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HISTOLOGY slides
Dental Program
1-) Thymus 16-) Mixed salivary gland
2-) Lymph Node 17-) Parotid
3-) Palatine tonsil 18-) Trachea
4-) Thyroid 19-) Lungs
5-) Parathyroid 20-) Kidney
6-) Lip 21-) Bladder
7-) Language 22-) Ovary
8-) Esophagus 23-) Uterus (proliferative)
9-) Esogastric passage 24-) Uterus (secretory)
10-) Stomach (the pylorus) 25 -) Testicle
11-) The jejunum 26-) Skin
12-) Settler 27-) Tooth Germ
13-) Ileocecal appendix 28-) Non-decalcified tooth
14-) Liver 29-) Decalcified tooth
15-) Pancreas 30-) Oral mucosa

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Blade
Thymus

Essential organ in immunity, involved in the process of T cell maturation (primary

lymphopoiesis)

On the outside, capsule formed of a thick semi-ordered connective tissue , from

which Setpums detach , thus delimiting
Pseudo-lobules

Each thymic pseudo-lobule has two distinct areas:

-> the cortical (peripheral and intensely basophilic) (in 1 ) -> the
medulla (central weakly eosinophilic) (in 2 )

At the level of the medulla we

, will find structures specific to the Thymus, globular
lamellar eosinophilic structures: the Corpuscles of Hassal ( +++ )

There are therefore two main types of cells in the thymus: -> stromal
reticular epithelial cells (more visible in the medulla) -> thymocytes (will mature into
T lymphocytes )

Hassal 's corpuscles exhibit a form of central keratinization in his

, strips arranged in an "onion bulb"

It is also plausible to encounter macrophages

!!! We always speak of lobules but

butNEVER
NEVERofoflymphoid
follicles in
follicles
the thymus
(error, thymic, recurrent

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Lymho-Ganglion

Reniform secondary lymphoid organ (convex face and concave face)

Structure: Capsule (in 4)(thick TC 1/2 ordered) from which connective spans
detach. / Stroma formed by a network of reticulin fibers.

The parenchyma : - has a superficial Cortical formed by nodules/ lymphoid

follicles (in 1) primary or secondary (independent T zones) - has a deep cortical
-> the Paracortical, formed by an agglomeration of small
lymphocytes (dependent T zone) - has a Medullary zone, (in 2 ) in the center
formed by medullary cords connected to each other ->
network aspect (B and T lymphocytes)

In 3 , the hilum of the lymph node, with the lymphatic vessels

Down , at the level of the capsule, there

many are white adipocytes

<-On the left image , a lymphoid

follicle, with in 1 : dark zone with in
2 : light zone with in 3 :
cap (cap)

-> On the image on the , it is therefore the

right spinal cord area , with 1 and ,
2 spinal cords

In 3 , connective spans

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Palatine tonsil

Secondary lymphoid organ located in the oral cavity.

Surrounded on its external face by connective tissue with the possibility of encountering minor
salivary glands. (look at pictures on your course…)
Particularities of the palatine tonsil: Invagination of the oral epithelium (non-keratinized squamous
stratified epithelium) within the tonsil, thus forming crypts (inbordered
1 on theby
leftthe
and
same
below)
epithelium.
therefore

We therefore find in this organ, multiple lymphoid nodules (or follicles) .

Each nodule has two distinct areas:

-> a peripheral zone (crown of lymphocytes), surmounted by a cap (1 in the two images) -> a
central zone: the germinal center / clear zone (3 in the two images) (within the germinal center: blases ,
macrophages, etc.)

+++ The particularity of tonsillar nodules is that they are all oriented towards their crypt, so their cap
is always observed opposite the crypt (useful for the respective diagnosis, differential)

For example, on the , we have one

crypt in the center , right and all the caps of the nodules are oriented towards this space.

here
, the nonkeratinized squamous stratified epithelium

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Thyroid

Capsule (thick semi-ordered TC) Stroma (loose connective tissue)

Parenchyma: thyroid follicles (circles) + parafollicular cells

The thyroid follicle represents ovo-circular cavities, lined by a single layer of

epithelial cells arranged on a basal membrane: the thyreocytes (in 1 ) which will
secrete thyroglobulin ( 2 ) precursor of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

! depending on their degree of , the thyreocytes will change their shape:

functionality Normal function : simple cubic
epithelium Hypofunction : simple squamous
epithelium Hyperfunction : simple columnar epithelium

On the image on the right: we can clearly see , a single epthelium thyreocyte
function, at 1 , therefore in a cubic normal

While in 2 , there is a resorption vacuole

, the other cell found in the thyroid: a parafollicular cell (responsible for
here

the synthesis of calcitonin calcium metabolism , hormone

(hypocalcemic))
involved in the

Connective tissue spans

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Parathyroids

,
The parathyroids 4 structures 2 SUP and 2 INF
Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid , in its connective capsule, even if it also has its
own capsule.

Synthesize parathyroid hormone. (hypercalcemic hormone)

STRUCTURE : -> capsule -> Stroma -> Parenchyma

Loose connective tissue is detached from the , thus forming the stroma of the organ,
capsule, thus supporting the parenchyma , composed of 2 cell types:

- the main cells. -oxyphil

cells.

We can therefore clearly see that the main cells are the most numerous (it is also in the resting
possible to subdivide them into two categories, light principal cells, , phase and
cells equivalent to the active phase.) dark principal

As well as oxyphil cells , (less numerous but larger, their number increases with age)

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The lip

The lip has 3 sides: an external (cutaneous), a free (vermilion) and an internal (mucous)

external slope , cutaneous

The outer side incorporates the characteristics of the skin (CF Skin sheet): -
epidermis (keratinized squamous
sebaceous stratified
glands , glands epithelium) - dermis ( hair follicles,

sweat)
orbicularis lip muscles
-> Right image
Vermilion
edge
free External side:

1 : sebaceous gland
skin muscles
2 : hair follicle
3 : Stratified cobblestone
keratinized epithelium

internal side, mucosa

The free edge (mucocutaneous junction) The internal side (labial mucosa)
-> Change from keratinized to non-keratinized epithelium. -> NON-keratinized squamous stratified oral epithelium, very thick.
So Ortho/para keratinized epithelium , which is very thin connective , especially at the level
tissue papillae (that's why our lips are red, we can see the blood capillaries due to the -> The chorion (lamina propria) has multiple mixed minor salivary
thinness of the epithelium) glands

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Language

Has two different areas: the anterior 2/3 -> the lingual body These -the posterior 1/3 -> the hump of the tongue
areas are separated in two by the V-shaped gap known as the terminal sulcus.
The peculiarity of the tongue is to have within its mucous membrane ; individualized structures taking the name of lingual papillae : mechanical role,
sensory role (via the taste buds)

-> The mucosa : keratinized or non-keratinized squamous stratified epithelium. highly

muscularis mucosae vascularized
(thus no trulyand
individualized
highly innervated,
submucosa,
containing
the connective
minor salivary
fibers of
glands
the lamina
in POST
are area The lamina propria, NO

extend among the muscle bundles of the tongue.

papillae : filiform circumvallate) , ,folliate

fungiform,
(few in
circumvallate
humans) (= goblet but rather use 4 types of

The filiform papillae: the Fungiform papillae

most numerous, especially in the 2/3 ANT , ,
fewer filiform straws. disseminated among the
arranged parallel to the lingual V.
-> Are covered with a keratinized epithelium, with a Covered with a NON-keratinized epithelium 1
central conjunctiva-vacular center. papilla: between 1-4 buds at once

Filiform papillae in 1: -> <- Fungiform papillae in 2

<- The Circumvalley Papillae ->

located between the 2/3 ANT / 1/3 POST junction
-> role in the perception of taste (salty, acid, bitter, sweet) ->
huge amount of taste buds on the LAT walls
Epithelium keratinized superiorly and non-keratinized
laterally with a cauliflower-shaped connective-vascular axis
surrounded by a deep circumferential gap, the vallum (in
1 ), at the base of which, in the lateral crypts, the excretion
ducts open
von EBNER
(in 2 ) glands minor salivary glands of the serous type

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Esophagus

The esophagus has 4 concentric coats:

-The mucosa
-The submucosa
-The muscular
-The adventitia (except the infradiaphragmatic portion: serous)

At the level of the mucosa :

-NON-keratinized squamous stratified epithelium
-Chorion (lamina propria) TC Lache
- Muscularis Mucosae (coming to separate it from the SS-Muq)

Cardial glands are sometimes found in, the chorion (at the upper
1/3 and at the lower 1/3), which are tubulo-acinar of the mucous type l
————>

The submucosa is formed by loose connective tissue and

contains own esophageal glands (tubuloacinar glands of the
mucosal type too) possibility of seeing their excretion ducts,
bistratified cubic epithelium.

On the right image, we

see below the muscularis
mucosae here colored in ,blue,
clean esophageal glands

The muscular : 2 layers:

-Internal circular
-External longitudinal

The adventitia : collagen fibers and elastic fibers. Not lined with mesothelium until it passes through the
diaphragm.

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The esogastric passage

The esophagogastric passage corresponds to the junction of two segments of the digestive tract, namely the esophagus and the
, and cardiac stomach.)
stomach. (we will thus have on this slide the characteristics of the lower esophagus

Features specific to the Common characteristics Specific characteristics of the stomach, ,

esophagus cardial region

The general structure :

Mucosa, SS-Mucosa,
Musculosa, Serosa (! the very
last part of the esophagus, infra
diaphragmatic,serosa
is surrounded
before ->
by a ,
adventitia)

At the level of the MUCOSA:
The epithelium is non-keratinized
squamous stratified
At the level of the SUBMUCOUS: proper
The epithelium of the stomach, simple cylindricalesophageal glands
(tubolo-acinar glands of
homogeneous type of secretory type, invaginates for mucous) form gastric crypts,
at the base of which will open
cardial glands
At the level of the MUSCULAR : 2
layers : internal (circular) external
(longitudinal
MUCOUS : in the lamina propria:
cardial glands (tubulo-acinar
glands of the mucous type, inconstant
in the esophagus)
at the level of the MUCOUS:
The epithelium is simple cylindrical
homogeneous secretory type
at the level of the SUB-MUCOUS :
ABSENCE of glands.
At the level of the MUSCULAR : 3
layers : internal (oblique) average
(circular) external
(longitudinal)

non-keratinized squamous stratified epith

On the left image ( voluntarily reversed so that it coincides as much

as possible with the explanatory diagram on the right) we can see: at
the level of the mucous membrane : cardial glands (we do not see in
the oeso because they are inconstant but can be there ) on the left in
the submucosa , clean esophageal glands we see! and
thatnot
theon
change
the right
of mucosa
(well
does not correspond to the change of submucosa eh

, nature is not geometric)

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Blade :
STOMACH Pyloric region

4 tunics, layers =

1 MUCOUS ( simple cylindrical epith but

only secretor)

2 SUB MUCOUS (loose connective

tissue)

3 MUSCULAR

SERIOUS

In 4 , it is the epithelium of the

gastric mucosa, which invaginates thus forming
the gastric crypts, at the base ofwhich
the Glands
will open
, in 5
Pyloric
(Reminder 50%: which are branched tubulo
glands of the mucosal type)

Here, a gastric crypt and its pyloric gland

The gastric epithelium has a particularity thus allowing its differential diagnosis: it is the presence of Mucoid secretory cells with a CLOSED mucous pole (not
to be confused with the goblet cells, which are NOT present at the level of the open mucous stomach +++) , and who are they, a pole

Differential diagnosis: Stomach pyloric region, because long gastric crypts , and within its epithelium: with pyloric glands , MUCOID cells

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The Jejunum

The Jejunum is the second of the 3 portions (duodenum + Ileum) that make up the small intestine.
We will have in this portion of the digestive tract, a set of structures which increase / amplify the contact
surface: - Connivent valves (fold of mucosa and submucosa)

-Intestinal villi (projections of the mucosa)

- Microvilli (apical poles of epithelial cells) (a zoom on the
microvilli at the bottom left)
,
Like the other segments of the TD the jejunum presents:
A mucosa , a
sub-mucosa , a
muscularis, a serosa .

The mucous membrane of the jejunum is made up of: - a simple columnar epithelium,
heterogeneous absorptive secretory
type - a chorion - muscularis
mucosae
This epithelium presents different cells: enterocye (absorptive cell), goblet cell (secretory cell) , cell
M and enteroendocrine cells

on the left image: 1 - At the base of the

Chorion (lamina propria) 2 -
intestinal villi of the jejunum
an Enterocyte (microvilli at the apical pole) 3 - a (NB: these villi being very high
Goblet Cell (Reminder!!: secretory cell with an open mucous and tapered, CF images at the
pole !) 4 - the basal membrane
bottom left) are simple tubular
glands:

Lieberkuhn's glands, with

characteristic cells, at
base
their(due
to their redness) the cells of
On the image opposite, we can see
the mucous membrane of the jejunum, Paneth
under the aspect of intestinal villi with ,
at their base Lieberkuhn's
, glands
CF image bottom right

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Blade :

Colon here, a Lieberkhun gland

4 concentric tunics:
-Mucosa (Epit simpl, cylindrical + chorion+
muscularis mucosae)

-Sub-Mucosa (loose connective tissue)

- Muscular (muscle fibers)

-Serosa (=Peritoneum , Mesothelium + TC)

!!! on this blade , the Submucosa is

filled with lipid cells, the white
adipocytes

Chorion of the mucous membrane epithelium

We find in the digestive , many Lieberkuhn glands , characterized by the presence of numerous (more than in the rest of the tube
colon) goblet cells (in 2 on the diagram on the right) which are (reminder) secretory cells with an open mucous pole !

Differential Diagnosis: We are in the colon , because : -There are NO Paneth cells within Lieberkhun's glands ++++
- There are NO lymphoid nodules
- The Lieberkuhn glands open directly at the lumen of the colon
- NO intestinal villi

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Blade :
Appendix Lieberkhun gland

At the level
of
mucosa,
sound
EPIT
is
simple
cylindrical of
secreto
absorptive
type.

white
adipocyte

The particularity of this blade is the presence of lymphoid follicles (follicle that we can
subdivide into two zones: light, internal, and dark, external)

The appendix presents like all the segments of the digestive tract, 4 layers: mucous membrane , muscular under mucous membrane , , serous

REMINDER : These sheets do not replace the course and a good understanding, they just help to recognize the characteristic elements of each blade.

Differential diagnosis : We can say that this blade is indeed the appendix, because: with a simple epithelium with
-4 concentric
lieberkhuntunics,
glandscylindrical
(so in theso
intestine)
we are in the digestive tract,

-Presence of Nodules, or Lymphoid Follicles +++

( characteristic elements of the appendix)
- Paneth cells within the Lierberkhun glands.
(absent from colon)

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Blade :
LIVER

Reminder : the Liver has a capsule (fibrous connective tissue), a stroma and a,
parenchyma (with cubic epithelial cells: Hepatocytes )
Functions: Endocrine, and exocrine

here , in the center (I tried to make a circle…), a hepatic lobule

In the center of this lobule , the Centro-lobar Vein (in 2 )

While at level 1 there is: a portobiliary space (usually 2 to 3 spaces per hepatic lobe)

Spans of hepatocytes arranged in a plate, rows, columns converge

vein (the towards
rows of hepatocytes
the centri-lobar
and
their arrangement being represented by green arrows in the diagram)

here , we have an enlargement of a porto-biliary space with:

- In 1 : a venule , portal vein branch

- In 2 : an arteriole , branch of the hepatic artery
- In 3 a lymphatic capillary
- In 4 : a bile canaliculus ,
,
(- In 5 a nerve)

The whole being surrounded by connective tissue fibers

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Blade :
The pancreas

Pancreatic lobule : Acini (exclusively) serous + ducts Connective spans An excretory duct in 2 on the right

,
the pancreatic lobule being the exocrine component while the endocrine component of the pancreas is represented by the islets of Langherans (in 2 on the left image) representing only
2% of the pancreatic mass.

For differential diagnosis Unlike mixed salivary glands stained ), and does NOT show , the pancreatic acinus ( 1 image on the right) is ONLY serous (so
myoepithelial cells unlike other acini

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Mixed Salivary Glands

can be minor (disseminated in the oral cavity) but we are interested in the MAJOR MIXED salivary glands: That is to say that they present at the same time a serous and
mucous component.

Are a set of tubulo-acinous glands The parenchyma has a , have a structure: a capsule (TC dense 1/2 ordered), a stroma (TC loose), a parenchyma
secretory component (= the acini) and an excretory component (the ducts)
Role in the production of saliva The acini
are mixed ie they synthesize both proteins/zymogen , and both glycoproteins/mucus.
According to the predominance of the product of secretion , we have :

The SUB-MAXILLARY (=sub- The SUBLINGUAL GLAND

mandibular) gland
It is a predominantly MUCOUS MIXED gland.
predominantly
MIXED gland
SERIOUS

We can clearly see on the image on

We see in the image on the left that there
the left that there are both mucous
are both serous acini and mixed acini with a
acini , and mixed acinicomponent
with a serous
mucous component

1: Serous acinus 2:
1: mucosal acinus 2:
Mucous portion 3:
serous portion 4:
Excretory duct (Boll or Pfluger)
channels of PFLUGER
Adipocytes!!

On the right image, several mixed acini with

On the left: a Mixed acinus with in 1 the mucous
the serous portion in 3 -> Gianuzzi crescent
portion, in 4 the serous potion in, thecrescent
Gianuzzi form of a
,

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Parotid

The parotid is a major salivary gland , STRUCTURE :
Capsule, stroma, parenchyma.
Has a primordial function in the elaboration of saliva
tubuloacinar type. It is purely serous.
Capsule : dense connective tissue 1/2 ordered Stroma :
loose connective tissue supporting the: Parenchyma :
organized in the form of lobules ac: 1 secretory component: the acini
1 excretory component: the canals

To the right :
On the left:
general view of the parotid: 1 : a Magnification of a serous
lobule composed of serous acinus with its secretory
acini 2 : the connective stroma product in the form of zymogen
providing the nourishing grains (in 1 ) and the excretory
elements (vessels, etc.) component in 2 : a Boll's duct,
simple cubic epith

To the right :
Concerning the channels : -
intra-lobular type: Boll 's
A channel of
channel : Simple Cubic Epith ( On the right in 1) Pfluger 's
Pfluger
channel : Simple cubico-prismatic Epith (2) - extra-lobular type:

Epith Simple Cubic Bilaminate

NON-Keratinized Cobblestone Epith Strat

On the left image: 1: serous Again :

acini 2: Fluger's duct
Serous acini
(we see that above on
with the zymogen
the left, a Boll's duct enters) 3: particularity of the parotid
granules , witnesses
gland: gland rich in white adipocytes! do not take them to their serous
for mucous acini !
secretion product

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Blade :
Concentric —> tubular organ characterized by 4 layers
TRACHEA :

Mucosa (respiratory epithelium (ciliated columnar pseudostratified) + chorion)

Submucosa (well-vascularized connective tissue)

Tunic musculocartilaginous fibro

Adventitia (connective tissue rich in adipocytes, vessels and nerves)

A chondrocyte in a chondroplast (cell, surroundingthe chondrocyte)

A white adipocyte (lipid cell)

, to the right , an enlargement of the tracheal mucosa

here

With -its pseudostratified epithelium (a single layer of cells,

but the nuclei are not at the same level) ciliated cylindrical (cilia are
represented via arrow 1 )

-its chorion (elastic fibers + collagen fibers)

further containing seromucous tubulo-acinar glands

The respiratory epithelium is made up of 6 cell types (question 50%) (in

2 ) -> the goblet cells (still them!) (with an open mucous pole)
-> hair cells -> basal
cells -> basal small
granule cells -> brush cells type 1 ->
brush cells type 2
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Blade :
Lung

Recall : Capsule (connective tissue lined with mesothelium)

Stroma (connective tissue)
Parenchyma (sets of pulmonary alveoli)

Characteristic elements of the lung —> The lace (= pulmonary alveoli )

We find at the level of the bronchi, the same structure as in the trachea except that
, but is represented
the cartilaginous ring is no longer continuous cartilaginous by of hyaline
plates (parts
cartilage)

A bronchus (in 1 ) surrounded by:

its respiratory epithelium of
the chorion and its glands of
cartilaginous parts (in 2 )

here , a branch of the pulmonary artery

On the image below as , it's not a bronchus , but one

, evidenced
plaques we are thereforeby
more
the absence of bronchiole
cartilaginous,
deep within the lung
In the image on the right:

In 1 : respiratory epithelium
In 2 : chorion
In 3 : Muscle of Reissessen
In 4 : Gland

Small cartilaginous nodule

white adipocyte

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Kidney

Capsule / Stroma / Parenchyma Morpho-functional unit: NEPHRON

Histoarchitectony : Cortical (external) = contains nephron tubes, renal corpuscles and vascular system / Medullary
(internal) = collecting tubes

Here we can see renal corpuscles ( 2 ), as well as the nephron tubes ( 3/4 ) so we are in the cortex .
,

In 1 : the peripheral connective-fibrous capsule

Reminder: the tubes of the Nephron are 3 in number: -

proximal convoluted tube ( 3 ) (very acidophilic and narrow lumen) = simple cubic epithelium (or cubico-
prismatic) - Henlé's loop = simple squamous epithelium - convoluted tube distal ( 4 ) (pale cytoplasm, lumen larger
and smooth) = cubic simple epithelium

In the image on the right:

An enlargement of a kidney corpuscle :
In 1 : the vascular pole (afferent and efferent arterioles)

In 3 : a proximal convoluted tube (we see it

Below , a proximal convoluted tube in its blurred light)
left and distal right In 4 parietal leaflet of Bowman 's capsule a distal
, convoluted tube (clear light ,
Here pale cytoplasm)

, to the right , a tube

Here collector therefore located
at the level of the medulla
(simple epithelium, cubico-
prismatic)
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Blade
Bladder

Represented by 3 tunics:
Mucosa ( Urothelium + chorion) / Muscular / weed

The particularity of the urinary mucosa comes from its epithelium, which is a
pseudostratified epithelium ,mitoses)
with several cell types…
—> racket cells —> germ
dome cells (we
or " see many
umbrella
»

A particularity of the urinary epithelium: transitional epithelium because its height varies
according to the contents of the bladder

here , the lamina propria of the bladder mucosa

Below: In 1 , an umbrella cell a dome Below , smooth muscle fibers

In 2 , or umbrella cell

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Blade
Ovary
Peripherally: the ovary is covered by a simple cubic epithelium
It also presents , two distinct areas:
-The cortical (external)
-The Medullary (internal)
At the level of the cortical , therefore below the germinal epithelium = the tunica albuginea (tissue
connective dense 1/2 ordered , there is also a stroma (fibroblasts+++) but above all , them

ovarian follicles +++ (in the different stages of evolution)

At the level of the medulla : Loose connective tissue with multiple blood vessels, nerves etc … lymphatics,

The evolutionary stages of the follicles are:

Primordial FOs -> Primary FOs -> Preantral secondary FOs -> Antral FOs -> Tertiary/mature/Graafian FOs

Bottom: a primordial follicle , in 1 Bottom: a pre-antral secondary follicle Down , an antral secondary follicle,
with
(Oocyte 1 + 1 layer of follicular C, several layers of follicular cells, in 1 : flattened follicular fluid), in 2 : internal theca a primary follicle, in 2 in 1 : zona pellucida
appearance (follicular cells have become cubic) in 2 : Slaviansky's membrane in 3 : external theca (the FO is separated from the stroma membrane)
by the Slaviansky's

Granular cells are repelled

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Blade
The Ovary (II)

In the image on the left, a tertiary/mature/Graafian follicle

With in 1 : follicular cavity 2 :

Granulosa cells 3 : oocyte 4 :
cumulus oophorus 5 : theca
interna 6 ; external library

!!!! This image is good but limited in the sense that for a "real"
mature follicle ,the cumulus oophorus is much thinner
as below

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the uterus
Proliferative and Secretory Phase

The uterine body is a structure with 3 tunics being light towards the periphery:
- The mucous membrane (endometrium) - The muscle (myometrium) - The serosa

The endometrium is formed of a simple cylindrical (in 1 to

Dr) hormone-dependent epithelium (ciliated cells and
secretory cells) together with its underlying lamina propria (in
2 to Dr) (lamina propria) .

The epithelium will invaginate into it thus

glands . ( ,opposite
forming the
), simple
endometrial
tubular chorion

It is also possible to subdivide the endometrium into two distinct zones: - the functional zone/
layer , (upper 2/3) and it is this zone whose appearance
according will undergo
to the phase modifications
of the uterine cycle - the zone/ basal or regeneration layer (1/3) without modification during the cycle.

The Proliferative phase The Secretory Phase

Begins just after menstruation, Regeneration Begins immediately after ovulation.

begins at the level of the glandular sac funds.
The glands numerous, enlarged, , get curvy , with the light
wavy and scalloped
During this phase, the glands are straight (see here: ), rectilinear
and the lumen is narrow The predominant hair cells decrease., the secretory cells being

On the image on the left, it is easy to

highlight the narrowness of the lumen
of the glands.

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Blade
The Testicle

The testicle is surrounded by a dense 1/2 orderly connective tissue capsule called the tunica
albuginea. This capsule will thicken at the Sup-Post level to form a condensation/densification:
Highmore's body, (In 2 on the left image) and from which several connective spans will detach, thus
dividing the testicular parenchymaseminiferous
into 200 to 300 testicular
tubules lobules.
producing Each lobule containing 1 to 4
sperm.
, elements responsible for

On the right image, cross section of a

seminiferous tubule.
Between the TS -> interstitial tissue (in 1 to D) ->
connective tissue among which we find the Leydig
cells ( -> androgen hormone synthesis)

The seminiferous tubules are represented by a particular stratified epithelium, of

heterogeneous type, with two cell categories: Sertoli cells and germ cells: -> spermatogonia
-> spermatocytes 1 -> spermatocytes 2 -> spermatids -> spermatozoa

Below: In 1 : Spermatogonia
In 2 : Spermatocyte
In 3 : Spermatid
In 4 ; sperm
NB : The more the germ cells "evolve" the On the image on the right, we
more they advance towards the light of the TS see the numerous and enormous cells of
Leydig ,
located between the seminiferous tubules

Right in 1 , a cell of
Sertoli

Connective tissue

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Blade
The skin

The skin is characterized histologically by 3 layers:

The epidermis (represented by the epidermal epithelium)
The Dermis (connective tissue)
The hypodermis (loose connective tissue continuing the , and containing more or less
dermis fat cells)

The epithelium covering the skin is a keratinized squamous stratified epithelium subdivided,
into 4 or 5 layers. -> basal layer -> spiny layer -> granular layer -> clear layer (only in thick
skin +) -> horny layer ( keratin +++ )

<-Left image
At the level of the skin, we therefore find hair
follicles (in 2 ) lubricated by the secretion product of
multiple sebaceous glands (in 1 )

<-On the image on the left, sweat glands

(in 1 in 2 and in 3) under various
incidences. (longitudinal/transverse) their
secretion duct.
In 4 ,

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Dental Germs

! Already, make the distinction between the STAGES of the development of the tooth and the STAGES !
STEPS STADIUMS

Initiation The bud stage

Proliferation The cap/cupule stage

History and morpho differentiation The bell stadium

affixing The finality of the bell stage -> formation

of the crown

Initiation. BUD stage with cell

, we have the dental blade , proliferation In this stage , 3 kinds of
Here forming epithelial conglomerates (= epithelial bud) structures:

separated from -> Epithelial cells ( epithelial

mesenchymal cells by a
bud which will later become
basement membrane.
the next enamel organ
At the (adamantine))
, 20 sprouts
beginning
dental corresponding The
to the deciduous teeth,
(ecto)mesenchymal cells
then 32 dental germs in
surrounding the epithelial zone
the following periods.
( -> next dental papilla)

The
The more the epithelial bud
grows, the moreand
proliferate its cells
the (ecto)mesenchymal cells on
more it sinks into the the outside that will become the
mesenchyme/ ,
next dental sac follicle
ectomesenchyme, while
maintaining the connection
with
the dental lamina.

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Proliferation. The CAPUCHON stadium

! For me, not terrible image because it looks more
Cell division and proliferation continue. like a bell …. but hey she uses it ,inher
both
course...
stages in

Appearance of " cap ", " cupule ", "bonnet" located above a ball of condensed We can differentiate the component elements of the dental
ectomesenchymal tissue. germ: - the enamel organ/the adamantine organ

The enamel organ has 3 elements:

-> The inner epithelium The mesenchymal structure having a “ball”
(a single layer of tall prismatic cells) appearance: the dental papilla
-> The outer epithelium
(a single layer of small cubic cells) The mesenchymal structure located outside the other
-> The reticular epithelium two structures, encapsulating them = the dental sac
(network picture , of stellate graticule)

Later, the enamel organ will form the enamel.

On the left image, the meeting of the internal
and external epith: the cervical loop (later
The dental papilla will turn into pulp and develop
to become the epithelial sheath of Hertwig) dentin.

The dental sac will give rise to the supporting tissues of the
tooth.

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Histodifferentiation and Morphodifferentiation - The BELL Stage

There is always the internal and

, external reticular epithelium
but is added the intermediate
epithelium

Concerning the internal epithelium : =

differentiation into ameloblasts which will
induce the differentiation of odontoblasts
which, by the sedimentation of the dentin, will
in turn induce the sedimentation of the enamel.

at this
We can no longer speak ofstage
cervical, loop but of radicular epithelial theca (sheath)
of Hertwig

The dental papilla , initial bell: mesenchymal cells are still undifferentiated in advanced bell
, differentiate into odontoblasts

The end of the bell stage is characterized by: -The

appearance of dentin and enamel.
-The transformation of the dental papilla into dental pulp.
- Elements of pulpal vascularization and innervation.
Beginning of the differentiation of the dental sac into elements of the periodontium

In the image on
we
the left, leaves
the bell stage,
because there is
formation of the
enamel.
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Affixing. The determination of the shape of the crown.

The ameloblasts together

Ameloblasts (forming …) with the adjacent stratified
Enamel Dentine (formed by epithelium -> reduced
…) epithelium of the enamel
Odontoblasts organ.

Reticular epithelium
Ameloblasts
E-mail
Dentine
Odontoblasts
Dental papilla (precursor to pulp)

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Blade
Non-decalcified tooth
Or dry blade, only 3 structures are observed , E-mail , Dentin and Cement.
Enamel : —> Morphofunctional unit: enamel prism. (oriented in the occlusal direction)
Topographically: 3 layers: surface enamel (no prisms at this level) / intermediate enamel / internal enamel knowing that the All in
intermediate can itself be subdivided into 3 portions (internal external), average ,

<- On the left image, in 1 : enamel tufts in 2 : enamel

prisms in 3 : enamel blade , in INT enamel

-> On the right image,

The alternation of dark bands and
clear , Hunter-Schreger bands

-> Enamel-Dentinal Junction

-> Dentin tubules

In the lower left image:

The Striae of Retzius

with at their ends:

The Perikymata (on the surface of the enamel)

In the image on the right:

The spindles of the enamel

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Blade

Dentin : variety of hard connective tissue , mineralized , internal structure of the tooth (formed by odontoblasts (located in the pulp)
Morpho-functional unit of dentin: dentin tubule .

1 : Enamel and dental prisms

2 : Dentin and dental tubules (have a double “S” path)

The dental tubules have several ramifications =

- MAJOR (at the end of the "V" shaped tubules)
-FINES (45° side branches) ,
-MICROTUBULES/CANALICLES

In the image on the right:

1 : Acellular cementum
E-mail 2: Cellular cement

Dentin tubules

Major branches (circular), V-shaped

Minor branches (circular) 45° angle

To the right :
Granular layer of
tomes the
, , dentin
at the ,and
outer//surface
at the of
dentinocemental junction.

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Blade
decalcified tooth

Histologically, each tooth has 4 types of tissue which are from the inside to the outside:
the pulp, the dentin , the enamel (at the level of the crown ), COLORLESS on the
decalcified blades, the cementum (at the level of the root)
,

The tooth will find itself supported by auxiliary elements, represented by the elements
of the periodontium,
The alveolar processes
The periodontal ligament (dense ordered connective tissue)
The cement will also enter the elements of the
periodontium

On the lower left image, on the left the dentin , on the right the pulp

The dental pulp consists of loose, soft, well-vascularized and innervated connective
tissue.
There are several territories within the dental pulp with from the periphery towards the center:

-The odontoblastic zone (odontoblasts -> dentin formation)

-Weil 's acellular zone (sub-odontoblastic layer)
-The richly cellular zone
-The core of the pulp

In the image on the right : Dentine

Cement
Ligament
Alveolar bone

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Blade
Decalcified tooth (II)

On the left image, the dentogingival junction

GINGIVAL SULCUS (non-keratinized squamous stratified epithelium)

,
Junctional epithelium : (stratified epithelium! Limited by, two thin basal membranes)

Dentine
E-mail

Left Cement / Lgt

Dentine
Cement
Sharpey fibers
Ligament
Above : Pulp/dentin with dentinal tubules

(Sharpey's fibers represent the attachment zone between the bone and the ligament)

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The Oral Mucosa

It covers the oral cavity. It has two mandatory elements: 1) The surface epithelium: oral epithelium (squamous
stratified ortho-keratinized, para-keratinized or non-keratinized)
2) The underlying connective tissue: lamina propria
The separation zone between these two tissues is irregular (epithelial invaginations/Ascending projections of the connective tissue)
The SUBMUCOUS is only found in certain areas; cheeks, lips, posterior region of the hard palate.
In the territory WITHOUT submucosa (gums / hard palate) the oral mucosa attaches directly to the periosteum of the bone tissue = mucoperiosteum
Mucosa lining non-keratinized The masticatory mucosa The specialized mucosa
squamous stratified epithelium ortho keratinized squamous stratified CF: sheet on the tongue.
epithelium , with para-keratinized areas

The lips ( CF see SHEET) The gums The dorsal side of the tongue
The soft palate The hard palate
Cheeks
The floor of the mouth
The ventral surface of the tongue
The alveiolar mucosa
Cheeks: The ventral surface of the tongue squamous stratified epithelium The Buccal/Oral floor The soft palate mucosa non-
non-keratinized thick non-keratinized squamous stratified
conjunctiva epithelium,
epithelium thin
interface : non-keratinized, very keratinized squamous
Lamina propira : long and thin papillary glands. Sub-M
mixed. saliva
adipose with
cells minor
Epith/ thin squamous stratified stratified epithelium enclosing
conjunctiva interface: and salivary glands numerous
mixed. short papillae. minor epithelium taste buds.
Short papillae
Sub-M : loose TC, adipocytes Sub-M : salivary glands of
and minor salivary glands mucosal types = Palatine gland.

Sub-M: fine, adypocytes, vssx ,

Alveolar mucosa: non-
keratinized squamous
stratified epithelium, thin

Sub-M: minor salivary glands

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The oral mucosa (continued)

Mastication mucosa adheres

to immobile bony planes.

The gingival mucosa The hard palate

para-keratinized squamous stratified epithelium
Lamina Propria
The mucosa: squamous stratified epithelium with ortho
keratinization/para-keratinization
Thick lamina propria (dense connective tissue)
Areas WITHOUT Sub-M : dense fibrous attachment to underlying
bone via mucoperiosteum

Sub-M : lateral regions with -adipose tissue anteriorly.

- salivary glands
mucous
type minor
- the palatine glands
(posteriorly) -> continues in the soft palate area

-> we can clearly

<-Mucosa see on the right the
with
mucosa rich insub -
epithelium white adipocytes.
and lamina
propria

<- we can clearly see -> On the , of the

on the left an area right mucous
without submucosa salivary glands
where the mucosa forming the palatine
attaches directly to the element
glands
bony.

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