GENERAL CHEMISTRY (STM 005)
Module 4
ACID- substance that yields hydrogen ions (H+) when
dissolved in water. Ex: Calamansi
BASE- substance that yields hydroxide ions (OH-) when
dissolved in water. Ex: Bleach
SUBSTANCE- a form of matter that has a definite or
constant composition. Ex: Vinegar
MIXTURE- combination of two or more substances in
which the substances retain their identity. Ex: Alloy
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE- the individual component
of a mixture remain physically separated and can be seen as
separate components. Ex: Muddy Water
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE- the composition of mixture,
after sufficient stirring, is the same throughout the solution.
Ex: Saline Solution
ELEMENTS- substance that cannot be separated into
simpler substances by chemical means. Ex: Gold
COMPOUND- substance composed of atoms of two or
more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Ex:
Salt
SOLUTION- A homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances. Ex: Alcohol
COLLOID- a dispersion of particles of one substance
throughout a dispersing medium made of another substance.
Ex: Leche Flan
SUSPENSION- heterogeneous mixture in which relatively
large particles scattered through solid, liquid, gas and it is
bigger than solution and colloid. Ex: Aquarium
ORGANIC COMPOUND- compounds that contain carbon,
usually in combination with elements such as hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Ex: Diamond
INORGANIC COMPOUND- compounds other than organic
compounds. Ex: Vinegar
METAL- element that are good conductor of heat and
electricity and have the tendency to form positive ions in
ionic compounds. Ex: Nails
METALLOID- element with properties intermediate
between those of metals and non- metals. Ex: Uranium
NON- METAL- element that usually poor conductors of
heat and electricity. Ex: Rubber
MATTER- anything that occupies space and has mass.
OXIDES - substances that contains at least one oxygen atom
and one other element in its chemical formula. Ex: Water
SALTS - is the product of the reaction between an acid and
a base (other than water). An inorganic salt is just any salt
that doesn't contain carbon.
Module 5
In mathematical operations involving significant
figures, the answer is reported in such a way that it reflects
the reliability of the least precise operation. Let's state that
another way: a chain is no stronger than its weakest link. An
answer is no more precise that the least precise number used
to get the answer. Let's do it one more time: imagine a team
race where you and your team must finish together. Who
dictates the speed of the team? Of course, the slowest
member of the team. Your answer cannot be MORE precise
than the least precise measurement.
Example:
1) 0.08280 =
2) 2.03040 =
3) 30.30 =
4) 2.00 x 104 =
5) 14.200 x 10-3 =
For addition and subtraction, look at the places to
the decimal point. Add or subtract in the normal fashion,
then round the answer to the LEAST number of places to the
decimal point of any number in the problem.
For multiplication and division, the least number of
significant figures in any number of the problem determines
the number of significant figures in the answer. This means
you MUST know how to recognize significant figures in
order to use this rule.
Example:
1) 3.461728 + 4.00030 =
2) 014.203 – 0.3150 =
3) (3.4617 x 107) ÷ (5.61 x 10-4) =
4) 002.0200 x 9.2801 =