Bölüm 13 Yağlama ve Kaymalı Yataklar

Lubrication and Sliding Bearings

Kaymalı yataklar
sliding bearing
Modern kaymalı yataklar

Dr. Şaban Ulus

 Mil yatakları iki ana gruba ayrılabilir:

• Rulmanlı Yataklar
(Rolling Bearings)

• Kaymalı Yataklar
(Sliding bearings)

2
Kaymalı Yataklar
Sliding Bearings:
o Kaymalı yataklı (Journal or
sleeve bearings) rulmanlar radyal
yüklemeler için silindirik
yapıdadır

o Eksenel yataklı rulmanlar

eksenel yükleri karşılamak
için düz yapıdadır.
Thrust bearings (are flat) for axial loads
3
Radyal kaymalı yatak
Eksenel kaymalı yatak

4
• Kaymalı yataklar, mil sertliği,
şekli ve yüzey pürüzlülüğüne
göre özel olarak ayarlanırlar.

• Yatak malzemesi burç daima mil

malzemesinden daha yumuşak
olmalıdır.

5
 Kaymalı yataklar (Slide bearings) kendi
içerisinde 2 gruba ayrılabilir :
1. Kuru yataklar (bearings) (bushings), bu kısımda incelenmeyecektir:
▪ Yükün hafif ve/veya dönme
hızının düşük olduğu yerlerde
kullanılır.
▪ Metaller: kırmızı-metaller, kalay
tuncu, kurşunlu kalay tuncu
(leaded tin-bronze), aluminyum
bronz
▪ Plastikler: PTFE Polyamide
▪ Filament sarılı yataklar

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Metal burçlar:

katı Sarılı
Wrapped

Toz metalurjisi ile

Sintered

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2. Yağlanmış Yataklar
Lubricated bearings

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Bazı durumlarda rulmanlı yatak (Rolling bearing) kullanmak
mümkün olmayabilir:

Bazı durumlarda, yataklar

iki kısmı içermelidir.

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Kaymalı yataklar rulmanlı yataklardan daha fazla yük
taşıyabilir. Şekillere bakılırsa :

Ball bearing Sliding bearing

Bearing area = projection area

Roller bearing
10
Expulsion in the cylinders does load the bearings by an impact
load. The bearing surface need to extend only part way around
the periphery (usually 60 to 180)

Bu kitapta 360 tam yataklar incelenecektir.

11
Yağlama Türleri Depending on separating
Types of Lubrications of sliding surfaces.

12
Hydrodynamic lubrication:

o Surfaces are completely

separated
o No surface contact -> no wear
o All friction is within the
lubricants
o Min” oil film thickness h0
usually 0.008 – 0.020 mm
o Coefficient of friction f
usually 0.002 – 0.010

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Mixed-film lubrication
o The surface peaks are in contact
o Partial hydrodynamic support
o Mild surface wear
o Coefficient of friction f usually
0.004 – 0.10

14
Boundary lubrication

o Surfaces in contact
o But the lubricant is “smeared” over the surface
o Coefficient of friction f usually 0.05 – 0.20

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Coefficient of friction – dimensionless variable
o Viscosity “dynamic” :

The higher the viscosity, the

lower the rotating speed needed
to “float” the journal at a given
Water = Low viscosity
load. Syrup = High viscosity

o Rotating speed n: The higher the

rotating speed, the lower the
viscosity needed to “float” the
journal at a given load.
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 W
Bearing unit load P=
A

Where:
W = load = mg
A = Bering area = D x L
D = journal diameter
L = bearing length

A
L

D
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Friction coefficient – dimensionless variable μn/P

𝜇∙𝑛
𝑃

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Note: the achievement of
hydrodynamic lubrication requires:

1. relative motion of the surfaces

to be separated
2. “wedging action” as provided
by the shaft eccentricity
3. the presence of a suitable fluid

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Compare with Rolling Element Bearings

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Viscosity
•  = Dynamic viscosity (or absolute viscosity) [mPa • s]
•  = Kinematic viscosity [mm2/s]

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 γ

F = Force
G = Modulus of Rigidity
γ = Shear angle τ = G • γ (compare with σ = E • ε)
A = shear area 𝛿 𝛿
𝛾= (compare with 𝜀 = )
τ = Shear stress ℎ 𝐿
𝐹
(4.2) 𝜏 =
𝐴

22
 𝐹 𝛿 𝐹ℎ The equation is
=𝐺∙ 𝛿= valid for elastic
𝐴 ℎ 𝐴𝐺
material rubber

Relation: Surface velocity U – Viscosity μ

U
Similar to the previous equation but
ℎ with fluids instead of elastic material:
U [mm/s] instead of 𝛿 [mm]
μ [mPa • s] instead of G [mPa]

𝐹ℎ 𝐹ℎ
𝑈= 𝜇=
𝐴𝜇 𝐴𝑈

…….. (13.1) 23
Viscosity – temperature
diagram for some
standard oils:

24
 Or some special oils:
Oil for machine tools and other machines containing rails or
circulating lubricated bearings or gears:

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 Petroff’s Equation for Bearing Friction
L = Bearing length
R = Bearing radius
D = Bearing diameter
c = Bearing clearance (Radial)
n = Rotational speed
F = Friction force
Tf = Friction torque
U = surface velocity
Assume:
• No eccentricity between the bearing & journal
R
• No lubricant flow in the axial direction ( no
leakage)

U 26
 𝐹ℎ 𝜇∙𝐴∙𝑈
(13.1) 𝜇= 𝐹= …… (1)
𝐴𝑈
ℎ

𝑇𝑓
Friction force: 𝐹= …… (2)
𝑅

2𝑅 Shear area 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑅 ∙ 𝐿 …… (3)

𝐿 𝑈 = 2𝜋𝑅 ∙ 𝑛 …… (4)
PS: n in [rps]

Oil film thickness h = c ….. (5)

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(2), (3), (4) & (5) in (1): 𝑇𝑓 𝜇 ∙ 2𝜋𝑅 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝜋 ∙ 𝑅 ∙ 𝑛
=
𝑅 𝑐

4𝜇 ∙ 𝜋 2 ∙ 𝑅3 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑛 ….. (6)
𝑇𝑓 =
𝑐
This is equation b in the handbook.

𝐹 =𝑓∙𝑊
𝑇𝑓 = 𝑓 ∙ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑅
𝑇𝑓 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑅

W 𝑊
𝑃= 𝑊 =𝑃∙𝐷∙𝐿
𝐷∙𝐿

𝑇𝑓 = 𝑓 ∙ 𝑃 ∙ 𝐷 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑅 ….. (7)
This is equation c in the handbook. 28
 4𝜇 ∙ 𝜋 2 ∙ 𝑅3 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑛
(7) in (6): 𝑓∙𝑃∙𝐷∙𝐿∙𝑅 =
𝑐

2R
4𝜇 ∙ 𝜋 2 ∙ 𝑅3 ∙ 𝐿 ∙ 𝑛
𝑓∙𝑃∙𝐷∙𝐿∙𝑅 =
𝑐

2𝜇 ∙ 𝜋 2 ∙ 𝑅 ∙ 𝑛 𝜇∙𝑛 𝑅
𝑓= or 𝑓= 2𝜋 2 ∙ ∙ … (13.7)
𝑃∙𝑐 𝑃 𝑐

Radial clearance ratio

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 Problem 13.17
A Petroff bearing 100 mm in diameter and 150 mm long has a
radial clearance of 0,05 mm. It rotates at 1200 rpm and is
lubricated with SAE 10 oil at 170 ºF. Estimate the power loss
and the friction torque.

Given:
D = 100 mm R = 50 mm = 0,05 m
L = 150 mm = 0,15 m
Radial clearance: c = 0,05 mm = 5 x 10-5
n = 1200 rpm = 1200/60 = 20 rps
SAE10-oil & 170 ͦF

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31
Hydrodynamic Bearing Design

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Hydrodynamic Bearing Theory

W
o Bearing unit load P =
A

Where:
W = load = mg
A = Bering area = D x L
D = journal diameter
L = bearing length
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Friction coefficient f – Bearing parameter μn/P

μn/P

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 Hydrodynamic Lubrication

𝑑𝑝 𝜕𝜏
←∶ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑝 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 − 𝜏 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 − 𝑝𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦
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 Assume one dimension flow (no side leakage)

𝑑𝑝 𝜕𝜏
←∶ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑝 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 − 𝜏 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 − 𝑝𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑝 𝜕𝜏
𝑝𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 − 𝜏𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 − 𝑝𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑝 𝜕𝜏 𝑑𝑝 𝜕𝜏
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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 𝑑𝑝 𝜕𝜏
= … … … … .. (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝐹ℎ
13.1)

(4.2)
𝜇=

𝜏=
𝐴𝑈

𝐹
𝐴
=> 𝐹 = 𝜏𝐴 } => 𝜇 = 𝜏
ℎ
𝑈
=> 𝜏 = 𝜇

𝑈
𝑈
ℎ

=> 𝜏 = 𝜇 ……… (2)

ℎ
(u = U at y = h)

𝑈 𝑑𝑢
But: = ………..(3)
ℎ 𝑑𝑦
x
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 𝑑𝑢
(3) in (2) => 𝜏 = 𝜇 ………………. (4)
𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝜏 𝑑 2𝑢
( and = 𝜇 )
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2

𝑑𝑝 𝑑 2𝑢 𝑑 2𝑢 1 𝑑𝑝
(4) in (1): = 𝜇 => = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝜇 𝑑𝑥

x-constant → Integration with respect to y:

𝑑2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑝
2
= = ∙ 𝑦 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜇 𝑑𝑥
and
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑝 𝑦2
= 𝑢= ∙ + 𝐶1 𝑦 + 𝐶2 …… (5)
𝑑𝑦 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 2
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Boundary conditions:
When y = h → u = U

1 𝑑𝑝 𝑦2
𝑢= ∙ + 𝐶1 𝑦 + 𝐶2
𝜇 𝑑𝑥 2

X
When y = 0 → u = 0
1 𝑑𝑝 0
y=0 →u=0  0= 𝜇 𝑑𝑥
∙ + 𝐶1 0 + 𝐶2
2
=> 𝐶2 = 0

1 𝑑𝑝 ℎ2
y=h →u=U  𝑈= ∙ + 𝐶1 ℎ + 0
𝜇 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑈𝜇 𝑑𝑝 ℎ
 𝐶1 = − ∙
ℎ 𝑑𝑥 2 39
Use C1 and C2 in equation (5)
𝑈𝜇 𝑑𝑝 ℎ
 𝐶1 = − ∙ 𝐶2 = 0
ℎ 𝑑𝑥 2

1 𝑑𝑝 𝑦2
(5) …. 𝑢 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑥
∙
2
+ 𝐶1 𝑦 + 𝐶2

1 𝑑𝑝 𝑦2 𝑈𝜇 ℎ 𝑑𝑝
 𝑢= ∙ + 𝑦( − ∙ )+0
𝜇 𝑑𝑥 2 ℎ 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑝 2 𝑈
 𝑢= ∙ 𝑦 − ℎ𝑦 + ∙𝑦 … …. (13.8)
2𝜇 𝑑𝑥 ℎ

Equation for the y U

Velocity distribution

of lubrication
40
41
The volume flow:
ℎ ℎ
1 𝑑𝑝 2 𝑈
𝑄𝑓 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = ∙ 𝑦 − ℎ𝑦 + ∙ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 0 2𝜇 𝑑𝑥 ℎ

ℎ
1 𝑑𝑝 𝑦3 ℎ𝑦 2 𝑈 𝑦2
= ∙ − + ∙
2𝜇 𝑑𝑥 3 2 ℎ 2 0

1 𝑑𝑝 ℎ3 ℎ∙ℎ 2 𝑈 ℎ2
= ∙ − + ∙
2𝜇 𝑑𝑥 3 2 ℎ 2

1 𝑑𝑝 ℎ3 𝑈∙ℎ
= ∙ − +
2𝜇 𝑑𝑥 6 2

𝑈∙ℎ ℎ3 𝑑𝑝
=> 𝑄𝑓 = − ∙
2 12𝜇 𝑑𝑥
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 𝑑𝑄𝑓
Constant flow => =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑄𝑓 𝑈 𝑑ℎ 𝑑 ℎ3 𝑑𝑝
= ∙ − ∙ =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 12𝜇 𝑑𝑥

𝑈 𝑑ℎ 𝑑 ℎ3 𝑑𝑝 𝑈 𝑑ℎ 𝑑 ℎ3 𝑑𝑝
∙ = ∙ => 12 ∙ ∙ = 12 ∙ ∙
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 12𝜇 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 12𝜇 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 ℎ3 𝑑𝑝 𝑑ℎ y z
∙ = 6𝑈 ∙ … … (13.9)
𝑑𝑥 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Reynolds equation

For one-dimensional x
Flow (no side leakage) 43
The corresponding Reynolds equation for two-dimensional flow:

𝑑 ℎ3 𝑑𝑝 𝑑 ℎ3 𝑑𝑝 𝑑ℎ
∙ + ∙ = 6𝑈 ∙ … … (13.10)
𝑑𝑥 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝜇 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥

44
 𝐿
Modern bearings are short: 0,25 < < 0,75
𝐷

This gives flow only on z-direction (side leakage).

Assume no flow in x-direction:

𝑑 ℎ3 𝑑𝑝 𝑑ℎ
∙ = 6𝑈 ∙ … … (13.11)
𝑑𝑧 𝜇 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥

This is called Ocvirks short bearing approximation

45
𝑑 ℎ3 𝑑𝑝 𝑑 ℎ3 𝑑𝑝 𝑑ℎ
∙ + ∙ = 6𝑈 ∙ … … (13.10)
𝑑𝑥 𝜇 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝜇 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥

Equation (13.10) used in computers has result in

Design Diagrams for Hydrodynamic Bearings,

See figures 13.13 to 13.19.

n = Radial clearance
Bearing characteristic number, or Sommerfeld variable S:
𝑅 2 𝜇𝑛 n = rotational speed in rps
𝑆= ( ) ∙
𝑐 𝑃 R = Bearing radius

P = Bearing unit load

𝜇 = 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
46
Viscosity – temperature
diagram for some
standard oils

47
Chart for minimum film thickness variable

48
49
 Chart for
coefficient
of friction
variable

50
 Hydrodynamic Bearing Design

• Unit loading (bearing

loading):
o Recommendations in
table 13.2 for some
applications.

51
• Bearing L/D ratio:
o Usually: L/D between 0.25 and 0.75
o Greater ratio = less leakage = less oil flow = higher oil temperature
o Short bearings are less sensitive for shaft deflection and misalignment

52
• Minimum acceptable oil film thickness, h0, depends on surface finish:
o According Trumpler:

h0  0.005 + 0.00004D (D and h0 in mm) (13.15)

o The equation must be used with a safety factor; Trumpler suggest safety
factor SF = 2
o The surface finish “peak-to-valley”  0.005 mm

Rz  0.005 mm

o Clearance ratio (c/R) is usually about 0.001 for D = 25 to 150 mm,

especially for precision bearings (for non precision bearings about
0.002 to 0.004).
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• Some important factors:
1. Minimum oil film thickness h0 according equation (13.15)
2. Friction should be as low as possible → optimum zone in fig. 13.13

54
3. Adequate supply of clean and sufficiently cooled
oil.

4. Maximum oil temperature 93 – 121 C

5. The oil have to be distributed over the full length

of the bearing. The “oil supplying” grooves should
not be located at the high loaded areas.

6. Material selection is depending on: strength at

operating temperature, corrosion resistance etc.

7. Overall design for shaft misaligning and deflection

should be checked

8. Bearing loads during start-up and shutdown. P

should be less than 2 MPa.

9. Check the clearance, oil viscosity etc.

55
Problem 13.30D
A shaft rotates at 1800 rpm and applies a radial load of 2.0 kN on a
journal bearing. A ratio of L/D = 1 is desired. SAE 30 oil is used. The
average film temperature is expected to be at 65ºC. A minimum
bearing size is desired.
(a) Determine the values of L and D.
(b) Determine values of c corresponding to the two edges of the
optimum zone in Figure 13.13.
(c) Does the value of c for minimum friction satisfy Trumpler’s
criterion for minimum acceptable film thickness?
We assume that the shaft is in a gear reducer

56
57