III.

Pile foundation test schedule and scheme

3.1 Dead load test
The test is to be set at P6 in the form of lenticular beam. Find details in the site plan and the
loading configuration plan of the test. The test load is 400t with 48 hours loading. The specifics
are as follows:
3.1.1 Procedures for load test for the working piles
A. Introduction
a. The introduction is about the dead load test of the working piles for the TINISHU AKAK
concrete bridge with 310m long.
b. The planned loading capacity is 400t. The loading capacity increased every 120t, at the same
time the corresponding oil meter of the jack increased by 82 bar. Each patch load lasts 2 hours.
The maximum of the load in test is 1.5 times than that of the planned load (600t).
c. The piston area for each jack is 731 cm2.
d. The maximum reading of the dial gauge is 30.00mm, with the precision of 0.01mm.
e. The maximum depth for the test pile is no more than 25mm.
f. Loading mode: providing the reversed stress by uplift pile.
B. Preparation before the test
a. Check the steel-wired anchorage of the uplift pile and make sure whether the loading center of
gravity is in line with the test pile axes.
b. Set the jack to the exact place shown in the drawing and make sure the hydraulic station is
supplying the oil.
c. Check the steel plate and make it stable. Make sure the bottom is made flat by the mortar.
d. Make sure the reference beam , and the magnetic meter base frame is firm and stable; place the
dial gauge properly based on the drawing and check the initial reading.
e. Make sure the sliding staff and the level gauge are firm and sable.
f. Check other potential security problems which shall affect the accuracy of the test pile.
C. Procedures of the test
Start at 9am the first day:
a. Loading to 120t (oil meter 82 bar); obtain the I-Initial Reading on the dial gauge, then
loading for 2 hours and read the F-Final Reading. Calculate the N-Net Reading of the
sedimentation on each dial gauge, then write down the reading on the sliding staff.
b. Follow step 1, load once every 120t (82 bar), and write down the readings both on dial
gaugeand sliding staff.
c. Loading to 600t for 4 hours, and write down the readings both on dial gaugeand sliding
staff.
d. Remove the load.
Start at 9am the second day:
e. Loading to 600t (oil meter 82 bar), obtain the I-Initial Reading on the dial gauge, then
loading for 4 hours and read the F-Final Reading. Calculate the N-Net Reading of the
sedimentation on each dial gauge, then write down the reading on the sliding staff.
f. Follow step 5, remove the load once every 120t (82 bar), and write down the readings both
on dial gaugeand sliding staff until it turns to 0.
g. Test pile schedule
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 Schedule: Nov 27, 2007—Nov 30, 2007 excavation for the foundation of the pile

Dec 1---7, 2007 chiselling pile head

Dec 7---19, 2007 pre-bury the reinforced steel bars and concrete the pile head for

temporary use.

Dec20, 2007 commence dead load test

Dec 22, 2007finish the pile head chiselling and start the foundation slab construction.

3.2 Normal test

The normal test of the pile shall be done after constructed ever pile in the pile foundation. The
eligible pile foundation are the following 4: A2, P7（L）, P6（L）, P5（L）. The schedule
for the test is as follows:
Nov 27, 2007---Dec 5, 2007 clear and excavate the earthwork at A2, P7, P6, and P5

Dec 6---20, 2007 chiseling the pile head

Dec 21, 2007 starting the normal test

IV SHEGOLE OVER PASS BRIDGE CONCRETE FACE

The tolerance of ring road phase 3

(a) Surface finishe
Classes of finish
The surface finish to be achieved on formed concrete surfaces shall be as
shown on the Drawings and defined hereunder:-
(i) Class F1 finish
This finish is for surfaces against which backfill or further concrete will be
placed. Formwork may be sawn boards, sheet metal or any other suitable
material that will prevent the loss of fine material from the concrete being
placed.
(ii) Class F2 finish
This finish is for surfaces which are permanently exposed to view but
where the highest standard of finish is not required. Forms to provide
Class F2 finishes shall be faced with wrought thicknessed tongued and
grooved boards with square edges arranged in a uniform pattern and close
jointed or with suitable sheet material. The thickness of boards or sheets
shall be such that there shall be no visible deflection under the pressure
exerted by the concrete placed against them. Joints between boards or
panels shall be horizontal and vertical unless otherwise directed. This
finish shall be such as to require no granular filling of surface pitting, but
fins, surface discolouration and other minor defects shall be remedied by
methods agreed by the Engineer.

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(iii) Class F3 finish
This finish is for surfaces which will be in contact with water flowing at
high velocity, and for surfaces prominently exposed to view where good
appearance is of special importance. To achieve this finish, which shall be
free of board marks, the formwork shall be faced with plywood complying
with BS 1088 or equivalent material in large sheets. The sheets shall be
arranged in an approved uniform pattern. Wherever possible, joints
between sheets shall be arranged to coincide with architectural features or
changes in direction of the surface.

All joints between panels shall be vertical and horizontal unless otherwise
directed. Suitable joints shall be provided between sheets to maintain
accurate alignment in the plane of the sheets. Unfaced wrought boarding or
standard steel panels will not be permitted for class F3 finish. The
Contractor shall ensure that the surface is protected from rust marks,
spillages and stains of all kinds.

(iv) Curved surfaces

For curved surfaces where F2 or F3 finishes are called for, the formwork
face shall be built up of splines cut to make a tight surface which shall then
be dressed to produce the required finish.

Alternatively single curvature surfaces may be faced with plastic or

plywood linings attached to the backing with adhesive or with escutcheon
pins driven flush. Linings shall not bulge, wrinkle or otherwise deform
when subjected to temperature and moisture changes.

Table 6118/2 – Tolerances

Tolerances in mm ( see note)

Class of finish
A B C
F1 10 10 + 25 to -10
F2 5 10 + or –15
F3 2 5 + or –10

Note: The tolerances A, B, and C give in the table are defined as follows:

A. is an abrupt irregularity in the surface due to misaligned formwork or

defects in the face of the formwork.

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 B. is a gradual deviation from a plane surface as indicated by a straight edge 3
m long. In the case of curved surfaces the straight edge shall be replaced by
a correctly shaped template.

C ． is the amount by which the whole or part of a concrete face is displaced from the
correct position shown on the Drawings.
1. The metrical maximum vertical deviation of the SHEGOLE OVER PASS BRIDGE pier is
10mm, which does not meet the requirement of F3 column A. However, the error does not
affect the function of the bridge. So, we will focus on the construction of the appearance of
the pier column.
2. The scheme for finishing the appearance of the pier column of the SHEGOLE OVER
PASS BRIDGE
The reason for the defective appearance of the pier column is that the concrete casting for the
upper and lower layer takes overtime, so that the layer separation is obvious. So as the
concrete jointing. Additionally, some parts of the concrete are not well oscillated, so that the
rough of pier concrete are observed .
For the problems mentioned above, the solution is as follows:
a. First, grind the surface of the concrete by the hand grinding wheel. Clear out the concrete
by chisel.
b. Mix the white cement and ordinary cement with a certain percentage (Rf percentage:
3:7) and pre-daub on the hidden parts or other unexposed place of the pier column.
Observe the color after the cement grout became rigid. If the color of the cement grout is
the same with that of the present concrete of the pier column, keep record of the
percentage and apply it in the following mending process; If it is not, then, remix the
liquid by reducing or adding more of the white cement until the color is the same with
that of the concrete.
c. Fully damp the target mending parts and fill the defective parts of the pier column with
concrete which is prepared with the certain percentage on the above. Notice in the
process of mending, cement grout shall not be plated too thick in case of cement
becomes rigid, shrinks and cracks.
V Concrete quality control for the concrete work
The concrete external appearance is the direct show of the internal quality. Therefore, the
external appearance quality control is of great importance to the concrete construction.
a. The commonly seen external appearance defects: i. The concrete surface is rough with
obvious holes, bubbles and sand spots or sand lines. ii. Obvious layers on the concrete
surface; different in flecks and color; iii Sidelines of the concrete components are
different and the surface is rough; iv Cracks on the concrete surface; v Disconnection
and leaking in the concrete joints.
b. In order to insure the quality control of the concrete external appearance, reducing
defects, the following points shall be borne in mind:
i Row materials
⑴ cement: In choosing cement, middle or low hot type of cement shall be used to reduce
the heat in the process of vulcanization of the concrete. Degenerative concrete which
is coagulated shall not be used.
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 For the color consistency of the whole bridge, single type of the concrete produced
by one factory shall be used.
⑵ coarse aggregates: The continuous collection shall be reasonably made. Supervise the
site construction and control the material resource. The content of mud shall be
kept with 1%. Close examination to the collection shall be done in order to meet
the requirement of the Norm. Aggregates shall be brought from the same place,
with the same color in case of the color difference of the concrete.
⑶ fine aggregates: Better use mid and coarse aggregates. The fine aggregate is not
suitable because it has a bad workability which means the concrete is easily
separated so that aggregates are gathered outside of the concrete with the result of
rough surface and flecks.
⑷ additive for concrete: The dosage of the additive should be strictly controlled when

mixed concrete.

ii. Forms: Forms shall be enough strong and intensive to prevent from distorting through
repetitive use. Remove the rusts and rust proof lacquer that prevent the rusts on the
form surface to make it smooth and clean.
Chose more experienced factory to do the fine processing to guarantee the standard and
size of the forms, plus the smoothness of the forms and the strictness of the joints in the
transverse and longitudinal direction. If necessary, refine the forms at the site. Forms
shall be horizontally or vertically installed for the precise location of the forms and the
effective reinforcement. When installing forms, put a layer of sponge strips or rubber
strips between the joints and cut the extra parts. Reduce the interface of the bearer in
the concrete protecting cover with the forms. The bearer could be in shape of arc.
Close examination shall be taken to forms and bracing before the concrete casting to
keep the form from transforming and moving.
Form-release compound: High quality or specific form-release compound are commonly use
in the construction. To avoid the imprint left on the concrete, clear up the surface of the
form, especially the rust and rust proof lacquer shall be wept out by sand paper. After
cleaning, put the form-release compound on the duster cloth and spread it on the form
surface. The compound shall be restrictively used. It is enough when the reflection of
the oil can be seen. Otherwise, bubbles can not come out in the places where the
compound is thick so that the oil spots are formed. After putting on the compound,
keep the form clean in order to make the concrete surface smooth and keep it from
turning into black.
iii. Construction techniques
⑴ Concrete casting and oscillation: The concrete used in construction shall have a good
workability and is good at avoiding slumping . The concrete shall be fully oscillated in
the machine mixer by no less than 1 minute. The slumping varies according to different
concrete casting machines. If the angle is too big, bubbles or water imprints may be
shown on the concrete surface; if too small, the soft oscillation can not make the bubbles
venting out. The concrete is cast in layers by a certain ply. The upper layer shall be cast
before the lower one. The difference in ply shall be around 30—50cm. With thick
concrete, bubbles are difficult to be vent out, so that it affects the image of the whole
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 concrete. With bar vibrator, the traveling distance of the vibrator shall not exceed 1.5
times of the working radius. The vibrator shall keep a certain distance with the form.
Oscillating the upper concrete, the bar vibrator shall be inserted into the under layer
concrete with 5—10cm. After the completion of each oscillation, take out the bar
vibrator slowly without suspending the oscillation; keep the bar vibrator away from the
form, the steel bar and other embedded parts. For every oscillating part, the oscillation
shall be done until it is strong and solid. The signs for the solidness of the concrete are
that the concrete ceases sinking; no bubbles propping up; smooth concrete surface.
Overdoing or less doing the oscillation shall be forbidden. The oscillation is a relatively
uncontrollable thing. If over doing the oscillation, the surface become sandy; if the
oscillation is not enough, there will be much bubbles and the concrete surface become
rough. So, while doing the concrete construction, experienced working staff shall be
placed. One principle in the concrete oscillation is that the oscillation time shall be
extended as much as possible within the oscillation capacity for the release of the
bubbles.
⑵ Concrete curing: Start the curing after the concrete casting. The time of curing is 7days.
Generally speaking, at the first 24 hours, curing shall be done once every 2 hours; after
the 24 hours, cure once every 4 hours, at the same time spreading water on the steel
form in order to reduce the temperature. Be careful while removing the form and avoid
the form from damaging the concrete surface and edge of the structure.
⑶ Share the general technical knowledge with all the working staffs and assign the work
clearly in order to improve the quality consciousness among operating staffs. After the
completion of each component, summarize and improve the skills in order to advance
continuously the quality of the construction.