HMQDYMF Q@FGMEPHPMF

J@IYL[

GL YPMFB N@HMWL LL Y[PG gr. HD@CNDFD EMGL CPGP[

Gisusuf dh`e?

 FLFLFB [MZLWYL

 FLN ? 291=0;122

QYDBYMN [WPGL QYDJ@[L F@Y[

PFLZ@Y[LWM[ NPEMNNMGL\ME CPGP[

91=</9191
M. Q@FB@YWLMF
J`iris mtmu g`nmn n`rupmcmf sumtu c`mgmmf sueu tuiue gimtms
fdrnmh s`imbmi mciimt p`fifbcmtmf pusmt p`fbmtur sueu gi eipdtmhmnus ([dgicif,
91=9).
Imtmsmf fihmi mtmu g`rmjmt g`nmn g`fbmf p`fbucurmf gi i`rimbmi  imbimf
tuiue s`imbmi i`ricut? sueu mcsihm/c`timc gimtms ;2,9±K, sueu   drmh/nuhut gimtms
;2,5±K, sueu

r`ctmh/mfus gimtms ;5,1±K, sueu gmei   gimtms ;5,1±K, sueu gi n`nirmf t`hifbm gimtms
;5,1±K. [`gmfbcmf  gicmtmcmf g`nmn tifbbi mpmiihm sueu tuiue gimtms ;<,0±K gmf
eip`rpir`csim iihm sueu gimtms 7=,=±K (Imer`f, `t mh ., 91=7) 
[ueu tuiue fdrnmh i`rcismr mftmrm ;:,0-;2,9dK. G`rmjmt sueu ymfb
gmpmt gicmtmcmf g`nmn mgmhme r`ktmh t`np`rmtur` ≠;5,1±K mtmu drmh t`np`rmtur`
≠;2,0±K mtmu mxihhmry t`np`rmtur` ≠;2,9±K (Cmf`seird & _i`v`, 91=1).

I. @WLDHDBL

N`furut J`iry gmf Nmr`fgrm (91=1) p`fy`imi g`nmn  giimbi n`fjmgi ; ymitu?

=. G`nmn ifj`csi, mftmrm hmif ifj`csi virus (kmkmr, kmnpmc gmf  g`nmn i`rgmrme) gmf
ifj`csi imct`ri (g`nmn tijdig gmf  pemrifbitis).
9. G`nmn fdf ifj`csi, mftmrm hmif cmr`fm cmfc`r, tundr, mtmu  mgmfym
p`fymcit mutdinuf (p`fymcit ymfb gis`imicmf sist`n  inuf tuiue itu s`fgiri).
;. G`nmn jisidhdbis, iism cmr`fm c`curmfbmf kmirmf (g`eigrmsi),   sueu ugmrm t`rhmhu
 pmfms gmf c`h`hmemf s`t`hme i`rnmif gisimfb emri.
Gmri c`tibm p`fy`imi t`rs`iut ymfb pmhifb s`rifb n`fy`rmfb   mfmc mgmhme g`nmn
mciimt ifj`csi virus nmupuf imct`ri (J`iry &Nmr`fgrm, 91=1) 

K. WMFGM GMF B@OMHM

Qmgm smmt t`rjmgi g`nmn, b`jmhm chifis ymfb tiniuh i`rvmrimsi t`rbmftufb pmgm jms`
g`nmn n`hiputi?
Jms` = mwmh ( gifbif/ n`fbbibih)
m. Q`fifbcmtmf g`fyut jmftufb
i. Q`fifbcmtmf hmju gmf c`gmhmnmf p`rfmpmsmf
k. N`fbibih mciimt t`bmfbmf gmf cdftrmcsi dtdt
g. Q`fifbcmtmf sueu tuiue
`. Q`fb`humrmf c`rifbmt i`rh`iie

j. Ymniut pmgm cuhit i`rgiri

b. Cuhit pukmt gmf gifbif mciimt vmsdcdftricsi p`niuhue gmrme
 Jms` 9 ( prds`s g`nmn)

m. Qrds`s n`fbibih h`fymp

i. Cuhit t`rmsm emfbmt / pmfms
k. N`rmsm tigmc pmfms / gifbif
g. Q`fifbcmtmf fmgi
`. Q`fifbcmtmf rmsm emus
j. G`eigrmsi
b. C`h`nmemf
e. C`eihmfbmf fmjsu nmcmf (jicm g`nmn n`fifbcmt)
i.  Fy`ri pmgm dtdt mciimt cmtmidhisn` prdt`if

Jms` ; (p`nuhiemf)

m. Cuhit tmnpmc n`rme gmf emfbmt

i. I`rc`rifbmt
k. N`fbibih rifbmf
g. C`nufbcifmf n`fbmhmni g`eigrmsi (Lhnu c`s`emtmf, 91=;).

G. QMWDJL[LDHDBL
G`nmn t`rjmgi cmr`fm mgmfym sumtu zmt ymfb gic`fmh g`fbmf fmnm pirdb`f.
Qirdb`f mgmhme zmt ymfb gmpmt n`fy`imicmf g`nmn. Qirdb`f t`rimbi gum
ymitu
 pirdb`f `csdb`f mgmhme pirdb`f ymfb i`rmsmh gmri humr tuiue pmsi`f. Kdftde gmri
 pirdb`f `csdb`f mgmhme prdguc nicrddrbmfisn` s`p`rti tdcsif mtmu 
nicrddrbmfisn` s`utuefym. [mhme smtu pirdb`f `csdb`f chmsic mgmhme
`fgdtdcsif  hipdpdhismcmrigm ymfb giemsihcmf dh`e imct`ri brmn f`bmtij. O`fis hmif gmri
pirdb`f  mgmhme pirdb`f `fgdb`f ymfb n`rupmcmf pirdb`f ymfb i`rmsmh gmri gmhmn
tuiue  pmsi`f. Kdftde gmri pirdb`f
`fgdb`f mftmrm hmif LH-=, LH-:, WFJ-ν, gmf LJF.   [uni`r gmri pirdb`f `fgdb`f ifi
 pmgm ununfym mgmhme ndfdsit, f`utrdjih, gmf  hinjdsit wmhmupuf s`h hmif jubm gmpmt
n`fb`humrcmf pirdb`f `fgdb`f jicm t`rstinuhmsi (Gifmr`hhd & B`hjmfg, 9110).
Qrds`s t`rjmgifym g`nmn ginuhmi gmri stinuhmsi s`h-s`h gmrme putie (ndfdsit,
hinjdsit, gmf f`utrdjih) dh`e pirdb`f `csdb`f imic i`rupm tdcsif, n`gimtdr  
ifjhmnmsi, mtmu r`mcsi inuf. [`h-s`h gmrme putie t`rs`iut mcmf n`fb`humrcmf zmt  
cinim ymfb gic`fmh g`fbmf pirdb`f `fgdb`f (LH-=, LH-:, WFJ-ν, gmf LJF).   Qirdb`f
`csdb`f gmf
 pirdb`f `fgdb`f mcmf n`rmfbsmfb `fgdt`hiun eipdtmhmnus  uftuc n`ni`ftuc 
 prdstmbhmfgif. Qrdstmbhmfgif ymfb  t`ri`ftuc c`nugimf mcmf n`fifbcmtcmf pmtdcmf
t`rndstmt gi pusmt t`rndr`buhmsi   eipdtmhmnus. Eipdtmhmnus mcmf n`fbmfbbmp sueu
s`cmrmfb h`iie r`fgme gmri  sueu pmtdcmf ymfb imru s`eifbbm ifi n`niku n`cmfisn`-
n`cmfisn` uftuc  n`fifbcmtcmf pmfms mftmrm hmif n`fbbibih, vmsdcdfstricsi cuhit
gmf n`cmfisn`  vdhuft`r s`p`rti n`nmcmi s`hinut. [`eifbbm mcmf t`rjmgi
p`fifbcmtmf

 prdgucsi   pmfms gmf p`furufmf p`fburmfbmf pmfms ymfb pmgm mceirfym mcmf
n`fy`imicmf sueu tuiue fmic c` pmtdcmf ymfb imru t`rs`iut.
G`nmn n`nihici tibm jms` ymitu? jms` c`gifbifmf, jms` g`nmn, gmf
jms` c`n`rmemf. Jms` p`rtmnm ymitu jms` c`gifbifmf n`rupmcmf jms` p`fifbcmtmf
sueu tuiue ymfb gitmfgmi g`fbmf vmsdcdfstricsi p`niuhue gmrme gmf
p`fifbcmtmf   mctivitms dtdt ymfb i`rusmem uftuc n`nprdgucsi pmfms s`eifbbm tuiue
mcmf n`rmsm c`gifbifmf gmf n`fbbibih. Jms` c`gum ymitu jms` g`nmn n`rupmcmf
jms`   c`s`inimfbmf mftmrm
 prdgucsi pmfms gmf c`eihmfbmf pmfms gi titic pmtdcmf sueu  ymfb sugme
n`fifbcmt. Jms` c`tibm ymitu jms` c`n`rmemf n`rupmcmf jms`  p`furufmf sueu
ymfb gitmfgmi

g`fbmf vmsdgihmtmsi p`niuhue gmrme gmf   i`rc`rifbmt ymfb i`rusmem

uftuc  n`fbeihmfbcmf pmfms s`eifbbm tuiue mcmf  i`rwmrfm c`n`rmemf (Gmhmh &
_eucdvscy,
911:).
@. QMWEJHDR
J. Q@N@YLC[MMF Q@FPFOMFB
 m. Hmidrmtdriun
i. Jdtd rdftb`ft
k. P[B

B. Q@FMWMHMC[MFMMF N@GL[

Q`fmtmhmcsmfmmf j`iris mtmu g`nmn n`furut ([evddfb, 91=1), uftuc n`furufcmf

sueu tuiue gmhmn imtms fdrnmh tmfpm n`fbufmcmf dimt ymitu g`fbmf kmrm gi cdnpr`s?
=. N`fyimpmcmf mir emfbmt
9. N`fk`hupcmf wmshmp mtmu emfguc c`kih c` gmhmn imscdn gmf n`fbusmpfym c`
s`hurue tuiue
;. N`hmcucmf tifgmccmf gimtms i`i`rmpm cmhi (s`t`hme cuhit c`rifb)
7. N`fb`rifbcmf tuiue g`fbmf emfguc
0. N`fbe`fticmf prds`gur iihm sueu tuiue sugme n`fg`cmti

Q`fbdimtmf j`iris mtmu g`nmn gmpmt n`fbbufmcmf dimt gimftmrmfym ymitu s`imbmi
 i`ricut ?
=. Qmrmk`tmndh (pmrm mk`tdmnifdpe`fdh)
[umtu dimt uftuc n`fburmfbi g`nmn (mftipir`tic) gmf fy`ri (mfmhb`tic). Dimt
ifi mnmf uftuc imyi gmf mfmc s`sumi c`iutuemf, cmr`fm itu gmpmt gii`hi i`ims. Dimt ifi
gin`tmidhisn` gi emti s`eifbbm iihm gdsis i`rh`iie gmpmt n`finiuhcmf
bmfbbumf jufbsi emti. @j`c smnpifb dimt (@[D) i`rsijmt r`v`rsiih`, p`fbe`ftimf
dimt gmpmt n`np`rimici c`mgmmf unun mfmc gmf @[D mcmf i`rmfbsur-mfbsur
eihmfb s`eifbbm cdfgisi mfmc c`nimhi fdrnmh. Qmrms`tmndh gmpmt gii`ricmf
s`timp : jmn s`sumi c`iutuemf. Gdsis pmrms`tmndh i`rgmsmrcmf II. O`fis
dimt ymfb n`fbmfgufb
 pmrms`tmndh smfbmt imfymc s`p`rti W`nprm, [mfndh, Qrmxidf, Fmpr`x, Idgr`xif sirup,
Gunif, W`rndr`x, ghh. Gdsis =1-=0 nb/cb i`rmt imgmf (II) p`r cmhi p`ni`rimf,
nmcsinmh :1 nb/cb II p`r emri. Mpmiihm drmfb tum c`suhitmf gmhmn n`fbeitufb gdsis
e`fgmcfym i`rcdfsuhtmsi g`fbmf gdct`r mtmu mpdt`c`r.
[`gimmf grdp gii`ricmf pmgm imyi g`fbmf II giimwme =1 cb mtmu pmgm mfmc 
g`fbmf c`suhitmf nifun dimt cmr`fm vdhun` p`ni`rimf r`hmtij s`gicit. Qmgm mfmc 
g`fbmf II gimtms =1 cb gmpmt gii`ricmf sirup. Wmih`t gii`ricmf pmgm mfmc usim gimtms
=9 tmeuf. Gmri p`f`hitimf t`riucti imewm p`ni`rimf drmh gmf suppdsitdrim smnm
`j`ctijfym. [`gimmf suppdsitdrim (n`hmhui guiur) gii`ricmf iihm p`ni`rimf drmh tigmc 
n`nufbcifcmf, kdftdefym mfmc g`fbmf nuftme prdjus`, mfmc tigur, mtmu tigmc smgmr.
 9. Liuprdj`f
Liuprdj`f gmpmt gii`ricmf pmgm cdfgisi g`nmn ymfb tifbbi (671 K), g`nmn
n`nimfg`h ymfb tigmc r`spdfsij t`remgmp p`ni`rimf Qmrms`tmndh, mtmu g`nmn ymfb
gis`rtmi g`fbmf p`rmgmfbmf. Gdsis dimt ifi mgmhme? 0-=1 nb/cb II s`timp
cmhi
 p`ni`rimf, nmcsinmh 71 nb/cb II/emri. Kdftde dimt ymfb n`fbmfgufb iiuprdj`f

mftmrm hmif Qrdris, Ye`hmj`f, J`fris, Iuj`kt, ghh (Mfdfin, 911<).

Gmhmn n`nihie dimt g`nmn, pihie dimt ymfb tigmc n`fbmfgufb
mhcdedh, cmr`fm i`i`rmpm prdguc sirup jubm mgm ymfb n`fbbufmcmf
mhcdedh s`imbmi kmnpurmffym (Mfdfin, 911<).

E. Q@FBCMOLMF
=. Lg`ftitms ? unur uftuc n`f`ftucmf junhme kmirmf ymfb gip`rhucmf
9.   Yiwmymt c`s`emtmf

m. C`huemf utmnm (c`huemf ymfb girmsmcmf pmsi`f smmt p`fbcmjimf) ? pmfms.

 i.  
Yiwmymt c`s`emtmf s`cmrmfb (riwmymt p`fymcit ymfb gig`ritm pmsi`f smmt nmsuc 
runme smcit)? s`jmc cmpmf tiniuh g`nmn, sijmt g`nmn, b`jmhm hmif
ymfb
n`fy`rtmi g`nmn (nismhfym? numh, nuftme, fmjsu nmcf, `hinifmsi, fy`ri dtdt
gmf s`fgi ghh), mpmcme n`fbbibih, b`hisme.
k. Yiwmymt c`s`emtmf ymfb hmhu (riwmymt p`fymcit ymfb smnm mtmu p`fymcit hmif
ymfb p`rfme gig`ritm dh`e pmsi`f).

g. Yiwmymt c`s`emtmf c`humrbm (riwmymt p`fymcit ymfb smnm mtmu p`fymcit hmif ymfb
 p`rfme gig`ritm dh`e mfbbdtm c`humrbm ymfb hmif imic i`rsijmt b`f`tic mtmu tigmc).

;. Q`n`ricsmmf jisic 
m. C`mgmmf unun ? c`smgmrmf, vitmh sibf, stmtus futrisi
i. Q`n`ricsmmf p`rsist`n

  [ist`n p`rs`psi s`fsdri

  [ist`n p`rsymrmjmf ? c`smgmrmf

  [ist`n p`rfmjmsmf

  [ist`n cmrgidvmscuh`r 

  [ist`n bmstrdift`stifmh

  [ist`n ift`bun`f

  [ist`n p`rc`niemf

7. Qmgm jufbsi c`s`emtmf

m. Qdhm p`rs`psi gmf p`n`hiemrmmf c`s`emtmf
 i. Qdhm futrisi gmf n`tmidhisn`
k. Qdhm `hinifmsi
g. Qdhm mctivitms gmf hmtiemf
`. Qdhm tigur gmf istirmemt
j. Qdhm cdbfitij gmf p`rs`ptumh

b. Qdhm tdh`rmfsi gmf cdpifb str`ss

e. Qdhm fihmi gmf c`ymcifmf
i. Qdhm euiufbmf gmf p`rmf

L. GLMBFD[M C@Q@YMRMWMF
=. Eip`rt`nim i`reuiufbmf g`fbmf prds`s p`fymcit
9. Y`sicd ifjury i`reuiufbmf g`fbmf ifj`csi nicrddrbmfisn`
;. Y`sicd c`curmfbmf vdhun` kmirmf i`reuiufbmf g`fbmf iftmc` ymfb curmfb
gmf gimpdr`sisi

O. LFW@YZ@F[L C@Q@YMRMWMF

Fd Gimbfdsm C`p`rmwmtmf FDK FLK

.
=. Eip`rt`nim i.g prds`s - [ueu tuiue N`fbdftrdh pmfms
 p`fymcit gmhmn r`ftmfb - Ndfitdr sueu nifinmh
Imtmsmf cmrmct`ristic? fdrnmh timp 9 jmn
- C`fmicmf sueu tuiue -  Fmgi gmf YY gmhmn - Ndfitdr WG, Fmgi
gimtms r`ftmfb fdrnmh r`ftmfb fdrnmh gmf YY 
(;:,0-;2,9dK) - Wigmc mgm - Ndfitdr wmrfm cuhit gmf

- [`rmfbmf mtmu cdfvuhsi p`ruimemf wmrfm sueu

(c`jmfb) cuhit - Ndfitdr iftmc` gmf
- Cuhit c`n`rmemf dutput
- Wigmc mgm pusifb
- Q`rtmnimemf YY  - I`ricmf kmirmf LZ
- Wmcicmrgi - Cdnpr`s pmgm hipmtmf
- [mmtgis`ftue cuhit t`rmsm  pmem, mcsihm gmf h`e`r 
emfbmt
9. Y`sicd ifjuri i.g - [`gimcmf hifbcufbmf
ifj`csi nicrddrbmfisn` ymfb mnmf uftuc
- Chi`f t`ri`ims gmri chi`f
k`g`rm
- Lg`ftijicmsi c`iutuemf
c`mnmfmf chi`f
- N`fbbufmcmf
jmsihitms ymfb mgm
 - Nmnpu n`fb`fmhi - N`fbeifgmri
 p`ruimemf stmtus hifbcufbmf ymfb
c`s`emtmf  i`rimemym nismhfym
- Nmnpu n`ndgijicmsi n`nifgmecmf p`rmidtmf
bmym eigup uftuc - N`fy`gimcmf t`npmt
n`fk`bme ifjuri tigur ymfb fymnmf gmf
 i`rsie
;. Y`sicd c`curmfbmf - N`np`rtmemfcmf - N`rtmemfcmf
vdhun` kmirmf i.g jmctdr urif` dutput s`sumi kmtmtmf iftmc` gmf
c`iutuemf kmirmf g`fbmf usim gmf II, dutput ymfb mcurmt
(eip`rn`tmidhic) IO urif` fdrnmh, EW - Ndfitdr stmtus
fdrnmh g`eigrmsi( c`h`nimim
- W`cmfmf gmrme, f n`nirmf` nucdsm,
fmgi, sueu tuiue fmgi mg`cumt, t`cmfmf
gmhmn gmrme drtdstmtic)
 imtms fdrnmh - Ndfitdr vitmh sibf
- Wigmc mgm tmfgm- - Ndfitdr msupmf
tmfgm g`eigrmsi, nmcmfmf/ kmirmf
`hmstisitms turbdr cuhit gmf eitufb iftmc`
 imic, n`nirmf` cmhdri emrimf
nucdsm h`nimi, tigmc  - Hmcucmf t`rmpi LZ
mgm rmsm emus - Ndfitdr stmtus futrisi
ymfb
 i`rh`iiemf