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Umfghubm

Yg Mvrmh Fdmh Ijdhscy my gsmfl Mhargcmfdfl bgfllwgstm, pgbdsdpd mt

Sdigmb irgtgi

.Cgbmbm sgym ogbmfl ‒Mhm fl Hdkarfdfl Bgfllwgstgcm.‘ Fml-mrmb gtd fl bgflluwgstgcm,

hmtahmtgcmmt pgbdsdpgym sm Qfgoarsgkmk fl Uaffsybvmfgm. Fmsm hmjglgt <55 fm hlm mrtgcubd
mt hmjglgt =55bgord mfl fmgsubmt fg Ijdhscy flufgt hms cgbmbm mfl cmfgymfl

Yyftmitgi Ytruituras

Mt

Mspaits d` tja [jadry d` Yyftmx

Fm tuhmtmc sm hufkd fl bgfllwgstgcm. Mfl hmmlmfl pmlsmsmbgcsgc fg Ijdhscy my fmloufsdk fl gsmfl

juwmrmfl raodbusydf smbmrmflmf fl bgfllwgstgcm. Mfl gstructurmb fm bgfllwgstgcm fm fmlhubm pm
fddfl ufmfl omjmlg flgcm-?5 sglbd my fmcmtudf sm pml-mmyds fl hlm pmflufmjgfl abahaftd fl hlm wgcm
fl tmd.[gfurgfl fl gstructurmb fm bgfllwgstgcm mfl wgcm ogbmfl

Stmtgi

Fm sgstahmfl hmlcmcmulfmy fmhlm yufgt lmhgt mfl pmrmmf fl ‒

Idrpus d` uttarmfias

‘ fm gsmfl pmltmtmflcm upmfl hmsurg mflhlm abahaftd fl

Idrpus

Sm gom‗t-gomfl hlm mftms fl wgcm lmym fl pdfahm, hdrpahm, mtop. Mydf cmy Ijdhscy, mfl
pmhmhmrmmf fm gtd my smpmt pmrm sm pdfdbdjgym mt hdpdbdjgym flufgtcubmfl pmrm sm
pmlpmpmbgwmfmfl fl hlm sgftmcsgs d pmfluflusmp. Mfl cmfgymfl pmlpufm smgstructurmfl
bgfllwgstgcm my juhmftdfl sm cmufbmrmf fl

Lafarmtgva lrmhhmr
 Fm fmloglmy kmmf upmfl hmomld mfl bmyufgf fl bgfllwgstgcm mt fmcmsaftrd fm sm pmlbgcjm fl gsmfl
jmfmy flhlm pmtmcmrmf fm hmmmrgfl hmcmoud sm bmjmt fl hlm pmfluflusmp fl gsmfl wgcm
mthmgpmbgwmfml mfl ulfmymfl pmflwgcm sm pmlgtmf fl tufdl mt cmjubulmf fl sgstahm fl gsmfl wgcm.

Umoudk fm Cmsmysmymf fl Kmbmwmfl Hdkabd

=. YWF[MI[GI Y[_QI[Q_AY (=71<). Fmlcmgkaym sg Ijdhscy jmomfl fml-mmrmb smJmrvmrk Qfgvarsgty

ogbmfl gsmfl

@abbdw

Tuflcdb sm pml-mmrmb fl sgftmcs d pmbmulfmy fl wgcm my hmmmrgfl gsmlmwm sm

Mutdfdhdus

Fm pmrmmf d jgwmbmy sm gomfl mftms fl wgcm. Fmlpmbmoms sgIjdhscy fl gsmfl hdfdlrmp fm hmy
pmhmlmt fm Yyftmitgi Ytruituras fm fmlpmymfgl smpufkmsydf fl Gstructurmbgshd sm Mhargcm. Gtd
my fmlbmbmrmwmf sm cmfgymfl hmtgomy fmpmfgfgwmbm fm mfl lrmhmtgcm my hmpml-mmrmbmf
fmfl jgwmbmy sm cmjubulmf.Umrm sm hdkabd fm gtd, gfgftgfkg fg Ijdhscy mfl wgcm sm pmrmmfl
hmtahmtgcmb cufl smmflgfmhgt fgym mfl cmfgymfl cmmbmhmf sm

Idhputar bmflumlas

Syhodbgi bdlgi

Mt hlm tadrym smhmtahmtgcm cmlmym fl

Prdombgstgi tjadry

Sat tjadry

`gfgta stmta tjadry

Idfimtafmtgdf mblaorm

Lrmpj tjadry

Mt gom pm.

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Mfgym, mfl hdkabdfl

Syftmitgi

Struituras

My pmrmfl gsmfl

Mutdhmtdf

Fm hmlpmpmbmomsd

Lafarmta

Fl bmjmt fl hmmmrgfl pmbmomsgfl tmhmfl pmfluflusmp sm gsmfl pmrtgcubmr fm wgcm.Lmyufpmhmf,

mfl pmlsusurg sm fmsmogfl hdkabd my wmbmfl kgracsydf, kg-sgstahmtgcd mt kg-fmturmb fm pmrmmf
sm pmlbmbmrmwmf fl wgcm. Ugfmfgfgwmbmmf fl gom fm hms pgfmjgjgrmpmf fgIjdhscy mfl pml-
mmrmb sm wgcm fm sgymfl lgfmlmhgt fl tmd sm pmcgcgpmltmbmstmsmf cmym‗tfmltmflcm gtdfl
ouhud fl gsmfl hdkabdfl pmfllrmhmtgcm sm mftms fl sgftmcsgs ’ mfl ‒

Ujrmsa Ytruitura

‘ fm hmlpmpmbmoms uhmfd fl hlm pmrgrmbm. Bubmf kgf sm bddo fl hdkabd fg Ijdhscy mfl pmrmmfl
lgfmhgt fg \mbbmia Ijm`a sm cmfgymfl hdkabdfl ‒

Ghhakgmta Idfstgtuaft

‘ d GI.Ygfuoucmf fgymfl myusgf mfl cmcubmflmf sm hdkabd fg Ijm`a sm pmhmhmlgtmf flpmllmhgt fl

trmfspdrhmsydf. Gsmfl jmbghomwm mfl

Carfab saftafia

Fm pgfmcmsghpbafl mfyd flgsmfl pmfluflusmp mt fmljmjmtgk bmhmfl fl gsmfl gkaym. Mfl ufmfl
jmbghomwm fmpmfluflusmp sm gomom my fmoud sm pmhmhmlgtmf fl tgfmtmwml fgymfl

Pjrmsa struitura rubas

.Ymhmftmbm, mfl gcmbmwmfl pmfluflusmp fmhmf my gsmfl trmfspdrh fl pmfluflusmp fm

Carfab

Fm sgymfl pgfmljmflumf.
Jmb.

(=) [ja hmf jgt tja ombb.(?) [ja ombb wms jgt oy tja hmf.Hmpmpmfsgfl mfl gcmbmwmfl jmbghomwm my
mfydfl

Pmssgva

Fl mfydfl

Mitgva

Fl

Carfab saftafia

. Mydf cmy Ijdhscy, mfl gcmbmwmfl jmbghomwm my hmououd sm pmhmhmlgtmf flpmllmhgt fl

dpsyufmb fm tuftufgfl

Pmssgva trmfs`drhmtgdf

.Gogfglmy kgf fgym mfl tgfmtmwml fm

Pjrmsa struitura rubas

Fl jmbghomwm sm tmms.(9) (g) Yaftafia

FU + PU(gg)FU

[ + F(ggg)PU

Paro + FU(gv)[

Tja(v)F

Hmf, ombb, ati.(vg)Paro

Jgt, tddc, ati.Umlcmtmpds gpmcgtm fgym cufl pmmfdfl mfl pmfluflusmp fm

[ja hmf jgt tja ombb

My fmjmfld sm pmhmhmlgtmf fl pmlsufdk sm hlm fmomfllgt fm tuftufgf. Mfl hlm ogbmfl fmmrmogcd
sm lmwgfl cmfmf my tuhutucdy sm ogbmfl fl tuftufgf sm gcmtbdfl jmbghomwm (9).
(;)FU+PU(g)[ + F +PU(gg)[ + F + Paro + FU(ggg)[ja + F + Paro + FU(gv)[ja + hmf + Paro + FU(v)[ja + hmf + jgt
+ FU (vg)[ja + hmf + jgt + [ + F(gg)[ja + hmf + jgt + tja + F(gv)[ja + hmf + jgt + tja + ombb(v) Mydf cmy
Ijdhscy my hmpmkmkmbg mt hmlmlmwmfl pmymc mfl pmlbmbmrmwmf sm hlmpmfluflusmp fm Gflbas
cufl bgbghgtmjgf d hmlhuhubm mfl pmlbmbmrmwmf sm hlm pmfluflusmpfm

Carfab

Mt hubm rgtd‗y ououd fl gom pmfl hlm pmfluflusmp sm pmhmhmlgtmf fl pmllmhgt flhlm
trmfspdrhmsydf. Mfl pmflmbmwmfl

Idhpdfaft

Fl hdkabd fg Ijdhscy my ogfuoud fl hlm tuftufgfltrmfspdrhmsydfmb. Gtd mfl hlm

suhusufdk>=.parhutmsydf ’ pmlomomldfl myds fl hlm smbgtm sm pmfluflusmp , a.l. mflpmfluflusmp fm
tmjms (

Mitgva

) my lmlmwgfl ombgftgymc (

Pmssgva

)?.pmlkmrmlkml (

Mknufitgdf

) ’ pmlkmrmlkml fl hlm smbgtm sm pmfluflusmp9.pml-ulfmy (

Idfndgfl

) – pmlsmsmhm fl kmbmwmfl pmfluflusmp;.pmlomomwms (

Kabatgdf

) ’ pmlcmbtms fl hlm smbgtm sm pmfluflusmp1.pmlpmpmbgt (

Suostgtutgdf

) ’ pmlpmpmbgt sm gsmfl smbgtm d pmrgrmbm fl gomfl smbgtm dpmrgrmbm.Ugfml-urg-urg fg Ijdhscy

sm kmbmwm mfl bmjmt fl trmfspdrhmsydf. Qfm my mfl

Sgflubmrytrmfs`drhmtgdf

Fm gsm-gsmfl lgfmlmhgt mfl hlm tuftufgf upmfl hmcmoud fl pmfluflusmpcmtuhoms fl ufsmfl

pmfluflusmp. Cufl mfl

Mitgva

Fm pmfluflusmp lmym fl ‚

[ja hmf jgt tjaombb

.‗ my lmlmwgfl

Pmssgva
, hmlmlmhgt mfl dpsyufmb fm tuftufgfl

Pmssgva trmfs`drhmtgdf

Lmymfl suhusufdk>(1)Ytruiturmb Mfmbysgs> FU

’ Mux ’ P ’ FU

Ytruiturmb ijmfla> Z

’Z

’x

’Z

’Z

+ oa-af ’ Z

’ oy + Z

Ym pmhmhmlgtmf fl jmbghomwm fm fmsm tmms, fmbmhmf fmtgf fm cufl lmlmwgfl

Pmssgva

Mfl gsmfl

Mitgva
Fm pmfluflusmp, cmgbmflmf fm pmlpmbgtgf mfl pdsgsydf fl FU

Mt FU

3 gkmlkmlmfl wmstdfl mfyd fl pmfkgwmfl

Oa

Mt mfl

Prapdsgtgdf

Fm

Oy

Sm pmlgrmf fl P mt fl FU

. Mfl gcmbmwmfl urg fmhmf my mfl

Lafarmbgzak trmfs`drhmtgdf

. Gtd my mfl pmloud flgsmfl pmfluflusmp fm mfl gsmfl tuftufgfl trmfspdrhmsydfmb my fmlmlmhgt sm
kmbmwmfl

Pjrmsahmrcars

. Mfg fg Ijdhscy, mfl gsmfl hdkabdfl fmlogoglmy-kggf sm ombmflcms mt jgfkg smcmjubulmf my

hmcmpmlogoglmy fl hmbgfl pmfluflusmp lmym fl

‚Idbdrbass lraaf gkams sbaap `urgdusby.

‗ Mfl pmfljubgfl

Idhpdfaft

Sm hdkabdfl =71< fg Ijdhscy my ogfuoud fl gsmfl

sat

flhlm tuftufgf hdrpdpdfahgcd fm fmltuturd cufl pmmfd ogoglcmsgf mfl pmfluflusmp.Hmpmpmfsgf hd

fm hmjmbmlm rgtd mfl pmlsusufd-sufdk fl hlm tuftufgf. [gflfmf mfl hlmjmbghomwmfl ogfglmy fg
Ijdhscy>(0)(g)wmbc

/w

↋
c/(gg)tmca + pmst

/tuc/(ggg)jgt + pmst

/jgt/(gv)/. . .K/ + pmst

/. . .K/ + / G / ( wjara K8 /t/ dr /k/)(v)/. . .Iufv/ + pmst

/. . .Iufv/ + /t/ (wjara Iufv gs mf ufvdgiak idfsdfmft)(vg)Umst

/k/(vgg)[mca

/ tayc /Jmbghomwm, cmgbmflmfl hmufm mfl [uftufgf (gg) sm [uftufgf (v) d (vgg) upmfl jgfkgbuhmoms
mfl mfydfl / tyct / pmrm sm mfydfl pmflfmcmrmmf fl

tmca

. Hmbmbmldh mfl hdkabdfl

Ytruituras

lmym fl suhusufdk>(<)Gfgtgmb abahaft (Y)Ujmsa struitura idhpdfaft[rmfs`drhmtgdfmb

idhpdfaftHdrpjdpjdfahgi idhpdfaftUjdfdbdlgimb raprasaftmtgdf?. MYUAI[Y D@ [JA [JAD_W D@ YWF[MZ
(=701). Hmcmbgpms mfl wmbdfl tmdf,fgbmtjmbm fg Ijdhscy mfl

Mspaits d` tja [jadry d` Yyftmx

tmdfl =701 ogbmfl pmlcgbmbm smcmufbmrmf fl bgfllwgstgcm mt hmlsgbogfl lmomy sm hlm lmlmwgfl
pml-mmrmb sm jgfmjmrmp.

Fgbmtjmbm gtd fg Ijdhscy upmfl hmpufmf mfl hlm cmjgfmmf fl cmfgymfl fmufmflhdkabd fm

Ytruituras

. Fmlpmpmcgtm uhmfd mfl hdkabdfl gtd fl rabmsydf fl tufdl mtcmjubulmf. Mydf sm cmfgym, fmcmtudf
mfl hdkabdfl gtd sm cdfsaptd fl ‒

kaap struituras
‘ fmgtgfuturgfl fgymfl fmsm pmlgtmf fl ‒

omsa idhpdfaft

‘ mt fl ‒

sahmftgi idhpdfaft.

‘Ym

Mspaits

, fmoudk fg Ijdhscy mfl cmfgymfl ghgfuflcmjgfl gstrmcturm fl ombmrgbm. Mfgym, mfl gsmfl ombmrgbm
my fmlbmbmhmf fl

syftmitgi idhpdfaft

sahmftgi idhpdfaft

mt

pjdfdbdlgimb idhpdfaft

. mfl

syftmitgi idhpdfaft

my ogfuoud fl gsmfl omtmymf d

omsa

mt fl

trmfs`drhmtgdfmb idhpdfaft

. Mfl

omsa

fmhmf my ogfuoud fl

imtaldrgmb suoidhpdfaft

mt flbacsgcdf cufl smmf mfl

omsa

my ouhuoud fl

kaap struituras

. Cmpml mfl

kaap struituras
fmhmfmy gpgfmsdc sm

sahmftgi idhpdfaft

, hmlcmcmrddf gtd fl

sahmftgi gftarpratmtgdf

fm sgymflfmghmpm fl

trmfs`drhmtgdfmb rubas

sm

sur`mia struitura

, pmlcmtmpds my ogfglymf gtd fl

pjdfatgi gftarpratmtgdf

lmhgt mfl hlm omtmymf fl

pjdfdbdlgimb idhpdfaft

.Ym hdkabdfl gtd, ogfglymf mfl sgftmcsgs (

syftmx

) fl gsmfl prdhgfafta mt hmbmlmfmp fmpmpab smhmftmbmfl pdfdbdjgym (

pjdfdbdly

) mt sahmftgcm (

sahmftgis

) my fmcmtmbmlm smpmflmbmwm fm hmy pmpab fm fmlpmpmcmjubulmf. Ym cmbmufmf,

fmcgbmbm mfl hdkabd mt tadrymflgtd fg Ijdhscy ogbmfl ‒

Ytmfkmrk [jadry

.‘

Fmlhubm sm>

\gcgpakgm

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