (to
so lic it b u sin e ss, 0 .50); e n larg e (to
increase, 0.50); grow (to becom e larger,
0.44); roll (to smooth with a roller, 0.43);
popularize (0.40); rub (to apply by rub­
bing, 0.38); extend (to occupy space to
a given point, 0.33); pad (to increase,
0.33); com e (to extend, 0.25); go (to
extend, 0.25); run (to extend, 0.25); salt
(to scatter thickly, 0.25); air (to expose
to the air, 0.20); advertise (to m ake
public, 0.13); gossip (0.08).
S P R IN G to change position by sound
m ovem ent (13) run (to go sw iftly by
p hysical effort, 0.90); result (0.89);
gallop (0.87); bounce (to m ove sud­
denly, 0.86); dive (0.86); jum p (to leap
across or up, 0.77); leap (0.75); bounce
(to rebound, 0.69); issue (to be a result
of, 0.67); overleap (to jum p over, 0.67);
bound (to m ove in leaps, 0.50); em a­
nate (to begin, 0.50); vault (0.38).
S P R IN G to allow (tim ber or ground) to
send up shoots from the stools o f felled
trees; to give spring or elasticity (6)
quicken (to com e or bring to life, 0.86);
rise (to begin, 0.75); begin (to com e
into being or start functioning, 0.43);
dart (to m ove in the m anner o f a dart,
0.29); start (to begin, 0.25); hasten (to
m ake haste, 0.11).
S P R IN G L E (1) springle (1.00).
S P R IN K L E to scatter in drops; to dis­
SPURN
perse; to distribute (15) sprinkle (1.00);
m oisten (0.96); w ater (0.92); spatter
(0.77); dam pen (to w et, 0.75); dust
(0.75); intersperse (0.75); wet (0.75);
m izzle (0.63); rain (0.45); baptize (to
cleanse sacram entally, 0.43); drizzle
(0.25); spray (0.25); radiate (to send
forth from a centre, 0.14); shed (0.09).
S P R IN T (4) sprint (1.00); hasten (to make
haste, 0.94); race (to m ove at great
speed, 0.35); scuttle (to hurry, 0.25).
S P R O U T to grow ; to issue; to proceed
as a sprout (4) sprout (1.00); vegetate
(to germinate, 0.75); bloom (0.69); grow
(to becom e larger, 0.04).
S P R O U T to send forth in a sprout or
gush (3) ascend (to rise, 0.67); begin
(to com e into being or start function­
ing, 0.57); rise (to move upward, 0.25).
S P R U C E to m ake oneself tidy and clean
(1) preen (0.75).
S P U M E (2) spume (1.00); bubble (0.50).
S P U R to ride quickly (12) spur (1.00);
goad (0.81); fillip (to stim ulate, 0.75);
incite (0.71); m otivate (0.71); drive (to
cause to m ove, 0.60); hurry (to urge
others, 0.33); lead (to influence, 0.33);
encourage (to raise the spirits, 0.32);
in sp ire (to en co u rag e, 0.25); prick
(0.25); urge (to drive, 0.07).
S P U R to publish banns o f m arriage (1)
enforce (to require com pliance, 0.03).
S PU R N to spur; to urge; to incite (12)
spurn (1.00); repulse (to rebuff, 0.75);
disapprove (to reject, 0.67); rebuff (to
reject, 0.67); scorn (to refuse as a matter
ofprinciple, 0.67); hate (to detest, 0.50);
dare (to defy, 0.40); repudiate (to refuse,
0.25); deny (0.21); neglect (to treat with
indifference, 0.19); depreciate (to lower
in reputation, 0.17); refuse (0.16).
SPURT -326-
S P U R T to sp ro u t; to shoot (9) spurt
(1 .0 0 ); flow (to issu e fo rth , 0.97);
h asten (to m ake haste, 0.91); race (to
m ove at great speed, 0.74); overflow
(to flow over the top, or out at a vent,
0.63); je t (to gush out in a stream, 0.50);
shoot (to m ove rapidly, 0.50); run (to go
swiftly by physical effort, 0.31); dart (to
m ove in the m anner o f a dart, 0.24).
S P U R T to spirt; to sputter (3) em it (to
discharge, 0.81); squirt (0.75); bleed (to
issue as blood, 0.33).
S P U T T E R (7) sputter (1.00); lisp (0.50);
flow (to issue forth, 0.49); boil (to be
angry, 0.33); m utter (to speak as if to
oneself, 0.33); stutter (0.25); stam m er
(0.22).
S PY (8) spy (to act as a spy, 1.00); spy
(to see, 1.00); bug (to install hidden
microphones, 0.67); ransack (to search
thoroughly, 0.54); pry (to endeavour
to discover, 0.33); look (to endeavour
to see, 0.30); see (to perceive w ith the
eye, 0.14); discover (to find, 0.03).
S Q U A B B L E (4) squabble (1.00); quarrel
(0.77); bicker (0.60); wrangle (0.50).
S Q U A IL (1) hit (to strike, 0.03).
S Q U A L L to scream (4) squall (1.00); ciy
(to weep, 0.80); storm (0.73); yell (0.33).
SQ U A N D E R (9) squander (1.00); lose (to
su ffe r fin an c ially , 0 .7 5 ); m issp e n d
(0.75); scatter (to w aste, 0.56); spend
(to expend, 0.55); lavish (0.50); spend
(to p ass tim e, 0.44); eat (to red u ce
gradually, 0.17); abuse (to treat badly,
0.08).
S Q U A R E (5) adjust (to place or regulate
p a rts, 0 .8 8 ); b a la n c e (to p la c e in
balance, 0.48); m ultiply (to em ploy
m ultiplication as an arithm etical pro­
SQUIRE
cess, 0.33); balance (to dem onstrate
balance, 0.24); m easure (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.17).
S Q U A S H to squeeze (5) flatten (to make
flat, 0.88); mash (0.76); quash (to crush,
0.75); depress (to bring to a lower level,
0.67); trample (0.50).
SQ U A T (2) squat (1.00); sit (to assume a
sitting posture, 0.67).
S Q U A W K (7) squawk (1.00); ciy (to call
(not o f hum an creatures), 0.84); crow
(to m ake a crow ing sound, 0.75); grunt
(0.50); shriek (0.33); croak (to give a
hoarse call, 0.25); sound (to make a
noise, 0.02).
S Q U E A K (5) squeak (1.00); cry (to call
(not o f hum an creatures), 0.82); creak
(0.75); grunt (0.25); peep (to make a
peeping sound, 0.25).
S Q U E A L (4) squeal (1.00); squeak (0.38);
yell (0.38); scream (0.25).
S Q U E E Z E (18) squeeze (1.00); hurt (to
cause pain, 0.97); hug (0.89); pack (to
stow compactly, 0.85); compress (0.83);
ja m (to force o n e’s way, 0.78); tighten
(to m ake tight, 0.75); press (to subject
to pressure, 0.67); feel (to exam ine by
touch, 0.61); hold (to have in one’s
grasp, 0.55); em brace (to clasp, 0.50);
ja m (to com press, 0.50); pucker (0.50);
tw eak (0.50); m ash (0.35); chuck (to
caress, 0.25); crow d (0.25); seize (to
grasp, 0.05).
S Q U E L C H (5) squelch (1.00); destroy (to
bring to nothing, 0.71); refute (0.67);
check (to bring under control, 0.21);
abolish (0.02).
S Q U IN T (2) squint (1.00); wink (to close
one eye, 0.83).
S Q U IR E (3) squire (1.00); lead (to con­
SQUIRM -327-
duct, 0.59); accom pany (to go w ith,
0.23).
SQ U IR M (6) squirm (1.00); wriggle (0.75);
flop (to m ove w ith little control, 0.74);
writhe (0.67); crawl (to move like an in­
sect, 0.50); w iggle (0.50).
S Q U IR T (8) squirt (1.00); flow (to issue
forth, 0.95); spout (0.75); em it (to dis­
charge, 0.72); overflow (to flow over
the top, or out at a vent, 0.50); m oisten
(0.38); dribble (0.25); jet (to gush out in
a stream, 0.25).
STAB (14) stab (1.00); hurt (to cause
pain, 0.76); bayonet (0.75); penetrate
(to pierce, 0.70); pierce (0.67); thrust
(to jab, 0.67); tap (to puncture in order
to draw liquid, 0.45); damage (to impair
the value of, 0.32); scar (0.31); lacerate
(to tear, 0.25); perforate (0.25); kill (to
deprive o f life, 0.18); attack (to assault
(o f an individual), 0.07); attack (to fight
offensively (army), 0.03).
STA B ILIZE (5) stabilize (to fix, 1.00); sta­
bilize (to support, 1.00); balance (to
place in balance, 0.88); establish (to
m ake secure, 0.25); crown (to em power
w ith a crown, 0.08).
STA B LE to make stable (1) stable (1.00).
STA C K (4) stack (1.00); heap (to place in
a heap, 0.81); pile (to place one upon
another, 0.50); load (to place a load,
0.05).
S T A G G E R (12) stagger (1.00); flop (to
m ove w ith little control, 0.87); lurch
(0.75); reel (0.60); linger (to go reluc­
tantly, 0.57); limp (0.54); lag (to m ove
w ithout spirit, 0.33); surprise (to amaze,
0.26); vacillate (to totter, 0.25); w obble
(0.20); shake (to vibrate, 0.12); w aver
(0.09).
STA G N ATE (2) stagnate (1.00); vegetate
STAMPEDE
(to stagnate, 0.50).
STA IN (19) stain (to soil, 1.00); stain (to
colour, 1.00); discolour (0.75); soil (to
dirty, 0.75); track (to dirty with tracks,
0.75); corrupt (to debase, 0.61); bedaub
(0.50); sully (to soil, 0.50); colour (to
im part colour to, 0.44); dam age (to
im pair the value of, 0.43); foul (to
become dirty, 0.43); disgrace (0.38); dye
(0.33); w ash (to brush with a liquid,
0.33); begrime (0.25); finish (to develop
a surface, 0.25); pollute (0.25); dirty
(0.21); touch (to tinge, 0.11).
S T A K E to w ager; to hazard (7) chance
(to take a chance, 0.82); bet (0.79);
hazard (0.75); guarantee (to give secu­
rity, 0.57); dare (to be courageous, 0.56);
venture (0.29); undertake (0.25).
STA K E to m ark with stakes (1) define (to
set limits, 0.03).
STA LEM A TE (1) hinder (0.03).
STA LK to walk softly (3) stalk (1.00); hunt
(to pursue w ith intent to kill, 0.91);
toddle (toddle, 0.50).
S T A L L to get rid by evasive tactics (3)
stall (to delay, 1.00); tem porize (0.50);
delay (to cause a delay, 0.07).
S T A L L to place; to fix; to appoint (2)
halt (to cause to cease, 0.81); hinder
(0.23).
S T A M M E R (1) stammer (1.00).
STA M P (10) stamp (1.00); mark (to make
a m ark, 0.91); tram p (to tread heavily,
0.80); stride (0.67); apply (to place
upon, 0.60); brand (0.50); imprint (0.50);
check (to m ark, 0.25); coin (to mint
money, 0.25); m int (to print or press
money, 0.22).
STA M PED E (3) stampede (1.00); frighten
(to drive off, because o f alarm, 0.43);
disorganize (0.15).
STANCH -328-
STA N C H (1) hinder (0.18).
STA N D (13) stand (to be in a upright
position, 1.00); stand (to endure, 1.00);
stand (to be o f a certain height, 1.00);
stand (to be situated, 1.00); stand (to
oppose, 1.00); rank (to possess rela­
tive evaluation, 0.86); stop (to halt,
0.70); be (to have being, 0.60); endure
(to sustain adversity, 0.52); reach (to
extend to, 0.40); arise (to get up, 0.33);
face (to confront conflict or trouble,
0.16); afford (to be in a position to buy,
0.14).
S T A N D A R D IZ E (8) standardize (1.00);
regulate (to adjust, 0.53); institutional­
ize (0.50); type (to classify, 0.25); reform
(to correct evils, 0.18); order (to p ut in
order, 0.12); ad ju st (to b rin g to an
agreem ent, 0.05); organize (to put in
order, 0.05).
STA R (2) act (to take part in a play, 0.17);
spatter (0.04).
S T A R C H (4) w ash (to launder, 0.80);
stiffen (to cause to becom e stiff, 0.76);
harden (to m ake less pervious, 0.55);
tem per (to toughen or harden, 0.26).
STA RE (10) stare (1.00); gawk (0.75); gaze
(0.75); look (to endeavour to see, 0.75);
see (to perceive with the eye, 0.64); m ar­
vel (0.50); pry (to endeavour to dis­
cover, 0.27); ogle (0.25); scrutinize
(0.25); w onder (to marvel, 0.25).
S T A R T (31) start (to begin, 1.00); start
(to c a u se to sta rt, 1.0 0 ); s ta rt (to
arouse, 1.00); start (to cause to ignite,
1.00); begin (to initiate, 0.97); leave (to
go away, 0.81); develop (to begin, 0.75);
introduce (to begin, 0.75); m ake (to
cause, 0.75); open (to begin, 0.75);
originate (to bring about a beginning,
0.75); originate (to have a beginning,
STATE
0.75); com m ence (0.67); dawn (0.67);
enter (to enter upon, 0.67); flinch (0.67);
lead (to play a first card, 0.67); plant
(0.67); im pel (to press, 0.64); excite (to
a c tiv a te , 0 .5 9 ); p u sh (to m o v e by
pushing, 0.56); grow (to begin, 0.50);
initiate (0.50); institute (to begin, 0.50);
prem ise (to introduce, 0.50); drive (to
m a n ag e a p ro p e lle d v eh icle, 0.38);
launch (to initiate, 0.33); throw (to send
forth, 0.25); fear (to anticipate personal
danger, 0.20); slide (to cause to slide,
0.17); w ince (0.10).
S T A R T L E (9) startle (1.00); disturb (to
upset m ental calm , 0.87); petrify (to
frighten, 0.75); shock (to disturb on e’s
s e lf control, 0.75); surprise (to take
unaw are, 0.50); surprise (to am aze,
0.37); astound (0.25); stupefy (to amaze,
0.25); frighten (to alarm, 0.16).
S T A R V E (7) starve (to becom e weaker,
die from hunger, 1.00); starve (to cause
to starve, 1.00); fam ish (to kill, 0.75);
fast (0.50); beg (to ask alm s, 0.25);
abstain (0.17); kill (to deprive o f life,
0.05).
STA T E (26) state (1.00); read (to contain
w hen read, 0.86); declare (to speak for­
m ally and em phatically, 0.85); feed
(0.81); propose (to m ake a suggestion,
0.81); com m unicate (to impart informa­
tion, 0.76); say (0.76); allege (0.75);
assert (to say positively, 0.75); m ain­
tain (to assert, 0.75); recount (0.75);
com m ent (to m ake a rem ark, 0.74);
notify (to provide w ith inform ation,
0.67); m ention (0.63); sw ear (to take an
oath, 0.55); confess (to profess, 0.50);
render (to state formally, 0.50); recite
(to relate in detail, 0.41); develop (to
reveal slowly, 0.30); announce (0.25);
STATION
certify (to state formally, 0.25); pass (to
pronounce formally, 0.25); predicate
(0.25); return (to speak formally, 0.25);
declare (to adm it to o n e’s possessions,
0.15); report (to deliver inform ation,
0.06).
STA TION (4) station (1.00); park (0.56);
locate (to determ ine a location, 0.33);
camp (0.09).
STAY to support; to sustain (15) stay
(1.00); be (to have being, 0.90); dwell
(0.79); abide (to lodge, 0.75); continue
(to remain, 0.75); keep (to remain, 0.75);
support (to uphold, 0.75); endure (to
continue, 0.50); revisit (0.50); support
(to hold up from beneath, 0.50); hold
(to support; often used w ith up, 0.45);
re sist (to w ith sta n d , 0 .45); in h a b it
(0.33); reside (0.20); restrain (to hold in
check, 0.19).
STAY to cease m oving (6) halt (to cause
to cease, 0.82); stop (to halt, 0.80);
overstay (0.67); delay (to cause a de­
lay, 0.66); check (to slacken the pace,
0.60); hinder (0.50).
STEA D Y (2) balance (to place in balance,
0.91); stabilize (to fix, 0.25).
S T E A L to take secretly (7) steal (1.00);
kidnap (0.64); sneak (0.64); plunder
(0.33); dispossess (to take aw ay from,
0.25); snatch (0.25); seize (to take by
force, 0.11).
S T E A L F IL C H (1) ransack (to loot, 0.08).
ST E A M (13) steam (to cook, 1.00); steam
(to speed, 1.00); distil (0.75); boil (to
continue at a boiling point, 0.50); lay
(to sm ooth out, 0.50); stew (to boil,
0.50); cook (0.49); evaporate (to vapor­
ize, 0.43); parboil (0.33); block (to shape
by blocking, 0.25); heat (to m ake hot,
0.25); sm oulder (0.25); m oisten (0.19).
-329- STICK
S T E A M R O L L (1) defeat (to w orst in
sport or in personal com bat, 0.07).
S T E E L (5) harden (to m ake less pervi­
ous, 0 .9 8 ); te m p e r (to to u g h e n or
harden, 0.95); strengthen (0.70); cure
(to harden, 0.25); harden (to toughen,
0.04).
S T E E P to undergo soaking (8) soak (to
rem ain in liquid, 0.86); boil (to subject
to boiling, 0.75); moisten (0.73); dip (to
put into a liquid, 0.65); imm erse (to put
under water, 0.36); saturate (0.25); cook
(0.12); mash (0.12).
S T E E R (9) steer (1.00); lead (to conduct,
0.82); aim (to point a w eapon, 0.78);
navigate (0.50); point (to direct, 0.50);
take (to lead, 0.50); m anage (to direct,
0.49); castrate (0.31); land (to bring a
boat to shore, 0.25).
S T E M to stop; to delay (2) halt (to cause
to cease, 0.87); hinder (0.24).
S T E N C H (1) smell (to give o ff odour,
0.14).
S T E P (6) step (1.00); w alk (to move on
foot, 0.96); dance (to m ove rhythm i­
cally, 0.85); march (0.75); trudge (0.50);
tread (0.33).
S T E R E O T Y P E (1) reproduce (to make an
exact copy, 0.19).
S T E R IL IZ E (5) sterilize (1.00); castrate
(0.85); clean (0.80); dress (to give medi­
cal treatm en t, 0,44); decontam inate
(0.25).
S T E W (6) stew (to boil, 1.00); cook (0.88);
seethe (0.50); simmer (to boil, 0.50); boil
(to subject to boiling, 0.25); worry (to
indulge in worry, 0.10).
S T E W A R D (1) represent (to act as a del­
egate, 0.25).
S T IC K to pierce; to rem ain fixed (10)
STIFF
stick (to rem ain fastened, LOO); stick
(to p e n e tra te w ith a p o in t, 1 .0 0 );
butcher (to slaughter for consum ption,
0.89); stab (0.73); lodge (to becom e
fixed, 0.67); penetrate (to pierce, 0.52);
thrust (to jab , 0.42); bayonet (0.25);
transfix (to im pale, 0.25); fasten (to
m ake som ething secure, 0.17).
S T IF F (1) stiff (to grow stiff, 1.00).
S T IF F E N (5) stiffen (to cause to becom e
stiff, 1.00); back (to equip w ith a back,
0.75); tem per (to toughen or harden,
0.68); strengthen (0.33); tighten (to
becom e tight, 0.33).
S T IF L E to suffocate (13) stifle (LOO);
sm other (0.75); suffocate (0.75); choke
(to deprive o f air, 0.69); quench (to
sm other, 0.67); kill (to deprive o f life,
0.59); gag (to stop the m outh, 0.50);
strangle (to suppress, 0.50); throttle
(0.50); deaden (to reduce life or its
evidence, 0.32); extinguish (to put out,
0.29); muffle (0.25); hush (0.14).
S T IF L E to affect (a horse, a dog, etc.)
w ith stifle or dislocate o f the stifle-
bone(4) cripple (0.75); hide (to conceal,
0.64); constrain (0.25); suppress (0.09).
S T IG M A T IZ E (7) stigm atize (1.00); ac­
cuse (0.59); denounce (0.50); impute (to
charge, 0.50); im plicate (to involve,
0.40); disgrace (0.12); upbraid (0.11).
S T IL L to quiet; to soothe (5) quiet (to
make silent, 0.95); hush (0.71); assuage
(to calm, 0.50); silence (0.25); m uzzle
(to silence, 0.09).
S T IL L to tickle dow n; to m elt; to fall in
minute drops (1) decrease (to m ake less,
0.81).
STIM U LA TE (35) stimulate (LOO); excite
(to stir one m entally, 0.97); m otivate
(0.88); incite (0.86); excite (to activate,
-330- s t ir
0.82); activate (0.75); awaken (to excite,
0.75); invigorate (0.75); massage (0.75);
ro u se (to stim ulate, 0.75); sensitize
(0.75); stren g th en (0.63); m ove (to
arouse the em otions of, 0.62); hasten
(to e x p e d ite , 0 .5 4 ); g o a d (0 .5 2 );
accelerate (0.50); ex h ilarate (0.50);
galvanize (to anim ate, 0.50); inspirit
(0.50); instigate (0.50); drive (to urge
on, 0.48); en tertain (to keep others
am used, 0.45); fascinate (0.45); seduce
(0.38); tem pt (0.36); inebriate (0.33); in­
toxicate (to excite, 0.33); renew (to re­
fresh, 0.26); arouse (0.25); elate (0.25);
energize (0.25); pique (to excite, 0.25);
tickle (to excite mentally, 0.25); urge (to
induce, 0.19); help (to aid, 0.13).
S T IN G to pierce (10) sting (LOO); bite
(to cut or corrode, 0.88); prickle (0.67);
sm art (0.67); hurt (to cause pain, 0.63);
tingle (0.50); penetrate (to pierce, 0.22);
hurt (to give a feeling o f pain, 0.20);
irritate (to inflame, 0.14); haunt (to prey
upon, 0.12).
S T IN K (1) smell (to give o ff odour, 0.29).
S T IN T (3) stint (1.00); economize (0.67);
famish (to kill, 0.50).
S T IP P L E (6) stipple (LOO); engrave (to
prepare a plate for printing, 0.81); col­
our (to im part colour to, 0.66); spatter
(0.46); paint (to protect or decorate by
painting, 0.40); carve (to form by cut­
ting, 0.26).
S T IP U L A T E (3) stipulate (LOO); specify
(0.43); contract (to enter into an agree­
ment, 0.20).
S T IR (23) stir (to excite, 1.00); stir (to mix
by stirring, 1.00); rustle (0.92); fidget
(0.91); toss (to m ove up and down,
0.79); m ove (to arouse the emotions of,
0.77); agitate (0.75); beat (to mix, 0.75);
STITCH
call (to arouse, 0.75); churn (0.75);
provoke (to incite, 0.75); m ove (to be
in motion, 0.71); awake (to arouse from
sleep, 0.67); excite (to stir one mentally,
0.66); affect (to move emotionally, 0.50);
a ro u s e ( 0 .5 0 ) ; c o n v u ls e ( 0 .5 0 ) ;
fascinate (0.29); m ix (to blend, 0.29);
poach (to blend, 0.25); w ake (to b e­
come awake, 0.20); shift (to change po-
s itio n , 0 .1 4 ); p u s h (to m o v e b y
pushing, 0.11).
S T IT C H (5) stitch (1.00); em broider (to
add adornment, 0.94); sew (0.90); baste
(to sew tem porarily, 0.75); tack (to
fasten lightly, 0.13).
S T O C K (6) stock (1.00); store (0.64); pro­
vide (to supply, 0.58); plant (0.42); fur­
nish (to supply necessities, 0.33); feed
(0.32).
S T O C K P IL E (2) store (0.36); accumulate
(to amass, 0.35).
S T O K E (2) fuel (0.75); bank (to cover a
fire for the night, 0.67).
STO M P (1) tramp (to tread heavily, 0.50).
S T O N E (2) w het (0.50); attack (to fight
offensively (army), 0.29).
S T O O P (16) stoop (to bow or bend, 1.00);
stoop (to condescend, 1.00); bend (to
be forced out o f a straight line, 0.93);
d e s c e n d (to m o v e lo w e r, 0 .8 8 );
condescend (0.86); bow (to bend, 0.85);
patronize (to assum e a condescending
attitude, 0.80); grovel (0.75); squat
(0.75); curve (to be bent, 0.50); sag (to
sink, 0.50); slouch (0.50); fawn (0.45);
kneel (0.40); deign (0.33); descend (to
condescend, 0.33).
S T O P (47) stop (to halt, 1.00); stop (to
cease, 1.00); stop (to prevent, 1.00);
stop (to cause to cease, 1.00); end (to
bring to a halt, 0.94); die (to cease ex­
-331- STORM
isting, 0.90); intercept (0.88); plug (0.83);
hesitate (0.81); halt (to cause to cease,
0.78); prevent (0.78); stam m er (0.78);
e x p ire (to end, 0.75); in terfere (to
prevent, 0.75); keep (to prevent, used
w ith from, 0.75); obstruct (to impede
with an obstruction, 0.75); thwart (0.75);
abstain (0.67); outlaw (0.67); quell (to
subdue, 0.67); quiet (to m ake silent,
0.65); delay (to cause a delay, 0.64);
h in d er (0.64); achieve (to finish an
undertaking, 0.57); light (to come to rest
from flight or travel, 0.55); com m and
(to have control, 0.51); deter (0.50);
dw ell (0.50); kill (to turn off, 0.50);
rem ain (to stay, 0.50); rest (to be still,
0.50); scotch (0.50); stultify (to prevent,
0.50); dam (0.47); strike (to refuse to
w ork, 0.43); contain (to restrict, 0.33);
o v ersta y (0 .3 3 ); g reet (0.29); hush
(0.29); m uzzle (to silence, 0.27); abort
(to ca n ce l, 0 .2 5 ); in te rd ic t (0.25);
term inate (to abolish, 0.25); bar (to
obstruct by refusal, 0.18); bar (to raise
a physical obstruction, 0.15); tackle
(0.10); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.04).
S T O R E (16) store (1.00); accumulate (to
amass, 0.85); load (to place a load, 0.79);
deposit (to present m oney for safe­
keeping, 0.77); preserve (to keep, 0.77);
garner (0.75); save (to hoard, 0.71);
concentrate (to bring or come together,
0.66); provide (to supply, 0.54); mine
(to dig for m inerals, 0.50); pile (to
am ass, 0.50); cache (0.33); heap (to
am ass, 0.33); park (0.33); place (to put
in a place, 0.28); hide (to conceal, 0.26).
S T O R M (9) storm (1.00); raid (0.91);
snow (0.89); rage (to be out o f control,
0 .8 6 ); a tta c k (to fig h t o ffen siv ely
STOW -332 -
(arm y), 0.84); oppose (to fight, 0.80);
rave (to rage, 0.75); strafe (0.50); rage
(to give vent to anger, 0.14).
S T O W to place (2) load (to place a load,
0.84); place (to put in a place, 0.22).
S T R A D D L E (2) straddle (1.00); hesitate
(0.71).
S T R A F E (4) strafe (1.00); rake (to sweep
w ith gunfire, 0.67); raid (0.65); attack
(to fight offensively (arm y), 0.48).
S T R A G G L E to go up and dow n dis-
persedly (5) straggle (1.00); drag (to
go slowly, 0.50); lag (to m ove slowly,
0.50); roam (to w ander, 0.50); ram ble
(to go in various directions, 0.46).
S T R A IG H T E N (8) straighten (1.00); un­
fold (to unfurl, 0.92); align (to adjust,
0.50); get (to adjust, 0.50); com b (0.43);
organize (to put in order, 0.20); flatten
(to m ake flat, 0.13); adjust (to bring to
an agreem ent, 0.10).
S T R A IN to bind; to press; to stretch (19)
strain (to exert, 1.00); strain (to wrench,
1.00); strain (to stretch, 1.00); strain (to
filter, 1.00); filter (to clean by filtering,
0.90); stretch (to cause to stretch, 0.86);
w eary (to m ake weary, 0.76); reach (to
extend a part o f the body to, 0.75);
turn (to sprain, 0.75); spatter (0.69); tire
(to m ake a person exhausted, 0.65);
w re n ch (0 .5 3 ); o v erd o (to o v e rta x
o n e s e lf physically, 0.50); o v erex ert
(0.50); refine (to purify, 0.50); exercise
(to m ove the body, 0.44); w ring (0.29);
push (to press against, 0.21); sift (to
put through a sieve, 0.10).
S T R A IN to distrain; to seize goods (7)
burden (0.77); enforce (to require com ­
pliance, 0.60); overtax (0.50); oppress
(0.35); overw eigh (0.33); dip (to trans­
STRENGTHEN
fer by m eans o f a vessel, 0.20); over­
charge (0.20).
S T R A IT E N (2) straiten (to distress, 1.00);
straiten (to limit, 1.00).
S T R A N G L E (9) strangle (to smother,
1.00); stran g le (to su p p ress, 1.00);
choke (to be deprived o f air, 0.88);
choke (to deprive o f air, 0.85); throttle
(0.75); kill (to deprive o f life, 0.61);
garrote (0.50); tighten (to m ake tight,
0.50); suffocate (0.25).
S T R A N G U L A T E (1) choke (to deprive
o f air, 0.77).
S T R A P to furnish w ith a strap (8) hitch
(to harness, 0.75); lace (0.75); strop
(0.75); beat (to thrash, 0.61); harness
(0.50); yoke (0.32); lash (to whip, 0.25);
bind (to constrain with bonds, 0.17).
STR A TIFY (3) stratify (1.00); plate (0.87);
laminate (0.75).
STR A Y to w ander free o f control (12)
stray (1.00); ram ble (to speak or write
aim lessly, 0.88); digress (0.75); range
(to traverse w ide areas, 0.75); wander
(to speak or think incoherently, 0.75);
roam (to wander, 0.56); m aunder (to
digress, 0.50); straggle (0.50); ramble
(to go in various directions, 0.38); de­
viate (0.30); gad (0.25); gallivant (0.25).
S T R E A K to m ark with lines (1) mark (to
make a mark, 0.36).
S T R E A K to move veiy fast (1) zoom (0.50).
S T R E A M (8) stream (1.00); flow (to move
in one direction, 0.95); w ave (to flutter,
0.92); pour (to rain heavily, 0.75); trickle
(0.44); flow (to issue forth, 0.43); glide
(to m ove dow nw ard gradually, 0.29);
blow (to move rapidly (said o f air), 0.25).
S T R E N G T H E N (18) strengthen (1.00);
unite (to com e together, 0.81); recruit
(to gather needed resources, 0.79); vi­
STRESS -333-
talize (0.75); fasten (to m ake something
secure, 0.72); concentrate (to bring or
co m e to g e th e r , 0 .5 9 ); c ro w n (to
em pow er w ith a crow n, 0.54); supple­
ment (0.54); corroborate (0.50); quicken
(to increase, 0.50); harden (to toughen,
0.42); accentuate (0.25); gird (to sup­
port, 0.25); truss (to support, 0.25);
stiffen (to cause to becom e stiff, 0.24);
revive (to take on new life, 0.18); sup­
port (to uphold, 0.13); encourage (to
give support, 0.07).
S T R E S S (11) stress (1.00); accentuate
(0.75); underline (to em phasize, 0.75);
italicize (0.67); emphasize (0.55); accent
(0.50); overem phasize (0.50); under­
score (0.50); declare (to speak formally
and emphatically, 0.49); rem ind (to call
the attention o f another, 0.43); enforce
(to require com pliance, 0.07).
S T R E T C H (18) stre tc h (to b ec o m e
lo n g er, 1.00); stre tc h (to c a u se to
stretch, 1.00); stretch (to occupy space,
1.00); exercise (to move the body, 0.94);
lengthen (to m ake longer, 0.86); arch
(0.77); dilate (0.75); go (to extend, 0.75);
reach (to extend to, 0.73); w iden (to
m ak e w ider, 0 .71); fill (to o cc u p y
available space, 0.67); overdo (to do
too m uch, 0.67); grow (to beco m e
larger, 0.56); exaggerate (0.54); elongate
(0.50); w iden (to becom e wider, 0.50);
in c re ase (to add to, 0.26); p ad (to
increase, 0.22).
S T R E W (7) strew (1.00); scatter (to cause
to se p a ra te , 0 .6 9 ); sa lt (to sc a tte r
thickly, 0.50); seed (0.50); scatter (to
seed, 0.25); radiate (to send forth from
a centre, 0.21); sow (0.13).
S T R ID E (3) stride (LOO); step (0.87); gal­
lop (0.47).
STRIP
S T R IK E (49) strike (to find, LOO); strike
(to hit, 1.00); strike (to light, 1.00); strike
(to refuse to work, 1.00); strike (to seem,
1.00); drive (to force with blows, 0.93);
beat (to pulsate, 0.92); mint (to print or
p ress m oney, 0.89); bang (to beat,
0.75); bat (0.75); cudgel (0.75); cut (to
hit sharply, 0.75); dub (to hit, 0.75); flog
(0.75); ham m er (0.75); pom m el (0.75);
pound (0.75); slap (0.75); smite (0.75);
rebel (to en d eav o u r to overthrow a
g o v e rn m e n t, 0 .7 2 ); a d m in iste r (to
inflict, 0.67); bite (to take bait, 0.67);
give (to inflict, 0.67); im pinge (to hit,
0.67); inflict (to deal, 0.67); punch (to
hit, 0.67); buffet (0.50); butt (to strike
w ith the head, 0.50); coin (to m int
m oney, 0.50); collide (to com e into
v io le n t c o n ta c t, 0 .5 0 ); rap (to tap
sharply, 0.50); w hip (0.50); ring (to
cause to sound, 0.45); beat (to thrash,
0.41); persecute (to oppress, especially
for religious reasons, 0.39); reach (to
extend a part o f the body to, 0.38);
disobey (0.35); bum p (to collide with,
0.33); engage (to attack, 0.33); thump
(0.33); play (to produce music, 0.30);
assault (to attack, 0.25); electrify (to
affect deeply, 0.25); pick (to use a
pointed instrum ent, 0.25); ply (to beat,
0.25); wallop (0.25); attack (to assault
(o f an individual), 0.20); contest (to
fight, 0.13); quarrel (0.05).
S T R IN G (1) th re a d (to p ass th read
through a needle, 0.33).
S T R IP to unclothe (23) strip (to remove,
1.00); strip (to undress, 1.00); undress
(0.83); deprive (0.80); rob (0.80); shell
(0.80); ransack (to loot, 0.79); denude
(0.75); disrobe (0.75); divest (to un­
dress, 0.75); sw ath (0.75); peel (0.67);
STRIVE -334-
pick (to deprive, especially by pecking
orplucking, 0.60); unw rap (0.58); pare
(to peel, 0.50); ravage (0.43); steal
(0.38); divest (to deprive, 0.33); shred
(0.33); skin (0.31); shave (to remove hair,
0.25); decrease (to m ake less, 0.21);
disarm (to deprive o f w eapons, 0.07).
S T R IV E (18) strive (1.00); fight (to en­
gage in an encounter, 0.96); com pete
(0.95); aspire (0.75); direct (to direct
one’s effort, 0.75); strain (to exert, 0.75);
struggle (0.75); try (to endeavour, 0.67);
aim (to direct one’s effort, 0.50); attempt
(to try, 0.50); participate (to engage in
a contest, 0.50); vie (0.50); quarrel (0.45);
labour (0.33); oppose (to fight, 0.33);
offer (to try, 0.25); persist (0.25); w ork
(to labour, 0.09).
S T R O K E to rub; to caress; to irritate (10)
touch (to be in contact, 0.95); lick (to
pass the tongue over, 0.94); feel (to
examine by touch, 0.87); brush (to touch
lightly, 0.75); pat (to strike lightly and
affectionately , 0.75); paw (to handle
c lu m sily , 0 .6 3 ); ru b (to a p p ly by
rubbing, 0.62); tickle (to stim ulate by a
light touch, 0.50); caress (0.16); love
(to express love by caresses, 0.10).
S T R O K E to m ark w ith streaks; to cross
out (2) m easure (to apply a standard o f
m easurem ent, 0.71); m ark (to m ake a
mark, 0.41).
S T R O K E to go quickly; to travel (1) swim
(0.25).
S T R O L L (13) stroll (1.00); loiter (0.93);
roam (to w ander, 0.81); p rom enade
(0.75); ram ble (to saunter, 0.75); w alk
(to m ove on foot, 0 .74); ran g e (to
traverse w ide areas, 0.63); tram p (to
wander afoot, 0.60); march (0.55); amble
(0.50); lo af (to travel at an easy pace,
STUFF
0.50); peram bulate (to ram ble, 0.50);
w end (0.33).
S T R O P to sharpen or sm ooth the edge
(2) strop (1.00); sharpen (to make keen,
0.17).
S T R U G G L E (13) struggle (1.00); com ­
pete (0.89); fight (to engage in an en­
counter, 0.88); flounder (0.75); contest
(to fight, 0.73); agonize (0.50); aspire
(0.50); quarrel (0.50); push (to press
against, 0.29); encounter (to meet in
conflict, 0.25); scramble (to climb hast­
ily, 0.25); w ork (to labour, 0.18); oppose
(to fight, 0.15).
S T R U M (1) strum (1.00).
S T R U T (4) strut (1.00); boast (to brag,
0.50); bluster (0.47); march (0.10).
STU D Y (15) study (to endeavour to learn,
1 .0 0 ); s tu d y (to e n d e a v o u r to
understand, 1.00); m editate (to muse,
0.82); criticize (to m ake a considered
criticism, 0.75); perambulate (to inspect,
0.75); peruse (to inspect, 0.75); survey
(to exam ine or sum m arize, 0.75); think
(to ex a m in e w ith the m in d , 0.67);
practice (to seek im provem ent through
repetition, 0.60); scrutinize (0.50); leam
(to acquire m entally, 0.44); scan (to
a n a ly z e , 0 .3 3 ); e x p e r im e n t (to
investigate scientifically, 0.29); inquire
(to seek into, 0.25); reason (to seek a
reasonable ex p lan atio n , 0.25).
S T U F F (20) stu ff (1.00); pack (to stow
com pactly, 0.92); w ad (0.92); glut (to
eat to satiety, 0.86); fill (to pour to the
capacity o f the container, 0.85); uphol­
ster (0.85); line (to provide a lining,
0.80); close (to put a stopper into, 0.77);
crow d (0.75); fatten (to make fat, 0.71);
feed (0.71 ); in te rlin e (to p u t in an
interlining, 0.64); load (to place a load,
STULTIFY -335-
0.63); lade (to fill, 0.50); overcrow d
(0.50); overeat (0.50); pad (to thicken,
0.50); overfeed (0.25); overfill (0.25);
ram (to pack forcibly, 0.25).
STU L T IFY (2) stultify (to prevent, 1.00);
stultify (to ridicule, 1.00).
S T U M B L E (11) stum ble (to m ove in a
stum bling manner, 1.00); stum ble (to
trip, 1.00); totter (to stagger, 0.92); fall
(to pass q u ic k ly d o w n w ard , 0.79);
sputter (0.75); stutter (0.75); flop (to
m ove with little control, 0.70); stammer
(0.67); splutter (to stam m er, 0.50); de­
scend (to m ove low er, 0.16); botch
(0.04).
STU N (8) stun (to render unconscious,
1.00); galvanize (to startle, 0.75); sur­
prise (to am aze, 0.53); benum b (to stu­
pefy, 0.50); electrify (to affect deeply,
0.50); numb (0.50); harden (to toughen,
0.12); em barrass (to upset m entally,
0.03).
STU N T (1) dw arf (to keep small, 0.75).
S T U P E F Y (10) stupefy (to stun, 1.00);
stupefy (to am aze, 1.00); drug (0.75);
hypnotize (to put in a trance, 0.67);
deaden (to reduce life or its evidence,
0.43); m esm erize (0.33); surprise (to
amaze, 0.32); fuddle (0.29); dazzle (0.25);
harden (to toughen, 0.19).
S T U T T E R (6) stutter (1.00); hesitate
(0.94); splutter (to stammer, 0.75); sput­
ter (0.50); lisp (0.33); stammer (0.33).
S T Y L E (2) nam e (to give a nam e, 0.75);
edit (to supervise publication, 0.55).
S T Y L IZ E (1) stylize (1.00).
SU B D IV ID E (1) subdivide (1.00).
SU B D U E (24) chasten (to punish, 0.88);
defeat (to w orst in war, 0.81); seize (to
take by force, 0.81); down (0.79); fasci­
nate (0.78); subject (0.76); conquer (to
SUBMERGE
defeat, 0.75); m aster (to conquer, 0.75);
strangle (to suppress, 0.75); defeat (to
get the better o f another, 0.63); quiet
(to m ake calm, 0.57); overcome (0.50);
quash (to crush, 0.50); enslave (0.48);
suppress (0.45); palliate (0.35); curb
( 0 .2 5 ) ; r e d u c e (to d e f e a t, 0 .2 5 );
su rm o u n t (0.25); van q u ish (0.25);
co m m an d (to h ave co ntrol, 0.23);
disarm (to deprive o f w eapons, 0.20);
halt (to cause to cease, 0.10); rout (0.06).
S U B JE C T (2) subject (1.00); dominate
(0.44).
S U B JO IN (2) subjoin (1.00); join (to
unite, 0.06).
S U B JU G A T E (11) subjugate (to conquer,
1.00); subjugate (to subdue, 1.00); en­
slave (0.77); disarm (to reduce national
armaments, 0.75); enthrall (to overcome,
0.75); subject (0.65); defeat (to get the
better o f another, 0.56); defeat (to worst
in w ar, 0 .3 3 ); d o m in a te (0 .3 3 );
overpow er (0.25); rout (0.12).
S U B L EA SE (1) sublet (0.75).
S U B L E T (3) sublet (1.00); let (to rent,
0.25); rent (to sell the use o f property,
0 .20).
S U B L IM A T E (6) sublim ate (to purify,
1.00); sublim ate (to repress, 1.00); va­
porize (0.50); purify (0.24); dream (to
e n te r ta in o r d e lu d e o n e s e lf w ith
im agined things, 0.22); liberate (to free
from chem ical or physical restraint,
0.20).
S U B M E R G E (18) submerge (to cause to
sink, 1.00); submerge (to go downward,
1.00); im m erse (to put under water,
0.93); sink (to cause to sink, 0.90); dip
(to put into a liquid, 0.75); douse (to
imm erse in water, 0.75); overwhelm (to
drown, 0.75); scuttle (to destroy, 0.75);
SUBMERSE -336-
settle (to cause to sink, 0.75); inundate
(0.67); cover (to send dow n in plenty,
0.58); bathe (to sink, 0.50); duck (to
im m erse quickly, 0.50); flood (0.29);
drown (to lower into a liquid, 0.25); dive
(0.21); descend (to m ove lower, 0.12);
merge (0.06).
S U B M E R S E (3) subm erge (to cause to
sink, 0.75); sink (to cause to sink, 0.60);
settle (to cause to sink, 0.50).
S U B M IT (21) subm it (to offer, 1.00);
subm it (to surrender, 1.00); subm it (to
suggest, 1.00); obey (to act in accord­
ance w ith orders, 0.95); fall (to be over­
throw n, 0.89); defer (to yield, 0.86);
conform (0.75); subscribe (to suggest,
0.75); succum b (to yield, 0.75); suggest
(to m ake a suggestion, 0.75); introduce
(to present, 0.67); offer (to propose,
0.50); truckle (0.50); offer (to present,
0.46); capitulate (0.33); yield (to sur­
ren d e r, 0 .3 1 ); p ro p o se (to m a k e a
suggestion, 0.29); m ove (to propose an
action formally, 0.25); face (to confront
conflict or trouble, 0.12); suffer (to
perm it, 0.08); accom m odate (to render
a service, 0.06).
SU B O R D IN A TE (1) subject (0.24).
S U B O R N (2) buy (to bribe, 0.50); bribe
(0.08).
S U B P O E N A (2) subpoena (1.00); com ­
m and (to issue an order, 0.05).
S U B S C R IB E (8) subscribe (to give p er­
sonal support, 1.00); subscribe (to give
financial support, 1.00); subscribe (to
su g g est, 1.00); su b sc rib e (to obey,
1.00); enter (to join, 0.33); contribute
(to give, 0.32); endorse (to inscribe
o n e’s nam e, 0.29); prom ise (to give
o n e’s word, 0.04).
SU B SERV E (3) subserve (1.00); serve (to
SUBTRACT
fulfill an obligation, 0.50); promote (to
further, 0.16).
S U B SID E (9) subside (1.00); ebb (0.82);
contract (to dim inish, 0.73); sink (to go
dow nw ard, 0.64); decrease (to grow
less, 0.50); fall (to pass quickly down­
w ard, 0.50); w ane (0.33); submerge (to
go dow nw ard, 0.25); die (to decline as
though death w ere inevitable , 0.06).
S U B SID IZ E (7) subsidize (1.00); give (to
transfer, 0.63); support (to provide for,
0.44); underw rite (to support finan­
cially, 0.40); prom ote (to further, 0.32);
supplem ent (0.23); contribute (to give,
0.07).
S U B S IS T (2) subsist (1.00); be (to have
being, 0.55).
S U B S T A N T IA T E (10) substantiate (to
prove, LOO); substantiate (to actualize,
1.00); prove (0.93); verify (0.82); em­
body (to actualize, 0.75); personify (to
embody, 0.75); objectify (0.33); support
(to u p h o ld , 0 .3 1 ); r a tif y (0 .2 5 );
strengthen (0.24).
S U B S T IT U T E (9) su b stitu te (to ex­
change, 1.00); substitute (to take place
of, 1.00); ex ch an g e (to replace one
thing w ith another, 0.95); alternate (to
take or do by turns, 0.80); change (to
m ake different, 0.65); m istake (0.58);
represent (to serve as an equivalent,
0.27); renew (to replace, 0.25); shift (to
cause to shift, 0.25).
S U B S U M E (2) include (to place into or
am ong, 0.58); com prise (0.05).
S U B T IL IZ E (2) subtilize (LOO); evade (to
use trickery to avoid a sharp issue,
0.54).
S U B T R A C T (5) subtract (LOO); decrease
(to m ake less, 0.61); allow (to include
in an estim ate, 0.50); deduct (0.33);
SUBVERT -337-
calculate (to reckon, 0.21).
SU B V E R T (11) subvert (1.00); upset (to
turn over, 0.77); overbalance (to upset,
0.75); sabotage (0.75); abolish (0.57);
u n d o (0 .5 0 ); d e s tro y (to b rin g to
nothing, 0.30); dism antle (0.25); sap
(0.25); turn (to reverse, 0.19); raze (0.13).
S U C C E E D (8) succeed (to attain suc­
cess, 1.00); succeed (to follow in tim e,
1.00); thrive (to prosper, 0.75); rise (to
im prove o n e’s station, 0.43); carry (to
win, 0.33); supersede (0.33); roll (to
m o v e by r o ta tio n , or in r o ta tin g
num bers, 0.14); operate (to produce an
effect, 0.06).
S U C C O U R (4) succour (1.00); prom ote
(to further, 0.89); com fort (to console,
0 .5 6 ); e n c o u rag e (to giv e su p p o rt,
0.41).
SU C C U M B (8) succumb (to yield, 1.00);
succum b (to die, 1.00); yield (to sur­
render, 0.85); lose (to fail to win, 0.75);
die (to cease living, 0.56); fall (to be
overthrown, 0.56); go (to die, 0.33); faint
(0.17).
S U C K (4) suck (1.00); imbibe (to absorb,
0.50); drink (to sw allow liquid, 0.38);
taste (to taste by the tongue, 0.14).
S U C K L E (3) suckle (1.00); raise (to nur­
ture, 0.70); nurse (0.18).
SUE (5) sue (1.00); beg (to ask earnestly
or importunately, 0.53); accuse (0.34);
request (to solicit, 0.25); invite (to ask
politely, 0.04).
S U F F E R (14) suffer (to feel pain, 1.00);
su ffer (to endure, 1.00); suffer (to
perm it, 1.00); endure (to sustain adver­
sity, 0.95); let (to perm it, 0.75); allow
(to perm it an action, 0.74); lose (to in­
cur loss, 0.67); take (to undergo, 0.50);
writhe (0.33); face (to confront conflict
SUGGEST
or trouble, 0.32); resist (to withstand,
0.30); authorize (to allow, 0.25); receive
(to endure, 0.25); m ourn (to lament,
0.05).
S U F F IC E (4) suffice (1.00); cloy (0.25);
m eet (to fulfill, 0.25); satisfy (to fulfill,
0.06).
S U F F IX (1) subjoin (0.25).
S U F F O C A T E (12) su ffo cate (1.00);
sw elter (0.75); drow n (to kill or to die
by drow ning, 0.67); choke (to be de­
prived o f air, 0.50); kill (to deprive o f
life, 0.50); sm other (0.50); stifle (0.50);
strangle (to smother, 0.50); die (to cease
living, 0.44); garrote (0.25); extinguish
(to put out, 0.14); choke (to deprive o f
air, 0.08).
SU FFU SE (4) instill (0.92); colour (to im­
part colour to, 0.69); pervade (0.67); mix
(to blend, 0.26).
S U G A R (1) sw eeten (to m ake sweet,
0.67).
S U G G E S T (32) suggest (to make a sug­
gestion, 1.00); suggest (to bring to
m ind, 1.00); propose (to m ake a sug­
gestion, 0.95); invite (to ask politely,
0.80); intimate (0.75); move (to propose
an action form ally, 0.75); offer (to
propose, 0.75); broach (to mention,
0.67); raise (to ask, 0.67); volunteer (to
m ake a proposal, 0.67); advise (to give
counsel, 0.62); nam e (to indicate by
nam e, 0.58); ask (to invite, 0.50); con­
note (0.50); infer (to imply, 0.50); insinu­
ate (to m ake an indirect hint, 0.50);
recom m end (to m ake a suggestion or
prescription, 0.50); submit (to suggest,
0.50); refer (to mention, 0.47); advance
(to propose, 0.33); implicate (to imply,
0.33); im ply (to indicate, 0.33); guess
(to attem pt an answ er on inadequate
SUIT -338-
evidence, 0.29); m ean (to have as m ean­
ing, 0.28); involve (0.27); m anage (to
direct, 0.27); feel (to give an im pres­
sion through touch, 0.25); foreshadow
(0.25); notify (to warn, 0.25); hint (0.09);
w arn (0.07); m ention (0.06).
S U IT (15) suit (to be in accord w ith,
1.00); suit (to please, 1.00); suit (to
ad a p t, 1.00); fit (to be su ita b le in
c h a racter, 0.8 9 ); a c c o m m o d a te (to
render a service, 0.84); flatter (to be
becom ing to a w earer, 0.75); conform
(0 .6 3 ); b e h o v e (to b ec o m e , 0 .5 0 );
qualify (to fulfill requirem ents, 0.50);
agree (0.38); m atch (to be alike, 0.33);
m esh (0.33); use (to m ake a practice o f
(in past), 0.33); becom e (to be suitable,
0.31); apply (to be relevant, 0.08).
S U L K to keep alo o f from others (5) sulk
(1.00); brood (to nurse o n e ’s troubles,
0.69); frown (0.33); glower (0.25); mope
(0.06).
SULLY (11) sully (to soil, 1.00); sully (to
defame, 1.00); dirty (0.95); blacken (to
sm irch, 0.75); blot (to disgrace, 0.75);
sm irch (to degrade, 0.75); soil (to dirty,
0.50); slander (0.43); disgrace (0.27);
foul (to make dirty, 0.25); smear (to dirty,
0.25).
S U M (4) add (to bring together, usually
by m athem atics, 0.78); tally (to count,
0.67); count (0.38); calculate (to reckon,
0.37).
S U M M A R IZ E (7) summ arize (1.00); re­
port (to m ake a sum m ary statem ent,
0.89); abstract (to prepare an abstract,
0.50); co n d en se (to ab rid g e, 0.50);
e p ito m ize (0.50); co m p re ss (0 .1 3 );
decrease (to m ake less, 0.11).
S U M M E R to reside over summer (1) sum­
m er (1.00).
SUPERSEDE
S U M M O N (12) sum m on (to call, 1.00);
sum m on (to convene, 1.00); accuse
(0.75); arraign (0.75); call (to invite,
0.75); w histle (to call w ith a whistle,
0.71); assem b le (to b rin g together,
0.53); ring (to call by ringing, 0.50);
com m and (to issue an order, 0.43);
m uster (0.33); interpellate (0.25); bring
(to initiate a legal action, 0.18).
SU N (3) air (to expose to the air, 0.60);
harden (to m ake less pervious, 0.33);
heat (to m ake hot, 0.30).
S U N D E R (9) sunder (1.00); divide (to
separate by parting, 0.76); break (to
start a rupture, 0.68); cut (to sever,
0.54); estrange (to alienate, 0.50); un­
co u p le (0.5 0 ); d iv o rce (0.33); rend
(0.25); scatter (to cause to separate,
0.13).
S U P to eat o n e’s supper (3) sup (1.00);
eat (to take as food, 0.48); dine (0.25).
SU PER A B O U N D (1) teem (0.14).
S U P E R A N N U A T E (1) endure (to con­
tinue, 0.17).
S U P E R C H A R G E (1) burden (0.54).
S U PE R H E A T (1) heat (to make hot, 0.53).
S U P E R IM P O S E (4) top (to apply top­
ping, 0.67); carpet (0.50); overlay (to
overlap, 0.50}; cover (to place as a
covering, 0.29).
S U P E R IN T E N D (9) superintend (LOO);
guard (to w atch over, 0.80); tend (to
w atch over, 0.79); com m and (to have
control, 0.72); oversee (0.67); engineer
(0.50); govern (0.36); manage (to direct,
0.35); farm (to m anage farm property,
0.33).
S U P E R S C R IB E (1) address (to provide
directions for delivery, 0.20).
S U P E R S E D E (8) supersede (LOO); sub­
vert (0.76); discard (0.72); succeed (to
SUPERVENE
follow in tim e, 0.56); dism iss (to send
away, 0.50); supplant (0.25); substitute
(to take place of, 0.20); abolish (0.19).
S U P E R V E N E (3) supervene (1.00); suc­
ceed (to follow in tim e, 0.78); happen
(to occur, 0.07).
S U P E R V IS E (12) supervise (1.00); guide
(to direct, 0.75); handle (to direct, 0.75);
superintend (0.75); com m and (to have
control, 0.74); m anage (to direct, 0.59);
guard (to watch over, 0.53); m astermind
(0.50); govern (0.45); oversee (0.33);
head (0.25); lead (to exercise leadership,
0.25).
S U P P L A N T (8) supplant (1.00); subvert
(0.81); replace (to take the place of,
0.67); succeed (to follow in time, 0.67);
abolish (0.62); substitute (to take place
of, 0.60); change (to put in place o f
another, 0.50); renew (to replace, 0.50).
S U P P L E M E N T (5) supplem ent (1.00);
complete (to make entire, 0.53); append
(to add, 0.50); add (to m ake a further
remark, 0.43); increase (to add to, 0.40).
S U P PL IC A T E (9) supplicate (1.00); pray
(to call upon God, 0.83); beg (to ask
e a rn e stly or im p o rtu n a te ly , 0 .7 9 );
im plore (0.75); invite (to ask politely,
0.56); entreat (0.40); court (to w oo,
0.29); ask (to solicit, 0.25); solicit (to
beg, 0.25).
SU PPL Y (17) supply (1.00); supplem ent
(0.92); feed (0.87); contribute (to give,
0.86); arm (to equip, 0.75); replenish
(0.75); recruit (to raise troops, 0.57); fill
(to pour to the capacity o f the container,
0.54); accommodate (to render a service,
0.50); administer (to minister, 0.50); cater
(0.50); nourish (0.50); stock (0.50); outfit
(0.33); endow (to give to, 0.25); give (to
provide, 0.25); purvey (0.25).
-339- SUPPOSE
S U P P O R T (37) support (to hold up from
ben eath , 1.00); support (to uphold,
1 .0 0 ); s u p p o rt (to d e fe n d , 1.00);
support (to continue, 1.00); support
(to provide for, 1.00); justify (to give
reasons for, 0.89); approve (to give ap­
p ro v al, 0.87); feed (0.84); undergo
(0.82); urge (to present favourably,
0.82); end u re (to sustain adversity,
0.76); aid (0.75); assist (to assist, 0.75);
stim ulate (0.75); subscribe (to give fi­
nancial support, 0.75); subsidize (0.75);
balance (to place in balance, 0.73);
prom ote (to further, 0.71); comfort (to
make easy physically, 0.62); underwrite
(to support financially, 0.60); argue (to
endeavour to convince, 0.53); acknowl­
edge (to recognize the authority of,
0.50); allow (to g ran t a request or
assertion, 0.50); bear (to suffer, 0.50);
boost (to prom ote, 0.50); commend (to
praise, 0.50); fight (to struggle for an
end, 0.50); indorse (0.50); endorse (to
indicate o n e ’s active support, 0.46);
acco m m o d ate (to ren d e r a service,
0.41); sustain (to defend, 0.40); comfort
(to co n so le, 0.39); follow (to be a
follow er, 0.33); vindicate (to defend,
0.33); afford (to be in a position to buy,
0.29); enforce (to add strength, 0.25);
guarantee (to certify, 0.17).
S U P P O S E (20) suppose (1.00); assume
(to take for granted, 0.97); reason (to
seek a reasonable explanation , 0.92);
believe (to assum e, 0.75); conjecture
(0.75); infer (to assume, 0.75); estimate
(to m ake a considered prediction, 0.67);
consider (to regard, 0.60); guess (to
m ake a choice, almost at hazard, 0.50);
hope (0.50); misjudge (to make a wrong
judgm ent, usually o f a person, 0.50);
SU PPR ESS
play (to pretend, 0.50); postulate (to
theorize, 0.50); prem ise (to assum e,
0.50); presuppose (0.50); anticipate (to
foresee, 0.42); presum e (0.33); judge (to
form an opinion, 0.25); surm ise (0.25);
say (0.12).
S U P P R E S S (19) suppress (1.00); abol­
ish (0 .9 8 ); o p p ress (0 .8 7 ); su b v e rt
(0.86); su bjugate (to subdue, 0.75);
destroy (to bring to nothing, 0.73); hide
(to conceal, 0.69); cancel (to annul,
0.67); harbour (to keep hidden, 0.67);
halt (to cause to cease, 0.64); w ithdraw
(to rem ove from use or circulation,
0.60); henpeck (0.50); quiet (to m ake
silent, 0.50); m uzzle (to silence, 0.45);
enslave (0.42); coerce (to hold back,
0.25); sm other (0.25); subject (0.18);
succeed (to attain success, 0.10).
S U P PU R A T E (3) suppurate (1.00); m at­
ter (to form or discharge pus, 0.67);
decay (0.29).
S U R C H A R G E (2) glut (to oversupply,
0.47); inflate (to distend, 0.06).
S U R F A C E (6) co at (0.75); level (to
straighten, 0.75); appear (to becom e
visible, 0.64); cover (to place as a cov­
ering, 0.57); varn ish (0.47); v en eer
(0.25).
S U R F E IT (8) surfeit (1.00); glut (to eat to
satiety, 0.93); satiate (0.75); cloy (0.50);
pall (0.50); gorge (0.33); assuage (to sat­
isfy, 0.25); satisfy (to m ake content,
0.16).
S U R G E (15) surge (to rise, 1.00); surge
(to sw ell, 1.00); w ave (to undulate,
0.92); lunge (0.75); jum p (to leap across
or up, 0.69); rally (to regain strength,
0.67); pounce (0.50); boil (to seethe,
0.43); roll (to flow, 0.42); rise (to m ove
-340- SURRENDER
Upward, 0.38); flow (to m ove in one
direction, 0.33); gush (to emit copiously,
0.33); flow (to issue forth, 0.30); swirl
(to roll or wave, 0.25); overflow (to flow
over the top, or out at a vent, 0.13).
S U R M IS E (12) surmise (1.00); regard (to
h a v e an a ttitu d e , 0 .6 7 ); g u ess (to
attem pt an answ er on inadequate evi­
dence, 0.59); suppose (0.50); suspect
(to suppose, 0.50); doubt (to entertain
doubt, 0.47); hope (0.31); assum e (to
take for granted, 0.29); conjecture (0.25);
understand (to suppose, 0.25); estimate
(to m ake a considered prediction, 0.20);
anticipate (to foresee, 0.08).
S U R M O U N T (9) surmount (1.00); defeat
(to get the better o f another, 0.93); rise
(to m ove upward, 0.69); scale (to climb,
0.50); hurdle (0.40); succeed (to attain
success, 0.29); exceed (0.21); climb (to
m ount, 0.14); overlook (to occupy a
com m anding height, 0.14).
SU R PA S S (14) surpass (1.00); outstrip
(0.75); excel (0.67); overbalance (to ex­
ce ed , 0 .6 7 ); b ea t (to w o rst, 0.50);
o u tp la y (0 .5 0 ); o u tsh in e (to outdo,
0.50); outw eigh (to exceed in im por­
tance, 0.50); outsell (0.33); top (to ex­
ceed, 0.33); exceed (0.32); outclass
(0.25); outreach (0.25); overtop (0.25).
S U R P R IS E (2) suiprise (to amaze, 1.00);
surprise (to take unaw are, 1.00).
S U R R E N D E R (16) surrender (to accept
defeat, 1.00); surrender (to relinquish
possession, 1.00); obey (to act in ac­
cordance w ith orders, 0.76); quit (to
abandon, 0.75); abandon (to relinquish,
0.67); capitulate (0.67); fall (to be over­
throw n, 0.67); resign (to relinquish,
0.67); bow (to subm it, 0.60); dedicate
SURROUND
(to set apart for special use, 0.58); suc­
cumb (to yield, 0.50); prostrate (to sub­
mit, 0.33); relinquish (0.33); forsake (to
relinquish, 0.25); sacrifice (to give up
as a m eans to an end, 0.22); stop (to
cease, 0.07).
S U R R O U N D (11) surround (to be on all
sides, 1.00); surround (to take a posi­
tion on all sides, 1.00); localize (0.75);
ring (to encircle, 0.75); outflank (0.50);
sheathe (0.50); restrict (to hold w ithin
lim its, 0.41); inclose (0.33); approach
(to com e near in space, 0.25); shelter
(0.22); am bush (0.11).
S U R V E Y (13) survey (to look upon,
1.00); survey (to examine or summarize,
1.00); o v erlo o k (to occu p y a co m ­
m anding height, 0.71); overfly (0.67);
lo o k (to e n d e a v o u r to se e, 0 .5 5 );
analyze (to study carefully, 0.50); digest
(to sum m arize, 0.50); view (0.50);
contem plate (to look at, 0.35); recon­
noitre (0.25); browse (0.20); measure (to
ap p ly a sta n d a rd o f m e a su re m e n t,
0.11); see (to perceive w ith the eye,
0.09).
S U R V IV E (7) survive (to live on, 1.00);
survive (to endure, 1.00); m anage (to
get along, 0.50); live (to persist in h u ­
m an memory, 0.40); be (to have being,
0.30); endure (to continue, 0.28); exist
(to have being, 0.25).
S U S P E C T (11) suspect (to doubt som e­
one, 1.00); suspect (to suppose, 1.00);
d o u b t (to e n te r ta in d o u b t, 0 .9 3 );
estim ate (to m ake a considered predic­
tion, 0.80); guess (to attem pt an answer
on inadequate evidence, 0.76); mistrust
(0.75); assum e (to take for granted,
0.62); distrust (0.50); misbelieve (0.50);
question (to doubt, 0.50); hope (0.38).
-341- SUSTAIN
S U S P E N D (1 7 ) su sp e n d (to debar,
1.00);suspend (to cease temporarily,
1.00); suspend (to hang, 1.00); suspend
(to cause to hang, 1.00); halt (to cause
to cease, 0.96); neglect (to fail to at­
tend to responsibilities, 0.77); expel (to
dism iss, 0.75); interm it (0.75); bar (to
obstruct by refusal, 0.68); dism iss (to
rem ove an em ployee, 0.54); fail (to
dism iss for failure, 0.50); debar (to
exlude, 0.33); pause (0.30); recall (to re­
m ove from office, 0.25); stop (to cause
to cease, 0.25); delay (to cause a delay,
0.16); hinder (0.01).
S U S P IR E (1) sigh (0.75).
SU ST A IN (38) sustain (to carry, 1.00);
sustain (to nourish, 1.00); sustain (to
defend, 1.00); su p p o rt (to uphold,
0.94); hold (to support; often used with
up, 0.91); undergo (0.91); com fort (to
m ake easy physically, 0.73); afford (to
be in a position to buy, 0.71); bear (to
support weight, 0.67); buoy (0.67); jus­
tify (to give reasons for, 0.67); outwear
(to survive, 0.67); support (to hold up
from beneath, 0.64); continue (to per­
sist, 0.63); encourage (to give support,
0.62); strengthen (0.61); help (to aid,
0.54); carry (to support weight, 0.50);
fo rtify (to stren g th en p h y sically or
em otionally, 0.50); keep (to continue,
0.50); receive (to support, 0.50); serv­
ice (0.50); prove (0.45); com fort (to
console, 0.44); defend (to provide gen­
eral protection, 0.42); accommodate (to
render a service, 0.38); endure (to sus­
tain adversity, 0.38); face (to confront
conflict or trouble, 0.36); endure (to
c o n tin u e , 0 .3 3 ); su ffe r (to endure,
0.33); survive (to endure, 0.33); uphold
SWAB -342-
(to m aintain, 0.33); bolster (0.25); but­
tress (0.25); nourish (0.25); approve (to
give approval, 0.23); feed (0.23); m ain­
tain (to keep ready for use, 0.11).
SW A B (8) sw ab (1.00); w ash (to brush
w ith a liquid, 0.92); m op (0.89); clean
(0.85); rub (to subject to friction, 0.23);
paint (to protect or decorate by paint­
ing, 0.20); w ipe (0.20); grease (0.09).
SW A D D L E (2) sw addle (1.00); w rap (to
tw ine or wind, 0.22).
S W A G G E R (8) sw agger (to strut, 1.00);
sw ag ger (to boast, 1,00); boast (to
brag, 0.85); brag (0.75); vaunt (0.75);
bluster (0.65); strut (0.50); sw ay (to
fluctuate, 0.25).
S W A L L O W (5) sw allow (1.00); eat (to
take as food, 0.78); devour (0.50); quaff
(0.50); absorb (to take in by absorp­
tion, 0.21).
SW A M P (5) drow n (to cover w ith liquid,
0.75); flood (0.71); subm erge (to cause
to sink, 0.25); sink (to cause to sink,
0.20); defeat (to w orst in war, 0.11).
SW A P (2) swap (1.00); trade (to give one
thing for another, 0.33).
SW A R M to gather, o f bees (6) sw arm
(1.00); bristle (to display in abundance,
0.75); concentrate (to bring or com e
together, 0.32); teem (0.29); gather (to
com e together, 0.26); mob (0.25).
SW A SH (3) spatter (0.81); gargle (0.75);
boast (to brag, 0.30).
SW AT to hit (2) sw at (1.00); pelt (0.75).
SW ATH (1) sw ath (1.00).
SW A T H E (5) sw athe (1.00); w rap (to
tw ine or w ind, 0.89); sw addle (0.75);
bandage (0.50); tape (to bandage, 0.50).
SWAY (32) sw ay (to fluctuate, 1.00);
sw ay (to influence, 1.00); influence
SWEEP
(0.97); rock (0.95); sw ing (to describe
an arc, 0.91); lobby (0.88); shake (to
cause to vibrate, 0.79); sw agger (to
strut, 0.75); w addle (0.75); reel (0.70);
heave (to raise and fall, 0.67); waggle
(0.67); teeter (0.64); wave (to move back
and forth, 0.52); affect (to have an
e ffe c t u p o n , 0 .5 0 ); c a reen (0 .5 0 );
v ac illate (to totter, 0.50); m ove (to
arouse the em otions of, 0.46); encour­
age (to raise the spirits, 0.44); toss (to
m ove up and dow n, 0.43); win (to con­
vince, 0.43); wag (0.33); dance (to move
in a gay manner, 0.30); convince (0.29);
alternate (to fluctuate, 0.27); affect (to
m ove em otionally, 0.25); bias (0.25);
lurch (0.25); oscillate (to swing, 0.25);
totter (to be near falling, 0.15); beat (to
pulsate, 0.13); tilt (to incline, 0.09).
S W E A R (15) swear (to curse, 1.00); swear
(to tak e an o ath, 1.00); sw ear (to
declare, 1.00); testify (to bare witness,
0.78); declare (to adm it to o n e’s pos­
sessions, 0.77); prom ise (to give on e’s
w ord, 0.77); certify (to state formally,
0.75); fulm inate (to denounce, 0.75);
guarantee (to promise, 0.75); pledge (to
prom ise, 0.75); blasphem e (0.67); as­
sure (to prom ise, 0.25); profane (0.22);
vouch (0.05); declare (to speak formally
and emphatically, 0.02).
S W E A T (6) sw eat (to perspire, 1.00);
sw eat (to w ork hard, 1.00); toil (toil,
0.75); w ork (to labour, 0.73); exude
(0.25); excrete (0.07).
S W E E P (12) sw eep (1.00); brush (to
cleanse by b ru sh in g , 0.75); pan (to
swing; said o f a camera, 0.67); flow (to
issue forth, 0.65); swab (0.50); flow (to
m ove in one direction, 0.48); lick (to
SWEETEN -343-
p ass the to n g u e over, 0 .47); clea n
(0.43); touch (to be in contact, 0.32);
dance (to m ove in a gay m anner, 0.20);
blow (to carry on the wind, 0.08); reach
(to extend to, 0.07).
S W E E T E N (2) sw eeten (to m ake fresh,
1.00); sw eeten (to m ake sweet, 1.00).
S W E L L (30) sw ell (1.00); rise (to in­
crease, 0.90); grow (to becom e larger,
0.89); heap (to place in a heap, 0.88);
p ro tru d e (0.86); accu m u late (to in ­
crease, 0.67); belly (0.67); heave (to
raise and fall, 0.62); w ave (to undulate,
0.62); boast (to brag, 0.60); bluster
(0.59); irritate (to inflam e, 0.57); teem
(0.57); bristle (to show sudden anger,
0.50); fatten (to grow fat, 0.50); w ax (to
increase, 0.50); flow (to issue forth,
0.35); abound (0.33); blow (to give form
by in fla tio n , 0.33); fill (to o ccu p y
avaliable space, 0.33); inflate (to fill
with air or gas, 0.33); build (to increase,
0.25); enlarge (to increase, 0.25); p u ff
(to inflate, 0.25); stretch (to becom e
longer, 0.25); w iden (to becom e wider,
0.25); fill (to pour to the capacity o f
the container, 0.23); inflam e (to cause
physical soreness, 0.14); thicken (to
m ake thicker, 0.13); flow (to m ove in
one direction, 0.10).
S W E L T E R (4) sw elter (1.00); secrete (to
p ersp ire , 0.50); sw eat (to persp ire,
0.43); heat (to becom e hot, 0.19).
S W E R V E (15) sw erve (1.00); turn (to
change direction, 0.92); veer (0.92);
change (to m ake different, 0.83); de­
flect (0.75); turn (to divert, 0.73); devi­
ate (0.70); vary (to show changes,
0.50); yaw (0.50); stray (0.40); recoil
(0.36); hesitate (0.29); diverge (to move
in different directions from the sam e
SWISH
source, 0.25); bend (to be forced out
o f a stra ig h t line, 0 .2 1 ); w ind (to
meander, 0.18).
S W IG to drink (3) drink (to consume al­
coholic liquor, 0.50); swallow (0.27);
guzzle (0.25).
S W IL L (5) sw ill (1.00); guzzle (0.75);
drink (to consum e alcoholic liquor,
0.67); gulp (0.50); swallow (0.45).
S W IM (2) swim (1.00); float (0.33).
S W IN D L E (11) sw indle (1.00); deceive
(0.90); bam boozle (to cheat, 0.75); do
(to cheat, 0.75); victim ize (0.67); rob
(0.60); cheat (0.50); rook (0.50); steal
(0 .28); gyp (0.25); m ulct (to cheat
someone, 0.25).
S W IN G (19) sw ing (to describe an arc,
1.00); sw ing (to cause to swing, 1.00);
beat (to pulsate, 0.76); rock (0.76); turn
(to change direction, 0.75); shake (to
cause to vibrate, 0.71); gallop (0.53);
reciprocate (to vacillate, 0.50); suspend
(to cause to hang, 0.50); suspend (to
hang, 0.50); w ag (0.50); wield (0.50);
hang (to be suspended, 0.45); wave (to
m ove back and forth, 0.38); flap (0.25);
u n d u la te (to sw ay, 0.25); w ave (to
flutter, 0.25); dance (to m ove in a gay
manner, 0.15); flourish (to wave trium­
phantly, 0.13).
S W IN G L E to sw ing about; to hang (1)
toss (to m ove up and down, 0.07).
S W IR L (9) swirl (to roll or wave, 1.00);
swirl (to twist, 1.00); flow (to keep up a
circular m otion, 0.89); turn (to change
direction, 0.83); whirl (0.50); heave (to
raise and fall, 0.33); w ave (to undulate,
0.31); roll (to revolve, 0.29); dance (to
m ove in a gay manner, 0.25).
S W IS H (4) sw ish (1.00); rustle (0.77);
SWITCH -344-
w hirr (0.50); w ave (to flutter, 0.33).
S W IT C H (8) sw itch (1 .00); b ea t (to
thrash, 0.75); w ithdraw (to rem ove,
0.50); turn (to divert, 0.33); rem ove (to
m ove physically, 0.30); tack (to steer
an oblique course, 0.20); hurt (to cause
pain, 0.10); punish (0.06).
S W IV E L (3) pivot (0.50); turn (to pivot,
0.44); roll (to revolve, 0.21).
S W O O N (2) sw oon (1.00); faint (0.83).
S W O O P (6) sw oop (1.00); dip (to fall,
0.67); fly (to pass through the air, 0.46);
race (to m ove at great speed, 0.32); run
(to go sw iftly by physical effort, 0.28);
descend (to m ove lower, 0.04).
S Y M B O L IZ E (7) symbolize (1.00); indi­
cate (to signify, 0.75); prefigure (0.75);
represent (to serve as an equivalent,
0.64); m ean (to have as meaning, 0.56);
personify (to represent, 0.50); typify
(0.50).
S Y M P A T H IZ E (2) sym pathize (1.00);
condole (0.75).
S Y M P H O N IZ E (1) harmonize (to render
harmonic, 0.25).
S Y N C H R O N IZ E (2) coexist (0.50); agree
(0.08).
SY N C O PA TE (1) syncopate (1.00).
S Y N D IC A T E (2) syndicate (1.00); m o­
nopolize (0.27).
S Y N T H E S IZ E (3) sy n thesize (1.00);
m erge (0.81); organize (to put in order,
0.60).
S Y N T H E T IZ E (1) mix (to blend, 0.18).
S Y ST E M A T IZ E (10) systematize (1.00);
c lassify (0.82); o rg an iz e (to p u t in
order, 0.80); order (to put in order, 0.79);
codify (0.75); regulate (to adjust, 0.74);
arrange (to put in order, 0.25); lay (to
p ut in order, 0.25); adjust (to bring to
an agreem ent, 0.20); tabulate (0.20).
TAKE
T
T A B L E (3) table (1.00); w aive (0.15);
delay (to cause a delay, 0.14).
T A B O O (3) taboo (1.00); forbid (0.07);
hinder (0.02).
T A B U L A T E (6) tabulate (1.00); classify
(0.91); inventory (0.82); record (to write
down, 0.56); list (to enter in a list, 0.28);
index (0.25).
T A C K (8) tack (to fasten lightly, 1.00);
tack (to steer an oblique course, 1.00);
turn (to reverse, 0.94); sew (0.50); turn
(to change direction, 0.50); fasten (to
m ake som ething secure, 0.48); baste (to
sew temporarily, 0.25); change (to make
different, 0.07).
T A C K L E (7) tackle (1.00); block (in
sports, to im pede a play, 0.75); down
(0.71); trip (to cause to stum ble, 0.60);
attack (to proceed vigorously, 0.50);
harness (0.38); try (to endeavour, 0.17).
T A G (4) tag (to fit w ith a tag, 1.00); rate
(to rank, 0.57); m ark (to put prices
upon, 0.25); classify (0.20).
T A IL O R (2) sew (0.60); change (to make
different, 0.39).
T A IN T (12) taint (to pollute, 1.00); taint
(to corrupt, 1.00); corrupt (to debase,
0.67); touch (to tinge, 0.56); adulterate
(0.51); infect (0.50); stain (to soil, 0.25);
disgrace (0.23); dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.17); abuse (to treat badly,
0.14); poison (0.14); dirty (0.13).
T A K E (65) take (to seize, 1.00); take (to
collect, 1.00); take (to catch, 1.00); take
(to ch oose, 1.00); take (to acquire,
1.00); take (to require, 1.00); take (to
purchase, 1.00); take (to contract; said
o f a disease, 1.00); take (to record, 1.00);
take (to transport, 1.00); take (to capti­
TALK -345-
vate, 1.00); take (to win, 1.00); take (to
rent, 1.00); take (to steal, 1.00); take (to
undergo, 1.00); take (to consider, 1.00);
take (to com prehend, 1.00); take (to
lead, 1.00); take (to escort, 1.00); take
(to adm it, 1.00); take (to enjoy, 1.00);
take (to adopt, 1.00); take (to apply,
1.00); take (to travel, 1.00);take (to
experience, 1.00); take (to grow, 1.00);
steal (0.97); seize (to grasp, 0.95);
choose (to select, 0.93); rob (0.90);
catch (to seize hold of, 0.87); under­
stand (to com prehend, 0.85); obtain (to
gain possession, 0.82); acquire (to ob­
tain, 0.80); drink (to sw allow liquid,
0.75); force (to cap tu re by assault,
0.75); average (to do on an average,
0.71); jum p (to pass over, 0.71); get (to
receive, 0.67); react (to feel in response,
0.67); bring (to initiate a legal action,
0 .6 4 ); sw a llo w (0 .6 4 ); en d u re (to
su stain adversity, 0.62); accept (to
receive, 0.50); capture (to take into le­
gal custody, 0.50); get (to catch, 0.50);
impound (to seize, 0.50); trust (to hope,
0.50); cariy (to transport, 0.48); catch
(to contract a disease, 0.40); catch (to
reach in tim e to board, 0.33); cost (to
require in money, 0.33); film (0.33); nab
(to seize, 0.33); seize (to take by force,
0.33); receive (to take into one’s charge,
0.26); appropriate (to seize, 0.25); grab
(0.25); partake (0.25); jum p (to leap
across or up, 0.23); defeat (to w orst in
sport or in personal com bat, 0.21);
consider (to regard, 0.20); hold (to have
in o n e ’s grasp, 0.14); arrest (to seize
legally, 0.08); bring (to be worth in sale,
0.08).
T A L K (7) talk (to converse, 1.00); talk (to
lecture, 1.00); talk (to utter, 1.00); utter
TAP
(0.93); lecture (to give a speech, 0.75);
com m unicate (to be in communication,
0.71); preach (0.40).
TA LLY (9) tally (to record, 1.00); tally (to
count, 1.00); agree (0.62); score (to
com pute the score, 0.50); list (to enter
in a list, 0.47); adjust (to bring to an
agreement, 0.40); add (to bring together,
usually by m athem atics, 0.33); fit (to
be suitable in character, 0.32); calculate
(to reckon, 0.05).
T A M E to bring animals under control (5)
decrease (to m ake less, 0.89); subject
(0.88); d o m esticate (0.75); harness
(0.54); civilize (0.48).
T A M P E R (3) tam per (1.00); m eddle (to
handle others’ things, 0.86); violate (to
transgress, 0.17).
TA N (2) sear (to dry by searing, 0.75);
w eather (to expose to the weather,
0.46).
T A N G L E to involve in affairs (7) tangle
(1.00); complicate (0.40); mat (0.40); mix
(to confuse, 0.33); entangle (0.31); in­
tertwine (0.25); mistake (0.13).
T A N G O (1) dance (to move rhythmically,
0.38).
T A N T A L IZ E (8) tantalize (1.00); disap­
point (0.74); appeal (to attract, 0.62);
tease (0.50); tem pt (0.50); taunt (0.25);
fascinate (0.22); bother (to give trou­
ble, 0.03).
T A P to furnish cask with a tap (7) tap (to
puncture in order to draw liquid, 1.00);
tap (to obtain by m eans o f tapping,
1.00); em p ty (to cau se to becom e
em pty, 0.76); bro ach (to penetrate,
0.75); decant (0.67); drain (to withdraw
fluid, 0.50); uncover (0.25).
T A P to knock (13) tap (to strike lightly,
1.00); dab (0.75); fillip (to rap sharply,
TAPE -346-
0.75); knock (0.75); pat (to strike lightly,
0.75); patter (0.75); chuck (to caress,
0.50); hit (to strike, 0.48); b ea t (to
thrash, 0.45); peck (0.33); pum p (0.33);
rustle (0.31); nudge (0.25).
T A PE (7) tape (to fasten, 1.00); tape (to
record, 1.00);tape (to bandage, 1.00);
record (to record electronically, 0.83);
cut (to record electronically, 0.33); gag
(to stop the m outh, 0.20); w ind (to
w rap about, 0.20).
T A P E R (2) ta p e r (1 .0 0 ); p o in t (to
sharpen, 0.75).
T A R N IS H (10) tarnish (to stain, 1.00);
tarnish (to disgrace, 1.00); dam age (to
im pair the value of, 0.92); dirty (0.79);
fade (to lose co lo u r or light, 0.67);
b lack en (to sm irch, 0.50); disg race
(0.42); slander (0.40); blot (to disgrace,
0.25); discolour (0.25).
T A RRY (10) tarry (1.00); linger (to go re­
luctantly, 0.96); stay (0.75); w ait (to
await, 0.70); lag (to m ove slowly, 0.60);
stop (to halt, 0.60); trail (to lag behind,
0.60); loiter (0.52); dwell (0.36); remain
(to stay, 0.33).
T A R T A R IZ E to convert into a tartar (1)
sour (0.09).
T A SK (1) com m and (to issue an order,
0.14).
T A ST E (8) taste (to experience flavour,
1.00); taste (to taste by the tongue,
1.00); taste (to recognize by flavour,
1.00); taste (to experience, 1.00);sample
(0.75); sip (0.67); touch (to be in con­
tact, 0.50); bite (to seize or sever w ith
teeth, 0.44).
T A T T E R to make ragged (1) fray (0.33).
T A T T L E (3) tattle (1.00); gossip (0.92);
babble (0.29).
TA UN T (12) taunt (1.00); ridicule (0.91);
TEASE
sneer (0.83); tease (0.75); oppose (to
hold a contrary opinion, 0.65); scold
(0.59); excite (to stir one mentally, 0.53);
incite (0.43); affront (0.25); m ock (to
ridicule, 0.25); insult (0.20); bother (to
give trouble, 0.18).
T A U T E N (1) stretch (to cause to stretch,
0.07).
TA X (11) tax (to cause to pay a tax, 1.00);
tax (to accuse, 1.00); tax (to burden,
1.00); tire (to make a person exhausted,
0.95); w eary (to make weary, 0.80); fine
(0.62); burden (0.58); drain (to withdraw
strength, 0.41); estim ate (to m ake a
ro u g h gu ess, 0 .4 0 ); refu n d (to put
financial obligations on a new basis,
0.31); accuse (0.19).
T E A C H (9) teach (to act as a teacher,
1.00); teach (to drill, 1.00); explain
(0.73); show (to convince, 0.67); preach
(0.60); cram (to study hurriedly, 0.50);
notify (to provide w ith inform ation,
0.33); inform (0.25); advise (to give
counsel, 0.17).
T E A M (1) team (1.00).
T E A R (15) tear (1.00); m angle (to muti­
late, 0.95); hurt (to cause pain, 0.94);
race (to m ove at great speed, 0.81); slit
(0.75); claw (0.67); shred (0.67); hasten
(to m a k e h a s te , 0 .6 0 ); d iv id e (to
separate by parting, 0.55); break (to
start a rupture, 0.53); rupture (0.50);
dam age (to im pair the value of, 0.42);
strip (to rem ove, 0.33); rip (0.29); run
(to go sw iftly by physical effort, 0.14).
T E A S E to provoke; to tear; to disturb
(19) tease (1.00); excite (to stir one
mentally, 0.78); banter (0.75); harass (to
annoy an individual, 0.75); kid (0.75);
ta n ta l iz e ( 0 .7 5 ) ; c o q u e t (0 .6 7 );
em barrass (to upset mentally, 0.55);
TEEM -347-
dally (to flirt, 0.50); insult (0.50); haunt
(to prey upon, 0.45); disappoint (0.44);
goad (0.44); m olest (to disturb people,
0.44); flirt (to coquet, 0.33); bait (to
torm ent, 0.25); persecute (to torm ent
persistently, 0.25); bother (to give trou­
ble, 0.05); fascinate (0.02).
T E E M to have in g reat n um bers; to
p ro d u ce (2) teem (1.00); in fest (to
swarm, 0.50).
T E E T E R (7) teeter (1.00); flop (to m ove
w ith little control, 0.91); lim p (0.69);
w obble (0.47); alternate (to fluctuate,
0.45); totter (to be near falling, 0.38);
waver (0.36).
T E E T O T A L (1) abstain (0.11).
T E L E C A S T (2) com m unicate (to impart
inform ation, 0.80); broadcast (to trans­
m it electronically, 0.23).
T E L E G R A P H (3) telegraph (1.00); broad­
cast (to transm it electronically, 0.62);
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.53).
T E L E M E T R E (1) m easure (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.09).
T E L E P H O N E (6) telephone (1.00); broad­
cast (to transm it electronically, 0.77);
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.56); report (to deliver inform ation,
0 .3 8 ); c o m m u n ic a te (to be in
com m unication, 0.36); notify (to pro­
vide with information, 0.18).
T E L E P H O T O G R A P H (1) communicate
(to impart information, 0.59).
T E L E S C O P E (1) fold (to place together
or lay in folds, 0.25).
T E L E T Y P E (1) type (to use a typewriter,
0 .20).
T E L E V ISE (3) communicate (to impart in­
form ation, 0.51); broadcast (to trans­
mit electronically, 0.31); send (to broad­
TEMPT
cast, usually electronically, 0.30).
T E L L (28) tell (to inform , 1.00); tell (to
narrate, 1.00); tell (to deduce, 1.00); say
(0.94); declare (to speak form ally and
em phatically, 0.88); w eigh (to have
weight, 0.88); acquaint (0.75); impart (to
inform , 0.75); instruct (to order, 0.75);
unclo ak (to expose, 0.75); w hisper
(0.75); com m and (to issue an order,
0.73); cite (to refer to as authority, 0.69);
detail (to m ake clear in detail, 0.69);
unbosom (0.67); explain (0.61); utter
( 0 .5 4 ) ; b a la n c e (to d e m o n s tra te
balance, 0.53); air (to speak publicly,
0.50); blab (to reveal, 0.50); express (to
give utterance, 0.50); show (to explain,
0.50); adm it (to confess, 0.48); advise
(to give counsel, 0.48); recite (to relate
in detail, 0 .36); dev elo p (to reveal
slowly, 0.35); wish (to bid, 0.25); check
(to determ ine accuracy, 0.13).
T E M P E R (15) te m p er (to soften or
qualify, 1.00); tem per (to toughen or
harden, 1.00); harden (to m ake less
pervious, 0.95); cool (to cause to be­
come cool, 0.92); bake (to harden, 0.75);
cure (to harden, 0.75); slow (to cause
to become slower, 0.55); soften (to make
soft, 0.53); strengthen (0.37); anneal
(0.33); change (to make different, 0.27);
qualify (to lim it, 0.25); regulate (to
adjust, 0.11); restrict (to hold within lim­
its, 0.09); adjust (to place or regulate
parts, 0.08).
T E M P O R IZ E (2) temporize (1.00); trim (to
refuse to take a stand, 0.67).
T E M P T (7) tem pt (1.00); appeal (to at­
tract, 0.69); seduce (0.67); fascinate
(0.61); urge (to induce, 0.44); bribe
(0.33); anger (to arouse som eone to
anger, 0.18).
TENANT -348-
T E N A N T (4) occupy (to fill space, 0.86);
abide (to reside, 0.75); reside (0.70);
dwell (0.07).
T E N D to direct o n e’s course (6) tend (to
have a tendency (tow ard), 1.00); grow
(to change slowly, 0.82); accom pany
(to go with, 0.77); pull (to incline, 0.33);
point (to face, 0.25); drift (0.14).
T E N D to give attention (6) tend (to watch
over, 1.00); m ind (to be careful, 0.80);
grow (to cultivate, 0.70); w ait (to attend
at table, 0.67); m inister (0.50); guard (to
watch over, 0.47).
T E N D E R to present for acceptance (9)
tender (1.00); offer (to present, 0.85);
submit (to offer, 0.75); accom modate (to
render a service, 0.53); m ake (to offer,
0.50); propose (to m ake a suggestion,
0.48); adm inister (to m inister, 0.44);
contribute (to give, 0.29); bid (to pro­
pose a price for purchase, 0.20).
T E N D E R IZ E (1) soften (to m ake soft,
0.35).
T E N T to live in a tent (1) camp (0.45).
T E P E F Y (1) heat (to make hot, 0.78).
T E R G IV E R S A T E (1) hesitate (0.26).
T E R M (3) nam e (to give a nam e, 0.69);
call (to address, 0.25); describe (0.07).
T E R M IN A T E (24) term inate (to abolish,
1.00); term inate (to finish, 1.00); term i­
nate (to limit, 1.00); term inate (to com e
to an end, 1.00); halt (to cause to cease,
0.97); abolish (0.93); stop (to cease,
0.93); achieve (to finish an undertak­
ing, 0.92); go (to end, 0.75); dism iss (to
rem ove an em ployee, 0.69); conclude
(to finish, 0.67); cease (0.50); hinder
(0.50); check (to halt, 0.33); reach (to
extend to, 0.33); decide (0.29); close (to
put a stop to, 0.25); end (to bring to a
conclusion, 0.25); eventuate (to close,
THEORIZE
0.25); lapse (to becom e void, 0.25);
obstruct (to im pede with an obstruc­
tion, 0.25); overthrow (to abolish, 0.25);
r e s u lt (0 .1 1 ); d e stro y (to b rin g to
nothing, 0.08).
T E R R IF Y (6) terrify (1.00); frighten (to
alarm , 0.81); horrify (0.75); haunt (to
prey upon, 0.73); scare (0.50); molest
(to disturb people, 0.16).
T E R R O R IZ E (5) terrorize (1.00); haunt
(to prey upon, 0.42); frighten (to alarm,
0.35); threaten (to warn o f punishment,
0.29); terrify (0.25).
T E S T to su b ject g o ld to refining; to
su b je c t to any te st (8) test (1.00);
experim ent (to put on trial, 0.75); assay
(0.67); control (to verify, 0.50); rehearse
(to p ra c tic e a p e rfo rm a n c e , 0.50);
sample (0.50); verify (0.45); quiz (0.33).
T E S T IF Y (9) testify (to dem onstrate,
1.00); testify (to bare w itness, 1.00);
testify (to declare, 1.00); guarantee (to
certify, 0.89); prove (0.83); sw ear (to
take an oath, 0.64); allege (0.50); vouch
(0.50); witness (0.33).
T E T H E R (6) tether (1.00); term inate (to
limit, 0.50); restrict (to hold within lim­
its, 0.36); bind (to constrain with bonds,
0.14); trammel (0.11); enslave (0.10).
T H A N K (2) thank (1.00); acknow ledge
(to answer, 0.33).
T H A W (7) thaw (to m elt, 1.00); thaw (to
unbend, 1.00); m elt (to liquefy, 0.91);
dissolve (to pass from a solid to a liquid
state, 0.73); heat (to m ake hot, 0.63);
soften (to becom e soft, 0.62); heat (to
becom e hot, 0.25).
T H E O R IZ E (6) theorize (1.00); general­
ize (to make generally applicable, 0.80);
assum e (to take for granted, 0.74); gen­
eralize (to speak in general terms, 0.67);
THICKEN -349-
g u e s s (to a tte m p t an a n s w e r on
inadequate evidence, 0.53); speculate
(to think, 0.40).
T H IC K E N (6) thicken (to become thicker,
1.00); thicken (to m ake thicker, 1.00);
stiff (to grow stiff, 0.88); increase (to
add to, 0.80); consolidate (to cause to
unite, 0.67); fix (to harden, 0.25).
T H IE V E (6) thieve (1.00); rob (0.95); steal
(0.90); embezzle (0.75); loot (0.50); ran­
sack (to loot, 0.29).
T H IN (4) thin (1.00); dilute (0.25); de­
crease (to m ake less, 0.19); w eaken (to
make weaker, 0.10).
T H IN K (11) think (to exam ine w ith the
m ind, 1.00); think (to believe, 1.00);
think (to suppose, 1.00); think (to form
in the mind, 1.00); think (to remember,
1.00); believe (to accept as true, 0.75);
rationalize (to reason, 0.75); plan (to
have in m ind, 0.50); study (to endeav­
our to learn, 0.40); play (to pretend,
0.25); intend (to propose, 0.14).
T H IR D (1) divide (to separate by p art­
ing, 0.41).
T H R A S H (2) thrash (to chastise, 1.00);
thrash (to free grain or seed from hulls,
1.00).
T H R A S H (5) thrash (1.00); curry (to beat,
0.75); whip (0.75); thwack (0.67); defeat
(to w o rs t in s p o rt o r in p e rs o n a l
combat, 0.52).
T H R A S H (1) lambaste (0.50).
T H R A S H (11) drub (0.50); flog (0.50);
paddle (to beat, usually rather lightly,
0.50); wallop (0.50); hurt (to cause pain,
0.39); hit (to strike, 0.32); cudgel (0.25);
flagellate (0.25); scourge (to whip, 0.25);
spank (0.25); trounce (to beat, 0.25).
T H R E A D (3) thread (to pass thread
th ro u g h a n eedle, 1.00); th read (to
THROW
connect, 1.00); m achine (0.25).
T H R E A T E N (9) threaten (to w arn o f
punishm ent, 1.00); threaten (to impend,
1.00); denounce (0.94); approach (to
com e near in tim e, 0.88); snarl (0.60);
frighten (to alarm , 0.55); dare (to defy,
0.47); w arn (0.41); underm ine (to en­
feeble, 0.25).
T H R IL L (5) thrill (to excite, 1.00); thrill
(to becom e excited, 1.00); beat (to
pulsate, 0.58); fascinate (0.33); shake
(to vibrate, 0.24).
T H R IV E (10) thrive (to grow vigorously,
1.00); thrive (to prosper, 1.00); prosper
(0.92); grow (to becom e larger, 0.78);
flourish (to prosper, 0.75); succeed (to
attain success, 0.71); rise (to improve
one’s station, 0.57); bloom (0.38); profit
(to derive gain, 0.33); luxuriate (to
flourish, 0.25).
T H R O B (8) throb (1.00); beat (to pulsate,
0.89); pulsate (0.75); hurt (to give a feel­
ing o f pain, 0.60); palpitate (0.50); pant
(0.50); ache (0.33); heave (to raise and
fall, 0.29).
T H R O N G (8) flock (0.75); gather (to
come together, 0.63); jam (to force one’s
w ay , 0 .5 6 ); p r e s s (to s u b je c t to
p r e s s u r e , 0 .5 6 ); p a c k (to fill by
entering, 0.50); huddle (0.45); swarm
(0.25); infest (to swarm, 0.13).
T H R O T T L E (6) throttle (1.00); garrote
(0.75); choke (to deprive o f air, 0.62);
gag (to stop the mouth, 0.40); hinder
(0.15); choke (to be deprived o f air,
0.13).
T H R O W to send through the air with
force (12) throw (to hurl, 1.00); throw
(to se n d fo rth , 1 .0 0 ); th ro w (to
connect or disconnect, 1.00); throw
(to force to the ground, 1.00); down
THRUM -350-
(0.93); shovel (0.83); defeat (to w orst
in sport or in personal com bat, 0.79);
bow l (in cricket, to pitch, 0.50); tackle
(0.40); drive (to force with blows, 0.20);
splash (0.14); produce (to bear, 0.05).
T H R U M to play on a stringed instrum ent
(1) hum (0.40).
T H R U S T (14) thrust (to jab, 1.00); thrust
(to attack, 1.00); push (to press against,
0.93); press (to subject to pressure,
0.89); slide (to cause to slide, 0.83);
throw (to send forth, 0.83); penetrate
(to pierce, 0.74); dart (to m ove in the
m anner o f a dart, 0.71); drive (to carry
on offensive m ovem ent, 0.67); stab
(0.53); tilt (to encounter, 0.50); launch
(to send off, 0.33); ja m (to force o n e ’s
way, 0.22); goad (0.04).
T H U D (3) bum p (to m ake a bum ping
sound, 0.95); plop (0.50); sound (to
m ake anoise, 0.23).
T H U M B (1) touch (to be in contact, 0.68).
T H U M P (17) thum p (1.00); beat (to p ul­
sate, 0.95); clum p (0.75); plop (0.75);
slam (to throw w ith a slam , 0.75); w al­
lop (0.75); hit (to strike, 0.74); spat
(0.50); ja r (to cause to trem ble, 0.47);
bum p (to make a bum ping sound, 0.45);
thw ack (0.33); hit (to bum p against,
0.29); knock (0.25); strike (to hit, 0.25);
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.18); drive (to
force with blows, 0.13); play (to produce
music, 0.09).
T H U N D E R (8) thunder (1.00); roar (0.76);
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.70); boom
(to m ake a loud noise, 0.25); rum ble
(0.25); explode (to burst, 0.15); roll (to
produce a relatively deep, continuous
sound, 0.13); bum p (to make a bum ping
sound, 0.09).
T H W A C K (4) thw ack (1.00); bum p (to
HE
m ake a bum ping sound, 0.77); hit (to
strike, 0.58); drive (to force with blows,
0.27).
T H W A R T (18) thw art (1.00); hinder
(0.93); defeat (to get the better o f an­
other, 0.83); balk (to frustrate, 0.75);
discom fit (to defeat the plans of, 0.75);
forestall (to hinder, 0.75); impede (0.75);
prevent (0.75); scotch (0.75); halt (to
cause to cease, 0.69); avert (to prevent,
0.67); checkm ate (0.50); ham per (0.50);
oppose (to hold a contrary opinion,
0.50); trammel (0.43); disappoint (0.33);
dissuade (0.33); squelch (0.25).
T IC K to touch or tap lightly ; to mark (1)
click (to m ake a clicking sound, 0.75).
T IC K E T (3) m ark (to put prices upon,
0.75); classify (0.51); nam e (to give a
name, 0.06).
T IC K L E (9) tickle (to stimulate by a light
touch, 1.00); tickle (to excite mentally,
1.00); indulge (to humour, 0.75); titillate
(0.75); feel (to examine by touch, 0.52);
hum our (0.47); itch (to have a tingling
s e n sa tio n , 0 .1 7 ); p la y (to p ro d u ce
m usic, 0.04); entertain (to keep others
am used, 0.03).
T ID Y (2) sm arten (to beautify, 0.50);
groom (0.38).
T IE (17) tie (to fasten, 1.00); tie (to tie a
knot in, 1.00); fasten (to m ake som e­
thing secure, 0.93); anchor (to make
fast, 0.75); bandage (0.75); tape (to
bandage, 0.75); truss (to bind, 0.75);
tack (to fasten lightly, 0.63); balance
(to place in balance, 0.55); knot (0.50);
close (to com e together, 0.40); pack (to
prepare for transportation, 0.40); bat­
ten (0.33); hold (to have in o n e’s grasp,
0.24); harness (0.17); enslave (0.13);
trammel (0.09).
TIGHTEN -351-
T IG H T E N (7) tighten (to make tight, 1.00);
tighten (to becom e tight, 1.00); stretch
(to cause to stretch, 0.93); fasten (to
m a k e s o m e th in g s e c u r e , 0 .8 0 );
com press (0.79); adjust (to place or
regulate parts, 0.77); peg (0.50).
T IL E (2) board (to cover, 0.50); decorate
(0.24).
T IL L to cultivate soil (5) till (1.00); farm
(to do farm w ork, 0.88); cultivate (to
plant, 0.75); dig (to stir the earth, 0.47);
plough (to use a plough, 0.33).
T IL T to cause to fall; to m ove downwards
(15) tilt (to in clin e, 1.00); tilt (to
encounter, 1.00); incline (to cause to
lean or bend, 0.75); dip (to fall, 0.72);
sink (to incline, 0.50); stum ble (to trip,
0.50); pry (to m ove w ith a lever, 0.46);
com pete (0.37); sidle (0.33); careen
(0.25); elevate (to lift bodily, 0.25);
repose (to recline, 0.25); upset (to turn
over, 0.15); contest (to fight, 0.07); fight
(to engage in an encounter, 0.04).
T IM E (3) time (1.00); m easure (to apply a
standard o f m easurem ent, 0.69); clock
(0.50).
T IN (1) preserve (to keep, 0.50).
T IN C T U R E (1) mix (to blend, 0.09).
T IN G E (2) colour (to im part colour to,
0.50); w ash (to brush w ith a liquid,
0.25).
T IN G L E (4) tingle (1.00); thrill (to become
excited, 0.90); prickle (0.33); sting (0.25).
T IN K E R (1) tinker (1.00).
T IN K L E (8) tinkle (1.00); chim e (0.75);
clink (0.75); jingle (0.75); play (to pro­
duce m usic, 0.61); ring (to give forth
sound by ringing, 0.55); clank (0.50);
m urm ur (to m ake a low continuous
sound, 0.42).
T IN S E L to make glittering (1) gild (to give
TOAST
the appearance o f gold, 0.33).
T IN T (8) touch (to tinge, 0.89); redden
(to make red, 0.73); dye (0.67); paint (to
protect or decorate by painting, 0.50);
stain (to colour, 0.50); colour (to impart
colour to, 0.47); w ash (to brush with a
liquid, 0.42); p aint (to represent by
painting, 0.27).
TINTTNNABULATE (2) tinkle (0.14); ring
(to give forth sound by ringing, 0.09).
T IP to give; to let one have (1) bribe
(0.67).
T IP to overthrow (4) tip (1.00); tilt (to
incline, 0.82); lean (to incline, 0.70);
invert (to upset, 0.33).
T IP P L E to sell drinks (1) drink (to con­
sum e alcoholic liquor, 0.83).
T IR E to fail; to cease; to becom e weak
(10) tire (to becom e exhausted, 1.00);
tire (to m ake a person exhausted, 1.00);
tire (to bore, 1.00); drain (to withdraw
strength, 0.71); w eary (to make weary,
0.60); w eary (to becom e weary, 0.44);
disturb (to upset mental calm, 0.35); bore
(to weary, 0.33); exhaust (to consume
strength, 0.33); deaden (to reduce life
or its evidence, 0.14).
T IT IL L A T E (6) titillate (1.00); fascinate
(0.47); coquet (0.33); gladden (0.27);
thrill (to becom e excited, 0.20); tickle
(to stim ulate by a light touch, 0.17).
T IT L E (2) denom inate (0.50); name (to
give a nam e, 0.31).
T IT T E R to laugh in a suppressive way
(5) titter (1.00); giggle (0.75); laugh
(0.65); cackle (0.50); snicker (0.50).
T O A D Y (2 ) fa w n (0 .1 8 ); w o o (to
court,fig., 0.14).
T O A S T to bum (8) toast (to brown bread,
1.00); brow n (0.75); roast (0.75); cook
(0.61); bake (to cook, 0.50); heat (to
TOAST -352-
m ak e hot, 0 .4 0 ); se a r (to c o o k by
searing, 0.25); b u m (to subject to fire,
0.14).
T O A S T to nam e (3) toast (to honour by
drinking liquor, 1.00); com plim ent (to
congratulate, 0.36); congratulate (0.33).
T O B O G G A N (1) slide (to m ove w ith a
sliding m otion, 0.13).
TO DA Y (1) grovel (0.50).
T O D D L E (2) toddle (1.00); lag (to m ove
w ithout spirit, 0.75).
T O IL to w ork hard (6) toil (1.00); w ork
(to labour, 0.91); slog (0.75); sw eat (to
w ork hard, 0.75); labour (0.67); serve
(to w ork for, 0.33).
T O L E R A T E (12) tolerate (to allow, 1.00);
tolerate (to endure, 1.00); endure (to
sustain adversity, 0.90); allow (to perm it
an action, 0.85); bear (to suffer, 0.75);
take (to undergo, 0.75); authorize (to
allow, 0.50); let (to permit, 0.50); perm it
(0.50); adm it (to acknow ledge, 0.45);
face (to confront conflict or trouble,
0.44); resist (to w ithstand, 0.20).
T O L L to cause a bell to sound (3) ring
(to cause to sound, 0.55); knell (0.50);
chime (0.25).
T O M B (1) inter (0.75).
T O N E (1) colour (to im part colour to,
0.41).
T O N G U E (1) lick (to pass the tongue
over, 0.41).
T O N G U E L A S H (1) chasten (to punish.
0.25).
T O O L (5) m achine (0.92); inlay (0.75);
carve (to form by cutting, 0.32); m anu­
facture (to m ake a product, 0.18);
decorate (0.02).
T O O T to sound or blow a horn (4) play
(to produce m usic, 0.52); blow (to play
a w ind instrum ent, 0.50); sound (to
TORREFY
■ m ake a noise, 0.28); whistle (to produce
a shrill blast, 0.15).
T O O T L E (2) w histle (to produce a tune
by whistling, 0.71); whistle (to produce
a shrill blast, 0.08).
T O P to put a top on (5) top (to apply
topping, 1.00); top (to exceed, 1.00);
overlook (to occupy a com m anding
height, 0.86); peak (0.67); loom (to
appear large or im posing, 0.33).
T O P to deprive o f the top (1) top (to re­
m ove the top, 1.00)
T O P to clim ax (2) clim ax (to com e to a
clim ax, 0.33); ju m p (to leap across or
up, 0.08).
T O P P L E (10) topple (topple, 1.00); fall
(to pass quickly dow nw ard, 0.93); de­
scend (to m ove lower, 0.72); upset (to
turn over, 0.46); raze (0.26); stumble (to
trip, 0.25); subvert (0.19); smash (0.10J;
trip (to stum ble, 0.09); drop (to cause
or to perm it to fall, 0.07).
T O R C H to furnish or light with a torch
(1) b um (to subject to fire, 0.68).
T O R M E N T (15) torment (1.00); haunt (to
prey upon, 0.94); hurt (to cause pain,
0.91); harrow (to torment, 0.75); heckle
(0.75); persecute (to oppress, especially
for religious reasons, 0.57); threaten (to
warn o f punishment, 0.57); afflict (0.50);
tantalize (0.50); disappoint (0.48); con­
vulse (0.38); harry (to harass, 0.25);
tease (0.25); bother (to give trouble,
0.15); dam n (to consign to hell, 0.07).
T O R P E D O (7) dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.72); raid (0.70); shoot (to
discharge, 0.70); bomb (0.57); attack (to
fight offensively (arm y), 0.32); defeat
(to w orst in war, 0.22); w reck (to bring
to ruin, 0.20).
T O R R E F Y (1) dry (to cause to become
dry, 0.08).
TORTURE -353-
T O R T U R E (9) torture (to torment, 1.00);
torture (to injure, 1.00); hurt (to cause
pain, 0.78); crucify (to torm ent, 0.75);
persecute (to oppress, especially for
religious reasons, 0.52); torm ent (tor­
ment, 0.40); crucify (to kill by crucifix­
ion, 0.25); bother (to give trouble, 0.13);
convulse (0.13).
T O SS (16) toss (to throw easily, 1.00);
toss (to m ove up and down, 1.00); bunt
(to butt, 0.75); fling (0.75); lob (0.75);
fidget (0.73); juggle (to keep in the air
by tossing, 0.67); throw (to hurl, 0.53);
flop (to m ove w ith little control, 0.52);
strew (0.50); w allow (0.33); disorgan­
ize (0.30); flounce (0.25); pitch (to throw,
0.25); beat (to pulsate, 0.24); butt (to
strike w ith the head, 0.14).
T O T A L (5) total (to add, 1.00); add (to
bring together, usually by m athem at­
ics, 0.89); score (to com pute the score,
0.88); tally (to count, 0.33); balance (to
dem onstrate balance, 0.12).
T O T T E R (18) totter (to be near falling,
1.00); totter (to stagger, 1.00); teeter
(0.82); rock (0.81); hobble (to m ove as
though hobbled, 0.75); stagger (0.75);
flop (to m ove w ith little control, 0.61);
linger (to go reluctantly, 0.61); fall (to
pass quickly dow nw ard, 0.57); dodder
(0.50); wobble (0.40); limp (0.38); shake
(to vibrate, 0.29); w aver (0.27); w addle
(0.25); weaken (to become weaker, 0.23);
reel (0.20); alternate (to fluctuate, 0.18).
T O U C H (25) touch (to be in contact,
1.00); touch (to com e into a contact
w ith, 1.00); touch (to relate to, 1.00);
touch (to tinge, 1.00); reach (to extend
to, 0.93); jo in (to unite, 0.89); lick (to
pass the tongue over, 0.88); w ash (to
TRACE
b order upon, 0.83); affect (to m ove
emotionally, 0.75); equal (0.69); rub (to
apply by rubbing, 0.69); apply (to be
relevant, 0.67); taste (to taste by the
tongue, 0.57); move (to arouse the emo­
tions of, 0.54); b utt (to abut, 0.50);
finger (to feel, 0.50); reach (to extend a
part o f the body to, 0.50); tap (to strike
lightly, 0.50); jo in (to adjoin, 0.42);
glance (to ricochet, 0.33); grope (0.33);
belong (to be properly placed, 0.29);
intersect (to come together, 0.25); verge
(0.25); refer (to concern, 0.06).
T O U G H E N (6) anneal (0.67); strengthen
(0.39); coarsen (0.25); inure (0.25);
tighten (to becom e tight, 0.17); harden
(to m ake less pervious, 0.14).
T O U R (13) tour (1.00); travel (to jo u r­
ney, 0.96); rid e (to be transported,
0.83); circle (0.78); m otor (0.75); take
(to travel, 0.75); hike (to tramp, 0.67);
jo u rn ey (0.67); cam paign (to solicit
votes, 0.50); visit (to stop for business
or pleasure, 0.50); w alk (to move on
foot, 0.30); do (to travel, 0.25); tramp
(to w ander afoot, 0.20).
T O U S L E (2) muss (0.78); ruffle (to disar­
range, 0.50).
T O W (3) tow (tow, 1.00); draw (to move
an object, 0.55); tug (0.25).
T O W E R (6) tow er (1.00); soar (0.75);
climax (to come to a climax, 0.67); loom
(to appear large or imposing, 0.56); rise
(to m ove upw ard, 0.56); surge (to rise,
0.50).
T O Y (2) toy (to consider, 1.00); dally (to
flirt, 0.75).
T R A C E (13) trace (to discover by inves­
tigation, 1.00); trace (to draw, 1.00);
m odel (to imitate a model, 0.92); reason
TRACK -354-
(to discuss persuasively, 0.82); line (to
provide lines, 0.75); draw (to m ake a
likeness by draw ing, 0.61); hunt (to try
to find, 0.53); plan (to arrange in a
preliminary way, 0.50); m ark (to make a
m ark, 0.45); form (to give shape to a
thing, 0.39); trail (to follow, 0.33); track
(to follow by evidence, 0.29); forge
(0.06).
T R A C K to follow; to pursue; to trace (8)
track (to follow by evidence, 1.00);
track (to dirty w ith tracks, 1.00); stalk
(0.67); trail (to follow, 0.67); hunt (to
pursue w ith intent to kill, 0.65); pursue
(to chase, 0.57); chase (0.50); follow (to
hunt, 0.25).
T R A D E (10) trade (to do business, 1.00);
trade (to give one thing for another,
1.00); deal (to do business w ith, 0.75);
v en d (0 .7 5 ); b a rte r (0 .6 7 ); sell (to
convey for a consideration, 0.50); swap
( 0 .5 0 ) ; c o m m u te (to e x c h a n g e
reciprocally for som ething else, 0.25);
peddle (0.25); exchange (to give and
receive reciprocally, 0.14).
T R A D U C E (5) traduce (1.00); scandalize
(0.86); slander (0.80); defame (0.75); de­
preciate (to low er in reputation, 0.50).
T R A IL (13) trail (to follow, 1.00); trail (to
lag behind, 1.00); linger (to go reluc­
tantly, 0.86); hunt (to pursue with intent
to kill, 0.83); chase (0.75); shadow (to
follow secretly, 0.67); hunt (to try to
find, 0.65); draw (to m ove an object,
0.64); track (to follow by evidence,
0.57); loiter (0.21); pursue (to chase,
0.14); spy (to act as a spy, 0.14); ram ble
(to go in various directions, 0.08).
T R A IN (22) train (to drill, 1.00); train (to
e d u c a te , 1 .0 0 ); tr a in (to to u g h e n
oneself, 1.00); train (to direct grow th,
TRANSACT
1.00); train (to aim, 1.00); aim (to point
a w eapon, 0.89); teach (to drill, 0.88);
practice (to seek im provem ent through
repetition, 0.80); punish (0.80); coach
(0.75); discipline (to regulate, 0.75);
ground (to instruct in essentials, 0.75);
harden (to toughen, 0.65); catechize (to
instruct systematically, 0.50); direct (to
aim a w eapon, 0.50); specialize (to
study intensively, 0.50); walk (to cause
to m ove on foot, 0.43); influence (0.37);
educate (0.25); turn (to point, 0.25);
raise (to nurture, 0.20); com m and (to
have control, 0.12).
T R A IP S E (3) linger (to go reluctantly,
0.68); loiter (0.62); w alk (to m ove on
foot, 0.09).
T R A M M E L (5) trammel (1.00); muzzle (to
silence, 0.73); bar (to raise a physical
obstruction, 0.65); hinder (0.42); bind
(to constrain w ith bonds, 0.03).
T R A M P (7) tramp (to tread heavily, 1.00);
tram p (to w ander afoot, 1.00); march
(0.65); w alk (to m ove on foot, 0.39);
roam (to w ander, 0.31); clum p (0.25);
bum p (to make a bum ping sound, 0.05).
T R A M P L E (6) tram ple (1.00); oppress
(0.83); ravage (0.53); tram p (to tread
heavily, 0.30); d estro y (to bring to
nothing, 0.26); maul (0.25).
T R A N Q U IL IZ E (7) tranquilize (1.00);
q u iet (to m ake calm , 0.82); soothe
(0.80); calm (0.75); ease (to relieve of
pain, 0.72); d ecrease (to m ake less,
0.68); lick (to pass the tongue over,
0.18).
T R A N S A C T (6) transact (1.00); act (to
perform an action, 0.89); negotiate (to
m ake arrangem ents for, 0.65); perform
(to accom plish an action, 0.56); enact
(to legislate, 0.37); exchange (to replace
TRANSCEND -355-
one thing w ith another, 0.20).
T R A N SC E N D (7) transcend (1.00); out­
shine (to outdo, 0.75); surpass (0.40);
excel (0.33); overbalance (to exceed,
0.33); pass (to exceed, 0.33); exceed
(0.26).
T R A N S C R IB E (8) transcribe (1.00);
record (to w rite dow n, 0.88); w rite (to
com pose in w ords, 0.67); type (to use
a typew riter, 0.40); note (to record,
0.33); typew rite (0.33); reproduce (to
make an exact copy, 0.31); forge (0.22).
T R A N S F E R (25) transfer (to carry, 1.00);
transfer (to assign, 1.00); rem ove (to
m ove physically, 0.95); com m unicate
(to impart information, 0.90); exchange
(to replace one thing w ith another,
0.90); cany (to transmit, 0.89); carry (to
transport, 0.84); send (to deliver, 0.82);
pass (to hand to others, 0.67); transm it
(to carry, 0.67); adopt (to take as a son
or d a u g h te r, 0 .6 4 ); re fu n d (to p u t
financial obligations on a new basis,
0.62); deliver (to carry, 0.60); relay
(0 .6 0 ); d e le g a te (to giv e d u tie s to
another, 0.50); supplant (0.50); conduct
(to transm it, 0.33); reach (to give an
object to another, 0.33); bear (to carry,
0.25); consign (to give over or deliver,
0.25); give (to pass on, 0.25); sustain
(to carry, 0.25); transpose (0.25); trust
(to place in the protection o f another,
0.13); deposit (to present m oney for
safekeeping, 0.08).
T R A N S F IG U R E (3) tra n sfig u re (to
transform , 1.00); transfigure (to exalt,
1.00); change (to make different, 0.13).
T R A N S F IX (5) transfix (to fascinate,
1.00); transfix (to impale, 1.00); stab
(0.93); thrust (to jab, 0.33); penetrate
(to pierce, 0.13).
TRANSM1T
T R A N S F O R M (11) transform (1.00); re­
form (to change into a new form, 0.78);
r e m a k e (0 .7 5 ); tra n sm u te (0 .7 5 );
transcend (0.67); convert (to alter the
form or use, 0.50); modify (to alter, 0.50);
change (to make different, 0.48); change
(to becom e different, 0.38); turn (to
reverse, 0.31); metam orphose (0.25).
T R A N SF U SE (4) transfuse (1.00); instill
(0.88); adulterate (0.63); mix (to blend,
0.21).
T R A N S G R E S S (6) transgress (1.00); in­
fringe (0.75); forget (to forget oneself,
0.67); sin (0.50); misconduct (to misbe­
have oneself, 0.33); disobey (0.22).
T R A N S L A T E (8) translate (to change
into another language, 1.00); translate
(to interpret, 1.00); translate (to trans­
form , 1.00); read (to interpret, 0.79);
change (to m ake different, 0.77); inter­
pret (to explain, 0.75); explain (0.52);
d e f in e (to p r o v id e a nam e or
description, 0.25).
T R A N S L IT E R A T E (3) translate (to
change into another language, 0.80);
render (to translate, 0.75); do (to trans­
late, 0.25).
T R A N S M IG R A T E (1) transm igrate
(1.00).
T R A N S M IT (18) transmit (to send, 1.00);
tran sm it (to carry, 1.00); send (to
dispatch, 0.95); send (to broadcast,
usually electronically, 0.90); refund (to
put financial obligations on a new ba­
sis, 0.69); carry (to transport, 0.68);
beam (to emit, 0.67); dispatch (to send
som ething on its way, 0.67); communi­
cate (to im part inform ation, 0.61); give
(to pass on, 0.50); radiate (to send forth
from a centre, 0.50); relay (0.40); broad­
cast (to transm it electronically, 0.38);
TRANSMOGRIFY
ship (0.29); negotiate (to transfer, 0.25);
waft (0.25); leave (to allow to fall to an­
other, 0.17); give (to transfer, 0.07).
T R A N S M O G R IF Y (1) change (to make
different, 0.08).
T R A N S M U T E (6) tran sm u te (1.00);
change (to m ake different, 0.85); trans­
late (to transform , 0.75); turn (to trans­
form, 0.75); transfigure (to transform ,
0.50); exchange (to replace one thing
with another, 0.15).
T R A N S P IR E (5) transpire (1.00); pass (to
elapse, 0.75); occur (0.67); elapse (0.50);
go (to elapse, 0.50).
T R A N S P L A N T (5) transplant (1.00);
carry (to transport, 0.88); plant (0.58);
operate (to carry on a surgical pro ce­
dure, 0.43); colonize (0.22).
T R A N S P O R T (17) transport (1.00); re­
m ove (to m ove physically, 0.85); de­
liver (to carry, 0.80); bear (to carry,
0.75); transfer (to carry, 0.75); drive (to
m an age a p ro p e lle d veh icle, 0.58);
ban ish (to condem n to exile, 0.56);
sustain (to carry, 0.50); truck (to send
by truck, 0.50); w aft (0.50); c a n y (to
tran sm it, 0.44); charm (to bew itch,
0.42); g ladden (0.36); in troduce (to
bring in, 0.33); drag (to pull an object,
0.25); fascinate (0.20); operate (to be in
operation, 0.14).
T R A N S P O S E (13) transpose (1.00); re­
verse (to exchange, 0.75); transplant
(0.70); exchange (to replace one thing
with another, 0.60); displace (to remove,
0.50); do (to translate, 0.50); translate
(to c h a n g e in to a n o th e r la n g u a g e ,
0 .3 0 ); ch a n g e (to p u t in p la c e o f
another, 0.25); invert (to reverse, 0.25);
render (to translate, 0.25); translate (to
transform , 0.25); turn (to transform ,
-356- TREASURE
0.25); change (to m ake different, 0.20).
T R A N S S H A P E (1) change (to make dif­
ferent, 0.90).
T R A N S S H IP (1) export (0.67).
TR A N SSU B STA N T IA T E (1) change (to
make different, 0.75).
T R A N SU D E (1) sweat (to perspire, 0.57).
T R A P to entrap; to catch (11) trap (1.00);
entangle (0.81); bag (0.75); catch (to
b rin g into cap tiv ity , 0.75); enm esh
(0.75); corner (0.67); ensnare (to cap­
ture, 0.50); trepan (0.50); hinder (0.41);
decoy (0.25); tangle (0.07).
TRAVAIL (1) fight (to struggle for an end,
0.08).
T R A V E L (7) travel (to journey, 1.00);
travel (to m ove at a regular pace, 1.00);
m ove (to be in m otion, 0.82); go (to
proceed, 0.75); run (to go swiftly by
physical effort, 0.69); je t (to travel by
je t airplane, 0.33); sail (to travel by
sailing, 0.20).
T R A V E R SE (9) cross (to pass over, 0.83);
cover (to travel, 0.67); lead (to extend,
0.67); span (0.67); roam (to wander,
0.63); jum p (to pass over, 0.43); move
(to be in m o tio n , 0 .3 6 ); ran g e (to
traverse w ide areas, 0.19); travel (to
journey, 0.04).
T R A V E S T Y (3) paro d y (0.75); sneer
(0.28); ridicule (0.04).
T R A W L (2) draw (to m ove an object,
0.32); fish (0.22).
T R E A D (8) tread (1.00); w alk (to move
on foot, 0.83); m arch (0.70); dance (to
move rhythmically, 0.69); thrash (to free
grain or seed from hulls, 0.67); step
(0.40); tram p (to tread heavily, 0.40);
trudge (0.25).
T R E A D L E (1) pedal (0.88).
T R E A S U R E (8) treasure (1.00); cherish
TREAT
(to hold dear, 0.96); adore (to love, 0.50);
e n d e a r (0 .5 0 ); d e p o s it (to p re s e n t
m oney for safekeeping, 0.31); love (to
be passionately devoted, 0.27); adm ire
(to have regard for, 0.19); rem em ber
(to bear in mind, 0.14).
T R E A T (18) treat (to deal w ith a person
or thing, 1.00); treat (to deal w ith a
subject, 1.00); treat (to assist tow ard a
cure, 1.00); treat (to pay for an o th er’s
en tertain m en t, 1.00); heal (to cure,
0 .8 9 ); e n te rta in (to act as h o st or
hostess, 0.82); dress (to give m edical
treatm ent, 0.78); bind (to dress, 0.75);
discourse (0.75); fumigate (0.67); proc­
ess (0.67); vulcanize (0.67); vaccinate
(0.50); consult (0.40); rem edy (0.39);
host (0.33); insulate (0.25); fertilize (to
enrich land, 0.11).
T R E K (5) trek (1.00); travel (to journey,
0.61); w alk (to m ove on foot, 0.35);
p a c k (to tr a n s p o r t by u sin g p a c k
animals, 0.25); take (to travel, 0.25).
T R E M B L E (14) tremble (1.00); shake (to
vibrate, 0.94); dodder (0.75); quake
(0.75); quaver (0.75); beat (to pulsate,
0.71); w obble (0.67); totter (to be near
falling, 0.54); rock (0.29); quail (0.25);
lick (to play over; said o f flames, 0.23);
weaken (to become weaker, 0.18); wave
(to flutter, 0.17); fear (to anticipate
personal danger, 0.13).
T R E N C H (2) ditch (to make a ditch, 0.50);
intrench (to prepare trenches, 0.33).
T R E P A N to catch in a trap (1) trepan
( 1.00).
T R E S P A S S (10) trespass (to intrude,
1.00); trespass (to transgress, 1.00); sin
(0.63); encroach (0.50); invade (to en­
croach upon, 0.50); m eddle (to handle
others’ things, 0.43); m isbehave (0.40);
-357- TRIM
forget (to forget oneself, 0.33); infringe
(0.25); overstep (0.25).
T R IC K (23) trick (1.00); delude (0.75);
fool (0.75); rook (0.75); trepan (0.75);
evade (to use trickery to avoid a sharp
issue, 0.69); mislead (0.59); bamboozle
(to cheat, 0.50); beguile (to deceive,
0.50); circumvent (to gain an advantage
over, 0.50); dupe (0.50); knife (to injure
in an underhanded way, 0.50); mulct
(to ch e at so m e o n e, 0.50); m y stify
(0.50); outwit (0.50); m aneuver (0.35);
betray (to deliver into the hands o f an
enemy, 0.33); co m er (0.33); victimize
(0.33); b lu ff (0.25); do (to cheat, 0.25);
ensnare (to deceive, 0.25); joke (0.15).
T R IC K L E (13) trickle (1.00); drop (to fall
in drops, 0.83); drain (to seep away,
0.80); dribble (0.75); plash (0.75); bub­
ble (0.70); m urm ur (to m ake a low con­
tinuous sound, 0.67); flow (to issue
forth, 0.59); drip (0.50); mizzle (0.38);
seep (0.33); drool (to slobber, 0.30); filter
(to soak slowly, 0.08).
T R IF L E (4) lo a f (to do nothing useful,
0.88); dabble (0.75); linger (to go reluc­
tantly, 0.36); neglect (to fail to attend
to respo n sib ilities, 0.31).
T R IG G E R (1) begin (to initiate, 0.15).
T R IL L to sing w ith vibrating effect (8)
trill (1.00); w arble (0.75); yodel (0.75);
whistle (to produce a shrill blast, 0.69);
w histle (to produce a tune by whistling,
0.57); chirp (0.55); sing (to produce
vocal m usic, 0.55); cry (to call (not o f
hum an creatures), 0.37).
T R IL L to cause to rotate (1) gargle (0.25).
T R IM (23) trim (to cut o ff excess, 1.00);
trim (to adorn, 1.00); trim (to refuse to
take a stand, 1.00); trim (to prepare for
sailing, 1.00); manicure (0.86); bank (to
TRIP -358-
cover a fire for the night, 0.83); face (to
put facing on goods, 0.80); festoon
(0.75); top (to rem ove the top, 0.75);
beat (to thrash, 0.64); ju g g le (to alter,
usually to deceive, 0.50); preen (0.50);
hesitate (0.45); defeat (to w orst in sport
or in personal com bat, 0.31); balance
(to place in balance, 0.27); ice (to cover
w ith icing, 0.25); illum inate (to deco­
rate, 0.25); shingle (0.25); order (to put
in order, 0.21); flake (0.17); edit (to pre­
pare for publication, 0.07); carve (to
form by cutting, 0.05); decrease (to
make less, 0.02).
T R IP (14) trip (to cause to stumble, 1.00);
trip (to step lightly, 1.00); trip (to
stum ble, 1.00); dance (to m ove rhyth­
m ically, 0.77); fall (to pass quickly
dow nw ard, 0.75); to tter (to stagger,
0.75); m isbehave (0.70); dow n (0.64);
race (to m ove at great speed, 0.61);
glide (to m ove gently, 0.46); hasten (to
m ake haste, 0.31); travel (to journey,
0.29); descend (to m ove lower, 0.20);
tram p (to tread heavily, 0.20).
T R IP L E (1) increase (to add to, 0.29).
TR IT U R A TE (2) grind (to pulverize, 0.61);
pulverize (0.50).
T R IU M P H (6) boast (to brag, 0.90); con­
quer (to win, 0.75); beat (to win, 0.50);
take (to win, 0.50); succeed (to attain
success, 0.38); win (to gain a victory, 0.17).
T R O L L (1) fish (0.89).
T R O T (6) trot (1.00); pace (to stride, 0.75);
jo g (0.50); run (to go swiftly by physical
effort, 0.48); gallop (0.20); hasten (to
m ake haste, 0.06).
T R O U B L E (20) trouble (to disturb, 1.00);
disturb (to upset m ental calm , 0.98);
oppress (0.96); haunt (to prey upon,
0.85); visit (to afflict, 0.75); w ound (to
TRUSS
hurt the feelings, 0.75); m ind (to be
careful, 0.60); disconcert (0.50); plague
(0.50); w orry (to cause worry, 0.50);
em barrass (to upset m entally, 0.48);
c o n f u s e ( 0 .4 6 ) ; b o th e r (to be
disturbing, 0.35); burden (0.35); molest
(to disturb people, 0.32); afflict (0.25);
a n n o y (to m o le s t, 0 .2 5 ); h u rt (to
d istress, 0.25); overtax (0.25); pain
(0.25).
T R O U N C E (9) trounce (to beat, 1.00);
trounce (to defeat, 1.00); defeat (to
w orst in sport or in personal combat,
0.86); beat (to thrash, 0.84); lay (to
knock down, 0.75); thrash (0.75); thrash
(to chastise, 0.75); hurt (to cause pain,
0.24); punish (0.14).
T R O W (1) know (to possess inform a­
tion, 0.13).
T R U C K to exchange; to barter (1) truck
(to traffic in, 1.00).
T R U C K to put on or into truck (2) truck
(to send by truck, 1.00); can y (to trans­
port, 0.76).
T R U C K L E (3) truckle (1.00); grovel
(0.63); fawn (0.09).
T R U D G E (5) trudge (1.00); lag (to move
w ithout spirit, 0.83); plod (0.75); linger
(to go reluctantly, 0.71); w alk (to move
on foot, 0.43).
T R U M P E T (4) blow (to sound when
blown, 0.75); blare (0.50); honk (0.29);
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.08).
T R U N C A T E (4) truncate (1.00); maim
(0.59); cut (to sever, 0.27); top (to re­
m ove the top, 0.25).
T R U N D L E (2) trundle (1.00); roll (to
cause to roll, 0.14).
T R U S S (5) truss (to support, 1.00); truss
(to bind, 1.00); bandage (0.25); lash (to
tie up, 0.25); tape (to bandage, 0.25).
TRUST -359-
T R U S T (7) trust (to believe in, 1.00); trust
(to hope, 1.00); trust (to give credit to,
1.00); trust (to place in the protection
o f another, 1.00); bet (0.57); accept (to
believe, 0.50); credit (to believe, 0.50).
T R Y (15) try (to endeavour, 1.00); try (to
test, 1.00); try (to conduct a trial, 1.00);
hurt (to cause pain, 0.90); afflict (0.75);
undertake (0.75); taste (to taste by the
tongue, 0.71); venture (0.71); harrow
(to torment, 0.50); hazard (0.50); burden
(0.38); chance (to take a chance, 0.36);
dare (to be courageous, 0.22); im peach
(0.13); exam ine (to test, 0.09).
T U C K to cover snugly; to gather up in
folds (1) (1) face (to put facing on
goods, 0.40).
T U G (10) tug (1.00); tw itch (to pluck,
0.82); exercise (to move the body, 0.75);
draw (to m ove an object, 0.68); yank
(0.67); lug (0.50); pull (to exert force,
0.50); w rench (0.40); w ork (to labour,
0.36); tow (0.13).
T U M B L E (17) tumble (1.00); trip (to stum­
ble, 0.91); flop (to fall w ithout restraint,
0.75); run (to m ove, usually rapidly,
0.73); toss (to m ove up and dow n,
0.71); raze (0.70); fall (to pass quickly
downward, 0.68); topple (topple, 0.67);
flop (to m ove w ith little control, 0.65);
m isplace (0.50); boil (to seethe, 0.29);
cra sh (to fall w ith a cra sh , 0 .2 9 );
descend (to m ove low er, 0.28); un­
balance (to upset, 0.25); flow (to m ove
in one direction, 0.24); subvert (0.24);
smash (0.05).
TU M E FY (1) swell (0.07).
T U N E (3) tune (1.00); harm onize (to
ren d er harm onic, 0.13); balance (to
place in balance, 0.12).
TWEET
TU NN EL (1) undermine (to excavate, 0.50).
T U R N (39) turn (to pivot, 1.00); turn (to
reverse, 1.00); turn (to divert, 1.00);
turn (to sour, 1.00); turn (to incline,
1.00); turn (to change direction, 1.00);
turn (to sprain, 1.00); turn (to nauseate,
1.00); turn (to bend, 1.00); turn (to trans­
form, 1.00); turn (to make use of, 1.00);
turn (to point, 1.00); turn (to repel, 1.00);
change (to make different, 0.96); roll (to
revolve, 0.93); sour (0.91); convert (to
alter convictions, 0.83); operate (to
produce an effect, 0.78); decay (0.76);
convert (to alter the form or use, 0.75);
inflect (0.75); tilt (to incline, 0.73);
operate (to be in operation, 0.69); m a­
chine (0.67); swing (to describe an arc,
0.64); differ (to be unlike, 0.60); return
(to go back, 0.60); orient (to direct,
0.50); veer (0.46); w ind (to meander,
0.45); plough (to use a plough, 0.44);
wring (0.43); influence (0.40); grow (to
change slowly, 0.36); drive (to manage
a pro p elled vehicle, 0.33); shift (to
change position, 0.29); translate (to
change into another language, 0.20);
whirl (0.10); convince (0.07).
T U R N A B O U T (1) switch (0.75).
T U S S L E (2) compete (0.68); fight (to en­
gage in an encounter, 0.52).
T U T O R (5) teach (to act as a teacher,
0.93); educate (0.75); imbue (0.75);
sm arten (to stim ulate, 0.50); train (to
educate, 0.50).
T W A D D LE (1) babble (0.38).
TW A N G (1) play (to produce music, 0.17).
T W E A K (4) tweak (1.00); strum (0.75);
pinch (to squeeze, 0.50); hurt (to cause
pain, 0.43).
T W E E T (2) cheep (0.25); cry (to call (not
o f hum an creatures), 0.03).
TWIDDLE -360-
T W ID D L E (1) feel (to examine by touch,
0.04).
T W IL L (1) w eave (to construct by inter­
lacing, 0.43).
T W IN E (12) m at (0.80); w eave (to con­
struct by interlacing, 0.78); braid (0.75);
entw ine (0.75); screw (0.75); curl (to
tw ist, 0.73); coil (0 .67); en w rea th e
(0.42); tw ist (0.40); w ind (to m eander,
0.36); m eander (to turn, 0.25); bend (to
force out o f a straight line, 0.04).
T W IN G E to oppress; to afflict (2) tw inge
(1.00); twitch (to jerk, 0.22).
T W IN K L E (6) tw inkle (1.00); scintillate
(0.75); shine (to give forth light, 0.71);
flicker (to shine, 0.50); flash (to give
forth a light by flash, 0.27); sparkle
(0.25).
T W IR L (13) twirl (1.00); flourish (to wave
triu m p h an tly , 0 .75); spin (to w hirl,
0.50); w hirl (0.40); w ave (to undulate,
0.38); roll (to revolve, 0.36); roll (to
cause to roll, 0.29); sw ing (to cause to
sw ing, 0.29); revolve (0.25); turn (to
pivot, 0.25); coil (0.20); twist (0.20); curl
(to twist, 0.08).
T W IS T (35) tw ist (1.00); bend (to force
out o f a straight line, 0.96); w rench
(0.93); ram ble (to go in various direc­
tions, 0.92); roll (to m ake into a roll,
0.89); com plicate (0.80); d istort (to
change shape, 0.79); intertw ine (0.75);
rotate (0.75); strain (to w rench, 0.75);
coil (0.73); wind (to meander, 0.64); lean
(to incline, 0.57); w ring (0.57); turn (to
divert, 0.53); dial (to turn, 0.50); incline
(to c a u s e to le a n o r b e n d , 0 .5 0 );
interw eave (0.50); squirm (0.50); turn
(to bend, 0.50); warp (0.50); w rinkle (to
form into w rinkles, 0.40); enw reathe
(0.33); knead (0.33); turn (to pivot, 0.31);
UNBALANCE
contort (0.25); curve (to bend, 0.25);
distort (to change by pressure, 0.25);
entw ine (0.25); tw irl (0.25); fasten (to
m ake som ething secure, 0.22); writhe
(0.17); form (to give shape to a thing,
0.12); w ave (to undulate, 0.08); weave
(to construct by interlacing, 0.04).
T W IT (3) ridicule (0.70); sneer (0.41); joke
(0.23).
T W IT C H (8) tw itch (to pluck, 1.00);
twitch (to jerk, 1.00); fidget (0.82); tweak
(0.75); tw inge (0.75); jiggle (0.50); beat
(to pulsate, 0.29); yank (0.11).
T W IT T E R (5) twitter (1.00); chiip (0.45);
sing (to produce vocal music, 0.27); trill
(0.20); cry (to call (not o f hum an crea­
tures), 0.05).
T Y P E (5) type (to use a typewriter, 1.00);
type (to classify, 1.00); typewrite (0.67);
re p ro d u c e (to m ake an exact copy,
0.50); classify (0.18).
T Y P E W R IT E (3) typewrite (1.00); type
(to use a typew riter, 0.80); w rite (to
com pose in words, 0.42).
T Y P IF Y (3) typify (1.00); symbolize (0.75);
represent (to serve as an equivalent,
0.45).
T Y R A N N IZ E (5) tyrannize (1.00); perse­
cute (to oppress, especially for religious
re a so n s, 0 .7 4 ); co m m an d (to have
control, 0.39); dom inate (0.22); govern
(0.09).
U
U LU LA TE (1) yell (0.29).
U M P IR E (2) officiate (0.50); negotiate (to
m ake arrangem ents for, 0.12).
U N A C C U ST O M (1) wean (0.33).
U N A R M (2) unarm (1.00); disarm (to de­
prive o f w eapons, 0.80).
U N B A L A N C E (5) unbalance (to upset,
UNBAR
1.00); unbalance (to derange, 1.00);
unhinge (to upset, 0.75); tangle (0.33);
derange (to upset, 0.14).
U N B A R (4) unbar (1.00); open (to m ove
aside a prepared obstruction, 0.92); un­
lock (0.67); free (to liberate, 0.03).
U N B E N D (6) unbend (1.00); straighten
(0.57); unfold (to unfurl, 0.38); rest (to
take o n e’s rest, 0.32); relax (0.25); con­
descend (0.07).
U N B IN D (5) unbind (to untie, 1.00);
unbind (to forgive, 1.00); free (to liber­
ate, 0.71); unchain (0.50); divide (to
separate by parting, 0.49).
U N B O L T (1) open (to m ove aside a pre­
pared obstruction, 0.08).
U N B O S O M (3) unbosom (1.00); unbur­
den (to reveal, 0.50); reveal (to divulge,
0.27).
U N BRA ID (1) ravel (0.44).
U N B U C K LE (2) unbuckle (1.00); unhitch
(0.46).
U N BU ILD (1) dismantle (0.50).
U N B U R D E N (7) unburden (to unload,
1.00); u n b u rd e n (to re v e a l, 1.00);
lighten (to m ake lighter, 0.94); ease (to
le sse n p re s s u re o r te n s io n , 0 .7 2 );
soothe (0.27); free (to disburden, 0.18);
unload (0.05).
U N BU RY (2) unearth (to excavate, 0.25);
exhume (0.13).
U N B U T TO N (1) unbutton (1.00).
U N C A SE (1) unwrap (0.42).
U N C H A IN (5) unchain (1.00); ransom
(0.43); divide (to separate by parting,
0.27); unbind (to untie, 0.25); free (to
liberate, 0.24).
U N C L E N C H (1) unclench (1.00).
U N C L O A K (2) uncloak (to expose, 1.00);
uncloak (to undress, 1.00).
U N C L O SE (2) open (to m ove aside a pre­
-361 - UNDERCUT
p a re d o b s tru c tio n , 0 .7 7 ); u n co v e r
(0.13).
U N C L O T H E (4) unclothe (1.00); undress
(0.50); disrobe (0.25); unwrap (0.11).
U N C O IL (3) straighten (0.50); spread (to
extend, 0.33); develop (to reveal slowly,
0.10).
U N C O R K (2) uncork (1.00); uncover
(0.75).
U N C O U P L E (2) uncouple (1.00); unhitch
(0.15).
U N C O V E R (25) uncover (1.00); display
(to present for effect, 0.84); unfold (to
reveal, 0.82); dig (to remove by digging,
0.80); learn (to find out, 0.75); develop
(to re v e a l slow ly, 0 .70); adm it (to
confess, 0.67); disclose (to expose,
0.67); unw rap (0.63); discover (to find,
0.61); advertise (to m ake public, 0.53);
s trik e (to fin d , 0 .5 0 ); u n clo ak (to
undress, 0.50); unclothe (0.50); unroll
(0.50); unsheathe (0.50); peel (0.33); de­
tail (to m ake clear in detail, 0.27); betray
(to reveal, 0.25); divest (to undress,
0.25); open (to expose to fuller view,
0.25); uncloak (to expose, 0.25); unearth
(to disclose, 0.25); unm ask (0.25); find
(to happen upon, 0.23).
U N C R A TE (1) unpack (0.50).
U N C R E A S E (1) unfold (to unfurl, 0.08).
U N C U R L (2) unfold (to unfurl, 0.62);
straighten (0.36).
U N D E C E IV E (3) undeceive (1.00); disa­
buse (0.75); disadvantage (0.75).
U N D ER B ID (1) underbid (1.00).
U N D E R C H A R G E (3) undercharge (1.00);
undercut (to undersell, 0.50); undersell
(0.17).
U N D E R C U T (3) undercut (to excavate,
1.00); undercut (to undersell, 1.00); un­
dersell (0.83).
 UNDERESTIMATE
U N D E R E S T IM A T E (6) underestim ate
(1.00); m istake (0.67); m isjudge (to
m ake an inaccurate estim ate, 0.22);
neglect (to treat w ith indifference, 0.13);
m isunderstand (0.07); insult (0.05).
U N D E R F E E D (1) starve (to cause to
starve, 0.80).
U N D E R G IR D (1) support (to hold up
from beneath, 0.29).
U N D E R G O (7) undergo (1.00); suffer (to
feel pain, 0.91); receive (to endure, 0.75);
endure (to sustain adversity, 0.71); ex­
p erience (0.67); tolerate (to endure,
0.50); bear (to suffer, 0.25).
U N D E R L E T (1) sublet (0.50).
U N D E R L IE (1) underlie (1.00).
U N D E R L IN E to mark (words, etc.) with a
line (4) underline (to em phasize, 1.00);
underline (to m ake a line under, 1.00);
italicize (0.33); m ark (to m ake a m ark,
0.18).
U N D E R L IN E to furnish w ith an u nder­
lining (1) w ad (0.42).
U N D E R M IN E (14) undermine (to enfee­
ble, 1.00); undermine (to excavate, 1.00);
sap (0.75); undercut (to excavate, 0.75);
corrupt (to debase, 0.46); halt (to cause
to c e a s e , 0 .4 6 ); w e a k e n (to m a k e
w eaker, 0.45); subvert (0.43); dam age
(to im pair the value of, 0.40); poison
(0.36); dig (to stir the earth, 0.29); cut
(to w eaken, 0.25); incapacitate (0.25);
sabotage (0.25).
U N D E R N O U R IS H (1) starve (to cause
to starve, 0.60).
U N D E R PIN (2) support (to hold up from
beneath, 0.36); hold (to support; often
used w ith up, 0.27).
U N D E R P R O P (1) hold (to suppo rt; of­
ten used w ith up, 0.09).
UNDERRATE (5) underrate (1.00); under­
-362- UNDERWRITE
value (0.75); sneer (0.66); depreciate (to
low er in reputation, 0.53); underesti­
mate (0.50).
U N D E R S C O R E (3) underscore (1.00);
em phasize (0.95); underline (to make a
line under, 0.83).
U N D E R S E L L (1) undersell (1.00).
U N D E R S H O O T (1) m iss (to fail to hit,
0.33).
U N D E R S T A N D (11) u n d erstan d (to
co m p re h en d , 1.00); u n d ersta n d (to
suppose, 1.00); understand (to accept,
1.00); assume (to take for granted, 0.88);
tell (to deduce, 0.78); master (to become
proficient, 0.67); believe (to accept as
true, 0.50); sympathize (0.29); dream (to
conceive m entally; usually used in the
n eg a tiv e , 0.25); in fer (to conclude,
0.2 2 ); h ea r (to receiv e in fo rm atio n
orally, 0.09).
U N D ER STA TE (2) understate (1.00); mis­
represent (0.25).
U N D ER TA K E (8) undertake (1.00); try (to
endeavour, 0.83); dispense (to adm in­
ister, 0.75); contract (to enter into an
agreem ent, 0.73); dare (to be coura­
geous, 0.67); begin (to initiate, 0.56);
p ro m ise (to give o n e ’s w ord, 0.54);
refund (to put financial obligations on
a n e w basis, 0.38).
U N D E R V A L U E (7) undervalue (1.00);
underestim ate (0.75); underrate (0.75);
understate (0.75); depreciate (to lower
in reputation, 0.57); cheapen (0.36);
neglect (to treat with indifference, 0.06).
U N D E R W R IT E to write below something
(8) u n d erw rite (to subscribe, 1.00);
underw rite (to approve, 1.00); under­
w rite (to su p p o rt financially, 1.00);
support (to provide for, 0.67); endorse
UNDO
(to indicate o n e’s active support, 0.54);
endorse (to inscribe o n e’s nam e, 0.43);
indorse (0.25); prom ise (to give o n e ’s
word, 0.08).
U N D O (18) undo (1.00); unw rap (0.89);
d efeat (to get the better o f another,
0.88); dism antle (0.83); separate (to
cause to part, 0.75); unbutton (0.75);
destroy (to bring to nothing, 0.68); free
(to liberate, 0.66); divide (to separate
by parting, 0.51); disengage (0.50);
unbuckle (0.50); unzip (0.50); force (to
break open, 0.40); cancel (to m ark out,
0.33); unravel (to untangle, 0.25); un­
w ind (to undo, 0.25); abolish (0.21);
open (to m ove aside a prepared ob­
struction, 0.15).
U N D R ESS (2) undress (1.00); change (to
change clothing, 0.67).
U N D U L A T E (10) undulate (to surge,
1.00); undulate (to sway, 1.00); roll (to
flow , 0 .8 6 );b e a t (to p u lsa te , 0.82);
fluctuate (to oscillate, 0.75); crim p (to
curl, 0.50); rock (0.24); heave (to raise
and fall, 0.19); toss (to m ove up and
down, 0.14); curl (to twist, 0.12).
U N E A R T H (11) unearth (to disclose,
1.00); unearth (to excavate, 1.00); ex­
hum e (0.88); disinter (0.67); discover
(to find, 0.55); dig (to rem ove by dig­
ging, 0.50); find (to discover, 0.50);
expose (to uncover, 0.47); discover (to
m ake know n, 0.25); learn (to acquire
m entally, 0.19); locate (to determ ine a
location, 0.11).
UNFA STEN (10) unfasten (1.00); unhitch
(0.85); unbind (to untie, 0.75); unbuckle
(0.75); unzip (0.75); unscrew (0.67); un­
lock (0.33); unbutton (0.25); open (to
m ove aside a p rep ared obstruction,
0.23); untie (0.20).
-363- UNTIE
U N FE T T E R (2) ransom (0.36); free (to lib­
erate, 0.32).
U N FIX (2) free (to liberate, 0.74); loosen
(to m ake loose, 0.25).
U N F O L D to open or unw rap folds (20)
u n fo ld (to unfurl, 1.00); unfold (to
reveal, 1.00); develop (to reveal slowly,
0.95); w iden (to becom e wider, 0.88);
spread (to extend, 0.78); display (to
present for effect, 0.76); materialize (to
develop, 0.75); decipher (0.60); reveal
(to divulge, 0.59); evolve (0.50); open
(to expose to fuller view, 0.50); stretch
(to becom e longer, 0.50); deploy (0.43);
narrate (0.35); belly (0.33); form (to take
form , 0.29); straighten (0.29); produce
(to show, 0.25); explain (0.24); expose
(to uncover, 0.18).
U N FU R L (3) unfurl (1.00); spread (to ex­
tend, 0.89); develop (to reveal slowly,
0 .20).
U N H A N D (1) free (to liberate, 0.05).
U N H A R N E SS (1) unhitch (0.23).
U N H IN G E (3) unhinge (to detach, 1.00);
unhinge (to upset, 1.00); tangle (0.27).
U N H IT C H (2) unhitch (1.00); unscrew
(0.33).
U N H O O K (2) unhitch (0.92); throw (to
connect or disconnect, 0.33).
U N H O R S E (1) light (to come to rest from
flight or travel, 0.18).
U N IFY (5) unify (1.00); centre (0.71); fed­
erate (0.50); centralize (0.25); consoli­
date (to cause to unite, 0.05).
U N ITE (32) unite (to come together, 1.00);
u n ite (to b r in g to g e th e r, 1.00);
copulate (0.91); mix (to blend, 0.82);
close (to com e together, 0.80); adjoin
(to jo in , 0.75); associate (to combine,
0.75); convene (0.75); bind (to join,
0.67); couple (0.67); marry (to join in
UNIVERSALIZE -364-
wedlock, 0.67); centre (0.65); assemble
(to put together, 0.60); converge (0.60);
graft (to jo in for grow th, 0.60); yoke
(0.58); commingle (0.50); commix (0.50);
c o n n e c t (to jo in , 0 .5 0 ); c o v e r (to
copulate, said o f anim als, 0.50); gather
(to co m e to g e th er, 0 .4 7 ); stic k (to
rem ain fastened, 0.45); associate (to
form an organization, 0.43); com pound
(to b le n d , 0 .2 5 ); c o n s p ire (to ac t
together, 0.25); meld (0.25); weld (0.25);
hold (to have in o n e ’s grasp, 0.21);
com pile (0.14); accum ulate (to am ass,
0.12); m atch (to find or m ake equals,
0.08); assem ble (to b ring together,
0.07).
U N IV E R S A L IZ E (2) internationalize
(0.67); popularize (0.20).
U N K N O T (1) untie (0.60).
U N L A C E (1) untie (0.80).
U N LA D E (2) unpack (0.75); unload (0.47).
U N L E A S H (1) rescue (to free, 0.20).
U N LO A D (6) unload (1.00); dump (0.82);
remove (to move physically, 0.60); clear
(to free from contents, 0.50); free (to
disburden, 0.45); drop (to cause or to
permit to fall, 0.13).
U N L O C K (7) unlock (1.00); open (to
m ove aside a p rep a re d o bstruction,
0.85); unclench (0.75); unbar (0.50);
unfasten (0.25); solve (0.18); free (to
liberate, 0.08).
U N L O O S E (5) unhitch (0.62); rescue (to
free, 0.30); clear (to free from obstacles,
0.25); unbuckle (0.25); eject (to rem ove
physically, 0.16).
U N M A K E (1) unmake (1.00).
U N M A N (11) disturb (to upset m ental
calm, 0.80); unnerve (0.75); w eaken (to
m ake w eaker, 0.65); dem oralize (to
unnerve, 0.50); em asculate (to sterilize,
UNSEAT
0.50); w eary (to m ake weary, 0.40);
castrate (0.38); tire (to m ake a person
exhausted, 0.10); discourage (to dis­
hearten, 0.06); frighten (to alarm, 0.03);
haunt (to prey upon, 0.03).
U N M A R R Y (1) divorce (0.67).
U N M A S K (4) unm ask (1.00); display (to
present for effect, 0.60); expose (to un­
cover, 0.59); ridicule (0.26).
U N M A S T (1) advertise (to m ake public,
0.58).
U N N E R V E (4) unnerve (1.00); disturb (to
upset mental calm, 0.76); discourage (to
d ishearten, 0.59); w eaken (to m ake
weaker, 0.25).
U N P A C K (6) unpack (1.00); unw rap
(0.84); disch arg e (to unload, 0.67);
dump (0.64); unload (0.37); clear (to free
from contents, 0.25).
U N R A V E L (11) unravel (to solve, 1.00);
unravel (to untangle, 1.00); solve (0.88);
d e v e lo p (to re v e a l slo w ly , 0 .8 0 );
decipher (0.73); divide (to separate by
parting, 0.71); read (to interpret, 0.64);
unw ind (to uncoil, 0.50); straighten
(0.43); explain (0.27); ravel (0.11).
U N R IG (1) dismantle (0.33).
U N R O L L (8) unroll (1.00); spread (to ex­
tend, 0.83); unw rap (0.79); open (to ex­
pose to fuller view, 0.75); unfurl (0.75);
develop (to reveal slowly, 0.55); unfold
(to unfurl, 0.46); expose (to uncover,
0.24).
UNSAY (1) recant (0.13).
U N SC R A M B L E (1) explain (0.09).
U N S C R E W (2) unscrew (1.00); uncover
(0.63).
U N S E A L (4) u n seal (1.00); u n co v er
(0.88); uncork (0.33); expose (to un­
cover, 0.29).
U N SE A T (3) unseat (to unsaddle, 1.00);
UNSETTLE -365-
u n se at (to ou st, 1.00); d ism iss (to
rem ove an em ployee, 0.23).
U N S E T T L E (8) unsettle (LOO); surprise
(to am aze, 0.58); confuse (0.43); disor­
ganize (0.42); derange (to disarrange,
0.25); undo (0.25); m isplace (0.19);
entangle (0.13).
U N SH A C K L E (1) free (to liberate, 0.29).
U N SH EA TH E (2) unsheathe (1.00); draw
(to m ove an object, 0.27).
U N SH IP (1) unload (0.58).
U N SN A P (1) unfasten (0.75).
U N S N A R L (2) straighten (0.64); ravel
(0.56).
U N S T O P P E R (2) unscrew (0.83); un­
cover (0.50).
U N ST R A P (1) unhitch (0.38).
U N S W IT C H (1) throw (to connect or dis­
connect, 0.67).
U N T A N G L E (5) untangle (LOO); com b
(0.93); ravel (0.78); disentangle (0.50);
solve (0.24).
U N T IE (6) untie (LOO); unw rap (0.95);
unfasten (0.50); release (0.25); free (to
lib erate, 0.11); expose (to uncover,
0.06).
U N T W IN E (3) ravel (0.33); unw ind (to
uncoil, 0.25); develop (to reveal slowly,
0.05).
U N T W IS T (7) ravel (0.89); unw ind (to
uncoil, 0.75); straighten (0.71); spread
(to extend, 0.44); disentangle (0.25);
u n screw (0.17); d evelop (to reveal
slowly, 0.15).
U N V E IL (6) admit (to confess, 0.71); ex­
pose (to uncover, 0.35); disclose (to
expose, 0.33); reveal (to expose, 0.25);
display (to present for effect, 0.20);
advertise (to m ake public, 0.11).
UNW EAVE (1) ravel (0.22).
U N W E IG H T (1) unload (0.32).
UPHOLD
U N W IN D to w ind off; to m ove back (8)
u n w in d (to undo, 1.00);unw ind (to
uncoil, 1.00); unw ind (to relax, LOO);
unravel (to untangle, 0.75); unfold (to
unfurl, 0.69); develop (to reveal slowly,
0.60); unfurl (0.50); spread (to extend,
0.39).
U N W R A P (4) unw rap (LOO); unfold (to
unfurl, 0.54); unpack (0.25); expose (to
uncover, 0.12).
U N Z IP (1) unzip (1.00).
U P (1 ) up (1.00).
U P B R A ID (6) upbraid (LOO); censure
(0.76); scold (0.67); denounce (0.66);
chasten (to punish, 0.54); fulminate (to
intimidate, 0.25).
U PC A S T (1) raise (to lift, 0.44).
U PD A T E (2) update (LOO); improve (to
m ake better, 0.85).
U PE N D (1) upset (to turn over, 0.69).
UPHEAVE (2) raise (to lift, 0.81); lift (0.25).
U P H O L D (26) uphold (to hold up, 1.00);
uphold (to maintain, 1.00); help (to aid,
0.88); defend (to support an accused
person, 0.83); defend (to provide gen­
eral protection, 0.79); back (to further,
0.67); brace (to encourage, 0.67); pro­
m ote (to further, 0.66); prove (0.66);
com fort (to console, 0.61); acknowl­
edge (to recognize the authority of,
0.60); oppose (to fight, 0.58); stabilize
(to support, 0.50); fight (to struggle for
an end, 0.42); endorse (to indicate one’s
active support, 0.38); encourage (to
g iv e su p p o rt, 0 .3 4 ); ad v o c a te (to
defend, 0.33); buoy (0.33); continue (to
persist, 0.25); contribute (to aid, 0.25);
espouse (to support, 0.25); sublimate
(to purify, 0.25); strengthen (0.22); hold
(to support; often used with up, 0.18);
re c o m m e n d (to le n d s u p p o rt or
UPHOLSTER
approval, 0.12); respect (to treat w ith
consideration, 0.10).
U P H O L S T E R (3) upholster (1.00); inter­
line (to put in an interlining, 0.18); w ad
(0.08).
U P L IF T (7) raise (to lift, 0.94); lighten (to
m ake lighter, 0.76); heighten (to raise,
0.75); reform (to correct evils, 0.64); civi­
lize (0.52); pry (to m ove w ith a lever,
0.23); reform (to change o n e’s conduct
for the better, 0.20).
U P R A D E (1) im prove (to m ake better,
0.39).
U P R A IS E (4) raise (to lift, 0.88); erect (to
raise, 0.33); lighten (to m ake lighter,
0.24); pry (to m ove w ith a lever, 0.15).
U P R IS E (3) rise (to stand, 0.50); m ount
(to rise, 0.25); rise (to m ove upw ard,
0.06).
U P R O O T (5) uproot (1.00); rem ove (to
m ove physically, 0.75); graze (to p as­
ture, 0.50); abolish (0.36); dislodge
(0.25).
U P S E T (31) upset (to turn over, 1.00);
upset (to disturb, 1.00); upset (to beat,
1.00); confuse (0.88); crash (to fall with
a crash, 0.86); bother (to be disturbing,
0.82); disorganize (0.76); disrupt (to
confuse, 0.75); turn (to reverse, 0.75);
em barrass (to upset m entally, 0.64);
bewilder (0.60); disturb (to upset mental
calm , 0.54); annoy (to be disturbing,
0.50); discom pose (0.50); dislocate (to
d is p la c e , 0 .5 0 ); d is s a tis fy (0 .5 0 );
exasperate (0.50); w ound (to hurt the
feelings, 0.50); subvert (0.48); tangle
(0.40); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.34); halt (to cause to cease, 0.34);
d iso b lig e (to in c o n v en ie n ce , 0.25);
distress (0.25); hum ble (0.24); rebel (to
endeavour to overthrow a governm ent,
-366- USURP
0.22); disgust (0.21); down (0.21); tackle
(0.20); confute (0.19); undo (0.17).
U P S H O O T (1) rocket (0.57).
U P T U R N (2) upset (to turn over, 0.85);
overturn (0.50).
U R G E (26) urge (to present favourably,
1.00); urge (to induce, 1.00); urge (to
d r iv e , 1 .0 0 ); e n f o r c e (to r e q u ire
com pliance, 0.97); prom ote (to further,
0.95); goad (0.93); admonish (to exhort,
0.75); appeal (to ask another seriously,
0.75); predispose (to stim ulate, 0.75);
force (to use force, 0.72); beg (to ask
e a rn e s tly o r im p o rtu n a te ly , 0 .6 3 );
advise (to give counsel, 0.59); slide (to
cause to slide, 0.58); influence (0.51);
q u ic k en (to cau se to h asten , 0.50);
rouse (to stim ulate, 0.50); hasten (to
expedite, 0.31); advance (to prom ote,
0.25); ask (to invite, 0.25); push (to
prom ote, 0,25); w arn (0.19); ask (to
inquire, 0.18); m anage (to direct, 0.11);
press (to su b ject to p ressu re, 0.11);
lo b b y (0 .0 6 ); p ro p o se (to m a k e a
suggestion, 0.05).
U R IN A T E to discharge urine (3) urinate
(1.00); excrete (0.67); eject (to remove
physically, 0.37).
U SE (11) use (to behave tow ard, 1.00);
use (to m ake a practice o f (in past),
1.00); use (to m ake use of, 1.00); wear
(to consum e by wearing, 0.88); borrow
(to receive tem porarily, 0.86); hire (to
em ploy, 0.71); adopt (to take as o n e’s
own, 0.54); disburse (0.50); treat (to deal
w ith a person or thing, 0.33); charter
(to hire, 0.25); wield (0.14).
U S H E R (2) usher (1.00); accom pany (to
go with, 0.46).
U S U R P (5) usurp (1.00); appropriate (to
seize, 0.50); confiscate (0.25); impound
u t ilize -367-
(to seize, 0.25); seize (to take by force,
0.22).
U T IL IZ E (13) utilize (1.00); apply (to make
use of, 0.80); consum e (to use, 0.75);
ply (to use, 0.75); take (to adopt, 0.75);
exploit (0.67); use (to m ake use of,
0.64); adopt (to take as one’s own, 0.46);
wield (0.43); hire (to employ, 0.33); turn
(to m ake use of, 0.25); occupy (to
absorb attention, 0.21); exercise (to use,
0.18).
U T T E R (9) utter (1.00); curse (to swear,
0,86); m um ble (0.80); tell (to inform ,
0.62); recite (to relate in detail, 0.55);
intone (0.50); reveal (to divulge, 0.32);
com m unicate (to im part inform ation,
0.31); send (to deliver, 0.09).
V lend support or approval, 0.20).
VACATE (10) vacate (to abandon, 1.00);
vacate (to leave a residence, 1.00); can­
cel (to annul, 0.92); evacuate (to aban­
don, 0.75); abandon (to relin q u ish ,
0.74); leave (to go away, 0.54); disap­
p ear (0.48); quit (to leave, 0.33); abol­
ish (0.12); revoke (0.11).
V ACATION (4) summ er (0.67); travel (to
journey, 0.57); winter (0.50); tour (0.33).
V A CCIN A TE (2) vaccinate (1.00); nurse
(0.53).
V A C IL L A T E (15) vacillate (to totter,
1.00); vacillate (to hesitate, 1.00); hesi­
tate (0.87); alternate (to fluctuate, 0.82);
w aver (0.82); w ave (to m ove back and
forth, 0.81); fluctuate (to hesitate, 0.75);
w o b b le ( 0 .7 3 ); c h a n g e (to m a k e
different, 0.59); lick (to play over; said
o f flam es, 0.38); oscillate (to fluctuate,
0.33); shuttle (0.33); stagger (0.25); trim
(to refuse to take a stand, 0.17); linger
(to go reluctantly, 0.14).
VAPOUR
VACUUM (1) clean (0.70).
V A LID A TE (5) validate (1.00); approve
(to give approval, 0.48); prove (0.41);
verify (0.36); confirm (to prove, 0.25).
VALUATE (1) rank (to evaluate, 0.27).
V A LU E (17) value (to believe to be valu­
able, 1.00); value (to set a price upon,
1.00); value (to estimate, 1.00); cherish
(to hold dear, 0.92); estimate (to make a
rough guess, 0.90); m atter (to be of
im p o rta n ce , 0 .89); ac co u n t (0.75);
treasure (0.60); honour (to recognize
w orth, 0.33); rank (to evaluate, 0.33);
respect (to esteem , 0.33); favour (to
have a preference, 0.31); endear (0.25);
regard (to hold in esteem, 0.25); admire
(to have regard for, 0.23); consider (to
take into account, 0.22); recommend (to
V A M P to attract a man (2) vamp (to se­
duce, especially a man, 1.00); charm (to
bewitch, 0.17).
V A M P to provide w ith a new vamp (1)
vam p (to repair, 1.00).
V A N ISH (11) vanish (1.00); disappear
(0.96); evaporate (to disappear, 0.75);
dissolve (to fade away, 0.67); melt (to
decrease, 0.67); leave (to go away,
0.65); eat (to reduce gradually, 0.58);
evanesce (0.50); die (to cease existing,
0.40); escape (0.38); dive (0.07).
V A N Q U ISH (10) vanquish (1.00); defeat
(to w orst in war, 0.94); defeat (to get
the b etter o f another, 0.54); subject
(0.53); halt (to cause to cease, 0.40);
confute (0.38); down (0.36); rout (0.24);
su c c e e d (to a tta in su c c e ss, 0.21);
humiliate (0.04).
V A PO R IZE (2) vaporize (1.00); smoke (to
give o ff smoke, 0.63).
V A P O U R (3) g eneralize (to speak in
VARIEGATE -368-
general term s, 0.83); bluster (0.53);
boast (to brag, 0.25).
V A RIEG A TE (2) variegate (1.00); colour
(to im part colour to, 0.63).
V A R N IS H (8) varnish (1.00); gild (to
adorn, 0.75); palliate (0.55); decorate
(0.39); corrupt (to render innacurate,
0.38); disguise (0.27); sm ooth (to re­
m ove unevenness, 0.23); spread (to
apply over a surface, 0.05).
V A RY (12) vary (to show ch an g es,
1.00);vary (to m ake changes, 1.00);
c h a n g e (to m a k e d iffe re n t, 0 .9 9 );
alternate (to fluctuate, 0.91); differ (to
be unlike, 0.90); change (to becom e
different, 0.88); diversify (0.75); deviate
(0.50); turn (to reverse, 0.44); m odify
(to c h a n g e , 0 .3 3 ); ta m p e r (0 .2 5 );
contrast (to provide a contrast, 0.17).
V A STE (1) corrupt (to debase, 0.04).
VAULT to m ount by leaping (8) vault
(1.00); jum p (to leap across or up, 0.92);
dive (0.71); hurdle (0.60); leap (0.50);
b o u n c e (to m o v e su d d e n ly , 0 .2 9 );
bound (to m ove in leaps, 0.25); pitch
(to fall forward, 0.25).
VAUNT (4) vaunt (1.00); advertise (to so­
licit business, 0.93); flaunt (0.75); boast
(to brag, 0.65).
V E E R to be changeable (6) veer (1.00);
turn (to divert, 0.87); slant (0.67); turn
(to change direction, 0.58); lean (to
incline, 0.35); deviate (0.10).
V E E R to let out by releasing (2) sidle
(0.67); dip (to fall, 0.28).
V E G E T A T E (4) vegetate (to germ inate,
1.00); vegetate (to stagnate, 1.00); loaf guess (to m ake a choice, alm ost at
(to do nothing useful, 0.76); hibernate
(0.33).
V EH ICU LA TE (1) drive (to manage a pro­
pelled vehicle, 0.08).
VENTURE
V E IL (9) hide (to conceal, 0.93); palliate
(0.75); screen (to hide, 0.75); disguise
(0 .5 5 ); o b sc u re (to co n ceal, 0.50);
shadow (to shade, 0.50); cam ouflage
(0 .2 5 ); m ask (0 .2 5 ); ev ad e (to use
trickery to avoid a shaip issue, 0.19).
V E L L IC A T E (1) tickle (to stimulate by a
light touch, 0.33).
V E N D (4) vend (1.00); sell (to convey for
a consideration, 0.83); m arket (0.75);
peddle (0.50).
V E N E E R (4) veneer (1.00); palliate (0.50);
spread (to apply over a surface, 0.35);
face (to put a face on a building, 0.08).
V E N E R A T E (8) venerate (1.00); worship
(to p erfo rm acts o f w o rsh ip , 0.82);
adore (to w orship, 0.75); revere (0.75);
love (to be passionately devoted, 0.73);
adm ire (to have regard for, 0.65); glo­
rify (to w orship, 0.25); honour (to treat
w ith respect, 0.25).
V E N T (1) ventilate (0.60).
V E N T to dispose o f by sale (3) vent
(1.00); advertise (to m ake public, 0.32);
notify (to provide w ith inform ation,
0.27).
V E N T to provide a liquor w ith an outlet
(1) em it (to discharge, 0.38).
V E N T to unbosom (1) unbosom (0.33).
V E N T IL A T E (4) ventilate (1.00); air (to
in tro d u ce air, 0.92); discuss (0.32);
sw eeten (to m ake fresh, 0.11).
V E N T U R E (14) venture (1.00); chance
(to take a chance, 0.91); dare (to be
courageous, 0.89); bet (0.71); experi­
ment (to investigate scientifically, 0.71);
hazard, 0.67); bid (to propose a price
for purchase, 0.60); gam ble (to take
chances, 0.50); undertake (0.38); at­
tem pt (to try, 0.25); jeo p ard ize (0.25);
VERBALIZE
risk (0.25); speculate (to gam ble in
b u sin e ss, 0.25); try (to endeav o u r,
0. 11).
V E R B A L IZ E (3) dictate (to speak for
rec o rd , 0 .4 0 ); a rtic u la te (to sp e ak
clearly, 0.25); sound (to pronounce,
0.25).
V E R G E to descend tow ard the horizon;
to diverge or deflect (1) dip (to fall,
0.33).
V E R G E to edge (1) verge (1.00).
V E R IF Y (10) verify (1.00); recognize (to
know again, 0.86); collate (to check,
0.75); confirm (to prove, 0.75); estab­
lish (to prove, 0.75); vouch (0.73); ex­
perim ent (to investigate scientifically,
0.41); justify (to prove by the event,
0.33); settle (to prove, 0.33); support
(to uphold, 0.28).
V E R S IF Y (2) sing (to write poetry, 0.67);
poetize (0.25).
V E S T (1) clothe (0.39).
V E T O (4) veto (1.00); w ithdraw (to re­
m ove from use or circulation, 0.65);
deny (0.14); taboo (0.07).
V E X (22) vex (to trouble, 1.00); vex (to
annoy, 1.00); bother (to give trouble,
0.95); w eary (to m ake weary, 0.92);
em barrass (to upset m entally, 0.88);
displease (to anger, 0.75); inflam e (to
irritate, 0.75); nag (0.75); haunt (to prey
upon, 0.64); disturb (to upset m ental
calm , 0.57); insult (0.55); anger (to
arouse som eone to anger, 0.52); op­
press (0.52); chafe (to annoy, 0.50); eat
(to bother, 0.50); harass (to annoy an
individual, 0.50); burden (0.42); m olest
(to disturb people, 0.36); tire (to make a
person exhausted, 0.35); com plicate
(0.27); fret (to cause annoyance, 0.25);
excite (to stir one mentally, 0.06).
-369- VUJFY
V IB R A T E (25) vibrate (to quiver, 1.00);
vibrate (to sound, 1.00); sound (to make
a noise, 0.98); rock (0.90); beat (to
pulsate, 0.79); quiver (0.75); resound
(0.75); shiver (0.67); w ave (to move
back and forth, 0.67); lick (to play over;
said o f flam es, 0.62); blow (to sound
w h e n b lo w n , 0 .5 0 ); f lu c tu a te (to
oscillate, 0.50); jounce (0.50); oscillate
(to swing, 0.50); quaver (0.50); thrill (to
becom e excited, 0.40); ring (to give
forth sound by ringing, 0.27); flicker
(to quiver, 0.25); m odulate (0.25); pal­
pitate (0.25); pulsate (0.25); tremble
(0.25); w hirr (0.25); hum (0.20); swing
(to describe an arc, 0.09).
V IC T IM IZ E (10) victimize (1.00); perse­
cute (to oppress, especially for religious
reasons, 0.78); abuse (to treat badly,
0.62); deceive (0.62); swindle (0.50);
m islead (0.45); lie (to utter an untruth,
0.39); dupe (0.25); kill (to deprive of life,
0 .2 3 ); d e fe a t (to g et th e b etter o f
another, 0.02).
V IC T U A L (1) feed (0.35).
V ID E O T A P E (1) record (to record elec­
tronically, 0.33).
V IE (2) vie (1.00); com pare (to stand in
relationship to another, 0.50).
V IE W (15) view (1.00); look (to endeav­
our to see, 0.95); read (to interpret,
0.93); contem plate (to look at, 0.88);
scrutinize (0.75); spy (to see, 0.75); see
(to perceive w ith the eye, 0.73); regard
(to look at, 0.71); survey (to look upon,
0.50); overlook (to occupy a command­
ing height, 0.43); behold (0.33); regard
(to have an attitude, 0.33); meditate (to
m use, 0.27); w atch (to be attentive,
0.14); consider (to regard, 0.10).
V IL IF Y (10) vilify (1.00); slander (0.97);
VINDICATE
in s u lt ( 0 .9 0 ) ; s c a n d a liz e ( 0 .7 9 ) ;
d enounce (0.59); sm ear (to slander,
0.50); depreciate (to low er in reputa­
tion, 0.40); abuse (to hurt w ith w ords,
0.25); traduce (0.25); scold (0.11).
V IN D IC A T E (13) vindicate (to clear,
1.00); vindicate (to defend, 1.00); vin­
dicate (to justify, 1.00); excuse (0.79);
revenge (0.78); advocate (to defend,
0.67); rationalize (to justify, 0.67); de­
fend (to support an accused person,
0.61); challenge (to claim, 0.50); exon­
erate (0.50); right (to repair an injus­
tice, 0.38); acquit (to exonerate, 0.25);
palliate (0.15).
V IO L A T E (13) violate (to transgress,
1.00); violate (to rape, 1.00); rape (0.95);
force (to rape, 0.75); overstep (0.75);
assault (to rape, 0.50); defile (to rape,
0.50); infringe (0.50); sell (to betray,
0.33); disobey (0.30); seduce (0.24);
abuse (to treat badly, 0.20); corrupt (to
debase, 0.07).
V IS C E R A T E (1) eviscerate (0.25).
V IS IT (8) visit (to call upon the sick, 1.00);
visit (to live with for a short tim e, 1.00);
visit (to afflict, 1.00); visit (to stop for
business or pleasure, 1.00); attend (to
go to, 0.60); travel (to journey, 0.50);
arrive (to com e to a place, 0.18); touch
(to com e into a contact w ith, 0.17).
V IS U A L IZ E (5) visualize (1.00); envis­
age (to im agine, 0.75); dream (to have
visions, usually during sleep or fever,
0.40); hallucinate (0.33); display (to
present for effect, 0.24).
V IT A L IZ E (2) vitalize (1.00); animate (to
give life to, 0.78).
V IT IA T E (11) vitiate (to cancel, 1.00); vi­
tia te (to v io la te , 1.00); c o rru p t (to
debase, 0.96); poison (0.57); dam age
-370- VOIE
(to debase, 0.50); pervert (0.50); adul­
terate (0.29); destroy (to bring to noth­
ing, 0.22); abolish (0.17); hinder (0.09);
dam age (to im pair the value of, 0.05).
V IT R IF Y (2) harden (to make less pervi­
ous, 0.86); glaze (0.09).
V IT U P E R A T E (4) upbraid (0.93); curse
(to sw ear at, 0.75); denounce (0.75);
scold (0.19).
V IV IF Y (3) revive (to give new life, 0.74);
anim ate (to give life to, 0.56); enliven
(0.50).
V O C A L IZ E (5) speak (to utter, 0.75); sing
(to p r o d u c e v o c a l m u s ic , 0 .6 4 );
e n u n c ia te (to p ro n o u n ce distinctly,
0.38); pronounce (to articulate, 0.25);
utter (0.18).
V O C IF E R A T E (3) yell (0.63); ejaculate
(0.50); exclaim (0.14).
V O IC E (4) voice (1.00); enunciate (to pro­
nounce distinctly, 0.88); utter (0.82);
em it (to express, 0.75).
V O ID (10) unload (0.89); evacuate (to
empty, 0.75); em pty (to cause to be­
com e empty, 0.71); em pty (to becom e
empty, 0.47); excrete (0.47); em it (to
discharge, 0.41); recant (0.26); deflate
(0.25); revoke (0.22); om it (to fail to
include, 0.17).
V O L A T IZ E (2) distil (0.88); vaporize
(0.25).
V O L U N T E E R (5) volunteer (to m ake a
p ro p o sal, 1.00); v o lu n teer (to offer
o n e’s services, 1.00); undertake (0.50);
offer (to present, 0.15); propose (to
m ake a suggestion, 0.14).
V O M IT (3) vom it (1.00); em it (to dis­
charge, 0.59); eject (to rem ove physi­
cally, 0.47).
V O O D O O (1) charm (to bewitch, 0.75).
V O T E (2) vote (1.00); decide (0.24).
VOUCH
V O U C H (6) vouch (1.00); declare (to
speak formally and emphatically, 0.34);
plead (to discuss in court, 0.33); pledge
(to prom ise, 0.25); sw ear (to take an
oath, 0.18); testify (to bare witness, 0.11).
V O U C H S A F E (2) condescend (0.93);
deign (0.67).
V O W to prom ise solem nly (3) prom ise
(to give o n e ’s w ord, 0.81); pledge (to
prom ise, 0.50); sw ear (to take an oath,
0.45).
V O Y A G E (4) travel (to journey, 0.89);
cruise (0.75); tour (0.67); sail (to travel
by sailing, 0.60).
V U L C A N IZ E (2) vulcanize (1.00); tem ­
p er (to toughen or harden, 0.47).
V U L G A R IZ E (1) abuse (to treat badly,
0.52).
W nate (to rem ove, 0.40); forego (0.25);
WAD to form into a w ad; to lay up in
bundles (3) w ad (1.00); line (to provide
a lining, 0.73); stuff (0.25).
W A D D LE (2) waddle (1.00); toddle (tod­
dle, 0.75).
W A D E (1) wade (1.00).
W A F T to convoy (3) w aft (1.00); carry
(to transport, 0.32); heave (to raise and
fall, 0.24).
W A F T to w ave as a signal (4) blow (to
carry on the wind, 0.92); glide (to m ove
gently, 0.69); float (0.67); blow (to send
forth air rapidly, 0.25).
W A G (3) wag (1.00); w iggle (0.88); w ave
(to m ove back and forth, 0.62).
W A G E (1) wage (1.00).
W A G E R (6) bet (0.93); gam ble (to play
for money, 0.75); guarantee (to give
se c u rity , 0 .7 1 ); c h a n c e (to ta k e a
chance, 0.64); lay (to bet, 0.33); ven­
ture (0.07).
-371 - WALLOW
W A G G L E (7) w aggle (1.00); w iggle
(0.75); w ag (0.67); w ave (to move back
and forth, 0.57); hitch (to m ove with a
jerk, 0.50); w obble (0.07); shake (to
vibrate, 0.06).
W A IL (8) wail (1.00); cry (to weep, 0.90);
w eep (0.80); howl (0.50); moan (0.50);
m ourn (to cry, 0.50); lam ent (to weep,
0.25); sough (0.25).
W A IN S C O T (1) line (to provide a lining,
0.13).
W A IT (8) w ait (to await, 1.00); wait (to
attend at table, 1.00); serve (to serve
at table, 0.75); lurk (0.67); hesitate
(0 .4 8 ); lo ite r (0 .4 1 ); w atch (to be
attentive, 0.36); linger (to go reluctantly,
0.11).
W A IV E to relinquish (7) waive (1.00); sus­
pend (to cease temporarily, 0.45); elimi­
abandon (to relinquish, 0.22); sacrifice
(to give up as a m eans to an end, 0.11);
yield (to surrender, 0.08).
W A K E (4) wake (to waken another, 1.00);
w ake (to become awake, 1.00); wake (to
begin to com prehend, 1.00); rise (to
get out o f bed, 0.50).
W A L K to j oum ey or move about on foot
(10) w alk (to m ove on foot, 1.00); walk
(to cause to m ove on foot, 1.00); move
(to be in motion, 0.93); rove (0.75); roam
(to wander, 0.69); tread (0.67); patrol
(0.50); step (0.47); haunt (to frequent
as a spirit, 0.38); march (0.35).
W A L L to furnish w ith a wall (1) bar (to
raise a physical obstruction, 0.75).
W A L L O P (4) wallop (1.00); thump (0.56);
defeat (to w orst in sport or in personal
com bat, 0.24); thrust (to jab, 0.08).
W A L L O W to roll about; to flounder (4)
WALLPAPER -372-
w allow (1.00); slop (0.78); flounder
(0.50); bask (0.20).
W A L L PA PE R (1) redecorate (0.18).
W A LTZ (3) w altz (1.00); dance (to m ove
rhythm ically, 0.92); play (to display
light, erratic movem ent, 0.75).
W A M B L E (1) flop (to m ove w ith little
control, 0.17).
W A N D E R (16) w ander (to stroll, 1.00);
w ander (to speak or think incoherently,
1 .0 0 ); r a m b le (to g o in v a r io u s
directions, 0.85); peram bulate (to ram ­
ble, 0.75); peregrinate (0.75); w alk (to
m ove on foot, 0.61); range (to traverse
w ide areas, 0.56); circulate (to go about,
0.50); gad (0.50); travel (to journey,
0.43); deviate (0.40); am ble (0.25);
m aunder (to digress, 0.25); rove (0.25);
saunter (0.25); straggle (0.25).
W A N E (11) w ane (1.00); decrease (to
grow less, 0.82); die (to d ecline as
though death w ere inevitable , 0.78);
dim inish (to grow less, 0.75); dw indle
(0.75); contract (to dim inish, 0.64); age
(to grow old, 0.60); w eaken (to becom e
w eaker, 0.59); ebb (0.27); sink (to de­
crease, 0.25); disappear (0.12).
W A N T (8) w ant (to desire, 1.00); w ant
(to lack, 1.00); yearn (0.92); lack (0.67);
w ill (to w ish, 0.67); w ish (to express a
desire, 0.58); beg (to ask alm s, 0.50);
require (to need, 0.50).
W A R (2) w ar (1.00); fight (to engage in
an encounter, 0.92).
W A R B L E to sing (7) w arb le (1.00);
w histle (to produce a tune by whistling,
0.86); trill (0.80); sing (to produce vo­
cal m usic, 0.73); croon (0.67); yodel
(0.50); chirp (0.36).
W ARD to rule; to guard (1) shelter (0.67).
W A R EH O U SE (1) store (0.45).
WASH
W A R M (12) w arm (1.00); heat (to make
hot, 0.98); cook (0.90); heat (to become
hot, 0.88); radiate (to shed light or heat,
0.85); brood (to hatch, 0.33); com fort
(to m ake easy physically, 0.30); bake
(to cook, 0.25); reheat (0.25); sim m er
(to b o il, 0 .2 5 ); e x c ite (to stir one
mentally, 0.19); gladden (0.09).
W A R N (7) w arn (1.00); advertise (to
m ake p ublic, 0.76); advise (to give
counsel, 0.76); w histle (to call with a
w histle, 0.57); brandish (0.25); exhort
(0.25); signal (0.20).
W A R P (8) warp (1.00); bend (to force out
o f a straight line, 0.92); change (to make
different, 0.82); distort (to change by
p re ssu re , 0 .7 5 ); d isto rt (to ch an g e
shape, 0.36); m ar (to im pair, 0.25);
dam age (to im pair the value of, 0.23);
maim (0.14).
W A R R A N T (18) w arrant (to guarantee,
1.00); w arran t (to auth o rize, 1.00);
vouch (0.82); prove (0.69); ju stify (to
prove by the event, 0.67); m erit (0.67);
insure (0.50); guarantee (to certify, 0.44);
testify (to bare witness, 0.33); vindicate
(to justify, 0.33); defend (to support an
accused person, 0.28); sw ear (to take
an oath, 0.27); deserve (0.25); ensure
(0.25); prom ise (to give o n e ’s word,
0.19); allow (to perm it an action, 0.07);
delegate (to give authority to another,
0.05); com mand (to issue an order, 0.02).
W A S H (19) w ash (to bathe, 1.00); wash
(to launder, 1.00); w ash (to brush with
a liquid, 1.00); w ash (to erode, 1.00);
w ash (to border upon, 1.00); pan (to
obtain gold, 0.89); gild (to give the
appearance o f gold, 0.83); lick (to pass
the tongue over, 0.76); sw ab (0.75);
purify (0.71); moisten (0.54); cleanse (to
WASTE
rem ove dirt from the surface, 0.50);
colour (to im part colour to, 0.31); w ipe
(0.30); sponge (to clean, 0.25); mop
(0.22); w hitewash (to cover with a lime
w ash, 0.20); p ain t (to rep rese n t by
painting, 0.07); heave (to raise and fall,
0.05).
W A STE (17) waste (to use w ithout result,
1.00); w aste (to squander, 1.00); w aste
(to be c o n su m e d g rad u a lly , 1.00);
spend (to expend, 0.86); overflow (to
flow over the top, or out at a vent, 0.83);
ravage (0.80); w ear (to consum e by
wearing, 0.63); eat (to reduce gradually,
0 .5 0 ); le v e l (to d e m o lis h , 0 .5 0 );
m isap ply (0.50); m isem ploy (0.50);
drain (to w ithdraw strength, 0.47); de­
crease (to grow less, 0.26); overw helm
(to drown, 0.25); contract (to diminish,
0 .2 3 ); w e a r (to b e c o n s u m e d by
w earing, 0.10); abuse (to treat badly,
0.06).
W A TCH (14) watch (to be attentive, 1.00);
w atch (to guard, 1.00); guard (to w atch
over, 0.93); spy (to act as a spy, 0.79);
m onitor (0.75); patrol (0.75); police
(0.75); m anage (to direct, 0.65); regard
(to look at, 0.64); look (to endeavour to
see, 0.60); gaze (0.50); d efe n d (to
p ro v id e g e n e ra l p ro te c tio n , 0 .4 7 );
sh a d o w (to fo llo w secretly , 0 .33);
convoy (0.25).
W A T E R (7) w ater (1.00); irrigate (0.67);
soak (to drench, 0.57); dam pen (to wet,
0.50); overflow (to flow out upon, 0.50);
m oisten (0.42); dip (to put into a liquid,
0.25).
W A T E R L O G (2) moisten (0.77); soak (to
remain in liquid, 0.14).
W AVE (17) w ave (to flutter, 1.00); w ave
(to g iv e an a lte rn a tin g m o v e m en t,
-373- WAYLAY
1.00); w ave (to m ove back and forth,
1.00); w ave (to set hair, 1.00); wave (to
u n d u la te , 1 .0 0 ); h an g (to be su s­
pended, 0.82); signal (0.80); trill (0.70);
roll (to flow, 0.57); wield (0.57); undulate
(to surge, 0.50); flag (0.33); blow (to
carry on the w ind, 0.25); flourish (to
w ave trium phantly, 0.25); suspend (to
hang, 0.25); overflow (to flow over the
top, or out at a vent, 0.17); swing (to
cause to sw ing, 0.14).
W AVER (21) waver (1.00); wave (to move
back and forth, 0.90); vacillate (to totter,
0.75); ju m p (to vibrate, 0.73); bend (to
be forced out o f a straight line, 0.71);
falter (0.67); oscillate (to fluctuate,
0.67); altern ate (to fluctuate, 0.64);
shake (to vibrate, 0.59); teeter (0.55);
flicker (to quiver, 0.50); fluctuate (to
hesitate, 0.50); stagger (0.50); lick (to
play over; said o f flam es, 0.46); swing
(to describe an arc, 0.36); wobble (0.33);
reel (0.30); dilly-dally (0.25); hover
(0.25); vibrate (to quiver, 0.25); totter
(to stagger, 0.17).
W A X to cover with wax (6) wax (to apply
wax, 1.00); varnish (0.71); finish (to de­
velop a surface, 0.50); burnish (0.33);
shine (to cause to shine, usually by
polishing, 0.22); spread (to apply over
a surface, 0.10).
W A X to grow (9) w ax (to increase, 1.00);
grow (to becom e larger, 0.85); thrive (to
g ro w v ig o ro u sly , 0 .7 3 ); b u ild (to
increase, 0.50); bloom (0.44); grow (to
change slowly, 0.41); flourish (to pros­
per, 0.25); rise (to in crease, 0.20);
strengthen (0.04).
W A Y LA Y (4) w aylay (1.00); am bush
(0.89); kidnap (0.45); attack (to fight
offensively (army), 0.42).
WEAKEN -374-
W E A K E N (14) w e a k en (to b e c o m e
weaker, 1.00); weaken (to m ake weaker,
1.00); adulterate (0.97); contract (to
diminish, 0.91); demoralize (to unnerve,
0.75); disarm (to deprive o f w eapons,
0.73); wilt (0.63); disprove (0.50); go (to
fail, 0.50); check (to slacken the pace,
0 .2 5 ); so ften (to m ak e so ft, 0.2 4 );
decrease (to grow less, 0.21); relapse
(0.09); decay (0.03).
W E A N (2) w ean (1.00); raise (to nurture,
0.50).
W E A R to carry on o n e’s body; to dam ­
age; to use (8) w ear (to use as clothing
or personal ornam ent, 1.00); w ear (to
consum e by w earing, 1.00); w ear (to
be consum ed by w earing, 1.00); dress
(to p u t on clo th es, 0.80); w ash (to
erode, 0.60); endure (to continue, 0.39);
m odel (to dem onstrate, 0.33); w aste (to
be consum ed gradually, 0.09).
W E A R o f a ship: to com e round (1) tack
(to steer an oblique course, 0.40).
W E A R Y (4) weary (to make weary, 1.00);
w eary (to becom e weary, 1.00); drain
(to w ithdraw strength, 0.76); depress
(to bring to a low er state, 0.52).
W E A T H E R (3) w eather (to expose to
the w eather, 1.00); w eather (to pass
through adversity successfully, 1.00);
endure (to sustain adversity, 0.14).
W E A V E to m an u factu re m aterial (4)
w eav e (to co n stru ct by in terlacin g ,
1.00); weave (to contrive, 1.00); em broi­
der (to add adornm ent, 0.69); build (to
construct, 0.04).
W E A V E to m ove repeatedly from side to
side; to m ake a signal (7) w eave (to
m ove in and out, 1.00); w ind (to m ean­
der, 0.82); totter (to stagger, 0.67); lurch
(0.50); reel (0.50); m ix (to blend, 0.47);
teeter (0.09).
WELCOME
W E B (1) knit (to form by knitting, 0.43).
W E D (5) w ed (1.00); m arry (to take a
sp o u se , 0 .7 5 ); esp o u se (to m arry,
0.50); jo in (to unite, 0.36); unite (to
com e together, 0.08).
W E D G E to tighten; to fasten (2) fasten
(to m ake something secure, 0.28); com ­
press (0.04).
W E E D (2) rake (to use a rake, 0.40); train
(to direct growth, 0.06).
W E E N (3) assum e (to take for granted,
0.50); understand (to comprehend, 0.32);
know (to possess information, 0.25).
W E E P (7) weep (1.00); bawl (to cry, 0.67);
bem oan (0.50); wail (0.50); w him per
(0.50); snivel (to cry, 0.25); m ourn (to
lament, 0.14).
W E IG H (19) w eigh (to take the w eight
of, 1.00); w eigh (to have weight, 1.00);
w eigh (to consider, 1.00); m easure (to
a p p ly a sta n d a rd o f m e asu rem en t,
0.94); choose (to select, 0.80); m atter
(to be o f im portance, 0.78); m editate
(to th in k over, 0.75); calc u late (to
reckon, 0.74); balance (to place in bal­
ance, 0.64); gauge (0.60); com pare (to
exam ine on a com parative basis, 0.57);
p hilosophize (0.50); exam ine (to test,
0.27); contrast (to indicate a contrast,
0.25); deliberate (0.25); reflect (to con­
tem plate, 0.25); debate (0.20); experi­
m e n t (to in v e stig a te sc ien tifica lly ,
0.12); think (to examine with the mind,
0.04).
W E IG H T (4) corrupt (to debase, 0.54);
load (to place a load, 0.47); sling (to
su spend, 0.25); press (to su b ject to
pressure, 0.22).
W E L C O M E (14) w elcom e (1.00); greet
(0.94); listen (to receive advice cordial­
ly, 0.83); salute (to recognize with re­
WELD -375-
spect, 0.80); appreciate (to be grateful,
0.75); accost (to greet, 0.50); hail (to
salute, 0.50); take (to admit, 0.50); feel
(to experience, 0.45); receive (to m ake
w elcom e, 0.42); em brace (to adopt,
0.33); hug (0.22); accom m odate (to
provide lodging, 0.13); entertain (to act
as host or hostess, 0.06).
W E L D (6) w eld (1.00); m achine (0.50);
faste n (to m ake so m e th in g secu re,
0.35); vulcanize (0.33); assemble (to put
together, 0.30); jo in (to unite, 0.28).
W E L L to boil; to thicken; to curdle (3)
flow (to issue forth, 0.76); bubble
(0.75); gush (to spout, 0.50).
W E L S H (1) abandon (to leave in trou­
ble, 0.14).
W E L T E R (1) wallow (0.67).
W E N D (1) wend (1.00).
W E T (11) w et (1.00); soak (to drench,
0.93); spatter (0.88); dip (to put into a
liquid, 0.85); drench (0.75); bedew
(0.50); m oisten (0.50); souse (to soak,
0.50); sponge (to clean, 0.50); w ater
(0.42); overflow (to flow out upon, 0.25).
W E T C A S T (1) cast (to form in a m ould,
0.25).
W H A C K (14) bump (to m ake a bumping
sound, 0.91); hurt (to cause pain, 0.80);
haggle (to m angle, 0.75); hit (to strike,
0.61); drive (to force with blows, 0.60);
bat (0.50); beat (to strike repeatedly,
0.50); club (0.50); hack (0.50); ham m er
(0.50); chop (0.33); bang (to beat, 0.25);
rap (to tap sharply, 0.25); thum p (0.22).
W H A L E to engage in w hale-fishing (1)
fish (0.33).
W H A M (1) pelt (0.50).
W H E E D L E (6) w heedle (1.00); cajole
(0.75); grovel (0.29); induce (to prevail
WfflP
on, 0.25); tempt (0.14); urge (to induce,
0.09).
W H E E L (8) drive (to manage a propelled
v e h ic le , 0 .7 1 ); ro ll (to m ove by
rotation, or in rotating num bers, 0.71);
turn (to pivot, 0.69); whirl (0.60); rotate
(0.50); round (to turn, 0.50); dial (to turn,
0.25); circle (0.11).
W H E E Z E (7) wheeze (1.00); pant (0.75);
sw ish (0.75); breathe (to draw breath,
0.50); gasp (0.50); snore (0.50); whistle
(to produce a shrill blast, 0.46).
W H E L P (1) produce (to bear, 0.18).
W H E T (5) whet (1.00); grind (to sharpen,
0.67); point (to sharpen, 0.50); motivate
(0.35); sharpen (to make keen, 0.33).
W H IC K E R (1) whinny (0.57).
W H IF F to blow w ith a w hiff or slight
blast (3) w h iff (1.00); blow (to send
forth air rapidly, 0.58); puff (to blow,
0.25).
W H IM P E R (9) w him per (1.00); whine
(0.69); mumble (0.60); complain (to ex­
press an objection, 0.55); fuss (0.50);
cry (to weep, 0.45); snivel (to complain,
0.33); squall (0.25); yam mer (0.25).
W H IN E (14) w hine (1.00); fuss (0.75);
grum ble (to com plain, 0.75); mumble
(0.70); snivel (to complain, 0.67); com­
plain (to express an objection, 0.58);
sound (to m ake a noise, 0.57); squall
(0.50); yam m er (0.50); cry (to call (not
o f h um an creatu res), 0.42); cry (to
w eep, 0.40); grumble (to mutter, 0.25);
m oan (0.25); grumble (to growl, 0.07).
W H IN N Y (4) whinny (1.00); cry (to call
(not o f hum an creatures), 0.66); bray
(0.50); neigh (0.50).
W H IP (17) w hip (1.00); beat (to thrash,
0.95); hurt (to cause pain, 0.81); flagel­
WHIRL -376-
late (0.75); spank (0.75); goad (0.70);
beat (to mix, 0.50); m aul (0.50); ply (to
beat, 0.50); thrash (0.50); thrash (to
ch astise, 0.50); p u n ish (0.31); flog
(0.25); lam baste (0.25); outfight (0.25);
torture (to injure, 0.25); scar (0.23).
W H IR L (16) whirl (1.00); reel (0.80); pivot
(0.75); round (to turn, 0.75); turn (to
pivot, 0.63); blow (to m ove rapidly (said
o f air), 0.50); swirl (to roll or wave, 0.50);
sw irl (to tw ist, 0.50); w altz (0.50); roll
(to revolve, 0.43); sw ing (to cause to
swing, 0.43); blow (to carry on the wind,
0.42); flow (to m ove in one direction,
0.38); run (to m ove, usually rapidly,
0.36); flow (to keep up a circular motion,
0.22); w ave (to flutter, 0.08).
W H IR R (4) whirr (1.00); whizz (0.33); hum
(0.27); buzz (0.25).
W H IS K (9) w hisk (1.00); je rk (to m ove
an object w ith a quick tug, 0.77); blow
(to carry on the w ind, 0.67); blow (to
send forth air rapidly, 0.50); brush (to
cleanse by brushing, 0.50); clean (0.46);
flop (to m ove w ith little control, 0.30);
run (to go sw iftly by physical effort,
0.10); race (to m ove at great speed,
0.06).
W H IS P E R (10) whisper (1.00); sound (to
m ake ano ise, 0.89); rustle (0.85); utter
(0.79); hum (0.67); blow (to send forth
air rapidly, 0.42); sw ish (0.25); m utter
(to speak as if to oneself, 0.17); m um ble
(0.10); hint (0.05).
W H IS T L E (8) whistle (to produce a shrill
blast, 1.00); whistle (to call w ith a w his­
tle, 1.00); w histle (to produce a tune
by whistling, 1.00); w hine (0.77); twitter
(0.57); trill (0.40); cry (to call (not o f
hum an creatures), 0.32); blow (to send
forth air rapidly, 0.08).
WIGGLE
W H IT E N (7) w hiten (to becom e white,
1.00); w hiten (to m ake w hite, 1.00);
snow (0.78); blanch (0.67); weather (to
expose to the weather, 0.62); w hite­
w ash (to cover with a lime wash, 0.60);
bleach (0.50).
W H IT E W A S H (5) w hitew ash (to cover
w ith a lim e wash, 1.00); w ash (to brush
w ith a liquid, 0.75); palliate (0.45); gild
(to adorn, 0.25); whiten (to m ake white,
0 .20).
W H IT T L E to cut the slices from the
surface (4) w hittle (to cut, 1.00); w hit­
tle (to reduce slowly, 1.00); chip (0.67);
form (to give shape to a thing, 0.49).
W H IZ Z (6) w hizz (1.00); w hirr (0.75);
w histle (to produce a shrill blast, 0.54);
sw ish (0.50); run (to m ove, usually rap­
idly, 0.27); race (to move at great speed,
0.16).
W H O L E S A L E (1) sell (to convey for a
consideration, 0.08).
W H O O P (2) whoop (1.00); yell (0.58).
W H O R L (2) round (to make round, 0.50);
swirl (to twist, 0.25).
W ID E N (13) widen (to make wider, 1.00);
widen (to becom e wider, 1.00); increase
(to add to, 0.83); broaden (0.75); radiate
(to shed light or heat, 0.74); inflate (to
distend, 0.63); spread (to extend, 0.56);
dilate (0.50); distend (0.50); thicken (to
make thicker, 0.25); improve (to become
b e tte r, 0 .2 4 ); stre tc h (to c a u se to
stretch, 0.14); develop (to im prove,
0.09).
W IE L D (4) w ield (1.00); swing (to cause
to sw ing, 0.86); com m and (to have
control, 0.46); ply (to use, 0.25).
W IG G L E (10) wiggle (1.00); fidget (0.64);
jo g g le (0.50); w addle (0.50); ja r (to
cause to trem ble, 0.35); flutter (0.25);
WILL
je rk (to undergo a spasm , 0.25); jig g le
(0.25); wriggle (0.25); flop (to move with
little control, 0.22).
W IL L (8) w ill (an indication o f futurity,
1.00); will (to exert one’s will, 1.00); will
(to w ish , 1.00); m a y (to c o n c e d e
possibility, 0.75); leave (to allow to fall
to another, 0.67); choose (to select,
0.57); give (to transfer, 0.37); contribute
(to give, 0.18).
W IL T (6) w ilt (1.00); w aste (to be con­
sum ed gradually, 0.64); w ither (0.56);
dry (to becom e dry, 0.50); sw eat (to
persp ire, 0.29); w eaken (to becom e
weaker, 0.05).
W IN to w ork; to be victorious (17) w in
(to gain a victory, 1.00); w in (to obtain,
1.00); w in (to reach, 1.00); w in (to
convince, 1.00); seize (to take by force,
0.89); defeat (to w orst in sport or in
personal com bat, 0.83); attain (0.75);
earn (to deserve as rew ard, 0.75); take
(to acquire, 0.75); obtain (td gain p o s­
session, 0.59); find (to achieve, 0.50);
fo rce (to capture by assault, 0.50);
trounce (to defeat, 0.40); outrun (0.33);
s u c c e e d (to a tta in su c c e ss, 0 .3 1 );
fascinate (0.14); receive (to take into
o n e’s charge, 0.09).
W IN C E (4) wince (1.00); agonize (0.75);
worry (to indulge in worry, 0.50); recoil
(0.29).
W IN D to move rapidly (11) wind (to wrap
about, 1.00); w ind (to twist, 1.00); wind
(to m eander, 1.00); coil (0.87); roll (to
revolve, 0.79); curl (to twist, 0.77); wave
(to undulate, 0.69); crinkle (0.50); screw
(0.50); bend (to force out o f a straight
line, 0.31); circle (0.19).
W IN E (1) entertain (to act as host or host­
ess, 0.24).
-377- WITHDRAW
W IN G (2) fly (to pass through the air,
0.92); glide (to m ove gently, 0.15).
W IN K (3) w ink (to close one eye, 1.00);
w ink (to twinkle, 1.00); hint (0.36).
W IN N O W (6) w innow (1.00); hunt (to
try to find, 0.82); sift (to put through a
sieve, 0.70); thrash (to free grain or
seed from hulls, 0.44); clean (0.35);
exam ine (to inspect with care, 0.13).
W IN T E R (2) w inter (1.00); hibernate
(0.67).
W IP E (6) wipe (1.00); mop (0.78); sponge
(to clean, 0.75); clean (0.41); brush (to
cleanse by brushing, 0.25); wash (to
bathe, 0.19).
W IR E (8) electrify (to provide electricity,
0.92); send (to broadcast, usually elec­
tronically, 0.70); thread (to pass thread
th ro u g h a n eed le, 0.67); report (to
deliver inform ation, 0.50); telegraph
( 0 .5 0 ) ; c o m m u n ic a te (to b e in
com m unication, 0.29); tape (to fasten,
0.20); notify (to provide w ith inform a­
tion, 0.09).
W IR E T A P (1) eavesdrop (0.50).
W IS H (9) wish (to desire, 1.00); wish (to
express a desire, 1.00); w ish (to bid,
1.00); hope (0.94); please (to desire,
0.75); choose (to like, 0.67); like (to be
inclined, 0.67); long (0.33); yearn (0.08).
W IT H D R A W (33) w ithdraw (to retire,
1.00); w ithdraw (to remove from use or
circulation, 1.00); withdraw (to remove,
1.00); abandon (to relinquish, 0.93);
recoil (0.93); leave (to go away, 0.88);
retire (to draw away, 0.78); disappear
(0.76); abstract (to take away, 0.75);
secede (0.75); shrink (0.75); retreat (to
execute a forced retirem ent in battle,
0.73); stop (to cease, 0.73); steal (0.69);
recant (0.61); detach (0.50); part (to
WITHER -378-
depart, 0.50); retract (to draw in, 0.50);
se q u ester (to seclude, 0.50); refu se
(0.47); detract (0.44); abdicate (0.33);
go (to depart, 0.33); re c e d e (to go
backw ard, 0.33); retract (to disavow ,
0.33); dem obilize (0.25); depart (to go
away, 0.25); fly (to flee from danger,
0.25); rem ove (to m ove physically,
0.15); apologize (0.14); retreat (to retire,
0.14); avoid (0.13); rescue (to save,
0.08).
W IT H E R to dry; to decay (8) w ither
(1.00); die (to decline as though death
w ere inevitable , 0.89); decay (0.85);
waste (to be consum ed gradually, 0.82);
w ilt (0.75); contract (to diminish, 0.27);
d isintegrate (to decay, 0.25); decrease
(to grow less, 0.12).
W IT H E R to be hostile; to fight; to strug­
gle (1) glare (to stare fiercely, 0.10).
W IT H H O L D (16) withhold (1.00); m ain­
tain (to keep ready for use, 0.74); hide
(to conceal, 0.67); delay (to cause a
delay, 0.61); discourage (to restrain,
0.58); dock (to dim inish, 0.50); refuse
(0.42); deny (0.39); forbid (0.39); har­
bour (to keep hidden, 0.33); subtract
(0.33); check (to slacken the pace, 0.30);
hinder (0.27); estrange (to w ithdraw ,
0.25); famish (to kill, 0.25); omit (to fail
to include, 0.08).
W IT H S T A N D (10) face (to confront
co n flict or trouble, 0.68); stan d (to
oppose, 0.67); survive (to endure, 0.67);
fight (to engage in an encounter, 0.64);
defend (to keep off an enemy, often fig.
, 0.59); endure (to sustain adversity,
0.57); abide (to submit to, 0.33); oppose
(to fight, 0.30); disobey (0.09); undergo
(0.09).
W IT N E S S (6) w itness (1.00); contem ­
WORK
plate (to look at, 0.65); testify (to bare
w itness, 0.56); guarantee (to certify,
0.33); prove (0.24); regard (to look at,
0.14).
W O B B L E (11) w obble (1.00); flop (to
m ove w ith little control, 0.96); jum p (to
v ib rate, 0.87); teeter (0.73); toddle
(toddle, 0.25); totter (to stagger, 0.25);
toss (to m o v e up and dow n, 0.21);
shake (to vibrate, 0.18); totter (to be
near falling, 0.08); ja r (to cause to trem ­
ble, 0.06); rock (0.05).
W O L F (1) glut (to eat to satiety, 0.21).
W O N D E R (3) w onder (to marvel, 1.00);
w onder (to question, 1.00); doubt (to
raise a question, 0.88).
W O O (2) w oo (to court,fig., 1.00); woo
(to m ake love to, 1.00).
W O O D S H E D (1) practice (to seek im ­
provem ent through repetition, 0.10).
W O R K (32) w ork (to labour, 1.00);work
(to fashion, 1.00); w ork (to function,
1.00); w ork (to handle successfully,
1.00); w ork (to ferment, 1.00); operate
(to be in operation, 0.93); knead (0.89);
play (to produce m usic, 0.83); drag (to
pulverize, 0.75); farm (to do farm work,
0.75); go (to function, 0.75); act (to
p e rfo rm an a c tio n , 0 .6 7 ); ro ll (to
function, 0.67); operate (to produce an
effect, 0.6 1 ); av erag e (to do on an
average, 0.57); exercise (to m ove the
body, 0 .56 ); tw itch (to je rk , 0.56);
behave (to act, 0.50); run (to function,
0.50); try (to endeavour, 0.39); w ield
(0.36); bubble (0.35); solve (0.35); form
(to give shape to a thing, 0.33); till
(0.33); function (0.25); handle (to do
w hatever is necessary, 0.25); m ine (to
dig for minerals, 0.25); use (to make use
of, 0.18); embroider (to add adornment,
WORM -379-
0.13); pedal (0.13); begin (to initiate,
0.06).
W O R M (1) w o rn (1.00).
W O R R Y (22) w orry (to cause worry,
1.00); worry (to indulge in worry, 1.00);
disturb (to upset m ental calm , 0.96);
m o le s t (to d is tu rb p e o p le , 0 .8 4 );
displease (to leave a person dissatis­
fied, 0.75); eat (to bother, 0.75); excite
(to stir one m entally, 0.75); hurt (to
distress, 0.75); oppress (0.74); drive (to
cause to m ove, 0.67); em barrass (to
upset m entally, 0.52); bite (to seize or
sever w ith teeth, 0.50); persecute (to
torm ent persistently, 0.50); perturb (to
annoy, 0.50); vex (to trouble, 0.50);
confuse (0.48); haunt (to prey upon,
0.48); tire (to m ake a person exhausted,
0.30); bedevil (0.25); faze (0.25); bother
(to be disturbing, 0.24); fidget (0.09).
W O R S E N (7) aggravate (to m ake worse,
0.75); exacerbate (to aggravate, 0.75);
degenerate (0.67); fail (to grow less,
0.50); depreciate (to becom e less in
value or quantity , 0.25); go (to fail,
0.25); decay (0.21).
W O R S H IP (6) w orship (to adore, 1.00);
w orship (to perform acts o f w orship,
1.00); honour (to treat w ith respect,
0.75); cherish (to hold dear, 0.67); com ­
plim ent (to flatter, 0.37); sacrifice (to
offer to a deity, 0.14).
W O R S T (5) w orst (1.00); defeat (to get
the better o f another, 0.90); best (0.67);
halt (to cause to cease, 0.21); succeed
(to attain success, 0.07).
W O T (2) know (to possess inform ation,
0 .3 8 ); u n d ersta n d (to co m p reh en d ,
0.35).
W O U L D (1) w ill (an in d ic a tio n o f
futurity, 0.71).
WRECK
W O U N D (12) w ound (to hurt the body,
1.00); w ou n d (to hurt the feelings,
1.00); m angle (to m utilate, 0.86); stab
(0.80); lacerate (to injure, 0.75); torture
(to injure, 0.75); hurt (to cause pain,
0.70); cut (to cut into, 0.32); penetrate
(to pierce, 0.30); bruise (0.25); injure
(0.25); dam age (to im pair the value of,
0.18).
W R A N G L E (10) wrangle (1.00); quarrel
(0.95); bicker (0.80); contest (to fight,
0 .6 7 ); d is c u s s (0 .5 9 ); h a g g le (to
bargain, 0.50); try (to endeavour, 0.50);
debate (0.40); argue (to endeavour to
convince, 0.29); fight (to engage in an
encounter, 0.24).
W R A P (12) wrap (to twine or wind, 1.00);
w rap (to conceal in a wrapper, 1.00);
twist (0.60); drape (0.56); bind (to dress,
0.50); m uzzle (to fasten a muzzle upon,
0.50); em balm (0.29); frame (to act as a
fram e, 0.29); enshroud (0.25); obscure
(to con ceal, 0.25); w ear (to use as
clothing or personal ornam ent, 0.20);
hide (to conceal, 0.07).
W R E A T H E (6) w ind (to w rap about,
0.70); w eave (to construct by interlac­
ing, 0.61); curl (to twist, 0.38); frame (to
act as a frame, 0.36); enwreathe (0.25);
coil (0.07).
W R E C K (17) w reck (to bring to ruin,
1.00); w re ck (to sh ip w reck , 1.00);
dam age (to im pair the value of, 0.97);
raze (0.96); ravage (0.82); botch (0.79);
b a tte r (to dam age, 0.75); dem olish
(0.75); prostrate (to overthrow, 0.75);
undo (0.67); harm (0.50); sabotage
(0.50); destroy (to bring to nothing,
0.38); smash (0.35); level (to demolish,
0.25); blast (to ruin, 0.20); inflict (to
deal, 0.17).
WRENCH -380-
W R E N C H (4) wrench (1.00); extort (0.50);
draw (to m ove an object, 0.41); yank
(0.22).
W R E S T (4) succeed (to attain success,
0.57); ravage (0.27); enforce (to require
com pliance, 0.20); w rench (0.20).
W R E S T L E (5) w restle (1.00); com pete
(0.74); fight (to engage in an encoun­
ter, 0.40); spar (0.33); grapple (to fight
h and to hand, 0.25).
W R IG G L E (7) w riggle (1.00); flop (to
m ove w ith little control, 0.78); je rk (to
undergo a spasm , 0.75); squirm (0.75);
craw l (to m ove like an insect, 0.67);
w iggle (0.63); enter (to enter physically,
0.62).
W R IN G (3) wring (1.00); twist (0.80); hurt
(to cause pain, 0.49).
W R IN K L E (5) wrinkle (to form into wrin­
kles, 1.00); fold (to place together or
lay in folds, 0.63); contract (to dim in
ish, 0.59); age (to grow old, 0.40); curl
(to twist, 0.15).
W R IT E (11) w rite (to com pose in w ords,
1.00); w rite (to set dow n in w riting,
1.00); record (to write down, 0.92); com ­
m unicate (to impart inform ation, 0.88);
compose (to create, 0.73); rewrite (0.67);
p ro d u ce (to create by m ental effort,
0.42); address (to com m unicate in a
form al way, 0.40); edit (to prepare for
publication, 0.18); publish (to print and
distribute, 0.17); notify (to provide with
information, 0.15)
W R IT H E to twist; to coil (5) writhe (1.00);
distort (to change shape, 0.50); w orry
(to indulge in worry, 0.30); agonize
(0.25); craw l (to m ove like an insect,
0.17).
W R IT H E to sprout; to flourish (1) beat
(to pulsate, 0.21).
YELP
W R IT H E R (1) creep (0.33).
W R O N G (6) wrong (1.00); abuse (to treat
badly, 0.70); outrage (0.50); rape (0.45);
m istreat (0.25); dam age (to im pair the
value of, 0.06).
X
X E R O G R A P H (1) reproduce (to make an
exact copy, 0.81).
X E R O X (2) xerox (1.00); reproduce (to
m ake an exact copy, 0.75).
Y
Y A M M E R (3) yam m er (1.00); talk (to
converse, 0.50); yell (0.25).
Y A N K (5) yank (1.00); tw itch (to pluck,
0.64); draw (to m ove an object, 0.36);
tow (0.25); w rench (0.07).
YA P (4) yap (1.00); bark (to em it a d o g ’s
characteristic sound, 0.82); yell (0.79);
squaw k (0.25).
YAW to deviate from a course (2) yaw
(1.00); tack (to steer an oblique course,
0.60).
YAW N (4) yaw n (to give evidence o f
drow siness, 1.00); yaw n (to open wide,
1.00); sleep (0.27); tire (to becom e
exhausted, 0.18).
YAWP (1) yell (0.04).
Y E A R N to desire earnestly (4) yearn
(1.00); itch (to have a strong desire,
0.67); aspire (0.25); miss (to feel a want,
0.25).
Y E A R N to coagulate; to curdle (2) mope
(0.50); m ourn (to lament, 0.45).
Y E L L (6) yell (1.00); squall (0.75); rage
Y E L P (5) yelp (1.00); bark (to emit a dog’s
characteristic sound, 0.91); yell (0.83); cry
(to call (not of human creatures), 0.79); snarl
(0.47).(to give vent to anger, 0.68); roar (0.53);
squeal (0.50); whoop (0.10).
YIELD
Y IE L D (21) yield (to grant, LOO); yield
(to produce, 1.00); yield (to surrender,
1.00); produce (to bear, 0.97); allow (to
p erm it an action, 0.78); fall (to be
overthrown, 0.78); concede (0.75); give
(to produce, 0.75); grant (to perm it,
0.75); share (to give, 0.75); obey (to act
in a c c o rd a n c e w ith o rd e rs, 0 .7 1 );
abandon (to relinquish, 0.63); sacrifice
(to give up as a m eans to a end, 0.56);
adm it (to acknow ledge, 0.48); bring (to
be w orth in sale, 0.33); afford (to pro­
duce, 0.25); lay (to bring forth, 0.25);
soften (to becom e soft, 0.23); suffer (to
perm it, 0.23); accom m odate (to render
a service, 0.16); give (to yield under
pressure, 0.07).
Y IP (2) bark (to emit a d og’s characteris­
tic sound, 0.09); yell (0.08).
-381- ZOOM
Y O D E L (3) yodel (1.00); w arble (0.50);
trill (0.10).
Y O K E (6) yoke (LOO); harness (0.88);
hitch (to harness, 0.88); jo in (to unite,
0.42); bind (to constrain with bonds,
0.24); enslave (0.19)
Z
Z IG Z A G (7) wind (to meander, 0.91); tack
(to steer an oblique course, 0.90); bend
(to be forced out o f a straight line, 0.64);
totter (to stagger, 0.58); weave (to move
in and out, 0.33); curl (to twist, 0.23);
turn (to divert, 0.20).
Z IP (3) zip (LOO); fasten (to make some­
thing secure, 0.67); zoom (0.33).
Z O O M (3) zoom (1.00); hum (0.60); hasten
(to m ake haste, 0.20).
 Наукове видання

БІЛИНСЬКИЙ
Михайло Емільович

Синоніміка англійського дієслова:

словник семантичних відстаней

Mykhaylo B ILYN SK Y

English Verbal Synonyms:

A Dictionary of Semantic Distances

Редактор Мирослава Прихода

Програмне забезпечення Андрія Переймибіди

RC
C
O
can&
hetS К ом п’ютерна верстка Андрія Ровенчака

Друкарня видавництва Отців Василіян “М ісіонер”

м. Ж овква Львівської області, вул. Василіянська, 8