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Cao Hoc KTTC. Chuong 1
Cao Hoc KTTC. Chuong 1
Advanced Financial
Bộ môn Kế toán tài chính Accounting
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Đánh giá
Chương 1
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NỘI DUNG
ĐỊNH NGHĨA
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Introduction
Parent-Subsidiary Relationship
Group
Subsidiary
Consolidation:
Process of
Parent preparing and
Control
(Controlling Subsidiary presenting financial
entity) statements of parent
and subsidiary as if
they were one
economic entity
Subsidiary
Consolidated FS:
Artificial creations
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Voting rights
100%
Investment in
Subsidiary IFRS 10
Control IFRS 3
50%
Joint
Arrangement IFRS 11
joint control IAS 28
Investment in
Associate
IAS 28
20% significant influence
Other long-term
investments
Non - significant influence IFRS 9
0%
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• An investor controls an
investee if and only if Power
the investor has all of
the following:
– Power over the
investee
– Exposure, or rights to
Ability Control
variable returns from
its involvement with
the investee, and
– The ability to use its
power over the
investee to affect the Returns
amount of the
investor’s returns
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P+A+R
• Sources of power: voting rights
P+A+R
• Sources of power: potential voting rights
– Rights to obtain voting rights from potential ordinary shares, e.g. options,
convertible instruments and forward or future contracts
– Consider the purpose and design, the terms and conditions, the motives for the
issue and the intent to vest control of these instruments
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P+A+R
• Sources of power: power over key management personnel
– Control arises when an entity is able to make decisions on the activities that
are most significantly impact returns, and these decisions are made by key
management personnel
– The entity that is able to appoint, remove and remunerate these personnel
effectively has the power over these personnel.
– Key management personnel: persons having authority and responsibility for
planning, directing and controlling the activities of the entity, directly or
indirectly, including any director (whether executive or otherwise) of that
entity. (IAS 24)
– Key management personnel may include “shadow directors” or people who
control key management personnel of that entity.
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P+A+R
• In IFRS 10, an investor must demonstrate the ability to use
the power to affect the returns to the investor from its
involvement with the investee.
• Substantive rights
– Substantive rights relate to rights to make decisions on the most
significant activity (activities) that affect an entity’s returns.
– Consider whether there are barriers that prevent the use of the right,
e.g. financial barriers, operational barriers or legal and regulatory
barriers
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P+A+R
• An investor has to consider total variable returns that it is exposed or
have a right to as a result of its involvement with an investee.
– Variable returns: not fixed any may be only positive (e.g. option
holder), only negative (option writer) or both positive and
negative (e.g. holding ordinary shares)
******************************************************************************
IFRS 10 is dynamic. Continually re-assess control when facts and
circumstances change with respect to power, ability and returns.
Power may be gained or lost through events that do not involve the investor.
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Affiliation structures
X Co. Situation 1: X Co. Situation 2:
X Co. controls X Co. controls
Y Co. and A Co. Y Co., B Co.
80 % 100% Even though X.Co. 60% and Z Co.
indirectly owns Does not own
75% Break in A Co. (<51%)
Y Co. control at B and Y Co.
hence no control
50% 50% 60% over Z Co. 55% 60% 50%
Situation 1 Situation 2 24
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Significant influence
Power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of
the investee but is less than control and is not equivalent to joint
control over those policies (IAS 28:2)
Default assumption:
An investor has ownership of 20% or more of the voting power and equal to
or less than 50% of the voting power in an investee, including “potential
voting rights”
Multi-level structures
P
P
Situation 1: Situation 2:
80% 50% P has significant P has significant
influence over: 40% 50% influence over:
i) Y (50% direct i) A (40% direct
X Y interest) interest)
ii) Z (65% indirect A C ii) C (50% direct
interest) – P has interest)
50% no control over 80% iii) B (42% indirect
50% 20%
Y interest)
Z B
Situation 1 Situation 2
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Example 1
X Ltd is operated on an joint arrangement between K
international Ltd and M Ltd. K Ltd accounts for 30%. The
residual portion belong to M Ltd. X Ltd’s regulation says:
• The Board has 6 member, of those 2 are from M Ltd, 4
are from K
• The Board is reselected in every 2 years
• The Board’s decisions are made when over 2/3 of the
Board’s member support
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Example 2
There are 3 parties relating to ABC Ltd. The share of A Ltd, B
Ltd, C Ltd in ABC are 40%, 40%, 20%. Upon agreement:
(2a) Strategic decision is made when all the members support
(2b) Strategic decision is made when 80% the members
support
(2c) Strategic decision is made when majority of the members
support
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90% 10%
Subsidiary
30%
Parent company ownership in Parent company
Non-controlling subsidiary
100% 70%
ownership shareholders of a ownership
subsidiary
Subsidiary Subsidiary
2 groups of shareholders
Wholly owned by
1) The parent company’s shareholders;
the parent
and
company’s
2) The non-controlling shareholders of
shareholders
the subsidiary
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Comparison of Issues
Issues Entity Theory Parent Theory
Who are the primary Both non-controlling Benefit of parent
users of the consolidated interest and majority company shareholders
financial statements? shareholders
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Comparison of Issues
Issues Entity Theory Parent Theory
Should net assets of
the subsidiary acquired Fair value of net NCI net assets of
be shown at full fair assets of subsidiary subsidiary at date of
values or at the at date of acquisition acquisition shown at
parent’s share of the reported in full book value
fair value?
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Summary of Differences
Neither as equity or
Presentation of NCI As part of equity
debt
Goodwill is an entity
asset and should be Goodwill is parent’s
Goodwill
recognized in full as at asset
date of acquisition
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• FASB through SFAS 141, now known as Codification Topic No. 805
Business Combinations, requires the recognition of the NCI’s share
of goodwill.
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Scenario
• P Co purchased 80% interest in S Co. on 1/1/20x1
• Consideration transferred: $1,200,000
• NCI: 20%
• BV of equity of S Co. at acquisition date (1/1/20x1): $1,200,000
• (FV – BV) of property: $100,000
(Ignore tax effect and depreciation)
• FV of NCI: $300,000
• BV of equity of S Co. at 31/12/20x1: $1,270,000
• Net profit after tax (NPAT) of S Co.: $70
• Net profit after tax (NPAT) of P Co.: $350
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• recognizes and measures in its ghi nhận và đo lường giá trị trong
financial statements the assets and báo cáo tài chính những tài sản
liabilities acquired, and any interest được mua, những khoản nợ phải
in the acquiree held by other parties; trả nhận về và lợi ích của cổ đông
• recognizes and measures the không kiểm soát tại bên bị mua;
goodwill acquired in the business ghi nhận và đo lường giá trị lợi thế
combination or a gain from a thương mại phát sinh từ hợp nhất
bargain purchase; and kinh doanh hoặc lãi từ mua rẻ; và
• determines what information to xác định thông tin cần công bố để
disclose to enable users of the người sử dụng báo cáo tài chính có
financial statements to evaluate the thể đánh giá bản chất và những tác
nature and financial effects of the động tài chính của giao dịch hợp
business combination nhất kinh doanh.
Source: https://www.ifrs.org/issued-
standards/list-of-standards/ifrs-3-business-
combinations/#about 36
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IFRS 3 HISTORY
• In April 2001 the IASB adopted IAS 22 Business Combinations, which
had originally been issued by the IASC in October 1998. IAS 22 was
itself a revised version of IAS 22 Business Combinations that was
issued in November 1983.
• In March 2004 IASB replaced IAS 22 and three related Interpretations
(SIC-9, SIC-22, SIC-28) when it issued IFRS 3 Business
Combinations.
• In October 2018, IASB amended IFRS 3 by issuing Definition of a
Business (Amendments to IFRS 3). This amended IFRS 3 to narrow
and clarify the definition of a business, and to permit a simplified
assessment of whether an acquired set of activities and assets is a
group of assets rather than a business.
Source: https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-of-standards/ifrs-3-business-
combinations/#about
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Tập hợp các hoạt động và tài sản có khả năng được tiến hành
và quản lý cho mục đích cung cấp hàng hóa dịch vụ cho
khách hàng, tạo ra thu nhập đầu tư (ví dụ cổ tức hoặc lãi)
hoặc tạo ra thu nhập khác từ hoạt động bình thường.
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AA BB AA AA BB AA BB
Merger
A Ltd acquires net assets of B Ltd B Ltd liquidates
• Receipt of assets and liabilities of B • Liquidation account, including
Ltd gain/loss on liquidation
• Consideration transferred, e.g. • Receipt of purchase consideration
shares, cash or other consideration • Distribution of consideration to
appropriate parties, including
shareholders via the Shareholders’
Distribution account
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Acquisition
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Consolidation
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Transfer Acquirer’s
net assets separate
financial
Former owners
statements will
of the net
now include
assets of
goodwill and
acquired
other net
businesses
Transfer assets of the
consideratio acquired
n business
Former owners
transfers equity
of subsidiary
Former
owners of
Acquirer Subsidiary
a
subsidiary Acquirer
transfers
consideration
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• The procedures:
Identify the acquirer
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Based on consideration
Based on entity size Based on dominance
transferred
Acquirer is the entity Acquirer is the entity:
that: Acquirer is the entity:
• Whose owners hold the
• Whose owners have the
• Transfers cash or other largest relative voting
ability to elect, appoint or
assets or incurs liabilities rights in a combined
remove a majority of
to acquire another entity entity
directors
• Issues shares as • Whose owners hold the
• Whose management is
consideration to acquire largest minority voting
dominant in the
shares of another entity interest in the combined
combined entity
• Pays a premium over the entity (if no other entity
• Who initiates the business
fair value of the equity has significant voting
combination
interest interest)
• Which is larger in size 48
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B14 Trong một giao dịch hợp nhất kinh doanh được thực hiện
chủ yếu qua trao đổi tiền hay những tài sản khác hoặc bằng việc
nhận các khoản nợ phải trả, bên mua thường là đơn vị chuyển
tiền hoặc các tài sản khác hay là bên nhận nợ.
B15 Trong một giao dịch hợp nhất kinh doanh được thực hiện
chủ yếu qua trao đổi các lợi ích của chủ sở hữu, bên mua
thường là bên phát hành các lợi ích của chủ sở hữu. (trừ
trường hợp “mua ngược”, bên phát hành lại là bên bị mua). Cụ
thể:
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• (a) quyền biểu quyết tương đối trong đơn vị sau hợp nhất kinh doanh -
Bên mua thường là bên tham gia hợp nhất kinh doanh có nhóm chủ sở
hữu được giữ lại hoặc có quyền biểu quyết lớn nhất trong đơn vị sau
hợp nhất kinh doanh. Khi xác định nhóm chủ sở hữu nào nắm giữ hay
có được quyền biểu quyết lớn nhất, đơn vị phải xem có bất kỳ thỏa
thuận biểu quyết đặc biệt hay bất thường và những quyền chọn, chứng
quyền hay chứng khoán chuyển đổi nào không.
• (b) nếu trong đơn vị sau hợp nhất kinh doanh có một cổ đông không
kiểm soát có quyền biểu quyết lớn và không có chủ sở hữu hay nhóm chủ
sở hữu nào khác có quyền biểu quyết đáng kể - Bên mua thường là đơn
vị tham gia hợp nhất kinh doanh có một chủ sở hữu hay một nhóm có
tổ chức các chủ sở hữu nắm giữ phần lớn nhất quyền biểu quyết của
cổ đông không kiểm soát trong đơn vị sau hợp nhất kinh doanh.
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• (c) thành phần của bộ máy điều hành đơn vị sau hợp nhất kinh doanh -
Bên mua thường là bên tham gia hợp nhất kinh doanh mà chủ sở hữu
có quyền bổ nhiệm, chỉ định hay bãi nhiệm đa số thành viên của bộ máy
điều hành đơn vị sau hợp nhất kinh doanh.
• (d) thành phần quản trị cấp cao trong đơn vị sau hợp nhất kinh doanh
- Bên mua thường là đơn vị tham gia hợp nhất kinh doanh có ban quản
trị (cũ) có quyền quyết định công việc quản trị trong đơn vị sau hợp
nhất kinh doanh.
• (e) những điều khoản trao đổi lợi ích của chủ sở hữu – Bên mua
thường là đơn vị tham gia hợp nhất kinh doanh trả thêm khoản phụ
trội so với một hay nhiều đơn vị tham gia hợp nhất khác cho giá trị hợp
lý trước hợp nhất của phần lợi ích của chủ sở hữu mua về.
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• Acquirer Company (AC) acquired Target Company (TC). The following milestones relate to
the transaction:
• Preliminary agreement signed: June 5th (transaction subject to consent of competition
authorities).
• Consent of competition authorities received: September 20th.
• Final agreement signed: September 24th.
• Payment by AC to former owners of TC: September 25th.
• AC ownership of shares registered by the court registry: November 3rd.
• As said before, the key in determining the acquisition date is the notion of control. In the
example above, the control was most likely obtained on September 25th, i.e. when the
payment is made. In practice, the payment is often made at the same time as final
agreement is signed. If there are any legal procedures to be fulfilled after the acquisition,
they are usually virtually certain to be successfully processed and the control over TC is
usually passed by TC’s former owners to AC before that date.
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GTHL của tài sản được chuyển giao hoặc Nợ phải trả
nhận về
• If assets transferred or liabilities assumed are not
carried at fair value in the acquirer’s separate
financial statements:
• Remeasure in fair value and recognize gain or
loss in the acquirer’s separate financial
statements
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GTHL của tài sản được chuyển giao hoặc Nợ phải trả
nhận về
• If transfer of monetary assets or liabilities are deferred, the time value of money
should be recognized:
• The fair value will be the present value of the future cash outflows
• E.g. Future cash settlement of $1,000,000 is due 3 years later and 3% interest is
levied
Present value to be recognised = $1,000,000 / (1+0.03)^3 = $915,142
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• is measured:
(1) By market price (e.g. published quoted prices of shares)
• (2) With reference to either the acquisition date fair value
of the acquirer OR acquiree, whichever is more reliable.
(For example, if market price is not available or not reliable
for the acquiree, use the fair value of the acquirer)
• Illustration of (2)
Issues X number of shares
Total number
of shares after
issue: Y Gains control over acquiree
FV of
acquirer’s
equity: $Z Acquiree
FV of equity issued is either:
• X/Y multiplied by $Z; or
• A/B multiplied by $C 58
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P Ltd S Co
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Contingent Consideration
• Assuming 2 outcomes
o Expected value = (Probability of contingent event occurring *
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Acquisition-Related Costs
Chi phí liên quan đến hoạt động mua
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Recognition Principle
At acquisition date:
Fair value • Fair value differential
differential will be recognized in
the consolidation
worksheet
In subsequent years:
• Depreciation/amortizati
Book Fair value of on/cost of sale of asset
value of subsidiary’s will be based on the
subsidiary’ identifiable fair value recognized at
s net assets the acquisition date
identifiabl
e net These entries have to be
assets re-enacted every year
until the disposal of
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investment
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Intangible Assets
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Goodwill
Lợi thế thương mại
A PREMIUM that an acquirer pays to achieve synergies from business
combination:
Must be recognized separately as an asset
Determined as a residual equity
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Illustration: Goodwill
On 1 July 20x1, P purchased 1.5 million shares from S Co’s existing owners.
Total number of shares issued by S Co. was 2 million. A reliable FV of S Co’s
share was $10/share. P Co. was obligated to pay an additional $1 million to
vendors of S Co. if S Co. maintained existing profitability over the
subsequent two years from 1 July 20x1. It was highly likely that S Co.
would achieve this expectation and the fair value of the contingent
consideration was assessed at $1 million. FV of NCI as at 1 July 20x1 was
$5 million. Assume a tax rate of 20%
Consideration transferred 21,000,000
Additional information of S Co.
• Book value of net assets: $3,650,000 Less FV of net assets
• FV of net assets: $14,350,000 3,650,000 + 10,700,000 x (1 - 20%)
• FV less book value (net assets): $10,700,000 12,210,000
• Share capital: $2,000,000
Goodwill 8,790,000
• Retained earnings: $1,650,000
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Ví dụ
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Non-controlling Interests
Lợi ích của cổ đông không kiểm soát
• Vốn chủ sở hữu tại công ty con không do công ty mẹ sở hữu trực
tiếp hay gián tiếp
• Non-controlling interests (NCI) arises when acquirer obtains
control of a subsidiary but does not have full ownership of
voting rights.
• In a business combination, NCI are recognized by the acquirer as
equity based on the following equation
Assets – Liabilities = Equity
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Non-controlling Interests
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Ví dụ
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