MHM E

SGBAHJWNWHB

H. Nhthr Mgnhihb`
Khtgkhtiih hahnhj suhtu mhjhb ihjihb yhb` kgkiniii fmjgi hmstrhi ahb
aimhb`ub kgnhnui prfsgs pgbhnhrhb agauitid yhitu igmgbhrhb suhtu
ifbsgp aipgrfngj sgmh`hi hiimht nf`is ahri igmgbhrhb sgmgnukbyh
sgjib``h mgrihithb hbthr ifbsgp ahnhk khtgkhtiih mgrsidht shb`ht iuht
ahb jgnhs (Iuriiunuk Khtgkhtiih,=331?7).
Sgkmgnhjhrhb khtgkhtiih ai sgifnhj ahshr kgruphihb ahshr mh`i
 pgbgrhphb ifbsgp khtgkhtiih phah jgbjhb` mgriiutbyh. Ifbsgiugbsibyh ahnhk
 pgnhishbhhb pgkmgnhjhrhb khtgkhtiih ai sgifnhj ahshr jhrus khkpu kgbhth ahb
kgngthiihb ahshr pgbhnhrhb
kgkpgrjgnhs kgbygngshiihb siswh ahnhk
pgrkhshnhjhb yhb` igjiauphb
ahpht kgkmhbtu
sgjhri-jhri
ahb igkhkpuhb
 mgrifkubiihsi agb`hb minhb`hb sikmfn-sikmfn sgrth ngmij kgb`gkmhb`ihb siihp
nf`is,iritis,lgrkht,aisipnib,tgrmuih,fptikis ahb kgb`jhr`hi khtgkhtiih
Ahnhk kgb`irikihb surht igphah sgsgfrhb` iith jhrus bgb`gthjui hnhkht
tujuhbbyh sglhrh ngb`ihp ahb mgbhr, jhn ibi aiihrgbhihb ubtui kgkpgrkuahj
ahnhk pgb`irikhb surht. Oiih hnhkht yhb` iith lhbtukihb itu mgbhr ahb ngb`ihp
khih surhtpub hihb ngmij lgpht shkphi. Hnhkht rukhj sgsgfrhb` mgrjumub`hb
agb`hb agbhj hthu pgth, khih ahri itu airhsh shb`ht pgbtib` hbhi-hbhi usih \
A/KE
kgkpgnhjhri sistgk iffraibht yhb` mgrjumub`hb agb`hb agbhj ahb ngthi suhtu
 mgbah. H`hr hbhi kgb`grti thth lhrh kgkmuht agbhj hthupub kgkmhlh agbhj
sgjhi aibi. Fngj ihrgbh itu phah khihnhj ibi shyh hihb kgkmhjhs ngmij ahnhk
tgbthb` sitgk iffraibht.

8
 MHM EE
SGKMHJH\
HB

Ig`ihthb Mgnhjhr 8
\E\QGK MENHB@HB ]GHN AHB IFF]AEBHQ
H. \istgk Minhb`hb ]ghn
8. Mgrmh`hi \istgk Minhb`hb

\istgk khtgkhtiih hahnhj jikpubhb ubsur-ubsur agb`hb fpgrhsi

yhb` aiagdibisiihb. Fpgrhsi-fpgrhsi yhb` tgnhj iith igbhn hbthrh
nhib hnjhmhr  ahb nf`hritkh. \gahb`ihb sgmh`ihb jikpubhb ahnhk hnjhmhr hahnhj
jikpubhb- jikpubhb minhb`hb.
Hphihj minhb`hb rghn itu ahb hph sidht-sidhtbyh 6 Wbtui kgbjhwhmbyh, iith kunhi
agb`hb mgmgrhph sistgk minhb`hb yhb` sgagrjhbh mgriiut ibi.
• Minhb`hb-minhb`hb munht ahb rhsifbhn
Aihbthrh sistgk minhb`hb yhb` phnib` sgagrjhbh hahnhj minhb`hb-minhb`hb
hsni (; Bhturhn), 8, =, <, 1, 7, 4, 0, :, 5, … Agb`hb minhb`hb ibi iith ahpht
kgb`jitub`? muiu-muiu iith, tgkhb-tgkhb iith, uhb` iith, ahb
nhib sgmh`hibyh. Oiih iith `hbagb`ihb bg`htidbyh ahb bfn, iith hihb
pgrfngj
 minhb`hb-minhb`hb munht (; ahri mhjhsh Ogrkhb, _hjngb)? …, -<, -=, -8, 3, 8,
=, <, …
Minh iith kgblfmh kgb`uiur phbjhb`, mgrht mgbah, hthu tg`hb`hb nistrii, minhb`hb-
 minhb`hb munht tiahi hihb kgkhahi. Minhb`hb ibi tgrnhnu iurhb` ubtui
kgkgmgriihb igtgnitihb yhb` luiup ahnhk sgmuhj pgb`uiurhb. Iith aitubtut
ubtui ju`h kgkpgrtikmhb`ihb jhsin mh`i (rhsif) ahri minhb`hb-minhb`hb munht,
yhitu minhb`hb-minhb`hb sgpgrti?
Minhb`hb-minhb`hb yhb` ahpht aitunisihb ahnhk mgbtui , aikhbh k ahb b hahnhj
 minhb`hb munht ahb , aisgmut minhb`hb-minhb`hb rhsifbhn (; Xuftigbt ).
Hphihj minhb`hb rhsifbhn mgrdub`si kgb`uiur sgkuh phbjhb`6 Dhith
yhb` kgb`gjutihb ibi aitgkuihb pgrthkh ihni fngj frhb` Uubhbi iubf mgmgrhph
hmha sgmgnuk khsgji. Kgrgih kgkpgrnijhtihb mhjwh kgsiipub kgruphihb

=
phbjhb`
sisi kirib` sgmuhj sg`i ti`h siiu-siiu agb`hb sisi 8 , minhb`hb ibi tiahi ahpht

=
aitunisihb sgmh`hi suhtu jhsin mh`i auh minhb`hb munht. Ohai hahnhj suhtu minhb`hb
thi rhsifbhn (irhsifbhn).
Agkiiihb ju`h Oiih iith mgnuk tgrmihsh ubtui mish kgkmgahihb minhb`hb rhsifbhn
ahb
iith minhb`hb irhsifbhn ubtui
jhaiihb pgafkhb sglhrhkgkmgahihb
nhb`sub`, khih hah shtu liri ijusus yhb` yhb` mish
igauhbyh.

=. Minhb`hb-minhb`hb rghn

\giukpunhb minhb`hb (rhsifbhn ahb irhsifbhn) yhb` ahpht kgb`uiur phbjhb`,

 mgrshkh-shkh agb`hb bg`htidbyh ahb bfn iith bhkhihb minhb`hb-minhb`hb
rghn. Hthu agb`hb ihth nhib, minhb`hb rghn hahnhj minhb`hb yhb` ahpht
mgrifrgspfbagb shtu-shtu agb`hb sgmuhj titii phah `hris minhb`hb. Shah `hris
minhb`hb tgrsgmut tgrahpht titii hshn yhb` aimgri nhkmhb` 3 (bfn) sgmh`hi titii hwhn
ubtui kgb`uiur 

 jhrhi
yhb` ig hrhj ihbhb
tub``hn, hthuiffraibht
aisgmut iiri. \gtihp titiiahb
titii, phah `hris
`hris minhb`hb
minhb`hb kgkpubyhi
yhb` nhkmhb`
aijhsinihb aihlu
sgmh`hi `hris rghn.
Agb`hb kgb`gthjui hb``fth ahri khsib`-khsib` jikpubhb minhb`hb
yhb` tgrkhsui ignfkpfi minhb`hb rghn, mh`hikhbhihj jumub`hb khsib`-
khsib` jikpubhb minhb`hb hsni, minhb`hb lhlhj, minhb`hb munht, minhb`hb
rhsifbhn,
 minhb`hb rghn, ahb minhb`hb ifkpngis jiih iith `hkmhrihb ahnhk aih`rhk vgbb6

<. Fpgrhsi phah Minhb`hb ]ghn

Fpgrhsi pgbjuknhjhb, pgb`urhb`hb, pgrihnihb, ahb pgkmh`ihb.

h. Fpgrhsi pgbjuknhjhb
Lfbtfj?
8. 1 + 4 ; 83
=. 1 + (-4 ) ; -=
 m. Fpgrhsi pgb`urhb`hb
Lfbtfj?
8. -4 “ 1 ; -4 + (-1) ; -83
=. < -4 “ 1 ; -4 + (-1) ; -83

<
l. Fpgrhsi pgrihnihb

<
 Lfbtfj?
8. 4 x 1 ; =1
=. 4 x (-1) ; -=1
<. (-4) x (-1) ; =1
a. Fpgrhsi pgkmh`ihb
Lfbtfj?
8. 8= ? = ; 4
=. 8= ? -= ; -4
<. (-8=) ? (-=) ; 4

1. Khlhk-khlhk Minhb`hb ]ghn

h. Minhb`hb Hsni (H)

Minhb`hb
kgkminhb`.hsni hahnhjhsnisuhtu
Minhb`hb aikunhiminhb`hb yhb` kunh-kunh aiphihi ubtui
ahri 8,=,<,1,…
H ; {8,=,<,1,…}
 m. Minhb`hb @gbhp (@)
Minhb`hb `gbhp airukusihb agb`hb =b, bçH
l. Minhb`hb @hbjin (@j)
Minhb`hb `hbjin airukusihb agb`hb =b -8, bçH
@j ; {8,<,7,0,…}
a. Minhb`hb Srikh (S)
Minhb`hb
aimh`i fngjprikh hahnhj
minb`hb suhtu minhb`hbyhb`
itu sgbairi ahb ¸ 8 aikunhi ahri = ahb jhbyh ahpht

S ; {=,<,7,0,…}
g. Minhb`hb Ifkpfsit (Ik)
Minhb`hb ifkpfsit hahnhj suhtu minhb`hb yhb` ahpht aimh`i fngj minhb`hb
yhb` nhib
Ik ; {1,4,:,5,…}
d. Minhb`hb Lhlhj (L)
Minhb`hb Lhlhj hahnhj suhtu minhb`hb yhb` aikunhi ahri bfn
L ; {3,8,=,<,1,…}

1
`. Minhb`hb Munht (M)
Minhb`hb munht tgrairi ahri minhb`hb munht bg`htid, minhb`hb bfn, ahb minhb`hb
 munht pfsitid.
M ; {…,-1,-<,-=,-8,3,8,=,<,1,…}
j. Minhb`hb Sglhjhb (Sl)
Minhb`hb pglhjhb hahnhj suhtu minhb`hb yhb` ahpht aibyhthihb ahnhk mgbtui
h/m, h sgmh`hi pgkminhb` ahb m sgmh`hi pgbygmut,agb`hb h ahb m çM sgrth m ≣3
i. Minhb`hb ]hsifbhn (X)
Minhb`hb rhsifbhn hahnhj suhtu minhb`hb yhb` ahpht aibyhthihb ahnhk
 mgbtui , h ahb m çM sgrth m ≣3. (@hmub`hb minhb`hb munht agb`hb jikpubhb
 minhb`hb pglhjhb)
 j. Minhb`hb Erhsifbhn (E)
Minhb`hb irhsifbhn hahnhj suhtu minhb`hb yhb` tiahi ahpht aibyhthihb ahnhk
 mgbtui , h ahb m çM sgrth m ≣3.
Lfbtfj? σ ; <,81875…, g ; =,08:=:….
i. Minhb`hb ]ghn (])
Minhb`hb rghn hahnhj suhtu minhb`hb yhb` tgrairi ahri minhb`hb rhsifbhn ahb
 minhb`hb irhsifbhn. Minhb`hb rghn mihshbyh aishjiihb agb`hb sgmuhj `hris
 minhb`hb.
Lfbtfj?
  -8 -= -< 3 8 = < 1
n. Minhb`hb Ijhyhn (Ij)
Minhb`hb ijhyhn hahnhj suhtu minhb`hb yhb` jhbyh mihs aiijhyhnihb ahnhk
 piiirhb, tgthpi igbyhthhbbyh tiahi hah.
k. Minhb`hb Ifkpngis (I)
Minhb`hb Ifkpngis hahnhj suhtu minhb`hb yhb` tgrairi ahri minhb`hb ahb
ijhyhn.

7
 7. \idht-sidht Fpgrhsi Minhb`hb Munht

h. \idht Ifkuthtid?
h + m ; m + h

h.m ; m.h Lfbtfj?

8. 7 + 4 ; 4 + 7 ; 88
=. 5 . < ; < . 5 ; =0
 m.\idht Hssfsihtid?
(h + m) + l ; h + (m + l) (h . m) . l ; h . (m . l) Lfbtfj?
8. (7 + =) + < ; 7 + (= + <) ; 83
=. (7 x =) x < ; 7 x (= x <) ; <3
l.\idht Aistrimutid Sgrihnihb Qgrjhahp Sgbjuknhjhb
h x (m + l) ; hm + hl
Lfbtfj?
7 x (< + 4) ; 7 . < + 7 . 4; 87 + <3; 17
a.Qgrahpht Auh Gngkgb Eagbtiths
\gtihp minhb`hb h kgkpubyhi auh gngkgb iagbtiths, yhitu 8
h+3;hh.8;h
g.Qgrahpht Gngkgb Ebvgrs
\gtihp mihnb`hb h kgkpubyhi mhniihb hthu ibvgrs pgbjuknhjhb, y
h + (-h) ; 3
\gtihp h ≣ 3 kgkpubyhi mhniihb pgrihnihb.

4
M. \istgk Iffraibht Ihrtgsius
8. Kgbgbtuihb Sfsisi Qitii Shah \istgk Iffraibht Ihrtgsius
Sgrjhtiihb `hkmhr mgriiut.

U
4
7
1
<
=

8 Z
-4 -7 -1 -< -= -8 8 = < 1 7 4
-8
-=
-<
-1
-7
-4

@hkmhr tgrsgmut aisgmut Iffraibht Ihrtgsius. \istgk Iffraibht Ihrtgsius tgrairi

hths sukmu kgbahthr (sukmu-x) ahb sukmu tg`hi (sukmu-y). Dub`si
igauh sukmu tgrsgmut hahnhj ubtui kgbgbtuihb ngthi suhtu titii. Qitii-
titii phah iffraibht Ihrtgsius kgruphihb phshb`hb titii phah sukmu-x ahb
sukmu-y (x, y).

0
Aikhbh x aisgmut hmsis ahb y aisgmut fraibht. Sgrpftfb`hb hbthrh sukmu-x ahb
sukmu-y ai titii 3 (bfn) aisgmut pusht iffraibht. Mgrahshrihb sistgk iffraibht
Ihrtgsius tgrsgmut ihku ahpht kgkpgrfngj ibdfrkhsi mgriiut ibi ?
•
Qitii whrbh kgrhj tgrngthi phah iffraibht (-1,7).
•
Qitii whrbh miru tgrngthi phah iffraibht ( 7,-= ).
•
Qitii whrbh jijhu tgrngthi phah iffraibht (=,<)
•
Qititi whrbh ub`u tgrngthi phah iffraibht ( -<,-8)

L. ]ukus Ohrhi 

Qgfrgkh Syjth`frhs ahpht ai`ubhihb ubtui kgbgbtuihb jhrhi hbthr titii S8

(x8, y8) ahb S= (x=, y=), yhitu ?
S8S= ; ∟ b(xbb “b xbb) b +b b(ybb-b ybb) b
2 2
2 8 2 8

A. Sgrshkhhb Nib`ihrhb

Nib`ihrhb hahnhj tgkpht igauauihb titii-titii (x,y) phah miahb` yhb` mgrjhrhi
shkh tgrjhahp shtu titii tgthp yhb` aisgmut pusht nib`ihrhb, jhrhi titii-titii (x,y)
tgrjhahp titii pusht aisgmut jhri-jhri (rhaius) ahb ainhkmhb`ihb r.
Sgrshkhhb nib`ihrhb yhb` mgrtitii pusht ai S(h,m) ahb kgnhnui titii X(x,y) agb`hb
jhrhi hbthrh titii S ahb X aisgmut jhri-jhri r ahb rukus jhri-jhribyh hahnhj ?
r=  ; (x “ h)= + (y “ m)=
r ; ∟  (x “ a )  +
b b b b b 2b b b (yb b“ bmb) 2

G. Jumub`hb Iffraibht Iutum agb`hb Iffraibht Ihrtgsius

Jumub`hb hbthrh iffraibht ihrtgsius (x,y) ahb iffraibht iutum (r, 3) aitub-juiihb
fngj pgrshkhhb.
sib ;  y   y ; r sib
r

 y
lfs ;   y ; r lfs
r

r=  ; r=  + y= ahb thb ; ;  y

 
r

:
Ig`ihthb Mgnhjhr =
SG]\HKHHB AHB SG]QEAHI\HKHHB NEBGH] 

H. Sgrshkhhb Nibghr

Sgrshkhhb hthu iagbtiths hahnhj suhtu pgrbyhthhb yhb` kgkuht ub`ihphb

„shkhagb`hb‛ ahb aimgri bfthsi „;‛ tgthpi tiahi kgkuht vhrihmgn.
Ahnhk hrtihb, Sgrshkhhb kgruphihb ihnikht khtgkhtiih tgrmuih yhb`
kgkuht thbah
„;‛. Ihnikht khtgkhtiih tgrmuih hahnhj suhtu pgrbyhthhb yhb`
kgkuht vhrihmng (pgumhj) yhb` binhibyh mgnuk jgnhs hthu mgnuk mish
aitgbtuihb. Ahnhk kgbygngshiihb suhtu pgrshkhhb jhrus ailhri suhtu
minhb`hb sgjib``h
 pgrshkhhb tgrsgmut kgbjhai binhi hthu prfpfrsi yhb` tgpht. Oiih
minhb`hb tgrsgmut kgb`jhsinihb prfpfrsi yhb` mgbhr khih jikpubhb
pgbygngshihb aipgrfngj.
Lfbtfj ?
Oiih x+<;83 khih jikpubhb pgbygngshihb sgngshi agb`hb jhsin x;{0}.
Sgrshkhhb aimh`i mgmgrhph jgbis aihbthrhbyh ?
8. Sgrshkhhb nibigr shtu vhrihmgn (pgumhj)
✓ Agdibisi pgrshkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj

Sgrshkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj hahnhj pgrshkhhb yhb` jhbyh kgkuht sgmuhj
 pgumhj ahb phb`iht ahri pgumhjbyh hahnhj shtu.
Lfbtfj?=x + 0 ; 4x + < kgruphihb pgrshkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj ihrgbh
 pgumhjbyh shtu (yhitu x) ahb phb`ihtbyh hahnhj 8.
✓ Sgbygngshihb \uhtu Sgrshkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj

Kgbygngshiihb suhtu pgrshkhhb hrtibyh hahnhj kgblhri binhi pgb``hbti ahri

 pgumhj sgjib``h kgbjhai pgrbyhthhb yhb` mgbhr.
Lfbtfj?
7t - 4 ; - 88, hahnhj pgrshkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj.
t ; - 8 kgruphihb pgbygngshihb pgrshkhhb itu ihrgbh jiih t ai`hbti agb`hb
“8, khih pgrbyhthhb 7(- 8) - 4 ; - 88 kgruphihb pgrbyhthhb yhb` mgbhr. \
gahb`ihb t ; 8muihb pgbygngshihb ihrgbh jiih t ai`hbti agb`hb 8, khih
pgrbyhthhb 7(8) - 4 ; - 88 kgruphihb pgrbyhthhb yhb` shnhj.
5
✓ Lhrh kgblhri pgbygngshihb pgrshkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj

Qi`h nhb`ihj mgriiut ahpht ainhiuihb ahnhk kgbygngshiihb pgrshkhhb nibigr 

agb`hb shtu pgumhj?
h. Kgbhkmhj igauh ruhs agb`hb minhb`hb yhb` shkh.
m. Kgb`urhb`i igauh ruhs agb`hb minhb`hb yhb` shkh.
l. Kgkmh`i hthu kgb`hniihb igauh ruhs agb`hb minhb`hb yhb`
shkh muihb bfn.
Lfbtfj\fhn ?

Qgbtuihb pgbygngshihb ahri pgrshkhhb =x - < ; - <x + 0 ahb tgbtuihb jikpubhb

 pgbygngshihbbyh!
Sgbygngshihb?
=x - < ; - <x + 0
<x + = x - < ; <x + (- <x ) + 0… (igauh ruhs aithkmhj agb`hb <x )
7x - < ; 0
7x - < + < ; 0 + < ................. (igauh ruhs aithkmhj <)
7x ; 83
x;= ............................ (igauh ruhs aimh`i agb`hb 7 )
Khih, jikpubhb pgbygngshihbbyh hahnhj? { =}.

=. Sgrshkhhb nibigr auh vhrihmgn (pgumhj)

Sgrshkhhb Nibghr auh pgumhj yhitu suhtu sistgk pgrshkhhb yhb` tgrairi ahri auh
 pgrshkhhb nibghr yhb` khsib`-khsib` kgb`hbaub` auh pgumhj hthu vhrihmgn ahb
 phb`iht igauh pgumhj itu hahnhj shtu. Kgbygngshiihb sistgk pgrshkhhb nibigr auh
 pgumhj hrtibyh hahnhj kgblhri binhi pgb``hbti ahri sgtihp pgumhj binhi yhb`
aikhisua, khih pgrshkhhb itu mgrumhj kgbjhai ihnikht yhb` mgrbinhi mgbhr.
\glhrh ukuk aibyhthihb ahnhk mgbtui ?
hZ + mU ; l
aZ + gU ; d agb`hb h,m,l,a,g,d hahnhj minhb`hb rghn
igtgrhb`hb ?
h,a ; ifgdisigb ahri x
 m,g ; ifgdisigb ahri y

8
l,d ; ifbsthbth
x ahb y ; binhi pgbygngshihb ahri systgk pgrshkhhb nibigr auh vhrihmgn
Ahnhk kgbygngshiihb pgrshkhhb nibigr auh vhrihmgn, ahpht aisgngshiihb agb`hb
 mgmgrhph kgtfag aihbthrhbyh ?
h. Kgtfag \umstitusi

Kgbsumstitusi hrtibyh hahnhj kgb``hbtiihb. Lhrh sumstitusi

ainhiuihb agb`hb lhrh kgblhri binhi shnhj shtu pgumhj phah suhtu
 pgrshkhhb igkuaihb kgb``hbtiihb binhi itu phah pgrshkhhb yhb` nhib.
Lhrh ibi ngmij gdisigb jiih ainhiuihb ubtui kgbygngshiihb sistgk pgrshkhhb nibigr
yhb`
 pgumhjbyh hah yhb` mgrifgdisigb

m. Kgtfag Gnikibhsi

Kgb`gnikibhsi hrtibyh kgb`jinhb`ihb. Lhrh gnikibhsi ainhiuihb agb`hb lhrh

‛kgb`jinhb`ihb‛ shnhj shtu pgumhj. Agb`hb agkiiihb, pgrshkhhb yhb` sgkunh
tgrairi ahri auh pgumhj hijirbyh kgbjhai shtu pgumhj. \gnhbjutbyh ahpht
aitgbtuihb pgbygngshihbbyh.

l. Kgtfag \umstitusi ahb Gnikibhsi

Kgtfag pgbygngshihb ibi kgb``ubhihb kgtfag gnikibhsi ahb sumstitusi ubtui

kgbygngshiihb pgrshkhhb nibigr = vhrihmgn.

a. Kgtfag \umstitusi
Qgbtuihb jikpubhb pgbygngshihb ahri sistgk pgrshkhhb nibghr mgriiut?
<x + =y ; -=
x “ =y ; 83 .
Sgbygngshihb ?
x “ =y ; 83 >>;22 x ; =y + 83
<x + =y ; -=
\umsitusiihb pgrshkhhb (8) ig (=)
<x + =y ; -=
<( =y + 83 ) + =y ; -=
8
4y + <3 + =y ; - =
:y ; -<=
y ;-1

\umsitusiihb binhi y ; -1 ig pgrshkhhb (8)

x ; =y + 83
x ; =(-1) + 83
x ; -: + 83
x;=
khih JS ahri pgrshkhhb aihths hahnhj (x,y) ; ( =, -1 ).

g. Kgtfag Gnikibhsi
Oiih =x + 7y ; 88 ahb 1x “ <y ; -80,
tgbtuihbnhj binhi ahri =x “ y ; . . . .
Sgbygngshihb?
Gnikibhsi x
=x + 7y ; 88 |Z =| 1x + 83y ; ==
1x - <y ; -80 |Z 8| 1x “ <y ; 80
8<y ; <5
  y ; <5 / 8<
  y ;<
Gnikibhsi y
=x + 7y ; 88 |Z <| 4x + 87y ; <<
1x - <y ; -80 |Z 7| =3x - 87y ; -7
  VVVVVVVVVVV+
  =4x ; 7=
  x ; 7= /=4
  x; =
sgtgnhj binhi vhrihmgn aitgkuihb sumtitusinhj ig pgrs yhb` aithbyh?
 Binhi ? =x “ y ; ..
=(-=) “ < ; - 0

8
 d. Kgtfag \umstitusi Gnikibhsi

Qgbtuihb jikpubhb pgbygngshihb ahri sistgk pgrshkhhb nibghr mgriiut?

=x+<y;8
<x+y ; 7
Sgbygngshihb ?
=x + <y ; 8 Yx<[ 4x + 5y ; <
<x + y ; 7 Yx=[ 4x + =y ; 83
 
0y ; -0
  y ; -0/0
  y ; -8
igshnhjhb shtu pgrshkhhb (lhri yhb` phnib` tgpht hthu sgagrjhbh)
<x + y ; 7
<x - 8 ; 7
<x ; 7 + 8
x ; 4/<
x;=
khih, Jpbyh hahnhj (x,y) ; (-8,=)

`. Kgtfag `rhdii  
Qgbtuihb pgrygngshihb ahri pgrshkhhb ai mhwhj ibi agb`hb `rhdii

=x + <y ; 4
x+y;=
Ohwhm ?
kgkmuht `hris pgrshkhhb pgrthkh agb`hb lhrh kgblhri titii pftfb` tgrjhahp
sukmu Z ahb sukmu U
Qitii pftfb` sukmu x syhrhtbyh y ;3 Qitii pftfb` sukmu U syhrhtbyh x ; 3
=x + <y ; 4 =x + <y ; 4
=x + <.3; 4 =.3 + <y ; 4
=x ; 4 <y ; 4
x;< y ;=

8
 <. Sgrshkhhb Iuharht

Sgrshkhhb iuharht aiagdibisiihb sgmh`hi ihnikht tgrmuih yhb` kgbyhthihb

jumub`hb shkh agb`hb (;) ahb phb`iht tgrtib``i ahri vhrihmgnbyh auh. Sgrshkhhb

iuharht kgkiniii mgbtui ukuk?

Agb`hb h, m, ahb l Ё ] ahb h ≣ 3.
h ; ifgdisigb x=
 m ; ifgdisigb x
l ; ifbsthbth
Lfbtfj ?
Qgbtuihb sgtihp ifgdisigb vhrihmgn x=, ifgdisigb vhrihmgn x ahb ifbsthbth ahri
 pgrshkhhb iuharht mgriiut?
h. <x= “ =x + 1 ; 3

 m. “x= + 7x “ 0 ; 3
Ohwhm?
h. <x= “ =x + 1 ; 3
ifgdisigb x= ; <
ifgdisigb x ; “=
ifbsthbth ; 1
 m. “x= + 7x “ 0 ; 3
ifgdisigb x= ; “8
ifgdisgb x ; 7

ifbsthbth ; “0
• Ogbis Hihr Sgrshkhhb Iuharht

8. Oiih A 2 3, khih hx = +mx+l;3 kgkiniii auh hihr rghn yhb`

 mgrnhibhb
=. Oiih A ; 3, khih hx = +mx+l;3 kgkiniii auh hihr rghn yhb` shkh.
<. Oiih A > 3, khih hx = +mx+l;3 hihr-hihrbyh tiahi rghn
• Kgbgbtuihb Hihr-Hihr Sgrshkhhb Iuharht

Ahnhk kgbygngshiihb sgtihp pgrshkhhb iuharht yhb` Hbah lhri hahnhj hihr-hihr 
 pgrshkhhb iuharht hthu binhi x yhb` kgkgbuji pgrshkhhb iuharht tgrsgmut.

8
Kgbygngshiihb pgrshkhhb iuharht ahpht ainhiuihb agb`hb mgmgrhph lhrh, yhitu
kgkdhitfrihb, kgbygkpurbhihb, ahb agb`hb rukus hml.
h) Kgkdhitfrihb

\idht yhb` ai`ubhihb ahnhk kgbygngshiihb pgrshkhhb iuharht agb`hb lhrh

kgkdhitfrihb hahnhj sidht dhitfr bfn, yhitu?
Wbtui sgtihp p ahb q minhb`hb riin ahb mgrnhiu p x q ; 3 khih p ; 3 hthu q ; 3
✓ Kgkdhitfrihb Ogbis hx= + mx ; 3
Wbtui kgkdhitfrihb pgrshkhhb iuharht agb`hb mgbtui hx= + mx ; 3 ahpht
ainhiuihb agb`hb kgkishjihb x sgsuhi agb`hb sidht aistrimutid, yhitu?
hx= + mx ; 3
x(hx + m) ; 3
Ohai, x ; 3 hthu hx + m ; 3.
Lfbtfj \fhn
\gngshiihbnhj pgrshkhhb iuharht ai mhwhj ibi?
h. x= “ 7x ; 3
 jhwhm ?
x=-7x ; 3
x(x-7);3
x;3 hthu x-7;3
x;7
 jhai, jikpubhb pgbygngshihbbyh hahnhj {3,7}
 m. 1x= + <x ; 3
Ohwhm ?
x(1x + <) ; 3
x ; 3 hthu 1x + < ; 3
1x ; “< hthu x ; ∝ ²
Ohai, JS hahnhj {-∝ ² , 3}

m) Kgb``ubhihb ]ukus hml

Ahnhk kgngb`ihpihb iuharht sgkpurbh, aipgrfngj lhrh kgblhri binhi hihr-hihr 
 pgrshkhhb iuharht hx= + mx + l ; 3 hahnhj agb`hb kgb``ubhihb rukus ?

8
Lfbtfj sfhn ?
Lhrinhj hihr-hihr pgrshkhhb iuharht ai mhwhj ibi agb`hb kgb``ubhihb ]ukus
HML
Z= “ 1Z “ 8= ; 3

M. Sgrtiahishkhhb Nibghr

Sgrtiahishkhhb hahnhj suhtu ihnikht khtgkhtiih yhb` kgb`hbaub` shtu hthu

ngmij pgumhj ahb rgnhsi. \gpgrti jhnbyh pgrshkhhb,
kgbygngshiihb
 pgrtiahishkhhb kgruphihb suhtu prfsgs kgbahphtihb suhtu minhb`hb sgjib``h
 pgrtiahishkhhb tgrsgmut kgbjhai prfpfrsi yhb` mgbhr. Minhb`hb yhb`
aipgrfngj bhbtibyh kgruphihb binhi pgbygngshiihb ubtui suhtu pgrtiahishkhhb
yhb` ailhri. Jikpubhb sgkuh binhi pgrtiahishkhhb kgruphihb jikpubhb
pgbygngshihb
(jikpubhb tgrsgngshiihb).
Lfbtfj ?x-4 < (kgb`hbaub` sgmuhj rgnhsi
Sgrtiahishkhhb aimh`i mgmgrhph jgbis ?
h) Sgrtiahishkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj hthu vhrihmgn

Sgrtiahishkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj hahnhj pgrtiahishkhhb yhb`

jhbyh kgkuht sgmuhj pgumhj ahb phb`iht ahri pgumhjbyh hahnhj shtu.
Sgrtiahishkhhb agb`hb phb`iht tgrtib``i ahri vhrihmng (pgumhj) hahnhj
shtu Jikpubhb
 pgbygngshihb pgrtiahishkhhb ahpht aitunis ahnhkmgbtui bfthsi jikpubhb
hthu agb`hb `hris mihb`hb.
Lfbtfj ?
8. =b + 5 ; =8, kgruphihb pgrtiahishkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj mhbyhi pgumhjbyh
shtu (yhitu b ) ahb phb`ihtbyh hahnhj 8.
=. 7t + 0k ; 8= , muihb pgrtiahishkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj ihrgbh pgumhjbyh
auh (yhitu t ahb k ).
<. y + 1 ; <y=+ < , muihb pgrtiahishkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj whnhupub
 pgumhjbyh jhbyh shtu tgthpi phumhjbyh hah yhb` mgrphb`iht =.

8
 ✓ Lhrh kgblhri pgbygngshihb pgrtiahishkhhb nibigr shtu pgumhj

Jhn-jhn yhb` pgrnu aipgrjhtiihb ahnhk kgbygngshiihb pgrtiahish-

khhb nibigr shtu pgumhj hahnhj?
8. Oiih igauh ruhs suhtu pgrtiahishkhhb aithkmhj hthu aiiurhb`i agb`hb
 minhb`hb yhb` shkh, khih thbah pgrtiahishkhhb tgthp.
=. Oiih igauh ruhs suhtu pgrtiahishkhhb aiihniihb hthu aimh`i agb`hb
 minhb`hb pfsitid yhb` shkh ahb tiahibfn, khih thbah pgrtiahishkhhb tgthp.
<. Oiih igauh ruhs suhtu pgrtiahishkhhb aiihniihb hthu aimh`i agb`hb
 minhb`hbbg`htid yhb` shkh ahb tiahi bfn, khih thbah pgrtiahishkhhb kgbjhai
sgmhniibyh.
Lfbtfj sfhn ?
Qgbtuihb jikpubhb pgbygngshihb ahri pgrtiahishkhhb ai mhwhj ibi !
h. <x “ 8 2 7 m. <x + 1 ≡ 7 ( x - 8 )
Ohwhm ? Ohwhm ?
<x “ 8 27 <x + 1 ≡ 7 ( x - 8 )
<x 2 7 + 8 <x + 1 ≡ 7 x - 7
<x 24 <x “ 7x ≡ -7 “ 1
x2 4/< -=x ≡ -5
x 2= x ≧ 5/=
JS ; { x ┍x 2 =, x Ё ] } JS ; { x ┍x ≧ 5/=, x Ё ] }

m) Sgrtiahishkhhb Iuharht
\uhtu ihnikht tgrmuih yhb` kgkuht vhrihmgn agb`hb phb`iht pfsitid ahb kgkiniii
 phb`iht tgrtib``i auh aijumub`ihb agb`hb thbah aisgmut pgrtiahishkhhb iuharht.
Mgbtui ukuk pgrtiahishkhhb iuharht ?
hx= + mx + l 2 3
hx= + mx + l ≧ 3
hx= + mx + l > 3
hx= + mx + l ≡ 3
agb`hb h, m, ahb l Ё ] ahb h ≣ 3.

8
 ✓ Kgbygngshiihb Sgrtiahishkhhb Iuharht

Kgbygngshiihb pgrtiahishkhhb iuharht ngmij kuahj hphminh kgb``ubhihb

`hris minhb`hb. Kgbgbtuihb jikpubhb pgbygngshihb pgrtiahishkhhb iuharht
 mgrmgahlhrh agb`hb kgbgbtuihb suhtu jikpubhb pgbygngshihb
pgrtiahishkhhb nibghr. Shah pgrtiahishkhhb nibghr, ahpht nhb`sub`
kgbgbtuihb ahgrhj
 pgbygngshihb sgtgnhj kgkpgrfngj jikpubhb pgbygngshihbbyh sgahb`ihb phah
 pgrtiahishkhhb iuharht jhrus kgbgbtuihb ahgrhjbyh tgrngmij ahjunu ubtui ahpht
kgbgbtuihb jikpubhb pgbygngshihbbyh.

✓ Nhb`ihj- nhb`ihj ubtui kgbygngshiihb pgrtiahishkhhb

iuharht hahnhj sgmh`hi mgriiut?

8. Byhthihb pgrtiahishkhhb iuharht ig mgbtui shnhj shtu ruhs shkh

agb`hb bfn ahb ruhs yhb` nhib hahnhj mgbtui iuharht.
=. Qgbtuihb pgkmuht bfn ahrimgbtui iuharht itu.
<. Ngthiihb pgkmuht bfn ahnhk `hris minhb`hb.
1. Qgbtuihb thbah ahri sgtihp ahgrhj phah `hris minhb`hb.
7. Qgbtuihb pgbygngshihbbyh sgsuhi yhb` aiigjgbahii phah
 pgrtiahishkhhbbyh.
Lfbtfj \fhn

Qgbtuihb jikpubhb pgbygngshihb ubtui pgrtiahishkhhb iuharht

x= “ 7x “ 81 > 3
Ohwhm?
x= “ 7x “ 81 > 3
x= “ 7x “ 81 ; 3
(x “ 0) (x + =) ; 3
x “ 0 ; 3 hthu x + = ;
3 x ; 0 hthu x ; “=

8
 MHM EEE
SGBWQWS
H. Igsikpunhb

Minhb`hb rghn hahnhj minhb`hb yhb` kgruphihb `hmub`hb ahri

aisgmut sistgk minhb`hb rghn.
\idht “ sidht minhb`hb rghn aimh`i kgbjhai ?

h. \idht-sidht Hn-jhmhr 

 m. \idht-sidht uruthb
l. \idht-sidht igngb`ihphb


\ u k m u a i h ` r h k t g ra i r i a h r i a u h ` h ri s y h b ` m g r p f t f b ` h b t g ` h i n u r u s . @ h r i s y h b `
kgbahthr aisgmut sukmu x ahb yhb` tg`hi aisgmut sukmu y. Qitii pftfb` sukmu x
ahb y aisgmut titii hshn. Qitii ibi aibyhthihb sgmh`hi titii bfn.
\gtihp titii phah miahb` Lhrtgsius aijumub`ihb agb`hb jhrhi tgrtgbtu ig sukmu x
yhb` aisgmut hmsis, sgahb`ihb jhrhi tgrtgbtu ig sukmu y aisgmut iffraibht. Hmsis
ahb fraibht kgwhiini phshb`hb minhb`hb hthu phshb`hb mgrurut yhb`
aisgmut iffraibht.
Ahnhk igjiauphb sgjhri-jhri miahb` iffraibht ihrtgsius shb`ht
kutnhi aimutujihb. \hnhj shtubyh hahnhj ahnhk jhn pgbgrmhb`hb, sgfrhb`
pinft jhrus kgkhjhki lhrh kgkmhlh ahb kgbgbtuihb ngthi suhtu tgkpht
phah miahb` iffraibht ihrtgsius.
Sgrshkhhb nibigr tgrairi ahri pgrshkhhb nibigr shtu vhrihmgn ahb pgrshkhhb nibigr 
auh vhrihmng
Sgbygngshihb \SNAT tgrahpht 1 lhrh yhitu ?
8. Kgtfag sumstitusi
=. Kgtfag Gnikibhsi
<. Kgtfag sumstitusi ahb Gnikibhsi
1. Kgtfag Agtgrkibhb
Sgrtiahishkhb nibghr hahnhj suhtu ihnikht khtgkhtiih yhb` kgkuht shtu   hthu
ngmij vhrihmgn yhb` igsgkuhbyh mgrphb`iht shtu ahb aijumub`ihb agb`hb  rgnhsi
  , > , , hthu 2.

8
 Sgrshkhhb iuharht hahnhj suhtu pgrshkhhb yhb` kgkuht shtu vhr
ahb mgrphb`iht auh. Mgbtui ukuk ahri pgrshkhhb iuharht hahnhj
hx=   + mx + l ; 3

agb`hb h µ 3. Wbtui kgbygngshiihb pgrshkhhb iuharht tgrahpht ti

 m) kgngb`ihpihb iuharht ahb l)rukus yhitu
Mgbtui ukuk ahri pgrtiahishkhhb iuharht hahnhj ?
hx= + mx + l (  ) 3, agb`hb h µ 3.

M. \hrhb
Agkiiihbnhj pfifi mhjhshb khihnhj ibi yhb` ahpht ihki phphrihb, Mgshr 
jhrhphb ihki khihnhj ibi ahpht mgrkhbdhht ubtui ihnhb`hb mhbyhi. Ihrgbh
igtgrmhthshb pgb`gthjuhb ahb rgdgrgbsi, pgbunis kgbyhahri khihnhj ibi khsij
 jhuj ahri sgkpurbh. Fngj ihrgbh itu shrhb ahb iritii yhb` kgkmhb`ub
shb`ht aijhrhpihb h`hr khihnhj ibi ahpht aisusub kgbjhai ngmij mhii nh`i
aikhsh yhb` hihb ahthb`.