DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT

1. Input – involves the response to the measuring instrument of the subjects of the study.
2. Throughput – includes the statistical procedures and techniques.
3. Output- the results of the study which are presented in data matrix form.

Ex. What is the relationship between performance in Algebra (X) and in Statistics (Y) based on test scores of
10 BSE students in a certain college?

Data processing – is a means of converting information either manually or by machine into quantitative and
qualitative forms for use in research analysis.

Three basic steps in processing data.

1. Categorization of data – refers to the grouping of subjects under study according to the objectives or
purposes of the study.
2. Coding of data – after the subjects have been categorized into groups and sub groups, data are next
coded by the researcher.
3. Tabulation of data – Once the raw data have been given numerical codes, they are ready for
tabulation which means tallying and counting the raw data to arrive at a frequency distribution and to
facilitate in organizing them in a systematic
order in a table or several tables.

Three types of Data Matrices

1. Univariate – A univarite matrix involves only one variable.

Ex. If the problem is to find out the mentor-perceived adequacy of instructional materials in certain
institutions of SUCs, the level of SUC is the only variable because the subjects’ responses are
categorized as a whole.
Scale :
Level of SUC Mean (X) Descriptive Interpretation
1 3.6 Very Adequate 4 – Very Adequate
2 3.4 Adequate 3 - Adequate
3 2.9 Adequate 2 – Fairly Adequate
4 2.8 Adequate 1 - Inadequate

2. Bivariate matrix – This matrix involves two variables.

Ex. The science and mathematics mentors may be categorized into qualified and non qualified, hence, the 2
variables are the qualified and non qualified mentors.

Level of SUC Qualified Mentors Non qualified Mentors

Mean (X) Verbal Interpretation Mean (X) Verbal Interpretation
1 3.6 Very Adequate 3.8 Very Adequate
2 3.4 Adequate 3.4 Adequate
3 2.8 Adequate 3.0 Adequate
4 2.7 Adequate 2.8 Adequate

3. Multivariate – This matrix has three or more variables in the table.

CANNING STYLES Scale :

Quality Attributes Salmon Spanish French Japanese
X X X X 9 – Extremely Like
Color 7.2 8.0 7.4 7.0 8 - Like very much
Odor 7.4 7.9 8.4 8.3 7 – Like moderately
Flavor 7.1 8.1 8.0 8.4 6 - Like slightly
Texture 7.3 8.0 8.0 8.2
General Acceptability 7.3 8.0 8.1 8.3
 Data Analysis – as an examination of data or facts in terms of quantity, quality, attribute, trait, pattern,
trend, relationship among others so as to answer questions which involves statistical techniques and
procedures.

Ten types of data analysis

1.Univariate Analysis – this type of analysis test a single variable to determine whether the sample is similar
to the population from which it has been drawn.
Statistical Tool – frequency counts, percentage and the three measures of central tendency, namely,
mean (X), median (X), and mode (X).

2.Bivariate Analysis – tests two variables on how they differ with each other.
Statistical Tool – correlation coefficient for descriptive and experimental; z-test, and t-test.

3.Multivariate Analysis – this type of analysis tests three or more independent variables at a time on the
degree of relationship with the dependent variable.
Statistical Tool – analysis of variance (ANOVA) for experimental design and Friedman two – way
ANOVA and Kruskal – Wallis ANOVA and chi – square for descriptive.

4. Normative Analysis – the results of the study is compared with the norm.
Statistical Tool – arithmetic mean and the standard deviation.

5. Status Analysis – this type of analysis stresses real facts relating to current conditions in a group of
subjects chosen for study.
Statistical Tool – arithmetic mean, standard deviation and z-test for the difference between means.

6. Descriptive Analysis – merely describes the characteristics, composition, structures, substructures, that
occur as units within the larger structure.
Statistical Tool – arithmetic mean, chi-square, Friedman two way ANOVA.

7. Classification Analysis – this type of analysis is usually employed in natural sciences subjects such
Botany, Zoology, Biology, Phycology, Conchology, Ichthyology and the like.
Statistical Tool – mean and t – test.

8. Evaluative Analysis – appraises carefully the worthiness of the current study.

Statistical Tool – . – arithmetic mean, percentages, Friedman two way ANOVA and z-test.

9. Comparative Analysis – the researcher considers at least two entities (not manipulated) and establishes a
formal procedure for obtaining criterion data on the basis of which he can compare and conclude which of
the two is better.
Statistical Tool – . – mean, variances and t-test.

10. Cost-Effective Analysis – this type of analysis is applicable in comparing the cost between two or more
variables and to determine which of the variable is most effective.
Statistical Tool – . – mean, variances and t-test.