5/20/2022

Namaste to all @= lzIffdf gjLgtd lrGtg $ k|Zg

@=! ;dfj]zL lzIff
@=@ afnd}qL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff / k|of;
@=# ;fdflhs Gofo / lzIffdf ;dfj]zLs/0f
@=$ lzIffdf n}+lus ;dtf, ;dfgtf / dlxnf lzIff
@=% cgf}krfl/s lzIff -;fIf/tf lzIff, l8lh6n ;fIf/tf, j}slNks
tyf lg/Gt/ lzIff_ / v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff
@=^ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / /f]huf/d"ns lzIff
@=& hLjgf]kof]uL l;k -Life skill_, ;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;k -soft
skills_
@=* lzIffdf 4G4 tyf tgfj Joj:yfkg, :jJoj:yfkg, ;ª\s6df
lzIff Joj:yfkg / l;sfO
Padam Raj Acharya 1

;dfj]zL lzIff
 !(() M ;a}sf nflu lzIff;DaGwL klxnf] ;Dd]ng -yfOn}08sf]
hf]lD6g ;Dd]ng_ M lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf] j[l4 ug]{
k|:tfjnfO{ pRr dxTj lbOPsf]
@=! ;dfj]zL lzIff  ;dflxt lzIff;DaGwL klxnf] ;Dd]ng M ;fnfdfGsf ;Dd]ng :k]g
 !(($ h'g & b]lv !) ;Dd cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
pQm ;Dd]ngsf] nIo
 vf; u/L ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] j}olQms
leGgtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{
 lzIff k|flKtsf] clwsf/nfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ ljBfnox?nfO{ ;dflxt
lzIff cEof;df 8f]¥ofpg' .

Padam Raj Acharya 3 Padam Raj Acharya 4

Inclusive ( ;dfj]zL÷;dflxt lzIff) Inclusive ( ;dfj]zL lzIff )

 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ^! cf}+ dxf;efaf6 !# l8;]Dj/ @))^ df ckf+utf
ePsf JolQmx?sf clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGw kfl/t . g]kfnn] ldlt
@)^^ d+l;/ ^ df kfl/t u/]sf] . h;sf] wf/f @$ df lzIff;DaGwL lzIff P]g @)@* sf] cfF7f} ;+zf]wg @)&# cg';f/ ljz]if
ljljw k|fjwfg /flvPsf] . lzIffsf] kl/efiff
g]kfndf ;dflxt lzIff sfo{qmd k/LIf0f
 cf=j=)%^÷)%& jf ;g\ @))) df  æljz]if lzIffÆ eGgfn] b[li6ljxLg, alx/f, cl6Hd,
 8]gdfs{ ;xof]u af}l4s ckfËtf, ;':t >j0f jf clt czQm
 $ lhNnfdf k/LIf0f -afl;sfp_ zf/Ll/s ckfËtf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ 5'§}
 sfe|], l;Gw'knf~rf]s, afFs] / pbok'/ u/L $ lhNnfsf !@
ljBfnodf ;d"xdf /fvL] ljz]if k|sf/ / lglZrt dfWodaf6
 klxnf] lhNnf afFs] . lbOg] lzIff ;Demg' k5{ .Æ
Padam Raj Acharya 5 Padam Raj Acharya 6

1
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Inclusive ( ;dfj]zL lzIff ) ;dfj]zL lzIff M

 lzIff P]g @)@* sf] cfF7f} ;+zf]wg @)&# cg';f/
;dfj]zL lzIffsf] kl/efiff
!_ b[li6ljxLg, Go"g b[li6o'Qm, alx/f, ;':t >j0f,
cl6Hd, af}l4s, zf/Ll/s jf cGo ckfËtf ePsf
afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt z}lIfs k4ltsf] cwLgdf
/xL lbOg] lzIff,
-@_ ;fdflhs, cfly{s jf ef}uf]lns sf/0fn] k5fl8
kfl/Psf JolQmnfO{ lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf lbOg]
lzIff .
Padam Raj Acharya
 k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] z}lIfs clwsf/sf] k|flKtsf nflu
;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ePsf] lzIff,
 ;a} k|sf/sf afnaflnsfn] l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t
eO{ afnaflnsfsf] k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf ;~rfng x'g] lzIff
 afnaflnsfdf ePsf] ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ ljljwtf ;Daf]wg
u/L k|bfg ul/g] lzIff
 ;a}sf nflu lzIff xfl;n ug]{ Ps /0fgLlt .
7 Padam Raj Acharya 8

;dfj]zL lzIff M d"n dfGotf kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]zL k4lt -nlIft ;d"x !%_
 dlxnf
 ;dfgtf dfq kof{Kt 5}g .  ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf
 ;a} afnaflnsfn] cfkm\g} ;d'bfodf lzIff kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg  blnt afnaflnsf
 ;LdfGts[t / lk5l8Psf hghflt
 ;a} afnaflnsfn] l;Sg ;S5g t/ l;Sg] tl/sf leGg x'g ;S5  ;8s afnaflnsf
 afnaflnsfx?df ePsf ljleGgtfx?– lnË, hflt, efiff, wd{, ckfËtf  >lds afnaflnsf
 a]rljvgdf k/L p4f/ ul/Psf afnaflnsf
cflbsf] ;Ddfg
 b}jL k|sf]k kLl8t afnaflnsf
 z}lIfs ;+/rgf, z}lIfs k|0ffnL / k|lqmof ;a} lsl;dsf afnaflnsfsf]  åGåkLl8t afnaflnsf
cfjZostf ;'xfpFbf] agfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf  of}gzf]lift tyf b'/frf/u|l;t afnaflnsf
 ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf kl/jf/sf afnaflnsf
 nuftf/ kl/dfh{g eO/xg] ultlzn k|lqmof  sfdbf/ jf dhb'/
 h]ndf /x]sf afnaflnsf
 Pr\cfOeL P8\; nfu]sf afnaflnsf
 s'i7/f]uL / cGo ;ª\j|mfds /f]uu|:t afnaflnsf
Padam Raj Acharya 9 Padam Raj Acharya 10

g]kfndf ;dfj]zL lzIffsf] k[i7e"ld -ljz]if lzIff ;d]t_ g]kfndf ljz]if lzIffsf] k[i7e"ld
 ljz]if lzIff gLlt @)%#, pSt gLltnfO{ ;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt @)&# n] k|lt:yfkg
lj=;+=@) @)@# @)@^ @)#) @)#& @)%) @)%^÷)%& @)&#÷(÷ u/]sf]
@! @^  ;g\ @))) -cf=j= )%^÷%&_ df 8]lg; k|fljlws ;xof]udf ;dflxt lzIffsf] k/LIf0f
n]af]/]6/L afndlGb vu]Gb| ljz]if lgd{n ;|f]ts ;dflxt ;dfj]zL sfo{qmd afFs], pbok'/, sfe|] / l;Gw'knf~rf]ssf !@ ljb\ofnodf ;~rfng . klxnf]
lhNnf afFs]
:s'n / gjhLjg ljz]if lzIff afn Iff lzIff lzIff  g]kfndf rf/ cf]6f ckf+utf If]q -zf/Ll/s ckf+utf, alx/f tyf ;':t>j0f, ;':t
-PsLs[t gS;fn lzIff tyf kl/ifb\ ljsf; :yfkg sfo{qmd gLlt dgl:ylt / b[li6ljlxg_ sf ljBfyL{sf nflu ljz]if tyf PsLs[t ljBfno
ljBfno_ -ljz]if Joj;fo s]Gb| f k/LIf0fsf ;~rflnt .
ljBfno_ k|lzIf0f ?kdf  -ljz]if ljBfno, PsLs[t ljBfno, ;|f]tsIff, n]vfhf]vf s]Gb|_
ljBfno nfu"  Pp6} k|sf/sf] ckf+utf ePsf ljBfyL{ cWoog u/fpg vf]lnPsf ljBfno ljz]if
ljBfno x'g\ . -ljz]if ljBfno ## j6f_
b[li6ljxLg alx/f zf/Ll/s ckf+u ;':t $ lhNnf  ckf+utf ePsf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ klg cWoog u/fpg] ;fwf/0f ljBfno PsLs[t
dgl:yl !@ ljBfno x'g\ . PsLs[t ljBfnodf ;dflxt k4ltsf cfwf/df k7gkf7g x'g] ub{5 .
t ljBfno -PsLs[t ljBfno @# j6f_

Padam Raj Acharya 11 Padam Raj Acharya 13

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g]kfndf ljz]if lzIffsf] k[i7e"ld ;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt tyf sfo{qmd

 jt{dfgdf ljz]if ljBfno ## cf]6f, PsLs[t ljBfno @# cf]6f / ljleGg
ljBfnox?df #*) cf]6f ;|f]t sIff ;~rfngdf /x]sf .
 ^( lhNnfdf n]vfhf]vf s]Gb| ;~rfng /x]sf] . n]vfhf]vf s]Gb|df Pshgf
;+of]hssf] Joj:yf .
 n]vfhf]vf s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldlt OsfO k|d'v jf lghn] tf]s]sf] JolQmsf]
cWoIftfdf !! ;b:oLo x'g] Joj:yf .
 ;|f]tsIff Joj:yfkg ;ldlt * ;b:oLo, ljJo; cWoIf cWoIf x'g]
5fqj[lQ k|of]hgdf s, v, u / 3 u/L $ ju{df
 s ju{ M cfjf;Lo 5fqj[lQ, jflif{s $) xhf/
 v ju{ M 3/af6 cfpg]hfg] t/ c?sf] ;xof]udf, jflif{s % xhf/
 u ju{ M 3/af6 cfpghfg] t/ ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/]/ jflif{s # xhf/
 3 ju{ M ;fdfGo ckf+u jflif{s ! xhf/
Padam Raj Acharya
 ckf+utf ePsf JolQmsf] clwsf/;DaGwL P]g @)&$÷^÷@( -k|df0fLs/0fsf]
(! cf}+ lbgb]lv nfu"_
 ckf+utfsf] juL{s/0f P]gcg';f/ zf/Ll/s cË jf k|0ffnLdf ePsf] ;d:of
tyf sl7gfOsf] cfwf/df ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ !) ju{df juL{s/0f M
-!_ zf/Ll/s, -@_ b[li6;DaGwL, -#_ ;'gfO;DaGwL, -$_ >j0f b[li6ljxLg, -%_
:j/ / af]nfO;DaGwL, -^_ dfgl;s jf dgf];fdlhs, -&_ af}l4s ckf+utf,
-*_ cg'j+zLo /Qm;|fj -x]df]lkmlnof_ ;DaGwL, -(_ cl6Hd;DaGwL / -!)_
ax'ckf+utf
 czQmtfsf] uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df ckfËtfsf] juL{s/0f -$ k|sf/df_ M -!_
k"0f{ czQm ckf+utf -/ftf] /+usf] kl/rokq_, -@_ clt czQm ckf+utf -
lgnf]] /+usf] kl/rokq_, , -#_ dWod ckf+utf -kx]nf] /+usf] kl/rokq_, /
-$_ ;fdfGo ckf+utf -;]tf] /+usf] kl/rokq_, .
 /fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f¿kn] ;dfj]zL lzIff gLltcg'¿k kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f
ul/g] s'/fdf hf]8
14 Padam Raj Acharya 15

;dfj]zL lzIff gLlt tyf sfo{qmd k|Zg M

ax'eflifs lzIff k/LIf0f !=;dflxt lzIff;DaGwL klxnf] ;Dd]ng sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
 lj=;+= @)^$ b]lv @)^^ ;Dd -s_ yfOn}08sf] hf]lD6g -v_ :k]gsf] ;fnfdfGsf
 ^ lhNnf M s~rgk'/, kfNkf, /;'jf, wgs'6f, ;'g;/L / -u_ ;]gu
] nsf] 8sf/ -3_ blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] OGRof]g
emfkf u/L ^ lhNnf @= ;dflxt lzIff;DaGwL klxnf] ;Dd]ng slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
 ljBfno M & cf]6f ljBfnodf s_ ;g\ !(() v_ ;g\ !(*)
 efiff M * efiffM /fgf yf¿, du/, /;'jf tfdfª, cf7kl/of u_ ;g\ !(($ 3_ ;g\ @)))
/fO{, k"j]{nL yf¿ / p/fj, /fhj+zL / ;Gyfn
 ax'eflifs lzIff sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @)^^÷!@÷@)
 cf=j= )&&÷)&* ;Dddf ;+:s[t ;lxt @& -;+:s[t afx]s
@^+_ dft[efiffdf kf7\ok':ts ljsf; Padam Raj Acharya 16 Padam Raj Acharya 17

k|Zg M k|Zg M
#= ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf clwsf/;DaGwL cg'aGwnfO{ g]kfnn] %=;dfj]zL lzIffn] s]nfO{ hgfpF5 <
slxn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] xf] < -s_ lzIffdf ;dfgtf
-s_ @)&@ d+l;/ ^ -v_ @)^* d+l;/ ^ -v_ lzIffdf ljljwtf
-u_ lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf
-u_ @)^% d+l;/ ^ -3_ @)^^ d+l;/ ^= -3_ ckf+u afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff
$= ;dfj]zL lzIff cGtu{t s'g kb{5 < ^=;dfj]zL lzIff s:tf] x'G5 <
-s_ ckf+utf ePsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ 5'6\6} ;d"xdf /fvL lbOg] lzIff -s_ sl7g cj:yfdf ePsfx?nfO{ lbOG5
-v_ ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L lbOg] lzIff -v_ ;dGoflos x'G5 .
-u_ b[li6ljlxg afnaflnsfnfO{ a|n] lnlksf] dfWodaf6 lbOg] lzIff -u_ ;Sg]sf nflu lzIffsf] k|aGw
-3_ cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 kfl/Psf afnaflnsfnfO{ 5fqj[lQ -3_ ;a}nfO{ Pp6} lzIff k|bfg
;lxt lbOg] lzIff
Padam Raj Acharya 18 Padam Raj Acharya 19

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 5/20/2022

k|Zg M
&= ;j{k|yd g]kfndf s'g ;d"xsf nflu ljz]if lzIffsf] ;'?jft ul/Psf] xf] <
-s_ zf/Ll/s ckf+utf -v_ b[li6ljlxg
-u_ alx/f -3_ ;':t dgl:ylt
*=g]kfndf ljz]if lzIffsf] z'?jft slxn] ePsf] xf] <
-s_lj=;+= @)@! -v_ lj=;+= @)@#
@=@ afnd}qL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff / k|of;
-u_ lj=;+= @)#) -3_ lj=;+= @)@*
(=g]kfndf ;dflxt lzIff sfo{qmd ;j{k|yd slt lhNnfdf k/LIf0f ul/Psf] xf] <
-s_ $ lhNnf -v_ % lhNnf -u_ ^ lhNnf-3_ & lhNnf
!)=g]kfndf ;dflxt lzIff sfo{qmd ;j{k|yd k/LIf0f ul/Psf] lhNnf s'g xf] <
-s_ sfe|] -v_ afFs] -u_ l;Gw'kfNrf]s -3_ pbok'/

Padam Raj Acharya 20 Padam Raj Acharya 21

afnd}qL ljBfno <

4
 5/20/2022

 afnjflnsfsf] vf]hL ug]{ ljBfno

 afns]lGb|t ljBfno
 ;a} afnaflnsfsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f
 n}lËs ;r]ttf
 afn ;xeflutf

WHO/UNO sf cg';f/ afnd}qL ljBfnosf ( k|d'v

afnd}qL ljBfnosf cfjZos ;t{x?
tTjx?
 ef}lts jftfj/0f  kx'Frof]Uo -Reaching to the unreached_

 ejg / ;'ljwf  ;'ky÷vr{ ;fdYo{tf -cj;/ nfut vr{ ;lxt_

 l;sfOsf cf}hf/÷;fdu|Lx?  pknAwtf÷kof{Kttf M ;|f]t ;fwgsf] kof{Kttf, ;a}sf nflu
 dgf];fdflhs jftfj/0f lgz'Ns lzIff
 ljBfyL{ ;xeflutf  :jLsfo{tf M u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] jGbf]j:t
 ;lqmo ;xeflutfd"ns l;sfO  cg's'ngLotf M :yfgLo kl/j]z cg's'n ;fGble{s /
 3/ / ljBfnosf] ;DaGw Jojxfl/s lzIff
 ljBfno ;d'bfo ;DaGw  ljBfno zflGtIf]q
 ljBfno :jf:Yo k|j4{g

5
 5/20/2022

afnd}qL ljBfnosf cfjZos ;t{x? afnd}qL l;sfOsf nflu Go"gtd jftfj/0f

 afnaflnsfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf /0fgLlt  ljBfyL{ / lzIfsn] Ps cfk;df ;Ddfg ug]{ .
 ljBfnodf Go"gtd ;Ifdtfsf] cj:yf  ljBfyLn] lgeL{s ¿kdf cfkm\gf ljrf/ cleJoQm ug{ kfpg] .
 afnclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt  ljBfyL{n] cfkm\gf] rfxgf / Ifdtfg';f/ lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g] cj;/
 e]befj/lxt, b08/lxt, qf; ljgfsf] l;sfO k|lqmofsf]  lx+;f/lxt tyf eod'Qm jftfj/0f .
;'lglZrttf  s;}n] s;}nfO{ luHofpg, xf]Rofpg gx'g] .
 lzIfssf] e"ldsf M ;xhstf{, pTk|]/s, ljBfyL{ ;Fu;Fu}
 e]befj/lxt
l;Sg]
 u'0f:t/Lo lzIffdf ;dGoflos kx'Fr .
 ljBfno Joj:yfkg, lzIfs, ljBfyL{, cleefjs /
 zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s b08 /lxt .
;d'bfoaLr af/Daf/ cGt/lqmof
 ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg
Padam Raj Acharya 33

afnd}qL ljBfno k|f?ksf p2]Zox?

afnd}qL ljBfnosf dfkb08 / 

k|d'v p2]Zo afnd}qL lzIf0f l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{
afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ËL0f k|ltef phfu/ ub}{ z}lIfs kx'Fr / u'0f:t/df
;"rsx? a9f]Q/L Nofpg'

afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k

:jLs[t ldlt M @)^&.*.(

Padam Raj Acharya 35

afnd}qL ljBfno;DaGwL /fli^«o afnd}qL ljBfno /fli^«o k|f?ksf ;"rs /

Go"gtd dfkb)*x?
k|f?ksf kIfx?
l;=g+= afnd}qL ljBfnosf kIfx¿ ;"rs ;+Vof Go"gtd dfkb08 ck]lIft
;+Vof dfkb08 ;+Vof
! k|efjsfl/tf !% !% !%
@ ;dfj]zLs/0f ( ( (
# lzIffdf n}+lus kIf !! !! !!
$ ;xeflutf # !$ !$
% :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / arfj6 # !# !^
^ ljBfnosf] ef}lts cj:yf @) $% $&
& lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof !# !% !$
* dft[efiffdf lzIf0f l;sfO & & *
( ljBfno Joj:yfkg !# @) !*
hDdf ($ !$( !%@
Padam Raj Acharya 36 Padam Raj Acharya 37

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d'Vo ;"rsx? d'Vo ;"rsx?

If]q ;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft If]q ;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft
ef}lts sIffsf]7f k|lt %) ljBfyL{sfnflu ! k|lt $) ljBfyL{sf nflu ! sIff sf]7f ef}lts kmlg{r/ k|lt $ ljBfyL{sf nflu ! k|To]s ljBfyL{sf nflu ! ;]6 pko'Qm
cj:yf sIff sf]7f ePsf] ePsf] cj:yf ;]6 8]:s a]Gr ePsf] s';L{ 6]j'n ePsf]
k|lt ljBfyL{ )=&% k|lt ljBfyL{ !=) au{dL6/ If]qkmn ljBfyL{n] k|of]u ug]{ 8]:s ljBfyL{n] k|of]u ug]{ 8]:s !* OGr
au{dL6/ If]qkmn ePsf] ePsf] !% OGr rf}8f ePsf] rf}8f ePsf]
a'ssg{/sf nflu ! pko'Qm a'ssg{/ ;lxt sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd
%x* lkm6sf] sfnf]kf6L %x* lkm6sf] XjfO6af]8{sf]
;fOhsf] ¥ofssf] Joj:yf ljifout l;sfO s'gfsf] Joj:yf
Joj:yf ePsf] Joj:yf ePsf] -sIffsf] cfsf/ x]/L_
sIff # ;Ddsf] sIff # ;Ddsf] sIffsf]7fsf Ps l8:Kn]af]8{sf] Joj:yf $ j6f;Dd l8:Kn] af]8s
{ f] Joj:yf
sIffsf]7fsf leQfdf leQfdf ljBfyL{n] e]6\g]u/L
ljBfyL{n] e]6\g]u/L ;]tf]kf6L lgdf{0f ePsf]
sfnf]kf6L lgdf{0f ePsf]
Padam Raj Acharya 38 Padam Raj Acharya 39

gd"gf k|Zg gd"gf k|Zg

!= afnd}qL l;sfO k|lqmofsf] ljz]iftf s'g xf] < $= afnd}qL ljBfno s'g xf] <
-s_ cy{k"0f{ l;sfO -v_ af]lemnf] l;sfO -s_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;'b[9 ePsf] ljBfno
-u_ lzIfs s]lGb|t l;sfO -3_ 1fgs]lGb|t l;sfO -v_ afnaflnsfsf nlfu :j:y, ;'/lIft / cg's'n ljBfno
@= afns]lGb|t l;sfOsf] ljz]iftf s'g xf] < -u_ kof{Kt lzIfs b/jGbL ePsf] ljBfno
s_ lzIfssf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ -3_ sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ cltl/Qm sIff ;~rfng ug]{ ljBfno
v_ 1fgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]t g} lzIfs %= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf cg';f/ afnd}qL ljBfnosf k|d'v tTjx? slt j6f
u_ ;xeflutfd"ns l;sfO k|lqmof 5g\ <
3_ rnfv ljBfyL{af6 g]t[Tj -s_ % j6f -v_ & j6f -u_ * j6f -3_ ( j6f
#= afnd}qL ljBfno s:tf] ljBfno xf] < ^= afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?ksf] :jLs[lt slxn] eof] <
-s_ afnaflnsfsf nflu /dfOnf] l;Sg] jftfj/0f ePsf] ljBfno -s_ @)^&÷*÷(
-v_ afnaflnsfsf] l;Sg] ult / Ifdtfcg';f/ k7gkf7g ug]{ ljBfno -v_ @)^&÷(÷*
-u_ afnaflnsfsf] vf]hL ug]{ ljBfno -u_ @)^&÷*÷! (
-3_ dflysf ;a} -3_ @)^&÷*÷!%

gd"gf k|Zg
&=afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k @)^& sf] k|d'v p2]Zo s'g xf] <
-s_ z}lIfs kx'Fr clej[l4 ug'{
-v_ afnd}qL lzIf0f l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{
-u_ ljBfnox?nfO{ afnd}qL ljBfnodf ?kfGt/0f ug'{
-3_ lzIffsf k|ltj4tf k"/f u/fpg' @=# ;fdflhs Gofo / lzIffdf ;dfj]zLs/0f
*= afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k @)^& sf ;"rs slt j6f /x]sf 5g\ <
-s_ !$( j6f -v_ !%@ j6f -u_ ($ j6f -3_ !@) j6f
(= afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k @)^& sf Go"gtd dfkb08 slt j6f /x]sf
5g\ <
-s_ !$( j6f -v_ !%@ j6f -u_ ($ j6f -3_ !@) j6f
!)= afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f?k @)^& sf ck]lIft dfkb08 slt j6f
/x]sf 5g\ <
-s_ !$( j6f -v_ !%@ j6f -u_ ($ j6f -3_ !@) j6f

7
 5/20/2022

;fdflhs Gofo / lzIff

 ;fdfGo cy{df ;dfhdf ul/g] Gofo g} ;fdflhs Gofo
;dfg cj;/ tyf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr
 lzIff ;dfhdf x'G5 / ;dfhdf ;~rflnt lzIffdf Gofok"0f{ sfo{ x'g'nfO{
lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo elgG5 .
 lzIff ;dfhsf ;a} ju{, wd{, ;+:s[lt, hft, ln+u, j0f{, ;+:sf/ / ljljwtfsf
afnaflnsfn] k|fKt ug{ kfpg' kb{5 .
 lzIff g};lu{s clwsf/, hGdl;4 clwsf/, gful/s clwsf/, dfgj ljsf;sf]
;"rs ePsfn] ;a}n] ;dfg b[li6, ;dfg Jojxf/af6 lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg' k5{
eGg'nfO{ lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo elgG5 .
 afnaflnsfn] ;dfhdf lgikIftfsf cfwf/df lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'nfO{ lzIffdf
;fdflhs Gofo
 ;dfh / JolQm b'j} kIf lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo sfof{Gjog u/fpg] lhDd]jf/
kIf
 ;dfhdf lzIffsf] ;'–;+rfng ug{ lgld{t / ;~rflnt z}lIfs gLltnfO{ g}
lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo elgG5 .
 lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ;fdflhs Gofo k|Tofe"lt ug]{ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
Padam 45

lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo

lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/
 ;g\ !(() eGbf cl3sf] lzIff gLlt ælzIffdf ;dfg cj;/Æ df cfwfl/t  lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/sf] hu]gf{ ug{ lgDglnlvt tLg kIfx¿df
lyof] . ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{kb{5 M
 ;g\ !(() kl5sf] lzIff gLlt ælzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'FrÆ df cfwfl/t 5
s_ kx'Fr M k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljgf s'g} e]befj lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/
.
x'g'kb{5 .
 lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ eg]sf] of]Uotf cg'¿ksf] lzIff xf] .
v_u'0f:t/ M k|To]s JolQmn] hLjgsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ u'0f:t/o'Qm
 lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/sf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k k|f/lDes txsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns
tyf clgjfo{ x'g'kb{5 . /fHon] cfkm\gf gful/sx?nfO{ lagf s'g} e]befj lzIff k|fKt ug'{kb{5 .
k|f/lDes lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . u_wf/Tj M ;a}n] k"0f{dfqfdf cfwf/e"t lzIff k|fKt ug'{kb{5 . ltgLx¿ s'g}
 lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/sf] gLltnfO{ cfk"lt{ 9fFrfsf] gLlt eGg ;lsG5 . sf/0fn] cfwf/e"t lzIff 5f8\g afWo x'g'x'Fb}g .
o;n] k|f/lDes lzIffnfO{ lgz'Ns agfpg / ljBfyL{sf] egf{nfO{
e]befj/lxt agfpgdf hf]8 lbG5 .

lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo

lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/
 lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/df afwf k'¥ofpg] tTjx? M a'l4dtf, efiff, lje]b,
cfly{s ;d:ofx?, clwsf/Lx? -gLlt lgdf{0fstf{_ sf] k"jf{ux| , ;f+:s[lts
al~rlts/0f, ef}uf]lns cj:yf cflb .
 lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/sf gLltx¿ M lzIffdf k|hftflGqs/0f, ;dfj]zL
lzIff, ;Lkd"ns lzIff, lzIffdf clwstd\ nufgL, lzIffdf ;fdflhs Gofo
cflb .
 ;dfhsf ljleGg cj:yfsf dflg;x¿nfO{ cnu cnu /fvL pgLx¿sf
ljz]if cj:yfcg';f/sf ljz]if k|ltefx¿nfO{ k|:k'm6g x'g ;Sg] u/L lzIff
k|bfg ug]{ cj:yf sfof{Gjog x'g'nfO{ Gofok"0f{ l;4fGt elgG5 .
lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr
 lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/sf] gLltn] ;a}nfO{ e]befjljlxg tj/df lzIff k|bfg
ug]{ gLlt t Nofof], t/ o; gLltsf jfjh'b ljBfno hfg] pd]/sf
afnaflnsfdWo] Pp6f 7"nf] lx:;f ul/aL, cGwljZjf;, efiff, e"uf]n cflb
ljljw sf/0faf6 ljBfno lzIffaf6 al~rt /x] . To;}n] lzIffdf ;dfg
cj;/sf] ;§f ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf] gLlt cufl8 ;fl/of] .
 ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf] gLltn] ljBfnodf o:tf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{df hf]8
lbG5, h;n] ljBfyL{sf] ljBfnodf cfpg] Jojwfgx? x6fO{ pgLx?nfO{
cGo ;/x lzIffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpF5 .
 lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf] gLltsf] yfngL ;g\ !(() df ;a}sf nflu
lzIff;DaGwL hf]lD6g ;Dd]ngaf6 ePsf] xf] .

8
 5/20/2022

lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ / ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ;fdflhs Gofo / lzIff

lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr lzIffnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{
 ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf] gLltn] lzIffaf6 al~rt ;d"xsf] klxrfg u/L s'/fx?
pgLx?nfO{ ljBfnodf Nofpg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gfdf hf]8 lbG5 .  dfgj clwsf/
 lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/sf] gLltnfO{ cfk"lt{ 9fFrfsf] gLlt elgG5 eg]  afn clwsf/
lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf] gLltnfO{ dfu 9fFrfsf] gLlt eGg ;lsG5 .  ;dfj]zL lzIff
 lzIffdf ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf] gLltn] ;dfhdf lzIffaf6 al~rt ;d"xsf]  ck/fwLx?sf nflu lzIff
ljz]if dfu cg';f/ z}lIfs /0fgLltx?sf] ljsf; u/]/ pgLx?nfO{  ;'ljwfljxLg ;d"xx?sf nflu lzIff
ljBfnoleq ;dflxt u/fpg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ub{5 . h:t}M 5fqj[lQ,
;r]tgf, dft[efiffdf lzIff, ;dfj]zL lzIff cflb o;} /0fgLltsf c+u x'g\ .

n}ª\lus ;dtf / ;dfgtf

@=$ lzIffdf n}l+ us ;dtf, ;dfgtf / dlxnf lzIff
cjwf/0ff
 ln+u -Sex_ / n}+lus -Gender_
 lnª\u -Sex_ n] h}ljs -Biologically_ ¿kdf dlxnf / k'?if eGg] hgfpF5
. -k|fs[lts e"ldsf_
 n}ª\lus -Gender_ M ;dfhn] dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu agfPsf] wf/0ff /
pgLx¿k|ltsf] Jojxf/ a'lemG5 . -;fdflhs e"ldsf_
 n}ª\lus eg]sf] dlxnf jf k'?ifsf] zf/Ll/s e"ldsf tyf ljz]iftfsf] ;§f
dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf] ;fdflhs leGgtf xf] . o;nfO{ xfdL n}ª\lus lje]b -
Gender difference_ eG5f} .
 n}+lus ;dfgtf ;fWo -Ends_ xf] eg] ;dtf eg]sf] ;dfgtf k|flKtsf] ;fwg
-Means_ jf k|lqmof xf] .
 kfl/jfl/s k|0ffnL, ;fdflhs dfGotfdf ;'wf/ u/L sfg'gL / ;fdflhs b'j}
If]qdf dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{ ;dfg ;xeflutf / ;dfg Jojxf/ sfod ug'{
g} n}+lus ;dfgtfsf] p2]Zo xf] .

n}l+ us ;dfgtf
n}+lus lje]b
 of] cfbz{ xf] .
 ln+usf cfwf/df ul/g] lje]b  Gofo lbg] k|of; xf] .
 n}+lus lje]bnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . tL  of] a9L cd"t{ x'G5 .
x'g M k|fs[lts / ;fdflhs lje]b .  of] cj;/ / kx'Fr ;dfg'kflts x'Fb}g .
 k|fs[lts lje]bn] h}ljs jf k|fs[lts ?kdf x'g] n}l+ us ;dtf
cGt/nfO{ hgfpF5 eg] ;fdlhs lje]bn] ;dfhaf6  of] Jojxf/ xf] .
lgld{t e"ldsfnfO{ hgfpF5 . k|fs[lts lje]b ckl/jt{gLo  Gofo k|fKt ePsf] cg'e"lt xf] .
x'G5 eg] ;fdflhs lje]b kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 .  of] jf:tljs / d"t{ x'G5 .
 cj;/ / kx'Frsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f x'G5 .

9

n}+lus ;dfgtf / d"n k|jfxLs/0fsf nflu ul/Psf k|of;x?M–
cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x?
 ;g\ !($% cS6f]Da/ @$ sf lbg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf
ePkl5 dlxnfnfO{ klg k'?if;/x x/]s If]qdf ;dfgtf x'g'k5{
eGg] a8fkq kfl/t ul/Psf] .
 ;g\ !($^ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] dlxnf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
cfof]usf] u7g .
 ;g\ !(%) df dlxnfnfO{ gful/stfsf] clwsf/
 ;g\ !(%! df cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ;dfg sfdsf nflu
;dfg Hofnfsf] Joj:yf
 ;g\ !(%* df /f]huf/L / k]zfdf e]befj gul/g] Joj:yf
cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x?
 ;x>fJbL ljsf;sf * nIox? -;g\ @)!% ;Ddsf nflu_ dWo]
nIo g+= # n}+lus ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zlQms/0f
 lbuf] ljsf;;DaGwL nIo ;g\ @)!% -;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf nflu_
sf !& nIox?dWo] nIo g+= % n}+lus ;dfgtf;Fu ;DalGwt
/fli6«o k|of;x?
 g]kfndf dlxnf lzIffsf] z'?jftsf] k|]/0ff u+ufafO{ af6 ePsf] . lj=;+=
!($% df aL/zD;]/sf] kfnfdf cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIffsf] z'?jft
 ;g\ !(&( sf] dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} e]befj pGd'ng ug]{ dxf;GwL -
CEDAW_ sf] ;g\ !((! clk|n @@ df g]kfnn] cg'df]bg .
 a]Olhªdf ePsf] ;g\ !((% sf] rf}yf] dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf]
sfo{of]hgfdf g]kfnn] k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] .
 @)%@ df dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf .
 lj=;+= @)%& df dlxnf ljsf; ljefusf ;fy} &% lhNnfdf dlxnf
ljsf; zfvfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] .
 lj=;+= @)%* kmfu'g @# ut] /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] .
5/20/2022
n}l+ us ;dfgtfsf nflu ul/Psf k|of;x?M–
 cGt/f{li6«o gf/L ;Dd]ng
!_ klxnf] ;Dd]ng M ;g\ !(&% df d]lS;sf]
@_ bf];|f] ;Dd]ng M ;g\ !(*) :k]gsf] sf]kgx]ug
#_ t]];|f] ;Dd]ng M ;g\ !(*% s]Gofdf
$_ rf}yf]] ;Dd]ng M ;g\ !((% a]Olhªdf
 ;g\ !(&% b]lv !(*% ;Ddsf] !) jif{sf] cjlwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
gf/L b;ssf ?kdf dgfOof] .
dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} e]befj pGd'ng ug]{ dxf;lGw
 CEDAW(Convention on the Elimination of All
form of Discrimination Against Women_
 kfl/t M ;g\ !(&( df kfl/t
 nfu" M ;g\ !(*! b]lv .
CEDAW n] Focus u/]sf n}+lus d'b\bf Gender Issues
 n}+lus lje]b
 n}+lus d"nk|jfxLs/0f
 n}+lus ;zStLs/0f
 n}+lus ;dfgtf
/fli6«o k|of;x?
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f #* df df}lns xssf] ?kdf
dlxnfsf] xssf] Joj:yf o:t} ;+ljwfgdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL
l;4fGt nufot dlxnf d}qL ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf
 ;/sf/L ;]jfdf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] $%
k|ltzt kb cf/If0f u/L cf/lIft kbsf] ## k|ltzt dlxnfnfO{
5'§ofO{Psf] . -lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ af6_
 ;a}sf nflu lzIff sfo{of]hgf g]kfn ;g\ @))! b]lv @)!% n]
;g\ @))% ;Dd dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIffdf n}+lus lje]bLs/0f
lgd{"n u/L ;g\ @)!% ;Dd lzIffdf n}+lus ;dfgtf sfod ug]{
k|lta4tf ul/Psf] .
10

dlxnf lzIff
 lj=;+= !(*) df sf7df08f}sf] 9f]sf6f]ndf sGof kf7zfnfsf]
:yfkgf ePaf6 cf}krfl/s lx;fjn] dlxnf lzIffsf] ;'?jft
ePsf] kfOG5 .
 lj=;+= !(() ;fnsf] klxnf] P;=Pn=;L=k/LIffdf Pshgf dlxnf
-;ljgfs'df/L b]jL_ n] k/LIff cfj]bg kmf/fd e/]sf]df k/LIffdf
cg'kl:yt /x]sL .
 lq–rGb| sn]hdf klxnf]k6s lj=;+= @))$ df $ hgf 5fqfx?
egf{ ePsf .
 lj=;+= @))$ df kb\dsGof ljBf>dsf] :yfkgf ePsf] .
dlxnf lzIff
 lj=;+= @)@* df dlxnf lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd kf]v/faf6 z'?
ul/Psf] . pQm sfo{qmd lj=;+= @)#) df wgs'6f, @)## df
g]kfnu~h / @)#^ df h'Dnfdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] .
 5}7f} of]hgfb]lv dlxnf ljsf;df hf]8 lbFb} cfPsf] .
dlxnf lzIff
pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)%% n] dlxnf
lzIff;DaGwdf k]; u/]sf ;'emfjx?df M
 k|To]s k"j{ k|fylds, k|fylds / dfWolds ljBfnodf clgjfo{
dlxnf lzIfs /fVg'kb{5 .
 dlxnf 5fqfjf; tyf dlxnf zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
 uflj; / gu/kflnsfdf 5fqf lzIff sf]if v8f ul/g'k5{ .
5/20/2022
dlxnf lzIff
 o'g]:sf] / gf]/f8sf] ;xof]udf lj=;+= @)@% b]lv lzIfs lzIf0f
s]Gb|;Fu cfj4 u/]/ x]6f}8f, ;'v]{t, h'Dnf, 8f]6L, afUn'ª, Onfddf
lkm8/ 5fqfjf; vf]lnPsf .
 z'?df of] sfo{qmd d'Votof b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf e]usf
5fqfx?nfO{ 5fqfjf;sf] ;'ljwf lbO :yfgLo :t/df dlxnf
lzIfssf] ;+Vof a9fpg] p2]Zon] k"j{;]jfsflng tflnd ;d]tsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
 lj=;+= @)@& df o'lg;]kmsf] ;xof]udf ælzIffdf dlxnfx?sf
nflu ;dfg cj;/ sfo{qmdÆ ;'?jft u/]sf] .
dlxnf lzIff
 u|fdL0f ljsf;sf lglDt lzIff kl/of]hgf -;]tL kl/of]hgf_n] dlxnfx?sf
nflu nlIft u/L r]nLa]6L sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] .
k|fylds txdf sDtLdf Ps hgf dlxnf lzIfssf] Joj:yf
 ;j{k|yd l;kmfl/; /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$(
 lzIff lgodfjnLsf] kfFrf} ;+zf]wg @)$( df u/L k|fylds txdf dlxnf
lzIfs /fVg] Joj:yf
 cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf klxnf]n] kl/of]hgf cGtu{t
dlxnf lzIfs b/jGbLsf] Joj:yf .
 lj=;+= @)$( ;fndf lzIff dGqfnodf dlxnf lzIff zfvfsf] :yfkgf
ePsf] .
 lj=;+= @)$( df cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf k|yd
cGt/ut dlxnf lzIff PsfOsf] klg :yfkgf .
dlxnf lzIff
 gjf} of]hgfn] ^% lhNnfdf sf]6fsf cfwf/df / !) lhNnfsf
k|fylds txsf ;a} 5fqfnfO{ 5fqj[lQ
 bzf} of]hgf -@)%(–)^$_ n] n}+lus ;"rsf+s k/LIf0f -Gender
Auditing_ k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ . k|fylds txdf dlxnf lzlIfsf
cg'kft #) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] .
 g]kfndf n}+lus pQ/bfoL ah]6sf] z'?jft cf=j= @)^$÷)^% af6
ul/Psf] .
11
 5/20/2022

dlxnf lzIff
jt{dfgdf ;~rflnt dlxnf lzIff nlIft sfo{qmd
lkm8/ 5fqfjf; M
 @) j6f
 sIff (–!@ df lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfosf 5fqfx¿sf] lzIffdf kx'Fr j[l4 ug[ @=% cgf}krfl/s lzIff
 Onfd, cf]vn9'+uf, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, g'jfsf]6, kfNkf, slknj:t', bfª, jfUn'ª, -;fIf/tf lzIff, l8lh6n ;fIf/tf, j}slNks tyf lg/Gt/
/f]Nkf, 8f]Nkf, s}nfnL, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf, x'Dnf, 8f]6L, a}t8L, bf]nvf, dsjfgk'/ /
/f}tx6 u/L @) cf]6f /x]sf . lzIff_ / v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff
 k|lt 5fqf dfl;s ? $ xhf/sf b/n] !) dlxgfsf nflu jflif{s ? $) xhf/sf b/n]
5fqj[lQ ljBfnonfO{ lbOg] .
5fqj[lQ
 cfwf/e"t tx sIff !–* df cWoog/t ;Dk"0f{ 5fqfx?sf nflu Go"gtd ? $)).–
jflif{s 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf .
 sdnx/Lsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf; / 5fqj[lQ .
 lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb| ;fgf]l7dLdf xfn dlxnf lzIff;DaGwL sfo{ ug{
;dfj]zL lzIff zfvf /x]sf] 5 .

cgf}krfl/s lzIff cgf}krfl/s lzIff

 ljBfno / ljZjljBfno aflx/sf] ;+ul7t z}lIfs lqmofsnfk cgf}krfl/s lzIff xf] .  cgf}krfl/s lZfIffdf k|df0fkqeGbf l;sf?n] k|fKt u/]sf] bIftfnfO{ a9L
 Ps¿k lglZrt geO{ nlrnf], :yfgLo kl/j]zcg's"n / ljljwtfk"0f{ l;sfO k|lqmof dxTj lbOG5 .
Pjd\ ;d;fdlos lzIff .  æk|df0fkq /f]uaf6 d'Qm ;xL lzIff g} cgf}krfl/s jf hLjgko{Gt lzIff xf]
 tfTsflng cfjZostfx¿df hf]8 lbG5 . .Æ— /f]gfN8 8f]/
 cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kl/k"/s, j}slNks, cltl/Qm, ;dsIfL / hLjgko{Gt rln/xg]
 æcf}krfl/s lzIffsf] 7Ls pN6f] cgf}krfl/s lzIff xf] .Æ— Olnr / k|]m/]
lzIff .
 o'g]:sf]sf cg';f/ lzIffsf rf/ vDaf M
Oefg Olnr
-s_ hfGgsf nflu l;sfO,  ;g\ !(&! df Deschooling Society gfds k':ts k|sfzg
-v_ ug{sf nflu l;sfO,  pQm k':tsn] cf}krfl/s lzIff ;dfhsf ;DkGg ju{sf] xftsf] ;fwgdfq
-u_ s]xL x'gsf nflu l;sfO / eof] eGg] wf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf] .
-3_ ;Fu} lhpgsf nflu l;sfOsf lglDt cgf}krfl/s lzIff dxTjk"0f{ x'G5,  lzIff k|0ffnLdf ljBfnosf] cl:tTjnfO{ lgd"{n ub}{ l;ª\uf] ;dfhnfO{ Pp6f
To;df klg Learning to do sf lglDt o;sf] dxTj cem clws dflgG5 . 7"nf] sIffsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L lzIff kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] k|bfg ug'{kb{5
eGg] wf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf .

cgf}krfl/s lzIff cgf}krfl/s lzIff

 s'Da;n] cgf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ æcf}krfl/s lzIffdf k|j]z / k'gM k|j]zsf]
k4ltÆ eg]sf 5g\ .
 s'Da;nfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ ;j{k|yd k|rfl/t ug]{ JolQmsf] ¿kdf
lnOG5 .
 Pe/]6 /]d/ -Everett Reimer_ n] The School is Dead gfds ;g\ !(&! df
k|sfzg u/L cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cfnf]rgf u/] .
kfpnf] k|]m/]
 Pedagogy of the oppressed gfds s[lt ;g\ !(&) df k|sfzg
 af;L k'/f0f 3f]sfpg] k|j[lQ cf}krfl/s lzIff
 l;sf?x¿sf] ;'if'Kt k|ltefsf] sb/ u/L pgLx¿s} OR5f / cfjZostfcg'¿k cfk;df
l;Sg] / l;sfpg] k|lqmof cgf}krfl/s lzIff xf] .
 REFLECT sf k|ltkfbs Regenerating Frererian Literacy Through
Empowering Community Techniques xf] .
 plTkl8tx¿nfO{ lzIff lbg] ljlwsf] af/]df rrf{
 lzIff d'lQmsf nflu x'g'kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff /fvL cf}krfl/s lzIffnfO{ Banking
Approach egL pQm k':tsdf cfnf]rgf u/]sf lyP .
 kfpnf] k|]m/]sf cg';f/ lzIff ;d:ofs]lGb|t, l;sf?sf] hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt, ;r]tLs/0f
pGd'v x'g'kb{5 . pgn] lzIff ;r]tLs/0fsf] ?kdf x'g'kb{5 eg]sf] 5g\ .

12

cgf}krfl/s lzIff
 ;fIf/tfsf] kl/efiff M ;fwf/0f n]vk9 / b}lgs ;fwf/0f x/lx;fa /fVg
;Sg] x'g' xf] .
 ;fIf/tfsf] ablnFbf] kl/efiff M Critically aware, Socially active,
Economically productive and Culturally enrich x'g'
;fIf/tf xf] .
 3Rs= Reading, Writing, Arithmetic पढाइ, लेखाइ र
अंकगणित
 7Rs= Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Rights,
Responsibility, Relationship, Recreation
cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] k[i7el"d
 k|f}9 lzIff -n]Vo ;fIf/tf_sf] cf}krfl/s k|f/De M lj=;+= @))$
b]lv -cfwf/ lzIff s]Gb|_
 of]hgfa4 ?kdf k|f}9 lzIffsf] z'?jft M lj=;+= @)!#
 g]kfndf lzIff @)!! gfds k|ltj]bgn] k|f}9 ;fIf/tf sfo{qmddf
hf]8 lbPsf] . ;a}nfO{ k|f}9 lzIff k|fKo x'g] pNn]v
 ;fIf/tfnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg] k|of; :j¿k @)@@ b]lv
 /f=lz=k=of]= @)@* sf cg';f/ k|f}9 lzIff @ k|sf/sf x'g]5g\ M
s_ ;fIf/tf km}nfpg] / v_ sfo{d"ns k|f}9 lzIff
;fIf/tfsf] k[i7el"d
/fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)$( df cgf}krfl/s lzIff
 ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] ;+rfng
 ;fIf/tfsf ljleGg tx -cfwf/e"t tx, dWod tx /
:jfWoog jf pRr tx_
 cfwf/e"t txnfO{ k|fylds lzIffsf] sIff # ;/x
 lj=;+= @)%& ;Dd lg/If/tfsf] b/nfO{ %) k|ltzt sd
kfg'{ kb{5
 v'nf ljBfno / v'nf ljZjljBfno :yfkgf
5/20/2022
cgf}krfl/s lzIff
 cgf}krfl/slzIfftkm{ k|f}9x¿sf nflu k|f}9 l;sfO
l;4fGtx¿sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbOG5 . k|f}9 lzIf0f
ljlwnfO{ Andragogy elgG5 . Andragogy sf]
;'?jft lzIffzf:qL dfNsd gf]N;n] u/]sf x'g\ .
 cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf lzIfs
;xhstf{ x'g] .
 g]kfndf ;~rflnt ;fIf/tf
sfo{qmd d'Vo zAb k4lt
(Key word approach) df cfwfl/t
;fIf/tfsf] k[i7el"d
 lj=;+= @)#% df /fli6«o ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; ePsf]
 lj=;+= @)#& b]lv lzIff dGqfnodf k|f}9 lzIff zfvf :yfkgf ePsf]
 r]nLa]6L sfo{qmd M u|fdL0f ljsf;sf lglDt lzIff -;]tL_ kl/of]hgf lj=;+=
@)#* df
 ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] z'?jft M lj=;+= @)$% dfu{bz{g kl/of]hgf nfu"
ul/Psf] lhNnf ;'v]{t xf] .
 ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdnfO{ dxTj lbFb} lj=;+= @)$^ df lzIff lbj;sf] gf/f
æ;fIf/ agf}+, ;fIf/tf a9fcf}+Æ eGg] /x]sf] lyof] .
;fIf/tfsf] k[i7el"d
 cf7f+} of]hgfn] !$ nfv lg/If/nfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg] nIo /fv]sf]
 lj=;+=@)%# df /fli6«o cgf}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf ePsf]
 cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd lj=;+= @)%# df :jLs[t ePsf]
 gjf}+} of]hgfn] #@ nfv !^ xhf/ lg/If/nfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg] nIo /fv]sf]
 pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)%% n] cfufdL kfFr jif{leq
&) k|ltzt g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ;fIf/ agfOg'k5{ egL l;kmfl/; u/]sf]
 lj=;+= @)%^ df cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb| :yfkgf ePsf]
13
 5/20/2022

;fIf/tfsf] k[i7el"d /fli6«o ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] k[i7e"ld

 cf=j=)%^÷%& b]lv k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf ;~rflnt cfod"ns sfo{qmd  ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] k|f/De ;g\ !(** -lj=;+= @)$%_ df
)^!÷^@ b]lv &% lhNnfdf ;~rfng ;'v]{taf6 z'? ePsf]
 b;f}+ of]hgfn] @)% cf]6f ;fd'bflos cWoog -l;sfO_ s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{  lj=;+= @)$& -;g\ !(()_ df ndh'ª / slknj:t'df ;~rfng
nIo .
 ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] 8sf/ 3f]if0ffkq -;g\ @)))_ Pj+ /fli6«o
 cf=j=@)%^÷)%& df ;fIf/tf cleofg @) lhNnfdf ;~rfng,
sfo{of]hgfdf ;d]t rf}yf] nIo k|f}9 ;fIf/tf;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] . ;g\ /fli6«o ;fIf/tf cleofg
@)!% ;Dd lg/If/tfdf %)Ü n] sd ug]{ nIo lnPsf] .  z'?jft M cf=j= @)^%÷)^^ b]lv cleofgsf ?kdf b]zJofkL
cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt  d"n gf/f M ;fIf/ agf}+, Ifdtf a9fcf}+
 hf/L M @)^#÷!)÷@% hf/L,
 cf=j=)^%÷)^^ df @ k6s÷r/0fdf ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng, -
 ;fd'bflos l;sfO -cWoog_s]Gb| M cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] df3 ! / kmfu'g ! b]lv_
cfwf/ agfpg] / ;+of]hgsf] sfd ug]{
 cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf kl/rfnssf] e"ldsfM :yfgLo
lgsfon]
 cgf}krfl/s tkm{ xfn v'nf lgDgdfWolds #&, v'nf dfWolds ljBfno *$
j6f / @!%! cf]6f ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| ;~rflnt 5g\ .

/fli6«o ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] k[i7e"ld /fli6«o ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] k[i7e"ld

 ;fIf/ g]kfn cleofgnfO{ c+u|]hLdf Literate Nepal Mission /
5f]6s/Ldf LINEM elgg]
 k|f/Dedf g]kfnsf ;a} lg/If/ &* nfvnfO{ @ jif{leq ;fIf/ agfpg] nIo
lnOPsf]
 cf=j=)^&÷)^* df ul/Psf] 3/w'/L ;j]{If0fn] !% jif{dflysf] lg/If/ ;+Vof
%!,&#,(&( b]vfPsf] .
;fIf/tf cleofgsf] nlIft ;d"x
 cf=j= )^$÷)^% ;Dd !% b]lv $% jif{
 ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] z'?jft )^%÷)^^ af6 !%–^) jif{
 lj=;+= @)&% b]lv xfn !% b]lv dflysf lg/If/
 lzIff lgodfjnL @)%( cg';f/ cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tfsf] nlIft ;d"x M !%
b]lv $% jif{
 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g\ @))@–@)!@ nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;fIf/tf bzs
3f]if0ff
 ljleGg !% efiffdf ;fIf/tfsf kf7\ok':ts 5flkPsf
 cf=j= @)&!÷)&@ nfO{ lg/If/tf pGd"ng jif{sf ¿kdf dgfOg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf]
 !% b]lv ^) jif{;Ddsf (%Ü eGbf a9L ;fIf/ ePdf ;fIf/ ufpF÷gu/
kflnsf÷lhNnf 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsg] gLltut Joj:yf
 l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfnfO{ lj=;+= @)&!.#.@ df ;fIf/ lhNnf 3f]if0ff
ul/Psf] .
 klxnf] ;fIf/ lhNnf l;Gw'kfNrf]s -c;f/ @ ut]_, klxnf] k"0f{ ;fIf/ lhNnf
nlntk'/ -c;f/ ( ut]_

;fIf/tfsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld

/fli6«o ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] k[i7e"ld
;fn ;fIf/tf k|ltzt
 dlGqkl/ifbaf6 @)&% k'; !^ ut] æ;fIf/ g]kfn jif{ @)&^ sf] cjwf/0ff dlxnf k'?if hDdf
kqÆ :jLs[t
@))& 2.0
 @)&* cflZjg $ ut] sf7df08f}nfO{ ;fIf/ lhNnf 3f]if0ff -%% cf}+ ;fIf/
lhNnf_ @))* 0.7 9.5 5.3
 klxnf] ;fIf/ 3f]if0ff ePsf] c~rn M /fKtL @)!* 1.8 16.3 8.9
 @)&* cflZjg !! ut] afudtL k|b]znfO{ ;fIf/ k|b]z 3f]if0ff -klxnf] ;fIf/
k|b]z, ;fIf/tf (&=@ k|ltzt_ @)@* 3.9 23.6 14.0
 @)&* cflZjg @$ ut] u08sLnfO{ ;fIf/ k|b]z 3f]if0ff -bf];|f] ;fIf/ k|b]z, @)#* 12.0 34.4 23.3
;fIf/tf (^=%& k|ltzt_ 25.0 54.5 39.6
@)$*
 @)&* r}q @# ut] tfKn]h'ª lhNnfnfO{ ;fIf/ lhNnf 3f]if0ff -%^ cf}+ ;fIf/
lhNnf_ @)%* 42.5 65.1 53.7
@)^* 57.4 75.1 65.9

14

hgu0fgf @)^* df ;fIf/tf / z}lIfs k|flKt
 @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ % jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/sf ^%=(
k|ltzt JolStx¿ ;fIf/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . k'¿ifsf] ;fIf/tf b/ &%=!
k|ltzt 5 eg] dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ %&=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] .
 !% jif{dflysf] ;fIf/tf %(=%&Ü / !%–@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tf
k|ltzt *$=&@Ü /x]sf] .
;fIf/ dWo]
 k|fylds tx -sIff ! b]lv % ;Dd_ pTtL0f{ ug]{ M #(=) k|ltzt -klxnf]_
 lgDg dfWolds tx -sIff ^ b]lv * ;Dd_ pTtL0f{ u/]sf M @)=# k|ltzt
 P;Pn;L jf ;f] ;/x pTtL0f{ ug]{ M !)=@ k|ltzt
 P;Pn;L eGbf dflyNnf] tx pTtL0f{ ug]{x¿ M !)=@ k|ltzt
 cgf}krfl/s lzIfftkm{af6 ;fIf/ x'g]x?sf] k|ltzt M $=@Ü /x]sf] .
lzIff lgodfjnLdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff
kl/R5]b (, lgod $* b]lv %% ;Dd
 lgod $*=cgf}krfl/s lzIff lbg ;lsg] M ljBfnodf egf{ eO{ lzIff
xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] JolQmnfO{
-s_ cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tf lzIff,
-v_ ;fIf/f]Q/ lzIff,
-u_lg/Gt/ lzIff
-3_ j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd -$ k|sf/sf_ lbg ;lsg]5 .
 cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7oqmd tyf kf7ok':ts, /fli6«o kf7oqmd
ljsf; tyf d"Nof+sg kl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t ePadf]lhd x'g] .
 cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tf lzIff M ;fwf/0ftof kGw| jif{b]lv k}tfnL;
jif{;Ddsf lg/If/ JolQmx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tf lzIff lbOg]5 /
o; lzIffsf] ;~rfng cjlw ;fwf/0ftof 5 dlxgfsf] x'g]5 .
cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf ;fIf/tf sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog
;xhLs/0f k'l:tsf, @)&%
5/20/2022
hgu0fgf @)^* df ;fIf/tf / z}lIfs k|flKt
 ;a}eGbf a9L ;fIf/tf k|ltzt ePsf] lhNnf sf7df08f} -
*^=#Ü_ / sd /f}tx6 -$!=&Ü_ /x]sf .
 hfltut cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L ;fIf/tf ePsf] hflt
kxf8L -afx'g, If]qL, ;Gof;L, bzgfdL_ &^Ü / ;a}eGbf
sd ;fIf/tf ePsf] hflt blnt -dw];L_ #$=^Ü /x]sf .
d';ndfg $#=^Ü /x]sf] .
lzIff lgodfjnLdf cgf}krfl/s lzIff
kl/R5]b (, lgod $* b]lv %% ;Dd
 lgod %)=;fIf/f]Q/ lzIff M cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tf lzIff k"/f
ul/;s]sf JolQmnfO{ ;fwf/0ftof # dlxgfb]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd
;fIf/f]Q/ lzIff lbOg]5 .
 lgod %!=lg/Gt/ lzIff M ;fIf/f]Q/ lzIff k"/f ul/;s]sf
JolQmnfO{ dGqfnon] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] cjlwsf] lg/Gt/ lzIff
lbOg]5 .
 lgod %@= j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd M ljBfnodf cWoog
gu/]sf jf cWoog u/L aLr}df 5f]8]sf afnaflnsfsf nflu
ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmdsf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] kf7\o;fdu|L
k|of]u u/L j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 .
 j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ rfxg] ljBfnon] lzIff
ljsf; tyf ;dGjo OsfOaf6 cg'dlt lng'kg]{5
nlIft ;d"x
cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf ;fIf/tf sfo{j|mdsf nlIft ;d"xx¿ lgDgfg';f/
x'g]5g\M
 !% jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/ ;d"xsf lg/If/x¿ / gj;fIf/x¿
 ljBfno egf{ g} gePsf tyf ljBfno 5f8]sf ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf
ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf lszf]/ lszf]/L, o'jf tyf k|f}9x¿
 hLjg ko{Gt l;sfOsf nflu ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf JolStx¿
15
 5/20/2022

sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog 9fFrf sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog 9fFrf

-cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf, v'nf / j}slNks z}lIfs sfo{qmd, lg/Gt/ lzIff u/L # -#_ ;fIf/tf tyf lg/Gt/ lzIff sfo{j|mdsf] sIff Joj:yfkg /
k|sf/_ ;+of]hg
-!_ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf sfo{j|md
 ;fd'bflos l;sfO s]Gb| dfkm{t
$ lsl;daf6 lbg ;lsg]
 ljBfnodfkm{t sIff ;~rfng
s_ Ps JolSt Ps ;fIf/
 ljBfnosf ljBfyL{ kl/rfng M dfWolds txsf
-v_ ;d"x k|0ffnL
-u_ kl/jf/ ;fIf/tf  :yfgLo ;d'bfodf u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t Snj,
-3_ sIffut k|0ffnL M lxdfnL lhNnfdf k|lt sIff !% hgf, t/fO{, kxf8 / ;+:yf, ;d"x, tyf JolStx¿dfkm{t ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng
pkTosfdf @) hgf ;xefuL /xg ;Sg]5g\ .
-@_ l;sfO ;dofjlw !%) b]lv @)) 306f;DDf /xg] 5 . of] ;do a9Ldf $
dlxgfleq

@ v'nf tyf a}slNks lzIff sfo{j|md @ v'nf tyf a}slNks lzIff sfo{j|md
-s_ cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljBfno -u_ a}slNks cfwf/e"t lzIff-sIff !–% ;/x_ sfo{j|md ;~rfng
 nlIft ;d"xM !% jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/ ;d"xsf ljBfnodf cWoog  nlIft ;d"xM *–!$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf ljBfno aflx/sf afnaflnsfx¿,
ug{ g;Sg]  # jif]{ -tx !,@ / #_
 #, @ / ! jif]{ sfo{qmd -cfwf/e"t ! b]lv % sIff # jif{df, ^ b]lv * sIffsf] -3_ k/Dk/fut wfld{s ljBfnoM
@ jif{df / dfWolds ( b]lv !) sf] ! jif{ u/L ^ jif{df P;OO lbg ;lsg]_
-v_ ljBfnodf cfwfl/t v'nf lzIff sfo{j|md -# _lg/Gt/ lzIff tyf hLjg ko{Gt l;sfO
nlIft ;d"xM *–!$ pd]/ ;d"x jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] pd]/ ;d"xsf lszf]/ nlIft ;d"xM ;d'bfosf ;a} gful/sx¿
lszf]/L, o'jf tyf k|f}9 JolStx¿ -cfwf/e"t @ jif]{ -sIff ^ b]lv *_ /
dfWolds ! jif]{_

b"/ l;sfO
cjwf/0ff
 lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu lglZrt dfWodaf6 lglZrt ;dodf
lzIff xfl;n ug]{ k|lqmof b"/ lzIff xf] .
खल
ु ा तथा दरू शिक्षा  lzIff lgodfjnLsf cg';f/ >Jo, b[Zo, >Jo–b[Zo jf cGo
dfWodaf6 lbOg] lzIff

16
 5/20/2022

v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff

 v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff v'nf / b"/ b'j} k4ltsf] ldl>t :j¿k xf] .
 o; sfo{qmddf efu lng ljBfyL{x¿ ;j{k|yd lglZrt sf];d { f egf{ x'g'
kb{5 .
 o:tf] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;+:yfn] cWoogsf] nflu Ps lglZrt sfo{tflnsf /
:jfWoog ;fdu|L k|bfg ub{5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] :jfWoog ;fdu|L cWoog
ub{5g\ .
 pgLx¿ sfo{tflnsfcg';f/ tf]lsPsf] ;Dks{ sIff jf cWoog s]Gb|df
cfpg'kb{5 . o; ;dodf pgLx¿ ;DalGwt ljifosf ;|f]t JolQmx¿;Fu
cGt/lqmof u/]/ cfkm"n] ga'em]sf s'/f :ki6 x'g ;Sb5g\ .
 pgLx¿nfO{ cGo ;xof]uL k|0ffnLx¿åf/f ;d]t ;xof]u k|bfg ul/G5 .
b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfOsf k':tf
टायलरका अनुसार
 Ist Generation: The correspondence Model -d'lb|t ;fdu|Ldf
cfwfl/t_
 2nd Generation: The Multimedia Model (ax';fwgdf cfwfl/t_
-d'lb|t, >Jo, >Job[io / sDKo"6/df cfwfl/t l;sfO / cGt/lj|mofTdsVedio.
 3rd Generation: The Tele-learning Model (6]nL l;sfO_–
Audio Video conference / >Jo tyf >Job[io k|;f/0f .
 4th Generation: The Flexible Learning Model (nlrnf]
l;sfO gd"gf_ cGt/lqmofTds dlN6ldl8of, cgnfOg, j]e;fO6 cfwfl/t l;sfO
.
 5th Generation: The Intelligent Flexible Learning Model
(af}l4s nlrnf] l;sfO gd"gf_ cGt/lqmofTds dlN6ldl8of, cgnfOgdf j]e;fO6
cfwfl/t l;sfO, sDKo'6/sf dfWodaf6 l;sfO .

v'nf tyf b"/ l;sfOsf dfWod g]kfndf b"/ tyf v'nf lzIffsf nflu ckgfOPsf lzIf0f kb\wlt
 ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;fdu|L – OG6/g]6, dlN6ldl8of, cgnfOg,  5kfO ;fdu|L (स्वाध्ययन सामग्री) ljt/0f
j]j;fO6, kmf]g cflb .  /]l8of] kf7 k|;f/0f
 d'lb|t ;fdu|L – k':ts, kqklqsf, cg';Gwfg ;fdu|L cflb  ;Dks{ sIff ;~rfng
 >Jo Pjd\ >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|L – 6]lnlehg, kmf]g, /]l8of] cflb .  >Jo–b[io kf7 k|;f/0f
 hg;Dks{ – ;|ft ] sIff, uf]i7L, sfo{zfnf, cGt/lqmof, 5nkmn,  dlN6ldl8of–j]edf cfwfl/t ;fdu|L
;Dd]ng cflb  kmf]gnfOg ;~rfng
 kqfrf/ – l;wf kqfrf/, kqklqsf, ;"rgf cflb .  kl/of]hgf sfo{

b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfOsf nlIft ju{ b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfOsf ljz]iftf
 lk5l8Psf] ju{sf nflu  l;sf? / lzIfs ef}lts ?kdf 6f9f x'g]

 b'u{d 7fpFdf a;f]af; ug]{x?sf nflu  ljleGg ldl8of tyf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
 ;+:yfut k|dfl0fs/0f
 3/ 5f8\g g;Sg]x?sf nflu
 bf]xf]/f] ;+rf/ ;+jfb x'g]
 ljBfno jf sn]hdf lgoldt pkl:yt x'g g;Sg]x?sf nflu
 cfdg] ;fdg] (F2 F) ;d]t ;~rfng x'g]
 cWoog cg';Gwfgstf{sf] nflu  ljifd kl/l:yltdf klg lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]
 k];fut ljsf; ug{ rfxg]x?sf nflu  l;sfOdf pd]/sf] xb gx'g]
 k]zfdf Jo:t x'g] t/ pRr cWoog ug]{ OR5f ePsf ;d'x .  k];fut ljsf;sf] clea[l4 ug]{ .

17

b"/ tyf v'nf lzIff;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ 36gfx?
 ;g\ !*$) df a]nfotdf kqfrf/ lzIffsf] ;'?jft
 ;g\ !(^( df a]nfotdf v'nf ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf
 ;g\ !(&$ df kfls:tfgdf cndf OSjfn v'nf ljZjljBfnosf]
:yfkgf -;fs{ If]qsf] klxnf] v'nf ljZjljBfno_
g]kfndf b"/ tyf v'nf lzIffsf] ljsf;qmd
 lj=;+= @)!$ ;fndf sn]h ckm Ph's]zgn] /]l8of]af6 o'jfx¿sf -
k|f}9 lzIff_ sf nflu k|;f/0f ul/Psf] sfo{j|md g} b"/ lzIffsf]
;'?jft
 lj=;+= @)#) -;g\ !(&#_ j}zfv !) b]lv kf7\oj|md /
kf7\o;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t /]l8of] sfo{j|mdsf] ljsf; u/L k|;f/0f
 lj=;+= @)#% ;fndf /]l8of] lzIff lzIfs tflnd cfof]hgfsf]
:yfkgf
 lj=;+= @)#& ;fn ebf} $ ut] b]lv /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 /]l8of] lzIff
lzIfs tflnd sfo{j|md k|;f/0f -!%) 306] / !) dlxg] tflnd
/]l8of]af6_
g]kfndf b"/ tyf v'nf lzIffsf] ljsf;qmd
 cf=j=@)^@.)^# af6 /]l8of] k|;f/0f tyf d'lb|t ;fdu|L dfkm{t P;=Pn=;L=
;xof]u sfo{j|md ;~rfng -z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|n]_
 lj=;+= @)^#.(.@) df v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff gLlt :jLs[t
 lq=lj= / k"jf{~rn ljZj ljBfnoaf6 Ps jif]{ lj=P8\= sfo{j|md ;~rfng
 lj=;+= @)^$ af6 cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|dfkm{t ( cf]6f ljBfnodf
lgDgdfWolds tx -sIff ^–*_ sf] v'nf lzIff sfo{qmd z'? ul/Psf]df xfn
#& cf]6f pSt sfo{qmd @% lhNnfsf #& ljBfnodf nfu" 5 .
 dfWolds txsf] v'nf sfo{qmd lj=;+= @)^$ af6 z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf;
s]Gb|dfkm{t % ljBfnodf z'? ul/Psf]dfxfn &% lhNnfsf *$ ljBfno
dfkm{t ;~rflnt 5 .
5/20/2022
g]kfndf b"/ tyf v'nf l;sfOdfkm{t ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?
 lzIffdf kx'Fr clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd M v'nf cfwf/e"t, v'nf df=lj=,
v'nf pRr lzIff
 z}lIfs u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd M er'{cn lzIff, P;OO
;xof]u sfo{qmd cflb .
 lzIfsx?sf nflu tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmd M !) dlxgfsf]
lzIfs tflnddWo] ^^) 306f jf % dlxg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng,
 ;Gb]zd"ns / r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd
g]kfndf b"/ tyf v'nf lzIffsf] ljsf;qmd
 lj=;+= @)#( ;fndf /0flw/ ;'Aafsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t zfxL pRr lzIff
cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfndf :jfWofogd"ns v'nf pRr lzIffsf] cfjZos
k|jQ{g / pko'Qm k|of]ux? ug]{ ;+:yfut Joj:yf a;fNg] s'/f l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] .
 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$( n] ;j{k|yd v'nf ljBfno / v'nf
ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ug{ l;kmfl/;
 g]kfndf b"/ lzIff s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)%) ;fn >fj0f ! ut] ePsf] .
 @)%) ;fndf b"/ lzIff s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf u/L !) dlxgf -!#@) 306f_ sf]
lzIfs tflnddWo] % dlxgf -^^) 306f_ b"/ lzIff k4ltaf6 ePsf] .
 g]kfn 6]lnlehgaf6 b"/ lzIff sfo{qmdsf] k|zf/0f– lj=;+= @)%@ kmfNu'g & .
g]kfndf b"/ tyf v'nf lzIffsf] ljsf;qmd
 v'nf ljZjljBfno P]g @)&# c;f/ #) df k|df0fLs/0f -k|df0fLs/0f ePsf]
ldltn] (! cf} lbgb]lv nfu' x'g]_
b"/ lzIff ;ldlt
 ( hgf ;b:o
 lzIff ;lrj cWoIf
 b"/ lzIff ;~rfngsf] cg'dlt lbg] sfd
18

g]kfndf ;~rflnt v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?
s_ v'nf ljBfno -lgDgdfWolds tx M tx ! / @_
cfwf/e"t -^–*_
 lj=;+= @)^$ b]lv ;fljs cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|af6 :jLs[lt lbO{
;~rfng ug{ z'?
 sfo{qmd ;~rfng cjlw @ jif{
 nlIft ;d"x M sIff % pQL0f{, * b]lv !$ jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf
 sIff ;~rfng cjlw M b}lgs @ 306fsf b/n] xKtfdf !@ 306f .
 ;+Vof M @% lhNnfdf #& cf]6f v'nf cfwf/e"t ljBfno
g]kfndf ;~rflnt v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?
v_ v'nf ljBfno -dfWolds tx _
 sIff ;~rfng cjlw M 8]9 dlxgfsf] cGt/fndf % lbgsf b/n] & k6s u/L
#% lbg -!&% 306f_ . b}lgs $ ;qsf b/n] s"n !$) ;q
 lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof M #% lbg ;Dks{ sIff, ;xhstf{;Fu ;Dks{, kmf]g
;Dks{, /]l8of] kf7 .
 *$ cf]6f -s"n *% cf]6f v'nf dfWolds ljBfno ;~rfng ePtfklg lrtjg
zlQmvf]/sf] aGb ePsfn] xfn *$ cf]6f_
;Dks{ sIff M
 & k6s -8]9 dlxgfsf] cGt/df_
 k|lt k6s % lbg
 k|lt lbg % 306f jf $ ;q
 jflif{s #% lbg jf !&% 306f jf !$) ;q
g]kfndf ;~rflnt v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?
\-u_ pRr lzIff
 sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnon] :gftsf]Q/ txdf b"/ l;sfO k4ltsf] Ps / b'O{
jif]{ cjlwsf] z}lIfs Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .
 g]kfn v'nf ljZjljBfno P]g @)&#÷#÷#) :jLs[t dfgljsL tyf lzIff,
Joj:yfkg tyf sfg'g / lj1fg, :jf:Yo tyf k|ljlw ;+sfocGtu{t
:gftsf]Q/ tyf Pdlkmn txsf ljleGg z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ b"/ lzIff tyf
v'nf l;sfO k4ltdfkm{t ;~rfng u/]sf] .
5/20/2022
g]kfndf ;~rflnt v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?
v_ v'nf ljBfno -dfWolds tx _
 ;~rfng / :jLs[lt M lj=;+= @)^$ df z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf;
s]Gb|af6 :jLs[lt k|bfg u/L z'? ul/Psf]
 sfo{qmd ;~rfng cjlw ! jif{
 nlIft ;d"x M sIff * pQL0f{ eO{ @ jif{ k'u]sf / egf{ ePsf] jif{sf]
r}q d;fGtleq !^ jif{ pd]/ k'Ug] JolQm . t/ cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf]
v'nf k4ltaf6 sIff * pQL0f{ u/]sfx?sf nflu b'O{ jif{ cjlw / !^
jif{ pd]/sf] aGb]h nfu" gx'g] .
g]kfndf ;~rflnt v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?
-u_ pRr lzIff
 b"/ lzIff k4ltdfkm{t lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] @)%* b]lv k|f/lDes
afnljsf;df / @)%( b]lv z}lIfs of]hgf tyf Joj:yfkg df Ps jif]{
aLP8 sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf]df @)^! b]lv b'j} sfo{qmd :ylut eP .
 lj=;+= @)&@ df lqe'jg ljZjljBfno sLlt{k'/df v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff
s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf u/L ul0ft / c+u|]hL ljifodf Pd=P8=sfo{qmd ;~rfng
eO/x]sf] .
 k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnon] @)%* b]lv OlG:6Ro'6 ckm cf]kg nlg{ªnufotsf
SofDk;dfkm{t Ps jif]{ aLP8 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] .
g]kfndf ;~rflnt v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?
-3_ g]kfn v'nf ljZjljBfno
 g]kfn v'nf ljZjljBfno P]g, @)&#.#.#) df k|dfl0fs/0f -(! cf} lbg nfu" x'g]_
 v'nf ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj eg] /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$( n]
lbPsf] xf] .
 lj ;+ @)&$ h]i7 #) ut] b]lv g]kfndf v'nf ljZjljBfno ;+rfngdf 5 .
 lzIffdGqL s'nklt x'g], klxnf] pks'nklt k|fWofks 8f=n]vgfy zdf{
 s]Gb|Lo sfof{no M dfgejg, nlntk'/df /x]sf] .
 v'nf ljZjljBfno ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s @)&$÷!)÷@$ n] ljleGg ;+sfosf ^* sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{ :jLs[lt u/]kl5 sIff ;~rfng ug]{ af6f] v'n]sf] .
 ;+sfo # j6f M -!_ Joj:yfkg / sfg'g, -@_ ;fdflhszf:q / lzIff ;+sfo / -#_
lj1fg, :jf:Yo tyf k|ljlw /x]sf .
 sfo{qmd÷tx M l8Knf]df, kf]:6 u|fh'o6 l8Knf]df, df:6;{, Pdlkmn / lkPr8L ;~rfng
ul/g]
19
 5/20/2022

g]kfndf ;~rflnt v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?
-ª_ er'{cn sIff
 cf=j=)&@÷)&# sf] ah]6af6 e"sDkaf6 k|efljt !! lhNnfsf !)) dfWolds
ljBfnodf Virtual Classroom ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{qmd /flvP
cg';f/ tTsfnLg z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|af6 ldlt @)&#÷(÷@$
af6 er'{cn sIffsf] ljlwjt z'ef/De ul/Psf] .
 er'{cn sIff cf=j=)&$÷)&% ;Dddf !^% ljBfnodf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
g]kfndf ;~rflnt v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffsf sfo{qmdx?
cGo k|of;x?
 P; Pn ;L k/LIffsf nflu c+u|]hL, ul0ft / lj1fg ljifosf :jfWoog
;fdu|L, klqsf, >[+vnf, >Jo tyf >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|L dfkm{t ;xof]u
sfo{qmd cf=j= @)^@/)^# af6 ;~rfng ePsf] -z}hljs]af6_

cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx? cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?

!= cgf}krfl/s k|fylds lzIff sfo{qmd -a}slNks cfwf/e"t ljBfno_ sf] nlIft %= cgf}krfl/s lzIff s:tf] sfo{qmd xf] <
pd]/ s'g xf] <
s_ cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ljsNk v_ cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kl/k"/s
-s_ *–!$ jif{ -v_ ^–* jif{ -u_ %–( jif{ -3_ *–!@ jif{
@= hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ cgf}krfl/s lzIffdfkm{t ;fIf/ x'g]sf] ;+Vof slt u_ k"0f{ ?kdf ;+/lrt lzIff 3_ dflysf ;a}
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 < ^= lj=;+= @))& ;fndf g]kfnsf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt slt lyof] <
s_ $=@%Ü v_ $=@Ü u_ %=@Ü 3_ &Ü s_ !Ü v_ @Ü u_ &Ü 3_ (Ü
#= /fli6«o ;fIf/tf cleofg k|f/De k"j{ cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tf slt cjlwsf] &= /fli6«o ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] nlIft ;d"x s'g lyof] <
;~rfng ul/GYof] <
-s_ # dlxgf -v_ $ dlxgf -u_ ^ dlxgf -3_ ( dlxgf s_ !% jif{dfly v_ !%–$% jif{
$= lzIff lgodfjnL cg';f/ cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;fIf/tfsf] nlIft ;d"x s'g xf] < u_ !%–%) jif{ 3_ !%–^) jif{
s_ !% jif{dfly v_ !%–^) jif{ u_ !%–%) jif{ 3_ !%–$% jif{

cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx? pQ/s'l~hsf

*= ;a}sf nflu lzIff ;DaGwL 8sf/ ;Dd]ngn] ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf k|f}9 != s
;fIf/tfdf slt k|ltztn] ;'wf/ ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] lyof] <
-s_ $)Ü -v_ $%Ü -u_ %)Ü -3_ ztk|ltzt
@= v
(= /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 lzIfs tflnd sfo{qmd slxn]b]lv k|;f/0f ePsf] xf] < #= u
s_lj=;+= @)@* v_ lj=;+= @)#% $= 3
u_ lj=;+= @)%) 3_ lj=;+= @)#& %= v
!)= cfocfh{g sfo{qmdsf nlIft ;d"x s'g x'g\ < ^= v
s_ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf k"/f u/L ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffdf ;xefuL ePsf k|f}9 dlxnf
v_ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tfdf ;xefuL k|f}9 dlxnf
&= 3
u_ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf k"/f u/L ;fIf/f]Q/ sIffdf ;xefuL k|f}9 dlxnf k'?if b'j} *= u
3_ lg/If/ ljkGg ;d'bfosf dlxnf (= v
!)=s

20
 5/20/2022

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd

@=^ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff
/ /f]huf/d"ns lzIff
k|fljlws lzIff
Jofj;flos lzIff
Jofj;flos -/f]huf/d"ns_ tflnd
cjwf/0ff
 ælzIff ljsf;sf] 9f]sf xf] eg] k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff /
tflnd ljsf;sf] d"n 9f]sf xf]Æ –o'g]:sf]
 k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt Jojxfl/s 1fg k|bfg ug]{ lzIff k|fljlws lzIff .
 s'g} txsf] kf7\oqmddf Joj;flos ljifo ;dflxt u/L s'g} lglZrt
k];f jf Joj;fosf] 1fg, l;k tyf k|j[lQ k|bfg ul/g] lzIffnfO{
Joj;flos lzIff .
 s'g} k];fut tyf Joj;fosf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ 1fg, l;k / k|j[lQ
ljsf; ug{ lbOg] 5f]6f] ;dosf] tflndnfO{ Jofj;flos tflnd
elgG5 .
 sfdsf] ;+;f/df lqmofzLn Pjd\ pTkfbgzLn ;xeflutfsf nflu o'jf
tyf jo:snfO{ tof/ kfl/g] pkfo
 Learning to do

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff lsg < P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd
 g]kfndf k|fljlws lzIffsf] vfFrf] 5 egL k|fljlws lzIffdf hf]8 lbg]
 ul/vfg] agfpg k|wfgdGqL aL/zD;]/ /f0ff x'g\ .
 bIftf ljsf; ug{  lj=;++= !(*& kmfu'g !( ut] eLdzdz]/sf] kfnfdf j;Gtk'/df
 lbuf] ljsf; ug{ 6]lSgsn -OlGhlgol/ª_ :s'nsf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .
 /f]huf/L a9fpg  lj=;+= !(*( df3df 6]lSgsn :s'ndf OlGhlgol/ª zfvf v'n]sf] .
 lj=;+= !(*( df h'4zd;]/n] s[lif kl/ifb\sf] u7g tyf s[lif :s"nsf]
 :jMcfh{g u/fpg
:yfkgf u/]sf lyP .
 ;d[l4df 6]jf  cf}krfl/s ¿kdf g]kfndf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffsf] ;'?jft
 >dk|lt ;sf/fTds efjgf ljsf; lj=;+= !((( ;fndf :yflkt k|fljlws tflnd lzIffno -xfnsf]
k'Nrf]s OlGhlgol/ª sn]h_ af6 ePsf] xf] . lj=;+= !((( df o;n]
cf]e/l;o/ tflnd z'? u/]sf] lyof] . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf]
OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ;+:yfg o;}sf] ljsf; qmddf ePsf] xf] .

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd
 cfwf/ lzIff M lj=;+= @))$ b]lv @)!$
 ax'p2]ZoLo ljBfno M lj=;+= @)!% b]lv @)@%
;Dd
 clgjfo{ Jofj;flos dfWolds lzIff M lj=;+=
@)@* b]lv @)#& ;Dd
 cfw'lgs k|fljlws lzIffno M lj=;+= @)#& b]lv
xfn;Dd
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
cfwf/ lzIff M
 cjlw M lj=;+= @))$ b]lv @)!$
 ufGwLjfbL lzIff klg elgg]
 kb\dzd;]/sf] kfnfdf
 l;nfO, a'gfO, stfO;Fu ;DalGwt
 pb\3f6g M @))$ sflt{s & ut] b/af/ :s'nsf] k|fª\u0fdf
 cfwf/ :s"n :jLs[t M @))$ c;f]h !^ b]zsf !$ 7fpFdf !$
cfwf/ :s'n :jLs[t ePsf .
 cfwf/ :s'n tLg txsf M k|fylds sIff !–#, dfWolds sIff $–%
/ pRr cfwf/ lzIff sIff ^–*_
 cfwf/ lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| M @))$ h]7 !) -cfwf/ :s"ndf k9fpg]
lzIfs pTkfbg ug{ :yflkt tflnd s]Gb|_

21

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd
ax'p2]ZoLo ljBfno
 cjlw M lj=;+= @)!%–@)@%
 g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)!! sf]
l;kmfl/;
 k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfaf6 ax'p2]ZoLo Jofj;flos
ljBfnox? :yfkgf ug]{ qmd k|f/De
 ;j{k|yd lj=;+= @)!% kf}ifdf kf]v/fsf] g]zgn xfO{:s"nnfO{
ax'p2]ZoLo xfO{:s"ndf kl/0ft eof] .
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
clgjfo{ Jofj;flos dfWolds lzIff
 cjlw M lj=;+= @)@* b]lv @)#& ;Dd
 gofF lzIff of]hgf jf /f=lz=k=of] @)@*
 tLg lsl;dsf dfWolds ljBfnoM ;fwf/0f, ;+:s[t /
Jofj;flos
 ;fwf/0f df=lj= df M sDtLdf Ps ljifo clgjfo{
ljifosf] ?kdf @)Ü ;doef/ / @)) k"0ff{Í sf]
Jofj;flos lzIff k9fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf
 Jofj;flos df=lj=df M #)Ü b]lv $)Ü Jofj;flos
ljifo -#)) b]lv $)) k"0ff{+s_ sf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yf
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k|fljlws lzIff sfo{qmd
✓b;f} k~rjifL{o of]hgfn] u/]sf] Joj:yf
✓cf=j= @)%(÷)^) b]lv !% j6f
✓k|f/Dedf Pg]S; sfo{qmd eGg] ul/GYof] .
✓l6 P; Pn ;L / k|fljlws l8Knf]df k7gkf7g
x'g]
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd ;Lk
ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt, @)^$
 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pjd\ tflnd
gLlt, @)^( hf/L .
5/20/2022
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd
 lj=;+=@)!( df a'6jn k|fljlws OlG:6Ro'6af6 -;g\
!(^@_ / ;g\ !(^# df afnfh' k|fljlws tflnd s]Gb|
-tTsfnLg d]sflgsn k|lzIf0f s]Gb|_ sf] :yfkgf u/L
Jofj;flos tflnd Jojl:yt ¿kdf lbg ;'?
ul/Psf] .
 lj=;+= @)@$ h]7 @( -!@ h'g !(^&_ df ;fgf]l7dLdf
/fli6«o Jofj;flos k|lzIf0f s]Gb| :yfkgf .
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd
 k|fljlws lzIffno -lj=;+= @)#& jf ;g\ !(*) b]lv
xfn;Dd_ M cfw'lgs k|fljlws lzIffnosf] ;'?jft
 klxnf] cfw'lgs k|fljlws lzIffnosf] ¿kdf s0ff{nL
k|fljlws lzIffno h'Dnf ;g\ !(*) -lj=;+=@)#&_ df
:yfkgf,
 lj=;+= @)$%÷!!÷!@ df k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos
tflnd kl/ifb\sf] u7g
 lj=;+= @)%) b]lv lghL:t/df klg k|fljlws lzIffno
;~rfng :jLs[lt lbg] sfo{sf] yfngL eof]
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd
dfWolds ljBfnodf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff
 sIff ( b]lv !@
 ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf @)^^–)&@ n] gLltut Joj:yf u/]/
z'?jft
 of]hgf cjlwdf !)) j6f dfWolds ljBfnodf k|fljlws
Jofj;flos wf/sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{qmd /fv]sf]
 z}=;= @)&) b]lv (( cf]6f dfWolds ljBfnodf sfo{qmdsf]
z'?jft jf k/LIf0f ul/Psf] . -@)&! sf] P;Pn;Ldf ;j{k|yd
;xefuL_
 xfn $*$ j6f
22

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ O{=;+ !(*( -lj=;+=
@)$% kmfu'g !@_ df :jfoQ lgsfosf] ?kdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
 d'Vo lhDd]jf/L M ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm tof/ kfg'{ k|fljlws lzIff tyf
Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L xf]
 lzIffdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf @# ;b:oLo Ps ;ef / gf} ;b:oLo
Ps sfo{sf/L lgsfo ækl/ifb\Æ /x]sf] .
b"/b[li6 -;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf nflu_
 l;ko'St g]kfn, ;d[b\w hgtf
Wo]o
 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflndsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ /
l;ko'St hgzlSt tof/ ug]{ Pp6f hLjGt ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf
cufl8 a9\g] 5 .
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb P]g @)$%
 hf/L ldlt M @)$%.&.@*
 ldlt @)$% kmfu'g !@ ut] b]lv k|f/De
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tfnLd ;efsf] u7gM
hDdf @# ;b:oLo
 lzIff tyf v]ns"bdGqL jf /fHodGqL – cWoIfÆ
 ;–;lrj – kl/ifbsf sd{rf/LdWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] JolQm
 dgf]lgt ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf]
kl/ifb u7g M-( ;b:oLo_
 lzIff dGqL cWoIf,
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] JolQm ;b:o ;lrj
 dgf]lgt ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf]
5/20/2022
kl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ -bkmf ^_ M
 ljleGg lzIf0f k|lzIf0f / cg';Gwfgsf] Joj:yf / To;sf]
;~rfngsf] Joj:yf .
 k|fljlws lzIff Pj+ Jofj;flos tflndsf] cWofkg jf ;~rfngsf]
:jLs[lt lbg] / ;'ljwf / ;xof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug]{
 gLlt lgwf{/0f u/L ;efdf :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ug]{ .
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] If]q / :t/
lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
 cfwf/e"t txsf] l;k tyf tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ / dWod :t/Lo
hgzlQm pTkfbg .
 ax'–k|fljlws -kf]ln6]lSgs_ lzIffno :yfkgf Pj+ ;~rfng ug]{
u/fpg] .
5/20/2022
5/20/2022
k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff kl/ifb
nIo M 5 cf]6f
!= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnddf ;dtfk"0f{
kx'Fr lj:tf/
@= u'0f:t/, ;do ;fk]Iftf / bIftf clej[b\lw
#= Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf Pjd\ bIftf clej[b\lw
$= …/fli6«o Jofj;flos of]Uotf 9fFrfÚ :yfkgf
%= sf]if :yfkgf ug{ k|fljlws ;xof]u lj:tf/
^= ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿lar k|efjsf/L ;+of]hg ug]{
;efsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ -bkmf % s_
 kl/ifb\nfO{ dfu{bz{g lbg] .
 kl/ifb\sf] gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tfnLdsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ;dofg's"n eP
gePsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ u/fpg] .
 kl/ifb\sf] jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd :jLs[t ug]{ .
 bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
 cfjZostfg';f/ ;ldlt, pk;ldlt jf cWoog cg';Gwfg 6f]nL u7g ug]{
u/fpg] .
138 5/20/2022 139
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd
kl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ -bkmf ^_ M
 k|fljlws k|lzIfs ;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg] .
 l;ksf] juL{s/0f, k/LIf0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f ;DaGwL
Joj:yf ug]{ u/fpg]
 l;k k|df0fLsf agfpg] / l;ksf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
 tflndx¿sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / dfGotf k|bfg ug]{ .
 kl/ifb\sf] jflif{s ah]6, k|ult k|ltj]bg, n]vfk/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg / cGo k|ltj]bg :jLs[t jf cg'df]bg jf
hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;efdf k]z ug]{
140 5/20/2022 141
23
 5/20/2022

 kl/ifb\ cGtu{tsf dxfzfvf -( cf]6f_ M

ljefu :t/Lo cGo s]Gb|Lo sfof{nox? M

k|fljlws lzIffno÷;+:yfx?sf] 9fFrf
-!_k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no,
-@_ /fli6«o ;Lk k/LIf0f ;ldlt / k|f=lz=tyf Jof=tf=kl/ifb\ cGtu{t $
-#_ k|fljlws k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg . k|sf/af6 k|fljlws lzIffno÷sn]hx¿ -
 kl/ifb\ cGtu{tsf k|b]z sfof{nox¿ -& j6f_ M ;'g;/L, wg'iff, cf+lus, ;fem]bf/L, ;fd'bflos ljBfno /
dsjfgk'/, kf]v/f, ?kGb]xL, ;'v]{t / s}nfnL .
lghL :t/df_ ;~rflnt

5/20/2022 142 5/20/2022 143

qm=;++ ;+:yf ;+Vof

61
kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?
! cflËs lzIffno/kf]ln6]lSgs kl/ifb\n] b'O{ k|sf/sf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ ub{5 .
OlG:6Ro'6 -!_ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff /
@ ;fem]bf/L lzIffno 38 -@_ Jofj;flos tfnLd .
# ;fd'bflos ljBfno -TECS_ 572 !_ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffM
429 @ k|sf/ TSLC / Diploma/PCL
$ lghL :t/af6 ;~rflnt o; sfo{qmdtkm{ kl/ifb\n] :jf:Yo, OlGhlgol/Ë,
% 5f]6f] cjlw 1131 s[lif–kz'kfng, ;"rgf k|ljlw cflb h:tf k|d'v
ljifodf TSLC / Diploma/PCL txsf ljleGg
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf]
5/20/2022 144 5/20/2022 145

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb

!=!=k|fljlws P;=Pn=;L= -TSLC_ !=@= l8Knf]df÷k|df0fkq txsf] sfo{qmd

cjlw M !* dlxg]  # jif]{ l8Knf]df÷k|df0fkq txsf sf];{x¿ ;~rfng
 l8Knf]df txdf ^) k|ltzt k|of]ufTds 1fg / $) k|ltzt
P; O O k/LIffdf ;xefuL ePsf] x'g'kg]{ - ;}4flGts 1fg .
of]Uotf_

5/20/2022 146 5/20/2022 147

24
 5/20/2022

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb

@ Jofj;flos tfnLd M 5fqj[lQ

 cfjZostf / dfu cg'¿ksf lgoldt tyf k|fof]lht  l8Knf]df txdf # lsl;dsf 5fqj[lQ M
;Lkd"ns tflndx¿ ;~rfng ug]{
-!_ h]x]Gbf/ -k"0f{ z'NsLo_,
 kl/ifb\n] Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;g\
@)!# ;]K6]Da/ b]lv ;g\ @)!* h'nfO{;Dd ;Lk ljsf; -@_ juL{s[t -lgz'Ns_ cGtu{t ;fwf/0f -%)
kl/of]hgf ;~rfng u/]sf] k|ltzt_ / nlIft -%) k|ltzt_ M hDdf ljBfyL{
sf]6fsf] !) k|ltzt
-#_ lgjf{x 5fqj[lQ M % xhf/sf b/n] !) dlxgfsf]
5/20/2022 148
-jflif{s &% hgfnfO{_ . 5/20/2022 149

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb

;Lk k/LIf0f ;Lksf] k|df0fkq lnPsf] JolQmn] pDd]bjf/ x'g

 cgf}krfl/s dfWod jf cg'ejaf6 xfl;n u/]sf] bIftf / kfpg] >]0fL jf tx
;Lksf] sb/ ug{ /fli6«o ;Lk k/LIf0f ;ldltn] ;Lk s_ tx PsM t];|f] tx -/f=k=cg+=t[tLo÷d'lvof ;/x_
k/LIf0f u/L ;Lksf] :t/ sfod ul/lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] v_ tx b'O{M rf}yf] tx -/f=k=cg+=låtLo÷vl/bf/ ;/x_
 @)$) ;fn h]i7 * ut] af6 ;Lk k/LIf0f / k|df0fLs/0f
u_ tx tLgM kfFrf} tx -/f=k=cg+= k|yd÷gf=;'= ;/x_
sfo{ z'? ul/Psf]
3_ tx rf/M 5}7f} tx -/fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL -
 @)^) b]lv /fli6«o ;Lk k/LIf0f ;ldltsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf
clws[t ;/x_

5/20/2022 153 5/20/2022 155

Jofj;flos lzIff tyf tflnd clej[l4 kl/of]hgf

 bft[lgsfo M ljZj a}+s
 ;'?jft M h"g #), @)!! -lj=;+=@)^* c;f/ !^_
 EVENT I M @)!! b]lv @)!& ;Dd -s'n cjlw ^
Jofj;flos lzIff tyf tflnd clej[l4 kl/of]hgf jif{_
Enhanced Vocational  EVENT II M @! hgj/L, @)!* b]lv @)@@ ;Dd
 nIo M Oe]G6 klxnf]af6 &%))) -&) k|ltztn] /f]huf/L
Education and Training kfPsf_
(EVENT)  Oe]G6 bf];|f]af6 !,%*,)^) o'jfx¿sf nflu 5f]6f]
cjlwsf] tflnd, k|fljlws lzIff / ;Lk
k|dfl0fs/0fdf ;xof]u
5/20/2022 158 5/20/2022 159

25
 5/20/2022

cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx? cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?

!= cfwf/ :s"nsf] cjlw s'g xf] < #= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifbsf]
s_ lj=;+= @)!$ b]lv @)@$ ;fn;Dd b"/b[li6 s] xf] <
v_ lj=;+= @))$ b]lv @)!$ ;fn;Dd -s_ cfTdlge{/ g]kfn, ;an hgtf
u_ lj=;+= @)!* b]lv @)@* ;fn;Dd -v_ ;d[4 g]kfn, ;Ifd hgtf
3_ lj=;+= @))$ b]lv @)!% ;fn;Dd -u_ ;d[4 g]kfn, l;ko'Qm hgtf
-3_ l;ko'St g]kfn, ;d[b\w hgtf
@= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb
cGtu{t ;~rflnt sfo{qmd s'g xf] < $= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb
cGtu{t sltcf]6f cf+lus lzIffno /x]sf 5g\ <
-s_ l6P;Pn;L -v_ l8Knf]df -s_ $% cf]6f -v_ %( cf]6f -u_ ^! cf]6f -
-u_ sIff ( b]lv !@ -3_ s / v b'j} 3_ @$ cf]6f
Padam Padam

cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx? cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?

%= k|fljlws k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg s'g bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt 5 < *= k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb cGtu{t ;~rflnt
-s_ PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s -v_ :jL; ;xof]u lgof]u u|fdL0f tflnd s]Gb| /x]sf] lhNnf b]xfosf dWo] s'g xf] <
-u_ o'gfO6]8 ld;g 6' g]kfn -3_ 8]gdfs{= -s_ sf:sL -v_ sfe|]
-u_ nDh'ª -3_ bf]nvf
^= ax'p2]ZoLo dfWolds ljBfno ;~rfngsf] cjlw s'g xf] < (=l;k ljsf; kl/of]hgf s'g bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt lyof]
s_ lj=;+= @)!$ b]lv @)@$ ;fn;Dd v_ lj=;+= @)!% b]lv @)@% ;fn;Dd <
u_ lj=;+= @)!* b]lv @)@* ;fn;Dd 3_ lj=;+= @)!% b]lv @)#) ;fn;Dd -s_ PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s -v_ :jL; ;xof]u lgof]u
-u_ o'gfO6]8 ld;g 6' g]kfn -3_ 8]gdfs{=
&= ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] slt cf]6f dfWolds ljBfnodf k|fljlws tyf !)= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff kl/ifbsf lzIffnox¿df
Jofj;flos lzIffsf] sfo{qmd k/LIf0f ug]{ nIo lnPsf] lyof] <
;~rflnt # jif]{ l8Knf]df txsf sf]if{x¿dWo] b]xfosf] s'g kb}{g <
-s_ (( cf]6f -v_ !)) cf]6f -u_ @$) cf]6f -3_ @*# cf]6f
-s_ jg lj1fg -v_ lj1fg
-u_ xf]6n d]gh
] d]06 -3_ s[lif
Padam Padam

pQ/s'l~hsf
!= v @=& hLjgf]kof]uL l;k -Life skill_, ;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;k -soft
@= 3 skills_
#= 3 @=* lzIffdf 4G4 tyf tgfj Joj:yfkg, :jJoj:yfkg, ;ª\s6df
$= u lzIff Joj:yfkg / l;sfO
%= v
^= v
&= v
*= u
(= s
!)= v
Padam

26
 5/20/2022

hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
;Lkx?  hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk JolQmsf] b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ dfu / r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf
ug{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;fd~h:o ug]{ ;sf/fTds afgL Jojxf/ xf] . JolQmut
 hLjgf]kof]uL l;k -Life skill_,
hLjgnfO{ :j:y / pTkfbgzLn t'Nofpg cfkm"nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ lg0f{ox?
 k|fljlws ;Lk -Hard skill_ jf s8f ;Lk lngsf nflu ;"rgfx? k|bfg u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg tyf ;fdgf ug{ ;xof]u
 ;fdfGo Jofj;flos l;k -soft skills_ -g/d ;Lk jf Jojxf/ k'¥ofpg] dgf];fdflhs ;Ifdtfx? / cGt/ j}olQms ;Lkx?sf] Ps ;d"x g}
s'zn ;Lk_ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx? x'g . – ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g
 b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug]{ l;k hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
 ljleGg kl/l:ylt;Fu h'Wg] Ifdtf
 ;fwf/0f l;k, k|fljlws l;k / hLjgf]kof]uL l;k ljr :ki6t leGgtf /x]sf] .
 c?;Fu ;Dks{ ug]{, cfkm\gf s'/f c?nfO{ a'emfpg], ;d"xdf sfd ug]{, ;"rgf lng],
/rgfTds ;f]r /fVg], lg0f{odf k'Ug], cfTdljZjf; a9fpg], ;+j]u / cfqmf];
lgoGq0f ug]{, dfof bof k|s6 ug]{ h:tf l;k hLjgf]kof]uL l;k x'g\ .

hLjgf]kof]uL l;k hLjgf]kof]uL l;k

hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf k|sf/ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf k|sf/ -# >]0fLdf ljefhg WHO n]_
 -# >]0fL / !) k|sf/df ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g -WHO) n] juL{s/0f != ;~rf/ tyf cGt/j}olQms l;k
u/]sf]_ s_ cGt/JolQm ;~rf/ ;LKf
!= ;~rf/ tyf cGt/j}olQms l;k  k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ;~rf/
 ;lqmo ;'gfO
@= lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO
 cfkm\gf] ljrf/ / ;f]rfO :ki6;Fu JoQm ug]{ tyf k|:t't ug]{
#= r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf / cfTdJoj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;Lk
 k[i7kf]if0f lng] / lbg] cflb l;k
v_;Demf}tf / ;dembf/L÷OGsf/ ug]{ ;Lk
 åGåsf] ;Demf}tf
 ;dembf/L tyf d]nldnfk ug{ Joj:yfkg ug]{
 b[9tf k|s6 ug]{ / cfkm"nfO{ dg gkg]{ jf cldNbf] s'/fsf] OGsf/ ug]{ cflb

hLjgf]kof]uL l;k hLjgf]kof]uL l;k

hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf k|sf/ -# >]0fLdf ljefhg WHO n]_ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf k|sf/ -# >]0fLdf ljefhg WHO n]_
!= ;~rf/ tyf cGt/j}olQms l;k @= lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO
u_k/fg'e"lt ljsf; (Sympathy building) M s_lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / ;d:of ;dfwfg ;Lk
 c?sf s'/f jf efj a'em\g]  lg0f{o ug{ ;"rgf ;+sng l;k

 ;'Gg] Ifdtf, c?sf] cfjZostf  ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ljsNk 5gf]]6 ug]{
 cfkm" / c?sf] dfGotf / dxTjsf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{
 h?/t a'emg] / cfkm\gf] a'emfO k|:t't jf JoQm ug]{ l;k cflb
 jt{dfg sfo{af6 eljiosf] cf}lrTo d"Nof+sg ug]{ l;k cflb .
3_cfk;L ;xof]u / ;xsfo{
v_;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO
 c?sf] of]ubfgsf nflu cfb/ k|s6 ug]{ ljleGg tl/sf / cfkm\gf] cj:yf
 cfkm\gf] ;+ult / ;~rf/sf] k|efj ljZn]if0f ug{
cfFsng u/L ;d"xnfO{ of]ubfg lbg cflb l;k
 k|j[lQ, dfGotf, ;fdflhs d"No ljZjf; / ltgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjsf] ljZn]if0f
ª_ ax; / k}/jL ;Lk l;k
 c?nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ l;k, w}o{tf, sfo{sf] ;DaGw tyf pTk|]/0ff hufpg] l;k  ldNbf] ;"rgf / ;|f]t klxrfg ug]{ l;k cflb .
cflb .

27

hLjgf]kof]uL l;k
hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf k|sf/ -# >]0fLdf ljefhg WHO n]_
#= r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf / cfTdJoj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;Lk
 cfTdljZjf; a9fpg] / b[9 x'g]
 cfkm\gf] clwsf/k|lt ;r]i6, d"No dfGotfk|lt ;hutf / cfkm\gf] Ifdtf /
sdhf]/L dx;'; ug]{
 hLjgsf] nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{
 cfTdd"Nof+sg / :jcg'zf;g l;k
 ;f]rfOnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t} cfj]usf] Joj:yfkg, b'v / kL/dsf{sf]
;fdgf / s'/Llt, b'Jo;{g tyf Ifltsf] ;fdgf ug]{ l;k cflb
 ;+j]unfO{ lgoGq0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ l;k
;fwf/0f ;Lk
• ;km\6 jf g/d l:sn
• Jojxf/ s'zn ;Lk
• ;xfos ;Lk
• k];f Joj;fonfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;xof]uL ;Lk
;fwf/0f / k|fljlws ;Lk
 “JolStnfO{ cfTd ljsf;, ;fdflhs ;xeflutf / Jofj;flos
hLjgdf ;kmn x'gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ j}olSts, ;xof]u,
;f]rfO, gjk|jt{g tyf Jofj;flos l;kx¿ Jojxf/ s';n l;k -
Soft skill) x¿ x'g\ .”
 s8f÷k|fljlws ;Lk -Hard Skills_ / ;fwf/0f ;Lk -Soft
skills_ l;sfOsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\ . JolQmnfO{ cfkm"n] cFUffn]sf] k];f
jf Joj;fodf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ oL b'j} ;Lk clgjfo{ x'G5 .
k|fljlws ;Lkn] JolQmnfO{ ljifoj:t'df bvntf k|fKt u/fpFb5
cyf{t ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt cfwf/e"t 1fg, ;Lk tyf Ifdtf
k|fKt ug{' k|fljlws ;Lk xf] . h:t} M lj1fg, ul0ft, s[lif, sDKo'6/
k|f]ufldª cflb .
5/20/2022
;fwf/0f ;Lk
;fwf/0f / k|fljlws ;Lk
k|fljlws ;Lk M
 k];f Joj;fodf k|j]z ug{ cfjZos ;Lk
 ljBfno jf ljZjljBfnoaf6 kfOg]
 g]kfnL, c+u|]hL, sDKo'6/ cflb hfGg' .
;fwf/0f ;Lk
 Jojxf/ s'zn ;Lk klg elgg]
 k];f Joj;fonfO{ ;kmn agfpg cfjZos
 ;sf/fTds ;f]r, k];fk|lt uf}/j ug]{, ;d"xdf ldNg], /rgfTds
;f]rfO, g]t[Tj lng], gjk|jt{g h:tf ;Lkx?
;fwf/0f / k|fljlws ;Lk
 ;fwf/0f ;Lkn] k|fljlws ;Lkaf6 k|fKt bIftfsf] k|of]udf k|efjsfl/tf
NofpFb5 . ;fwf/0f ;Lkn] JolQmdf ;~rf/ ug]{ snf, cfTdljZjf;,
Odfgbfl/tf, nugzLntf, nrstf, ;fd"lxs efjgf, g]t[Tj ug]{ Ifdtf,
;d:of ;dfwfg ;Lk cflbsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 .
 o;/L Hard Skills k|fljlws x'G5 eg] Soft Skills Jojxf/ k|bQ
k|s[ltsf x'G5 . k|fljlws ;Lkn] JolQmdf ljifout ljz]if1tf lbnfpF5,
of] ljz]iftfn] JolQmnfO{ s'g} sfd jf k];fsf nflu tof/ x'g of]Uo
agfpF5 eg] j}olSts ;fdflhs ljsf; Pjd\ k];f jf Joj;fout
;kmntfsf nflu ;fwf/0f ;Lksf] h¿/t kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
8fS6/n] lr/kmf/ ug]{, cf}iflw lbg] sfo{ k|fljlws ;Lk xf] eg] p;n]
la/fdLnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf ;fGTjgf lbg ;Sg] c;n Jojxf/sf]
k|bz{gnfO{ ;fwf/0f Jofj;flos ;Lk elgG5 .
28
 5/20/2022

;fwf/0f / k|fljlws ;Lk ;fwf/0f / k|fljlws ;Lk

-Soft and Hard Skills_
 lzIff k|0ffnLn] academic skills (hard skills) ePsf s8f/k|fljlws ;Lk ;fwf/0f Jofj;flos ;Lk
JolStx¿ pTkfbg ug{ ;kmn ePsf] t/ sfo{ If]qsf nflu cfjZos (Hard Skills) (Soft Skills)

;ˆ6 l:sn ePsf JolStx¿ pTkfbg ug{ g;s]sf] of] ts{ s]lGb|t x'G5 . ;+j]u s]lGb|t x'G5 .
 Hodges & Burchell n] @))# df /f]huf/bftfx¿sf]
ljBfno, kf7\ok':tsaf6 k|fKt cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s b'j}
ul/G5 . tl/sfaf6 k|fKt ul/G5 .
b[li6sf]0fdf dxTTjk"0f{ l;k;DaGwL u/]sf] cWoogn] !) cf]6f
cfjZos l;kx¿dWo] ability & willingness to work, k|fljlws ;Lksf] :yflkt lgod, of] JolQm jf sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f,
l;4fGt ;w}+ ;a}sf nflu Pp6} ;+u7gcg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5 .
team work, cooperation, interpersonal relation,
x'G5 .
communication, energy & passion, problem
of] k|fljlws / ljlzi6 x'G5 . of] ;fdfGo x'G5 .
solving skills h:tf * cf]6f soft skills ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf]

kf7\oj|mddf Jojxf/s'zn l;k

kf7\oqmddf ;fwf/0f ;Lk ljsf; jf k|of]u
 ;j{k|yd cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd -^–*_ @)^( df sIff ^
b]lv g} Soft skill /flvPsf]
 dfWolds txsf] kf7\oqmd @)&! clgjfo{ ljifox?df ;dfj]z
 PsLs[t kf7\oqmd @)&^ -sIff ! b]lv #_ df % j6f lj:t[t
If]qsf @( j6f Jojxf/s'zn ;Lkx? ;dfj]z
kfFr lj:t[t If]q cGtu{t @( cf]6f Jojxf/s'zn l;kx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
!= ;f]rfO l;k M ;"rgf k|zf]wg ug{, ;"rgfnfO{ ;+of]hg ug{, lg0f{o lng / gofF ljrf/
l;h{gf ug{ k|of]u ug]{ ;+1fgfTds lj|mofsnfk
@= j}olSts l;k M lhDd]jf/L Pjd\ k|ltj4tf ljsf; ug'{, :jJoj:yfkg, cfTdan /
:jfleefgsf] ljsf;, Odfgbf/L / :jcg'zf;g, ;do Joj:yfkg, :jtGq l;sfO, nrstf /
cg's"ngtf h:tf l;k
#= cGt/j}olSts l;k M csf]{ JolQm;Fu k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rf/ / ;dGjo ug'{, ;xof]u tyf
;b\efj sfod ug{ ;Ifd x'g, c;n ;DaGw sfod ug'{ h:tf of]Uotf
$= ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ax';fIf/tf l;k M lj1fg, k|ljlwsf ;fy} ;+:s[ltdf s'zntf k|fKt ug{
cfjZos kg]{ ljljw jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yfkg, ;+:s[ltx?sf] 1fg, ljZjJofkL ;f]r, k|efjsf/L
;dfwfg, lh1f;', lrGtg ug]{ nufotsf l;k
%= gful/s l;k M nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotf, ;xeflutf, ;xgzLntf / v'nfkg,
ljljwtfsf] af]w / ;Ddfg, /fli6«o klxrfg, ;dfh, efiff, ;+:s[lt / /fi6«k|lt k|]d / ckgTj,
JolStut, ;fdflhs tyf gful/s bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{nufot ljZjJofkL r]tgfsf]
ljsf;
PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 182

व्यवहारकुशल ससपहरू (Soft Skills) व्यवहारकुशल ससपहरू (Soft Skills)

j|m=; d'Vo d'Vo Jojxf/s'zn l;kcGtu{t ;d]l6Psf] Jojxf/s'zn
j|m=; d'Vo d'Vo Jojxf/s'zn l;kcGtu{t ;d]l6Psf] Jojxf/s'zn = Jojxf/s'zn l;kx¿
= Jojxf/s'zn l;kx¿ l;kx¿
l;kx¿
@ Jf}olSts l;kx¿ :jJoj:yfkg (Self management) (S2.1)
❑

! ;f]rfO l;kx¿ k|of]u l;k (Application skill) (S1.1)

❑
(Intrapersonal
(Thinking Skills) l;sfO l;k (Learning skill) (S1.2
cfTdan / :jfledfgsf] ljsf; (Develop self-
❑

❑ Skills) (S2) esteem/respect) (S2.2)

(S1)
❑ /rgfTds ;f]rfO l;k (Creative thinking skill) (S1.3) ❑ Odfgbf/L, :jcg'zf;g (Integrity/honesty/self-
❑ ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO l;k (Critical thinking skill) descipline) (S2.3)
(S1.4) ❑ ;do Joj:yfkg (Time management) (S2.4)
❑ lg0f{o tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k (Descision making ❑ JolStut nIo lgwf{/0f / sfo{df cu|;/tf
and problem solving skill) (S1.5) (Personal goal setting and taking initiatives) (S2.5)
❑ :jtGq l;sfO, nrstf / cg's"ngtf (Independent
learning, flexibility and adaptability) (S2.6)
❑ lhDd]jf/L Pjd\ k|lta4tf (Responsibility and
commitment) (S2.7)
PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 183 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 184

29
 5/20/2022

व्यवहारकुशल ससपहरू (Soft Skills) व्यवहारकुशल ससपहरू (Soft Skills)

j|m=;= d'Vo Jojxf/s'zn d'Vo Jojxf/s'zn l;kcGtu{t ;d]l6Psf] Jojxf/s'zn l;kx¿ j|m=; d'Vo d'Vo Jojxf/s'zn l;kcGtu{t ;d]l6Psf] Jojxf/s'zn
l;kx¿
= Jojxf/s'zn l;kx¿
# cGt/j}olSts ❑ ;~rf/ (Communication) (S3.1)
l;kx¿
l;kx¿ ❑ ;xsfo{ (Collaboration) (S3.2)
(Interpersonal ❑ ;xof]u tyf ;xfg'e"lt (Cooperation and empathy) % gful/s l;k ❑ ;xgzLntf / v'nfkg (Tolerance and openness) (S5.1)
Skills) (S3) (S3.3) (Citizenship ❑ ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg / cGt/;f+:s[lts a'emfO (Respect for
Skills) (S5) diversity and intercultural understanding) (S5.2)
❑ ;lj|motfk"j{s ;'Gg] (Active listening) (S3.4) ❑ nf]stflGqs, ;xeflutfTds / ;dtfd"ns d"No
❑ ;f+:s[lts l;kx¿/g}ltstf (Cultural skills/ethics) (Democratic, participatory and equitable value) (S5.3)
(S3.5) ❑ jftfj/0fk|ltsf] ;hutf / ;Ddfg (Awarness of and respect
$ ;"rgf k|ljlw ❑ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf (Basic Literacy) (s4.1) for the environment) (S5.4)

tyf ax';fIf/tf ❑ k|fljlws ;fIf/tf (Technological Literacy) (s4.2 ❑ /fli6«o klxrfg / ckgTjsf] cg'e"lt (National identity and
sense of belonging) (S5.5)
l;kx¿ ❑ b[Zo ;fIf/tf (Visual literacy) (s4.3) ❑ ;fdflhs Pjd\ gful/s lhDd]jf/L (Social and civic
(Information ❑ ;"rgf ;fIf/tf (Information Literacy) (s4.4) responsibility) (S5.6
communication j}olSts lhDd]jf/L (Personal responsibility) (S5.7)
and multiliteracy ❑ ax';f+:s[lts ;fIf/tf (Multicultural Literacy) (s4.5) ❑

skills) (S4) PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 185 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 186

gd"gf k|Zgx? gd"gf k|Zgx?

!=b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ dfu / r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ub}{, k|efjsf/L ¿kdf $=cfkm\gf] ljrf/ / ;f]rfO :ki6;Fu JoQm ug]{ tyf k|:t't ug]{ ;Lk hLjgf]kof]uL
;fd~h:o ug]{ ;sf/fTds ;Ifd afgL Jojxf/ s:tf] ;Lk xf] < ;Lksf] s'g kIf cGtu{t kb{5 <
-s_ ;fwf/0f ;Lk -v_ k|fljlws ;Lk -s_ lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf -v_ ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO
-u_ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk -3_ g/d ;Lk -u_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ;Lk -3_ cGt/JolQm ;~rf/ ;Lk
@=ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gn] hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx?nfO{ slt k|sf/df juL{s/0f u/]sf] %=b]xfosfdWo] s'g ;~rf/ tyf cGt/j}olQms ;Lk cGtu{t kb{5 <
5< -s_ ;Demf}tf / ;demfbf/L ug]{ ;Lk
-s_ !) -v_ ( -u_ * -3_& -v_ ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO
#=cfkm\gf] ;+ult / ;~rf/sf] k|efj ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;Lk hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf] s'g kIf -u_ lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf -
cGtu{t kb{5 < 3_ ;+j]u Joj:yfkg ;Lk
-s_ lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf -v_ ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO ^=;fwf/0f Joj;flos ;Lksf] ljz]iftf s'g xf] <
-u_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ;Lk -3_ cGt/JolQm ;~rf/ ;Lk -s_ k|fljlws / ljlzi6 x'G5 .
-v_ kf7\ok':tsaf6 k|fKt ul/G5 .
-u_ JolQm jf sfd ug]{ jftfj/0fcg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5 .
PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 187
-3_ ts{ s]lGb|t x'G5 . PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 188

gd"gf k|Zgx? pQ/

&=cfwf/e"t txsf] kf7\oqmd @)&^ -sIff !–#_ df Jojxf/ s'zn ;Lkx?nfO{ slt
k|Zg g+= pQ/
j6f lj:t[t If]qcGtu{t lj:t[tLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 <
! u
-s_ # j6f -v_ $ j6f -u_ % j6f -3_ & j6f
*=cfwf/e"t txsf] kf7\oqmd @)&^ -sIff !–#_ df slt cf]6f Jojxf/ s'zn @ s
;Lkx? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 < # v
-s_ @# j6f -v_ @$ j6f -u_ @% j6f -3_ @( j6f $ 3
(=j}olQms ;Lk cGtu{t kg]{ Jojxf/ s'zn ;Lk s'g xf] < % s
-s_ k|of]u ;Lk -v_ :jMJoj:yfkg ^ u
-u_ ;~rf/ tyf ;xsfo{ -3_ ;xgzLntf / v'nfkg & u
!)=cGt/j}olQms ;Lk cGtu{t kg]{ Jojxf/ s'zn ;Lk s'g xf] < * 3
-s_ k|of]u ;Lk -v_ :jMJoj:yfkg ( v
-u_ ;~rf/ tyf ;xsfo{ -3_ ;xgzLntf / v'nfkg !) u

PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 189 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 190

30
 5/20/2022

@=*
 lzIffdf 4G4 Joj:yfkg
 tgfj Joj:yfkg, lzIffdf 4G4 Joj:yfkg
 :jJoj:yfkg,
 ;ª\s6df lzIff Joj:yfkg -dfWolds tx_
Joj:yfkg M ;+u7g jf ljBfnosf] lxtdf
pkof]u u/fpg]

åGå Joj:yfkg åGå Joj:yfkg

 åGbsf] zflJbs cy{ emu8f, dgd'6fj, dgf]dflnGo xf] . s'g} ljifo jf 4G4sf] kl/jlt{t cjwf/0ff
k|;Ëdf /xg] km/s dtnfO{ sfo{:yndf ljleGg ?kdf k|:t't ug]{ tl/sf g} -!_ k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ff M
åGb xf] .  ;g\ !(#)–!($) sf] cjlwdf b]lvPsf]
 åGb ljz]iftM ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ckof{Kttf jf ltgsf] cljj]sL ljt/0f,  åGånfO{ v/fa s'/f dfgL bafpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf
clwsf/sf] c:ki6tf, ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm jf ;d"xsf] JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs  4G4 v/fa xf], ljgf; lgDTofpF5, Joj:yfkgsf] c;Ifdtfaf6 cfpF5, To;}n]
bjbjfsf] l:yltdf ;[hgf x'G5 . /f]Sg'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff
 cefj, s'07f, O{iof{ h:tf gsf/fTds cj:yfdf d"n?kdf åGbsf] ;[hgf x'g] -@_ dfgj ;DaGw cjwf/0ff
ePtfklg åGb kl/jlt{t ;+:sf/, dfGotf / ljrf/sf] pkh klg xf] .  ;g\ !($)–!(&) ;Dddf ljsl;t
 ;+u7gdf åGånfO{ cfjZos / :jefljs dfGg] dfgj ;DaGw ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff
 ;+u7gfTds ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fn] åGb ;[hgfTds zlQm xf] . åGb
 4G4 l;h{gfTds x'G5, ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 eGg] cjwf/0ff .
;sf/fTds kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f tkm{ s]Gb|Lt x'g'kb{5 .
-#_ cGt/lqmofTds -cfw'lgs_ cjwf/0ff
 Fruz Standford sf cg';f/ åGb M JolQmx? jf ;d"xx?sf] jLrdf x'g]
 ;g\ !(&) kl5
;fF:s[lts, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s :jfy{, b[i6Lsf]0f jf j'emfO{sf]
 ;+u7gdf åGå cfjZos dfq ge} ckl/xfo{ jf clgjfo{ 7fGg] cjwf/0ff
leGgtfsf] sf/0fn] ;[lht cj:yf xf] .
 lglZrt xb;Dd k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5, ;f+u7lgs ultzLntfsf nflu cfjZos
 åGbsf b'O{ k|sf/ M ;sf/fTds åGb / gsf/fTds åGb . 5.
Padam 193 Padam 194

åGå Joj:yfkg åGå Joj:yfkg

åGåsf ;|f]tx? åGbsf txx? -# txsf 4Gb_
 JolQmut ;f]r / wf/0ffsf] :t/  JolQmut :t/sf] åGb M JolQm JolQm aLrdf x'g]
 ck|efjsf/L tyf ck|of{Kt ;+rf/ k|0ffnL  ;d"x:t/sf] åGb M ljBfnodf x'g] ljleGg ;d"xx?sf aLrdf
 ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] clglZrttf / ;|f]t Pj+ ;fwgsf]  ;+u7g:t/sf] åGb M ljBfnosf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf /x]sf] sdhf]/Lsf
ck|efjsf/L ljt/0f k|0ffnL sf/0f b]vf kg]{], g]tT[ j z}nL, kf/blz{tfsf] sdL, ;fd'lxs
 sfo{ k|lqmofdf /x]sf] c:ki6tf / sld M efjgfsf] sdL, cljj]sL lg0f{o cflb
 zlQmsf] k|of]u / ljt/0fdf /x]sf] k[ystf

Padam 195 Padam 199

31

åGbsf ;sf/fTds kIfx?
 ;[hgzLntf / cGj]z0f x'g],
 lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx? s8f kl/>d ug{ cu|;/ x'g],
 ;d:ofsf] klxrfg tyf ;dfwfg ug{ d2t k'Ug],
 k|lt:kwf{df a[l4 eO{ lgwf{l/t p2]Zo k'/f x'g],
 Joj:yfkgdf ckgTj a9\g],
 ;fem]bf/L tyf ;dGjosf] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g],
 sfo{Ifdtfdf clea[l4 x'g],
 pTk|]/0ff / dgf]an a9\g],
 g]t[Tj Ifdtf tyf o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf a[l4 x'g],
 kl/jt{gd'vL x'g] .
Padam
åGb Joj:yfkg
åGb Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff
s_ åGbnfO{ ;+u7g -ljBfno_sf] clgjfo{ kIf dfg]/ To;nfO{
ljj]rgf ug]{ / To;sf] ;xL 9+un] k|of]u u/L ;+u7gsf]
ljsf;df of]ubfg lbnfpg] sfo{,
v_ åGbsf] juL{s/0f,To;sf] pTklQsf] sf/0fsf] ljj]rgf /
To:sf] ;dfwfgsf ;xL pkfo kQf nufpg',
u_ åGbnfO{ bjfpg', j]jf:tf ug'{ jf kG5fpg' eGbf To:sf]
;d'lrt 9un] Joj:yfkg u/L ;+u7gsf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4
ug'{ .
Padam
åGb Joj:yfkgsf tl/sfx? M k|j4{gfTds / pkrf/fTds
Padam
5/20/2022
åGbsf gsf/fTds kIfx?
 ;do, nfut tyf ;|f]tsf] b'?kof]u x'g],
 ;dod} Joj:yfkg ug{ g;s] pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfpg],
 lzIfs, sd{rf/L tyf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt lar dg d'6fj /
zq'tf ljsf; x'g],
 k|ltef knfog x'g],
 ;d:ofaf6 efUg] k|j[lQ a9\g],
 ;"rgfsf] bf]xf]/f] ;Dk|]if0f gx'g],
 lgwf{l/t p2]Zo tyf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;ndf sl7gfO{
x'g],
200 Padam 201
åGb Joj:yfkgsf /0fgLltx?
 k|lt:kwf{Tds z}nL– zlQmzfnL kIfn] sdhf]/ kIfnfO{ ank"j{s bdg u/]/ åGå
;dfwfg ug]{ .
 ;xsfo{d"ns z}nL– ;a} kIf / kfqnfO{ kmfObf x'g] u/L cfk;df ;xsfo{ u/L
åGåsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ . o;nfO{ Win-Win /0fgLlt klg elgG5 .
 ;Demf}tfd"ns z}nL– b'j} kIfn] Ps 7fpFdf s]xL TofUg] / s]xL kfpg] u/L
åGåsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ . o;nfO{ No win-No loss /0fgLlt klg elgG5 .
 OGsf/Ld"ns z}nL – cfwf/lxg åGånfO{ OGsf/ ul/ To;af6 pDsg] / åGå
;dfwfg ug]{ .
 ;dfof]hg d'ns z}nL– a9fpg'eGbf csf]{ kIfnfO{ ;Gt'i6L lbP/ ;dfwfg ug]{
z}nL .
Kenneth W. Thomas and Ralph H. Kilmah n] åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu
lgDg % pkfox? ckgfpg'kg]{ atfPsf 5g\ M ;dfof]hg, TofUg] jf x6fpg], ;xof]u
ug]{, k|lt:kwL{ agfpg] / ;dembf/L sfod ug]{ .
202 Padam 203
ljBfnodf åGb Joj:yfkgsf pkfo
 /]a6] -@))(_ sf cg';f/ ljBfnodf 4G4 Joj:yfkgsf # j6f
pkfox? M k|ltikwf{, ;xeflutf / ;xdltnfO{ hf]8 lbg'kg]{ .
 ;dod} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{
 ;"rgfsf] k|efjsf/L ;~rf/÷k|jfx ug]{
 ;fwg ;|f]t / ;'ljwfsf] kf/bzL{ / Jofjxfl/s ljt/0f / pkof]u ug]{
 kf/bzL{ lg0f{o k|lqmof
 ;|f]tsf] cfsf/ a9fpg]
 dfgjLo kIfdf ;'wf/, dfgjLo ;DaGw / Jojxf/ ;'wf/ ug{
;dfnf]rgf, cfTdcfnf]rgf ug]{
 ;+/rgfTds kIfdf ;'wf/
 g]t[Tj z}nLdf ;'wf/
 gLltut l:y/tf÷gLlt ;Ddt sfo{;Dkfbg .
204 Padam 207
32
 5/20/2022

tgfj Joj:yfkg
tgfjsf] kl/ro M
 ;fwf/0f cy{df tgfj clglR5t Jojxf/ xf] .
 s'g} dfu jf sfo{sf sf/0f s'g} JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s Jojxf/df
cfpg] clglR5t kl/jt{gnfO{ tgfj elgG5 .
tgfj Joj:yfkg  k|To]s JolQmsf] ;xgzLntfsf] ;Ldf km/s km/s x'g] sf/0fn] ubf{
;+u7gfTds Jojxf/ jf kl/lwdf cfpg] jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gsf sf/0f
Stress Management JolQmsf] ;xglzntfsf] ;Ldf gf3L lghsf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s
lqmofsnfkdf b]lvg] c;fwf/0f cj:yf g} jf:tjdf tgfj xf] .
 csf]{ zJbdf, j}olQms lxtsf] kl/lwdf s'g} JolQmsf] ck]Iff /
jf:tljstfsf ljrdf cfpg] k[ystfjf6 lghsf] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s
l:yltdf b]lvg] c:jefljs cj:yf g} tgfj xf] .
Padam Padam

tgfj Joj:yfkg tgfj Joj:yfkg

tgfjsf ljz]iftf M tgfjsf k|sf/ M
▪ ववकास र पररवततनका लागग तनाव अननवायत शतत हो । ▪ सकारात्मक: तनावलाई चुनौतीका रूपमा सलने ।
▪ तनाव वातावरिीय पररवततनको उपज हो ▪ नकारात्मक: शारीररक वा मानससक हानी पु¥याउने ।
▪ तनाव कायतबोझका कारि आउँ छ । ▪ आधारभूत: सामान्तय ककससमको ।
▪ तनाव शुरुमा अप्ठ्यारो बीचमा सकारात्मक र अन्तत्यमा धेरै ▪ सजचचत: एकपनछ अको थवपँदै जाने ।
भएमा हाननकारक हुन्तछ । ▪ आघातपूि:त शारीररक र मानससक रोगमा बदसलने ।
▪ तनाव मानससक र शारीररक रूपमा दे खापछत ।
▪ तनावमा बस्न रुचाउने माननस तनाव ववना बस्न सक्दै न
▪ तनाव जब नकरात्मक बन्तछ, शारीररक, मानससक, पाररवाररक,
सङ्गठनात्मक र सामाजजक हाननका रूपमा दे खापछत ।
▪ तनावलाई व्यवस्थापन गनत सककन्तछ ।

Padam Padam

tgfj Joj:yfkg tgfj Joj:yfkg

tgfjsf ;|f]tx?M
s_ JolQmut M JolQmsf] cfkm\g} :jefj, ;+j]ufTds cj:yf, p;sf]
cfkm\gf] kfl/jfl/s, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs /xg;xg, rfnrng cflb .
v_;fª\u7lgs M ;ª\u7gleqsf] sfo{z}nL, ;+u7gdf sfd ug]{ dflg;x?,
;+u7gsf cfkm\gf nIo / p2]Zo, ;+u7gdf ePsf] ;|f]t cflbn] ;f+u7lgs
tgfj pTkGg x'G5 .
u_;+u7g aflx/ M ;+u7g;Fu ;DalGwt jfX\o JolQm, ;/f]sf/jfnf, /fhgLlts
kl/jt{gx?, lgod Joj:yfkgx?df cfpg] kl/jt{gn] klg ;+u7gdf tgfj
pTkGg ub{5 .
tgfj Joj:yfkg
 clglR5t jftfj/0fnfO{ u|x0f ub}{ To;sf] ;sf/fTds kIfsf] pkof]ujf6
zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg] / tgfjnfO{ zlQmsf] ?kdf
?kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ tgfj Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
 jftfj/0fdf b]lvPsf] kl/jt{gn] JolQmsf] dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s ;Ifdtfdf
b]lvg ;Sg] cj/f]wx?nfO{ of]hgfj4 9+ujf6 k|lt/f]w ug]{ sfo{ g} jf:tjdf
tgfj Joj:yfkg xf] .
 tgfjnfO{ JolQm / ;+u7gsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf pkof]u ug'{ g}
tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] d"n cfzo xf] .

Padam Padam

33
 5/20/2022

tgfj Joj:yfkg tgfj Joj:yfkg

ljBfnodf tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] dxTTj tgfj Joj:yfkgsf pkfox?
 dgf]an pRr x'g] -s_ JolQmut k|of;
 lglb{i6 nIo xfl;n  lgoldt ¿kdf Jofofd, of]u / v]ns'bsf] cEof; ug]{
 ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u  nIo, p2]Zo / k|fyldstf tf]s]/ sfd ug]{ .
 dfgjLo ;DaGwdf ;'wf/  ;d"xdf 3'nldn x'g] .
 åGåsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{  l;h{gfTds / /rgfTds sfddf Wofg lbg] .
 k];fut ljsf; cflb .  tnsfnfO{ x]/]/ ;Gt'i6 x'g] .
 ;do Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
 ;ËLt ;'Gg], v'n]/ xfF:g] tyf PsfGtdf a:g] afgL 5f]8 \g] .
 dgf]j}1flgs k/fdz{ lng] .
Padam Padam

tgfj Joj:yfkg tgfj Joj:yfkg

tgfj Joj:yfkgsf pkfox? tgfj Joj:yfkgsf pkfox?
-v_ ;+u7gfTds k|of; -v_ ;+u7gfTds k|of;
 nIo :ki6 agfpg] .  tgfjsf] ;|f]t klxrfg u/]/ ;dfwfg ug]{ .
 ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgnfO{ clËsf/ ug]{ .
 u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
 b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Gofof]lrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
 ;"rgf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
afXo tyf cGo k|of;
 ;Ifd g]t[Q\jsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
 cfWoflTds r]tgf a9fpg] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{'k5{ .
 ;dfgtf, ;dtf / lgikIftf ckgfpg] .  ;fdflhs ;Ë7gn] tgfj sd ug]{ sfo{qmd agfpg] .
 ;d:of ;'g]/ Wofg lbg], cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; u/fpg] .  ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{'k5{ .
 gLltut l:y/tf sfod ug]{
Padam Padam

:j–Joj:yfkg
cjwf/0ff
"Self Management is your ability to use awareness of your emotions
to actively choose what you say and do."
:jJoj:yfkg,  :j–Joj:yfkg eGgfn] JolQmn] cfkm" :jod\nfO{ g} Joj:yfkg
ug'{nfO{ a'emfpF5 .
 of] Self control is the best control eGg] egfO{af6 k|]l/t Joj:yfkg
xf] .
 JolQmn] cfkm" :jodnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sb}g eg] p;n] c?
JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7g x'G5 .
 JolQm cfkm" cg'zf;gsf] bfo/f leq a:g], cfkm'n] ug{ x'g] jf gx'g]
s'/fx? Vofn ug]{, ;dosf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ug]{, ljifoj:t'df
cWofjlws x'g], ;do ;fk]If kl/jt{gzLn x'g], :ki6 b[li6sf]0f /fVg],
sfo{k|lt ;dlk{t x'g], :jpTk|]l/t x'g], g]t[Tj Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{
h:tf s'/f :jJoj:yfkg cGt/ut kb{5g\ .

34
 5/20/2022

-s_ :j–Joj:yfkg
 :jJoj:yfkg l;k eGgfn] cfk\mgf] ;f]rfOsf] 9fFrf, JolQmTj lgdf{0f
sfo{Ifdtf cflb kIfx¿ pGgt agfpg cfk"mleq} Ifdtf Pjd\ zlQmsf] ;|f]t
:j–Joj:yfkg
klxrfg ug]{ ;du| l;knfO{ a'emfpF5 .  lzIfsn] cfkm"nfO{ cWofjlws /fVg / lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{
 o; l;kn] cfk"mnfO{ ljleGg kl/l:ytLdf ;dfof]hg x'g / Joj:yfkg ug{ k|efjsf/L agfpg :jJoj:yfkg ug{' cfjZos 5 . ;dosf] ult
;xof]u u5{
 o; l;kcGt{ut cfk"mnfO{ a'em\g], d"Nofª\sg ug]{, Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:tf
;Fu} gofF gofF 1fg, l;k / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'g] x'Fbf o:tf kIfnfO{
l;kx¿ kb{5g\ . o; l;kcGtu{t lgDglnlvt l;kx¿ kb{5g\ M lzIfsn] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ;fy} cfkm"nfO{ cWofjlws ug{
✓ cfTduf}/j / cfTdljZjf;, :jfWofog ;fdu|Lsf] vf]hL u/L :jcWoog ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{
✓ cfTdhfu/0f, kb{5 .
✓ nIo lgwf{/0f,
 :jJoj:yfkgsf tl/sfx? M :j–l;sfO, :j–;'wf/, :j–hfu?s,
✓ cfTdd"Nofª\sg,
✓ ;+j]u Joj:yfkg -l/;, 8fx, lk/, pbfl;gtf, IftL, s"nt_,
:j–pTt/bfoL÷:j–hjfkmb]xL, :j–cg'zf;g, :j–pTk|]l/t, :j–
✓ tgfj Joj:yfkg -;do Joj:yfkg, ;sf/fTds ;f]r / dgf]/~hg lng] ;|f]tk"0f{tf, :j–pknlAw, :j–cg'udg .
tl/sf_ .

:j Joj:yfkg
SWOT ljZn]if0f
 S = Strength: o;cGtu{t nIo k|flKtsf nflu cfk"mdf ePsf ;an
kIfx¿ ;w}F+ Vofn u/L /fVg] / nIo k|flKttkm{ pGd'v x'g] . ;+s6 Joj:yfkg
 W = Weakness: o;cGtu{t nIo k|flKt ug{sf nflu cfk"mdf ePsf
sdhf]/L kQf nufO{ qmdz x6fpFb} hfg] . Crisis Management
 O = Opportunity: nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fwg /
;|f]t kl/rfng tyf cj;/sf] vf]hL ug]{ s'/fx¿ o;cGtu{t k5{g\ . ;w}
cj;/ k|flKtsf nflu pGd'v x'g'k5{ .
-dfWolds txsf nflu dfq_
 T = Threats: JolQmsf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu r'gf}tL / jfwfx¿ klg x'G5g\
tL afwf / r'gf}tLnfO{ x6fpFb} cj;/ k|flKttkm{ pGd'v x'g'k5{ .

o;/L nIo k|flKtsf nflu Weakness nfO{ Strength / Threats

nfO{ Opportunity df abNg'k5{ .

Padam 224

;+s6 Joj:yfkg ;+s6 Joj:yfkg

;+s6sf] cy{ ;+s6sf] d'Vo ;|f]t -@ efudf_
 c;fdfGo / cfsl:ds cj:yf .  ;+s6sf d'Vo ;|ft ] nfO{ k|fs[lts / dfgjLo u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{
 cK7\of/f] l:ylt, eo, hf]]lvd tyf vt/fsf] cj:yf ;lsg]
 cgk]lIft, ;"rLa4 gul/Psf], ;+s6k"0f{ / hl6n cj:yf -!_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t
 tgfj, b'v, ljklQ, ljWj+z, ;DefJo lx+;fsf] ?kdf b]vfkg]{ cj:yf  e'sDk, af9L, klx/f] cflb

 lgoldt sfo{ ;+oGqn] ;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg] -@_ dfgjLo ;|f]t

 :jefljs lgoGq0feGbf aflx/ x'G5 .  o'4, n'6kf6, cft+sjfb, wfld{s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts 4G4, dfgj clwsf/sf]
pNn+3g, ;fdu|Ldf ld;fj6, nfu" kbfy{sf] k|of]u, e|i6frf/, ;fOa/ cft+s,
 gsf/fTds sfo{ ;+:s[lt jf åGåfTds ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg
k|ljlwsf] c;kmntf, cg}lts Jojxf/ cflb , .
 ;+s6 k|fs[lts k|sf]k, dfgjLo nfk/afxL jf oflGqsLs/0fn] lgDTofpb5 .
 o;sf] ;do kQf nufpg g;s] klg k"jf{g'dfg eg] ug{ ;lsG5 .
Padam 225 Padam 226

35
 5/20/2022

;+s6
s[ltd -dfgj ;+s6sf sf/0f
k|fs[lts ljkb
lgld{t_
cfGtl/s sf/0f afXo sf/0f
dfgljo • उत्पादन सेवामा खोट • 7"nf k|fs[lts b'3{6gf
af9L n8fO{ • प्रववगधमा गडबढ
Iflt • k|fs[lts k|sf]k
• कम्पप्ठयुटर प्रिालीमा खराबी
सूचनााः गलत वा समयमै नहुनु • /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o
åGå ef}lts •

;DktLsf] • सगठनात्मक समायोजन नहुनु ;+s6sf] 3f]if0ff

e"sDk अफवाह फैसलनु
Iflt • • cft+sjfb
lx+;f • गैरकानुनी कायत • x8\tfn cflb
;fj{hlgs • भौनतक सम्पपतीको क्षनत
cfly{s ;+s6
;DktLsf] • आन्ततररक कलह, हहंसा, बबद्रोह ।
v8]/L Iflt

xfjfx'/L dfgjLo ;]jf k|jfxdf

;|f]tsf] ;+s6 cj/f]w
Padam 227 Padam 230

;+s6 Joj:yfkg ;+s6 Joj:yfkg

ljBfnodf ;+s6sf] sf/0fM ljBfnodf ;+s6sf] sf/0fM
 k|fs[lts sf/0f—af9L, klx/f], hnjfo' k|b'if0f, cfunfuL, e'sDk, dxfdf/L, • /fhg}lts —;fdflhs bjfj, åGå, /fhg}lts cl:y/tf, aGb x8\tfn cflb
r6\6\ofª cflb • sf]nfxn , k|b'if0f, k|sf]k tyf ljBfnosf] ef}lts jftfj/0f
 lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / ;d'bfojLrdf cfGtl/s afx\o åGå, em} emu8f tyf • ;fdflhs s'l/tL, s';+:sf/, cGwljZjf; tyf d'No dfGotf,
c;Gt'li6 • Go"g j]tg, ul/aL tyf cfly{s—ef}lts cefj
 Joj:yfkg tyf g]t[Tjsf] c;kmntf
 ljBfno ;+Vof —ljBfyL{sf] cefjdf cl:tTTj ;+s6df_
 Go"g z}lIfs pknlAw tyf glthf,
 kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/, lje]b

Padam 231 Padam 232

;+s6 Joj:yfkg ljBfnodf ;+s6 Joj:yfkgsf pkfox?

;+s6 Joj:yfkg -!_ lg/f]wfTds pkfox? M
• ;+s6sf] sf/0f / k|efj klxrfg u/L x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt hf]lvdsf]  ljBfnodf s'g} ;d:ofx?nfO{ b]vf kg{ glbg k|of]u ul/g] pkfox? lg/f]wfTds
k"j{ cg'dfg u/L hf]lvdsf] vt/faf6 d'St jf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f pkfox? x'g\ .
ug{sf nflu ckgfOg] ;Dk'0f{ k|of;x?nfO{ ;+s6 Joj:yfkg elgG5 .  k|ljlw, dfgjLo, ;+u7gfTds, /fhgLlts / ljQLo tTjx?df cfpg] ;+s6nfO{
36fpg] jf /f]Sg] pkfox? lg/f]wfTds pkfox? x'g\ .
• ;+s6af6 l;h{gf x'g] v/fa kIfaf6 ljBfno -;+u7g_ df kg{ hfg]
pkfox?
c;/ / k|efjsf] /f]syfd u/L ljBfnonfO{ k"j{jt ?kdf ;~rfng
 /fd|f] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ljz]if1tf xfl;n, /fd|f] ;~rf/
ug{ cjnDag ul/g] Joj:yfksLo ljlwnfO{ ;+s6 Joj:yfkg elgG5
 /fd|f] n]vf, cBfjlws n]vfk/LIf0f, kf/blz{tf
.
 u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO, 4G4 lg?k0f, jftf{ / ;Demf}tf
• c;n Joj:yfkg
 g]t[Tj ljsf;, tgfj Joj:yfkg
s_ ;+s6 cfpg glbg]  ;fwg ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf
v_ cfPdf ;dfwfg ug]{  ljz]if1 ;]jfsf] k|of]u
u_ ;dfwfgsf nflu tTk/tf b]vfpg]  pTk|]/0ff / dgf]an j[l4 ug]{ sfo{x?

Padam 233 Padam 234

36
 5/20/2022

ljBfnodf ;+s6 Joj:yfkgsf pkfox? lzIffdf ;+s6 tyf ljkb Joj:yfkg

;+s6 ;dfwfgsf r/0fx?
-@_ pkrf/fTds pkfox? M
 nIf0f /f]sfj6, k|To'Q/ tof/L, Ifltsf] ;Ldf/]vf, k|To'Q/ sfo{,
 ljBfnodf ;+s6 cfPkl5 ckgfOg] pkfox?
k'g:yf{kgf sfo{ / eljiosf nflu lzIff
pkfox?
!= r]tfjgL lbg] M ;+s6 gcfPsf] t/ nIf0f b]lvg ;Sg] cj:yfdf
 ;+s6sf] cj:yf lglZrt ug]{
@= tof/L / /f]syfd
 ;+s6n] kf/]sf] k|efj If]q lgwf{/0f ug]{
 ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f / ;dfwfgsf] tof/L
 k|fylds If]qdf Joj:yfkg sfo{ z'? ug]{
 /f]syfdsf pkfox? ckgfpg]
 rflxg] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] klxrfg ug]{
 of]hgf tof/L
 ;xof]uL ;+:yfx? klxrfg / ;Dks{ ljGb' tf]Sg]
#= /f]Sg] jf sd u/fpg]
 ;+s6 Joj:yfkg ;d"xsf] u7g ug]{
 ;s];Dd /f]Sg] k|of;
 sfo{ lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] / sfd ;DkGg ug{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug]{
 sdeGbf sd gf]S;fgL x'g] af6f]sf] cjnDag
 ;dGjo ;+oGqx?sf] :yfkgf ug]{
 k"j{ tof/L, ;fjwfgL / ;ts{tfsf] l:ylt sfod} /fVg]
 cg'udg / lg/LIf0f k|lqmof to ug]{ cflb .
Padam 235 Padam 236

lzIffdf ;+s6 tyf ljkb Joj:yfkg

;+s6df l;sfO Iflt Joj:yfkg
;+s6 ;dfwfgsf r/0fx?
$=k'g:yf{kgf
 k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu of]hgfa4 sfo{qmd
 ;+u7gsf] Ifdtf ljZn]if0f / ljsf;
%=36gfaf6 ;+u7gn] l;Sg] -eljiosf nflu lzIff_

Padam 237 Padam

cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx? cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx?

!=s'g} dfu jf sfo{sf sf/0f s'g} JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s Jojxf/df cfpg] clglR5t %= åGånfO{ v/fa s'/f dfgL bafpg'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ff
kl/jt{g s] xf] <
-s_ ;+s6 -v_ tgfj slxn] b]lvPsf] xf] <
-u_ ljkt\ -3_ dflysf ;a} -s_ ;g\ !(#)–!($) -v_ ;g\ !($)–!(&)
@=ljBfnodf åGå Joj:yfkgsf] ;a}eGbf pko'Qm /0fgLlt ==============xf] . -u_ ;g\ !(%)–!(&) -3_ ;g\ !(&) kl5
-s_ ;xsfo{d"ns -v_ ;Demf}tfd"ns
-u_ k|lt:kwf{Tds -3_ OGsf/Ld"ns
^=;+u7gdf åGånfO{ cfjZos / :jefljs dfGg] dfgj
;DaGw;DaGwL cjwf/0ff slxn] b]lvPsf] xf] <
#=;+u7g txdf 4G4 Joj:yfkg ug{ b]xfosfdWo] s'g pkfo pkof]uL x'G5 < -s_ ;g\ !(#)–!($) -v_ ;g\ !($)–!(&)
-s_ ;sf/fTds ;f]r /fVg]
-v_ cfb]z lbg] -u_ ;g\ !(%)–!(&) -3_ ;g\ !(&) kl5
-u_ w}o{tfk"j{s ;a}sf s'/f ;'Gg] &=;+u7gdf åGå cfjZos dfq ge} ckl/xfo{ jf clgjfo{ 7fGg]
-3_ u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO ;+oGqsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ cjwf/0ff cjwf/0ff slxn] b]lvPsf] xf] <
$=;+u7gfTds b[li6sf]0faf6 4G4 s:tf] ljifo xf] <
-s_ gsf/fTds ljifo xf] -v_ c:j:ys/ ljifo xf] . -s_ ;g\ !(#)–!($) -v_ ;g\ !($)–!(&)
-u_ l;h{gfTds zlQm xf] . -3_ ;+u7gsf nflu cgfjZos ljifo xf] . -u_ ;g\ !(%)–!(&) -3_ ;g\ !(&) kl5

37
 5/20/2022

cEof;sf nflu k|Zgx? pQ/s'l~hsf

*=ljBfnodf 4G4 Joj:yfkgdf Win-Win /0fgLlt b]xfosfdWo] s'g xf] < != v
-s_ ;xsfo{d"ns -v_ ;Demf}tfd"ns @= s
-u_ ;dfof]hgd"ns -3_ k|ltikwf{Tds #= 3
(=ljBfnodf 4G4 Joj:yfkgdf No win-No loss /0fgLlt b]xfosfdWo]
s'g xf] < $= u
-s_ ;xsfo{d"ns -v_ ;Demf}tfd"ns %= s
-u_ ;dfof]hgd"ns -3_ k|ltikwf{Tds ^= v
!)=ljBfnodf JolQmut txdf b]lvPsf] 4G4nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ s] ug'{ &= 3
cfjZos 5 < *= s
-s_ ;+u7g k'g;{/rgf ug]{
-v_ g]t[Tj z}nLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ (= v
-u_ ;do;fk]If kl/jt{gzLn x'g] !)=3
-3_ w}o{tfk"j{s ;a}sf s'/f ;'Gg]

Thank you
wGojfb

Padam Raj Acharya 243

38